# Patent

## Title
Track bushing having arc welded end treatment for improved abrasion and

## Abstract

An antilock brake control system for a vehicle includes a PID calculating device for carrying out a PID calculation based on a deviation between a target slip rate determined based on a presumed vehicle speed and a slip rate, and the operation of a braking liquid pressure regulating device is controlled based on the result of the calculation in the PID calculating device. The PID calculating device is arranged to limit the PID calculation value within a predetermined limit value. Thus, it is possible to enhance the control followability in carrying out the control of a braking pressure based on the PID calculation.

## Background
1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to an antilock brake control system including wheel speed detecting means for detecting a wheel speed, a vehicle speed presuming means for detecting a vehicle speed based on the wheel speed detected by the wheel speed detecting means, a slip rate calculating means for calculating a slip rate based on the wheel speed detected by the wheel speed detecting means and the presumed vehicle speed determined in the vehicle speed presuming means, a target slip rate determining means for determining a target slip rate based on the presumed vehicle speed determined in the vehicle speed presuming means, a deviation calculating means for calculating a deviation between the target slip rate determined in the target slip rate determining means and the slip rate calculated in the slip rate calculating means, and a PID calculating means for carrying out a PID calculation based on the deviation determined in the deviation calculating means, wherein the operation of braking liquid pressure regulating means is controlled based on the result of a calculation in the PID calculating means.

2. Description of the Related Art

Such a control system is conventionally known, for example, from Japanese Patent Application Laid-open Nos.6-144195 and 7-117653.

In the above known control system in which the control of a braking pressure is carried out based on a PID calculation, however, there is a possibility that the PID calculation value may become too large due to an alteration of data caused by an unexpected phenomenon such as the generation of a noise around a calculating system. If the control of the braking pressure is continued based on such excessively large PID calculation value, there is a possibility that a difference between the wheel-slipping state presumed in the calculation system and an actual wheel- slipping state may be increased, and when a sudden variation is thereafter produced in the wheel slipping state due to a variation in friction coefficient of a road surface or the like, a delay may be produced in the control of the braking pressure, resulting in a degraded control followability.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an antilock brake control system for a vehicle, wherein the control followability is enhanced in carrying out the control of the braking pressure based on the PID calculation.

To achieve the above object, according to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided an antilock brake control system for a vehicle, comprising wheel speed detecting means for detecting a wheel speed, a vehicle speed presuming means for determining a vehicle speed based on the wheel speed detected by the wheel speed detecting means, a slip rate calculating means for calculating a slip rate based on the wheel speed detected by the wheel speed detecting means and the presumed vehicle speed determined in the vehicle speed presuming means, a target slip rate determining means for determining a target slip rate based on the presumed vehicle speed determined in the vehicle speed presuming means, a deviation calculating means for calculating a deviation between the target slip rate determined in the target slip rate determining means and the slip rate calculated in the slip rate calculating means, and a PID calculating means for carrying out a PID calculation based on the deviation determined in the deviation calculating means, wherein the operation of braking liquid pressure regulating means is controlled based on the result of a calculation in the PID calculating means, and wherein the PID calculating means is arranged to limit a PID calculation value within a predetermined limit value.

According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided an antilock brake control system for a vehicle, comprising wheel speed detecting means for detecting a wheel speed, a vehicle speed determining means for presuming a vehicle speed based on the wheel speed detected by the wheel speed detecting means, a slip rate calculating means for calculating a slip rate based on the wheel speed detected by the wheel speed detecting means and the presumed vehicle speed determined in the vehicle speed presuming means, a target slip rate determining means for determining a target slip rate based on the presumed vehicle speed determined in the vehicle speed presuming means, a deviation calculating means for calculating a deviation between the target slip rate determined in the target slip rate determining means and the slip rate calculated in the slip rate calculating means, and a PID calculating means for carrying out a PID calculation based on the deviation determined in the deviation calculating means, wherein an operation of braking liquid pressure regulating means is controlled based on the result of a calculation in the PID calculating means, and wherein the PID calculating means is arranged to limit calculation values provided by a proportional operation, an integrating operation and a differentiating operation to mutually independent predetermined limit values, respectively.

Further, according to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided an antilock brake control system for a vehicle, comprising wheel speed detecting means for detecting a wheel speed, a vehicle speed presuming means for determining a vehicle speed based on the wheel speed detected by the wheel speed detecting means, a slip rate calculating means for calculating a slip rate based on the wheel speed detected by the wheel speed detecting means and the presumed vehicle speed determined in the vehicle speed presuming means, a target slip rate determining means for determining a target slip rate based on the presumed vehicle speed determined in the vehicle speed presuming means, a deviation calculating means for calculating a deviation between the target slip rate determined in the target slip rate determining means and the slip rate calculated in the slip rate calculating means, and a PID calculating means for carrying out a PID calculation based on the deviation determined in the deviation calculating means, wherein an operation of braking liquid pressure regulating means is controlled based on the result of a calculation in the PID calculating means, and wherein the PID calculating means is arranged to limit a difference between a last PID calculation value and a current PID calculation value to a predetermined limit value.

With the first aspect of the present invention, the PID calculating means is arranged to limit the PID calculation value to be not more than the predetermined limit value. With the second aspect of the present invention, the PID calculating means is arranged to limit the calculation values provided by the proportional, integrating and differentiating operations to the mutually independent limit values, respectively. With the third aspect of the present invention, the PID calculating means is arranged to limit the difference between the last PID calculation value and a current PID calculation value to the predetermined limit value. With these arrangements, even if an alteration of data is occurred due to the unexpected phenomenon such as the generation of a noise or the like, the PID calculation value can be prevented from becoming too large. Even when a sudden variation is produced in the wheel slipping state due to a variation in friction coefficient of a road surface, a delay in the control of the braking pressure can be avoided to enhance the control followability.

According to a preferred feature of the present invention, in addition to the first, second or third aspect, the antilock brake control system further includes a friction coefficient determining means for determining a friction coefficient of a road surface, a suspension vibration determining means for determining a vibrated state of a suspension, a limit value determining means for determining the limit value in the PID calculating means based on the presumed vehicle speed determined in the vehicle speed presuming means, a result of a determination in the friction coefficient determining means and a result of a determination in the suspension vibration determining means. Thus, the limit values in the PID calculating means are determined in accordance with the friction coefficient of the road surface and the vibrated state of the suspension. Therefore, it is possible to set appropriate limit values for the traveling situation of the vehicle.

The above and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiment taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is an illustration of the entire arrangement of a brake system in a motorcycle;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating the arrangement of a control unit;

FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating a vehicle speed presuming procedure;

FIG. 4 is a diagram for explaining a process for calculating a presumed vehicle speed based on a wheel speed;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating the arrangement of a front wheel control section;

FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a map for deciding a control mode;

FIGS. 7A through 7E are timing charts for explaining the selection of a control mode;

FIGS. 8A through 8D are a timing charts for explaining the change of the control mode;

FIGS. 9A and 9B are diagrams illustrating a timing chart when a PID calculation value has been limited by a limit value, in contrast with that when the calculation value has not been limited;

FIGS. 10A and 10B are diagrams illustrating a timing chart when a calculation value provided by a proportional operation has been limited by a limit value, in contrast with that when the calculation value has not been limited;

FIGS. 11A and 11B are diagrams illustrating a timing chart when a calculation value provided by an integrating operation has been limited by a limit value, in contrast with that when the calculation value has not been limited;

FIGS. 12A and 12B are diagrams illustrating a timing chart when a calculation value provided by a differentiating operation has been limited by a limit value, in contrast with that when the calculation value has not been limited; and

FIGS. 13A through 13E are diagrams illustrating a timing chart when the PID calculation value has been filtered in a low-pass filter, in contrast with that when the PID calculation value has not been filtered.

The present invention will now be described by way of an embodiment applied to a motorcycle with reference to FIGS. 1 to 13.

Referring first to FIG. 1, a braking liquid pressure regulating means 3.sub.F is provided between a master cylinder 2 adapted to output a liquid pressure depending upon the operation of a brake lever 1 and a pair of left and right front wheel brakes B.sub.F1 and B.sub.F2 mounted to a front wheel of a motorcycle. The braking liquid pressure regulating means 3.sub.F is capable of regulating braking liquid pressures for both the front wheel brakes B.sub.F1 and B.sub.F2. A rear wheel braking liquid pressure regulating means 3.sub.R is provided between a master cylinder 5 adapted to output a liquid pressure depending upon the operation of a brake pedal 4 and a rear wheel brake B.sub.R mounted on a rear wheel of the motorcycle, and is capable of regulating a braking liquid pressure for the rear wheel brake B.sub.R.

The braking liquid pressure regulating means 3.sub.F includes a reservoir 6.sub.F, a normally-opened solenoid valve 7.sub.F mounted between both the front wheel brakes B.sub.F1 and B.sub.F2 and the master cylinder 2, a normally-closed solenoid valve 8.sub.F mounted between the reservoir 6.sub.F and both the front wheel brakes B.sub.F1 and B.sub.F2, a check valve 9.sub.F connected parallel to the normally-opened solenoid valve 7.sub.F to permit a braking liquid to flow from both the front wheel brakes B.sub.F1 and B.sub.F2 toward the master cylinder 2, and a return pump 11.sub.F having an inlet connected to the reservoir 6.sub.F through an intake valve 10.sub.F and an outlet connected to the master cylinder 2 through a discharge valve 12.sub.F.

The braking liquid pressure regulating means 3.sub.R is constructed in the same manner as is the braking liquid pressure regulating means 3.sub.F1 and includes a reservoir 6.sub.R, a normally-opened solenoid valve 7.sub.R, a normally-closed solenoid valve 8.sub.R, a check valve 9.sub.R, an intake valve 10.sub.R, a return pump 11.sub.R, and a discharge valve 12.sub.R.

Moreover, the return pump 11.sub.F of the braking liquid pressure regulating means 3.sub.F and the return pump 11.sub.R of the braking liquid pressure regulating means 3.sub.R are driven by a common motor 13.

Controlled by a control unit 14 are the normally-opened and closed solenoid valves 7.sub.F and 8.sub.F of the braking liquid pressure regulating means 3.sub.F, the normally-opened and closed solenoid valves 7.sub.R and 8.sub.R of the braking liquid pressure regulating means 3.sub.R and the motor 13. Inputted to the control unit 14 are output signals from a front wheel speed sensor 16.sub.F fixedly disposed on an opposed relation to a side of a pulser gear 15.sub.F fixed to the front wheel, a rear wheel speed sensor 16.sub.R fixedly disposed on an opposed relation to a side of a pulser gear 15.sub.R fixed to the rear wheel, a brake switch 17.sub.F for the front wheel brakes and a brake switch 17.sub.R for the rear brake. The control unit 14 controls the operations of the normally-opened solenoid valves 7.sub.F and 7.sub.R, the normally-closed solenoid valves 8.sub.F and 8.sub.R and the motor 13 in accordance with the outputs from the sensors 16.sub.F and 16.sub.R and the switches 17.sub.F and 17.sub.R.

The arrangement of those sections in the control unit 14 which are concerned with the antilock brake control will be described below with reference to FIG. 2. The control unit 14 includes a front wheel speed calculating means 20.sub.F, a front wheel acceleration or deceleration calculating means 21.sub.F, a front wheel-use vehicle speed calculating means 22.sub.F, and a front wheel-side control section 23.sub.F, all in correspondence to the braking liquid pressure regulating means 3.sub.F for the front wheel. The control unit 14 also includes a rear wheel speed calculating means 20.sub.R, a rear wheel acceleration or deceleration calculating means 21.sub.R, a rear wheel-use vehicle speed calculating means 22.sub.R, and a rear wheel-side control section 23.sub.R, all in correspondence to the braking liquid pressure regulating means 3.sub.R for the rear wheel. Further, the control unit 14 includes a reference vehicle speed determining means 24 as a vehicle speed presuming means common to both the braking liquid pressure regulating means 3.sub.F and 3.sub.R.

A control quantity determined in the front wheel-side control section 23.sub.F is inputted to a solenoid driving means 25.sub.F for the front wheel. The normally-opened solenoid valve 7.sub.F and the normally-closed solenoid valve 8.sub.F in the front wheel braking liquid pressure regulating means 3.sub.F are opened and closed by the solenoid driving means 25.sub.F for the front wheel. In addition, a control quantity determined in the rear wheel-side control section 23.sub.R is inputted to a solenoid driving means 25.sub.R for the rear wheel. The normally-opened solenoid valve 7.sub.R and the normally-closed solenoid valve 8.sub.R in the rear wheel braking liquid pressure regulating means 3.sub.R are opened and closed by the solenoid driving means 25.sub.R for the rear wheel. Further, the motor 13 common to both the braking liquid pressure regulating means 3.sub.F and 3.sub.R is operated by a motor driving means 26 in response to the application of the control quantities for carrying out the antilock brake control from the front and rear wheel-side control sections 23.sub.F and 23.sub.R to the motor driving means 26.

The front wheel speed calculating means 20.sub.F calculates a front wheel speed under reception of the output signal from the front wheel speed sensor 16.sub.F, and constitutes a front wheel speed detecting means 19.sub.F together with the front wheel speed sensor 16.sub.F. The rear wheel speed calculating means 20.sub.R calculates a rear wheel speed under reception of the output signal from the rear wheel speed sensor 16.sub.R, and constitutes a rear wheel speed detecting means 19.sub.R together with the rear wheel speed sensor 16.sub.R.

Both the wheel acceleration or deceleration calculating means 21.sub.F and 21.sub.R, both the vehicle speed calculating means 22.sub.F and 22.sub.R, as well as the front and rear wheel-side control sections 23.sub.F and 23.sub.R have the same function, respectively. Therefore, only the front wheel acceleration or deceleration calculating means 21.sub.F, the front wheel-use vehicle speed calculating means 22.sub.F and the front wheel-side control section 23.sub.F will be described, and the description of the rear wheel acceleration or deceleration calculating means 21.sub.R, the rear wheel-use vehicle speed calculating means 22.sub.R and the rear wheel-side control section 23.sub.R are omitted.

The wheel front acceleration or deceleration calculating means 21.sub.F differentiates the front wheel speed calculated in the front wheel speed calculating means 20.sub.F in the front wheel speed detecting means 19.sub.F to provide a front wheel acceleration or deceleration.

The front wheel-use vehicle speed calculating means 22.sub.F calculates a presumed front vehicle speed based on the front wheel speed detected by the front wheel speed detecting means 19.sub.F, and the front wheel acceleration or deceleration calculated in the front wheel acceleration or deceleration calculating means 21.sub.F. The presumed vehicle speed is calculated according to a procedure shown in FIG. 3.

At step S1 in FIG. 3, the front wheel speed VW detected by the front wheel speed detecting means 19.sub.F and the front wheel acceleration or deceleration dVW calculated in the front wheel acceleration or deceleration calculating means 21.sub.F are read. At step S2, it is determined whether a flag F is equal to "0". If F=0 at step S3, the front wheel speed VW is brought into a presumed vehicle speed VR and then, at step S4, the flag F is set at "1". These steps S1 to S4 are processing steps at the start of the calculation of the presumed vehicle speed. In a next calculating cycle, F=1 and hence, the processing is advanced from step S2 to step S5.

At step S5, it is determined whether the current wheel speed VW(n) is equal to or smaller than the last presumed vehicle speed VR(n-1), i.e., whether the front wheel speed is in a constant or reducing course. If it is determined that the front wheel speed is in the constant or reducing course, the processing is advanced to step S6, at which it is determined whether dVW.ltoreq..alpha.1, i.e., the deceleration of the front wheel is equal to or larger than a preset deceleration .alpha.1 (e.g., -1G). If VW(n).ltoreq.VR(n-1), i.e., if it is determined that the front wheel speed is in the constant or reducing course, the processing is advanced to step S6, at which a flag F.alpha.2 is set at "0". At next step S7, it is determined whether F.alpha.1=1. This flag F.alpha.1 becomes "1" when the acceleration or deceleration is set at the preset deceleration .alpha.1 in the reducing course. In a first processing cycle, F.alpha.1=0 and hence, the processing is advanced from step S7 to step S8.

At step S8, it is determined that dVW.ltoreq..alpha.1, i.e., the deceleration of the front wheel is a deceleration equal to or larger than the preset deceleration .alpha.1. If dVW.ltoreq..alpha.1, the acceleration or deceleration .alpha. is set at the preset deceleration .alpha.1 at step S9, and the flag F.alpha.1 is set at "1" at step S10, progressing to step S11.

At step S11, the calculation of the presumed vehicle speed VR is carried out. If the last presumed vehicle speed is represented by VR(n-1) and the time of the calculating cycle is represented by .DELTA.T (e.g., 3 msec), the current presumed vehicle speed VR(n) is calculated according to the following equation:

If it is determined at step S8 that dVW>.alpha.1, the acceleration or deceleration .alpha. is determined at a front acceleration or deceleration dVW at step S12, progressing to step S11. If it is also determined at step S7 that F.alpha.1=1, the processing is advanced from step S7 to step S11. In other words, if the front wheel acceleration or deceleration dVW becomes a deceleration equal to or larger than the preset deceleration .alpha.1 in the reducing course of the front wheel speed, the calculation of the presumed vehicle speed VR is carried out on the assumption that the vehicle speed is being decreased at the preset deceleration .alpha.1 in a subsequent reducing course.

If it is determined at step S5 that VW(n)>VR(n-1), i.e., the front wheel speed is in an increasing course, the processing is advanced from step S5 to step S13, at which the flag F.alpha.1 is set at 0. Then, it is determined at step S14 whether a flag F.alpha.2 is equal to 1. This flag F.alpha.2 is "1+ when the acceleration or deceleration is set at a preset acceleration .alpha.2 in the increasing course. In a first processing cycle of the increasing course, F.alpha.2=0 and hence, the processing is advanced from step S14 to step S15. At step S15, it is determined whether dVW.gtoreq..alpha.2, i.e., the acceleration of the front wheel speed is equal to or larger than the preset acceleration .alpha.2. If dVW.gtoreq..alpha.2, the acceleration or deceleration .alpha. is set at the preset acceleration .alpha.2 at step S16, and the flag F.alpha.2 is set at "1" at step S17, progressing to step S11. If dVW<.alpha.2, the acceleration or deceleration .alpha. is determined at the front wheel acceleration or deceleration dVW at step S18, progressing to step S11. If it is determined at step S14 that F.alpha.2=1, the processing is advanced directly to step S15. In other words, if the front wheel acceleration or deceleration dVW becomes equal to or larger than the preset acceleration .alpha.2 in the front wheel speed increasing course, the calculation of the preset vehicle speed VR is carried out on the assumption that the vehicle speed is being increased at the preset acceleration .alpha.2 in a subsequent increasing course.

According to such calculation in the front wheel-use vehicle speed calculating means 22.sub.F, the presumed vehicle speed is as shown in FIG. 4. In the front wheel reducing course, the calculation of the presumed vehicle speed VR using the deceleration of the front wheel speed is carried out in such a manner that the presumed vehicle speed does not become a deceleration equal to or larger than the preset deceleration .alpha.1. In the front wheel speed increasing course, the calculation of the presumed vehicle speed using the acceleration of the front wheel speed is carried out in such a manner the presumed vehicle speed does not become an acceleration equal to or larger than the preset acceleration .alpha.2.

The preset acceleration .alpha.2 is, for example, +1 G, but may be set a larger value during the antilock brake control, or may be varied in accordance with the vehicle deceleration.

The reference vehicle speed determining means 24 determines a presumed vehicle speed which is a criterion for determining slip rates of the front and rear wheels, based on the front wheel-use presumed vehicle speed calculated in the front wheel-use vehicle speed calculating means 22.sub.F and the rear wheel-use presumed vehicle speed calculated in the rear wheel-use vehicle speed calculating means 22.sub.R. For example, a high select value of the front wheel-use presumed vehicle speed calculated in the front wheel-use vehicle speed calculating means 22.sub.F and the rear wheel-use presumed vehicle speed calculated in the rear wheel-use vehicle speed calculating means 22.sub.R is determined as a reference presumed vehicle speed.

The front wheel-side control section 23.sub.F determines braking liquid pressure control quantities for the front wheel brakes B.sub.F1 and B.sub.F2, based on the front wheel speed detected by the front wheel speed detecting means 19.sub.F, the front wheel acceleration or deceleration calculated in the front wheel acceleration or deceleration calculating means 21.sub.F and the presumed vehicle speed determined in the reference vehicle speed determining means 24. The front wheel-side control section 23.sub.F is constructed as shown in FIG. 5.

Referring to FIG. 5, the front wheel-side control section 23.sub.F includes a slip rate calculating means 28, a target slip rate determining means 29, a deviation calculating means 30, a PID calculating means 31, a gain constant setting means 32, a control mode deciding means 33, a suspension vibration determining means 34, a friction coefficient determining means 35, a limit value setting means 36 and a passage area setting means 37.

The slip rate calculating means 28 calculates a slip rate of the front wheel based on the wheel speed detected by the front wheel speed detecting means 19.sub.F and the presumed vehicle speed determined in the reference vehicle speed determining means 24. That is, if the slip rate is represented by SR; the presumed vehicle speed is represented by VR; and the front wheel speed is represented by VW, the slip rate SR is calculated by the slip rate calculating means 28 according to the following equation:

In the target slip rate determining means 29, the slip rate as a target during traveling of the vehicle at the presumed vehicle speed is set as a target slip rate SRobj, based on the presumed vehicle speed determined in the reference vehicle speed determining means 24. In the deviation calculating means 30, a deviation .DELTA.S (=SRobj-SR) between the target slip rate SRobj determined in the target slip rate determining means 29 and the slip rate SR calculated in the slip rate calculating means 28 is calculated.

The presumed vehicle speed determined in the reference vehicle speed determining means 24 and the front wheel speed detected by the front wheel speed detecting means 19.sub.F are inputted to the suspension vibration determining means 34. The suspension vibration determining means 34 determines a vibrated state of a suspension based on the presumed vehicle speed and the front wheel speed.

The presumed vehicle speed determined in the reference vehicle speed determining means 24 and the front wheel speed detected by the front wheel speed detecting means 19.sub.F are inputted to the friction coefficient determining means 35. The friction coefficient determining means 35 determines a friction coefficient of a road surface by comparison of the vehicle deceleration calculated based on the presumed vehicle speed and the front wheel speed with a preset value.

The presumed vehicle speed determined in the reference vehicle speed determining means 24, the front wheel acceleration or deceleration calculated in the front wheel acceleration or deceleration calculating means 21.sub.F and a result of the determination of the friction coefficient in the friction coefficient determining means 35 are inputted to the gain constant setting means 32. The gain constant setting means 32 sets a proportional calculation gain constant Kp, an integration calculation gain constant Ki and a differentiation calculation gain constant Kd in a PID calculation in the PID calculating means 31. These gain constants Kp, Ki and Kd are each set in the form of a function of the presumed vehicle speed determined in the reference vehicle speed determining means 24 in the following manner:

Moreover, the gain constant setting means 32 is arranged to change the functions fp(VR), fi(VR) and fd(VR) determining the gain constants Kp, Ki and Kd in accordance with the front wheel acceleration or deceleration calculated in the front wheel acceleration or deceleration calculating means 21.sub.F and a result of the determination of the friction coefficient in the friction coefficient determining means 35.

The PID calculating means 31 performs a PID calculation represented by the following equation based on the deviation .DELTA.S calculated in the deviation calculating means 30 and the gain constants Kp, Ki and Kd set by the gain constant setting means 32 to provide a PID calculation value Kpid : LTA.S(n)}

Specifically, in the PID calculating means 31, the following calculating operations are carried out: a proportional operation for multiplying the deviation .DELTA.S by the gain constant Kp; an integrating operation for multiplying a sum .SIGMA..DELTA.S of products of the deviations .DELTA.S by the gain constant Ki; a differentiating operation for multiplying a difference between the deviation .DELTA.S(n-3) determined a predetermined time ago (e.g., the last but two times ago) and the current deviation .DELTA.S (n) by the gain constant Kd; and an adding operation for adding values resulting from the above operations.

The PID calculating means 31 is arranged to limit the PID calculation value Kpid to be not more than a predetermined limit value, to limit the values provided by the proportional operation, the integrating operation and the differentiating operation constituting the PID calculation to mutually independent predetermined limit values, or to limit a difference between the last PID calculation value Kpid and the current PID calculation value Kpid to a predetermined limit value.

Specifically, to limit the PID calculation value Kpid to be not more than the predetermined limit value, the PID calculation value Kpid is compared with the limit value. If Kpid> the limit value, the PID calculation value Kpid outputted from the PID calculating means 31 is equal to the limit value. If Kpid.ltoreq. the limit value, the PID calculation value outputted from the PID calculating means 31 is equal to Kpid.

Moreover, the limit value used in the PID calculating means 31 is determined by a limit value determining means 36. The limit value determining means 36 is arranged to determine the limit value based on the presumed vehicle speed determined in the reference speed determining means 24, the result of the determination of the vibration by the suspension vibration determining means 34 and the result of the determination of the friction coefficient of the road surface by the friction coefficient determining means 35.

Further, the PID calculating means 31 has a low-pass filter function to permit the passage of a lower frequency component of the PID calculation value Kpid, or to permit the passage of a lower frequency component of the calculation values resulting from the proportional operation, the integrating operation and the differentiating operation constituting the PID calculation. For example, to permit the passage of the lower frequency component of the PID calculation value Kpid, a filter processing is carried out in the PID calculating means 31 according to the following equation:

wherein N represents a filter degree. The passage area in the low-pass filter, i.e., the filter degree N is set by a passage area setting means 37. In the passage area setting means 37, the filter degree N is set in the form of a function of the presumed vehicle speed determined in the reference vehicle speed determining means 24 according to the following equation:

An output from the PID calculating means 31 is inputted to the control mode deciding means 33. The control mode deciding means 33 decides a control mode by comparing the PID calculation value Kpid inputted thereto from the PID calculating means 31 with threshold values K.sub.1 and K.sub.2 on a previously established map, and applies a control value for controlling the operation of the braking liquid pressure regulating means 3.sub.F in the decided control mode to the front wheel solenoid drive means 25.sub.F.

The above-described map is established as shown in FIG. 6. A plurality of areas of a pressure-reducing mode, a maintaining mode and a pressure-increasing mode determined by the threshold values K.sub.1 and K.sub.2 varied depending upon the presumed vehicle speed determined in the reference vehicle speed determining means 24 are prepared depending upon the result of the determination of the road surface friction coefficient by the friction coefficient determining means 35. Moreover, the threshold values K.sub.1 and K.sub.2 are varied depending upon whether the wheel speed is being decreased or increased. When the wheel speed is being decreased, the threshold values K.sub.1 and K.sub.2 are set as shown by dashed lines in FIG. 6. When the wheel speed is being increased, the threshold values K.sub.1 and K.sub.2 are set as shown by solid lines in FIG. 6. Thus, the threshold values K.sub.1 and K.sub.2 are set slightly larger when the wheel speed is being decreased, than when the wheel speed is being increased.

On the basis of this map, the pressure-reducing mode is selected when Kpid.ltoreq.K.sub.1 ; the maintaining mode is selected when K.sub.1 <Kpid.ltoreq.K.sub.2 ; and the pressure-increasing mode is selected when K.sub.2 <Kpid. In the pressure-reducing mode, the normally-closed solenoid valve 8.sub.F is controlled in the braking liquid pressure regulating means 3.sub.F, so that it is opened with a predetermined duty in a condition in which the normally-opened solenoid valve 7.sub.F is in its closed state. In the maintaining mode, both of the normally-opened solenoid valve 7.sub.F and the normally-closed solenoid valve 8.sub.F are closed. In the pressure-increasing mode, the normally-opened solenoid valve 7.sub.F is controlled so that it is opened with a predetermined duty in a condition in which the normally-closed solenoid valve 8.sub.F is in its closed state.

Further, when the amount of variation in PID calculation value Kpid within a predetermined time exceeds a predetermined value, the control mode deciding means 33 selects the control mode different from that decided by the current PID calculation value Kpid. The amount of variation in PID calculation value Kpid within the predetermined time may be determined, for example, by calculating a difference .DELTA.K between the current PID calculation value Kpid(n) and the PID calculation value Kpid(n-1) determined a predetermined time ago (e.g., at the last time), or by differentiating the PID calculating value Kpid. For example, when the difference .DELTA.K exceeds a predetermined positive value, the control mode is changed in a sequence of pressure-reducing mode.fwdarw.maintaining mode.fwdarw.pressure-increasing mode. When the difference .DELTA.K exceeds a predetermined negative value in a negative direction, the control mode is changed in a sequence of pressure-increasing mode.fwdarw.maintaining mode.fwdarw.pressure-reducing mode.

The operation of this embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. 7 to 13. As the wheel speed, the actual vehicle speed and the target wheel speed are varied as shown in FIG. 7A, the deviation .DELTA.S (=SRobj-SR) between the target slip rate SRobj set in the target slip rate setting means 29 and the slip rate SR calculated in the slip rate calculating means 28 is varied as shown in FIG. 7B. Further, as the PID calculation value Kpid calculated in the PID calculating means 31 is varied as shown in FIG. 7C, the control mode as shown in FIG. 7D is selected in the control mode deciding means 33, and in accordance with this, the braking pressure is varied as shown in FIG. 7E. In other words, the control mode deciding means 33 decides the control mode by comparing the PID calculation value Kpid calculated in the PID calculating means 31 with the threshold values K.sub.1 and K.sub.2 on the previously established map, and controls the operation of the braking liquid pressure regulating means 3.sub.F in the decided control mode. Thus, it is possible to control the braking pressure in a simple structure using the normally-opened solenoid valves 7.sub.F and 7.sub.R and the normally-closed solenoid valves 8.sub.F and 8.sub.R which are inexpensive on-off operated solenoid valves as solenoid valves each constituting a portion of each of the braking liquid pressure regulating means 3.sub.F and 3.sub.R, thereby preventing the wheel from being fallen into a locked state.

Moreover, in the control mode deciding means 33, a plurality of maps are prepared depending upon the result of the determination of the friction coefficient of the road surface by the friction coefficient determining means 35 in which the threshold values K.sub.1 and K.sub.2 are varied in accordance with the presumed vehicle speed determined in the reference vehicle speed determining means 24 to define the areas of the control modes. Thus, the control mode suitable for variations in vehicle travel speed and road surface friction coefficient can be selected to perform an effective antilock brake control.

The threshold values K.sub.1 and K.sub.2 during reducing of the wheel speed are set as shown by the dashed lines in FIG. 7C, whereas the threshold values K.sub.1 and K.sub.2 during increasing of wheel speed are set slightly smaller than that during reducing of wheel speed as shown by the solid line in FIG. 7C. By the fact that the threshold values K.sub.1 and K.sub.2 are changed depending upon whether the wheel speed is being reduced or increased, the pressure-reducing mode is selected early during reducing of the wheel speed, and the pressure-increasing mode is selected early during increasing of the wheel speed. Thus, it is possible to select the control mode appropriately corresponding to the behavior of the wheel speed.

Further, in the control mode deciding means 33, when the PID calculating value Kpid is varied in a positive direction to exceed a predetermined value, e.g. the difference .DELTA.K between the current PID calculation value Kpid(n) and the PID calculation value Kpid(n-1) determined a predetermined time ago (e.g., at the last time) exceeds a predetermined positive value, the control mode is changed in a sequence of pressure-reducing mode.fwdarw.maintaining mode.fwdarw.pressure-increasing mode. When the PID calculation value Kpid is varied in a negative direction to exceed a predetermined value, e.g., the difference .DELTA.K exceeds a predetermined negative value in a negative direction, the control mode is changed in a sequence of pressure-increasing mode.fwdarw.maintaining mode.fwdarw.pressure-reducing mode. In this case, an excessive control or a control delay cannot occur. That is, when the PID calculation value Kpid is varied as shown in FIG. 8B as the wheel speed, the actual vehicle speed and the target wheel speed are varied as shown in FIG. 8A, the difference .DELTA.K between the PID calculation values Kpid is provided as shown in FIG. 8C. When the difference .DELTA.K exceeds a predetermined positive value, as well as when the difference .DELTA.K exceeds a predetermined negative value in a negative direction, the control mode is changed as shown by a solid line in FIG. 8D. In other words, when the amount of variation in PID calculation value Kpid within a predetermined time is large even if the control mode decided by the PID calculation value Kpid calculated in the PID calculating means 31 is not changed, the control mode is changed. Therefore, it is possible to perform an appropriate antilock brake control free from an excessive control or a control delay. On the contrast, when the control mode is decided by only the PID calculation value Kpid, the control mode is changed as shown by a dashed line in FIG. 8D. As a result, if the control mode is established in serious consideration of a continuity in order to smoothly conduct the control, the accommodation to a variation in situation of road surface is liable to be retarded. If the control mode is established in serious consideration of a responsiveness, the control is liable to be excessive. In order to establish data to reconcile the continuity and the responsiveness, detailed data for deciding the control mode are required, resulting in the need for a great deal of labor.

In the PID calculation in the PID calculating means 31, the gain constants Kp, Ki and Kd in the proportional, integrating and differentiating operations are each set in the gain constant setting means 32 in the form of the function fp(VR), fi(VR), fd(VR) of the presumed vehicle speed determined in the reference vehicle speed determining means 24. Therefore, the appropriate gain constants Kp, Ki and Kd corresponding to the vehicle travel speed can be reflected to the PID calculation. Moreover, the functions fp(VR), fi(VR) and fd(VR) are changed based on the result of the determination of the friction coefficient in the friction coefficient determining means 35 and the result of the calculation of the wheel acceleration or deceleration in the wheel acceleration or deceleration calculating means 21.sub.F and 21.sub.R. Therefore, a stable antilock brake control can be performed by carrying out the control of the braking pressure by providing a PID calculation value appropriately corresponding to the friction coefficient of a travel road surface and the wheel acceleration or deceleration.

In the PID calculating means 31, the PID calculation value is limited within the predetermined limit value, or the calculation values provided by the proportional, integrating and differentiating operations constituting the PID calculation are limited to the mutually independent limit values, respectively, or the difference between the last PID calculation value and the current PID calculation value is limited to the predetermined limit value. When the PID calculation value Kpid is limited within the predetermined limit value, the inversion of the PID calculation value Kpid is hastened by the limit value, as shown in FIG. 9A, so that the time duration T.sub.OUT of the pressure-reducing mode is relatively shortened, and the time duration T.sub.IN of the pressure-increasing mode is also shortened and further, the start of the pressure-increasing mode is also hastened. On the contrast, when the PID calculation value Kpid is not limited within the predetermined limit value, the time duration T.sub.OUT"  of the pressure-reducing mode is relatively prolonged, as shown in FIG. 9B, and in accordance with this, the time duration T.sub.IN" of the pressure-increasing mode is also relatively prolonged, and the start of the pressure-increasing mode is also retarded. Therefore, even if the PID calculation value Kpid is too large due to the generation of a noise around the calculation system or the like, the difference between a wheel-slipping state assumed in the calculation system and an actual wheel-slipping state can be relatively reduced, thereby avoiding the occurrence of a delay of the braking pressure control even if a sudden variation occurs in the wheel-slipping state due to a variation in road surface friction coefficient or the like, thus enhancing the control followability.

When the calculation values provided by the proportional, integrating and differentiating operations constituting the PID calculation are limited to the independent predetermined limit values, respectively, these calculation values are limited as shown in FIGS. 10, 11 and 12, respectively. If the proportional calculation value (Kp.times..DELTA.S) is limited by the limit value as shown in FIG. 10A, the PID calculation value Kpid is less enlarged, as compared with the case where the PID calculation value Kpid is enlarged when the proportional calculation value (Kp.times..DELTA.S) is not limited as shown in FIG. 10B. Thus, a possibility of an excessive control is eliminated. If the calculation value (Ki.times..SIGMA..DELTA.S) provided by the integration is limited by the limit value, as shown in FIG. 11A, the inversion of the PID calculation value Kpid is hastened, which can contribute to an enhancement in control followability. Specifically, in the case of the non-limited condition shown in FIG. 11B, the integration calculation term representing the continuity of the intrinsic control is too large, so that the proportion thereof occupied for the PID calculation value Kpid is increased. As a result, when a sudden reduction or a sudden increase in wheel speed occurs due to a variation in friction coefficient of a road surface or the like, the PID calculation value Kpid is delayed from the state of the actual wheel speed, bringing about a degradation in control followability. Further, if the calculation value {Kd.times.(.DELTA.S(n-3)-.DELTA.S(n)} provided by the differentiation is limited by the limit value, as shown in FIG. 12A, the influence of a chattering of the wheel speed, even if such chattering is produced, can be avoided to perform a sufficient pressure increasing, thereby stabilizing the control. When the vehicle is traveling on a bad road, or when the vehicle has run over a protrusion on a road surface, a wheel speed having a wave form caused by a vibration of the wheel or the vehicle body may be different from an actual wheel speed and inputted to the calculation system in some cases. Thus, when the calculation value provided by the differentiation is not limited, as shown in FIG. 12B, the differentiation term intrinsically improving the followability is excessively reflected to the PID calculation value Kpid, resulting in an excessive control to bring about a degradation in riding comfort.

Further, when the difference between the last PID calculation value Kpid(n-1) and the current PID calculation value Kpid(n) is limited to the predetermined limit value, it is possible to avoid the generation of a large variation in PID calculation value Kpid, thereby enhancing the control followability and stabilizing the control.

In the PID calculating means 31, the filter process for permitting the passage of a lower frequency component of the PID calculation value Kpid, or the filter process permitting the passage of a lower frequency component of the calculation values provided by the proportional, integrating and differentiating operations constituting the PID calculation is carried out in addition to the above-described limiting process.

A characteristic provided when the filter process permitting the passage of the lower frequency component of the PID calculation value Kpid has been carried out is shown by a solid line in FIG. 13. A characteristic provided when such filter process has not been carried out is shown by a dashed line in FIG. 13. As the wheel speed, the actual vehicle speed and the target wheel speed are varied as shown in FIG. 13A, the deviation .DELTA.S, the PID calculation value Kpid, the control mode and the braking pressure are varied as shown in FIGS. 13B to 13E. As apparent from FIG. 13, when the filter process has not been carried out, a chattering of the wheel speed, if it has been produced, is reflected, as it is, to the PID calculation value Kpid, resulting in an unstable control. On the contrast, the control can be stabilized by carrying out the filter process to enhance the riding comfort.

Although the embodiment of the present invention has been described in detail, it will be understood that the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment, and various modifications in design may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention defined in claims.

For example, the limit value may be set to the deviation calculated in the deviation calculating means 30, and the present invention is applicable not only to a motorcycle, but also to a four-wheel automobile vehicle.

## Claims

1. An antilock brake control system for a vehicle, comprising wheel speed detecting means for detecting a wheel speed, a vehicle speed presuming means for determining a vehicle speed based on the wheel speed detected by said wheel speed detecting means, a slip rate calculating means for calculating a slip rate based on the wheel speed detected by said wheel speed detecting means and the presumed vehicle speed determined in said vehicle speed presuming means, a target slip rate determining means for determining a target slip rate based on the presumed vehicle speed determined in said vehicle speed presuming means, a deviation calculating means for calculating a deviation between the target slip rate determined in said target slip rate determining means and the slip rate calculated in the slip rate calculating means, and a PID calculating means for carrying out a PID calculation based on the deviation determined in said deviation calculating means, wherein an operation of braking liquid pressure regulating means is controlled based on the result of a calculation in the PID calculating means, and wherein the PID calculating means is arranged to limit a PID calculation value to be not more than a predetermined limit value.

2. An antilock brake control system for a vehicle, comprising wheel speed detecting means for detecting a wheel speed, a vehicle speed presuming means for determining a vehicle speed based on the wheel speed detected by said wheel speed detecting means, a slip rate calculating means for calculating a slip rate based on the wheel speed detected by said wheel speed detecting means and the presumed vehicle speed determined in said vehicle speed presuming means, a target slip rate determining means for determining a target slip rate based on the presumed vehicle speed determined in said vehicle speed presuming means, a deviation calculating means for calculating a deviation between the target slip rate determined in said target slip rate determining means and the slip rate calculated in the slip rate calculating means, and a PID calculating means for carrying out a PID calculation based on the deviation determined in said deviation calculating means, wherein an operation of braking liquid pressure regulating means is controlled based on the result of a calculation in the PID calculating means, and wherein the PID calculating means is arranged to limit calculation values provided by a proportional operation, an integrating operation and a differentiating operation to mutually independent predetermined limit values, respectively.

3. An antilock brake control system for a vehicle, comprising wheel speed detecting means for detecting a wheel speed, a vehicle speed presuming means for determining vehicle speed based on the wheel speed detected by said wheel speed detecting means, a slip rate calculating means for calculating a slip rate based on the wheel speed detected by said wheel speed detecting means and the presumed vehicle speed determined in said vehicle speed presuming means, a target slip rate determining means for determining a target slip rate based on the presumed vehicle speed determined in said vehicle speed presuming means, a deviation calculating means for calculating a deviation between the target slip rate determined in said target slip rate determining means and the slip rate calculated in the slip rate calculating means, and a PID calculating means for carrying out a PID calculation based on the deviation determined in said deviation calculating means, wherein an operation of braking liquid pressure regulating means is controlled based on the result of a calculation in the PID calculating means, and wherein the PID calculating means is arranged to limit a difference between a last PID calculation value and a current PID calculation value to a predetermined limit value.

4. An antilock brake control system for a vehicle according to claim 1, 2 or 3, further including a friction coefficient determining means for determining a friction coefficient of a road surface, a suspension vibration determining means for determining a vibrated state of a suspension, a limit value determining means for determining said limit value in said PID calculating means, said limit value being determined based on the presumed vehicle speed determined in said vehicle speed presuming means, a determination in said friction coefficient determining means, and a determination in said suspension vibration determining means.

5. An antilock brake control system for a vehicle according to claim 4, wherein said friction coefficient determining means is arranged to determine the friction coefficient of the road surface by comparing a vehicle deceleration calculated based on the presumed vehicle speed determined in said vehicle speed presuming means and the wheel speed detected by said wheel speed detecting means, with a preset threshold value.

6. An antilock brake control system for a vehicle according to claim 4, wherein said suspension vibration determining means is arranged to determine the vibrated state of the suspension based on the presumed vehicle speed determined in said vehicle speed presuming means and the wheel speed detected by said wheel speed detecting means.