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NBSIR 84-2848

Technical Activities 1983

Center for Radiation Research

U S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Measurement Laboratory

Center for Radiation Research

Washington, DC 20234

February 1984

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NBSIR 84-2848

TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES 1983

CENTER FOR RADIATION RESEARCH

NATIONAL F.ITKSA! OF STn.ID.iftDS LIBRARY ^

Randall S. Caswell, Acting Director

U S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Measurement Laboratory

Center for Radiation Research

Washington, DC 20234

February 1984

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Enwit Ambler. Director

ABSTRACT

This report summarizes research projects, measurement method development, testing and data evaluation activities, carried out during

Fiscal Year 1983 in the NBS Center for Radiation Research. These

activities fall in the areas of radiation measurements, atomic and

plasma radiation, nuclear radiation, radiation physics, radiometric

physics, and radiation sources and instrumentation.

Key Words: Atomic radiation; nuclear radiation; plasma radiation;

radiation instrumentation; radiation measurements; radiation

physics; radiation sources; radiometric physics.

i
INTRODUCTION

This report is a summary of the technical activities of the NBS

Center for Radiation Research (CRR) for the period October 1, 1982 to

September 30, 1983. The Center is one of five Centers in the National

Measurement Laboratory.

The Center for Radiation Research develops and maintains the

scientific competences and experimental facilities necessary to provide

the Nation with a central basis for uniform physical measurements,

measurement methodology, and measurement services in the areas of near infra-red radiation (visible) optical radiation, ultraviolet radiation,

and ionizing radiation (x-ray, gamma rays, electrons, neutrons,

radioactivity, etc.); provides government, industry, and the academic

community with essential calibrations for field radiation measurements

needed in such applied areas as nuclear power, lighting, solar

measurements, aerospace, defense, color and appearance, health care,

radiation processing, advanced laser development, and radiation protection

for public safety; carries out research in order to develop improved

radiation standards, new radiation measurement technology, and improved

understanding of atomic, molecular, and nuclear radiation processes,

and elucidate the interaction of radiation and particles (electrons,

neutrons, and ions) with matter; collects, compiles, critically evaluates,

and supplements the existing atomic, molecular, and nuclear data base in

order to meet the major demands of the Nation for such data; participates

in collaborative efforts with other NBS centers in the interdiscipl inary

applications of radiation.

The summary of activities is organized in six parts, one for the

Office of Radiation Measurement, and one for each of the five Divisions in

the Center: Atomic and Plasma Radiation, Nuclear Radiation, Radiation

Physics, Radiometric Physics, and Radiation Sources and Instrumentation.

Each Division tells its own story in its own way. In general there is an introduction followed by a series of short reports on current activities,

publications during the year, talks given, committee participation, and

professional interactions.

A detailed table of contents has been provided to permit the reader

to find those activities of greatest interest. To obtain more information

about particular work, the reader should address the individual scientists

or their division, c/o Center for Radiation Research, Radiation Physics

Building, C229, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234.
Table of Contents

ABSTRACT i

INTRODUCTION i i

CRR ORGANIZATION CHART vi

OFFICE OF RADIATION MEASUREMENT - 530 1

Invited Talks 7

Publ i cat ions ................................................... 8

Technical & Professional Committee Participation & Leadership .. 9

Major Consulting and Advisory Services ........................ .10

ATOMIC AND PLASMA RADIATION - Division 531 11

Atomic Spectroscopy Group ..................................... .12

Atomic Radiation Data Group .14

Plasma Radiation Group ...................... , ................. .17

Sponsored Conferences ......................................... .21

Invited Talks ................................................. .22

Publ ications .................................................. .24

Technical & Professional Committee Participation & Leadership ..28

Major Consulting and Advisory Services 30

Journal Editorships 31

Trips Sponsored by Others 32

Calibration Services Performed ................................ .33

NUCLEAR RADIATION - Division 532 35

Nuclear Theory Group 37

Nuclear Research Group 42

Neutron Measurements and Research Group 43

i i i
Neutron Field Standards Group 48

Radioactivity Group 53

Sponsored Conferences 57

Invited Talks 58

Publications 62

Technical & Professional Committee Participation & Leadership .. 69

Major Consulting and Advisory Services 75

Journal Editorships 77

Trips Sponsored by Others 78

Standard Reference Materials 80

Calibration Services Performed 82

RADIATION PHYSICS - Division 533 87

Radiation Theory Group 88

Dosimetry Group 91

X-Ray Physics Group 96

Far Ultraviolet Physics Group 100

Electron Physics Group 107

Sponsored Conferences 112

Invited Talks 113

Publications 117

Technical & Professional Committee Participation & Leadership ..127

Major Consulting and Advisory Services 134

Journal Editorships 144

Trips Sponsored by Others 145

Calibration Services Performed 148

iv
RADIOMETRIC PHYSICS - Division 534 149

Spectroradiometry and Optical Pyrometry Group 152

Spectroradiometry Group 156

Electro-Optical and Quantum Radiometry Group 160

Photometric-Radiometric Calibrations and Map Group 164

Sponsored Conferences 167

Invited Talks 168

Publications 169

Technical & Professional Committee Participation & Leadership ..172

Major Consulting and Advisory Services 175

Standard Reference Materials 177

Calibration Services Performed 178

Trips Sponsored by Others 180

RADIATION SOURCE AND INSTRUMENTATION - Division 535 181

Linac Operations 183

SURF Operations 187

Instrumentation Standards 192

Radiation Instrumentation Standards 194

Invited Talks 196

Publications 197

Technical & Professional Committee Participation & Leadership ..198

Major Consulting and Advisory Services 200

SPONSORED SEMINARS AND COLLOQUIA 201

v
CENTER

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VI
TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

530, Office of Radiation Measurement

Task No. 15201 - Radiation Standards Dissemination

The function of the Office of Radiation Measurement is to promote the

dissemination to federal, state, and local radiation control programs, and

to the medical, industrial, and defense communities, of the measurement

standards and technology required for reliable measurement of ionizing

radiation that may be hazardous. The Office assists the technical organizational components of CRR in monitoring the radiation measurement needs

of these national user groups, and in activities undertaken to meet

national needs. The latter include methods for improving the consistency

of field measurements with the national physical measurement standards.

The Office maintains liaison with organizations that conduct measurementintensive programs in the areas of radiation safety, energy, health, and

environmental contamination. Examples are the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Department of Energy, Food and Drug Administration, Environmental

Protection Agency, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and the

Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors. The Office participates in collaborative programs with most of these organizations to

satisfy specific measurement traceability and quality assurance requirements. Another function of the Office is to provide the secretariat and

chairman for American National Standards Committee N43, concerned with

equipment for non-medical applications of ionizing radiation.

Radon

The need for transfer standards for several different types of radon

measurements, as well as other support services, continues to be expressed

by state radiation control laboratories and other user groups. Based on the technical analysis and the study of user needs and NBS capabilities

performed last year, more efforts have been directed toward developing the

necessary transfer standards, and toward establishing informal measurement

i ntercompar i son and intercal ibration networks. Some significant progress

in these directions was made in the past year.

The Office continued to collaborate with and provide direct laboratory assistance to staff members of Division 532. A prototype regenerative radon-in-water standard has been developed and successfully demonstrated. The prototype consists of a radium-226 source which is deposited

on an ion exchange filter, encapsulated into thin polyethylene, and

immersed in water in an accumulation chamber. The water and radon-222

(which accumulates for known time periods) are transferred with mixing

into a large syringe from which aliquots of a standard solution can be

dispensed. This standard requires some further work on making it more

rugged and convenient to use. Plans have already been made to distribute

1
Office of Radiation Measurement, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

a final version of the standard to four laboratories for independent testing and evaluation. Along similar lines, work has also begun on developing flow-through radon-in-air standards which are based on solid

radium-226 sources. Several types of solid radium sources to be

considered for a prototype standard have been prepared. To evaluate these

sources, a new test facility for gas handling and radon monitoring using a flow-through scintillation cell has been constructed and tested. This

test facility was incorporated into the existing radon chamber sampling

and recirculation plumbing system. It is presently being used to evaluate

a commercially-available radon source standard.

The Office continues to coordinate the interactions and measurement

i ntercomparison activities between NBS and other radon measurement laboratories, such as the DOE Environmental Measurements Laboratory, two EPA

laboratories at Montgomery and Las Vegas, the U.S. Bureau of Mines Denver

Research Center, and national laboratories including Lawrence Berkeley

Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,

and Mound Laboratory. In particular, in the past year close interactions

have been established with the DOE Technical Measurements Center (operated

by Bendix in Grand Junction, Colorado) which is developing measurement

protocols for DOE's remedial action programs. An informal measurement

intercomparison network among many of these laboratories continues to

receive NBS support and participation. In addition, the Office has re- cently participated in planning and developing an International Radon

Intercalibration and Intercomparison Program which is now being organized

by the Nuclear Energy Agency of the Organization for Economic Cooperation

and Development (OECD).

Measurement Theory

Over the past several years, various aspects of measurement theory

have been addressed by the Office. These studies consider the fundamental

concepts of measurement, as well as the practical applications of these

concepts. In particular, the Office's developed expertise in the treatment and reporting of measurement uncertainties has been useful to groups

both within and external to NBS. In the past year, many individuals and

groups have been assisted by the Office. More recently, the planned

series of papers on detection limits and statistical hypothesis testing

for the presence of activity is nearing completion; and work on developing

more general measurement performance testing criteria continues. These

latter studies are particularly important for use in performance testing

programs such as that for personnel dosimetry.

Expression of Uncertainties in Measurement Results

As a result of requests and interest by other NBS groups, the Office,

in collaboration with the Center for Applied Mathematics, edited and prepared an NBS Special Publication of reprints on the expression of the
Office of Radiation Measurement, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

uncertainties of final measurement results. An updated companion publication which presents the recently ratified CIPM ( International Committee on Weights and Measures) recommendations for reporting uncertainties is also

being prepared. This publication will discuss the recommendations in

terms of the underlying philosophy or general approach, as well as provide

discussion of some pro and con arguments for adoption of the recommendations by standardizing 1 aboratories

Regional State Laboratories

During its most recent meeting, the Executive Board of the Conference

of Radiation Control Program Directors (CRCPD) adopted the principles and

processes under which it will accredit state-operated laboratories that

calibrate instruments used for measurement of ionizing radiation.

Accreditation will be granted upon successful completion of the following

process: submission of a request by the laboratory; evaluation of the

laboratory's resources and procedures, including an on-site assessment;

proficiency testing of the laboratory's performance by NBS; resolution of

deficiencies; and technical evaluation and administrative review. The

evaluation will be based on the "General Criteria for the Operation of

State Regional Calibration Laboratori es", which were developed in cooperation with the Office.

Over the past year, the regional laboratory in Springfield, Illinois,

has gained experience by calibrating instruments used in the Illinois

radiation control program. Based on this experience, a set of procedures

has been developed for calibrations using x-ray beams. These documented

procedures are required to satisfy the CRCPD accreditation criteria. A 3-

curie cesium-137 source was installed recently, and the Office provided

training on its use. The Illinois Department of Nuclear Safety has

formally requested accreditation of the laboratory by the CRCPD. It is

expected that the evaluation team, which will include a representative

from the Office, will visit the laboratory in January 1984.

The calibration laboratory located at the University of Washington in

Seattle has been gaining experience in use of its 3-curie cesium-137

source by calibrating University-owned instruments and those owned by the

state radiation control program. Personnel from the Oregon radiation

control program have used this source to calibrate their instruments under

supervision of the laboratory staff. This is the first use of a state

laboratory on a regional basis. Based on this operating experience, draft

procedures for gamma-ray calibrations have been written. The capability

of this laboratory will be extended to x rays next year when the x-ray

machine recently ordered is installed. Accreditation by the CRCPD for

gamma-ray calibrations is expected in mid-1984.

3
Office of Radiation Measurement, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

After delays due to building modifications and installation of radiation shielding, the x-ray machine is now operational in the South Carolina

laboratory. An on-site training session on use of the machine and recom- mended calibration procedures has been completed. The measurements neces- sary to characterize this facility are presently being made. A 3-curie

cesium-137 source will be obtained next year for this laboratory.

In fiscal year 1984, a regional laboratory will be developed in

Sacramento, California, with funding support from FEMA. An existing state

Office of Emergency Services laboratory, which now has gamma-ray calibration capability, will be expanded to include x-ray capability. Standards,

technical guidance, and training will be supplied by our Office of Radiation Measurement.

Before a state-operated laboratory can be accredited by the CRCPD, it

must satisf actori ly participate in a performance test conducted by NBS. A

commercial instrument has been purchased and is being evaluated for use as

a transport standard in this test. The electrical evaluation is complete

and the radiation evaluation is nearly complete, and the instrument should

soon be available to conduct the first formal test of the Illinois laboratory.

Measurement Quality Assurance for the NRC

Under an interagency agreement with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission

the Center for Radiation Research has evaluated six types of survey

instruments used by NRC inspectors. The Office was involved in calibrating these instruments in three beta fields being established at NBS.

The correction factors for the instruments were based on the certified

output of the sources and corrections developed by NBS. The instruments

were also calibrated in the 6- to 7-MeV photon beam developed with the

positive-ion Van de Graaff. Calibration factors were determined for

various depths in a plastic phantom from the corresponding readings for

cal i brated TLDs

Another task specified in the interagency agreement is development of

a measurement quality assurance (MQA) service for laboratories that calibrate survey instruments for NRC inspectors. The Office has assisted the

Dosimetry Group in development of this service. The first round of MQA

services is limited to photon radiation and is being made available to

five calibration laboratories that serve NRC inspectors.

Committee Activities

For the 37th year, NBS served during 1983 as the secretariat of

American National Standards Committee N43, Equipment for Non-Medical

Radiation Applications. The secretariat and chairmanship functions are

4
Office of Radiation Measurement, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

performed by the Office. The Committee's purview includes 12 subcommittees, 15 standards projects, and 10 completed standards. Nine of the

completed standards have been published as NBS Handbooks, and one is in

the publication process. Six of the nine published standards are cur- rently under review, as required by the procedures for maintenance of

American National Standards. During the past year, significant progress

was made on three new standards under development.

Since December 1982 a member of the Office staff has been serving as the Department of Commerce representative to the Interagency Working Group

on Occupational Exposure Guidance. This group, consisting of representatives of 10 government agencies or departments, is assisting the Environmental Protection Agency in preparation of guidance which will replace

that issued by the Federal Radiation Council in 1960. After concerted

effort, new draft guidance is nearly ready for publication in the Federal

Register

Personnel Dosimetry

The laboratory accreditation program for processors of personnel

radiation dosimeters was announced in the Federal Register on July 28,

1983. This program will operate under the procedures of the National

Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP), using the University

of Michigan as a contractor proficiency testing laboratory (PTL). Initial

testing of the PTL will occur before the end of 1983, and accreditation of

processors will begin in early 1984. The NRC is considering the issuance

of regulations that would require its licensees to use only accredited

processors. Technical support for this program has been supplied by

several elements of CRR, including the Office and the Dosimetry Group.

The Office continues to provide the chairmanship of an interagency com- mittee that provides guidance and coordination for this and similar

planned programs.

Other Activities

A cooperative agreement with the National Council on Radiation

Protection and Measurements resulted in a handbook on measurement of

neutrons generated by medical accelerators. The final report is undergoing review prior to publication by the NCRP.

Under another cooperative agreement, the CRCPD Committee on Radiation

Measurements completed its revision of the 1979 publication entitled

"Ionizing Radiation Measurement Criteria for Regulatory Purposes". The

revised report includes more specific references to regulations that

necessitate measurements, definitions of terms that are relevant to the

measurement of ionizing radiation, principles of measurement quality

assurance, and generic characteristics of various types of instruments.

5
Office of Radiation Measurement Technical Activities (cont'd.)

A draft update of the 1980 NBS Special Publication entitled "Requirements for an Effective National Ionizing Radiation Measurements Program"

has been prepared. The draft was circulated for review both inside and

outside NBS, and many favorable comments were received. After minor

revisions, the final update report will be published as an NBS Special

Publication.

6
INVITED TALKS

Division 530, Office of Radiation Measurement

Col 1 ^ , R., "Development of Transfer Calibration Standards for Radon Measurements," Indoor Radon Workshop, Environmental Measurements Laboratory,

New York, New York, November 30, 1982.

Eisenhower, E. H., "Quality Assurance for Measurements of Ionizing Radiation," 1982 Workshop and Symposium of the National Conference of Standards

Laboratories, Gai thersburg, Maryland, October 5, 1982.

Eisenhower, E. H., "Development of a Radiation Measurement Support

System," Regional Radiation Control Training Conference, Park City, Utah,

September 20, 1983.

7
PUBLICATIONS

Division 530, Office of Radiation Measurement

Collg, R., A Survey of Radon Measurement Needs and Activities in State

Radiation Control Programs in the United States, Environmental

International (in press).

Eisenhower, E. H., Traceability - A View from the NBS Center for Radiation

Research, NBS Special Publication 609, 3-10 (1982).

Eisenhower, E. H., Ehrlich, M., Soares, C., Schima, F. J., and Seltzer,

S., Qualtiy Assurance for Measurements of Ionizing Radiation (Annual

Report for FY 1982), Nuclear Regulatory Comission Report NUREG/CR-31 20 (in

press)

Eisenhower, E. H., A National Quality Assurance Program for Personnel

Dosimetry (14th Annual National Conference on Radiation Control) April

1983.

Heaton, H. T., Proceedings of a Meeting on Traceability for Ionizing

Radiation Mesurements, NBS Special Publication 609 (1982).

Heaton, H. T., NBS Services for Ionizing Radiation Mesurements, NBS

Special Publication 609, 45-58 (1982).

Heaton, H. T., A Review of Commerical Calibration Services for Survey

Instruments, 12th Annual National Conference on Radiation Control (in

press)

Kuyatt, C. E., Technical Activities 1981 - Center for Radiation Research,

NBSIR 82-2468 (1982).

Kuyatt, C. E., Technical Activities 1982 - Center for Radiation Research,

NBSIR 83-2654 (1983)

Lalos, G. T., and Heaton, H. T., Chapter 2, Calibration - An Overview,

Calibration Handbook: Ionizing Radiation Measurement Instruments (in

press)

8
TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP

Division 530, Office of Radiation Measurement

Ronald Col 1

Delegate, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) Working

Group on the Statement of Uncertainties.

Resource Person, Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors,

Subcommittee on Radon Measurements.

Resource Person, Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors,

Task Force on Criteria for an Adequate Radiation Control Program - Environmental Monitoring and Surveillance.

Member, Ad Hoc Committee on Inter 1 aboratory Calibration of Radon and

Radon Daughter Instruments.

Elmer H. Eisenhower

Alternate Representative, ANSI N44, Equipment and Materials for

Medical Radiation Applications.

Chairman, ANSI N43, Equipment for Non-Medical Radiation Applications.

Chairman, Interagency Committee on Occupational Radiation Protection

Measurements

Resource Person, Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors,

Committee on Radiation Measurements.

Department of Commerce Representative, Interagency Working Group on Occupational Exposure Guidance.

H. Thompson Heaton, II

Secretary, ANSI N43, Equipment for Non-Medical Radiation Applications .

Member, ANSI N43-3.4, Subcommittee for Gamma Irradiators.

Member, ANSI N43-8, Subcommittee for Electron Microscopes.

9
MAJOR CONSULTING AND ADVISORY SERVICES

Division 530, Office of Radiation Measurements

R. Coll£ advised personnel in the state radiation control programs of

Wisconsin, Oregon, and Colorado on calibration procedures for radon mea- surements and radium assays.

R. Co 11$ assisted Bechtel Corporation by providing background information

and literature references on air quality in underground defense (Air

Force) facilities.

R. Coll§ advised a Canadian environmental activist group on the interpretation of environmental radioactivity reporting requirements.

R. Co 11$ advised and assisted staff members in various NBS divisions on the treatment and reporting of measurement uncertainties, and on the

interpretation of measurement performance criteria.

R. Co 11 ^ assisted the U.S. Department of Energy Technical Measurements

Center (operated by Bendix Field Engineering Corp.) in the evaluation of

several protocols for radon measurements.

R. Coll£ assisted in the planning and organization of an International

Radon Intercal ibration and Intercomparison Program being organized by the

Nuclear Energy Agency of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Development (OECD).

H. T. Heaton, II, advised the Department of Defense on several chapters in

a calibration manual for ionizing radiation instruments for use in DOD

calibration laboratories.

H. T. Heaton, II, assisted ISO Committee TC85 on development of a standard

for x and y reference radiations for radiation protection over an energy

range of 8 keV to 1.3 MeV.

H. T. Heaton, II, assisted American National Standards Committee N42 on a draft standard for performance specifications of health physics instruments.

H. T. Heaton, II, assisted the NCRP by reviewing a report by Scientific

Committee 60 on neutron leakage measurements for medical accelerators.

H. T. Heaton, II, advised the University of Arkansas on a calibration

laboratory they are considering establishing.

10
TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

Division 531, Atomic and Plasma Radiation

Task No. 15211 - Atomic Radiation Data and Standards

Task No. 15212 - Atomic Processes in Plasmas

The Atomic and Plasma Radiation Division carries out a broad range of

experimental and theoretical research on atomic structure and atomic

radiation in plasmas. The division determines a large variety of atomic

radiation and collision data, encompassing wavelengths of spectral lines;

atomic energy levels; ionization potentials; atomic transition probabilities; plasma line broadening parameters; ionization and excitation cross sections and rate coefficients, and dielectronic rate coefficients. Two

data centers located in the division critically evaluate and compile

atomic energy levels and transition probabilities. The division is also

engaged in research on the interaction of atomic radiation with plasma

environments, and it explores such effects for the development of new measurement techniques. Furthermore, well-defined atomic radiation

sources are developed as radiometric standards or wavelength standards.

These activities support several areas of science and technology.

A good deal of our work ties into magnetic fusion research, where atomic

data are needed for studies of the effects of heavy ion impurities and

where atomic radiation processes are utilizied as non-interfering plasma

probes. Other areas of direct applications are space physics and vacuum ultraviolet and x-ray laser development, where atomic radiation data are

one of the basic inputs. Our vacuum ultraviolet radiometry work is now,

for the first time, providing small calibrated radiation source packages

to allow radiometric calibrations on board spacecraft, which are used, for

example, for accurate monitoring of the solar ultraviolet radiation.

The division consists of three technical groups: Atomic Spectroscopy, Atomic Radiation Data, and the Plasma Radiation Groups. The division has currently 21 professional physicists, among them 18 Ph.D.s, plus

1 postdoc. Also, during 1983 the division has had guest workers from

Germany (2), Yugoslavia, France, Israel, and Spain (2).

During the past year several of our projects produced important

accomplishments, as will be seen from the following discussion, where the

principal work of the three technical groups during the last year is

decri bed

11
Division 531, Technical Activities (cont'd)

I . Atomic Spectroscopy Group

(a) Vacuum-UV Spectra of Atomic Ions —The wavelengths, line identifications, and energy-level data obtained in this research have applications in high-temperature plasma diagnostics (controlled thermonuclear

energy research), modeling of VUV laser schemes, space astronomy, etc.

The work is also of basic atomic-physics interest, an accurate treatment

of relativistic effects being necessary for meaningful calculations for

these highly ionized species. The spectra obtained at NBS are excited in

laser-produced plasmas, vacuum sparks, or sliding sparks, and observed

with one of the NBS 10.7-m vacuum spectrographs. We have also recently

observed spectra from the Texas Tokamak (TEXT). We have extended our work on the Cu isoelectronic sequence by completing the analyses (line

identifications and energy levels) for eight copper-like ions, through

Sn 21+

. We obtained similar results for the 4d 9 -4d 8 5p transitions in the

Rh-like ions Xe 8+

, Ba 10+, and La 11+ and plan to extend this sequence

through Nd 14+

. We also recently made the first line identifications and

derived energy levels for Cs 3 +

, Ba 4 +

, and La 5+ .

Magnetic-dipole transitions between low-lying levels of highly

ionized species are important features of tokamak spectra. We are obtaining the energy levels for predicting such lines by identifying

transitions within the n=3 shell (M shell) in A£-like through Q-like

ions of copper through arsenic. We have also theoretically predicted the

wavelengths and transition rates of 3s 2 3p

n ground-configuration magneticdipole transitions for the ions of Cu through Mo. The predictions have

been used to identify such lines in tokamaks. We continued our own search for maqneti c-di pole lines at TEXT and identified six new lines of

Kr ions (Kr 194 to Kr 22+

). In collaborative work with the Institute for

Spectroscopy, Moscow, we obtained the Kr9+ spectrum from which the 3d 9 2 D

ground term splitting (needed for plasma diagnostics) will be determi ned

We plan to extend our observations at TEXT to other elements of

interest. We will also continue our identifications and energy-level

analyses for ions of the Na, M-Csl, and Zn isoelectronic sequences.

(b) Laser Spectroscopy --We completed measurements of the 4 He 1 s2p

1 s 3d lines (allowed and forbidden) using Doppler-free intermodulated

fluorescence spectroscopy. The resulting wavenumbers, accurate to 5-7

parts in 1

9

, allowed reevaluation of several term separations of

interest for comparison with accurate theoretical calculations. The

comparisons yielded predicted values of the Lamb shifts for these low

terms more accurate than previous calculated values and also predicted

Lamb shifts for three other terms having no calculated values. The 4 He3 He mass-polarization isotopic shift of the 1 s 3d 1 D- 3 D separation was

12
Division 531, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

evaluated, and the pertinence of this effect for observed shifts previously regarded as anomalous was pointed out. If a thermionic-detection

source of He metastable atoms with sufficiently low pressure and field

strengths can be developed, we plan to extend this work to accurate

determinations of high lsnd series members. This will give more accurate

absolute energies for many low 1 s nil terms, which can be critically

compared with theory and, in some cases, used to obtain more accurate

Lamb-shift predictions.

We are now observing np, nf, and ng Rydberg states of Cs using

resonantly-enhanced two-photon absorption. Measurements of selected

fine-structure intervals have been completed, and we plan absolute wavenumber measurements of these series. The results should clarify discrepant values of the Cs ionization energy as recently reported and allow

tests of the core-polarization theory of quantum defects.

Our longer-term goal is to apply state-selective and optical

double-resonance techniques to selected complex atomic spectra. Toward

this end, we will try to develop highly sensitive methods for detecting

resonance absorptions using frequency modulation. Extension of such

techniques to the detection of weak transitions in discharge sources

would be an important step in laser spectroscopy of complex spectra.

(c) Atomic Inner-shell Photoabsorption —Our interpretation of the

photoabsorption spectrum of neutral Cs (650-700 A) as arising from transitions of the types 5p 6 6s-5p 5 6sns and 5p 6 6s-5p 5 6snd is in press. Using

the high-resolution data from the NBS 10.7-m grazing-incidence spectrograph, we are making a theoretical study of the autoionizing broadening

of these lines in collaboration with Prof. Klapisch of the Hebrew University. Our experiment to observe the Cs + spectrum above the principal

ionization threshold is in preparation. We are trying laser-driven

ionization techniques to observe this spectrum, which is of considerable

interest because of the striking differences already observed between the

corresponding isoelectronic Xe and Ba 2+ spectra.

(d) Atomic Energy Levels Data Center —During the past seven years

we completed new critical compilations of the energy levels for all 235

spectra of the iron-group elements K through Ni (Z = 19-28). The data were published separately by element. We are now updating and extending

these compilations for a single-volume collection of the data for the

entire iron group. New results for many of the spectra have been incorporated and extensive use of isoelectronic and other regularities are being made to increase the reliability of the data. We hope to complete

this work during the next year.

13
Division 531, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

Our compilation of energy levels for the fourteen Si spectra

was published, including extensive experimental and theoretical results

(some unpublished) assembled for the first time. The Si data are part of

a project covering the Na-Ar group (Z = 11-18) and complete the series

for Na-Si (Z = 11-14). We are now working on a similar compilation for

the phosphorus spectra.

We monitor the literature on atomic energy levels, wavelengths,

wavefunctions, etc., and the resulting reference files and published

bibliographies are used by a wide clientele. During the coming year we

will submit for publication the third supplement to our Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra, covering the literature from July 1979

through December 1983.

II. Atomic Radiation Data Group

The work of this theoretical group is divided into two major efforts,

(1) theoretical studies of atomic structure and basic atomic processes and

(2) a data evaluation and compilation program. The former is directed

toward the development of new theoretical methods, the implementation of

these methods to calculate data, and the interpretation of current experimental results. This work has concentrated on dielectronic recombination,

the correlation problem in atomic structure, and the calculation of radiative transition rates. The critical evaluation and compilation of transition probability data is the main purpose of the Data Center on Atomic

Transition Probabilities. In addition, the Data Center maintains an upto-date bibliography of all ongoing work on transition probabilities.

(a) Theoretical Studies—This past year has seen the completion of a comprehensive and completely general computer program to compute total

dielectronic recombination rates for highly stripped ions. Dielectronic

recombination is a radiative recombination process that proceeds via a core-excited, or doubly excited state of the recombined ion. The total

recombination rate is obtained by summing over the rates for all possible

dielectronic states, and this program explicitly calculates all these

component rates, using the distorted wave approximation along with a frozen core, independent particle model of the dielectronic state. Total

recombination rates as a function of plasma temperature have been computed

for highly stripped ions in the lithium and beryllium isoelectroni

sequences as well as selected ions of scandium. The scandium data was computed at the request of the impurity modelling group of the Princeton

Plasma Physics Laboratory. Total recombination rates have also been computed for the krypton ions Kr+24 through Kr+28

, under contract with the

Theoretical Physics Division of Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. In order

to facilitate their use in plasma modelling, these data have also been fit

to a parametric formula.

14
Division 531, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

A first version of the upgraded superposition of configuration

program has been put into operation to calculate correlation corrections

in atomic structures. The first problem addressed was the 4s-4p transition array in neutral argon. The calculations included LS-term dependent

relaxations as well as 4-shel 1 /3-shel 1 intershell correlation, the final

shifted LS-coupling energies and matrix elements being fed into a conventional intermediate coupling calculation. The calculations led to cor- rections in the component transition moments as large as 25%. The

inclusion of 3s-4p correlation as well as 3p-4p however produced somewhat

larger changes than expected in the energy levels, and this problem is

still being investi gated--the relative level shifts are of the order of

100-200 cm

-1

. Calculations of correlation energies have also been made

on highly stripped first row i ons--carbon-l i ke iron, Fe +20

, and boron-like

ions. The idea here is to utilize non-relati vi Stic correlation information to correct relativistic predictions of An = 0 excitation energies.

Comparison with experiments for Fe +20

, where the calculations did not

include intershell correlation, indicate the scheme is accurate to within

0 . 2%.

As with the dielectronic recombination programs, the atomic

structure correlation programs represent only a first version of a theoretical tool. There are a number of avenues available for additional and

significant improvements, and these are currently being actively investigated .

Our collaboration with the far UV group has continued, exploring

the intricacies of 4f-shell collapse in various ions of barium. In this

region of the periodic table, the 4f shell 'teeters' on the verge of collapse due to the nearly complete balance between electrostatic attraction

and centrifugal repulsion and is therefore very sensitive to the detailed

treatment of atomic structure.

The first problem addressed was that of the subshell excited

states 4d 9 nf of Ba+ 2

, where the orbitals, in the Hartree-Fock approximation, are known to be radically term dependent. Calculations were performed on these states in the multi -confi guration Hartree-Fock (MCHF)

approximation, including the expected dominant correlation configuration

5p s 5d 2

. This was followed by an intermediate coupling calculation which

made full allowance for orbital relaxation and configuration interaction.

The ground state correlation 4d 8 nf 2 was also included in the f-value

calculations. The results reproduced remarkably well the discrete

structure oscillator strength distribution as well as relative level

positions observed in UV photoabsorption experiments. A second f-shell

collapse problem addressed by these methods was that of the nf series in

the 'normal' spectrum of Ba + (4d-shell not excited). Here the doublet

splittings are large and anomolous in that the 5f splitting is larger than

15
Division 531, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

4f. The qualitative behavior of these spin-orbit splittings was reproduced in the frozen core H-F approximation, the relaxed core H-F and the

MCHF, including 5p s 5d 2 correlations, with agreement with experiment

improving with increasing level of sophistication. The f-orbitals themselves were si gnfi cant ly different for the different approximations.

Relativistic effects, via the Dirac-Fock method, led to still more drastic

changes in the nf wave functions, and we are continuing our study of the

relativstic problem.

We have also applied the MCHF method of treating correlation to

calculate the mass polarization contribution to the isotope shift of

several transitions in neutral carbon. The somewhat limited correlation

corrections included in these calculations led to significant improvement

in the shift for those transitions where it is known experimentally.

(b) Data Center --The revision of atomic-transition-probability

tables for allowed lines of the elements scandium through nickel, which were published in past issues of J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data is nearing

completion. Several new publications containing large amounts of data

appeared in the literature in 1982 and 1983 and were included in our tabulations. While the new papers filled some critical data gaps and thus

improved the tables significantly, these additional data also slowed down

the pace of our compilation work. Work is in progress on evaluating and

compiling tables of transition probabilities for forbidden lines of the

iron-group elements. Data terminals for communication with the HP-1000

Computer were installed in the Data Center. It is planned to have the

design work for an atomic spectroscopic database initiated in FY 1984 by an employee of OSRD who has been hired and who will be in close consultation with our staff.

After work on the iron-group elements is completed, the next

major project to be undertaken is the critical evaluation and compilation

of transition probabilities for the elements hydrogen through neon in all

stages of ionization. This compilation will replace Volume I of our series "Atomic Transition Probabilities," which is now seriously out of

date.

Two separate critical reviews and tabulations of Stark widths

and shifts of non-hydrogeni c spectral lines were completed, one for neutral atoms and the other for ionized species. This work was undertaken in

collaboration with Drs. N. Konjevic and M. S. Dimitrijevic of the Institute of Physics, Belgrade, and it is now being prepared for automatic

typesetti ng.

16
Division 531, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

The bimonthly newsletter "Atomic Data for Fusion," which we prepared in collaboration with Oak Ridge National Laboratory, has been

discontinued. However, we continue to submit bibliographic references for

inclusion in the "International Bulletin on Atomic and Molecular Data for

Fusion", published by the International Atomic Energy Agency. A comprehensive compilation of wavelengths, energy levels and transition probabilities for iron in all stages of ionization has also been prepared,

based on existing compilations, for the Department of Energy.

III. Plasma Radiation Group

(a) Collisional Rate Coefficients with the 50kJ Theta Pinch --A paper

entitled "Measurement of Ionization Rates of Ti IX, Ne VI, Ne VII and 0 VI was accepted for publication in Physical Review A. In this paper the

measured ionization rates were reported to be a factor of two higher than

ground state ionization rates and this difference was attributed to the

possible contribution of stepwise excitation-ionization. Further experimentation on 0 VI excited levels revealed that the levels above the collision limit have very small populations. This supported the earlier con- clusion that the levels above collision limit are depopulated by the

excitation-ionization process and thus brought the measured and theoretical rates into agreement. These results and a proposed laser resonance fluorescence experiment to understand this process more thoroughly were

presented at the APS Topical meeting on "Atomic Processes in High Temperature Plasmas" held at Princeton, N.J. on April 13-15, 1983.

Presently, we are measuring the excitation rates of Ti X to

compare with the theoretical values predicted by g-approxi mati on. This is

accomplished by injecting titanium into a theta pinch plasma utilizing a coaxial discharge gun and measuring the absolute emissivities of the spectral lines of Ti X. The plasma electron temperature and density are measured by the Thomson scattering technique and the collisional excitation

rates are deduced by using the corona model.

(b) Tokamak Spectroscopy --The first experimental results on magnetic

dipole transitions of highly ionized Kr, Ge, Ga and As have been published

in the Physical Review. Wavelengths, predicted by a semi empi ri cal method,

have not only been observed with instruments on the TEXT tokamak, but also

on the PLT tokamak at Princeton. These new results will allow radial

distribution of Doppler ion temperature measurements to be extended into

the 1 to 5 keV range.

17
Division 531, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

A new detector system to observe spectra in the XUV and VUV

spectral regions has also been tested on instruments on the TEXT tokamak

operated by our NBS group. The 66 ms snapshot exposures of spectral

features with 0.3 A resolution have been obtained with the new channel

electron multiplier array (CEMA) detector. These observations will allow

complete temporal and spectrally resolved line profiles for Doppler ion

temperature measurements.

(c) Theory of Plasma Potentials and Spectral Shifts —Me have developed a model to estimate the ''mean field" plasma potential in the vicinity

of a plasma ion. The model explicitly takes into account the influence of

the bound electrons and physical constraints on the plasma electrons. The

results are expressed in terms of a Debye potential plus corrections which

become increasingly important close to the ion. These potentials can be

used to compute thermodynamic properties such as partition functions and

degree of plasma ionization. They can also be used to estimate quasi - static shifts in energy of bound ion levels. However, we have recently

shown that such quasistatic shifts are not realistic estimates of actual

shifts in the transition energies of spectral lines due to collisions with

plasma electrons and ions. Efforts are currently in progress to develop a valid dynamical theory for plasma shifts of spectral ion lines.

(d) Resonant Multi -photon Ionization of Hydrogen—We have observed

for the first time resonance enchanced 4-photon ionization of hydrogen and

studied in detail the laser power density dependence of the width, shift

and shape of the resonance photo-ionization profile. Careful characterization of the spatial and temporal structure of the laser beam was necessary to compare our results with a recent theory for this highly non- linear process. Because the tunable dye laser we used for this experiment

has several longitudinal modes, it was also necessary to construct a nor- malized model for the influence of mode beating on the temporal behavior

of the laser pulse. In the next year we plan to carry out the study of

this process one step further by constructing a tunable dye laser with a single longitudial mode. This will afford a more model -free comparison of

experiment with the basic theory.

(e) Stark Effect on Autoionization Resonances- -Results on Sr (high

field) and Gd (low field) have been submitted for publication. The gadolinium results are thoroughly understood in terms of field mixing with

Rydberg autoionizing levels. The measured broadening of strontium by the

electric field is five times larger than predicted by our simple model.

Several possible reasons why the model may be unsatisfactory have been

considered, but the answer remains unclear. Further theoretical work is

in progress, in collaboration with D. Harmin, U. Fano, and P. Lambropulos.

Also, in collaboration with J. Cooper and E. Saloman, we are starting up an experiment in Ba to investigate Stark structure predicted by a new theory of D. Harmin.

18
Division 531, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

(f) Rayleigh Scatteri ng --We have constructed a barium plasma source,

which consists of a heat-pipe oven driven by laser resonant ionization

with the laser tuned to the barium resonance line. The ionization process

is believed to be very efficient, provided enough barium vapor population

and laser intensity are present. Spatial and temporal measurement of the

ionization is achieved through a near-resonance Rayleigh scattering measurement with a probe laser tuned to the Ba + resonance line.

Early results show inefficient barium ion production for an observable resonance scattering measurement. This may be due to the heatpipe oven design. Geometrically, this heat-pipe has a non-uniform temperature distribution because of the scattering observation ports. Therefore, we are redesigning the heating configuration of the oven to avoid

any cooling effect near the scattering center. The presence of a buffer

gas causes significant collisional cooling which inhibits the ionization

process. We have found that argon buffer gas causes condensation of the

barium vapor and therefore enhances the non-resonant scattering. We are studying the functional dependence of this enhanced scattering on the

incident light polarization and the barium density.

(g) Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiometry with Plasmas --A new model of a portable low-powered (15W) rf -excited dimer lamp was designed and con- structed as a radiance standard according to our recommendations. Prior

to this model these lamps could only be used as irradiance standards.

One of these newly designed lamps has been calibrated for use on the FOS

(faint object spectrograph) space shuttle experiment. We also evaluated

and calibrated a space-qualified Pt-Cr-Ne hollow cathode lamp for use on the FOS.

We have been investigating an irradiance source of highly pure

Lyman-a radiation (121.6 nm) which does not utilize a monochromator. A

preliminary report on this source was presented at the October 1982

annual meeting of the Optical Society of America.

We are presently involved in selecting and calibrating a deuterium lamp to be flown on the SUSIM (solar ultraviolet spectral irradiance

monitor) space shuttle experiment as an in-flight calibration source. As

a part of this project our calibrations of a set of these lamps were compared with calibrations carried out at NPL (England) to ensure highest

reliability of the irradiance scales.

Also, we have begun the investigation of a new source to provide radiance and/or irradiance calibrations in the 20-200 nm range.

This source is a pulsed plasma created by a focused laser beam striking a heavy metal target. A target chamber has been placed in operation, and some data have been obtained with a grazing incidence spectrograph.

Measurements are in progress to determine the suitability of this source

as a radiometric standard.

19
Division 531, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

Finally, an argon arc operated at a much higher power than the

mini -arc has been designed, constructed, and calibrated. This arc was supplied to Goddard Space Flight Center to enable calibrations to be performed at a level comparable to the solar irradiance in the near UV range

(250-350 nm). The irradiance of this arc is “30 times that of the miniarc.

(h) Stark Broadening, Shifts of Hydrogenic and Non-hydrogenic Ion

Lines . --We have completed our work on the widths and shifts of Stark

broadened He II ion lines. These lines included the He II P line at

4686 A and the VUV Ha line at 1640 A. The electron density in the pulsed

plasma arc source was measured using a He-Ne laser interferometer allowing

us to compare the line profiles with widely varying theoretical estimates

for the width and shift of hydrogenic ion lines. We have also begun mea- surements of non-hydrogenic ion lines as well. This includes the first

and second ionization stages in Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and N. Some 230 lines have

been observed in this experiment. With the aid of an independent measurement of the plasma electron density using the He-Ne laser interferometer,

the systematic trend of Stark broadening in the rare gas homologus

sequence is being investigated.

20
SPONSORED CONFERENCES

Division 531, Atomic and Plasma Radiation

DOE Review Panel, 2-day DOE Review of NBS Work on Atomic Data Pertinent

to Magnetic Fusion Research, NBS, Gaithersburg, Maryland, W. L. Wiese,

June 9-10, 1983.

21
INVITED TALKS

Division 531, Atomic and Plasma Radiation

Clark, C. W., "Negative Ion Resonances in Electron Scattering by Noble

Gases," University of Chicago Chemical Physics Symposium, October 6,

1982.

Clark, C. W., "The Diamagnetism of Rydberg Electrons," 1983 Annual Joint

Meeting of APS/AAPT (American Physical Society and American Association

of Physics Teachers), New York City, New York, January 27, 1983.

Clark, C. W., "Negative Ions of the Noble Gases," University of Maryland

Chemical Physics Seminar, February 16, 1983.

Clark, C. W., "Orbital Contraction in Transition Regions," 15th National

Atomic and Molecular Physics Conference, The University of Manchester,

England, April 8, 1983.

Clark, C. W., "The Lowest Resonance States of the Negative Ions of

Krypton and Xenon," 15th National Atomic and Molecular Physics

Conference, The University of Manchester, England, April 6, 1983.

Clark, C. W., "Low Energy Electron Scattering on a Magnetic Field,"

International Symposium on Collisions in Strong Fields, Bielefeld, West

Germany, July 25, 1983.

Kelleher, D. E., "Plasma Spectroscopy," Massachusetts Institute of

Technology, Cambridge, MA, January 20, 1983.

Kelleher, D. E., "Plasma Spectroscopy," SUNY, Stony Brook, NY, March 14,

1983.

Reader, Joseph, "Atomic Spectroscopy at the National Bureau of

Standards," Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, USSR, May 18, 1983.

Reader, Joseph, "Atomic Spectroscopy at the National Bureau of

Standards," Institute of Physics of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences,

Vilnius, Lithuania, USSR, May 24, 1983.

Reader, Joseph, "Atomic Spectroscopy at the National Bureau of

Standards," Institute of Spectroscopy, Moscow, USSR, May 26, 1983.

Reader, Joseph, "Atomic Spectroscopy at the National Bureau of

Standards," State Committee on Standards, Moscow, USSR, May 27, 1983.

22
Division 531, Invited Talks (cont'd.)

Reader, Joseph, "Atomic Spectroscopy at the National Bureau of

Standards," Ioffe Physi cal -Techni cal Institute, Leningrad, USSR, June 2,

1982.

Roszman, Larry, "Dielectronic Recombination Rates of Some Ionized

Elements," Fourth Topical Conference on Atomic Processes in High

Temperature Plasmas, APS, Princeton, NJ, April 1983.

Roszman, Larry, "Problems in Dielectronic Recombination," Workshop on Indirect Processes in Electron-Ion Scattering, Oak Ridge National

Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, June 1983.

Weiss, A. W., "Correlation Effects in Highly Ionized Atoms," Working

Group on Highly Ionized Atoms, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los

Alamos, New Mexico, October 1982.

Wiese, W. L., "Atomic Spectroscopy Data for Gas and X-Ray Laser

Transitions," International Conference on Lasers, Canton, Peoples

Republic of China, September 7, 1983.

Wiese, W. L., "Topics in Atomic and Plasma Radiation Research," Fudan

University, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China, September 22, 1983.

Wiese, W. L., "Emission Spectroscopy of Argon," Kyoto, Japan, September

27, 1983.

23
PUBLICATIONS

Division 531, Atomic and Plasma Radiation

Clark, C. W., The Isotope shifts of C I spectral lines and their

application to radioactive dating by laser assisted mass spectrometry.

Optics Letters (in press).

Clark, C. W., Low-energy electron-atom scattering in a magnetic field,

Phys. Rev. A 28, 83 (1 983).

Clark, C. W., and Taylor, K. T., Diamagnetism In Excited States of

Hydrogen, J. Phys. (Paris), Colloq. C2, _U, 127 (1982).

Datla, R. U. and Roberts, J. R., Measurement of ionization rates of Ti IX,

Ne VI, Ne VII and 0 VI, Phys. Rev. A.

Jones, D. W., Musiol, K., and Wiese, W. L., Stark Widths and Shifts for

Some Ar I 4s-4p Transitions, in Spectral Line Shapes , Vol. 2, edited by K. Burnett (Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin'* New York, 1983) pp. 125-136.

Jones, D. W., Musiol, K., and Wiese, W. L., Regularities of Stark Widths

and Shifts in an Ar I Transition Array, in The Physics of Ionized Gases , (Invited Lectures, Review Reports and Progress Reports of SPIG-82), edited

by G. Pichler (Institute of Physics, Zagreb, Yugoslavia, 1983), pp. 457-

464.

Kaufman, V., The Spectrum of Neutral Sulfur (S I) in the Vacuum Ultraviolet, Phys. Scr. 26_, 439-442 (1982).

Kaufman, V., Sugar, J., and Cooper, D., N I Isoelectronic Sequence:

Observations of 2s"1 2p

n -2s m_1

2p

n 1 Intersystem Transitions and Improved

Measurements for U XI, K XIII, Ca XIV, Sc XV, Ti XVI, and V XVII, Phys.

Scr. 26, 163-167 (1982).

Kaufman, V., Sugar, J., and Tech, J. L., Analysis of the 4d 9 -4d 8 5p

transitions in nine-times ionized xenon (Xe X), J. Opt. Soc. Am. _73, 691-

693 (1983).

Kaufman, V., and Sugar, J., Ag I-like array 4d 10 5s-4d 9 5s5p of I VII

through Eu XVII, J. Opt. Soc. Am. (in press).

Kaufman, V., Sugar,

5p 5 6sns and 5p 5 6snd

Physical Review (in

J., Clark, C. W., and Hill, W. T., Rydberg Series

in the Autoionizing Conti nua of Neutral Cesium,

press )

24
Division 531, Publications (cont'd.)

Kelleher, D. E. and Lombardi, G. G., Effect of Electric Fields on Autoionizing Resonances, J. Phys. (Paris), Colloq. C2, 439 (1 982).

Kelleher, D. E., The Effect of Electric Fields on Autoionization

Resonances, in Spectral Line Shapes , edited by B. Wende, (Walter de

Gruyter, Berlin • New York, 1981), pp. 281-292.

Konjevic, N., Di mi t ri jevi c, M. S., and Wiese, W. L., Experimental Stark

Widths and Shifts for Non-Hydrogeni c Spectral Lines of Ionized Atoms, J.

Phys. Chem. Ref. Data (in press).

Konjevic, N., Di mi t ri jevi c, M. S., and Wiese, W. L., A Critical Review of

Experimental Stark Width and Shift Data for Spectral Lines of Non-Hydrogen

Atoms (for the period 1 976 to 1982), J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data (in press).

Lombardi, G. G., Feynman's Disk Paradox, Am. J. Phys. 51^, 21 3 (1983).

Lombardi, G. G. and Kelleher, D. E., Redistribution of Radiation in a Low

Density Plasma, in Spectra,! Line Shapes , Vol . 2, edited by K. Burnett,

(Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin • New York, 1983) pp. 835-845.

Martin, W. C., and Sansonetti, C. J., Improved measurement of the 4 He I 3

*0-3 3 D separation: Confirmation of predicted mass -polari zati on isotopic

shift, Phys. Rev. A 28, 502 (1983).

Martin, W. C., Working Group 4: Structure of Atomic Spectra, in Reports

on Astronomy (Transactions of the International Astronomical Union, Volume

XV 1 1 1 A ) , edited by Patrick A. Wayman (D. Reidel Publishing Company,

Holland, 1982), pp. 134-139.

Martin, W. C., Structure of Atomic Spectra: Some Recent Laboratory

Research of Interest for Stellar Spectroscopy, in Highlights of Astronomy , Vol. 6, edited by Richard M. West, (IAU, 1983), pp. 775-779.

Martin, W. C., and Zalubas, R., Energy Levels of Silicon, Si I through

Si XIV, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 12, 323-380 (1983).

Musiol, K., Jones, Douglas W., and Wiese, W. L., Lifetime Ratios for Ar I 4p Levels, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 29, 321-327 (1983).

Nee, Tsu-Jye A., and Roberts, J. R., Comment: Authors' reply to comment

of Skowronek, Phys. Rev. A 2J_t 3351-3354 (1983).

Pittman, T. L. and Kelleher, D. E., Some Comments and Hydrogenic Lines in

a Plasma - Shifts, Asymmetries and Widths, in Spectral Line Shapes , edited

by B. Wende, (Walter de Gruyter, Berlin • New York, 1981), pp. 165-175.

25
Division 531, Publications (cont'd.)

Pittman, T. L. and Fleurier, C., Red Shift of the He II H and Pa Lines,

in Spectral Line Shapes , Vol. 2, edited by K. Burnett (Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin • New York, 1983), pp. 87-100.

Reader, J., 3s 2 -3s3p and 3s3p-3s3d transitions in magnesiumlike ions from

Sr 26+ to Rh 33 +

, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 7_3, 796-799 (1983).

Reader, J., 5s 2 5p 4 -5s5p s Transitions in Cs IV, Ba V, and La VI, J. Opt.

Soc. Am. 73, 349-352 (1983).

Reader, J., 3p

6 3d 9 -3p 5 3d 10 transitions in cobaltlike ions from Ba 29+ to

Yb 43

, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 73, 63-65 (1983).

Reader, J., and Ryabtsev, A., Revised 3p 6 3d 8 1 So Level of Sr XIII, Y XIV,

Zr XV, Nb NVI and Mo XVII, J. Opt. Soc. Am. - Lett, (in press).

Reader, J., Acquista, N., and Cooper, D., Spectra and energy levels of

ions in the copper i soelectroni c sequence from Ru 15+ to Sn^1 +

, J. Opt.

Soc. Am. (in press).

Roberts, J. R., Kaufman, V., Sugar, J., and Rowan, W. L., Magnetic-dipole

transitions observed in highly ionized Ga, Ge, As, and Kr, Phys. Rev. A

27, 1721-1723 (1983).

Roszman, L. J., and Weiss, A. W., Effects of Configuration Interaction on Dielectronic Recombination of Fe (XXIV), J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat.

Transfer 30, 67-71 (1983).

Sansonetti, C. J., and Martin, W. C., Accurate wavenumber measurements for

the 4 He I Is2p-ls3d transitions and comparisons of several term separations with theory, Phys. Rev. A (in press).

Smith, E. W. and Stamm, R., Computer Simulation of Plasma Correlation

Functions, in Spectral Line Shapes , Vol. 2, edited by K. Burnett (Walter

de Gruyter & Co., Berlin • New York, 1983), pp. 31-35.

Sugar, J., and Kaufman, V., Resonance Lines in the Pd I Isoelectroni

Sequence: I VIII to Ho XXII, Phys. Scr. 26_, 419-421 (1982).

Sugar, J., Kaufman, V., and Cooper, D., C I Isoelectronic Sequence:

Observations of 2s I "2p n -2s m-1

2p

n+1 Intersystem Transitions and Improved

Measurements for Cl XII, K XIV, Ca XV, Sc XVI, Ti XVII, and V XVIII

Phys. Scr. 26, 189-193 (1982).

26
Division 531, Publications (cont'd.)

Sugar, J., Kaufman, V., and Cooper, D., B I Isoelectroni c Sequence:

Observation of 2s2p 2 -2p 3 Intersystem Lines in Sc XVII and Improved Measurements for Cl XIII, K XV, Ca XVI, Sc XVII, and Ti XVIII, Phys. Scr.

26, 293-295 (1982).

Sugar, J., Tech, J. L., and Kaufman, V., Analysis of the 4d 9 -4d 8 5p Transitions in Eleven-Times Ionized Barium (Ba XII), J. Opt. Soc. Am. 73 ,

1 077-1079 (1983).

Tech, J., Optical Radiation News #38, Published Optical Radiation News #38

(1 982).

Tech, J., Kaufman, V., and Sugar, J., Rh I Isoelectroni c Sequence: Analysis of the 4d 9 -4d 8 5p Transition Array in La XIII, J. Opt. Soc. Am. (in

press )

Weiss, A. W., Correlation corrections to energy levels of Fe XXI, J. Phys.

B: At. Mol. Phys. _1§_> 4331 -4338 (1982).

Weiss, A. W., review of book. Atomic Many -Body Theory , by I. Lindgren and

J. Morrison, Appl . Opt. _22_, 1478, 1534 (1983).

Wiese, W. L., Atomic Transition Probabilities and Lifetimes of Argon, in

The Physics of Ionized Gases , (Invited Lectures, Review Reports and Progress Reports of SPIG-82), edited by G. Pichler (Institute of Physics,

Zagreb, Yugoslavia, 1983), pp. 435-456.

Wiese, W. L., Recent Developments in Atomic Transition Probabilities, in

Highlights of Astronomy, Vol . 6, edited by Richard M. West (IAU, 1983),

pp. 795-799.

Wiese, W. L., Working Group 2: Atomic Transition Probabilities, in

Reports on Astronomy (Transactions of the International Astronomical

Union, Volume XVI 1 1 A ) , edited by Patrick A. Wayman (D. Reidel Publishing

Company, Holland, 1982), pp. 116-123.

Younger, S. M., Distorted-wave electron-impact ionization cross sections

for the argon i soelect roni c sequence, Phys. Rev. A _2i6

, 31 77-3186 (1982).

Younger, S. M., Dielectronic Recombination Rate Coefficients for Highly

Ionized Heliumlike Ions, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 29, 67-73

(1983). ““

Younger, S. M., Electron Ionization Rate Coefficients for Highly Ionized

Iron and Scandium, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 29, 61-66

(1983). ~

27
TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP

Division 531, Atomic and Plasma Radiation Division

Victor Kaufman

Chairman, 1984 and member, 1985 William F. Meggers Award Committee,

Optical Society of America.

Georgia A. Martin

Chairperson, National Academy of Sciences— National Research Council

Committee on Line Spectra of the Elements —Atomi c Spectroscopy.

Invited Participant, NAS-NRC Panel on Current Trends in Atomic

Spectroscopy (October 1982).

Wi 1 liam C. Martin

Chairman, Working Group on Structure of Atomic Spectra, Commission

14 of International Astronomical Union.

Member, National Academy of Science-National Research Council

Committee on Line Spectra of the El ements --Atomi c Spectroscopy.

Member, IAEA Network of Atomic Data Centers for Fusion.

Invited Participant, NAS-NRC Panel on Current Trends in Atomic

Spectroscopy (October 1982).

Joseph Reader

Invited Participant, NAS-NRC Panel on Current Trends in Atomic

Spectroscopy (October 1982).

James R. Roberts

Chairman-Elect, the TEXT Users Organization (TEXT = Texas

Experimental Tokamak, a national plasma research facility).

Jack Sugar

Member, 1985 William F. Meggers Award Committee, Optical Society of

Ameri ca

28
Division 531, Technical and Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (cont'd.)

Wolfgang L. Wiese

Member of Organizing Committee, International Astronomical Union,

Commision 14.

Chairman, International Astronomical Union, Commission 14, Working

Group on Atomic Transition Probabilities.

Member, IAEA Network of Atomic Data Centers for Fusion.

Member of International Organizing Committee of Colloquium on EUV

and X-Ray Spectroscopy.

29
MAJOR CONSULTING AND ADVISORY SERVICES

Division 531, Atomic and Plasma Radiation

1. J. Z. Klose performed numerous evaluation tests and calibrations of a Pt-Cr-Ne hollow cathode lamp and five rf dimer lamps this year

as part of contract work for Martin Marietta Aerospace. His work involved close consultation with Martin Marietta personnel concerning the

results of each test and plans for successive tests and calibrations.

Klose is presently involved in selecting and calibrating a deuterium lamp

to be flown on the SUSIM (solar ultraviolet spectral irradiance monitor)

space shuttle experiment as an in-flight calibration source. This

process requires his close consultation with our contractor, the Naval

Research Laboratory. The staff at Ball Aerospace Systems Division is

using argon arcs supplied by us under contract for the calibration of

instruments for solar UV measurements in space. J. M. Bridges has had

several consultations concerning the proper application of the arcs in

these calibrations. Klose and Bridges also answer requests from a variety of callers for information on radiance and irradiance calibrations in the vacuum ultraviolet spectral region.

2. The Data Centers on Atomic Energy Levels and Transition Probabilities routinely fill requests for atomic data or literature information submitted by scientists in a wide range of research areas. The

requests average about 15 per week. On occasion, special reports are prepared for particular user groups. Thus, W. C. Martin and W. L. Wiese

write updates on atomic data of interest for the astrophysi cal community

for the IAU Transactions, and give review reports at the General Assemblies of the International Astronomical Union.

3. J. R. Roberts serves as Chairman-Elect for the TEXT users organization (TUO). TEXT stands for Texas Experimental Tokamak and is a national plasma users facility. The TUO steering committee considers the

special needs of off-site user groups and has then provided advice and

perspective on the users program to the TEXT managers and the Office of

Fusion Energy at DOE.

4. L. J. Roszman serves as a consultant with the Theory Group at

Lawrence Livermore Laboratory on problems concerning the effects of

dielectronic recombination on high temperature plasmas.

5. A. W. Weiss was invited by DOE to participate in the Highly

Ionized Atom Working Group at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New

Mexico in October 1982. The schedule included an invited presentation

followed by a round table discussion.

30
JOURNAL EDITORSHIPS

Division 531, Atomic and Plasma Radiation

J. Reader, Editor, Fine Spectra of the Elements, Handbook of Chemistry

and Physics , CRC Press.

W. L. Wiese, Associate Editor, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and

Radiative Transfer.

31
TRIPS SPONSORED BY OTHERS

Division 531, Atomic and Plasma Radiation

J. M. Bridges traveled to Boulder, Colorado for consultation with Ball

Brothers concerning calibration work. Entire trip paid by Ball Brothers.

(July 1983)

Charles W. Clark traveled to Warrington and Manchester, England. He

attended the meeting "Ionization by Electron and Photon Impact,"

sponsored by Collaborative Computational Project, Daresbury Laboratory.

He also attended the 15th National Conference on Atomic and Molecular

Physics at the University of Manchester and presented two papers. The

entire trip was paid for by the Science Research Council of Daresbury

Laboratory in Warrington. (March 23-April 11, 1983)

Charles W. Clark attended the international symposium "Collisions in

Strong Fields," Bielefeld, Germany and presented a contributed paper at

the 13th International Conference on the Physics of Electron and Atomic

Collisions. Partial support was provided by the satellite meeting held

in Bielefeld, West Germany. (July 21-August 4, 1983)

J. R. Roberts traveled to Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, for

consultation with Dr. Franz Jahoda on far infrared laser diagnostics on LANL ZT-40. The trip was paid by LANL. (May 1983)

L. J. Roszman traveled twice to Lawrence Livermore Laboratories in

California as a consultant with the theory group under Dr. J. Weisheit.

Entire trip was paid by LLL. (January and September, 1983)

C. J. Sansonetti traveled to Los Alamos National Laboratory to serve on a committee formed to review the design of a high-resolution Fourier

spectrometer planned by the Chemistry Division. Entire trip was paid for

by LANL. (August 1-2, 1983)

32
CALIBRATION SERVICES PERFORMED

Division 531, Atomic and Plasma Radiation

No. of

Type of Service Customer SP 3b

Tests Income

Dimer Lamp Martin Marietta Contract 2 $ lb k

Hollow Cathode

Lamp

Martin Marietta Contract 1 7.5k

Deuterium Lamp Naval Research

Lab.

Contract 4 27.5k

Argon Arc Goddard Space

Flight Center

Contract 2 3k

Deuterium Lamps Goddard Space

Flight Center

7.6 D 2 lk

Deuterium Lamps Canon 7.6 D 1 0.5k

33

TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

Division 532, Nuclear Radiation

Task No.

Task No.

Task No.

Task No.

Task No.

Task No.

Task No.

Task No.

15221 - Neutron Radiation Safety

15222 - Nuclear Structure and Standards

15223 - Nuclear Radiation Research

15225 - Neutron Field Standards

15226 - Radioactivity Standards

15227 - Neutron Measurements and Resarch

15602 - Physical/Technological Property SRM Research

15645 - Computerization of Standard Reference Bases

The Nuclear Radiation Division encompasses a broad range of activities including both fundamental and applied research. It includes five

groups designated as Nuclear Theory, Nuclear Research, Neutron

Measurements and Research, Neutron Field Standards, and Radioactivity. Of

these the first two are mostly basic nuclear research, and the last three

are mostly applied research. Photonuclear data collection, located in the

Nuclear Research Group as part of the Photon and Charged Particle Data

Center, is being phased out.

Activities of the Division support important national areas of concern: medicine (e.g. radioactivity standards for nuclear medicine and

dosimetry standards for neutron radiation therapy), fission and fusion

nuclear power (neutron cross sections, fission rate measurements in power

reactors, environmental radioactivity standards) , environment (environmental radioactivity in natural matrices), occupational safety (neutron

personnel monitoring), and science (nuclear structure and dynamics through

electromagnetic interactions, and molecular physics with eV neutrons).

We continue to attract many guest workers. Some of our scientific

colleagues who have come to NBS for extended stays are: Dennis Skopik,

University of Saskatchewan; Prabha Durgapal, George Washington University;

James O'Brien, Montgomery College; William Stapor and Miles McCord,

Catholic University of America; Elisa Wolynec and Marcos Martins,

University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; Li Linpei, National Institute of

Metrology and Yang Dongliang, Institute of Atomic Energy, Peking, China;

Mauro Dias, Instituto de Pesquisas EnergSticas e Nucleares, Sao Paulo,

Brazil; Bernd Siebert, Physikal isch-Technische Bundesanstalt,

Braunschweig, West Germany; Augustin Grau Malonda, Junta de Energia

Nuclear, Madrid, Spain; Johann Rafelski, University of Frankfurt, West

Germany; Sunaryo Wi ryosumarto. National Atomic Energy Agency, Republic of

Indonesia; Rezsoe Jedlovszky, National Office of Measures of Hungary; and

Tae-Soon Park, Korean Standards Research Institute.

35
Division 532, Technical Activities (cont'd)

Members of the Nuclear Radiation Division staff on extended stays

elsewhere include Leonard Maximon and Michael Danos, Centre d'Etudes

Nuclgaires de Saclay, France; Michael Danos, Centre d'Etudes de

Bruy$res-le-Chatel , France; J. Joseph Coyne, Physikal isch-Technische

Bundesanstalt , Braunschweig, West Germany; Evans Hayward, Max-Planck

Institut fUr Chemie, Mainz, West Germany; Sydney Meshkov, University of

California, Los Angeles; and Bert Coursey, Central Bureau for Nuclear

Measurements, Geel, Belgium.

Dosimetry Standards for Neutron Radiation Therapy . This program,

supported by the National Institutes of Health, has been continued to

improve the accuracy and consistency of absorbed dose measurements for

neutron therapy through provision of national dosimetry standards and

improved theoretical information on neutron interactions with tissue and

tissue-equivalent materials. A longer term goal is to develop a calibration facility at NBS where neutron dosimeters can be calibrated.

The major work performed for this program in the past year was participation in an international intercomparison of neutron dosimetry performed at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Teddington, England, and

sponsored by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. Measurements

were made in a 15 MeV collimated neutron beam to determine the neutron and

gamma-ray tissue kermas in free air 3 cm in front of a 30-cm cubic water

phantom, and to determine the neutron and gamma-ray absorbed doses at

depths of 5, 10, and 15 cm in the phantom. The NBS dosimeters employed to

make the measurements consisted of two tissue-equivalent ionization chambers to determine the total (neutron plus gamma-ray) kermas and absorbed

doses, two magnesium-walled ionization chambers with argon gas filling to assess the gamma-ray components of the mixed fields, and a photon-energy

compensated Geiger-MUl ler counter also to assess the gamma-ray components.

All dosimeters were calibrated in a known 137 Cs gamma-ray beam at NPL

prior to making measurements in the neutron beam so that all neutron beam

values reported by the participants will be based on a common calibration

source. The NBS calibrations with the NPL 137 Cs beam agreed with the

values obtained using the NBS standard 137 Cs beam within 2.2%.

Participation in this international intercomparison is important to

NBS to establish the relation between NBS neutron dosimetry standards

currently under development and the neutron standards being developed at

other standards laboratories. Valuable experience was gained concerning

the instrumentation and procedures used at another prominant standards

laboratory for generating and measuring high energy neutron beams.

Last year's annual report described studies made of the neutron and

gamma-ray tissue kerma rates produced in free air by a 252 Cf radiation

source. A report describing this work has been published as "Dosimetry of

a Lightly Encapsulated 252 Cf Source" in the journal Radiation Protection

36
Division 532, Technical Activities (cont'd)

Dosimetry . This work demonstrated that the proportional counter can provide valuable information for mixed-field dosimetry and, accordingly,

tissue-equivalent plastic and graphite-walled proportional counters were

acquired for future use.

One of the methods to be used to establish neutron dosimetry standards at NBS consists of comparing neutron kerma rates at 15 MeV neutron

energy using ionization chambers and using a 235 U double-foil, pulse ionization fission chamber. A preliminary comparison was made last year but

suffered from inaccurate measurements of distance from the neutronproducing target to the dosimeter. This difficulty will be overcome in a planned future comparison by use of a horizontal cathetometer (distancemeasuring telescope) which has been acquired for this purpose.

The 15 MeV neutron field produced by the NBS 3 MV Van ae Graaff ac- celerator was used to investigate various characteristics of the neutron

dosimeters such as ion recombination, polarity effects, wall attenuation

and scattering, and stem scattering. These measurements are not only

important for future work with 15-MeV neutrons at NBS, but they also provided essential data for the NPL intercomparison project.

I . Nuclear Theory Group

This group works on high energy theory, nuclear theory. Coulomb

interactions, neutron standards theory, and theoretical neutron dosimetry,

relating particularly to the experimental nuclear research and neutron

standards research programs in the Division.

Elementary Particle Physics . Our present theory of the strong interactions, Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), describes hadrons as composed of

colored quarks and antiquarks with the strong force between them mediated

by the exchange of massless colored gluons. QCD implies that a new form

of matter should exist, namely composites of two or more of these gluons,

called glueballs. These particles contain no quarks and are colorless.

A major activity of the NBS elementary particle program is the study

of glueballs, i.e., setting criteria for their existence, production, and

decay in experiments such as those under way at SPEAR (colliding electronpositron beams) and at Brookhaven National Laborarory (BNL). Critical

reviews of the status of various glueball candidates have been given in a series of invited talks at international conferences, the most recent at the Experimental Meson Spectroscopy Conference at BNL. Summarizing the

available data it was concluded that the most viable glueball candidates

at present are those 4>4> -st at es produced in the reaction n_p -*• <f><j>n at BNL.

Various experimental tests to check the glueball characteristics of these

states have been proposed; some of these are now underway.

37
Division 532, Technical Activities (cont'd)

In recent years many attempts have been made to unify the strong,

weak, and electromagnetic interactions. All of them have used as a basis,

the "standard model" i.e., SU(3) color

x SU(2) weak

x U(1) Y

. It has been

extremely successful in recent confrontation with experiment, i.e., the

discovery of the W and Z0 bosons at their predicted masses.

The standard model can be summarized in terms of a set of particles

determined by a few simple principles. Together with P. Fishbane of U.

V a. and P. Ramond of the Univeristy of Florida, Gainesville, a systematic

search has been carried out for the possible existence of other sets of

fermions which satisfy these principles and do not violate any current

experimental limits.

Various sets of such particles have been found; this work is

currently being submitted for rapid publication under the title "Standard

Model Constraints on Fermions".

Nuclear Theory . In the past, nuclear forces have been treated in

terms of meson exchanges between point nucleons, although it was realized

that these nucleons were not point particles but in fact occupied a large

part of the volume of nuclei. Now the origin of nuclear forces must be

rethought in terms of the underlying quark structure. The model available

for this treatment is the bag model. However, two-nucleon interactions in

this model have six quarks in the bag, and if an exchanged meson is

included then there are seven quarks and an antiquark. There are manybody correlations among the quarks. A program to investigate these forces

has been started.

The current hadron bag model treats the confinement problem in a purely ad hoc , unphysical, manner, i.e., by imposing a scalar boundary

condition on the quark wave function. However, no scalar fields exist in

the QCD Lagrangian, which could serve to take up the momentum transfer

implied by the boundary condition. In order to eliminate this drawback,

and to put the description of the hadrons on a more physical basis a reformulation of the quark bag model for the nucleon in terms of the

methods of NBS Monograph 147 has been initiated. The first steps, in

progress at this time, consist of rewriting the QCD Hamiltonian in the

Schrddinger picture, and of computing the specific QCD matrix elements

not contained in 147.

To replace the ad hoc boundary conditions of the bag model by a correct description of the hadron-vacuum interface in fact requires a solution, or at least a semi-quantitative understanding, of the confinement

problem. It is widely believed that the confinement in QCD, in analogy

with superconducti vity, results from the existence of a physical vacuum

which is removed from the remainder of the spectrum by an energy density

38
Division 532, Technical Activities (cont'd)

gap, which exhibits a Meissner-Ochsenfeld effect, and which can not be

described by the methods of perturbative quantum field theory. More particularly, it is believed that these characteristics of the physical vacuum result from the infrared properties of QCD. Utilizing these con- siderations an attempt is underway to construct a model of the QCD vacuum

with the techniques developed in the context of superconductivity theory.

A new emerging field of nuclear physics concerns the question of ex- plicit manifestations of QCD effects in nuclear reactions. A promising

approach is the observation of a quark-gluon plasma in the collision of

two heavy nuclei. Diverse aspects of this are being explored.

A vexing problem of nuclear physics is the apparent isospin impurity

of the a-particle, which manifests itself in the ratio a/(y,p)/a(y,n)

which does not equal unity. This experimental fact has lead to speculation that the nuclear force itself may not be isospin invariant. A program has been started to test whether the Coulomb interaction itself,

contrary to previous calculations, can explain the observed cross section

ratio.

Electron Scattering and Photonuclear Theory . The most important

probes for experimental nuclear research at intermediate and high energies

are provided by electron accelerators in the form of well collimated beams

of electrons with good energy resolution, and by quasimonochromatic photon

beams produced when these electrons collide with a suitable target.' The

increased accuracy of present-day high energy electron scattering experiments, resulting from increasing energy resolution and improved detection

systems calls for a reinvestigation of the theoretical expressions used in

the analysis of these experiments. This will be needed even more for the

analysis of experiments currently being planned for CW electron accelerators in the energy region of 200 MeV - 2 GeV now under construction.

Theoretical work has concentrated on the expressions commonly used by

experimenters for the radiative tail from elastic and inelastic electron

scattering. A number or reports on this subject, for use by experimenters, are being prepared.

In collaboration with physicists at George Washington University,

theoretical work on the photodisintegration of few body systems continues.

Experimenters at M.I.T. have already used this work in the analysis of

their experiments on the photodisintegration of 3 He.

Theoretical Neutron Dosimetry . A theoretical program on Neutron

Interactions with Biological Tissue is being carried out with joint support from NBS, the Office of Health and Environmental Research, Department

of Energy, and recently from the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research

Institute (AFRRI). The objective of this program is to obtain information

39
Division 532, Technical Activities (cont'd)

about neutron interactions with tissue through secondary charged particles

using theoretical calculations whose input includes neutron cross section

data; range, stopping power, and straggling information; and geometrical

properties. These calculations include what is usually called microdosimetry, but extend further in the basic physics. These results apply to

physics, radiation biology, radiation protection of workers, and standards

for neutron dose measurement.

There is increased interest in studying very small cavity sizes (of

the order of nanometers). For these cavity sizes our analytical calculations will not be valid because of the importance of delta rays and straggling, or track structure in general. For this reason, and because it

will be needed to improve calculations at high neutron energy, we are developing a Monte Carlo code to calculate energy deposition spectra for

fast neutrons. The first version has been designed so as to duplicate the

results of the analytic code. This code is now operating successfully and

gives identical results to the analytic code within the Monte-Carlo statistics. Preliminary studies have been completed on how to include straggling and delta-ray effects. As a first step we are using the "Landau"

straggling, which is valid for small thicknesses of materi al--certainly

the case for nanometer cavities.

The analytic code used for neutron energy deposition studies has been

extended in two ways: (1) use of bin-averaged cross sections so that

arbitrary neutron spectra may be calculated, useful even for "monoenergetic" neutron sources since they are seldom completely monoenergetic, and

also for distributed-energy neutron sources such as cyclotrons with either

protons or deuterons on beryllium as the neutron-producing reaction; and

(2) calculation of ionization yield spectra for small sites which are more

directly comparable to the experimental ly-measured spectra obtained with

walled and wall-less tissue-equivalent proportional counters. We are now preparing tables of initial and slowing-down spectra for neutrons up to 15

MeV using new nuclear data for low neutron energies and stopping powers

furnished by Martin Berger of the Radiological Physics Division.

Kerma factors have been calculated for 44 compounds and mixtures

encompassing a large number of materials of interest to radiation biology,

radiation therapy, neutron protection, dosimetry, and radiation chemistry.

These results have now been published in the International Journal of

Applied Radiation and Isotopes ( I JAR I )

Neutron Personnel Monitoring . Under contract with the NRC we have

reviewed measurements made inside of containment at nuclear power plants

in order to recommend optimum procedures for evaluating the radiation dose

received by workers in those plants. We found that measurements of

neutron dose equivalent with remmeters often differed from those deduced

from multisphere ("Bonner" sphere) measurements by as much as a factor of

40
Division 532, Technical Activities (cont'd)

two. Discrepancies were due partly to the harsh temperature and humidity

conditions under which measurements were made, and partly due to inherent

shortcomings of the remmeters. Measurements with neutron albedo dosimeters were capable of predicting neutron dose equivalent to within about

40%, provided that they were calibrated with an appropriate neutron

source, such as a D

2 0-moderated 252 Cf source. However, dosimeters calibrated with fission sources such as unmoderated 252 Cf were incorrect by

factors of 20 or 30. Measurements with other types of instruments were

also reviewed. We recommended continued use of both remmeters and albedo

dosimeters together with improved calibration procedures for these instruments.

We analyzed a recent experiment that measured the effect of neutrons

reflected from the floor of a calibration room, on the fission rate of a 235

U foil. In an early paper (1965) we predicted that, for a point source

and point detector above a flat surface, the fluence of neutrons reflected

from the surface would vary inversely as the square of the distance from

the detector to the image source created by viewing the surface as a mirror. This prediction was borne out by the experiment--even for configurations for which the 235 U fission rate from reflected neutrons was as much

as three times the rate from source neutrons.

We are preparing an invited article for a special issue of Radiation

Protection Dosimetry on the subject of recommended calibration procedures

for neutron personnel monitors. At a recent meeting of International

Standards Organization Technical Committee 85 at NBS we provided information that will be incorporated in an international standard on calibration

procedures for neutron personnel monitors.

Under contract with the Armed Forces Radiobiological Research

Institute (AFRRI), we reviewed calculations and measurements made for them

by another laboratory, for the purpose of understanding the neutron fields

in their irradiation facilities. Values of neutron tissue kerma inferred

from measurements with activation foils were in good agreement with values

inferred from calculated neutron spectra.

Reactor Dosimetry . Scattering corrections for a recent remeasurement

of the neutron cross section of 233 U in a 252 Cf spontaneous fission spectrum were reviewed. Corrections for scattering in the NBS fission chamber were based on Monte Carlo calculations by P. Soran of LANL. These calculations have reduced the uncertainty in the correction for chamber scattering. The uncertainty (0.4%) in the correction for scattering in the

252 Cf source capsule is now the largest uncertainty of those associated

with scattering corrections.

41
Division 532, Technical Activities (cont'd)

1 1 . Nuclear Research Group

The study of the interactions of high energy photons and electrons

with nuclei is leading to new understandings of how nucleons behave inside

complex nuclei, i.e. in what form they exist and how they interact with

each other. Activities of the Nuclear Research Group cover experimental

and theoretical investigations of many different electromagnetical ly induced nuclear reactions. This includes high energy electron and photon

scattering from nuclei, electrodisintegration experiments in which nuclear

reaction products are studied, and electroactivation studies in which integrated reaction cross sections are studied via induced radioactivities.

The photon scattering work was terminated in August 1981 to make room

for construction of the NBS microtron. Before this time, however, work

was completed on the scattering of high energy photons from 16 0 at several

angles. These data along with similar data on ^ 2 C have been analyzed to

yield the E2 strength in these nuclei. A paper on this work has been

published in Physical Review C.

A new photon scattering experiment has now been performed in Mainz,

Germany in collaboration with B. Ziegler of the Max Planck Institute.

Using the tip of the bremsstrahlung spectrum photons were scattered

through 115° from the delta resonances of 12 C and 208 Pb. This experiment

is the first of its kind and is important because the results and the

problems uncovered will determine the course of future work in this field.

Much larger cross sections were found than can be explained by coherent

scattering alone. While a paper is in preparation on this work, we are trying to decide which next step will teach us the most.

The electron scattering program has encompassed several different

activities. A precision measurement of the 4 He radius has been made by

comparing it to that of 12 C. This work led to the PhD of W. Stapor of

Catholic University. A similar measurement of the proton radius is now being planned and will form the basis of the thesis of M. McCord.

Maruyama has continued in his study of stretched configurations in collaboration with the group at the University of Massachusetts; the mea- surements are made at the Bates Laboratory. Lightbody and Maruyama are also engaged in a collaboration at Bates to investigate the convection and

magnetization current contribution to the transverse cross section of the

first excited state of 52 Cr. They are in another collaboration at the

Amsterdam laboratory to study magnetic transitions in 52 Cr.

O'Connell organized a collaboration with a group of physicists from

Lund, MIT, American University, and NBS to investigate the apparent failure of the Coulomb sum rule. At the Bates Laboratory, we measured the

spectra of electrons scattered through 20° by six targets at four electron

energies. During the course of the measurements we found an instrumental

42
Division 532, Technical Activities (cont'd)

background produced by the electrons striking the interface between the

spectrometer and the scattering chamber and established a procedure for

subtracting it off. Within the uncertainties in the experiment our re- sults are consistent with the sum rule and it is now believed that the

discrepancy found in previous experiments stemmed partly from the instrumental problem. These results have appeared in Physical Review C.

The electrodisintegration experiments performed in collaboration with

E. Wolynec and M. Martins of Sao Paulo have continued. The work on the

isochromat of the electric dipole virtual photon spectrum for zirconium

has been completed and a paper published in the Physical Review. We now

plan to study the (e,a) and (e,p) cross sections for Zr and complete the

interpretation of the 63 Cu(e,n) cross section.

A major effort of the Nuclear Research Group during the past year was the preparation of a proposal requesting funds to support nuclear physics

research using the 200 MeV CW microtron now under construction. The

physics was described as well as the instrumentation required to do it.

The proposal also outlined a plan to use the 200 MeV accelerator as an injector for a much larger 1 GeV microtron. The experiments to be done

with this machine were also described.

III. Neutron Measurements and Research Group

This group is concerned with measurements of neutron interactions

which depend strongly on the neutrons' energy. The interactions include

both nuclear and molecular effects and require neutron spectroscopic capability from 0.005 eV to 50 MeV--over ten decades of energy. The largest

program is devoted to a continuing international effort to push the accuracy of reference neutron cross sections into the ±1% (1 SD) range. Other

programs are concerned with the development and exploration of analytical

techniques based on the unique features of the neutron's interaction with

matter. Both the standards and analytical studies require a significant

component of fundamental neutron research. The NBS facilities used are the 100 MeV linac, 3 MV positive-ion Van de Graaff, and nuclear reactor.

The nuclear data measurements by the group during this period concentrated on the 235 U neutron-induced fission cross section standard in the

low MeV energy region. The neutron sources were the linac 200-m time-offlight facility, the 252 Cf neutron spectrum, and the 2.6-MeV associatedparticle facility at the Van de Graaff. The analysis of the measurement

from 0.3 to 3 MeV using the Black Detector as a neutron flux monitor on the linac is nearly complete. The investigation proved to be more time

consuming than originally anticipated due to the large number of separate

runs which had to be carefully compared for consistency and a major effort

to examine each aspect of the experiment in detail so as to reduce the

43
Division 532, Technical Activities (cont'd)

uncertainties to a minimum. Analysis is nearly complete of a similar

measurement from 1 to 6 MeV which used the dual thin scintillator as a neutron flux monitor. The 235 U cross sections deduced from these two

different experiments agree within their common neutron energy region.

This confirms the validity of the neutron flux measurement component in

the experiments.

Significant progress was made in an experiment at 2.5 MeV using the

time-correlated associated-particle technique with the D(d,n) 3 He reaction

at the Van de Graaff. Suitable TiD targets have been obtained which permit a reasonable separation of the associated 3 He particles from the elastically scattered deuterons by using foil absorption. The primary effort

is now to optimize the beam current and to study the spatial distribution of the neutron beam. Preliminary results have been obtained.

The NBS has participated in a new international intercomparison of

neutron flux measurement capability sponsored by the International Bureau

of Weights and Measures (BIPM). The intercomparison which will include

eight international laboratories is by means of a large 235 U fission ionization chamber which was supplied by the Harwell laboratory. This chamber

will allow both linac and Van de Graaff neutron facilities to participate

whereas only Van de Graaffs participated in previous tests. We were the

first laboratory to complete the measurements which were done at a neutron

energy of 500 keV on both the linac and Van de Graaff using the Black

Detector flux monitor. A useful by-product of this intercomparison will

be a new international measurement of the 235 U(n,f) cross section with a common 235 U deposit.

Development and calibration of the dual thin scintillator (DTS)

detector for flux measurements in the 1-15 MeV region have been completed.

A paper describing the detector and its calibration was submitted for

publication in Nuclear Instruments and Methods. Calibrations of the

detector at 2.45 and 14.0 MeV using the associated particle technique have

an accuracy of 1.5% and 0.7%, respectively. The detector efficiency has

been extended throughout the 1-15 MeV region using a Monte Carlo code with

a precision of £ 1.5%. This detector is also potentially useful as a neutron spectrometer. Operating in a coincident mode between the two

scintillators, the detector exhibits a response function peaked at the

neutron energy throughout the 1-15 MeV range. Such a response function

should provide a significant improvement for spectrum unfolding techniques. Work on using the DTS detector as a neutron spectrometer is just

beginning.

Initial detector developments were done to establish the 3 He(n,p)

reaction as a useful standard in the keV energy range. Presently there is no single reaction which is suitable for flux measurements throughout the

keV range (0.5 to 2000 keV). Both 6 Li(n,a) and 10 B(n,a) change so rapidly

44
Division 532, Technical Activities (cont'd)

or become so small in the higher energy region that neither is suitable at

higher energies. For 235 U(n,f) the opposite situation obtains; the structure below 100 keV causes the reaction to be useless for standards purposes. However, the 3 He(n,p) reaction is smooth throughout and is relatively flat from 300 to 3000 keV. Three problems have restricted the use

of this standard: (1) the absence of a detector with suitable geometry

for standards measurements, (2) large uncertainties in the cross section,

and (3) relatively low counting rates. The problem of counting rates has

disappeared as neutron source intensities have increased over the years.

The detector selected to implement this standard is a low pressure gas

scintillator. The chamber has been constructed and initial testing will

take place with the assistance of the Physics Department at Duke

University.

Further studies were conducted to improve the two-dimensional position resolution characteristics of the microchannel plate neutron detector. Experiments and Monte Carlo calculations indicate that the major

limitation on resolution is the scattering of photons in the fiber optic

faceplate. These studies show that microchannel plate systems could be

improved greatly by the addition of extramural absorptive material in the

fiber optic matrix to attenuate the photons that take diagonal paths.

The studies of inelastic neutron scattering in the eV energy region

have continued with concentration on detector development. Since the low

energy neutron resonances used to detect the scattered neutron are primarily capture resonances in heavy nuclei and since the y rays from such

capture are highly internally converted, a strong x-ray signal will be

present. To exploit this fact a measurement using a high purity intrinsic

Ge detector to detect the x rays following Au neutron capture was attempted. The results of the measurement indicate that a significant

improvement in the signal to background can be made using this technique.

Further measurements are planned using the WNR facility in collaboration

with LANL personnel. In addition, a BG0 detector to measure capture y

rays is being developed for use in this program.

The effect of neutron energy loss on neutron moderation problems

through the excitation of electronic states in atoms and molecules was investigated. Initial studies using Monte Carlo based simulation and the

theoretical probabilities for such electronic excitation indicated a very

small effect on neutron moderation. An analytic approach based on an approximation to the average logarithmic energy decrement was subsequently

developed. From this technique the fractional correction to the logarithmic energy decrement was calculated to be on the order of 10“ 4 for neutron

moderation in light elements. In practice this small increase will probably not be significant for neutron moderation problems.

45
Division 532, Technical Activities (cont'd)

A review paper on "Standard Cross Section Data" was completed during

this year. This document will be published in a special issue of Progress

in Nuclear Energy devoted to Cross Section Data for Nuclear Reactor

Analyses . The standards paper contains information on the need for standards, properties of standards, applications and measurement techniques

for the standards, comparisons of experimental data, comparisons of evaluations, and the status of the standards. Light element, capture, and

fission standards are considered. Significant effort has gone into graphical plots of recent experimental data and evaluations. A comprehensive

bibliography is included.

A feasibility experiment to determine the amount of 235 U in waste

material from nuclear facilities was completed. The amount and distribution of 235 U in waste material is a concern in the control of material in

the nuclear safeguards program. The incinerator ash from a nuclear

materials facility was simulated with various concentrations of 235 U in a range of container sizes.

The use of resonance neutron radiography as a means of monitoring the

amount of uranium in the waste material was investigated. Positronsensitive proportional counters were used as detectors in an experimental

setup at the NBS linac facility. A matrix material simulating incinerator

ash was innoculated with 235 U in concentrations ranging from 4.8xl0-4

g/cm3 to 4.6xl0 -3 g/cm 3

. The observed uncertainty in the results agreed

well with the predicted uncertainty obtained from an analytic model.

Tests were also made of the effect of matrix and 235 U inhomogeneity

on measurement accuracy. The observed results of inhomogeneity also

agreed well with predicted results. The technique thus provides a method

for investigating measurement problems on low concentration waste samples

that is well understood and capable of uniquely determining the concentration and distribution of any isotope (and isotopic concentration) in a waste material sample ranging from 2-liter containers to 55-gallon drums.

A standard 6-7 MeV photon field has been developed at the 3 MV

Positive Ion Van de Graaff Accelerator. This field is produced by the

19 F(P ,<*y)

16 0 nuclear reaction. This field has been characterized in terms

of the absolute emission of the photon source and its energy spectrum.

Backgrounds have been identified and reduced. This field was used to

calibrate radiation detectors consisting of thermoluminescence detectors

and active survey meters for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Radiation

detectors may be calibrated with uncertainty of 5% (1 standard deviation).

These measurements were done in collaboration with the Radiation Physics

Division and the Office of Radiation Measurement.

46
Division 532, Technical Activities (cont'd)

A Rutherford Backscattering Facility is being established on a new beam line at the Van de Graaff laboratory. This facility, which is being

constructed in collaboration with scientists from the Center for Materials

Science, will be used for studies of the properties of thin films and

ceramic surfaces. The accelerator, which was modified to produce helium

ion beams in addition to the hydrogen and deuterium beams used for the

neutron experimenters, has provided energy analyzed beams of both He+ and

He++ ions. Additional staff will be provided from the Center for

Materials Science in order to use the facility approximately 25% of the

time.

Studies of neutron-induced fission cross section systematics for a wide range of nuclei continued in the MeV energy region. The present work

involves the prediction of the fission cross sections of short-lived

nuclides based on the properties of the nearby long-lived nuclides. The

status of the fast fission cross section ratios is also being maintained

for a Cross Section Evaluation Working Group (CSEWG) subcommittee. The

final measurement of the fission cross section ratios done at Lawrence

Livermore National Laboratory was published.

The group has also made significant contributions to national nuclear

data committees. Wasson is a member of the Department of Energy Nuclear

Data Committee, and is on the General Program Advisory Committee for the

1985 International Conference on Nuclear Data for Basic and Applied

Science. Behrens supplies status reports on fast fission cross sections

relative to 235 U to a subcommittee of the Cross Section Evaluation Working

Group and is a member of the Transuranic Task Force of the Isotopes and

Radiation Division of the American Nuclear Society. Carlson has assumed

important time-consuming responsibilities to CSEWG. He is the chairman of

the Standard Subcommittee while also serving on the Evaluation Committee

and the Data Status and Requests Subcommittee.

Carlson's involvement in CSEWG activities has significantly increased

as a result of the standards evaluation process for the ENDF/B-VI evaluation. The focus of CSEWG activities is on the standards subcommittees

since the standards evaluations must be completed before other evaluations

can begin. The procedures for evaluating the standards have been established. A number of different approaches are being used so that consistency of the various results can be checked. A substantial effort is

being directed toward a simultaneous evaluation of the H(n,n)H,

6 Li(n,t) 4 He, 10 B(n,a) 7 Li , 197 Au(n,y) 198 Au, and 235 U(n,f) cross sections.

This set was selected since a large number of ratio measurements of standards to standards exist within it. Correlations among data sets will be

taken into account while the shapes and normalizations will be evaluated

separately. In addition, an R-matrix analysis of the 6 Li+n and 10 B+n

systems will be done. Individual evaluations for each of the standards

47
Division 532, Technical Activities (cont'd)

will also be performed. The evaluation procedure should provide consistent cross sections in which all the available experimental information,

including correlations, is more properly used.

In addition to taking a strong leadership role in the ENDF/B-VI evaluation process, NBS has initiated a cooperative program among the standards committees of the International Nuclear Data Committee (INDC), the

Nuclear Energy Agency Nuclear Data Committee (NEANDC), and CSEWG. An

important result of this program could be international ly accepted neutron

standard cross sections. Carlson also attended and chaired a session at

the IAEA Consultants' Meeting on the 235 U Fast Neutron Fission Cross

Section and the 252 Cf Fission Neutron Spectrum which was held in March

1983 at Smolenice, Czechoslovakia.

This program has benefited for the last two years from guest workers

who were supported by their home institutions. Mr. Mauro Dias developed

the dual-thin scintillator neutron flux monitor and used it for a 235 U cross section measurement. He returned to the Instituto de Pesquisas

Energeticas e Nucleares in Sao Paulo - Brazil in April 1983 to complete

his Ph.D. studies. Mr. Li Linpei participated in the 235 U cross section

measurements at 2.6 MeV and with the 252 Cf neutron source. He returned to

the National Institute of Metrology in Peking, People's Republic of China

in August 1983.

The status of our facilities remained essentially unchanged with all

facilities providing useful beams and intensities. The NBS Center for

Radiation Research has commissioned a further study of neutron research

at the NBS. This study, which also includes the related fields of highLET radiation and analytical chemistry, will soon be presented for consideration by the NBS management.

IV. Neutron Field Standards Group

The objectives of this group are to provide neutron dosimetry standardization and neutron source and detector calibrations for energy generation technology and radiation exposure monitoring. Activities are divided between response to calibration and measurement service requests and

the application of existing standard neutron fields and related capabilities to neutron reaction-rate measurement standardization. Strong interactions with outside organizations, both in the federal and private sector,

continue to be the main programmatic characteristics of this group's

activities.

Concern for neutron field measurements in nuclear technology is on the increase as was noted last year. Neutron field calibration and

related measurements continued at a high level this year in order to

improve the level of standardization for personnel neutron dosimetry, for

48
Division 532, Technical Activities (cont'd)

materials performance under stress of irradiation, and for advanced power

reactor development. Fission chamber experiments in a variety of circumstances continue to be of importance. Measurements in neutron flux intensities which differ by orders of magnitude and operations in neutron

fields associated with tokamak fusion experiments are examples.

Neutron personnel dosimetry activities involved dosimeter and dosimetry instrumentation calibrations in five different standard neutron

fields. Clients ranged from nuclear utilities and dosimetry vendors to

DoE laboratories participating in dosimetry improvement programs.

Dosimetry for materials performance focused on preparing and evaluating

the documentation describing reactor pressure vessel (RPV) mock-up mea- surements at ORNL. Experimental characterization of the neutron field in

the RPV mock-up at ORNL rests largely upon neutron reaction rate measurements that were referenced to fission neutron standard fields at NBS. The

industry problem behind this effort, steel embrittlement under stress of

radiation in a reactor vessel, continues to be an important component of our program. The new impetus arising from the recognition of thermal

shock potential in older pressure vessels as a result of post-TMI changes

in emergency reactor-shutdown procedures is still a problem for the industry, the NRC, and even the media. The option of making cavity dosimetry

measurements in operating power plants was taken up this year. NBS personnel were on-site for the installation of a dosimetry capsule in Main

Yankee in Connecticut, and a measurement standardization surcharge

arrangement was worked out for a Westinghouse contract to perform cavity

dosimetry measurements and calculation for Diablo Canyon in California.

The CESWG Subcommittee on Standards explicitly recognizes the

f ission-spectrum-averaged cross section of 235 U in the 2 ^ 2 Cf fission spectrum as a basic normalization measurement for the 235 U fission cross section. Remeasurement of this normalization quantity is now largely com- plete. The present value from the new data is 1231 mb. Error components

are being evaluated in terms of known improvements associated with the new measurements. A preliminary estimate of the total error for the new determination is ± 2.0% (1 std. dev.). It is expected that the final error will be about one third less. The major error reductions come about

from (1) revision of the mass scale for NBS fissionable deposits (error

reduced to ± 0.75%); (2) new detailed Monte-Carlo scattering calculations

for the fission chamber and the fissionable deposit backings carried out

at Los Alamos; and (3) reduction of the error assigned the source strength of NBS-1, the National Standard Neutron Source (error reduced to

± 0.9%). An important part of the program was the measurement of room- return neutrons by a guest worker from the People's Republic of China.

49
Division 532, Technical Activities (cont'd)

The development of a thermal -neutron-autoradiography facility for

diagnostic irradiations of art works continued in cooperation with the

Reactor Division and the Smithsonian Institution. Substantial preliminary

modifications at the thermal column, fabricated and installed by our group, deliver a high intensity flux of thermal neutrons over a large

area. The design also makes possible rapid recovery of irradiated paintings so that short-lived activities can be included in the postirradiation diagnostic procedures. Design of a large semi-movable shield

for a permanent art work irradiation facility is complete.

Comprehensive publication of fission cross sections measured in the

ISNF and two fission standard neutron fields took place this year. Eight

fissionable isotopes were included in the reported information. This work

is part of our on-going program of neutron field standards measurements

and is subject to periodic review and updating. The next revision of masses for the fissionable isotope mass standards is not likely to occur

in less than three years. The cross sections should remain within their

stated error estimates indefinitely since all known error components have

been investigated. Some representati ve results for ISNF, and their agreement with ENDF/B-V, are as follows: 235 U: 1606 mb ± 5.0% (calcul ated-toexperimental = 0.977 ± 5.0%); 232 Th: 38.4 mb ± 3.2% (calcul ated-toexperimental = 0.878 ±3.8%). A characteristic of this result which identifies it as coming from a standard neutron field is the inclusion of a component in the C/E ratio error for the propagated effect of ISNF spectrum uncertainties. Each physical and nuclear parameter of ISNF has been

subject to a spectrum variational analysis which is subsequently propagated to a set of spectrum-associ ated errors for each species of reaction

rate measurements. Thus, calcul ated-to-observed ratios are an unambiguous

check of the corresponding energy-dependent cross section.

The testing of neutron personnel dosimetry instrumentation, which

continued at a high level, made notable and proper institutional use of

the filtered beams, the thermal column, and the D

2 0-moderated fission

spectrum irradiation facility. Systematic performance tests have now been

performed on essentially all types of passive dosimeters used in the

United States. Calibration of active neutron dosimetry instrumentation

(remmeters and BF

3 counters) served the needs of a variety of agencies,

1 aboratories , and commercial vendors, and also met the calibration

requirements of an increased number of power reactor operators.

Personnel from the Naval Surface Weapons Center, in collaboration

with CRR personnel, did extensive testing of the Navy's shipboard area monitoring system. The energy and angular response of the monitor system

was determined using all three of our monoenergetic filtered beams plus a thermal beam from the reactor thermal column. In addition, the 144 keV

beam was used for testing various detector tubes which may be used in the

shipboard monitor. The 144 keV beam is especially useful for these tests,

50
Division 532, Technical Activities (cont'd)

since it is a convenient high-intensity source of neutrons with relatively

little gamma contamination. The energy response of a new type of dosimeter developed at Yale University, also investigated with the filtered

beams, shows promise of having close to tissue-equivalent response and it

may be inexpensive as well.

The cavity fission source was redesigned in order to allow irradiated

neutron fluence standards to be removed separately from the highly radioactive fission source disks which now remain inside the thermal column

after irradiation. The fission chamber monitor also was remounted on the

insertion stem close to the source detector assembly and two new shielding

arragements were designed and built to accomodate the new source. A 7"

dia. lead cylinder on a rolling platform allows the fission source disks

to come out of the thermal column into a shield that is hand carried to a larger lead storage channel. Various operations and inspections can now

be done with the highly radioactive fission source disks. Personnel exposures involved with the handling of sources have been substantially

reduced.

The cavity fission source, with these operational modifications in

place and with final neutron scattering corrections, is now a convenient

standard neutron field for routine use. The 235 U fission neutron flux

density at the midplane between the fission source disks is 1.8 x 10 10

n/cm 2 s. For individual irradiated foils this flux is established to

± 2.6% based on neutron flux transfer from the NBS 252 Cf Irradiation

Facility.

The cavity fission source produced a substantial number of fission

neutron fluence standards for reactor dosimetry applications. In three

primary irradiations, titanium, nickel and iron foils were exposed to

fission neutron fluences of between 4.5 and 7 x 10 10 n/cm 2

. These fluence

standards have been distributed to various dosimetry measurement laboratories in this country and abroad. A major effort was undertaken to formulate a test report for neutron fluence standards that is user oriented

and adequately descriptive. Major error components for these standards

are (1) flux transfer from the 252 Cf fission neutron irradiation facility:

± 2.3%; (2) neutron scattering corrections: ± 0.6% and (3) gradient and

positioning uncertainties: ± 0.85%. The total error for the new fluence

standards is ± 2.6%.

The stack of activation foils in the cavity fission source involves

perturbation of the activation rate in each foil because of neutron scattering in the same foil or in nearby foils. Monte Carlo calculations were made for us by Los Alamos National Laboratory to determine this effect.

It was found that the flux gradient over the foil stack is small enough

that corrections can be effected on the basis of separation distance

alone. The Monte Carlo calculations also provide corrections for the

entire cavity fission source detector assembly.

51
Division 532, Technical Activities (cont'd)

A test of the helium-accumulation fluence monitor (HAFM) technique

has been carried out by irradiation of 6 LiF, 10 B, and natural boron samples in the NBS Intermediate-Energy Standard Neutron Field (ISNF). More

than forty HAFM samples were provided for the irradiation by Rockwell

International. The neutron fluence was determined by means of six pairs

of gold and indium activation foils, which were positioned among the nine

tubes supporting the HAFM samples. A total fluence of about 1.3 x 10 14

neutrons/cm2 was delivered to the samples. A background run was also made

with the fission drivers removed from the ISNF facility. Both Au and Ir foils were irradiated with the HAFM detectors to provide run-to-run monitoring which will correct the HAFM irradiations based on a subsequent 235 U

fission rate determination.

A major intercal ibration measurement campaign was undertaken at the

Nuclear Energy Center (SCK/CEK) in Mol, Belgium. Three group members were

at the BR-1 reactor in Belgium on staggered assignments for a period of

six weeks. Measurement goals included a flux transfer from the 252 Cf fission neutron standard field at NBS to the 235 U cavity fission source at

SCK/CEN, and a fission cross section determination for fissile materials

in the 235 U fission spectrum. A considerable logistics effort was involved in transferring fission chambers, electronics, a data acquisition

computer, and fissionable materials. One shipment of irreplaceable NBS

fissionable isotope mass standards that did not arrive on time in Belgium

was later found in Bombay, India.

Miscellaneous measurement and related activities make poor material

for accomplishment reporting, but do constitute a substantial part of our Neutron Field Standards Group effort. A sampling of these activities in

FY-83 are as follows: (1) preparation of a subsection on "Data Analysis

Methods--Examination of Individual Detector Responses" for NUREG Report

#4, "Power Reactor Surveillance Physics--Dosimetry Compendium"; (2) participation in fission rate measurement at the VENUS reactor pressure vessel

mockup; (3) completed report on iron shell measurements of neutron penetration parameters; (4) source calibration tutorial for Livermore

Radiation Lab. staff; (5) consultation with INEL staff on higher actinide

fission cross section measurements in the CFRMF Facility; (6) completed

revision of the "Compendium of Benchmark Neutron Fields for Reactor

Dosimetry;" and (7) furnished calibrated 235 U deposit to ANL for international intercomparison of fissionable deposits.

Specific reference is made here to last year's narrative of technical

activities (Annual Report 1982; Div. 532). Much of the information provided there is applicable to this year's activities. Ten publications and

reports were part of the group's activities this year; the total for FY-82

and FY-83 is 20.

52
Division 532, Technical Activities (cont'd)

Meetings and committee work continue to occupy a prominent place in our program. We provide a secretary for the ASTM Subcommittee on Radiation Metrology which presently is engaged in the development of 19

standards for reactor pressure vessel irradiation surveillance and steel

embrittlement prediction. Participation at symposia and program reviews

in radiation personnel dosimetry continued and the effort to draft a new

IAEA Manual on Neutron Dosimetry Calibrations moved forward. Formal program review meetings for the NRC-sponsored LWR-Pressure Vessel Dosimetry

Irradiation Surveillance Program and the DoE-sponsored Personnel Dosimetry

Upgrading Program require active participation spread out among 5 staff

members

V. Radioactivity Group

A. Standard Reference Materials and Calibration Services

The following table highlights some of the significant efforts of the

group to provide a basis for consistent and accurate radioactivity mea- surements in the U.S.:

Standards and Calibration Services No. of Units K$

Standard Reference Materials 727 174.5

Atomic Industrial Forum

program for nuclear medicine 272 —

Scheduled Calibrations (OPMS) 34 20.4

Special Measurements (NBS 94) 75 36.0

Traceabi 1 ity tests, including

EPA, FDA, NRC, and

commercial firms 173

The last item, which can use all of the other listings as mechanisms to

check the measuring ability of participating laboratories, propagates

accurate activity calibrations with minimum NBS expense. The participation of commercial standards suppliers, equipment manufacturers, and testing laboratories is now established, and the regulatory agencies also have

programs for checking their quality control laboratories.

Among the Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) made available during

the past year are 90 Sr (significant for environmental monitoring), U Chexadecane (especially suitable for the calibration of liquid scintillation counters), a mixed-gas standard in glass spheres, and a renewal of

the wel 1 -received mixture of long-lived radionuclides for calibrating

53
Division 532, Technical Activities (cont'd)

germanium gamma-ray-spectrometry systems. The contemporary 14 C-oxalic

acid reference material, which serves as the international benchmark in

carbon dating, was elevated to an SRM after further evaluation of the data

from laboratories that participated in the calibration.

228 Ra standards, significant for compliance with requirements for

drinking water monitoring, have been prepared.

The monthly issuance of radiopharmaceutical activity standards con- tinues to serve as an economic and safety reference point for the industry

and workers in nuclear medicine.

A quantity of Irish Sea sediment with relatively high radioactivity

concentration has been sterilized, freeze-dried, diluted with Chesapeake

Bay sediment, pulverized, homogenized, and bottled in preparation for

radioactivity calibration as an SRM. A scrubber hood suitable for perchloric acid fuming and high temperature fusions was installed to aid in

the chemical separations required for some environmental samples.

B. Basic Activity and Nuclear Data Measurements

Most of the basic calibrations for gamma-ray-emitting radionuclides

are retained on stable ionization chambers or germanium-spectrometry systems. This permits routine service calibrations or SRM production with

minimum repetitious use of the more complex direct calibration techniques.

These techniques can be used instead to produce calibrations for new radionuclides of growing significance. Spectrometry systems which are used to check the purity and accuracy of all x- and gamma-ray-emitting

radionuclides are also used to measure accurately probabilities per decay

for some radiations, in order to relate emission rate and activity measurements. Half lives are measured in order to prolong the accurate

application of SRM's, and new techniques for measurement are pursued in

order to improve or expand our measuring abilities. Recent examples of

these follow.

Production of 135 Xe with the linear accelerator, and methods of standardization, were investigated.

The technique of comparative liquid scintillation counting, with

calculated responses to give an accurate ratio to 3 H or 14 C. was applied

to a series of iodine radioisotopes ( 1 23

1 , 125 I, 129 I, and * 31 I). Liquidscintillation counting was also used to calibrate SRMs of 89 Sr and 90 Sr.

A new calibration of 75 Se was developed, using a pressurized proportional counter in anticoincidence with gamma-ray detectors. Extending

dead times up to 40 ms were used to measure directly the contribution of a 17-ms state as 6.0%. Probabilities per decay were measured for the major

gamma rays of 75 Se.

54
Division 532, Technical Activities (cont'd)

The decay of 76-s 82 Rb was studied with material eluted from a medical generator and in equilibrium mixtures with the parent, 25-d 82 Sr, also

containing large amounts of 85 Sr. Preliminary values of pertinent decay

quantities were established and techniques for measuring the activity and

the impurity ratio were developed and checked.

The technical feasibility of placing environmental radioactivity

measurements on an "atom counting" basis was investigated. A new instrument developed by a commercial firm was evaluated. The instrument uses the mechanism of sputtering from a solid source with ionized argon atoms,

followed by laser resonance-ionization spectrometry and mass spectrometry

The basic conclusion is that certain environmental radionuclides have

concentrations and other characteristics which allow direct assay but

others do not, at the present stage of development.

A careful investigation of 228 Ra- 228 Ac mixtures, with repeated chemical separations to remove progeny, demonstrated that simple di scrimi nator

extrapolations could lead to results 7 or 8% high in the assay of 228 Ac

with high-efficiency counters. The energy added by conversion electrons

in coincidence with the 228 Ac beta particles effectively created a spectrum almost empty of particles below 50 keV. Normally an almost horizontal extrapolation through the region obscured by the low-energy electrons

from the 228 Ra decay would be assumed.

C. Other Agency Programs

A radon counting system has been developed to measure the exhalation

rate of radon sources accurately. The objective of the program is to

provide a reliable radon-in-air standard and to check such present commercial standards. A prototype radon-i n-water standard has been developed.

The system is being made more rugged and simpler to use.

Thermoluminescent dosimeters and survey instruments were calibrated

in atmospheres of 133 Xe of known activity concentrations.

A spectrometry system for analysis of xenon radioisotopes was con- structed and tested. Conversion electrons from isomeric decays are detected in a near-4ir silicon detector system in anticoincidence with a surrounding Nal(Tl) well counter. Gamma rays following beta decays are detected in the well counter in coincidence with beta particles detected

in the silicon detector system.

A series of calibrated radionuclide solutions for testing the quality

of radiobioassays was supplied to an NRC contractor. Advice on the testing program was also given.

Several hundred calibrated ampoules of 230 Th and 228 Ra were supplied

to EPA to use in their calibration and testing programs.

55
Division 532, Technical Activities (cont'd)

D. International Activities

Just as accurate U.S. radioacti vi ty measurements are anchored on NBS

standards, our results must be checked on an international basis. Techniques and calibrations are exchanged and compared with the corresponding

laboratories in other nations, and with international organizations.

These sometime involve working visits or formal intercomparisons. Some of

our international activities in the past year are given below.

Papers were given at an International Committee for Radionuclide

Metrology (ICRM) seminar on Alpha-Particle Spectrometry and Low-Level

Measurements; the group also participated in the organization of the seminar. Three papers were also given at the ICRM Seminar on Applied

Radionuclide Metrology, and W.B. Mann edited the proceedings, which were subsequently dedicated to him on his 75th birthday.

Samples of calibrated 201 T1, 137 Cs, 85 Sr, 82 Sr- 82 Rb, and 22 Na were

sent to the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) for registration on their reference system, and * 33 Ba samples for a forthcoming

BIPM intercomparison were prepared and tested. Samples of 14 C were intercompared with the National Physical Laboratory, U.K. and VNIIFTRI,

U.S.S.R. A solution of 22 Na was sent to Indonesia and one of 60 Co was supplied to Korea for bilateral comparisons. 75 Se activity calibrations

were compared with OMH, Hungary, and a pile-up-rejector designed and con- structed in their laboratory was tested at NBS. A set of eight scintillators was also supplied to OMH. 210 Pb solution was supplied to PTB,

F.R.G., for intercomparison.

A guest worker from the People's Republic of China is cooperating in

activity measurements and spectrometry at NBS for a year, and workers from

Korea and OMH came for short visits. An NBS chemist has started a year's

stay at the Central Bureau for Nuclear Measurements, the European

Community laboratory in Belgium. An NBS physicist spent a week at OMH.

The group is participating in an ICRM test of efficiencyi nterpol ation methods for germanium spectrometry and in further investigations into low-level environmental sampling techniques. BIPM advisory

panel activities include participation in the 133 Ba intercomparison and

the working party on coincidence measurements.

56
SPONSORED CONFERENCES

Division 532, Nuclear Radiation

ICRM Seminar on Alpha-Particle Spectrometry and Low-Level Measurements,

Harwell, England, J. M. R. Hutchinson, May 10-13, 1983.

Symposium on New Techniques and Potential Applications of Ultrasensitive

Mass Spectrometry, NBS, Gaithersburg, Maryland, J. M. R. Hutchinson,

May 31, 1983.

57
INVITED TALKS

Division 532, Nuclear Radiation

Ayres, R. L., "Quantitative Measurement of Radioactivity and the Physics

of Radiation Detectors", George Washington University, Washington, D.C.,

October 15, 1982.

Ayres, R. L., "Description of Storeroom Microcomputer", Second NBS/ADABSE

Analytical Workshop, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.,

October 26, 1982.

Behrens, J. W., "Inferred 238 Pu(n,f) Cross Section in the MeV Range",

American Nuclear Society, Washington, D.C., November 17, 1982.

Behrens, J. W., "Neutron Transmission Measurements to Determine Isotopic

Content of Spent Fuel", American Nuclear Society, Detroit, Michigan,

June 12-16, 1983.

Carlson, A. D., "NBS Neutron Flux Measuring Techniques", Physikal ischTechnische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, West Germany, April 5, 1983.

Carlson, A. D., "NBS Measurements of the 235 U Fission Cross Section",

International Atomic Energy Agency Consultants' Meeting on the Uranium-235

Fast Neutron Fission Cross Section and the Californium-252 Fission Neutron

Spectrum, Smolenice, Czechoslovakia, March 28-April 1, 1983.

Carlson, A. D., "Evaluation Procedures for the ENDF/B-VI Standards",

International Atomic Energy Agency Consultants' Meeting on the Uranium-235

Fast Neutron Fission Cross Section and the Californium-252 Fission Neutron

Spectrum, Smolenice, Czechoslovakia, March 28-April 1, 1983.

Caswell, R. S., "Measurement Quality Assurance for Ionizing Radiations in

the U.S.", C.S.N., Casaccia, Rome, Italy, May 23, 1983.

Caswell, R. S., "Interaction of Neutrons with Tissue and Tissue-like

Materials", C.S.N., Casaccia, Rome, Italy, May 23, 1983.

Caswell, R. S., "Interaction of Neutrons with Tissue and Tissue-like

Materials", Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd., Chalk River, Ontario, Canada,

October 18, 1983.

Coursey, B. M., "Calibration of Liquid-scintillation Counters",

Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Division, George Washington University

Medical School, Washington, D.C., October 19, 1982.

58
Division 532, Invited Talks (cont'd)

Coursey, B. M., "Liquid Scintillation and the Nal(Tl) Counting of

Iodine-129", Biology and Medicine Technical Group, American Nuclear

Society, Washington, D.C., November 18, 1982.

Danos, M., "Conditions for Formation of Quark-gluon Plasma in High Energy

Nuclear Collisions", CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, December 6, 1982.

Danos, M., "Conditions for Formation of Quark-gluon Plasma in High Energy

Nuclear Collisions", Quark-gluon Plasma Workshop, Brookhaven National

Laboratory, Upton, New York, December 17, 1982.

Danos, M., "The Nucleus: Solid, Liquid, or Gas?", combined UniversityTechnical University Nuclear Physics and Theoretical Physics Colloquium,

Munich, Germany, May 27, 1983.

Danos, M., "Melted Nucleons, a New Phase of Matter", combined UniversityTechnical University Nuclear Physics and Theoretical Physics Colloquium,

Munich, Germany, May 27, 1983.

Eisenhauer, C. M., "Analysis of Personnel Dosimetry and Portable

Instrument Measurements of Determining Neutron Dose Equivalent at Nuclear

Power Plants." 10th International Neutron Dosimetry Workshop, Acapulco,

Mexico.

Fuller, E. G., "The Deuteron and Other Problems (?) in Photonuclear

Reactions", Triangle Universities, Nuclear Laboratory, Duke University,

Durham, North Carolina, December 9, 1982.

Gerstenberg, H., "Comparison of Experimental with Theoretical Photon

Attenuation Cross Sections Between 10 eV and 100 GeV", International

Conference on Nuclear Data for Science and Technology, Antwerp, Belgium,

September 9, 1982.

Hayward, E. V., "Elastic Photon Sacttering from 12 C and 16 0 in the Energy

Range 20-40 Mev", Strahlenzentrum Universitat Giessen, Giessen, West

Germany, October 11, 1982.

Hayward, E. V., "Elastic Photon Scattering from 12 C and 16 0 in the Energy

Range 20-40 MeV", Department de Physique Nucl6aire Centre d' Etudes

Nucl6aires de Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France, October 13,

1982.

Hayward, E. V., "Photon Scattering from the Delta Resonance", Nuclear,

Radiological and Accelerator Physics Seminar, NBS, Rm. C-301, Building

245, Washington, D.C.

Inn, K. G. W., "Preparation of Reference Materials by NBS for the

Evaluation Program of the ANSI Draft Standard N13.30", 28th Annual

Bioassay, Environmental and Analytical Chemistry, Natick, Massachusetts,

October 13, 1982.

59
Division 532, Invited Talks (cont'd)

Inn, K. G. W., "Development of NBS Natural Matrix Radioactivity

Materials", 28th Annual Bioassay, Environmental and Analytical Chemistry,

Natick, Massachusetts, October 14, 1982.

Johnson, R. G., "Neutron Inelastic Scattering Measurements in 1-15 eV

Region", Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico,

October 26, 1982.

Lightbody, J. W., Jr., "Recent Development iningle Arm Electron-Nucleus

Scattering Experiments and Future Prospects", 7th Conference on the

Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry, Physics Department,

North Texas State University, Denton, Texas, November 9, 1982.

Lightbody, J. W., Jr., "The RMS Charge Radius of the Proton", Staff

Research Seminar Series, NBS, Gaithersburg, Maryland, September 15, 1983.

Maximon, L. C., "Radiative Tail in High-Energy Electron Scattering,"

University of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway, September 16, 1983.

Meshkov, S., "Glueballs", University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska,

November 9, 1982.

Meshkov, S., "Glueballs", University of Cal ifornia-Irvine, Irvine,

California, December 2, 1982.

Meshkov, S., "Glueballs", Orbis Scientae Conference, Coral Gables,

Florida, January 17-21, 1983.

Meshkov, S., "Glueballs", 18th Recontre de Moriond, La Pagne, Savoie,

France, January 23-29, 1983.

Meshkov, S., "Glueballs", University of Cali form* a-Berkeley, Berkeley,

California, February 7, 1983.

Meshkov, S., "Glueballs", Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, April 5,

1983.

Meshkov, S., "Review of Glueballs", 7th International Conference on Experimental Meson Spectroscopy, Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York,

April 14-16, 1983.

Meshkov, S., "Glueballs", California Institute of Technology, Pasadena,

California, May 9, 1983.

Meshkov, S., "Glueballs", University of Cal ifornia-Davis, Davis,

California, May 26, 1983.

Meshkov, S., "Glueballs", University of Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara,

California, May 31, 1983.

60
Division 532, Invited Talks (cont'd)

Meshkov, S., "Glueballs", University of Cal iforni a-Irvi ne, Irvine,

California, June 9, 1983.

Meshkov, S., "Glueballs", LAMPF II Workshop, Los Alamos, New Mexico,

July 26, 1983.

Meshkov, S., "Glueballs", Aspen Center for Physics, Aspen, Colorado,

August 4, 1983.

O'Connell, J. S., "Use of Electron Rings in Nuclear Physics Research",

University of Lund, Lund, Sweden, October 5, 1982.

O'Connell, J. S., "Electron Scattering and the Coulomb Sum Rule",

Netherlands Institute for Nuclear and High Energy Research, Amsterdam, The

Netherlands, October 11, 1982.

O'Connell, J. S., "Electron Scattering and the Coulomb Sum Rule",

University of Mainz, Mainz, West Germany, October 14, 1982.

O'Connell, J. S., "Interpretation of Coincidence Form Factors in Electron

Scattering", Corcoran Hall, George Washington University, Washington,

D.C., December 11, 1982.

O'Connell, J. S., "Electron Nucleus Scattering", Lewes Center for Physics,

Lewes, Delaware, June 14, 1983.

61
PUBLICATIONS

Division 532, Nuclear Radiation

Ayres, R. L., and Hirshfeld, A. T., Radioactivity Standardization of 99mTc

and "Mo, Int'l. J. Appl . Rad. and Isot. ^33, 835-841 (1982).

Behrens, J. W., Preparation of Accelerator Targets by Painting, Nucl

Instrum. Methods 200, No. 1, 67-70 (1982).

Behrens, J. W., Inferred 238Pu(n,f) Cross Section in the Mev Range,

Transactions American Nuclear Society 43, 722-723 (1982).

Behrens, J. W., Johnson, R. G., and Schrack, R. A., Neutron Transmission

Measurements to Determine Isotopic Content of Spent Fuel, Trans. Am. Nucl.

Soc. 44, 204-205 (1983).

Behrens, J. W., Fast Neutron Ratio of Pa-223, U-234, U-236, Np-237, and

Pu-242 Relative to U-235, Status Report for BNL-NCS-51123 (August 1983).

Behrens, J. W., Inferred Fission Cross Sections in the MeV Range for the

Transuranics, Trans. Am. Nucl. Sci . (in press).

Behrens, J. W., Measurement of the Subthreshold Neutron-Induced Fission

Cross Section of Plutonium-240 Relative to Uranium-235 from 5 to 300 keV,

Nuclear Science and Engineering (in press).

Behrens, J. W., Schrack, R. A., and Carlson, A., Resonance Neutron

Radiography for Nondestructive Evaluation and Assay Applications,

Proceedings of International Conference on Nuclear Cross Sections for

Technology (in press).

Bowman, C. D., and Johnson, R. G., Measurements of Inelastic Scattering of

eV Neutrons, IPNS Symposium on Neutron Scattering, AIP Conference

Proceedings No. 89, 84-86 (1982).

Bowman, C. D., and Johnson, R. G., Neutron Induced Atomic Excitation and

Neutron Moderation, Proceedings of International Conference on Nuclear

Data for Science and Technology, September 6-10, 1982, Antwerp, Belgium,

971-973 (1983).

Bowman, C. D., and Johnson, R. G., Measurement of Inelastic Neutron Scattering in the eV Range, Proceedings of Seminar/Workshop on Thermal Reactor

Benchmark Calculations, Techniques, Results, and Applications, NP-2855, 7-

1 to 7-7 (1983).

62
Division 532, Publications (cont'd)

Bowman, C. D., Schrack, R. A., Behrens, J. W., and Johnson, R. G., Neutron

Resonance Transmission Analysis of Reactor Spent Fuel Assemblies,

Proceedings of the World Conference on Neutron Radiography (in press).

Broadhurst, M. G., Ben, A. J., and Schwartz, R. B., The Effect of Neutron

Irradiation on Electric Conductivity in Cellulose Acetate, Rad. Prot.

Dos. 3, No. 1/2, 107-108 (1982).

Burt, P. E., Fagg, L. W., Crannell, H., Sober, D. I., O'Brien, J. T.,

Maruyama, X. K., Lightbody, J. W., and Lindgren, R. A., Electron Scattering Study of the 10.32 MeV Transition in 40 Ca, Physical Review C 25_, No.

5, 2805-2809 (1982).

Burt, P. E., Fagg, L. W., Crannell, H., Sober, D. I., Stapor, W., O'Brien,

J. T., Lightbody, J. W., Maruyama, X. K., Lindgren, R. A., Sargent, C. P.,

Low Multipolarity Magnetic Transitions in 52 S Excited by Electron Scattering, Physical Review C (in press).

Carlson, A. D., and Bhat, M. R., ENDF/B-V Cross Section Measurement

Standards, Report Number BNL-NCS-51619 (Oct. 1982).

Carlson, A. D., and Behrens, J. W., Measurement of the 235 U(n,f) Cross

Section from 0.3 to 3.0 MeV Using the NBS Electron Linac, Proceedings of

International Conference on Nuclear Data for Science and Technology,

September 6-10, 1982, Antwerp, Belgium, 456-459 (1983).

Carlson, A. D., NBS Measurements of the 235 U Fission Cross Section,

Proceedings of IAEA Consultants' Meeting on the U-235 Fast Neutron Fission

Cross Section and the Cf -252 Neutron Spectrum, 1983 (in press).

Carlson, A. D., Standard Cross Section Data, Progress in Nuclear Energy,

(in press)

Carlson, C. E., Coyne, J. J., Fishbane, P. M., Gross, F. and Meshkov, S.,

Hadronic Decays of Low-Lying Glueballs, Nuclear Physics (in press).

Caswell, R. S., Coyne, J. J., and Randolph, M. L., Kerma Factors of Elements and Compounds for Neutron Energies Below 30 MeV, Int. J. Appl . Rad.

Isot. 33, No. 11, 1227-1262 (1982).

Caswell, R. S., and Coyne, J. J., Applications of Initial and Slowing-down

Secondary Particle Spectra for Neutrons, Proc. of the 7th International

Congress of Radiation Research, July 3-8, 1983, Amsterdam, The

Netherlands, Sessions E, El-06 (1983).

Caswell, R. S. and Coyne, J. J., Kerma Values, Neutron, Encyclopaedia of

Physics and Its Applications, Pergamon Press (in press).

63
Division 532, Publications (cont'd)

Cavallo, L. M., National Standards for Radioactivity Measurements, NBS

Special Publication 609, 31-37 (1982).

Coursey, B. M., Hoppes, D. D., and Unterweger, M. P., Standardization of

18 F for Use in Positron-Emission Tomography, Int. J. Appl . Radi at. Isot.

34, No. 8, 1181-1189, (1983).

Coursey, B. M., and McLaughlin, W. L., Dedication, Wilfrid Basil Mann,

Int. J. Appl. Radi at. Isot. 34, No. 8, iii-iv (1983).

Danos, M., and Williams, H. T., Electron Scattering from Baryon Resonances

in Nuclei, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119B , 1,2,3, 43-46 (1982).

Danos, M., and Rafelski, J., Particle Radiation by Hot Quark-Gluon Plasma,

Phys. Rev. D 27 , No. 3, 671-674 (1983).

Danos, M., Gogny, D., and Irakane, D., Simple Model for the QCD Vacuum,

NBSIR 83-2759 (1983)

Danos, M., and Rafelski, J., Formation Conditions of Quark-Gluon Plasma at

Central Rapidity, Physical Review (in press).

Delsanto, P. P., Biedenharn, L. C., Danos, M., and Tuan, S., Some

Theoretical Considerations on the a(Y,p)/a(y,n) Ration in 4 He, Physical

Review (in press)

Dias, M. S., Johnson, R. G., and Wasson, 0. A., An Absolute Neutron Flux

Detector for the 1-20 MeV Energy Region, Proceedings of International

Conference on Nuclear Data for Science and Technology, September 6-10,

1982, Antwerp, Belgium, 875-877 (1983).

Dias, M. S., Johnson, R. G., and Wasson, 0. A., Design and Calibration of

an Absolute Flux Detector for 1-15 MeV Neutrons, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. (in

press)

Dodge, W. R., Hayward, E., and Wolynec, E., Experimental Test of Virtual

Photon Theory, Physical Review C 28, No. 1, 150-158 (1983).

Dodge, W. R., Hayward, E., Leicht, R. G., McCord, M., and Starr, R.,

Nuclear Photon Scattering by 12 C and 16

0, Physical Review C 28, No. 1, 8-

15 (1983). —

Eisenhauer, C., Schwartz, R., and Johnson, T., Measurement of Neutrons

Reflected from the Surfaces of a Calibration Room, Health Physics Journal

42, No. 4, 489-495 (1982).

64
Division 532, Publications (cont'd)

Eisenhauer, C. M., and Schwartz, R. B., Analysis of Measurements with

Personnel Dosimeters and Portable Instruments for Determining Neutron Dose

Equivalents at Nuclear Power Plants, NRC NUREG Report (in press).

Eisenhauer, C. M., and Schwartz, R. B., Gamma-Ray Component From A Cf

Fission Source, 9th DOE Workshop on Personnel Neutron Dosimetry, 28-34,

1982.

Fishbane, P. M., Horn, D., Karl, G., and Meshkov, S., Flavor Symmetry and

Glueballs, Nuclear Physics B (in press).

Fishbane, P. M., Karl, G., and Meshkov, S. M., Iota (1440) and Theta

(1670) Glueball Candidates, Physics Letters (in press).

Friar, J. L., Fallieros, S., Tomusiak, E. L., Skopik, D., and Fuller,

E. G., Electric Pol ari zabi 1 ity of the Deutron, Physical Review C 2J_, No.

3, 1364-1366 (1983).

Fuller, E. G., The Photodisintegration of the Deuteron, 1982, NBSIR 83-

2647 (1983).

Fuller, E. G., and Gerstenberg, H., Photonuclear Data-Abstracts Sheets

1955-1982, NBSIR 2742 (in press).

Gerstenberg, H., and Hubbell, J. H., Comparison of Experimental with

Theoretical Photon Attenuation Cross Sections between 10 eV and 100 GeV,

Nuclear Data for Science and Technology, 1007-1009 (1983).

Gilliam, D. M., and Schroder, I. G., Absolute Fission Chambers for HighEnergy Neutron Fields, Transactions 43, 268-287 (1982).

Golas, D. B., Traceability Programs for Nucler Medicine, NBS Special

Publication 609, 99-110 (1982).

Goodman, L. J., Coyne, J. J., Zoetelief, J., Broerse, J. J., and

McDonald, 0. C., Dosimetry of a Lightly Encapsulated 252Cf Source,

Radiation Protection Dosimetry _4, No. 2, 91-96 (1983).

Goodman, L. J., Coyne, J. J., and Caswell, R. S., The NBS Program in

Dosimetry Standards for Neutron Radiation Therapy, Proc. of IAEA Advis.

Grp. on Advances in Dosimetry for Fast Neutrons & Heavy Charge Part, for

Ther. Appl . (in press)

Grundl, J. A., National Standards for Neutron Mesurements, NBS Special

Publication 609, 39-43 (1982).

65
Division 532, Publications (cont'd)

Grundl, J. A. and Gilliam, D. M., Fission Cross Section Measurements in

Reactor Physics and Dosimetry Benchmarks, American Nuclear Society

Transactions, 44, 533 (June 1983).

Hoppes, D. D. and Schima, F. J., Nuclear Data for the Efficiency Calibration of Germanium Spectrometer Systems, Int'l J. Appl . Rad. and Isot. 34,

No. 2, 491-492 (1983).

Hutchinson, J. M. R., and Mullen, P. A., Calibration of K-x-Ray Emission

Rates in the Decay of Vanadium-49, Int'l. J. Appl. Rad. and Isot. 3^4,

No. 2, 539-542 (1983).

Hutchinson, J. M. R., and Mullen, P. A., "Pin-Well "-Nai(Tl ) Counting of

59.5-keV Gamma Rays in the Decay of Americium-241, Int'l J. Appl. Rad. and

Isot. 34, No. 2, 543-546 (1983).

Hutchinson, J., Noyce, J., and Kolb, W., Radiochemical Isolation of

Radium-228 and Its Calibration By Liquid-Scintillation Counting and GammaRay Spectrometry, J. Analytical Radiochemistry (in press).

Hutchinson, J. M. R., Mullen, P. A., and Coll§, Development of a Regenerative Radon-in-Water Radioactivity Standard, Nucl. Inst. Meth. (Proc. of

ICRM Seminar) (in press).

Inn, K. G. W., and Noyce, J. R., The National Bureau of Standards Radioactivity Measurements Program, NBS Special Publication 609, 117-127

(1982).

Inn, K. G. W., and Mclnroy, J. F., Low-Level National Bureau of Standards

Radioactivity Natural Matrix Materials - Lung and Liver, Proc. of the 3rd

World Congress of Nuclear Medicine and Biology, Paris, 1982 (in press).

Inn, K. W. G., Liggett, W. S, and Hutchinson, J. M. R., The National

Bureau of Standards Rocky Flats Soil Standard Reference Material, Nucl.

Inst, and Meth. (Proc. of ICRM Conference) (in press).

Johnson, R. G., and Bowman, C. D., High Resolution Powder Diffraction by

White Source Transmission Measurements, Proceedings of IPNS Symposium on Neutron Scattering, Argonne National Laboratory, 53-55 (1982).

Lamaze, G. P., McGarry, E. D., and Schima, F. J., Integral Reaction Rate

Measurement in 252 Cf and 235 Fission Spectra, Nuclear Data for Science and

Technology, 425-428 (1982).

66
Division 532, Publications (cont'd)

Lightbody, J. W., Jr., Belicard, J. B., Cavedon, J. M., Frois, B.,

Huet, M., Leconte, Ph., Nakada, A., Xuan Ho, Phan, Platchkow, S, K.,

Turck, S., de Jager, C. W., Lapikas, J. J., and de Witt Hubert, P. K. A.,

Elastic and Inelastic Electron Scattering from 50,5z,oH£r> physical Review

C _27, No. 1, 113-132 (1 983).

Lucas, L. L., and Noyce, J. R., The Half Life of Plutonium-240, Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes (in press).

Mann, W. B., An International Reference Material for Radiocarbon Dating,

Radiocarbon 25_, No. 2, 519-527 (1983)

Mann, W. B., Needs for Radioactivity Standards and Measurements, Inst. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. _34, No. 8, 1041-1046 (1983).

Martins, M. N., Wolynec, E., Hayward, E., Schima, F., Maruyama, X., and

Lamaze, G., Eletrodesintegracao co

63 Cu, Proceedings of the Brazilian

Physical Society (1982).

Maximon, L. C., A Method for making Coulomb Effect Corrections to Reaction

Amplitudes. George Wasington University, Department of Physics, echnical

Report, 1982: GWU/DP/TR-82-2.

McGarry, E. D., Requirements for Referencing Reactor Pressure Vessel

Surveillance Dosimetry to Benchmark Neutron Fields, Proceedings of the

IAEA Advisory Group Meeting on Nuclear Data for Radiation Damage

Assessment and Reactor Safety Aspects, Vienna, Austria, October 12-16,

1981, 29-45 (1982).

Meshkov, S., Glueballs, Proc. VII Int'l Conf. on Experimental Meson Spectroscopy (in press).

O'Connell, J. S., Neutrino Reactions in the Fermi Gas Model, Proceedings

of the Los Alamos Neutrino Workshop, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los

Alamos, NM, 37-42 (1982).

O'Connell, J. S., Neutrino Reactions on the Deuteron, Proceedings of the

Los Alamos Neutrino Workshop, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos,

NM, 43-47 (1982).

O'Connell, J. S., Hayward, E., Lightbody, J. W., Jr., Maruyama, X. K.,

Bosted, P., Blomquist, I. I., Franklin, G., Adler, J. 0., Hansen, K., and

Schroder, B., Total Nuclear Inelastic Electron Scattering Cross Sections

Compared to Sum Rule Calculations, Physical Review C 27, No. 6, 2492-2499

(1983).

“

67
Division 532, Publications (cont'd)

O'Connell, J. S., Use of Electron Rings in Nuclear Physics Research,

Proceedings of the Workshop on Use of Electron Rings for Nuclear Physics

Research in the Intermediate Energy Region, Lund, Sweden October 5-7,

1982, U 1-3 (1983).

O'Connell, J. S., Scaling Variables for Coincident Electron Scattering,

Physics Letters (in press).

Rafelski, J., and Danos, M., Perspectives in High Energy Nuclear Collisions, NBSIR 83-2725 (1983).

Rafelski, J., and Danos, M., Pion Radiation by Hot Quark-Gluon Plasma,

Proc. 6th High Energy Heavy Ion Study, Berkeley, CA (1983); also published

as CERN-TH 3607 (1983).

Schelhaas, K. P., Ziegler, B., and Hayward, E., Photon Scattering by the

Proton and Deuteron in the A-Region, Proceedings of the 10th International

Conference on Few Body Problems in Physics (in press).

Schima, F, J., and Hoppes, D. D., Tables for Cascade-Summing Corrections

in Gamma-Ray Spectrometry, Int. J. Appl . Radi at. Isot. 34, No. 8,

1109-1114 (1983). ~

Schrack, R. A., Behrens, J. W., Carlson, A. D., Bowman, C. D., and

Johnson, R. G. , Recent Developments in Resonance Neutron Radiography,

Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Quantitative NDE in the

Nuclear Industry, May 10-13, 1982, San Diego, California, 158-163 (1983).

Schrack, R. A., Behrens, J. W., Johnson, R. G., and Bowman, C. D.,

Resonance Neutron Radiography, Proc. of World Conference on Neutron

Radiography (in press)

Schwartz, R. B., Eisenhauer, C. M., and Grundl, J. A., Experimental Verification of the D^O-Moderated ZJ ^Cf Source Spectrum, Nuclear Regulatory

Commission Report (in press).

Siebert, B. R. L, Caswell, R. S., and Coyne J. J., Calculations of Quality

Factors for Fast Neutrons in Materials Composed of H, C, N and 0,

Proceedings of the 8th Symposium on Microdosimetry (Euratom) September 27-

October 1, 1982, Jcrl i ch , Federal Republic of Germany, 1131-1140, (1983).

Stapor, W. J., Crannell, H., Lightbody, J. W., Maruyama, X. K., and

O'Brien, J. T., A Flowing Gas Target System for Precision Electron Scattering Measurements, Nuclear Instruments and Methods 203, 97-100 (1982).

68
TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP

Division 532, Nuclear Radiation

James W. Behrens

Member of CSEWG Subcommittee to monitor status of important cross

sections. His function is to supply status reports on fast fission

ratios relative to U-235.

Member of Transuranic Task Force ( TRU ) of the Isotopes and Radiation

Division of the American Nuclear Society.

Allan D. Carlson

Member, Cross Section Evaluation Working Group (CSEWG).

Member, Evaluation Committee of CSEWG; Chairman, Standards

Subcommittee of CSEWG.

Member, Data Status and Requests Subcommittee of CSEWG.

Randall S. Caswell

Delegate, Consultative Committee for Ionizing Radiations (CCEMRI),

Conference G£n§rale des Poids et Mesures, Paris, France.

Chairman, Section on Neutron Measurements (Section III), CCEMRI,

Conference Generale des Poids et Mesures, Paris, France.

Member, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

(NCRP)

Chairman, NCRP Ad Hoc Committee on SI Units.

Chairman, NCRP Ad Hoc Committee on Publications.

Member and Secretary, International Commission on Radiation Units and

Measurements (ICRU).

Sponsor, ICRU Report Committee on Stopping Power.

Sponsor, ICRU Report Committee on Absolute and Relative Dosimetry at

High Doses.

Sponsor, ICRU Report Committee on Specifications and Quality

Assurance of Scintillation Cameras.

69
Division 532, Technical and Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (cont'd)

Randall S. Caswell (cont'd)

Member, Radiation Research Accelerator Facility (RARAF) Scientific

Advisory Committee, Columbia University.

Bert M. Coursey

Member, International Committee for Radionuclide Metrology (ICRM)

Life Sciences Working Group.

Member, ANSI Subcommittee N42.2 on Procedural Standards for Calibration of Detectors for Radioactive Materials.

Member, Executive Committee, Biology and Medicine Technical Group,

American Nuclear Society.

J. Joseph Coyne

Member, National Nuclear Data Center (NNDC), Panel on Reference

Nuclear Data.

Member, International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements

(ICRU) Committee on Microdosimetry.

Michael Danos

Member, Program Review Committee for the Sacl ay Electron Linac,

Saclay, France.

Charles M. Eisenhauer

Member, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

(NCRP) Task Group on Atomic Bomb Survivor Dosimetry: SC-40 Biological

Aspects of Radition Protection Criteria.

Member, ASTM Subcommittee E10.05 on Nuclear Radiation Metrology.

Member, NAS-NRC Advisory Committee on the Radiation Effects Research

Foundation; and subcommittee: Panel on the Reassessment of A-Bomb

Dosimetry.

Member, ANS Standards Committee Working Group on Gamma-Ray Attenuation Data.

Leon J. Goodman

Consultant, American Association of Physicists in Medicine, Task

Group 18: Fast Neutron Beam Dosimetry Physics.

70
Division 532, Technical and Professional

Leadership (cont'd)

Leon J. Goodman (cont'd)

Member, International Commission on Committee on Clinical Dosimetry for

James A. Grundl

Co-chairman, Steering Committee for

Reactor Dosimetry, NBS, March 1985.

Member, ASTM Subcommittee E10.05 on

Committee Participation and

Radiation Units and Measurements,

Neutrons.

Developing ASTM Standards for

Nuclear Radiation Metrology.

Evans V. Hayward

Member, The Program Committee for the American Physical Society.

Vice Chairman, Executive Committee of the Nuclear Physics Division,

the American Physical Society.

Chairman, Program Committee for the Nuclear Physics Division of the

American Physical Society.

Member, Maryland Governor's Science Advisory Council.

Member, Search Committee for the Southeastern Universities Research

Associ ation.

Member, Argonne Universities Association Special Committee for the

Medium Energy Electron Accelerator Facility.

Member, Board of Trustees of the Southern Universities Research

Associ ation.

Dale D. Hoppes

Member, International Committee for Radionuclide Metrology (ICRM)

Alpha-, Beta-, and Gamma-Ray Spectrometry Working Group.

Member, Atomic Industrial Forum (AIF)-NBS Standards Program

Commi ttee.

Member, International Committee of Weights and Measures (BIPM),

Consultative Committee on Standards for Measuring Ionizing

Radiations, Subcommittee Section II: Radionuclide Measurements.

Member, Calibration Advisory Group, NBS.

71
Division 532, Technical and Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (cont'd)

J. M. Robin Hutchinson

Chairman, International Committee for Radionuclide Metrology (ICRM)

Subcommittee on Low-Level Techniques.

Member, American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Committee on Nuclear Instruments and Detectors.

Secretary, ANSI Subcommittee N42.2 on Procedural Standards for

Calibration of Detectors for Radioactivity Measurements.

Kenneth G. W. Inn

Member, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Committee

C26.05 Environmental Methods Task Group on Nuclear Fuel Cycle.

Member, Methods of Radiochemical Analysis in Water and Water

Deposits, Committee D19.04.

George Lamaze

Secretary, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM),

on Subcommittee E10.05, Nuclear Radiation Metrology.

Member, ASTM Committee E10, Nuclear Technology and Applications.

J. W. Lightbody, Jr.

Member, National Advisory Board of the Southern Universities Research

Associ ation.

Member, Program Advisory Committee for MIT/Bates Accelerator

Laboratory.

Wilfrid B. Mann

Consultant, International Commission on Radiation Units and

Measurements (ICRU).

Member, DoE Half-Life Evaluation Committee for Pu Isotopes Physical

Constants .

Member, ANSI-INMM Subcommittee N15.8 on Calibration Techniques for

Nuclear Material Control.

Member, ANSI-INMM Work Group INMM 8.04 on Calibration Techniques for

Calorimetric Assay of Plutonium-Bearing Solids.

72
Division 532, Technical and Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (cont'd)

Wilfrid B. Mann (cont'd)

Chairman, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

(NCRP) Committee 18A on Standards and Measurement of Radioactivity

for Radiological Use.

X. K. Maruyama

Counselor, EEO Program.

Clerk, Bates Linear Accelerator Users Group, Inc.

Emmert D. McGarry

Member, Organizing Committee for the Fifth ASTM-Euratom Symposium

Reactor Dosimetry, NBS, March 1985.

Member, Steering Committee for Developing ASTM Standards for Reactor

Pressure Vessel Irradiation Surveillance.

Member, ASTM Subcommittee E10.05 on Nuclear Radiation Metrology.

Committee Member and a Technical Coordinator for the Standard Dosimetry Measurement Facility (SDMF) Test in support of NRC Program for

the Improvement of Radiation Surveillance Dosimetry of Nuclear

Reactor Pressure Vessels.

Sydney Meshkov

Member, Board of Advisors, Aspen Center for Physics, Aspen,

Colorado.

Member, Board of Advisors, Lewes Center for Physics, Lewes,

Del aware.

Member, LAMPF II Planning Committee, Los Alamos, New Mexico.

Visiting professor. University of California, Los Angeles,

Cal iforni a.

J. S. O'Connell

Member, Governing Committee, Lewes Center for Physics.

Member, Research Advisory Committee of NBS.

73
Division 532, Technical and Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (cont'd)

J. S. O'Connell (cont'd)

Member, Advisory Committee "Workshop Electron Rings for Nuclear

Physics Research", Lund, Sweden, October 1982.

Member, Advisory Committee "Magnetic Spectrometer Workshop",

Williamsburg, Virginia.

Robert B. Schwartz

Member, International Standards Organization (ISO) Technical

Committee on Nuclear Energy (ISO/TC 85).

Member, ISO Subcommittee 2 on Radiation Protection.

Member, ISO Work Group 3 on Neutron Reference Radiations.

Michael P. Unterweger

Member, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Committee

D-22 on Methods for Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres.

Oren A. Wasson

Member, Department of Energy Nuclear Data Committee.

Member, General Program Advisory Committee to 1985 International

Conference on Nuclear Data for Basic and Applied Science.

74
MAJOR CONSULTING AND ADVISORY SERVICES

Division 532, Nuclear Radiation

1. R. S. Caswell advised the N.C.I.. in the development of their long

range Radiation Therapy Research Plan.

2. M. Danos served as advisor and scientific consultant to the Chief of

Nuclear Physics, Saclay, France.

3. D. M. Gilliam exchanged visits with the neutron diagnostics staff of

the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory to make arrangements for NBS

calibration of PPL's neutron yield instrumentation.

4. J. Grundl consulted with SEFOR Calibration Center on program directions in support of dosimetry calibration reactor pressure vessel

dosimetry.

5. J. M. Robin Hutchinson and K. W. Inn assessed the quality of research

work performed by Battel le Northwest Laboratory under the NRC/DoE

Bioassay Program and made suitable recommendations.

6. R. G. Johnson consulted with the Experimental Physics Division of

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory during FY-83.

7. R. G. Johnson consulted with the Los Alamos National Laboratory

October 1983 on experiments and computer systems at WNR facility.

8. G. Lamaze led effort to revise ASTM Standard on terminology relating

to radiation measurements and dosimetry.

9. L. Maximon is consultant to two groups in the Department of Nuclear

Physics at CEN, Saclay: The High Energy Nuclear Physics Group which

does electron nuclear scattering and the Metrology and Fundamental

Neutron Physics Group which does photo-nuclear physics.

10. E. D. McGarry and G. Lamaze completed calibrations for in-situ neutron source strength measurement at SEFOR facility in Arkansas.

11. S. Meshkov served as visiting professor at the California Institute

of Technology, Pasadena, California; University of California,

Irvine, California; and University of California, Los Angeles,

Cal iforni a.

12. I. G. Schrbder provided basic design study for Neutron Radiography

Facility sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution.

75
Division 532, Major Consulting and Advisory Services (cont'd)

13. R. B. Schwartz consulted with the Pennsylvania State University on setting up a neutron personnel dosimetry quality assurance program.

14. R. B. Schwartz provided consulting and testing services for the Los

Alamos Scientific Laboratory in connecting with the development of a new neutron remmeter.

15. R. B. Schwartz consulted with the Physikal isch-Technische

Bundesanstalt in connection with neutron filtered beam intercomparisons .

76
JOURNAL EDITORSHIPS

Division 532, Nuclear Radiation

R. S. Caswell, Member of Editorial Board, Journal of Physical and Chemical

Reference Data.

B. M. Coursey, Editor, International Journal of Applied Radiation and

Isotopes

W. B. Mann, Editor, Environment International.

W. B. Mann, Editor, International Journal of Nuclear Medicine and

Biology.

W. B. Mann, Editor-in-Chief for North America, International Journal of

Applied Radiation and Isotopes.

77
TRIPS SPONSORED BY OTHERS

Division 532, Nuclear Radiation

A. D. Carlson traveled to Smolenice, Czechoslovakia to attend and chair a session at the IAEA Consultants' Meeting on the Uranium-235 Fast Neutron

Fission Cross Section and the Californium-252 Fission Neutron Spectrum.

(March 28-April 1, 1983)

R. S. Caswell, sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, traveled to New

York City, N.Y., for site visit to Radiological Research Laboratory of

Columbia University. (October 20-22, 1982)

R. S. Caswell, sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, attended meeting of N.C.I. workshop on the long-range Radiation Therapy Research Plan

in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. (February 6-7, 1983)

R. S. Caswell, sponsored by the Italian government, presented two invited

lectures at C. S. N. Casaccia, Rome, Italy. (May 22-24, 1983)

R. S. Caswell, sponsored by the International Commission on Radiation

Units and Measurements, attended Annual Meeting of the ICRU, Paris,

France. (June 25-July 2, 1983)

R. S. Caswell, sponsored by the Radiation Research Society, attended 7th

International Congress of Radiation Research in Amsterdam, The

Netherlands. (July 3-8, 1983)

R. S. Caswell, sponsored by Columbia University, participated in meeting

of the Advisory Committee for the Radiological Research Accelerator facility in New York City, N.Y. (September 8-10, 1983)

R. S. Caswell, sponsored by Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd., presented

invited lecture in Chalk River, Ontario, Canada. (October 17-19, 1983)

M. Danos traveled to Center for Nuclear Studies (CEN), Paris (Saclay),

France, to reformulate quantum chromodynamics for treatment by the relativistic bound state formulation; collaboration with Drs. Gillet and

Gogny. (November 1-15, 1982)

M. Danos traveled to Institute Theoretical Physics, Frankfurt University,

Frankfurt, West Germany, for collaboration on quark-gluon plasma and other

nuclear physics problems. (November 16-December 16, 1982)

M. Danos participated in Working Group discussions on High Energy Ion

Colli sons and Quark Matter Phyisci, Brookhaven National Laboratory, New

York, New York. (December 17, 1982)

78
Division 532, Trips Sponsored by Others (cont'd)

M. Danos traveled to the Center for Nuclear Studies (CEN), Paris (Saclay),

France, to reformulate quantum chromodynamics for treatment by the relativistic bound state formulation and collaboration with Drs. Gillet and

Gogny. (January 15-February 28, 1983)

M. Danos traveled to Duke University, Durham, N.C. to confer with Drs.

Biedenharn, Delsanto and others on the question of structure of alpha

particles, monopoles, etc. (February 24-26, 1983)

E. V. Hayward collaborated on experiment at the Max-Planck Institute,

Mainz, Germany. (September 4-0ctober 30, 1982)

E. V. Hayward attended the meeting of the Special Committee for the Medium

Energy Electron Accelerator, Argonne, Illinois. (November 8-9, 1982)

E. V. Hayward attended meeting of the SURA Board of Trustees, University

of South Carolina, Columbia, S.C. (November 11-12, 1982)

Division 532, Trips Sponsored by Others (cont'd.)

E. V. Hayward collaborated on experiment, Max-Planck Institute, Mainz,

Germany. (May 15-June 20, 1983)

D. D. Hoppes spent a week working at OMH, Budapest, Hungary with support

from the host institute under a U.S. -Hungarian agreement.

R. G. Johnson traveled to Los Alamos National Laboratory to participate

and consult on experiments at WNR facility, consult on computer systems at

WNR, and present invited talk. (October 24-30, 1983)

W. B. Mann traveled to Oxford, England to deliver seminar proceedings for

publication to Pergamon Press. (May 26, 1983)

S. Meshkov, To participate in Lampf II Study Group, Los Alamos National

Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, July 26-28, 1983.

J. S. O'Connell attended Workshop on Electron Rings for Nuclear Physics

Research, Lund, Sweden. (October 5-7, 1982)

Robert B. Schwartz, sponsored by the IAEA, traveled to Vienna, Austria to

consult with Dr. George Burger of the Gesillschaft fur Strahlen-und

Umweltforschung, Neuherberg, Germany and with officials of the

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) concerning an IAEA manual on neutron dosimetry calibrations which Burger and Schwartz are writing.

(Sept. 19-24, 1983)

79
STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS

Division 532, Nuclear Radiation

Standards Issued - 1 September 1982 through 31 August 1983

SRM Radionuclide Principal Use

4410H-I Technetium-99m Calibration of instruments for

activity measurements of radiopharmaceuticals

4406L-F Phosphorus-32 II

4417L-B Indium-111 II

4407L-H Iodine-125 II

4401L-I Iodine-131 II

4412L-H Molybdenum-99 II

4415L-G Xenon-133 II

4416L-D Gal 1 ium-67 II

4404L-F Thallium-201 II

4400L-F Chromium-51 II

4417L-C Indium-111 II

4309-F Xenon-127 Calibration of instruments for

monitoring reactor off-gases

43 10 -B Mixed-radionuclide gas

II

4275-B Mixed radionuclide Calibration of the efficiency

of germanium gamma-ray or x-ray

spectrometry systems as a function of energy

4276-B Mixed radionuclide II

4260-C Iron-55 II

4264-B Tin-121m II

80
Division 532, Standard Reference Materials (cont'd)

4919-E Strontium-90 Solution standard intended for

calibration of detectors and

for testing radiochemical

methods for measurements of

radiostront i urn

4339 Radium-228 Standard solution for

calibrating envi ronmentalmonitoring instruments

4990-C Carbon-14

(oxalic acid)

Contemporary radiocarbondating standard

4222 -B Carbon-14

(hexadecane)

Liquid-scinti 1 1 ator calibration

81
CALIBRATION SERVICES PERFORMED

Division 532, Nuclear Radiation

I. Neutron Measurements and Research Group

Calibration Services Performed at 3 MV Van de Graaff

1. Calibration of neutron dosimeters at a neutron energy of 500 keV for

the Naval Surface Weapons Laboratory, October 29, 1982.

2. Calibrated Super Heated Liquid Drop Detector in neutron beam for

Yale University, October 28, 1982.

3. Calibration of y ray survey instruments in 6-7 MeV photon beam for

the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, August 1983.

82
Division 532, Calibration Services Performed (cont'd)

II. Neutron Field Standards Group

No. of Income

Type of Service Customer SP 250 Tests k$

Special Measurement Baltimore GE 8.1A 2 0.50

Services Gamma Metrics 8.1A 1 0.20

GPU Nuclear 8.1A 1 0.20

Phila Electric 8.1A 1 0.20

Triangle Res 8.1A 1 0.20

Univ San Fran 8.1A 1 0.45

Total 7 $ 1.75

Neutron Source Univ. Calif. 8.1B+8.1C 3 2.67

Cal i brations Univ. Ark. 8.1B+8.1C 3 1.30

LLNL 8.1B+8.1C 1 0.70

Total 7 $ 4.67

Neutron Personnel Calvert Cliffs 8.1H 3 1.40

Protection Phila Electric 8.1H 1 0.40

Instruments Rochester G E 8.1H 1 0.40

@ Filtered Beams Siemens Gamma 8.1H 1 0.96

Washington PPSS 8.1H 1 0.40

Total 7 $ 3.56

Neutron Personnel Army Aberdeen 8.1J 1 1.60

Protection Calvert Cliffs 8.1J 1 0.50

Instruments Carol ina P L 8.1J 1 0.25

0 Cf -252 Carolina P L 8. 1

1 0.50

Duke Power 8 . 1

1 0.25

Duquesne Light 8.1J 1 0.25

GPU Nulear 8 . 1

1 0.60

Knolls Atomic 8.1J 1 0.25

Mississippi P L 8 . 1

1 1.30

Omaha Pub Power 8. 1

1 0.25

Siemens Gamma 8 . 1

1 0.90

Washington PPSS 8.1J 1 0.60

Total 13 $ 7.25

Thermal Neutron G44341 Army Lexington 8. IP 1 0.28

Density Standard G44346 Army Redstone 8. IP 1 0.28

228194 Cornell Univ 8. IP 1 0.28

Total 3 $ 0.84

Grand Total: $18.

83
Division 532, Calibration Services Performed (cont'd)

Type of Service Customer SP 250

No. of

Tests

Income

k$

Remmeter

Cal i bration

Carolina Power and

Light Company

8 . 1

4 1.0

Remmeter

Cal ibration

Calvert Cliffs

Nuclear Plant

8.1J 28 4.0

Remmeter

Cal ibration

Mississippi Power

and Light Company

8.1J 8 1.55

Remmeter

Calibration

Duquesne Light

Company

8.1J 1 .25

Remmeter

Cal i bration

Omaha Public Power

District

8.1J 2 .5

Remmeter

Cal ibration

GPU Nuclear Corp. 8.1J 5 .9

Remmeter

Calibration

Washington Public

Power Supply Systems

8.1J 3 .5

Remmeter

Cal i bration

RAD Services, Inc. 8.1J 1 .25

Remmeter

Cal ibration

Philadelphia

Electric Co.

8.1J 2 .4

Remmeter

Calibration

Rochester

Electric Co.

8.1J 1 .25

Dosimeter

Irradi ation

GPU Nuclear 8.1J 45 1.1

Remmeter

Cal i bration

Eberl ine

Instrument

8.1J 3 .55

84
Division 532, Calibration Services Performed (cont'd)

III. Radioactivity Group

August 1, 1982 to August 1, 1983

Scheduled Tests( 1

) Non-scheduled Tests

Number Total

of Fee

Category

Sources SK

Alpha-Particle Sources

3.2 H, I, J 24 11.8

Beta-Particle Point Sources

and Gases ( 85 Kr)

8.2 P, Q, R

0

Gamma-ray Solutions, Point

Sources, and Gases ( 133 Xe)

8.2 B, C, D

10 6.0

Mixed Radionuclide Sources,

Solutions, Point Sources,

and Gases( 2

)

— --

Other Services — —

34 17.3

Number Total

of Fee

Sources $K

5 3.2

2 1.7

44 20.9

24 8.3

hi

75 37.3

Footnotes

.(1) Four sources under one Test Folder are counted as 4 calibrations.

(2) Replicate samples are not considered as separate sources. For

example, Amersham submits 2 each of 3 different source forms. This

is counted as 3 samples.

85
-

86
TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

Division 533, Radiation Physics

Task No. 15231 - Radiation Measurement Standards and Technology for Health

and Safety

Task No. 15232 - Radiation Measurement Standards and Technology for

Industrial and National Programs

Task No. 15233 - Far UV Radiometry

Task No. 15234 - Far UV Measurements

Task No. 15235 - Electron Physics Research

The Radiation Physics Division provides the central national basis

for measurements of electron and photon radiation in the energy range from

about 5 eV (near ultraviolet) to 10 MeV.

In support of this mission radiation standards and advanced

measurement techniques are developed. The Division provides national

standards for UV radiation (NBS synchrotron radiation facility and

standard photodiodes), and for high energy ionizing radiation (absorbed

dose-in-water calorimeters and air ionization chambers). Calibration

services are available for: (1) the calibration of X-Ray, y-Ray, and £- particle dosimeters, of interest principally in radiation therapy and

radiation protection applications; (2) high dose ionizing radiation

dosimeters, of interest principally in radiation processing applications;

and (3) UV detectors and spectrometers, of interest principally in space,

atmospheric, and fusion research.

With the goals of improving the standards and measurement techniques

and understanding the fundamental physical phenomena upon which they are based, the Division investigates fundamental energy deposition and

transfer mechanisms. Theories are developed for stopping power and

bremsstrahl ung cross sections and applied to dosimetry measurement

problems. Photoexcitation and photoionization processes are studied to

investigate the interaction of photons with matter on an atomic scale.

Polarized electrons are utilized to probe the magnetic microstructure of

surfaces and to study low energy electron-atom and electron-surface

collisions with unprecedented accuracy. Pulsed radiolysis studies are carried out to study the effects of radiation on condensed phases and

biologically-interesting molecules, and to help understand the mechanisms

for radiation damage, radiation protection, and chemical repair.

87
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

Some new directions for research that were identified during the past

year include : (1) development of computer-compatible data files by the

Photon and Charged Particle Data Center to supplement traditional printed

compilations; (2) high energy electron dosimetry in the energy range 5-

20 MeV using the new NBS CW accelerator; (3) real-time X-Ray radiography

using digitized image processing techniques; (4) application of laserenhanced resonance ionization techniques to high resolution and high

sensitivity mass spectroscopy; and (5) the investigation of magnetic

microstructure using the NBS UHV electron microscope and polarized

electron measurement techniques.

As can be seen in the following sections the Division staff has been

active in publishing research papers, providing calibration services,

presenting invited talks, sponsoring conferences, providing consultation

services, and participating in technical and professional committees. We

have also been very active in technical collaborations within NBS and with

universities, hospitals, industry, and other government agencies.

The principal accomplishments of the past year are described in the

following technical reports.

RADIATION THEORY GROUP

Stopping Power

The electron and positron stopping power and ranges tables issued in

July 1982 in NBSIR 82-2550 have been updated in December 1982 in a second

edition, NBSIR 82-2550-A. The updated version contains results for a larger set of materials, and contains positron radiative stopping powers

obtained by an improved treatment that takes into account previously

neglected positron-electron differences.

A preliminary table has been prepared of proton stopping powers and

ranges in 72 materials of dosimetric interest. At energies above 1 MeV

this table is based on the Bethe stopping power theory, combined with

semi -empirical shell corrections, density-effect corrections, and mean excitation energies already adopted in earlier work on electron stopping

powers. At energies below 1 MeV the new tables are based primarily on experimental stopping powers for elemental materials and the application

of the Bragg additivity rule.

The density effect corrections used for electron and positron

stopping powers were obtained in numerical calculations based on the

Sternheimer dispersion model. It is also very useful to have the densityeffect results available in terms of analytical formulas. This was accomplished by using Sternheimer's five-parameter approximation formula.

Using a newly developed computer algorithm, these parameters were

88
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

tabulated for 285 materials. These parameters are applicable not only to

electrons, but also to protons and mesons.

Rremsstrahl ung Cross Sections

Earlier pilot calculations of the cross section for the emission of

bremsstrahlunq by electrons in the field of the atomic nucleus have been

extended to all elements. Cross sections have been systematically

evaluated for electrons with enerqies from 1 KeV to 1 GeV in all elements

with atomic numbers Z = 1 to 100. These calculations, for the cross

section differential in the emitted photon enerqy, depend on the synthesis

of: (a) results of exact phase-shift calculations by Pratt, Tsenq, and

collaborators; (b) analytical results derived by Davies, Bethe, Maximon,

and Olsen in the hiqh-enerqy approximation; (c) the Coulomb correction

factor of Elwert; and (d) the results of the hiqh-frequency limit of

Jabbur and Pratt.

Computer-Readable Critically Evaluated Cross Sections

The Photon and Charqed Particle Data Center has in the past

disseminated its critically-evaluated data mainly in the form of printed

tables. In order to satisfy the needs of the qrowing number of people who

want to use the data in further machine computations, and in order to

allow dissemination of data more extensively than can be done in printed

form, a new policy has been initiated of disseminatinq such data in

computer-readable form on maqnetic tapes.

Two such data files have recently been prepared. Data file XGAM

contains data pertaininq to the interaction of x- and qamma rays with

atoms and electrons (scatterinq, photo-electric absorption and pair

production cross sections, attenuation coefficients) in the enerqy reqion

1 keV to 100 GeV, for all elements with atomic number Z = 1 to 100. Data

file EPSTAR contains stoppinq powers for electrons in 285 materials, and

for positrons in 29 materials of dosimetric interest. The information in

EPSTAR includes collison, radiative, and total stoppinq powers, ranqes,

density-effect corrections and bremsstrahl unq yields. Currently work is

in proqress on several other data files, including a file of photon cross

sections for approximately 300 compounds, and a file of bremsstrahl ung cross sections (differential in emitted photon energy) for all elements.

Single and Multiple Elastic Scattering of Charged Particles by Atoms

Calculations of the elastic scattering of charged particles by atoms

have been carried out in which the screening of the atomic nucleus by the

orbital electrons was taken into account through the use of Hartree-Fock

potentials. These calculations were done: (a) quantum-mechanical ly in the

WKB approximation of Moli£re; and (b) by a classical-mechanics

trajectory calculation. The cross sections from calculation (a) were used

89
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

for the evaluation of the anqular multiple scattering distribution

accordinq to the theories of Molidre and of Goudsmit and Saunderson.

Cross sections from calculation (b) were used for the evaluation of the

nuclear stopping power for protons, and for calculating the mean differences between the path lenqths and projected ranges of protons in

various materials.

Penetration of Electrons Through Multi-Layer Media

Whereas the basic NBS Monte Carlo program ETRAN applies to the

tration of electrons and associated bremsstrahlung photons through

homogeneous media, an extension of the program (called ZTRAN) has been

developed which can be used to treat one-dimensional transport problems in

media consisting of several layers of different composition. The first

application of ZTRAN is being made with reference to the design of

composite (high-Z/low-Z) shields for the protection of personnel or equipment in space vehicles. This investigation is carried out as a collaboration with the Space Technology Division at the NASA Langley

Research Center.

Response of Intrinsic Ge Detectors to High-Energy Gamma Rays

The new NRS Instrument Calibration Facility, now under development,

will use 6.5 MeV qamma rays produced by the 19 F(p,a) 160 reaction. In order to allow conversion of the measured pulse-heiqht distributions to

true enerqy spectra, the detector response function was calculated, with

emphasis on the detector efficiency, the photo-peak efficiency, and the

first and second escape-peak efficiencies. In the multi-MeV region the

calculations are complicated by the motion of the secondary Compton and

pair electrons which has a strong influence on the response function.

Systematic calculations have been carried out for the detector and

irradiation geometries used in the NBS calibration facility, at energies

from 100 keV to 10 MeV.

Radiation Protection: Orders-of-Ref lection Duct Penetration Calculation

In order to minimize the penetration of radiation into protective

structures, the shelter entrances are often designed in the form of multileg ducts which trap the incident radiation in the duct walls. The

calculation of the penetration of radiation through such ducts or mazes

can be done by a variety of methods that depend on the use of the Monte

Carlo method. Direct analog Monte Carlo simulation is in principle

possible, but is inefficient and prohibitively expensive. An alternative

is the tracing of the passage of the radiation through the duct as a sequence of reflections from the duct walls, using precomputed wall albedo

data obtained by the Monte Carlo method. Even this approach is still too

complicated and expensive to allow consideration of the large number of

duct configurations that are of practical interest.

90
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

A more economical method has recently been developed and implemented

by L. V. Spencer. This method, called "orders-of-ref lection method"

involves the following steps: (1) The penetration of the radiation

(neutrons or qamma rays) through single straight ducts of various

dimensions is first calculated in a one-velocity treatment, assuming an albedo with an angular dependence given by Chadrasekhar 's theory, assuming

isotropic scattering. This penetration probability is calculated for the

case of 0,1,2, . .

. ,n reflections from the walls; (2) An estimate of the

energy and angular characteristics of the radiation transmited after

0,l,2,,,n reflections is then made by using the results of another Monte

Carlo calculation in which the energy and angular characteristics of the

multiply-reflected radiation is computed in a space-independent treatment;

(3) The results of calculations (1) and (2) are combined to obtain a transfer function which relates the intensities, direction, and energy

characteristics of the radiations entering and leaving a single straight

duct or duct segment.

Using the output of one such calculation as the input for the next,

the transmission of the radiation through a sequence of ducts can readily

be calculated, for any spatial configuration of successive duct legs. The

approximations made in the orders-of-ref 1 ection method are particularly

applicable to neutrons. However, the method, with some adaptation, has

also been found to be applicable to gamma rays.

An extensive data base of neutron and gamma ray albedo data has been

generated, and the orders-of-ref 1 ection method has been implemented in a computer code DCTDOS, which allows very rapid calculations of radiation

penetration even through rather complex duct configurations. Trial

calculations have indicated very good agreement with earlier calculations,

mainly done at Oak Ridge, based on the more complicated alternative Monte

Carlo method described above. The orders-of-reflection method may also be

applied to shielding problems pertaining to medical radiation sources and

to accelerators.

DOSIMETRY GROUP

Use of ionizing radiation is becoming ever more widespread in modern

society. The exposure of humans can be purposive (medical) or incidental

(occupational), but both require close control to ensure that the radiation is efficacious in the one case, and harmless in the other. Such

control can only be achieved with reliable measurement. With the

increased use and the improved knowledge of radiation effects, the need

for more accurate measurement is constantly increasing. The measurement

of ionizing radiation for the purpose of controlling a radiation effect

falls in the field of radiation dosimetry. The Dosimetry Group has the

responsibility for providing an up-to-date basis for reliable measurement

of ionizing radiation, principally in medicine and radiation protection.

91
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

This program involves: (1) establishment and maintenance of the national

primary dosimetry standards; (2) dissemination of the units established by

those standards by means of calibration services and measurement quality

assurance programs; (3) research and development of measurement technology

as necessary for any part of the program; and (4) participation in the

relevant national and international activities of the community of radiation users.

X-ray and y-ray Calibration and Measurement Assurance Services

Calibration services for x-ray and y-ray measuring instruments were temporarily suspended during the year to permit installation of a new

300-kV x-ray generator. Consequently the calibration load was about half

of last year's load. The reimbursable income for the 202 tests performed

was $84,000. Principal users were medical institutions and nuclear power

establ ishments.

The opportunity was taken during the x-ray generator down-time to reassess NBS x-ray beam calibration qualities. Of the 21 beam qualities

previously offered, five were discontinued, and 16 new qualities were

added. Thus 32 x-ray beam qualities are now offered. The present set of

x-ray beam calibration qualities: (1) covers a wider range of generating

potentials than before; (2) is in close agreement with recommendations of

the relevant ISO and I EC standards; (3) is in good agreement with practice

in other national standards laboratories; and (4) provides three selfconsistent families of beam qualities that allow interpolation between

instrument calibration factors. Establishing the new qualities required

considerable effort in determining appropriate beam filtration and in

measuring attenuation parameters to provide adequate beam characterization.

The 300-kV x-ray generator, reported one year ago as having just been

delivered, has been installed, tested, and is now fully operational.

Because the x-ray generator has a very stable and reproducible x-ray output, and computer control provides rapid and accurate setting of x-ray

tube potential and current, the efficiency of the x-ray instrument calibration service has been appreciably improved.

The DEC computer used in conjunction with the x-ray calibration range

data-acquisition system has been upgraded from 1103 to 1123, to provide

increased speed and memory. The necessary programs have been written and

calibration data acquisition and computation now operate using the new

system.

A Hewlett Packard 9836 computer has been obtained and installed in a mobile calibration console. The console incorporates all measurement

equipment required for radiation instrument calibrations. The HP 9836

works in conjunction with an HP 3497 data-acquisition system. The new

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Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

system releases the HP 9826 console, previously used only for gamma-ray

instrument calibrations, for use also in the beta-particle source calibration program.

The measurement assurance program for secondary calibration laboratories was necessarily interrupted by the calibration shut-down due to

installation of the new x-ray generator. The program continues, and at

the time of writing instruments were being prepared for both therapy-1 evel

and protection-level measurement assurance tests.

The Navy TLD measurement assurance program continues. The program is

sponsored by the Naval Electronics System Command, and involves preparation by NBS of sealed boxes of 15 TL dosimeters, 12 of which have been

given known exposures to 137Cs gamma rays. The boxes are dispatched to

designated Naval units for readout, the results of which are returned to

NBS for comparison with the NBS exposures. TL readers that indicate exposures differing from the NBS exposure by more than ±10 percent are repaired and recalibrated. About 230 such boxes, containing 2760 exposed

dosimeters, were dispatched during FY83.

The 125

I NBS standards developed during the previous fiscal year

have been put to use. Calibrations have been performed for all three

types of 125

I brachytherap.v sources, and these calibrated seeds are now

being used as local standards by the manufacturer, the 3M Company.

High-Energy Electron and Photon Measurement Assurance Services

Because the times for the biannual Fricke chemical dosimetry service

were changed, only one complete test fell within FY83. Currently 55

groups engaged primarily in radiation therapy are applicants for this

service, some participating only once a year but most desiring biannual

participation.

Two pilot tests were carried out to compare measurement assurance for

radiation therapy beams by Li F TLDs with that by Fricke dosimeters. The

TLDs reguire a dose of only 2 Gy (200 rad) compared with 50 Gy (5000 rad)

for the Fricke dosimeters, give greater spatial resolution, and have lower

shipping costs. The pilot studies, carried out with 25 participating

grouDS, confirmed that a reliable measurement assurance service with Li

TLOs is feasible, for both high-energy electrons and photons. However,

at present the TLD service is more labor-intensive than the Fricke dosimetry service.

Standard Beta Particle Fields

The beta-particle sources ( 147Pm, 2U4T1, and yu Sr+ yuY) and the extrapolation chamber designed by the PTB and constructed in Germany, arrived

during the early part of the fiscal year. The extrapolation chamber has

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Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

been used to study the variation of absorbed dose with distance from the

source, the variation within the plane of measurement, and the dependence

on air density between source and chamber. The 90Sr and 204T1 sources

were found to be well behaved, with only minimal variations, but the

behavior of the lower-enerqy 147Pm source was found to be much more dependent on experimental conditions. The dose rates from the sources have

been measured and compared with values supplied by PTB. The agreement

with the PTB measurements is about 1 percent for 90 Sr and 2U4T1, and about

3 percent for 147Pm. The sources have been used to calibrate several

portable dosimeters and a series of film badges, in terms of water

absorbed dose.

Standard Monoenerget ic Electron Beams

Work continued on the development and characterization of monoenergetic electron beams for the calibration of instruments primarily used in

radiation protection applications. Intensities in the scanned beams at

suitable distances from the exit windows of the 500-keV and the 4-MeV

electron accelerators were found to vary by less than 10 percent over

areas between about 9 cm and 20 cm in diameter, an adequate degree of

uniformity for most protection instruments. Preliminary air dose-rate

measurements were made with the extrapolation chamber at electron energies

between 100 and 400 keV. These measurements will be repeated in FY84 and

extended to the energy range from about 1.5 to 3.5 MeV.

Extension of Instrument Calibration Capability to 6.5-MeV Photons

An approximately 6.5-MeV photon beam is obtained from the

19F(p,ay) 160 reaction using 2-MeV protons produced in the positive-ion Van

de Graaff generator using a thick CaF 2 tarqet. Experiments to characterize the beam have been essentially completed. Pulse-height distributions

were measured with an intrinsic Ge detector and a Nal(Tl) detector whose

response functions are known. Both detectors were calibrated with a 60 Co

gamma-ray source. The efficiency function of the Ge detector was computed

and a method was devised for arriving at the beam spectrum utilizing the

measured pulse-height distributions of the two detectors. Water absorbed

dose rate was determined with LiF TLD samples in an acrylic phantom. The

TLD system was calibrated with 60Co gamma radiation, which has been shown

to give essentially the same TL response as x rays produced at generating

potentials up to about 18 MV. During FY84 the beam will be unfolded and

an attempt will be made to arrive at water absorbed dose rate from the

spectrum, to compare with the TLD measurements. This work was performed

jointly by the Radiation Physics and the Nuclear Radiation Divisions. It

is expected that the salient features of the results will be incorporated

in an international standard being developed under the auspices of ISO/TC

85/SC 2/WG 2.

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Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

Calibration of Radiation Protection Instrumentation

The scheduled evaluation for the NRC of the Panasonic TLD system

in accordance with the criteria of ANSI N545-1975 has been completed and

extended to include, among other studies, a calibration of the TLDs in the

newly established standard beta-particle beams. The system is now being

used by the NRC for environmental dosimetry.

Six types of survey meters that had been calibrated earlier with

x-ray beams of conventional energy and with 137Cs and 60Co gamma-ray beams were calibrated in the beta-particle beams and in the 6.5-MeV photon beam.

During FV84 one or more types of survey meters will be used to study

the feasibility of obtaining instrument response to beta particles from

the instrument response function measured with essenti al ly monoenergeti

electrons by foldinq the response function into the beta-particle

spectrum.

Absorbed-dose Calorimetry

Successful investigations of two new ideas in absorbed-dose calorimetry were carried out in FY83. The first is the polystyrene-water

calorimeter. Absorbed-dose measurements are made at a point in sandwiched

discs of polystyrene submerged in water. Using cobalt-60 radiation, and

calculating a conversion factor to give water absorbed dose, the results

give further evidence of an exothermic radiation effect in water of about

3 to 4 percent. The dozen or so water calorimeters that have been

constructed (based on the NBS design) can be readily converted to

polystyrene-water calorimeters, by simply sandwiching the thermistors

between two thin slabs of polystyrene. Plans are being made to extend

this principle to other materials than polystyrene, in order to improve

the NBS standard of water absorbed dose.

The second new idea is the temperature-drift balancer. Temperature

drifts are one of the most troublesome features of calorimetry. While

reducing drifts by making temperature adjustments within the calorimeter

is always good practice, this new idea offers an additional approach. The

electrical signals caused by small remaining internal temperature gradients are instantly reduced by merely adjusting a resistance-capacitance

circuit that causes a drift in electrical siqnal opposite to that produced

by temperature gradients. The temperature-drift balancer was first used

with the polystyrene-water calorimeter, and has proven to be a simple and

effective device that improves the accuracy of the measurement. It could

become a standard feature of many calorimeter bridges.

Experiments have been carried out with a calorimeter designed to

study the exothermic radiation effect in water. An enclosed beaker con95
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

taining distilled water and a sensing thermistor is submerged in a larger

volume of water that is thermally isolated. Measurements in the cobalt-60

beam have shown an initial difference in water absorbed dose between water

saturated with oxygen or with hydrogen, but the difference disappears

after some irradiation of the water. Measurements are being continued

varying the conditions, including the purity of the saturating gases, in

order to test the theory that the exothermic effect will disappear in the

absence of oxygen and the presence of very pure hydrogen.

Absorbed-dose Measurement Technigues

As Dart of an investigation into improved techniques for absorbeddose measurement for hiqh-energy radiations, comparisons have been made

between several kinds of radiation detectors, using the NRS standard b0Co

beam. Liquid-filled ionization chambers, air-filled ionization chambers,

and a qraphite calorimeter have been compared, with the cooperation of

visitinq scientists from Sweden and Hungary. Preliminary results indicate

that the liquid-filled chamber will have siqnificant advantages over airfilled chambers, and may function as a superior transfer instrument for

absorbed-dose calibration. The work will continue using higher energy

beams and other detectors.

X-RAY PHYSICS GROUP

The X-ray Physics Group performs measurements and standards research

that affect the utilization of ionizinq radiation in technological

applications, including medical and industrial radiology, radiation

hardness testing, radiation processing, radiation sterilization, and

radiation effects on materials and biologically active molecules.

High Dose Gamma-Ray Dosimetry

Previously established radiation calibration and test services have

been in great demand by over 100 industrial and other agency users. The

test services consist of irradiating customer-supplied dosimeters or samples with Co-60 gamma-rays to a specified absorbed dose in the range

10 3 to 10 8 rads. The standard service to radiation processing users has

grown considerably especially in the area of radiation sterilization of

medical supplies. Some companies have needed up to 20 calibrations during

the five-year listinq of this service and require reqular calibration of

dosimeters as a means of process quality control to ensure safe release of

medical products to the consumer.

These hiqh-dose services to the Nation were broadened still further

during the oast year, to include users engaged in electron-beam radiation

processing applications and radiation effects on materials (e.g. reactor

components, electronic components, duct gaskets, and sealants). These

services have provided calibration of Co-60 irradiators and electron beam

96
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

accelerators used in the testing of electron devices and electronic

systems employed in the missile systems of both DoD and NASA as well as other systems used by national laboratories such as Sandia, Los Alamos,

Lawrence Livermore Labs., Brookhaven National Laboratory, and Battel le

NW. In addition, efforts continue on the determination of complex photon

spectra in various multilayer materials irradiated by Co-60 and flash x- ray machines, and the effects of these spectra on dose interpretations in

multilayer semiconductor devices.

The usefulness of these services to the fast-qrowinq US radiation

processing industry is illustrated in the specifications for dosimetry

measurements traceability to NBS for the release of sterilized medical

products (see Proposed Standard for Radiation Sterilization of the Trade

Association, Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation

dated April, 1983. New proposed rule making by the FDA with the Federal

Reqister also calls for radiation dosimetry standardization through NBS

for food preservation by ionizing radiation.

In support of the calibration program, new dosimeter systems are developed to serve as transfer standards. Some important new applications

of some of the radiochromic dosimetry systems previously developed in this

proqram have been announced during the past year.

(1) New fibre optics systems based upon the NBS optical waveguide

dosimeter have become commercially available and are now used for food

irradiation quality control.

(2) Radiochromic films are being used for dose distribution mapping

in clinical radiology, in particular, for measuring dose distributions

from B-ray and y-ray sources used as eye applicators in cancer therapy.

(3) Radiochromic dosimeters are being used in the radiobiological

studies of cellular survival studies, haematology, radiation genetics

studies, irradiated animal mortality investigations, and insect

disinfestations of fruits (medfly and oriental fly treatments).

(4) In the development of very larqe scale integrated (VSLI) circuits

at IBM, masks for x-ray and UV lithoqraphy are provided by thin coated

films of radiochromic dyes.

(5) Radiochromic dosimeters are being used for mappinq isodose

contours and determining absolute absorbed dose rates in larqe

radionuclide sources and spent fuel rod sources.

Activity in the area of international standards for hiqh-dose

dosimetry was also strong, expecially with respect to committee

involvement. For example, W. L. McLaughlin is chairing the Report

Committee of the International Commission in Radiation Measurements and

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Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

Units on the topic "Dosimetry for Radiation Processing". We have also

participated in an international intercomparison of the performance of

hiqh-dose calorimeters designed last year for standardizing industrial and

medical electron beam doses from high flux density 10 MeV accelerators.

Other participants in the collaboration are the UK National Physical

Laboratory, the West German Physical isch Technische Bundesanstalt, and the

Danish Ristf National Laboratory.

Three projects supported by other agencies focus on radiation

dosimetry at high doses:

(1) the design of dosimetry and spectral sensitivity studies for

radiation effects on electronic devices and components (DNA-DoD);

(2) the development of new dosimetry systems for use in radiation

emergencies (FEMA). This work investigates the response characteristics,

kinetics, and mechanisms of some radiochromic dyes in order to select a stable, sensitive, and reproducible chemical system, which can be

developed into a suitable fiber optics dosimeter for use in civil defense

and military operations;

(3) the study of the response characteristics of various high-dose

chemical and solid-state dosimeters for weapons testing, especially

absorbed dose rate effects and temperature effects (DoE).

Radiology and Radiographic Standards

Measurement methods are being developed to evaluate the low contrast

sensitivity of screen-film imaging systems. These studies will help to

provide a standard x-ray imaging system that can be used as a basis for

comparing the performance of different types of x-ray imaging systems

used, for example, in medical radiology applications. In addition,

a real time radiography system based on a state-of-the-art processor is

being developed to investigate the measurement problems associated with

real-time imaging, an increasingly important technique in industrial

evaluation of materials, components, and systems.

In cooperation with the National Institute of Dental Research and

the U.S. Army Institute of Dental Research, we have initiated a proqram to

develop non-film, photoelectronic imaqinq systems for dental applications.

These systems will be able to utilize diqital imaqe processing techniques

and can be expected to provide new diagnostic information for the dentist.

In the development of this program the key elements required for real time

dental x-ray systems are either a real time intra-oral x-ray image

detector or an intra-oral, multiposition x-ray source. Each of these

respective elements are presently under development in collaborative

programs at American Optical, Inc. and Ridge, Inc., respectively. The

98
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

final design of a real time dental x-ray system will depend on the results

obtained in the development of the above key elements.

Radioqraphic standards and standard procedures are developed

especially for use in quality control of high quality industrial

radiological systems. An important part of this program is to analyze

existing standards that measure image quality, and to develop an image

quality indicator that can be used as an international standard.

Standards are also provided for assessing x-ray equivalent penetrameter

sensitivity.

The ASTM standard for evaluating image quality response of industrial

x-ray film for 200 keV x-ray sources has been published. An NBS SRM for

use with this standard has been made available to industry. Studies are

in progress to extend this standard to high energy x-ray sources such as 5 to 15 MeV linear accelerators. Round robin testing in cooperation with

industrial laboratories is continuing on these high energy tests. In other ASTM activities, we have authored several sections of the tutorial

document on real time radiography, which is now undergoing main ASTM

society ballot.

In a related quality assurance program for the Department of Defense,

we are the principal consultant for evaluating the procedures employed by

industry to inspect the propulsion units of larqe diameter missiles with

hiqh energy, real-time radiological systems.

Measurements are underway to develop standard quasi -monoenerqetic

x-ray beams. In the energy region from 50 keV to 4 MeV the beams will be

used to measure the enerq.y dependent response of various types of medical

and industrial x-ray imaqinq systems. In the 100-300 keV ranqe the beams

will be used for the purpose of evaluating the image information transfer

properties of industrial radiographic systems. Initial efforts will focus

on the evaluation of the transfer properties of the fluorescent, metallic,

and fluoro-metal 1 ic screens currently in use.

Ionizing Radiation Effects

The ionizinq radiation effects program has been concerned with both

instrumentation and chemical studies. In the area of instrumentation we have the following results:

(1) The Febetron 705 pulse radiolysis system has been fully

developed for computerized and synchronous use of a kinetic

spectrophotometric system, with time resolution of 0.1 ys, and an optical

multichannel analyzer, with time resolution of 1 ys. This arrangement

allows instantaneous readout of the absorption spectrum of short-lived

transients (free radicals) and the reaction rate constants of the

associated kinetics in one pulse. Structured absorption spectra can be

99
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

measured now with high resolution and increased accuracy and in much less

time than by the standard point by point approach.

(2)

A newly developed mass selective detector by Hewlett Packard was coupled to the existing gas chromatography (GC) giving a full GC/MS

facility which can be used simultaneously as a GC and GC/MS instruments.

In chemical studies, we have the following results:

(1) Investigations of radiation induced crosslinks between amino

acids in homo-oligo peptides in aqueous solutions have been extended to

tyrosine (Tyr). The Tyr-Tyr dimers were isolated and characterized. It was found that the crosslinks are formed via phenoxy radicals and are of

two types: (a) C-C crosslinks and (b) C-O-C crosslinks.

(2) Radiation-induced crosslinks between thymine (T), a DNA base,

and uracil (U), an RNA base, were found to take place with a high yield (~

50% of all primary water radicals yield crosslinks). The T-T and U-U

dimers have not been observed in irradiated DNA and RNA so far. The newly

develped analytical methodology can now be used for search of these dimers

in irradiated DNA.

(3) Preliminary results indicate radiation induced crosslinks

between thymine and phenylalanine, T-Phe; and between thymine and

tyrosine, T-Tyr. These results are relevant to radiation induced damage

to DNA where crosslinks between DNA and proteins are observed but the

nature and the mechanism of formation is not known.

(4) Pulse radiolysis of cumine (Cu) and derivatives provided

information regarding the reactivity of the alkoxy radical, CuO* This

information is relevant to autoxidation processes in fats (food chemistry)

and membranes (biochemistry).

(5) Absolute absorbances ( e, M^cm-1

) of various aroxy radicals,

ArO*, have been measured by pulse radiolysis using C0 3 ' radicals.

These radicals were found to exclusively oxidize dissociated hydroxy

derivatives of aromatic compounds at hiqh rates (k - 10 9M“ 1 s“ *) , in

contrast to some other methods in the literature.

This work has been done in collaboration with the Chemical

Thermodynamics Division of the NBS Center for Chemical Physics.

FAR UV PHYSICS GROUP

The Far UV Physics Group is characterized by research on the

metrology of short wavelenqth, far ultraviolet radiation (radiometry) and

by research on measurement methods utilizing far ultraviolet radiation.

Use is made of the NBS synchrotron ultraviolet radiation facility (SURF),

as well as other synchrotron radiation facilities (Orsay, Brookhaven), to

100
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

investigate the fundamental interactions of photons with atoms and

molecules and to establish a basis for spectrometer sensitivity

measurements in the far ultraviolet. Independent of SURF, laboratory

research is carried out to further develop a detector standards

calibration service in the vacuum ultraviolet, to study multi-photon

effects in laser-excited and laser-ionized materials, and to investigate

fundamental fragmentation processes in organic molecules in collaboration

with the NRS Chemical Kinetics Division.

SURF Improvements

Efforts are in progress to increase the output brightness of the

SURF storage ring. These efforts have already resulted in storing record

currents in excess of 60 mA at full energy. This represents about a factor 5 improvement in beam brightness. Other mechanical and electrical

modifications are expected to further increase the stored current and

enhance the experimental programs dependent upon SURF.

Angle Resolved Photoelectron Molecular Spectroscopy

The highliqhts of the past year have been the the publication of

results obtained with our existing variable wavelength, angle-resolved,

photoelectron spectrometer and the inauguration of an entirely new

apparatus for use at SURF to continue these studies.

Studies of SF 6 , C 2H

2 , C 2N2 and C0 2 were completed and published. The

study of SF 6 resolved discrepancies in the literature concerning the term

designation scheme for the valence levels of SF 6

. Additionally, the

effects of a predicted shape resonance were measured and compared to

theory. The results were in qeneral agreement with theory but indicated

that there is a great deal of interchannel coupling unaccounted for in the

theory.

The other works published were studies of the effects of

autoionization on molecular branching ratios and asynmetry parameters. We

have found larqe departures from Franck-Condon predictions of relative

vibrational intensity over an energy range of many electron volts in the

case of shape resonances. Autoionization can also lead to transitions

within a vibrational progression that violate Franck-Condon predictions.

For example, in the case of acetylene, Franck-Condon considerations would

predict that only a few vibrational modes would be excited. It was found

that in the qround state of the ion, many vibrational modes were being

excited. Furthermore, in the region of strong autoionization, bendinq

modes of the ion were excited. Such modes are not usually excited in a linear molecule due to synmetry constraints.

An entirely new photoelectron spectrometer and vacuum chamber has been

constructed and installed on SURF to study atomic and molecular

101
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

photoionization processes. The instrument features two 4-inch mean-radius

hemispherical electron energy analyzers, one of which is rotatable. The

analyzers are capable of achieving an enerqy resolution of 9 meV. The

sample inlet system has both effusive jets and a supersonic nozzle system.

The chamber is triply magnetically shielded so that a residual field of

less than 500 microqauss can be maintained.

A newly constructed arazinq-incidence monochromator will provide high

flux dispersed radiation down to about 10 nm. This will permit the study

of inner valence shell and core level excitations on the new ultrahigh vacuum photoelectron spectrometer using both triply differential

photoelectron and threshold photoelectron-photoion techniques. Little is

known about fragmentation kinetics, total and

partial ionization cross sections, and angular distributions in this hiqh

enerqy reqion. Initial studies will be concerned with molecular systems

such as C0 2 , C 2H

2 , and C 3H 4 isomers.

This work is a collaboration among SURF staff, SURF visiting

scientists, the NBS Chemical Kinetics Division, and the Argonne National

Laboratory.

Photoelectron-Photoion Coincidence

Detailed fragmentation studies of iodobenzene resulted in precision

measurements for the heat of formation and the rate energy curve. The

data in the literature were reviewed and comparisons and evaluations made.

As a result, the rate energy dependence for iodobenzene was proposed as an absolute benchmark for ion fragmentation rate measurements.

A study of dimethyl ether from ionization onset to 20 eV has been

completed and submitted for publication. The study among other things

clarifies the reaction paths for the formation of HC0+ and H

2C0H+

.

Work has been completed in a study of 2-hexanol. This study, in

collaboration with Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, is one in which the

breakdown curve (relative ion yield vs. internal enerqy) is used to

address problems in sterochemi stry. Work to be pursued in FY 84 includes

finishing the study of diazines and further work on larqe ring compounds.

The work is done in collaboration with the NBS Chemical Kinetics

Division

Polarized Fluorescence

A series of studies has been carried out at SURF using the

polarization of fluorescence as a probe of molecular autoionization.

These studies showed that the polarization of fluorescence from excited102
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

state molecular photoions provides a direct probe of the photoionization

dynamics and the symmetry signatures of autoionizinq resonances.

This year we began to modify the experiment at SURF to more fully

exploit the high flux capabilities at SURF and the experimental

opportunities. The following capabilities will be available: (1) ability

to study polarized fluorescence from molecular gases; (2) application of

electric fields to study threshold shifts at photon energies above the

ionization threshold; and (3) ability to study wavelength dispersed

fluorescence from molecular systems. Initial measurements are planned for

simple molecular systems like C 2

H

2 , CH 4 , and H 20 during FY84.

This work is a collaboration between SURF staff, SURF visiting

scientists, and Boston University.

Surface Science

We have supported at SURF the establishment by the NBS Surface Science

Division of an experimental capability to study adsorbed molecules on surfaces. These studies use several SURF monochromators and an ultrahiqh

vacuum system. Photon stimulated desorption (PSD) of ions is beinq

studied to understand the desorption mechanisms and energetics. Variable

wavelenqth ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy is also utilized to

characterize the surface species formed upon adsorption of the molecules

on a clean metal substrate. Ion desorption mechanisms for ionically and

covalently bonded adsorbates are investigated.

Durinq the last year, staff from the Surface Science Division studied

the oxidation of the Ti ( 001) surface, and have made the first observation

of interatomic resonant photoemission in an oxide. They have also found a direct relationship between resonant photoemission and the mechanism of

photon stimulated desorption in oxidized chromium. In addition, evidence

for a new ion desorption mechanism in PSD of H+ ions from OH adsorbed on

Ti, Cr, and Cu surfaces has been seen.

New High Energy Capability at SURF

The success of our programs utilizing the high-flux normal-incidence

monochromator has led us to proceed with the extension of our capabilities

to shorter wavelengths. We have designed and procured all of the

components of a new high-throughput grazing-incidence monochromator for

SURF- 1 1 . Only the delay in delivery of the gratings has delayed

completion of the monochromator. This instrument will use SURF ' s orbitinq

electron beam as its entrance slit--thus taking advantage of SURF's small

vertical beam size and high brightness. The gratinq will be placed as close as possible to the orbit and will intercept 51 mrad of horizontal

orbit and (for wavelengths below 500A) the full vertical radiation output.

Using three independently optimized gratings, the monochromator will cover

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Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

the 30-600A spectral range. Its resolution is expected to be about 0.6 eV

at full intensity. The new monochromator will allow us to extend our programs in surface science, ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy, and

gas-phase angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy to higher photon

energies. It should be operational in Fall 1983.

Very High Resolution Spectroscopy at SURF

The National Science Foundation is partially supporting the

installation of a very high resolution 6.65 m normal-incidence

spectrometer at SURF. The goal of this project is to do research on the

dynamics of energy transfer in atoms and molecules with an energy

resolution that is a factor of 10 better than at any other synchrotron

radiation facility in the world. The instrument will cover the 300-2000A

spectral range with resolving powers of l-2xl0 5. In addition, it will

provide highly polarized radiation (polarization >98% for A>600A). A new

beam line will be constructed for this instrument. The concrete base for

the spectrometer has already been poured. The instrument should be

operational by summer 1984. This project is a collaboration between SURF

staff, the University of Maryland, and the Naval Research Laboratory.

Expected NRS users are from the Centers of Radiation Research, Basic

Standards, and Chemical Physics. Outside users expressing interest in

using this facility are from NRL, U. MD, ORNL, Yale, Argonne, SUNY

Binghamton, Ohio State, (J. Nebraska, Harvard College Observatory, and

Imperial College.

Electric Field Effects

The absorption cross section of H

2 has been measured in the spectral

region 775-824A and the effects of electric fields up to 22 kV/cm on the

cross sections have been investigated. The apparent cross section is

found to be increased in the neighborhood of optically allowed transitions

to npa 1 z

(J + and npir ^ states with n=4-7. We attribute this increase in

absorption to field mixing with nearby optically forbidden states.

Additional experimental studies await the installation of the 6.65 m highresolution spectrometer at SURF. In the meantime, an attempt is being

made to determine the absolute cross section of atomic bariim from

threshold (2378A) to 1 1 50 A. A 0.2 m monochromator has been installed on a SURF beam line and a double heat pipe has been mounted in its exit beam.

Preliminary relative cross section have been obtained for part of the

spectral range. This work is a collaboration among SURF staff, a SURF

visiting scientist, and the NBS Center for Basic Standards.

Laser Prepared States

Limited resources have delayed the implementation of a new class of

experments at SURF which utilize both lasers and synchrotron radiation.

In the interim it has been possible to continue a collaborative research

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Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

proqram at LURE in Orsay, France. This experiment consists of a toroidal

qratinq monochromator hooked up to the French storage ring, ACO, in Orsay,

and a rinq dye laser of about one watt power stabilized to approximately

20 MHz bandwidth. The output of the monochromator and the laser intersect

at riqht angles in the sensitive volume of a cylindrical mirror electron

SDectrometer (CMA). An effusive beam of metal vapor intersects these

photon beams and the photoelectrons produced in the interaction zone are detected by the CMA. This year we have been able to accomplish several

ma.ior goals in this proqram.

In the followinq two experiments, synchrotron radiation was used to

determine the density of excited and ground state atoms, and the laser was

used to produce the excited 3p states.

1) We observed for the first time low enerqy electrons produced directly

by associative ionization, defined by the reaction Na(3p) + Na(3p)

Nat + e

-

, and by enerqy poolinq collisions, defined by the reaction

Na(3p) + Na(3p) - Na(3s) + Na(nl), where nl defines some nearly

resonant Rydberg level, and where another collision of Na(3p) with

Na(nl) produces ionization.

2) With improved spectrometer resolution we were able to discern

structure in the associative ionization process. The photoelectron

peaks are separated by 0.13 eV and are interpreted as a resonant

collision producing zero energy electrons and vibrationally excited

Na 2 and a collision between the excited atoms of low kinetic enerqy

producing Na 2 in the lowest vibrational level.

In the next experiments, synchrotron radiation was employed to produce

the photoionization from laser excited atoms.

3) We measured the oscillator strength of autoionizinq resonances in core

excitations of the type 2p 63p 2p 5

( 2

P 3/2 1/2 ) 3s3p( 1,3 P).

4) We are in the process of measurinq the partial photoionization cross

section from the 5d metastable state in bariim vapor.

In addition to scientists from LURE, scientists from the Laboratory

Aim£ Cotton, the Service de Physique des Atoms et des Surfaces,

CEN/Saclav, and SUNY-Stony Brook are involved.

Soft X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy at NSLS

A collaboration has been initiated among NBS, the University of

Tennessee, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory to use the technique of soft

x-ray emission spectroscopy to study compounds that are easily damaged by

105
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

electron beam irradiation. The hardware for the experiment will be

installed at the NSLS at Rrookhaven National Laboratory probably during

the summer of 1984. Initial studies will be the emission spectra of

systems of interest to materials scientists. It has been proposed to

study boundaries and interfaces in silicon compounds and other systems of

importance in the fabrication of semiconductor devices.

Photoabsorption Studies of Laser Ionized Species

Construction is nearly complete on a new VUV spectrometer featuring

photoelectric recording of spectra with a state-of-the-art VUV optical

multichannel analyzer. This system, will be used in our studies of VUV

absorption from laser-excited and laser-ionized atoms. The improved time

resolution and sensitivity provided by the new system will allow a greater

number of such species to be studied with a resulting advancement in our understanding of how increased nuclear attraction and long-range coulomb

forces affect atomic and molecular orbitals in regions near orbital

col 1 apse.

This work is being done in collaboration with the Atomic and Plasma

Radiation Division which has developed a laser-produced plasma to be used

in the absorption measurements as an intense background source of EUV

radiation.

Ultrasensitive Trace Analysis

In a new effort, begun in collaboration with the Mass Spectrometry

Group in the Center for Analytical Chemistry and the Atomic and Plasma

Radiation Division, we have studied the use of resonant multiphoton

ionization as a technique for ultrahigh selectivity and sensitivity in

isotope trace analysis. Theoretical calculations show that by combining

the isotopic selectivity available in laser multiphoton ionization with

that provided by a conventional mass spectrometer, one may achieve

isotopic abundance sensitivities in excess of 1 : 10 1

. Such sensitivities

can presently be attained only in selected cases by high-energy

accelerator mass spectrometry. Experimental work has been initiated to

demonstrate this technique in such cases as

6 Li: 7Li and 88Sr: yu Sr.

SURF Radiometric Intercomparisons

Last fall an intercomparison was carried out between the silicon

photodiode, the tungsten lamp, and the synchrotron radiation irradiance

scales in collaboration with the Radiometric Physis Division. Agreement

between the SURF-based irradiance scale and the lamp-based scale was to

within the experimental error associated with the sources. The comparison

with the silicon detector-based scale differed by about 2%. Part of the

discrepancy was thouqht to be due to the filter-diode transfer device used

in the comparison. The source of this discrepancy is presently under

106
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

investigation by using several techniques. One technique is use an integrating sphere to eliminate possible interference or inhomogeneity

effects associated with the filter. Another is to recompare the silicon

detector-based scale and the lamp-based scale using monochromator

measurement methods. Another intercomparison with SURF will be scheduled

after these tests, probably during the spring of 1984.

Spectrometer Calibrations

SURF II has been applied as a primary standard of spectral irradiance

for the calibration of spectrometer and photometer systems in the spectral

region 4-400 nm. These calibrations are primarily in support of the

programs of NASA and the Department of Energy. We are providing periodic

calibrations of the NRL Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor

• (SUSIM) at SURF both before and after its flights on the Space Shuttle.

Recalibration is expected to occur many times in the next decade. Other

calibrations this year have been made for NASA/Goddard, two groups from

NRL, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, North Carolina State Univ., U.

Colorado-LASP, and two groups from Johns Hopkins University. The facility

is solidly scheduled through most of next year.

Transfer Standard Detectors

The far UV radiometry effort at NBS includes the calibration and

supply of transfer standard photodiode detectors in the vacuum

ultraviolet. During FY 83, 22 outgoing calibrations were performed,

serving such disciplines as aeronomy, astronomy, and plasma, solar, and

solid state physics, and furnishing the radiometric basis in the far IJV for other standards laboratories. We also collaborated with Los Alamos

National Laboratory in the characterization of photocathode materials used

for laser fusion diagnostics and with the Naval Research Laboratory to

characterize spatially resolved, low level XUV detectors.

The construction of a new and improved detector calibration system at

SURF is nearing completion. It includes a new custom monochromator of our design. This monochromator is expected to have a factor of five increase

in throughput and higher resolution (0.2A) than the one it replaces. It will permit the interchange of two optimized gratings without breaking

vacuum. We expect this system to be operational in FY 84.

ELECTRON PHYSICS GROUP

The Electron Physics Group has ongoing research efforts in electron

collision physics including electron-surface interactions, surface magnetism, electron interaction theory, electron polarization phenomena,

electron-atom and electron-molecule collisions, and electron optics and

107
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

instrumentation. The wide applicability of electron based measurement

technologies allows us to contribute to the solution of many diverse

scientific and technological problems.

Surface Magnetism and Electron Diffraction

Our work on the scattering of spin polarized electrons from surfaces

continues with a high level of activity. As a consequence of our advancement of polarized electron source and detector technology, almost

every experiment we do is breaking new ground and being done for the first

time. This is particularly true of our most recent work on surface

magnetism. By using our polarized electron gun to observe the effects of

the exchange interaction, we are able to sense the local net alignment of

spins in the surface of a ferromagnet. The short mean free paths for

elastically scattered electrons make this technique extreme surfacesensitive unlike neutron scattering.

During the past year we have concentrated our study of surface

magnetism on the use of the very recently developed techniaue of inverse

photoemission spectroscopy. The direct process, i.e., spin polarized,

angle resolved, and energy resolved photoemission, is normally measured

usinq a high intensity synchrotron radiation source, a UV monochromator,

an electron energy analyzer, and a spin polarization detector. We have

demonstrated that it is possible to do the inverse experiment, where spin

polarized electrons at a specific energy and angle of incidence are scattered from a target and the UV photons at a selected wavelength are detected. With a nickel (110) single crystal tarqet we demonstrated that

only minority spin electrons are absorbed into unfilled d-bands and give

rise to UV photons. This type of experiment allows one to observe the

spin polarized unfilled states near the Fermi level. By varying the

angle of incidence we also measured the dispersion of these bands.

We continued our work in inverse photoemission by attempting to see effects caused when atoms and molecules are absorbed onto a ferromagnetic

surface. We are interested in observing how the bonding of the absorbate

to a surface affects the unfilled d-band of the substrate and how the

magnetic character of the substrate changes. It is also possibile that a molecular absorbate will have its own unfilled states which may be

observable with this technique. Further, it would be interesting to know

whether these unfilled molecular states would be polarized by the

adjacent magnetic substrate. We have modified the experiment to improve

the signal strength, the reliability of the UV photon detector, and our ability to absorb gases on clean ferromagnetic surfaces under highly

controlled conditions. Our first measurement were of 0o chemisorption

on n i eke 1 (1 10) . Several distinct structures in the O

2 /N i (110) bonding

108
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

have been observed. At low coverages a (2X1) LEED structure appears in

low energy electron detraction measurements. At higher exposure a (3X1)

LEED structure appears. At very high coverages a surface oxide forms.

The differences between the clean, (2X1), and (3X1) structures are subtle

but decreases in intensity and polarization of the d-band peak at near

the Fermi energy are observable.

We expect to complete our study of absorbates during the next year.

Also planned for the next year, is a study of the inverse photoemission

from a GaAs substrate. This is the process symmetric to the GaAs

photoemission which has proven very successful for the production of

polarized electrons. The inverse process may lead to a way of optically

measuring the polarization of a free electron beam.

We have completed for the present time our work on polarized

electron scattering on ferromagnetic glasses. We studied surface

hysteresis curves and the temperature dependence of the surface magnetization. One of the guest ions answered by this work was whether the Born

approximation was a sufficiently valid description of the elastic

scattering process. We found it not to be adequate. We also studied

inelastic scattering, and in particular, secondary electron production.

There is no theory developed adequately enough to make meaningful

comparisons with our results. As a result we have begun some collaborative work in this area with the Surface Science Division.

As a result of our measurement last year of the spin polarization of

secondary electrons emitted from ferromagnetic materials, we believe it

would be possible to measure the magnetization of surfaces with the

spatial resolution of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). This is in

the range 100-1,000 A. We are fortunate at NBS to have time available on

a Vacuum Generators HB50A ultra-high vacuum SEM. Preliminary

considerations indicate that a modification of the design of the

secondary electron collector used in the Vacuum Generators instrument

should allow us to collect the ejected polarized secondary electrons,

pass them through an energy analyzer, and finally analyze their spin

polarization, this would allow us to map the magnetization of the sample

at high spatial resolution. Conventional SEM methods of observing

magnetic domains are low in contrast and have a resolution limited to the

domain size. We expect, by comparison, to be able to measure the chanae

in magnetization across a domain or a sufficiently wide domain wall.

During the past few months we have begun, in collaboration with the

Optical- and Micro-Metrology Group of the National Engineering

Laboratory, to design and construct the necessary additional equipment to

attempt this measurement on the NBS ultra high vacuum electron

microscope.

109
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

High Energy Resolution Electron Scattering .

We have begun to to revitalize our electron spectrometer system,

through various mechanical and electrical changes, to permit an efficient

study of well characterized surfaces under ultra high vacuum conditions.

This involves the addition of a LEED and Auger system to characterize the

surface and the requisite sample holders and manipulators to position the

sample in the electron energy loss spectrometer.

We are also planning to extend our electron optics codes to include

electron-electron repulsion in the design of electron monochromators and

analyzers. This is made possible with the availability of very high

speed vector computers. Generally such effects as space charge and

anomalous energy broadening are neglected in ordinary computer codes but can limit the operation of electron energy monochromators. When

complete, our new electron scattering apparatus will be capable of

serving as a test bed for new designs developed through large scale

computers simulations.

Electron-atom Collisions

We are investigating electron-atom scattering problem in an experiment where all the parameters are determined so that we can make

the step from measuring cross sections to the more fundamental

determination of quantum phases and amplitudes. We have constructed a crossed beam, polarized atom, polarized electron scattering apparatus

where sodium atoms are polarized by optical pimping with a CW-d.ye laser.

The electron beam comes from a GaAs polarized electron source. The use

of a laser to optically orient the sodium beam also facilitates

measurement of polarization of the beam via laser fluorescence or Faraday

rotation measurements. It is also possible to use this laser to

optically pump the sodium to an excited, optically oriented atomic state

that could be studied by polarized electron scattering.

We have made extensive measurements over the last year of

asynmetries associated with ionization by electron impact. The basic

question is how the threshold law for ionization varies if the two

exiting electrons are initially in a singlet or triplet state. This

experiment should help decide between two contending theories for

threshold ionization, Wannier theory and the coulomb-dipole theory. We are presently analyzing data and preparing several publications. Further

data taken at very high energy resolution may be necessary to test for

the existence of modulations in the asymmetry at very near threshold.

Scattering Theory

Dr. Penn spent most of the past year as the Program Director for

Condensed Matter Theory at the National Science Foundation, but is still

engaged in calculating the properties of small metal spheres.

110
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

Small metal spheres of radius 15-50 A are of fundamental interest

since they represent a state of matter that is intermediate between an atom and a solid. Because of their size and spherical geometry they

exhibit an anomalously larqe optical absorption.

A theory was developed for the optical properties of small metal

spheres that pays special attention to the role of the surface. Surface

scattering can be important if the overall size of the sample becomes

smaller than the ordinary mean free path characteristic of phonons and

impurities. For many years it has been assumed that the optical

properties of small spheres can be understood by means of a Drude

dielectric function that incorporates a boundary scattering rate 1 /t=

Vp/R where Vp is the Fermi velocity and R is the sphere radius. We have

calculated an effective scattering rate 1/t

s = fvp where f is a function

of the photon frequency. We find that the largest contribution to f i

not boundary scattering but rather that f is determined by the electron

density profile of the sphere. The boundary scattering is reduced an order of magnitude by screening effects. We find that f is strongly

frequency dependent in contrast to the classical result for boundary

scattering 1/t

$ = vp/R. This finding ought to provide a crucial test of

our theory.

We have applied a. similar theory to the scattering of electrons from

small metal spheres and find that the scattering is roughly an order of

magnitude larger than that predicted by "classical" theories that do not

incorporate the effects of non-local response of the surface electrons.

Ill
SPONSORED CONFERENCES

Division 533, Radiation Physics

W. R. Ott organized a Special Symposium on NBS Research held January 10

through 13, 1983, at NBS, Gaithersburg. This NBS-wide symposium

provided a special opportunity for the NBS staff to learn more about the

work of their NBS colleagues. Twenty-four invited talks were presented by

staff from NML, NEL, and ICST.

112
INVITED TALKS

Division 533, Radiation Physics

Celotta, R. J., "Recent Advances in Electron Spin Polarization

Measurements," US/JAPAN Seminar on Electron-Molecule Collisions and

Photoionization Processes, Los Angeles, California, October 28, 1982.

Celotta, R. J., "Spin Polarization Phenomena in Surface Physics,"

Physics Department, Howard University, Washington, D.C., March 25, 1983.

Celotta, R. J., "Electron Polarization Detection," Symposium on Polarization and Correlation in Electron-Atom Collisions, MCInster,

Germany, July 25, 1983.

Cromer, C. L., "VUV Generation in Strontium," University of Virginia,

Charlottesville, Virginia, April 13, 1983.

Dizdaroglu, M., "Isolation and Characterization of Radiolytic Products of

Peptides," Department of Nutrition and Food, Massachusetts Institute of

Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, October 8, 1982.

Ederer, D. L., "An Overview of Research at NBS Using Synchrotron Radiation

at SURF-II", Conference on the Application of Accelerators in Research and

Industry, North Texas State University, Denton, Texas, November 9, 1982.

Ederer, D. L., "Synchrotron Radiation and Applications," Department of

Physics, North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,

February 7, 1983.

Ederer, D. L., "Photoionization from Laser-Excited States by Synchrotron

Radiation, Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics, University of

Colorado, April 26, 1983.

Humphreys, J. C., "Principals of Calorimeter Design for Use in Electron

Beams," Institute of Physics, Universidad Nacional Autonoma Mexico,

Mexico, December 14, 1982.

Humphreys, J. C., "Factors Affecting the Accuracy of Calorimeter

Measurements in Electron Beams," Institute of Physics, Universidad

Nacional Autonoma Mexico, Mexico, December 15, 1982.

Humphreys, J. C., "Instrumentation for Hiqh-Dose Electron Beam

Calorimeters," Institute of Physics, Universidad Nacional Autonoma Mexico,

Mexico, December 17, 1983.

113
Division 533, Invited Talks (cont'd)

Kelley, M. H., "The Spin Asymmetry in Electron Impact Ionization,"

Symposium on Polarization and Correlation in Electron-Atom Collisions,

MC/nster, Germany, July 26, 1983.

Loevinger, R., "The Principle of Parsimony: Applications in Radiation

Dosimetry," Landauer Memorial Lecture, Joint Meeting of the California

Local Sections of the Health Physics Society and the AAPM, Berkeley,

California, November 1982.

Loevinger, R., Seltzer, S., and Heaton, T., "The Physics and Mathematics

of Beta Particle Dosimetry for Radiation Protection, International Beta

Dosimetry Symposium, Gaithersburg, Maryland, February 15, 1983.

Lucatorto, T. B., "Resonant Laser Excitation and Ionization of Dense

Vapors: as Object of Study and as a New Tool for Atomic Physics", Milton

S. Eisenhower Research Center, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Maryland,

December 9, 1982.

Lucatorto, T. B., "Resonant Laser Excitation and Ionization of Dense

Vapor: as Object of Study and a New Tool for Atomic Physics," Laser '82

Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, December 14, 1982.

Lucatorto, T. B., "Vacuum Ultraviolet Absorption Studies on Excited Atoms

and Ions", Physical Chemistry - Chemical Physics Seminar, University of

Maryland, College Park, Maryland, March 30, 1983.

Madden, R. P., "An Overview of the OSA Annual Meeting," Optical Society of

America, Tucson, Arizona, October 19, 1982.

Madden, R. P., "Harnessing Luminous Electrons for Science and Technology:

The Story of Synchrotron Light," Presidential Lecturer to 9 local sections

of the Optical Society of America: San Diego, California; Stanford,

California; and Boulder, Colorado, February 10-17, 1983; Albuguerque, New

Mexico; Tuscon, Arizona; Los Angeles, California; and Portland, Oregon,

March 31-April 8, 1983; Melbourne, Florida and Huntsville, Alabama, May

8-12, 1983; and Los Alamos, New Mexico, June 28, 1983.

Madden, R. P., "Present Status and Background of NBS/NRL Brookhaven

Project," Brookhaven Project Management Review, NBS, Gaithersburg,

Maryland, June 13, 1983.

Madden, R. P., "SURF-II: An Absolute Source for VUV Radiometry", Third

National Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation Conference, Brookhaven

National Laboratory, Upton, New York, September 13, 1983.

McLaughlin, W. L., "Dye Dosimetry," to Students and Technical Staff of

Federal Emergency Management Agency Testing Facility at Old Navy Yard,

Washington, D.C., December 21, 1982.

114
Division 533, Invited Talks (cont'd)

McLaughlin, W. L., "Radiochromic Measurement of Low-Enerqy X-Rays,"

IBM Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, April 12, 1983.

McLauqhl in, W. L., "Dosimetry and Quality Control," Research & Development

Associates for Military Food and Packaging Systems, Inc., 37th Annual

Meeting, Norfolk, Virginia, April 13, 1983.

McLauqhlin, W. L., "Fiber Optics Dosimetry," Federal Emergency Management

Agency, L' Enfant Plaza, Washington, D.C., May 9, 1983.

McLaughlin, W. L., "Optichromic Dosimetry," Federal Emergency Management

Agency, L'Enfant Plaza, Washington, D.C., May 25, 1983.

McLaughlin, W. L., "Dosimetry," Gordon Conference: The Direct Action of

Ionizing Radiation on Macromolecules, Plymouth State College, Plymouth,

New Hampshire, August 18, 1983.

McLaughlin, W. L., "Electron Beam Calorimeter," Becton - Dickinson

Research, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, August 25, 1983.

Neta, P., "Inter- and Intramolecular Electron Transfer Processes Studied

by Pulse Radiolysis," 15th Latin American Chemical Congress, San Juan,

Puerto Rico, October 28, 1982.

Parr, A. C., "Resonance Phenomena in Molecular Photoionization,"

Chemical Physics Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon,

January 5, 1983.

Parr, A. C., "Studies of Ion Fragmentation and Molecular Photoionization

Using Photoelectron Spectroscopy," Joint Institute for Laboratory

Astrophysics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, April 8, 1983.

Parr, A. C., "Photoelectron Spectroscopy in Recent Years at NBS," American

Society for Mass Spectrometry, Boston, Massachusetts, May 10, 1983.

Parr, A. C., "The Determination of Gaseous Ion Thermochemistry Using

Threshold Photoelectron Photoion Coincidence Spectroscopy", Workshop on Advanced Laser Technology for Chemical Measurements, Lawrence Livermore

National Laboratory, Livermore, California, June 9, 1983.

Parr, A. C., "Angle Resolved Photoelectron Spectrometers," Third National

Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation Conference, Brookhaven National

Laboratory, Upton, New York, September 13, 1983.

Pierce, D. T., "Electron Spin Polarization Probes for Surface Magnetism:

Recent NBS Results," Physics Colloquium, Swiss Federal Institute of

Technology, Zurich, Switzerland, October 4, 1982.

115
Division 533, Invited Talks (cont'd)

Pierce, D. T., "Electron Spin Polarization Studies of Surface Magnetism,"

Solid State Physics Seminar, Cambridge University, Cambridge, England,

October 7, 1982.

Pierce, D. T., "Electron Spin Polarization Studies of Surface Magnetism,"

Solid State Physics Seminar, University of Maryland, College Park,

Maryland, November 11, 1982.

Pierce, D. T., "New Insights from Electron Spin Polarization Studies of

Surfaces," 29th National American Vacuum Society Symposium, Baltimore,

Maryland, November 17, 1982.

Pierce, D. T., "Electron Spin Polarization Studies of Surface Magnetism,"

Solid State Seminar, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Islip, New York,

December 9, 1982.

Pierce, D. T., "Spin Polarized Electron Studies of Surface Magnetism,"

Physics Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, March

3, 1983.

Pierce, D. T., "Electron Spin Polarization Studies of Surface Magnetism,

IBM Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, May 3, 1983.

Pierce, D. T., "Principles of the GaAs Spin Polarized Electron Source,"

Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Workshop on Polarized Electron Sources,

Stanford, California, May 16, 1983.

Pierce, D. T., "New Developments in Spin Polarization Analyzers," Stanford

Linear Accelerator Center Workshop on Polarized Electron Sources,

Stanford, California, May 18, 1983.

Pierce, D. T., "Electron Spin Polarization Studies of Surface Magnetism,"

Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, California, May 20, 1983.

Simic, M. G., "Radiation Chemistry - Extravaganza Or an Integral Component

of Irradiation Processing of Food," Fourth International Meeting on Radiation Processing, Dubrovnik, Poland, October 3, 1982.

Simic, M. G., "Kinetics and Mechanisms of OH Radical Reactions with Amino

Acids and Peptides," Miller Conference, Hunfeld, W. Germany, June 26,

1983.

Simic, M. G., "Reactivities of Organic Oxygen Radicals," Third

International Conference on Oxygen Radicals in Chemistry and Biology,

Munich, W. Germany, July 10, 1983.

Simic, M. G., "Radiation Chemistry of Proteins," Gordon Conference: The

Direct Actions of Ionizing Radiation on Macromolecules, Plymouth State

College, Plymouth, New Hampshire, August 16, 1983.

116
PUBLICATIONS

Division 533, Radiation Physics

Alian, A., El-Assy, N. R., Abdel-Rehim, F., Amin, N, McLauqhlin, W. L, and

Roushdy, H., Chemical Dosimetry by UV Spectrophotometry of Aqueous

Ascorbic Acid Solutions, Radiat. Phys. and Chem. (in press).

El -Assy, N. R., Roushdy, H. M., McLauqhlin, W. L., and Levine, H., Gammaray Dosimetry Using Pararosani 1 ine Cyanide in Dimethyl sulfoxide

Solutions, Int. J. Appl . Radiat. and Isot. 33 , 641-645 (1982).

El-Rehay, A. Z., and McLauqhlin, W. L., Dose Distribution Mappinq in

Intense Gamma-radiation Fields Using Dye Film Dosimetry, Int. J. Appl.

Radiat. Isot. 83, 684-687 (1982).

Berqer, M. J., and Seltzer, S. M., Theoretical Aspects of Electron

Dosimetry, U.S. Publication and Proceeding of Electron Beam Dosimetry and

Arc Therapy Symposium, University of Wisconsin, September 10-11, 1981

( pub 1 i shed in 1982)

Berger, M. J., and Seltzer, S. M., Stopping Powers and Ranges of

Electrons and Positrons, NBSIR 92-2550-A (1982).

Rerqer, M. J., and Seltzer, S. M., Tables of Energy Deposition

Distributions in Aluminum and Copper Irradiated by Point-Monodirectional

Electron Beams with Energies from 1 to 60 MeV, NBSIR 82-2579 (1982).

Berger, m. j., and Seltzer, S. M., Mean Excitation Energies for Use in

Bethe's Stopping Power Formula, Proceedings of Seminar on Charqe States

and Dynamic Screening of Swift Ions in Solids, East-West Ctr., Honolulu,

January 24-29, 1982, Report C0NF-820131, 57-74 (1983).

Bizau, J. M., Wuilleumier, F., Dhez, P., Ederer, D. L., Picaue, J. L.

,

LeGouet, J. L., and Koch, P., Observation of Ionization in Laser Excited

Sodium Atoms by Synchrotron Radiation; Book: Laser Techniques for Extreme

Ultraviolet Spectroscopy 90, No. 2, 331-346 (1982).

Rizau, J. M., Wuilleumier, F., Dhez, P., Ederer, D. L., Picque, J. L.

,

LeGouet, J. L., and Koch, P., Observation of Ionization in Laser Excited

Sodium Atoms By Synchrotron Radiation, AIP Conf. Proc. 90, 331 (1983).

Butler, J. J., Holland, D. M. P., Parr, A. C., and Stockbauer, R., A

Threshold Photoelectron-Photoion Coincidence Spectrometric Study of

Dimethylether (CH 30CH 3 ), Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Physics, (in press).

117
Division 533, Publications (cont'd.)

Canfield, L. R., and Madden, R. P., Status Report: NBS Far Ultraviolet

Transfer Standard Detector Program, Middle Atmospheric Program Handbook,

( in press)

Celotta, R. J., Pierce, D. T., Kelley, M. H., and Rogers, W. T., Polarized

Electrons, in Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions , (Ed. S. Datz),

North Holland Publishing Co., pp. 545-555 (1982).

Celotta, R. J., Pierce, D.T., Electron Spin Polarization Measurements in

Atomic and Surface Physics, in The Physics of Ionized Rases , (Ed. G.

Pichler, Institute of Physics of the University, Zagreb, Yugoslavia, pp.

3-20 (1982).

Celotta, R. J., and Pierce, D. T., Possibilities for the Use of Electron

Spin Polarization in Scanning Electron Microscopy, in Microbeam Analysis , (Ed. K.F.J. Heinrich) San Francisco Press, pp. 469-471 (1982).

Celotta, R. J., A Comparison of Electron Polarization Detectors, Proc.

Int. Symp. on Polarization in Electron-Atom Collisions, MUnster, West

Germany, 16 (1983).

Chadwick, K. H., and McLaughlin, W. L., The IAEA Programme on Standardization and Intercomparison of High-Dose Radiation Measurements;

in Phillips Applications in Radiation Sterilization (in press).

Cooper, J. W., Saloman, E. B., Cole, B. E., and Shardnand, Electric Field

Effects on the Absorption Spectra of H 2 Near The Ionization Limit, Phys.

Rev. A (in press).

Dannacher, J., Rosenstock, H. M., Buff, R., Parr, A. C., Stockbauer,

R. L., Bombach, R., and Stadelmann, J. -P., Benchmark Measurement of

Iodobenzene Ion Fragmentation Rates, Chem. Phys. _75 , 23-25 (1983).

Dehmer, L., Parr, A. C., Wallace, S., and Dill, D., Photoelectron

Branching Ratios and Angular Distributions for the Valence Levels of SF b in the Range 16eV<h v<30eV, Phys. Rev. A 26_, No. 6, 3283-3292 (1982).

Dehmer, 0. L., Dill, D., and Parr, A. C., Photoionization Dynamics of

Small Molecules, in Photophysics and Photochemistry in the Vacuum

Ultraviolet (in press)

Dick, C., Utility Programs for Generating the Hershey Character Fonts on Microcomputers and Laboratory Plotters, NBS Tech Note 1176 (1983).

Dizdaroglu, M., and Simic, M., Separation of Dipeptide Di asteroi somers by

High-Resolution Gas Chromatography, J. of Chromatog. 244, 293-298 (1982).

118
Division 533, Publications (cont'd.)

Dizdaroglu, M., and Simic, M,. Separation of Di astereomers and Analogues

of Neuotensin by Anion-Exchange High-Performance Liquid Chromatography,

J. of Chromatog. 245, 158-162 (1982).

Dizdaroglu, M., Gajewski, E., and Simic, M., Identification of Some OH

Radical-induced Products of Lysozyme, Int. 0. Radi at. Biol. 43_, No. 2,

185-193 (1983).

Dizdaroglu, M., and Krutzsch, H. C., Comparison of Reversed-Phase and Weak

Anion-Exchange High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Methods for Peptide

Separations, J. Chromatogr. 264, 223-229 (1983).

Dizdaroglu, M., Peptide Separations by High-Performance Ion-Exchange

Chromatography, Handbook of the Use of HBLC for the Separation of Amino

Acids, Peptides, and Proteins, CRC Press (in press).

Dizdaroglu, M., Gajewski, E., and Simic, M. G., Enzymatic Digest ab i 1 ity of

Peptides Crosslinked by Ionizing Radiation, J. Radiat. Biol, (in press).

Oizaroglu, M., and Simic M. G., Isolation and Characterization of

Radiation Induced Aliphatic Peptide Dimers, Biochim, Biophys. Acta (in

press)

Domen, S. R., Theory, Performance, and Measured Results with an Improved

Absorbed Dose Water Calorimeter, Proc. Symp. Elect. Dosim. and Arc Ther.,

September 1981, 89-102 (1983).

Domen, S. R., A Temperature-Drift Balancer for Calorimetry, Int. J. Appl

Radiat. Isot. Tech. Note _34» No. 6, 927-928 (1983).

Domen, S. R., A Polystyrene-Water Calorimeter, Int. J. Appl. Radiat.

Isot. Tech. Note 34, No. 3, 643-644 (1983).

Domen, S. R., An Absorbed Dose Water Calorimeter: Theory, Design, and

Performance, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. 87_, No. 3, 211-235 (1982).

Ederer, D. L., Madden, R. P., Parr, A. C., Saloman, E. B., Rakowsky, G.

,

Cooper, J., Stockbauer, R., Madey, T. E., and Dehmer, J. L., An Overview

of Research at NBS Using Synchrotron Radiation at SURF-II, Proc.

Conf. Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry (in press).

Ederer, D. L., Bizau, J. M., Wuilleumier, F., Dhez, P., Chang, T. N.,

Krummacher, S., and Schmidt, V. , Final State Symmetry for the n=2 States

in the Photo ionized Helium Determined by Theory and Experiment, Phys.

Rev. Lett. 48, No. 9, 588-591 (1982).

119
Division 533, Publications (cont'd.)

Ehrlich, M., and Soares, C., Measurement Assurance Studies of Hiqh-Enerqy

Electron and Photon Dosimetry in Radiation-Therapy Applications,

Proc. of IAEA Panel Meeting (in press).

Ettinqer, K. V., Hussain, R. B., Dixon, S., Temperton, D., and McLauqhlin,

W. L., Quenchinq of Lyoluminescence by Some Radioprotectors and by

Superoxide Dismutase, Int. J. Radiat. Biol, (in press).

Farrell, J. P., Seltzer, S. M., and Silverman, J., Bremsstrahlunq

Generators for Radiation Processing, Radiat. Phys. and Chem. _22, 469 (in

press).

Fioritto, R. B., Raleigh, M., and Seltzer, S. M., A Beam Current Monitor

for Intense Electron Beams, Proc. 1983 Particle Accelerator Conf., Santa

Fe, NM, March 21-23, 1983 (in press).

Gajewski, E., Dizdaroqlu, M., and Simic, M., Kovats Indices of

Trimethyl si lyl ated Amino Acids on Fused Silica Capillary Columns, J. Chromatog. 249, 41-55 (1982).

Hamilton, J. C., Swanson, N., Waclawski, B. J., and Celotta, R. J.

,

Specular and Off-Specular High Resolution Electron Energy Loss

Spectroscopy of Acetylene and Ethylene on Tungsten (100), J. Chem. Phys.

74, No. 7, 4156-4163 (1983) .

Haniq, R., An Investigation of Lyoluminescence Techniques for Application

in Radiation-Protection Dosimetry, NBSIR 83-2734 (1983).

Hill, W. T., Chen, K. T., Johnson, W. R., Lucatorto, T. B., Mcllrath,

T. J. , and Sugar, J., The Influence of Increasing Nuclear Charge on the

Rvdberq Spectra of Xe, Cs +

, and Ba++

: Correlation Term-Dependence and

Autoionization, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, No. 22, 1631-1635 (1982).

Holland, D. M. P., West, J. B., Parr, A. C., Ederer, D. L, Stockbauer, R.,

Buff, R. D. , and Dehmer, J. L., Constant Photoelectron Energy Spectroscopy

of Acetylene, J. Chem. Phys. 78, No. 1, 124-130 (1983).

Holland, D. M. P., Parr, A. C., Ederer, D. L., and Dehmer, J. L., Effects

of Resonances in Molecular Photoionization Measured with Triply

Differential Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Int. J. Mass Spec, and Ion Phys.

46, 285-288 (1983).

Holland, D. M. P., Parr, A. C., and Dehmer, J. L., Photoelectron Asymmetry

Parameters and Branching Ratios for Sulphur Dioxide in the Photon Energy

Range 14 to 25 eV, J. Electron Spect. and Relat. Phenom (in press).

120
Division 533 , Publications (cont'd.)

Holland, D. M. P., Dehmer, J. L., Parr, A.C., Ederer, D. L., and West, J. 8., Triply-Differential Photoelectron Studies of the Four Outermost

Valence Orbitals of Cyanogen, Int. J. Mass Spect. Ion Phys. _52_ , 195

(1983).

Holland, D. M. P., Parr, A. C., and Dehmer, J. 1., Photoelectron Branching

Ratios and Asymmetry Parameters for the Two Outermost Molecular Orbitals

of Hydrogen Cyanide J. Phys. B (in press).

Hubbell, J. H., Photon Mass Attenuation & Energy-Absorption Coefficients

from 1 keV to 20 MeV, Int. J. Appl . Radiat. Isot. 33, 1269-1290 (1982).

Hubbell, J. J., Radiation Gauging (or Gaging), Encyclopedia of Materials

Science and Eng. (in press).

Hubbell, J. J., Photon Attenuation Coefficients and Cross Section Data 100

eV to 100 GeV, Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. on Radiation Physics (in press).

Hunter, E. P., and Simic, M. G., Kinetics of Peroxy Radical Reactions with

Antioxidants, Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. on Superoxide and Superoxide Dismutase

(in press).

Kelley, M. H., Celotta, R. J., and Pierce, D. T., Electron-Atom Collision

Studies Using Optically State Selected Reams, Atomic Physics Workshop,

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, pp. 7-9 (1983).

Kelley, M. H., Rogers, W. T., Celotta, R. J., and Pierce, D. T., Spin

Dependence in Electron Impact Ionization of Sodium, Proc. Int. Symp. on Polarization and Correlation in Electron-Atom Collisions, MCInster, West

Germany, 27 (1983).

Kroneberg, S., McLaughlin, W. L., and Siebentritt, C. R., Radiochromic

Waveguides for Gamma Ray and Fast Neutron Dosimetry, Proceedings of NATO

Panel VII Meeting (in press).

Krummacher, S., Schmidt, V, Wuilleumier, F., Bizau, J. M., and Ederer, D.

L., Inner-Shell Photoionization in Molecules: The Carbon Monoxide Case, J. Phys. B 16, 1733 (1983).

Krummacher, S., Schmidt, V., Bizau, J. M., Dhez, P., Wuilleumier, F., and

Ederer, D. L., Inner-shell Photoemission Studies of Lithium and Sodium

Vapour, J. Phys. B 15, 4363-4373 (1982).

Larsen, P. K., van Bers, W. A. M., Bizau, J. M., Wuilleumier, F.,

Krummacher, S., Schmidt, V., and Ederer, D., Design and Performance of a Toroidal Grazinq Incidence Monochromator for the 20-200 eV Photon Enerqy

Range, Nucl. Inst. Meth. 195, 245-250 (1982).

121
Division 533, Publications (cont'd.)

Leroi, G. E., Dehmer, J. L., Parr, A. C., and Poliakoff, E. D.

,

Polarization of Fluorescence: A Probe of Molecular Autoionization,

Proc. Israeli Phys. Soc. (in press).

Loevinqer, R., Seltzer, S. M., Heaton II, H. T., The Physics and Mathematics of Beta-particle Dosimetry for Radiation Protection, Proc.

Int. Symp. on Beta Dosimetry (in press).

Lucatorto, T. B., Mcllrath, T. J., Hill, W. T., and Clark, C. W., The AdPhotoabsorption of Ra, Ba+ and Ba++ : A View of Shell Collapse vs. Contraction, AIP Conf. Proc. 94, 584-601 (1982).

Lucatorto, T. B., Clark, C. W., and Moore, L. J., Possibilities for

Ultrasensitive Mass Spectrometry Based on Two-Photon, Sub-Doppler

Resonance Ionization, Opt. Comm, (in press).

Mcllrath, T. J., and Lucatorto, T. B., Observations of the Effect of

Increasinq Core Charqe On Rydberg Spectra in the Xe Isoelectronic

Sequence, Journal de Physique £2, 255-263, (1982).

McLauqhlin, W. L., Simic, M. G., and Miller, A., Dosimetry by Means of the

Radiation Reduction of Hemin in Aprotic Solvents, Proc. 3rd Symp. on Radio-Chemistry and Radiation Chemistry, 195-201 (1982).

McLauqhlin, W. L., Jarrett, R. D., and Olejnik, T. A., Dosimetry, in

Preservation of Food by Ionizing Radiation , J_, pp. 89-245 (1982).

McLaughlin, W. L., Miller, A., and Uribe, R. M., Radiation Dosimetry for

Quality Control of Food Preservation and Disinfestation, Radi at. Phys. and

Chem. 22, 22-29 (1983).

McLauqhlin, W. L., Buenf i

1 -Burqos, A. E., Uribe, R. M., de la Piedad, A.,

and Miller, A., Thin Plastic Radiochromic Dye Films as Ionizing Radiation

Dosimeters, Trans, of the 4th Int. Meeting on Radiation Processing,

Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, (1983) (in press).

McLauqhlin, W. L., Radiation Processing Dosimetry, Radiat. Phvs. Chem. ££,

No. 4, 359-366 (1983).

McLauqhlin, W. L., Uribe, R. M., and Miller, A., Meqaqray Dosimetry (or

Monitorinq of Very Larqe Radiation Doses), Radiat. Phys. and Chem. (in

press)

McLauqhlin, W. L., and Simic, M. G., Radiation Dosimetry with Hemin in

Dimethyl Solution, Nature (in press).

McLauqhlin, W. L., Uribe, R. M., and Miller, A., Radiation Dosimetry in

Food Irradiation Technology, Trans, of Atomic Nuclear Society (in press).

122
Division 533, Publications (cont'd.)

Madden, R. P., Ebner, S.C., and Huqhey, L. R., Status Report: NBS/SURF Far

UV Spectrometer Radiometric Calibration Facility, Middle Atmospheric

Proqram Handbook (in press).

Madden, R. P., and F.bner, S. C., Storaqe Rinqs as Sources for Soft X-Ray

Emission, AIP Conf. Proc. _75_, 1-5 (1982).

Miller, A., and McLauqhlin, W. L., Calculation of the Enerqy Dependence of

Dosimeter Response to Ionizinq Photons, Int. J. of Appl . Radi at. and Isot.

33, 1299-1310 (1982).

Motz, J. W., and Danos, M., Quantum Noise-Limited Imaqes in Screen-Film

Systems, Proc. of Application of Optical Instrumentation in Medicine X,

Spie, Vol . 347, 62-66, (1982).

Neta, P., Dizdaroqlu, M., and Simic, M. G., Radiolytic Studies of the

Cumyloxyl Radical in Aqueous Solutions, Israel J. Chem. (in press).

O'Sullivan, G., Roberts; J., Ott, W., Bridges, J., Pittman, T., and

Ginter, M., Spectral-Irradi ance Calibration of Continuum Emitted from

Rare-Earth Plasmas, Opt. Lett. _7, No. 1, 31-33 (1982).

Parr, A. C., Southworth, S. H., Dehmer, J. L. s and Holland, D. M. P.

,

Photoelectron Spectrometer for High Resolution Angular Resolved Studies,

Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 208, 767-770 (1983).

Pate, B. B., Waclawski, B. J., Stefan, P. M., Binns, C., Ohta, T., Hecht,

M. H., Jupiter, P. J., Shek, M. L., Pierce, D. T., Swanson, N., Celotta,

R. J., Landau, I., and Spicer, W. E., The Diamond (111) Surface: A Dilemma

Resolved, Physica 117B-118B (1983).

Penn, D. R., and Rendell, R. W., Surface Photoeffect in Small Spheres,

Phvs. Rev. B 26 , No. 6, 3047-3067 (1982).

Penn, D. R., and Apell, P., Optical Properties of Small Metal Spheres:

Surface Effects, Phys. Rev. Lett. _50, No. 17, 1316-1319 (1983).

Penn, D. R., and Apell, P., Anomalous Electron Enerqy Loss in Small

Spheres, J. Phys. C (in press).

Pierce, D. T., Celotta, R. J., Unquris, J., and Sieqmann, H. C., Spin

Dependent Elastic Scatterinq of Electrons from a Ferromaqnet ic Glass,

Mi 4oFe4oB20, Phys. Rev. B 26 , No. 5, 2566-2574 (1982).

123
Division 533, Publications (cont'd.)

Pierce, D. T., and Celotta, R. J., New Insights from Electron Spin

Polarization Studies of Surfaces, J. Vac. Sci. and Technol. A]_, No. 2,

1 1 19-1 124 (1983).

Pierce, D. T., Celotta, R. J., Unquris, J., and Sieqmann, H. C., Surface

Magnetic Properties of Amorphous Ferromaqnets Studied Usinq Electron Spin

Polarization, J. Maqnetism and Maq. Mater. 3!5, 28-30 (1983).

Pierce, D. T., Celotta, R. J., and Unquris, J., Spin Polarized Electron

Scattering Studies of Surface Maqnetism, J. Maqnetism and Maq. Mater. 31-

34, 869-873 (1983).

Pierce, D. T., Celotta, R. J., and Wang, G.-C., What can Polarized LEED

Contribute to Surface Structure Determination?, Proc. Conf. on Determination of Surface Structure by LEED (in press).

Pierce, D„ T., and Celotta, R. J., Applications of Polarized Electron

Sources Utilizing Optical Orientation in Solids, in Optical Orientation

(in press).

Placious, R. C., Polansky, D., and Sparrow, J. H., Digital Image

Processing for Improved Detection and Diagnosis of Hidden Flaws, Proc. of

36th Mech. Failures Prevention Group Symposium (in press).

Poliakoff, E. D., Dehmer, J. L., Parr, A. C., and Leroi, G. E.

,

Fluorescence Polarization as a Probe of Molecular Autoionization, J. Chem.

Phys. 77, No. 10 > 5243-5245 (1982).

Poliakoff, E. D., Dehmer, J. L., Dehmer, P. M., and Parr, A. C.,

Vibrational ly-Resolved Photoelectron Anqular Distributions for H 2 , Chem. Phys. Lett. 96, No. 1, 52-56 (1983).

Poliakoff, E. D., Dehmer, J. L., Parr, A. C., and Leroi, G. E.

,

Fluorescence Excitation Studies of Molecular Photoionization in External

Electric Fields, Proc. Israeli Phys. Soc. (in press).

Pruitt, J. S., Calibration of Beta Ray Opthalmic Applicators, Medical

Physics (in press).

Radak. B. B., and McLaughlin, W. L., The Gamma Ray Response of

"Optichromic" Dosimeters, Rad. Phys. Chem. (in press).

Saloman, E. B., and Cooper, J. W., Stark Efect on the Oscillator-Strength

Distribution of Helium Near the Ionization Limit, Phys. Rev. A 26 , No. 3,

1452-1465 (1982).

124
Division 533, Publications (cont'd.)

Saloman, E. B., Ebner, S. C., and Huqhey, L. R., VUV and XUV Radiometry

Usinq Synchrotron Radiation at the National Bureau of Standards, Opt.

Engineering _21, No. 5, 951-956 (1982).

Schaupp, D., Schumacher, M., Smend, F., Rullhusen, P., and Hubbell, J. H.

,

Small-Anqle Rayleiqh Scatterinq of Photons at High Energies: Tabulations

of Relativistic HFS Modified Atomic Form Factors, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data

( in press)

Seltzer, S. M., and Berqer, M. J., Evaluation of the Collision Stopping

Power of Elements and Compounds for Electrons and Positrons, Int. J. Appl

Radiat. Isot. 33, 1189-1218 (1982).

Seltzer, S. M., and Berqer, M. J., Procedures for Calculatinq the

Radiation Stoppinq Power for Electrons, Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 33_,

1219-1226 (1982).

Seltzer, S. M., and Berqer, M. J., Improved Procedure for Calculatinq the

Collision Stoppinq Power of Elements and Compounds for Electrons and

Positrons, Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. (in press).

Seltzer, S. M., and Berqer, M. J., Improv'ed Bremsstrahlunq Cross Sections

for Transport Calculations, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science (in

press)

Seltzer, S. M., Farrell, J. P., and Silverman, J., Bremsstrahlunq Beams

from High-Power Electron Accelerators for Use in Radiation Processing,

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-30 (in press).

Simic, M. G., and Hunter, E. P. L., The Reactivities of Orqanic Oxygen

(OXY) Radicals, Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Oxygen Radicals in Chem. and Biol.

(in press).

Simic, M. G., Dizdaroglu, M. and DeGraff, E., Radiation Chemistry - Extravaqanza or an Integral Component of Irradiation Processing of Food,

Radiat. Phys. Chem. 22, 233-239 (1983).

Simic, M. G., Radiation Chemistry of Water-Soluble Food Components, in

Preservation of Food by Ionizing Radiation (in press).

Soares, C. G., Ehrlich, M., Padikal, T. N., and Gromadzki, Z., A System

for Electron Therapy Dosimetry Surveys with Thermoluminescence Dosimeters,

Int. J. of Appl. Radiat. Isot. 1007-1013 (1982).

Spencer, L. V., On The Theory of Ionization and Excitation Yields,

Radiation Research (in press).

125
Division 533, Publications (cont'd.)

Sternheimer, R. M., Seltzer, S. M., and Berger, M. J., The Density Effect

for the Ionization Loss of Charged Particles in Various Substances, Phys.

Rev. B 26, No. 11, 6067-6076 (1982).

Timothy, J., and Madden, R., Photon Detectors for the Ultraviolet and XRay Reqion, Handbook on Synchrotron Radiation (in press).

Unguris, J., Pierce, D. T., Galejs, A., and Celotta, R. J., Spin and

Energy Analyzed Secondary Electron Emission from a Ferromagnet, Phys.

Rev. Lett. 49, No. 1, 72-76 (1982).

Unguris, J., Seiler, A., Celotta, R. J., Pierce, 0. T., Johnson, P. D.

,

and Smith, N. V., Spin Polarized Inverse Photoelectron Spectroscopy of

Solid Surfaces: Ni(110), Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, No. 14, 1047-1050 (1982).

Uribe, R. M., Pina, M. C., and McLaughlin, W. L., ESR Studies of Polymer

Films Containing Leucodyes Irradiated with 60Co Gamma Rays, Proc. 3rd

Symp. Nuc. Chem., Radiochem., and Radi at. Chem. 202-211 (1982).

Yin, L. I, Trombka, J. I., Ruitberg, A. P., and Seltzer, S. M., A Small,

Battery-Operated Fluoroscopic System: Lixiscope with X-Ray Generator,

Materials Evaluation 41_, No. 7, 844-848 (1983).

Yin, L. I, Trombka, J. I., Seltzer, S. M., and Bielefeld, M. J., X-Ray

Imaging of Extended Objects using Non-Overlapping Redundant Array (NORA)

J. Appl. Optics (in press).

126
TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP

Division 533, Radiation Physics

Martin J. Berqer

Chairman, International Commission on Radiation Units and

Measurements (ICRU), Committee on Stopping Power.

Member, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

( NCRP ) , Committee #52 on Conceptual Basis of Dosimetry.

Member, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurments

(NCRP), Committee #55 on Experimental Verification of Internal

Dosimetry.

Robert J. Celotta

Chairman, NBS Research Advisory Committee, 1982-1983.

Editorial Board, Review of Scientific Instruments.

Member, Proqram Committee, Division of Electron and Atomic Physics,

American Physical Society, 1982-1983.

Charles E. Dick

Member, Technical Proqram Committee, Biannual Conferences on Applications of Small Accelerators in Industry and Medicine.

David L. Ederer

NSLS User Committee.

Member, Optics News Editorial Committee.

Chairman, Education Committee, Optical Society of America.

Marqarete Ehrlich

Chairman, Health Physics Society Standards Committee, Work Group on Criteria for Testing Personnel Dosimetry Performance. (Disbanded

June 1983).

Member, ISO/TC 85/SC 2/WG 2, Photographic Dosimeters and Reference

Radi at ion.

127
Division 533, Technical and Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (cont'd)

Margarete Ehrlich (cont'd)

Member, Health Physics Society Standards Committee, Work Group on Criteria for Testing Environmental Dosimetry Performance.

Member, Work Group on Revision of ANSI/ANS 6.1.1, Neutron and GammaRay Flux-to-Dose Rate Factors, American Nuclear Society.

John H. Hubbell

Secretary, Commission on Crystal lographic Apparatus, International

Union of Crystallograpy, Task Group on X-Ray Absorption

Coefficients.

Chairman, American Nuclear Society (ANS) Radiation Protection and

Shielding Division ANS-6 Ad Hoc Committee on SI Units.

Member, Cross Section Evaluation Working Group (CSEWG) Subcommittee

on Shielding.

Secretary, Pro-tern Committee, now- forming International Radiation

Physics Society.

Member, American Nuclear Society (ANS) Isotopes and Radiation

Division Nuclear Data Committee.

Jimmy C. Humphreys

Member, ASTM F- 1 .11 Subcommittee on "Quality and Hardness Assurance"

of the F-l Electronic Committee.

Secretary, ASTM Committee E10.07 "Ionizing Radiation Dosimetry and

Radiation Effects on Materials and Electronic Devices".

Robert Loevinger

Member, BIPM Consultative Committee for Standards for Measurement of

Ionizing Radiation, Section I, X- and Gamma-Rays and Electrons.

Member, OIML, SP.16-SR.2, Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratories.

Member, IAEA-WHO Network of Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratories, Advisory Council

Member, IEC TC 62/SC C/WG 3, Performance of Dosimeters. (Disbanded

March 1983)

128
Division 533, Technical and Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (cont'd.)

Robert Loevinger (cont'd.)

Member, ANSI/N44, Equipment and Materials for Medical Radiation

Appl ications.

Member, Medical Internal Radiation Dose Committee, Society of Nuclear

Medicine.

Consultant, AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee.

Member, AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 3, Regional Calibration Laboratories.

Member, AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 21, High-Energy

Photon and Electron Dosimetry. (Disbanded August 1983)

Member, AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 22, Brachytherapy.

Consultant, AAPM Radiation Therapy Comnittee Task Group 24, Physical

Aspects of Ouality Assurance in Radiation Therapy. (Disbanded Auqust

1983)

Chairman, AAPM Science Council Committee on the Effect of SI Units.

Thomas P. Loftus

Member, ANSI/N13, Radiation Protection.

Member, ANSI/N42, Working Group on Inspection and Test Specifications

for Direct and Indirect Reading Quartz Fiber Pocket Dosimeters.

Thomas B. Lucatorto

Co-Chairman, 1984 Conference on Laser Techniques in the Extreme

Ultraviolet.

Robert P. Madden

Member, Advisory Committee for the Stoughton Storage Ring (Tantalus),

University of Wisconsin.

Member, Editorial Advisory Board, Optics Communication.

Member, International Committee for the International Conference on

VUV Radiation Physics.

129
Division 533, Technical and Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (cont'd.)

Robert P. Madden (cont'd)

Member, Executive Committee, Optical Society of America, 1982-83.

President, Optical Society of America (OSA), 1982.

OSA Board of Directors, 1982-83.

Member, AIP Board of Directors, 1982.

Member, Council of Scientific Society Presidents (CSSP), 1982-83.

Member, CSSP Executive Committee, 1983.

Member, International Working Group for Middle Atmosphere Proqram on Solar Spectral Irradiance Measurements, 1981-84.

Member, Council of U.S. Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Directors.

Member, Program-Advisory Committee of the International Conference on X-Ray and VUV Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation.

Presidential Lecturer, Local Sections of the Optical Society of

America.

Member, OSA Committee on Finance and Investment, 1982.

Member, OSA Objectives and Policy Committee, 1983.

Member, AIP Nominating Committee, 1982.

Member, AIP Physics Today Advisory Committee, 1983.

Thomas J. Mcllrath

Member, Technical Council; Chairman, Atomic Spectroscopy Technical

Group, Optical Society of America.

Co-Chairman, OSA Conference on Spectroscopy in Support of Atmospheric

Measurements.

Member, Program Committee, Optical Society of America Annual Meeting.

130
Division 533, Technical and Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (cont'd.)

Thomas J. Mcllrath (cont'd)

Member, Program Committee, Division of Electron and Atomic Physics,

American Physical Society.

Chairman, 1982 Conference on Use of Lasers for High Resolution

Spectroscopy in the Vacuum Ultraviolet.

Participant and Panel Chairman, Workshop on Current Trends in Atomic

Spectroscopy, Tucson, AZ, October, 1982.

General Chairman, 1983 Annual Meetinq, Optical Society of America.

Vice Chairman, 1985 Gordon Conference on Atomic Physics.

Advisory Panel, 1984 Conference on Laser Techniques in the Extreme

Ultraviolet.

Advisory Editor, Laser Focus Magazine.

William L. McLaughlin

Chairman, American Nuclear Society (ANS) 9, Nuclear Terminology and

Units, Subcommittee 9.1, Health Physics and Dosimetry.

Member, ASTM E10.07, Radiation Effects on Electronic Materials and

Devices.

Technical Advisor, Association for the Advancement of Medical

Instrumentation Subcommittee on Radiation Sterilization of Medical

Devices, Task on Radiation Dosimetry.

Member, ANS 9.2 Subcommittee on Shielding, of the Nuclear Terminology

and Units Committee.

Technical Advisor, ISO WG-1, Nuclear Enerqy Terminology Task on the

ISO TC/85 Committee on Nuclear Energy.

Technical Advisor, Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Work

Group on Aerospace Physiology and Medicine.

131
Division 533, Technical and Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (cont'd.)

William L. McLaughlin (cont'd)

Technical Advisor, Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Work

Group on Space Biophysics.

William R. Ott

Member, Local Committee, 8th International Colloquium on UV and X-Ray

Spectroscopy of Laboratory and Astrophysical Plasmas, Washinqton,

DC, 1983-1984.

Member, International Working Group for Middle Atmosphere Program on Solar Spectral Irradiance Measurements, 1981-1984.

Robert C. Placious

Chairman, ASTM E7.01.03, Subcommittee on Industrial Radiographic Film

Cl assif ication.

Member, ASTM E10.07, Nuclear Technology and Application Subcommittee

on Radiation Effects on Electronic Materials and Devices and Pulsed

Radiation Effects.

Member, ANSI PH 2.31, Committee on Photographic Sensitometry,

Subcommittee on Medical X-Ray Film Standards.

Member, ASTM F12.60, Controlled Access Security Search and Screening

Systems.

Member, ASTM E7.01, Nondestructive Testing Committee on Radiographic

Practice and Penetrameters

Member, ANSI PH 2.34, Committee on Photographic Sensitometry,

Subcommittee on Industrial X-Ray Film Standards.

Member, New York Academy of Science.

132
Division 533, Technical and Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (cont'd.)

Daniel Polansky

Member, ASTM

Practice and

Member, ASTM

Member, ASTM

E07.01 Nondestructive Testinq Committee on Radiographic

Penetrameters.

E07.02 NDT Committee on Radiographic Standards.

E07.05 NDT Committee on Neutron Radiography.

Member, ASTM E07.91 IS0/TC135.

Member, ANSI PH 2.31, Committee on Photographic Sensitometry

,

Subcommittee on X-Ray Film Standards.

Stephen M. Seltzer

Member, International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurement

(ICRU), Committee on Stopping Power.

Michael G. Simic

Member, Military R&D Associates.

Member, Task Force, Council on Agricultural Science and Technology.

Lewis V. Spencer

Member, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

Committee #40, Task Groups on A-Bomb Survivor Dosimetry and

Bioloqical Aspects of Radiation Protection Criteria.

Member, Panel on the Re-assessment of A-Bomb Dosimetry, Advisory

Committee on the Radiation Effects Research Foundation, National

Academy of Science-National Research Council.

Member, Shielding Glossary Committee, American Nuclear Society.

Member, Interagency Committee on Federal Guidance for Occupational

Exposure to Ionizing Radiation.

133
MAJOR CONSULTING AND ADVISORY SERVICES

Division 533, Radiation Physics

1. M. J. Berqer is a consultant to the ICRU committee on High Energy

Electron Dosimetry.

2. M. J. Berger is a consultant to the AAPM Task Group on Photon and

Electron Dosimetry.

3. M. J. Berger and S. M. Seltzer collaborated with the Department of

Physics, Brookhaven National Laboratory, on the calculation of the

density effect on the stopping power of charged particles.

4. M. J. Rerqer, J. H. Hubbell, and S. M. Seltzer advised the ICRU

Committee on Material Equivalents and Tissue Substitutes on photon

attenuation coefficients and electron stoppinq powers.

5. M. J. Berqer and S. M. Seltzer advised the Department of Physics,

Brookhaven National Laboratory, on electron transport problems

pertaining to the storage of radioactive waste material in salt

domes.

6. R. J. Celotta and D. T. Pierce consulted on the construction and

operation of GaAs polarized electron sources with B. Dunninq and

G. K. Walters, Rice University, Houston, Texas; J. Williams,

University of Eastern Australia, Perth, Australia; M. Lubell, City

College of N.Y.; G. Prinz, Naval Research Lab; and D. Golden,

University of Oklahoma.

7. C. E. Dick consulted on proton radioqraphy for NDT and medical

applications for J. Saudinos, Sacla.y, France.

8. C. E. Dick provided S/N ratios and attenuation coefficients for

radiographic applications for E. Szymanski and R. Ledley, Georgetown

University Hospital, Washington, DC.

9. C. E. Dick provided data on phosphor characterization by single

photon counting for E. Mickish, DuPont.

10. C. E. Dick provided the X-Ray response of Si detectors for E. Rosato,

Inst, for Experimental Physics, Naples, Italy.

11. C. E. Dick provided beta ray dosimeter and detector calibrations for

R. Erkkila, LANL.

134
Division 533, Major Consulting and Advisory Services (cont'd)

12. C. E. Dick developed Apple plotting programs for R. Moore, Hillborow

Hospital, Univ. of Johannesburg, South Africa.

13. C. E. Dick provided electron detector calibrations for R. Erkkila

and R. Brake, LANL.

14. C. E. Dick provided electron detector response for F. Hajnal, DOE

Environmental Lab., NY.

15. C. E. Dick provided zero frequency normalization of screen-film DQE

for R. Waqner, BRH.

15. C. E. Dick provided data on X-Ray attenuation properties of Gd

20S for

P. Rocket, KMS Fusion, Ann Arbor, MI.

17. C. E. Dick provided filtered x-ray spectra for Y. Wang, Thomas

Jefferson Hospital, PA.

18. C. E. Dick provided bremsstrahlunq and K ionization cross section

data for Mark Twigg, NBS.

Id. C. E. Dick provided attenuation coefficients and scintillator

efficiencies for Les SI aback, NBS.

20. C. E. Dick performed X-Ray radiographic inspection of a "Blaylock"

painting for Martin Gnossi, NBS, and Jackie Brandt, Smithsonian

Inst.

21. C. E. Dick provided stereo x-ray pairs for D. Craig, NBS, OERI.

22. S. R. Domen advised S. Wang of the National Institute of Metrology

in Beijing, China, concerning construction and operation of the NBS

absorbed-dose qraphite calorimeter and NBS absorbed-dose water

calorimeter.

23. S. R. Domen advised C. Ross of the National Research Council of

Canada concerning modification of his calorimeter circuit for incorporation of the NBS temperature-drift balancer.

135
Division 533, Major Consulting and Advisory Services (cont'd)

24. S. R. Domen continues to consult with about a dozen individuals in

many countries who have constructed absorbed-dose calorimeters based

on the NBS design.

25. J. H. Hubbell responded to inquires to the X-Ray and Ionizing Data

Center on matters pertaining to photon cross sections from over 300

scientists in the U.S. and abroad.

26. J. H. Hubbell is a consultant to the ICRU Task Group II-B-1 Radiation

Dosimetry: X-rays from 5-150 keV.

27. J. H. Hubbell is a consultant to the LBL/CERN Particle Data Group.

28. J. H. Hubbell advised H. Diltingsrud and G. Gels, FDA, Nucl. Med.

Lab., Cincinnati, on methodology for computing dose rates from

radioactive clouds.

29. J. H. Hubbell advised P. Kliauga and S. M. Khanna, Radiological

Research Lab., Columbia University, on methodology for computing

dose-rates to the inner ear in Mffssbauer experiments using small

plaque sources.

30. J. C. Humphreys advised Radiation Dynamics, Inc., on setting up

passive dosimetry and active calorimetry measurement system for

electron beams. Similar service performed for Becton Dickinson.

31. R. Loevinqer was a member of an Ad Hoc Technical Review Group that

evaluated research proposals for the National Cancer Institute.

32. R. Loevinqer was invited to a meetinq of NRC officials as a consultant on measurement assurance methods for calibration laboratories.

33. W. L. McLaughlin provided consultation to W. Todd, Harshaw Chemical

Co., Solen, OH, regarding the methods of charged particle dosimetry

and depth-dose measurement.

34. W. L. McLaughlin provided holographic measurements of electron beam

depth dose to H. Borella, EG&G, Inc., Santa Barbara, CA.

35. W. L. McLauqhlin assisted R. Brake, Los Alamos Scientific Lab., Los

Alamos, NM, in radiochromic dosimetry.

136
Division 533, Major Consultinq and Advisory Services (cont'd)

36. W. L. McLauqhlin provided consultation with R. Baker and C. Graham,

Lawrence Livermore Labs., Livermore, CA on very hiqh dose

measurements of neutrons and photon doses, using color center

formation in Li F , and hiqh-dose radiochromic calibrations.

37. W. L. McLauqhlin prepared a technical exhibit for "Science in

Medicine" Exhibition in Washington, DC.

38. W. L. McLaughlin planned with W. Plimpton, K. Glibbert, and P.

Apodaca, Sandia Labs, Albuquerque, NM, high dose dosimetry for

neutrons and photons for weapons test diagnostics.

39. W. L. McLaughlin designed new radiochromic and fibre optics

dosimeters for medical and food irradiation applications for K.C.

Humphreys and A. Kantz, Far West Technology, Inc., Goleta, CA.

40. W. L. McLaughlin planned a hiqh dose dosimetry workshop for US DOE

National Labs, with R. Brake, Los Alamos, NM.

41. W. L. McLauqhlin performed calculations and measurements of depth

dose of charqed particles in various liquid systems with I. G.

Draqanic, IJniv. Mexico, Mexico City.

42. W. L. McLauqhlin hosted a seminar on Radiation Chemicals of Comets

with I. G. Draqanic, Univ. Mexico, Mexico City.

43. W. L. McLauqhlin consulted with R. Andrewski, Gamma Technoloqy, NY,

on dosimetry for the irradiation of food.

44. W. L. McLauqhlin assisted M. Donofrio, Rockbestos Corp., New Canaan,

CT, with electron beam dosimetry at very hiqh dose rates in radiation

processinq.

45. W. L. McLauqhlin consulted with R. Roedinger, ISO-STER, South

Africa, regarding food-irradiation dosimetry quality control.

46. W. L. McLaughlin collaborated with W. Owens, Isomedix, Inc.,

Parsippany, NJ, on international intercomparisons and calibrations of

plastic dosimeters.

47. W. L. McLaughlin provided R. Nakata, Rockwell International, CA,

information on high-dose dosimetry methods for quality assurance in

radiation processinq.

137
Division 533, Major Consulting and Advisory Services (cont'd)

48. W. L. McLaughlin provided high-dose dosimetry data on thin plastic

films in pulsed electron beams for Chen Xion, Peking Normal Univ.,

Peking, China.

49. W. L. McLaughlin consulted with B. Donn, NASA, regarding long term

(>1 year) dosimetry of charged particles using radiochromic thin

films.

50. W. L. McLaughlin planned with A. F. Dawond, Director, NIS, Cairo,

Egypt, a dosimetry program collaboration between NBS and the National

Institute of Standards, Cairo, Egypt.

51. W. L. McLaughlin planned a program of high-dose gamma-ray testing and

dosimetry of sealants and gasket materials for power reactors with S.

Wohl, Tremco, Inc, Pittsburgh, PA.

52. W. L. McLaughlin consulted with N. Getoff, Univ. Vienna, Austria, on pulse radiolysis of dyes and dye films for kinetics studies of dye

formation.

53. W. L. McLaughlin provided dosimetry services and consultation on the

use of 60Co sources for J. Benedetto, NBS, Washington, DC.

54. w. L. McLaughlin advised F. Boschers, 3M Co., TX, on high dose

dosimetry for sterilization of medical devices and their materials.

55. W. L. McLaughlin consulted with K. Vitale, Syntex Corp., Palo Alto,

CA, to solve problems of standardization of plastic dosimeters used

at dry ice temperatures.

56. W. L. McLaughlin assisted M. Childs, UOP Research Center, Des

Plaines, IL, in quality control dosimetry for electron beam curving

of plastics.

57. W. L. McLaughlin assisted G. Sykes, NASA-Langley, Langley, VA, in the

standardization and dose mapping of the area around a large bUCo

gamma-ray source.

58. W. L. McLaughlin provided assistance in area monitoring around large

60 Co gamma-ray sources to L. Shapiro and H. Boeing, Univ.

Cincinnati, OH.

59. W. L. McLaughlin provided consultation on electron beam diagnostics

for plasma physics requirements for W.C. Hsieh, Shaw Industries,

Toronto, Canada.

138
Division 533, Major Consultinq and Advisory Services (cont'd)

60. W. L. McLaughlin performed neutron and photon dosimetry at high doses

and dose rates for Drs. Broyles and Plimpton, Sandia Labs.

61. W. L. McLauqhlin performed traceable high-dose dosimetry as a means

of product release in radiation sterilization for C. Keeley, American

Hospital Supply Co., El Paso, TX.

62. W. L. McLaughlin designed an experiment for depth-dose measurements

with electron beams of various energies for J. Griesel, Honeywell,

Inc., Clearwater, FL.

63. W. L. McLaughlin provided an international calibration and

intercomparison for dosimeters irradiated with low-energy electrons

for Drs. Nable and Ranqwalla, Energy Sciences, Inc, Woburn, MA.

64. W. L. McLaughlin provided area monitorinq in nuclear fuel storaqe

area for J. Silverman, Three-Mile Island Power Station, PA.

65. W. L. McLauqhlin consulted with W. A. Quam, EG&G, Inc. Santa Barbara,

CA, regarding neutron-gamma ray ratios of responses of high-dose

dosimeters and depth-dose profiles.

66. W. L. McLaughlin provided quality control dosimetry in x-ray

lithography and electron beam lithography for W. Grobman, IBM,

Yorktown Heights, NY.

67. W. L. McLaughlin designed dosimetry program for quality control of

irradiation of organ and prosthetic implants for sterilization

purposes for B. Davis, I SCI - Bard, Billerica, MA.

68. W. L. McLaughlin designed calorimetry calibration technique for 4 MeV

electron beams used in radiation processing of polymers and

elastometers for P. Farrell, Radiation Dynamics, Inc., Melville, NY.

69. W. L. McLaughlin provided the standardizing hiqh-dose measurements

and dose distributions for low-enerqy electron beam curving of

plastics for W. Bacich, ITER Systems, St. Louis, MO.

70. W. L. McLauqhlin developed new chemical dosimeters for hiqh-LET

radiation for R. Culp, Center for Applied Isotope Studies, Univ. of

Georgi a.

71. W. L. McLaughlin designed test and dosimetry methods for plastics

irradiated to very high doses for G. Strand, Pacific Testing Lab.,

Seattle, WA.

139
Division 533, Major Consulting and Advisory Services (cont'd)

72. W. L. McLauqhlin designed for P. Van Etten, Lockheed Corp.,

Sunnyvale, CA, dosimetry methods for both electron (high-dose rate)

and photon (low-dose rate) irradiations.

73. W. L. McLaughlin designed a depth-dose experiment for verifying

electron transport calculations in various materials and across interfaces for B. Warner, Univ. Minnesota.

74. W. L. McLaughlin initiated discussions and consultations on quality

control and traceability for multi-lab sterilizing standardization

for T. Fisher, Becton Dickinson, Sumter, SC.

75. W. L. McLaughlin performed for V. Rosemond, Davis & Geek, American

Cyanamide, Danbury, CT, statistical analysis of dosimetry release of

radiation sterilized materials used in hospitals.

76. W. L. McLaughlin provided dosimetry information on quality control

for irradiation of space shuttle foods for S. Thompson, Radiation

Technology, Inc., Rockaway, NJ.

77. W. L. McLaughlin chose a selection of polymer compatibilities of

carbozole dioxazine dyes (for dosimetry) for S. Doshi, Eton Plastics,

Aurora, OH.

78. W. L. McLaughlin designed quality control dosimetry for 10-MeV

electron dosimetry processing for J. Ross, Martin Marietta, OH.

79. W. L. McLaughlin performed dosimetry consultation on dye systems for

testing particle-track theory for C. Trumbore, Univ. Delaware.

80. W. L. McLaughlin designed infra-red spectrophotometry as a new means

of dosimetry (analysis of crystalline organics) for J. Williams,

Neutron Products, Inc., Dickerson, MD.

81. W. L. McLaughlin performed high dose dosimetry in neutron-gamma-ray

fields with the use of 6 Li F- 7Li F for G. Zeman, AFRRI, Bethesda, MD.

82. W. L. McLaughlin performed low-energy x-ray and gamma-ray dosimetry

at high doses for H. Ito, IBS, San Jose, CA.

83. W. L. McLaughlin designed a method for purifying dyes for R. Burke

and M. Marenthal, Center for Analytical Chemistry, NBS.

140
Division 533, Major Consulting and Advisory Services (cont'd)

84. w. L. McLaughlin performed measurement and standardization of thinfilms for G. Barrett, Neutron Products, Inc., Dickerson, MD.

85. W. L. McLaughlin consulted D. Dingee, Battelle NW, Richland, WA,

regarding the US industry prospects for growth in radiation

steri 1 i zation.

86. W. L. McLauqhl in performed for S. Apostalon, Becton Dickinson

Research, Rutherford, NJ, electron beam calibration consultation for

on-line industrial quality control sterilization of medical

syrinqes.

87. W. L. McLauqhl in consulted with M. Kahn, Bossard, Inc., New York, on the use of dosimetry for quality control in the preservation of

various foodstuff by ionizinq radiation.

88. W. L. McLaughlin performed a consultation on x-ray stimulation of

luminescence of phosphors incorporated in polymers for F. Wang,

Polymer Division, NBS.

89. W. L. McLaughlin consulted with E. Figge, Baxter-Travenol , Round

Lake, IL, on dosimetry of sterilized medical products (statistical

analyses)

90. W. L. McLaughlin consulted on dosimetry project for bracheotherapy

and opthalmic applicators for tumor treatment for G. Glasgow, Univ.

of Wash., St. Louis, MO.

91. W. L. McLaughlin designed procedures for 4 MeV - 10 MeV electron

processing of foodstuff for D. Wocek, Vitametrics, Inc., San Diego,

CA.

92. W. L. McLaughlin developed food irradiation quality control through

the use of fibre optics dosimetry for T. Klein, Owens-Illinois,

Champlain, IL.

93. W. L. McLaughlin developed cellulose triacetate systems for hiqh-dose

dosimeters for K. Tanaka, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute,

Takasaki, Japan.

94. W. L. McLauqhl in developed dosimetry systems for traceability of

radiation measurements for food irradiation for C. Takaguchi, Food &

Druq Administration, Washington, DC.

95. W. L. McLaughlin designed a new program for radiation sterilization

of medical supplies for C. Parra, Abbott Laboratories, Austin, TX.

141
Division 533, Major Consulting and Advisory Services (cont'd)

96. W. L. McLauqhlin desiqned a new proqram for processing chemical

systems (sterility) for M. Pines, MSD Merck, West Point, PA.

97. W. L. McLauqhlin consulted with D.M. Strelczyk, Radiation Dynamics,

Inc., Melville, NY, on the use of radiochromic dosimetry in 2-4 MeV

electron beams (calibrations, beam mappinq, standardization).

98. W. L. McLauqhlin consulted on dosimetry of electron beams (quality

control) with D. Hillman, McDonald-Douql as, St. Louis, MO.

99. W. L. McLauqhlin desiqned a project for standardizing response

curves of fiber optics dosimeters for food irradiation for T. Rensel,

International Nutronics, Inc., Palo Alto, CA.

100. W. L. McLauqhlin consulted on absorbed dose rate effects on polychlorostyrene dosimeters with S. Jeng, Kendall, Barrington, IL.

101. W. L. McLauqhlin planned an international dosimetry intercomparision

for high dose dosimeters used in electron accelerator facilities

with U. Deffner and D. Regull a, Gesellschaft fur Strahlenforschung

und Umweltforschunq, Neuherberg, West Germany.

102. W. L. McLauqhlin desiqned an electron-beam calorimeter for radiation

Drocessing application; and introduced new plastics dosimeters for

sterilization of medical supplies and polymeric devices for Marion

Strelcyck, Radiation Cynamics, Inc., Melville, NY.

103. W. L. McLauqhlin orovided information on radiation processing of

foodstuff for Chen Fugen, Zhanq Shaoqui, Cao Xuexin, Zhu Jinxin, and

Xu Kechenq, Inst. Nuclear Research, Academica Sinica, Shanghai,

China.

104. J. W. Motz consulted with Ridqe, Inc., on design and construction of

an intra-oral x-ray source for real-time dental radioqraphy and

tomography.

105. J. W. Motz consulted with R. Webber at NIH on the design of realtime radiographic systems for dentistry.

106. J. W. Motz consulted with E. Larr at the Fort Detrick Army Dental

Research Group on portable systems for dental radiography.

107. R. C. Placious advised the Federal Aviation Administration on x-ray

screening systems.

142
Division 533, Major Consulting and Advisory Services (cont'd)

108. R. C. Placious, D. Polansk.y, and «]. Sparrow provide radiographic

services and consultation to NBS investigators. There also exists a continuing service to the Department of Defense in maintaining and

improving the radiological programs for the inspection of large

diameter rocket motors by defense contractors.

109. S. M. Seltzer collaborated with staff members at the Naval Research

Laboratories and the Naval Surface Weapons Center on the development

of a bean current monitor for intense electron beams.

110. S. M. Seltzer is a consultant to the Space Systems Division, Langley

Research Center, NASA, on radiation transport and space shielding.

111. S. M. Seltzer consulted on problems in radiation transport and

shielding, and collaborated on the development of x-ray imaging

systems with members of Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA.

112. S. M. Seltzer collaborated with staff members at the University of

Maryland and Radiation Dynamics, Inc., on calculations pertaining to

the feasibility of electron-beam bremsstrahlung for commerical

radiation processing.

113. S. M. Seltzer consulted on Nal and Ge detector response to photons

with staff at Brooklyn College and with Goddard Space Flight Center.

114. M. G. Simic is a consultant of the Norris Cotton Cancer Center,

Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH.

115. M. G. Simic is a consultant to IAEA, Vienna, Austria, regarding

radiation chemistry.

116. C. G. Soares advised J. C. McDonald of the Battel le-Northwest

Laboratory on spectrometric methods of determining the peak

kilovoltage of x-ray generators.

117. L. V. Spencer provided advice to FEMA, NCRP and NAS-NRC on radiation

problems pertaining to civil defense.

143
JOURNAL EDITORSHIPS

Division 533, Radiation Physics

M. J. Berqer, Editorial Board, Journal of Radiation Research, Japan

Radiation Research Society.

R. J. Celotta, Co-editor, Methods of Experimental Physics, Academic

Press.

R. J. Celotta, Member, Editorial Board, Review of Scientific Instruments,

American Physical Society, 1982-1984.

W. L. McLaughlin, Editor, International Journal of Applied Radiation and

Isotopes.

W. L. McLaughlin, Editor, Radiation Physics and Chemistry.

J. W. Motz, Editor, Computerized Radiology.

144
TRIPS SPONSORED BY OTHERS

Division 533, Radiation Physics

R. J. Celotta, attended and presented invited talk at US/Japan Seminar on Electron-Molecule Collisions and Photoionization Processes, Los Anqeles,

CA, Oct. 26-29, 1982.

R. J. Celotta, attended and presented invited lecture at the Symposium on Polarization and Correlation in Electron-Atom Collisions, Mtlnster, West

Germany, July 23-27, 1983.

C. L. Cromer presented a lecture to the Physics Department of the

University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, April 13, 1983.

D. L. Ederer presented a lecture to the Department of Physics at North

Carolina State University, Raleiqh, NC, February 7, 1983.

D. L. Ederer presented a lecture at the Joint Institute for Laboratory

Astrophysics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, April 26, 1983.

D. L. Ederer attended the Gordon Conference of Atomic Physics at ColbySawver Colleqe, New London, NH, funded by Gordon Research Conferences,

July 4-8, 1983.

J. C. Humphreys presented a series of three lectures on radiation

dosimetry and electron beam calorimetry for the Institute of Physics,

Universidad Nacional Autonoma Mexico, D.F., Dec. 13-20, 1982.

M. H. Kelley, presented seminar at the General Motors Research

Laboratories, Warren, MI, March 9, 1983.

R. Loevinqer was a member of a site visit team at the University of

Wisconsin in January 1983 and at Allegheny General Hospital in Pittsburgh

in May 1983, as part of a calibration laboratory accreditation program.

The trips were paid for by the host institutions.

R. Loevinger participated in a Symposium on Electron Beam Therapy at the

University of Pennsylvania in April 1983, and gave an invited lecture.

The trip was sponsored by the local chapter of the AAPM.

R. Loevinqer participated in meetings of the MIRD Committee of the Society

of Nuclear Medicine, in Atlanta, GA, in March 1983, and at Stonybrook,

NY, in July 1983. The trips were paid for by the Society of Nuclear

Medicine.

145
Division 533, Trips Sponsored by Others (cont'd)

R. Loevinqer participated in a week-long training course for calibrationlaboratory personnel, put on by the IAEA in Vienna, Austria, in June 1983.

The trip was paid for by the IAEA.

R. Loevinger gave the 1982 Landauer Memorial Lecture in Berkeley,

CA, in November 1982. The trip was sponsored by the local chapters of the

Health Physics Society and the AAPM.

T. B. Lucatorto attended the Gordon Conference of Atomic Physics at Col bySawyer Colleqe, New London, NH, funded by Gordon Research Conferences,

July 4-8, 1983.

R. P. Madden attended Physics Today Advisory Committee for the American

Institute of Physics, New York, NY, September 29-0ctober 1, 1983.

R. P. Madden presented presidential lecture to local sections of the

Optical Society of America in San Dieqo, CA, Stanford, CA and Boulder, CO,

February 10-17, 1983; Alburquerque, NM, Tucson, AZ, Los Anqeles, CA and

Portland, OR, March 31-April 8, 1983; Melbourne, FL and Huntsville, AL,

May 8-12, 1983, and Los Alamos, NM, June 28, 1983.

R. P. Madden attended the Board of Directors Executive Committee meeting

of the Optical Society of America, Boston, MA, May 23-25, 1983.

W. L. McLauqhlin visited Ristf National Lab in Denmark to present

training course and lectures on radiation dosimetry processing,

September 8-0ctober 3, 1982.

W. L. McLaughlin visited Radiation Technology, Inc., Rockaway, NJ, to

perform dosimetry for the radiation preservation of food for the space

shuttle, December 2-3, 1982.

W. L. McLaughlin qave a talk and consultation on x-ray beam dosimetry for

microelectronics applications for IBM Research Center, Yorktown Heights,

NY, April 12-13, 1983.

W. L. McLauqhlin visited the National Physical Laboratory, UK, to discuss

10 MeV electron beam calorimetry, June 6-18, 1983.

W. L. McLauqhlin visited Oxford, Enqland, UK to attend an editors meeting

for Perqamon Press, June 6-18, 1983.

W. L. McLauqhlin visited Harwell, Enqland, UK to attend an ICRU committee

meeting, June 6-18, 1983.

146
Division 533, Trips Sponsored by Others (cont'd)

W. L. McLaughlin attended the Gordon Research Conference on "Direct Action

of Ionizinq Radiation on Macromolecules" at Plymouth, NJ. Auqust 14-19,

1983.

W. L. McLauahlin visited the Becton Dickinson Research Lab., Research

Triangle Park, NC, Auqust 24-26, 1983.

A. C. Parr presented lecture to the Chemical Physics Institute of the

University of Oreqon, January 5, 1983.

D. R. Penn discussed theoretical physics at the University of California,

Berkeley, CA, Auqust 12, 1982; and presented a talk at the Xerox

Corporation, Palo Alto, CA, Auqust 13, 1983.

D. T. Pierce, presented Solid State Seminar at Brookhaven National

Laboratory, Upton, NY, December 9, 1982.

D. T. Pierce, presented an invited talk at IBM Research Center, Yorktown

Heights, NY, May 3, 1983.

M. G. Simic visited the Boris Kidric Institute for Nuclear Sciences,

Belgrade, Yugoslavia in connnection with IAEA, October, 1982.

M. G. Simic attended the 4th International Meeting on Radiation Processing

in Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, October, 1982.

M. G. Simic attended the Miller Conference (European Radiation Chemistry

Conference) in Htfnefeld, W. Germany, June, 1983.

M. G. Simic attended the III International Conference on Oxygen Radicals

in Mtlnchen, W. Germany, July, 1983.

J. H. Sparrow visited Coulport, Scotland, to determine the competence of

Royal Naval Ammunition Depot's radiographic inspection procedures for

large diameter motors to established standards. July 24-29, 1983.

147
CALIBRATION SERVICES PERFORMED

Division 533, Radiation Physics Division

Number of

Type of Service Customer SP 250 Cal ib'ins Income

Type* Item No. or Tests

Calibration of x-ray 377 8.3B,C, 202 ) and Y-ray measuring D,H,I ) instruments )

) $ 84k

Irradiation of TL

dosimeters

2-6 8.3M,N 32 )

)

) Calibration of ) 1 8.3K 0

penetrameters )

Calibration of 2-4 8.4E,F 11 ) Y-ray sources )

) S 7k

Calibration of 2,4-6 8.4K 7 ) 3-particle sources )

Chemical dosimetry measurement assurance ser- vice for electron beams

2 8.5B,C 40 $ 19k

High -dose irradiation 3-7 8.6B 290 )

)

)

)

)

Dose interpretation 4-7 8.6C 40 $ 29k

Spectrophot. reading 4-6 8.6D 289

of dosimeters )

Irradiat. of TLD dosims,

& prep, of units for

shipboard measurement

Navy N.A. 232 $ 70k

Instrument calibration Nucl. Reg. N.A. 1 $ 3k

& evaluation Commi ssion

Far UV radiometric transfer standard detectors

(photodiode calibrations)

1,3-8 N.A 22 $ 32k

Totals 1244 $244k

*Column 2: 1, calibration labs; 2, hospitals; 3, nuclear energy establish

ments; 4, industry; 5, US government labs; 6, DoD labs; 7, uni

versities; 8, foreign governments.

148
TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

Division 534, Radiometric Physics

Task No. 15241 - Advanced Optical Radiation Measurements

Task No. 15242 - Maintenance and Dissemination of

Optical Radiation Measurements

Task No. 26101 - Ouantum Radiometry

INTRODUCTION

The Radiometric Physics Division is the primary focal point within

NBS for carrying out the traditional Bureau mission of promoting

accurate meaningful, and compatible optical radiation measurements in the

wave-length region between 200 nm and 14 ym. The Division fulfills this

mission by

o conducting fundamental research aimed at new approaches

to optical radiometry,

o conducting applied research to extend existing radiometric

standards and calibration procedures,

o maintaining and disseminating the U.S. radiometric scales,

o developing resources of expertise for the solution of

radiometric problems wihtin NBS, government, industry, and

the public sector.

The Division's efforts are closely coupled to the radiometric programs of

other CRR Divisions in the ultraviolet below 200 nm. The Division

interacts with other units of NBS; such as the Offices of Measurement

Services, Non-Destructive Evaluation, and Standard Reference Materials.

A project to develop measurement methods and standards for luminescence

spectrometry, started last year in cooperation with the Center for

Analytical Chemistry, was continued in FY 1984. A new collaborate effort

with the Center for Absolute Physical Quantities, in optical fiber

thermometry, was started in the second half of the fiscal year with

specially allocated Director's Reserve funds.

149
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd)

The continuinq progress in the Division's research, development, and

dissemination work is detailed in the following reports of the four Group

Leaders. Division-wide, there has been a concerted effort to intercompare

source and detector based radiometric scales, to develop radiometric

methods based on self-calibrated photodiodes, and to transfer these new

methods to user groups.

Our staff is engaged in numerous interactions with professional

societies and standards committees at the national and international

levels. These interactions, as well as the feedback received from our calibration customers, are essential elements of our program planning.

For example, the Division gave high priority to the needs identified in

the Fourth CORN! Report and has formulated its response to the report,

containing suggestions to make the CORM/NRS interaction even more

productive.

Because of a world-wide interest in the Division's work in detectorbased radiometry, we have devoted substantial efforts to international

cooperations in this field. For example:

o We are participating in international intercomparisons

organized by the Consultative Committee on Photometry and

Radiometry (CCPR) to evaluate the practical consequences of the

recent redefinition of the candela. Our Division was chosen to be

the convening laboratory for one of these, an intercomparison of

V( X) silicon photodetectors by 12 national standardizing

1 aboratories.

o We have initiated a collaborative project with the National

Institute for Standards of Fqypt to realize photometric base

units by means of interference-filtered, self-calibrated

silicon photodiodes.

o A joint effort is under way with the Institute for Technical

Physics in Budapest, Hunqary, to develop new methods and

instrumentation for photometry and low-level radiometry.

o Several Division employees serve on international committees, such

as the International Commission on Illumination (CIE), which

are concerned with the development of new measurement methods and

standards in radiometry and spectrophotometry

These international activities have enabled the Division to further

our research programs by attracting a number of talented foreign guest

workers:

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Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd)

Mr. Shenq-Tsonq Chanq from the National Science Council of Taiwan,

participatinq in the development of spectrophotometric standards.

Dr. Mohamed Khodair and Mr. Shafik Khalil from the National

Institute of Standards, Cairo, Egypt, collaborating in the

above-mentioned Egyptian project.

Mr. Eike Krochmann from the Technical University of West Berlin,

Germany, working on the design of a slit-less prism spectrometer for

absolute spectroradiometric measurements.

Mr. Jean Verdebout from the Free University in Brussels, Belgium,

investigating interface recombinations in silicon photodiodes.

Mr. Jeffrey Tapping from the National Measurement Laboratory,

Sidney, Australia, consulting on the development of a new photoelectric pyrometer, and performing research on optical fiber

thermometry.

These additions to our staff, albeit temporary, have helped

siqnif icantly in the Division Work, Mr. John Ward has been converted

from part-time temporary to full-time permanent assignment to the

Calibrations Group. Mr. A. T. Hattenburg from the Center for Buildinq

Technology has been transferred into the Division to a full-time position

in the Spectroradiometry and Optical Pyrometry Group. We have also had

temDorary assistance from three talented student employees: Mr. Philip

Calhoun from the University of Tennessee, Mr. Eli Liang from the

University of Maryland, and Mr. Shellv Rosier from the Georgia Institute

of Technology.

Furthermore, we have effected a reorganization that will speed the

practical realization of source and detector based radiometry. A transfer

of personnel took place between the Spectroradiometry and Optical

Pyrometry Group and the Electro-Optics and Quantum Radiometry Group. Dr.

Zalewski now heads the Spectroradiometry and Optical Pyrometry Group, and

it now constitutes the largest Group in the Division.

As the reorganization of the Division became effective only towards

the end of the fiscal year, the Group reports that follow pertain to the

previous structure of the Division.

151
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd)

SPECTRORADIOMETRY AND OPTICAL PYROMETRY (J. B. Shumaker/E. F. Zalewski)

The primary objectives of this Group are to develop new calibrations,

instrumentation, and techniques for pyrometry, radiometry, and photometry.

Members of the group work closely with other members of the Division to

achieve these objectives. In particular, they work closely with the

Calibration and Dissemination Group to generate and maintain pyrometric,

radiometric, and photometric calibrations. They also assist other

government agencies in solving problems encountered in the pursuit of high

accuracy radiometry.

Optical Pyrometry

During the most recent scale realization by Walker of the Calibration

Group, a change was uncovered in the spectral radiance and irradiance

scales much larger than would be predicted from prior experience with lamp

output drift. This was traced to errors in the temperature calibrations

above the qold point. That is, a systematic error suddenly appeared in

the calibrations performed with the photoelectric optical pyrometer.

Waters workinq with Lewis of the Calibration Group located two possible

causes: an increase in scattered light and an abrupt change in the

transmittance of the interference filter. Scattered light from elements

preceding the filter was ruled out. A new filter has been ordered but not

yet received so the problem is not resolved.

The appearance of a problem with high temperature calibrations

emphasizes the need for back-up systems for measurements which are a fundamental part of the calibration program. Such a back-up system once

existed for the photoelectric optical pyrometer but is no longer

available. To solve the problem in the short term, the instrumentation

that was developed for the more efficient spectral irradiance scale

realization by Saunders and Shumaker is being employed by them as an optical pyrometer. Temperature calibrations obtained with this instrument

will enable the spectral irradiance scale realization to be completed and

several calibration orders to be filled, as well as the resolution of

several intercomparisons (see below).

The desiqn for a new photoelectric optical pyrometer by Waters has

undergone extensive modifications, influenced in large part by the work of

Tappinq and Jones of the Australian National Measurement Laboratory and to

a lesser extent by the recent advances in both radiometry usinq silicon

photodiodes and radiation thermometry usinq sapphire optical fibers. Thus

it is a great advantage that Tapping has just joined the Division

as a quest worker. Although his primary interest is in the optical fiber

thermometer project he has consulted at lenqth with Waters on the design

of the new optical pyrometer. The components for the new optical

pyrometer have been ordered, and laboratory space previously devoted to

blackbody development and heat-flux sensor work has been re-arranged to

accommodate the new pyrometer.

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Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd)

Spectroradiometry

The work on the new method of realizing spectral irradiance by

Saunders and Shumaker has been completed, except for the last step. This

was to be a comparison between the results obtained with both the old and new methods. As noted above, this was impeded by the setback in optical

pvrometry.

The final results of other intercomparisons involving spectral

irradiance have also been held up for the same reason: the

intercomparison with SURF by Saunders and Schaefer and the detector based

spectral irradiance measurements on FASCAL by Zalewski and Gladden.

Preliminary results of the SURF intercomparison indicated that there

may be a problem with the linearity of the silicon photodiode and/or

amplifier. This was studied using the automated beam conjoiner developed

by Shumaker. Previous linearity measurements using the AC/DC technique

(Schaefer and Zalewski) were verified. One advantage of the new beam

conjoiner was demonstrated by this application: its ease of use. Because

of its applicability throughout the Division, it is the intention to build

at least one more automated beam conjoiner.

As part of the work on the design and construction of the new beam

conjoiner, Shumaker has completed a chapter on linearity for the SelfStudy Manual. This manuscript is in the final review state of

publ ication.

This past year saw the final phase of the work on solar ultraviolet

radiometry by Saunders, Kostkowski, Ward, Popenoe, and Green (University

of Florida): publication of a Self-Study Manual chapter on the method of

hiqh-accuracy spectral irradiance measurements in the ultraviolet, and the

pendinq publication in the Journal of Geophysical Research of the analysis

of the solar observations made in Florida. Although this work made

considerable headway in advancing the state of the art in solar

ultraviolet radiometry, the original problems in monitoring the

ultraviolet transmission of the atmospheric ozone layer still exist as well as the problems in ultraviolet radiometry encountered in the studies

of the myriad effects of ultraviolet radiation on living organisms. This

work was originally funded by the EPA and because of limited finances it

does not appear that EPA will be in a position to fund it in the

foreseeable future.

In addition to the already mentioned Self-Study Manual chapters on Linearity and Solar Spectral UV Irradiance, chapters on Blackbody

Radiation and Temperature Scales by Richmond (Center for Chemical

Engineering) and on Spectrophotometry by Venable (Hunter Associates

Laboratory, Inc.) are well along. Substantial progress has also been made

on the chapters on Thermal Radiation Properties of Matter by Richmond and

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Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd)

on Time Parameters in Radiometry by Nicodemus (Catholic University).

There now remain chapters on Physical Photometry and on Spectroradiometry

of Spectral Lines, to be completed along with the others during FY 1984.

Array Radiometry

The commercially available array radiometers (optical multichannel

analyzers) were examined and one was purchased. As a first application of

this instrument, Hattenburg is using it to perform a special calibration.

This is more completely described in the section on the work of the

Calibration and Dissemination Group.

Long-Wave Infrared

This area of radiometry is highly relevant to DoD and consequently

all the work is in response to their needs. During the past fiscal year

Yokley, Ward and Calhoun (University of Tennessee) built and characterized

two hiqhly precise room temperature blackbodies: one for the Air Force

and one for the Navy. These were based on a blackbody that Yokley had

designed about ten years ago. Because the NBS machine shop could not

undertake the construction, all of the machining had to be performed using

our own facilities. It has therefore taken much longer than expected to

complete the project, but it is a credit to the inqenuity and skill of all

involved, and Yokley in particular, that the project got completed at

all.

In the cryogenic LWIR calibration chamber, because of the restricted

space and the many connections that have to be dismantled and remade for

each new test that is undertaken, the time required for each calibration

is exhorbitant. This is because the chamber was originally designed for

basic research in the long-wave infrared and not routine calibration work.

Also each calibration performed in this chamber over the last few years

was on a different device requiring unique support structures and changes

in the alignment of various components. To eliminate the first problem

Yokley has designed an extension to the chamber that has several access

ports, thereby eliminating the need to completely dismantle the chamber

for each new calibration. A suitable machine shop was found on the West

Coast, and was awarded the contract to perform the work. Enlarging the

volume will alleviate the second problem somewhat because each new test

will not have to be crammed into a tight workspace.

Also, in connection with the cryogenic LWIR calibration chamber,

steps have been taken to improve the detectivity of the system. A very

sensitive capacitance thermometer has been developed by Van Degrift of the

Cryoqenic Thermometry Group in Division 522 (CAPQ). In consultation with

Van Degrift, Yokley has begun ordering the components for this system. A

very high-frequency (and also very expensive, >30K$) signal generator

154
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd)

was ordered for this fiscal year using the CCG funds. The CCG has

expressed considerable interest in this work and has promised the

additional funding needed to complete upgrading the cryogenic LWIR

calibration chamber next fiscal year.

155
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd)

SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (J. J. Hsia)

The Spectrophotometry group is responsible for (1) establishing and

improving high-accuracy spectrophotometric and densitometric scales in the

National Measurement System by developing new instrumentation,

establishing new measurement capabilities, and improving basic standards;

(2) disseminating these scales by developing transfer standards and

standard materials, establishing measurement assurance program services,

performing calibration services, and providing consultation to the

measurement community; and (3) studying and developing new methods for

radiometric characterization of ODtical media and components for

scientific research and for emerging technologies.

Major achievements were made during FY 83 in the areas of reflection

transmission, fluorescence and densitometry.

Reflection

A long wavelength infrared spectrophotometry project has been started by

Weidner this fiscal year. The purpose of this project is to establish IR

measurement capabilities from 2.5 to 25 wn on transmittance, diffuse

reflectance and specular reflectance and to provide standard wavelength

standards. The sample holder for the Strong specular reflectometer has

been designed and fabricated. The gold-plated ellipsoidal mirror for the

diffuse reflectometer also has been designed and fabricated.

Two sets of diffuse-reflectance Measurement Assurance Program

transport packages have been sent by Hsia to two instrument manufacturers

and returned after measurements. These MAP packages consist of one set of

45°/0° and one set of 6°/hemi spherical diffuse reflectors. Suggestions

have been received for the clarification and improvement of measurement

procedures.

A feasibility research study has been performed by Weidner and Hsia

on using a sphere-chain as a tool to measure the linearity of a detection

system over a large dynamic range and to provide known attenuation

factors. More theoretical calculations are needed to estimate the effects

of inter reflection and geometrical arrangement of spheres as well as the

wavelength dependence of the device.

Hsia, as the International Chairman of the CIE Subcommittee on Standards and Techniques for the Characterizatrion of Materials, initiated

and participated in the project on "Survey of

International Reference Standards for Spectrophotometers and

Colorimeters." The first draft has been completed and was discussed at

the CIE September meeting in Amsterdam.

156
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd)

New Standard Reference Materials Nos. 2015 and 2016 have been

calibrated by Weidner. These standards are Vitrolite white opal glass to

be used on Hardy type spectrophotometers to calibrate diffuse spectral

reflectance in the visible spectrum. The associated research studies on the translucency of these standards have been published.

Work is in progress to measure UV diffuse reflectances and

bidirectional reflectance distribution functions of barium sulfate samples

for the calibration of a Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Radiometer for use

in the NASA solar monitoring proqram. The work is being performed by

Weidner.

Characterization studies and a pilot run on the MAP transport

standards for retroref lection have been completed by Eckerle. Data from

the two participant laboratories and the NBS have been analyzed for

measurement uncertainty. Processes have been started to establish a MAP

service on retroref ledtance to serve the public.

Eckerle has advised ASTM Committee E-12 and performed the statistical

analysis of an ASTM retroref1 ectance intercomparison.

Transmi ssion

The near infrared extension of the high-accuracy reference

spectrophotometer has been completed by Eckerle and Chao (National Science

Council of Taiwan).. A new measurement capability in transmittance from

200 to 2500 nm has been established.

Two sets of transmittance MAP transport standards (measured by

Eckerle and Widner) have been sent and returned after measurements from

two instrument manufacturers. Each set consists of seven neutral density

filters. Suggestions were received for clarification and improvement of

the measurement procedures.

The international comparison of transmittance sponsored by the CIE

Subcommittee on Standards and Techniques has been completed. Fourteen

laboratories participated, including NBS. The Subcommittee has completed

a draft of the two-part report. The first part consists of filter

descriptions, measurement instruments and measurements, and transmittance

data. The second part contains a statistical analysis of transmittance

data and the results of some investigations on the temperature effect on transmittance of these filters.

Measurements of diffuse transmittance and reflectance of translucent

materials often yield 15 to 20% errors. A sphere with one sample port and one monitor port was built by Weidner to study measurement methods for

157
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd)

diffuse transmittance. Sample apertures with different diameters were

used. Computer simulations were performed to calculate a transmittance

value for a sample aperture of infinite diameter. This method is

applicable for certain translucent materials. NBS has participated in the

intercomparison on diffuse transmittance and reflectance measurements

of plastic samples with known absorptance. This intercomparison is

managed by the CIE Subcommittee on turbid media.

Krochmann (Technical University of West Berlin) is calculating the

transmittance and passband of a prism system as a possible alternative to

interference filters used for filter radiometry. The calculation must

take into account the extended source, finite aperture, index of

refraction, prism geometry, detector size and distance from the prism and

wavelength.

Eckerle and Weidner consulted with the Egyptian National Institute

for Standards on the spectral transmittance of interference filters used

for filter radiometry. Weidner also consulted with EPA on the

calibration of neutral density filters for use in calibrating smoke

emission monitoring equipment.

Fluorescence

A new program on fluorescence was initiated this fiscal year. The

Reference Spectrofluorimeter will be used for this program. All optical

and mechanical components have been installed by Weidner. The cooling

water system for the arc source and the nitrogen gas system for the

shutters have been designed and put in operation. The control of the

instrument and data acquisition have been automated by Fowler. Automation

hardware includes a microcomputer, CRT, disk drive, printer, plotter,

interface control boards for shutters, encoders, and a diqital voltmeter.

Several control and data taking computer programs have been developed.

The source, source optics, excitation monochromator, sample optics,

emission monochromator, and detector have been aligned by Eckerle The

process of charcterizing the instrument is progressing. Characterization

parameters will include wavelength accuracy, stray radiation, bandpass,

linearity, irradiance of the source, and the detector response.

Densitometry

Fink continued to produce x-ray film and photographic step tablets

used in the calibration of optical densitometers (OD from 0 to 4) and

microcopy resolution charts for determining the resolving power of

microscopy systems.

The development of high optical density standards is progressing.

The objectives of this program are to develop high optical density

158
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd)

standards (up to OD of 5.8) and to base the calibration of master

standards on the Inverse Fourth Apparatus. The work involves development

of hardware and software for the Inverse Fourth Apparatus,

characterization of the Apparatus, and the issuance of high optical

density standards. The instrument now is fully automated by Popenoe.

A computer simulation has been performed to determine the optimum

positions which would give small uncertainty in determining 'zero

distance'. These optimum positions were used to perform the measurements

and the 'zero distance' has been determined to be 112 mm ±0.5 mm. In determining optical density of a film, the 'zero distance' was purposely

varied from 112 mm to 110 mm and to 114 mm. The resulted differences in

optical densities were within the theoretical predictions.

The uniformity of the power law dependence at different carriage

positions was confirmed using the following method. The optical density

of a film was measured at several positions of the carriage. The

differences in optical densities were within the random noise of the

measurements.

The lamp voltage was varied from 15 to 105 volts. The optical

density determinations were insensitive to voltages from 85 to 105 volts.

Optical densities of a photographic step tablet measured with the

Inverse Fourth Apparatus were compared indirectly with measurements from

Inverse Square Instrument through a transfer densitometer by Fink and

Popenoe. The results were within one percent of the values.

Preliminary direct intercomparisons on an x-ray step tablet betwen

the Inverse Fourth Apparatus and the Inverse Square Instrument were

performed. The agreements were also within one percent of the values.

Preliminary evaluation of low optical density samples indicated that

the receiver using an integrating-sphere diffuser yielded higher optical

densities than the one using an opal diffuser.

Several high optical density step tablets have been measured by

Popenoe. These step tablets, produced by an x-ray company, have seventeen

steps. The sixteenth step has an optical density of 5.45 and the last

step has an optical density higher than 5.8 and thus is beyond the

measurement capability of the Inverse Fourth Instrument.

159
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd)

ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM RADIOMETRY (J. Geist)

The Electro-Optics Group is responsible for (1) providing the basis

for photophysical process characterization in the National Measurement

System, (2) developing a new detector based radiometry that is different

both in conception and execution than the classical approach based on standard sources of optical radiation, and (3) developing new electrooptical technology for radiometric application. As was the case last

year, the major part of the Group effort was devoted to studies of silicon

junction diode physics as a basis for accurate radiometry.

During the last year, we cleared up part of the six percent

discrepancy between the assignment of the level of spectral irradiance at

SURF II according to synchrotron theory and according to silicon

radiometry.

The filtered photodiode representing silicon radiometry had been

calibrated by comparison to an EG&G UV 444B photodiode that was selfcalibrated using a corona discharge to apply oxide bias. Recalibration

showed that the UV 444R had been irreversibly damaged by the corona

discharge. (This had never been observed in the original work in

Australia). The UV 444B was replaced by one of the new 100% quantum

efficiency detectors (UDT QED 100) that Zalewski tested last year, and a 2% to 3% discrepancy was observed with respect to the spectral irradiance

standard lamps that had agreed with SURF II to within a few tenths of one percent last year.

A number of cross checks on various phases of the calibration and

comparison confirmed this difference, and no obvious explanations were

apparent. Because the spectral irradiance lamps vs. silicon radiometry

comparison on FASCAL (that was described last year) showed only a 1%

discrepancy, some thought that the problem could be with the interference

filters. However, there was no concensus as to the exact property of the

interference filter that was at fault. As a result, a number of different

avenues of research were identified as pertinent to this problem.

The research plan consisted of six projects:

1) The transmittance of a clear glass sample and of an interference

filter would be measured with the Division's high accuracy

spectrophotometer and with the laser based system that was used to

calibrate the filtered photodiode against the QED 100 quantum efficiency

standard. The disagreement between the measurements obtained with the

different instruments would be a measure of the spectrophotometric

accuracy of the laser based system.

160
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd)

2) A number of different types of interference filter and filter

components would be tested in collaboration with two manufacturers in an attempt to obtain filters with more spatially uniform transmittance.

3) An integrating sphere - interference filter - photodiode

combination would be constructed for spectral irradiance measurements.

4) The filtered photodiode-sphere combination and a filtered

photodiode without a sphere would both be calibrated against a QED 100

using the laser based characterization facility.

5) A silicon based spectral response calibration would be applied to

Shumaker's abreviated version of FASCAL (jokingly called SLOCAL),

including a test of the reciprocity between tuning the monochrometer

through a fixed laser line and tuning a wavelength tunable laser line

through the fixed monochrometer bandpass as techniques for measuring a monochrometer's spectral response.

6)

A four way intercomparison would be carried out involving a) the

existing spectral irradiance scale as maintained on a bank of lamps, b)

the silicon calibrated SLOCAL, c) the silicon based filtered photodiode

similar to that used at SURF II last year, and d) the silicon based

filtered photodiode-sphere combination.

Projects 1 and 3 were completed during 'this year by Schaefer in

collaboration with Eckerle and Saunders, respectively. Project 2 was not

completed to our satisfaction, however, we decided to carry out Project 4

using only the integrating sphere and the best filters that we had

obtained by September of 1983. This part of Project 4 and the

intercomparison between the filtered photodiode-sphere combination and the

existing spectral irradiance scale has been completed. We hope to have

completed the remaining Projects 4, 5 and 6 by the end of the calendar

year.

The results that we can report now are the following. When the

spectral transmittance of a clear glass filter as measured by the laser

based system is averaged over a number of interference fringes, the result

agrees with the transmittance measured by the high accuracy

spectrophtometer to within about 0.05%. However, when the spectral

transmittance of an interference filter as measured by the laser based

system is convolved with the bandpass of the high accuracy

spectrophotometer, the result agrees with the transmittance measured by

the spectrophotometer to within a few tenths of one percent near the peak

of the filter transmission and to within a few percent in the near wings

of the filter bandpass. The disagreement seemed to correlate better with

spatial variations of transmittance than with laser power level at the

detector. At any rate, it is clear that the characteristics of the laser

based system that were tested in this comparison are not the source of the

discrepancy.

161
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd)

More importantly, accordinq to the filtered photodiode-sphere

combination, the spectral irradiance at 600 nm of four lamps that maintain

the NBS scale of this quantity is 0.76% ± 0.23% ± 0.15% lower than the

current assignment. The first uncertainty is associated with the

calibration of the filtered photodiode and the second is associated with

the lamp to lamp variability. Recall that the uncertainty associated with

the current assignment of lamp irradiance is 1.2% at this wavelength.

Some progress was also made last year in understanding the

passivation and activation of recombination traps. Verdebout, a Ph.D

student at the Free University in Belgium, and Booker of our group

examined the behavior of an EG&G UV 444A photodiode under various

conditions of oxide bias and passivation. The UV 444A was a good choice

for this study because the 3nm thick oxide allows very large electric

fields to be developed with small oxide biases. Many periods of oxide

bias eventually resulted in an increase by a factor of 10,000 in the

recombination trap density at the silicon-silicon dioxide interface.

Without going into details, it now appears that thermal oxidation can passivate the interface by tying up the majority of dangling bonds at the

oxide surface and strained oxygen silicon bonds that can be broken by the

stress associated with large electric fields. Presumably these bonds

cannot be reformed at room temperature. However, a complex involving an electron, a danqlinq bond, and an as yet unidentified neutral species is

apparently stable at room temperature, resulting in an alternate

passivation process. Verdebout has returned for two months this year to

continue his study of recombination at the oxide-silicon interface. We

hope to be able to devise some experiments to definitively confirm or contradict this model.

A number of the Multiple Amplifier Ratio Boxes Labeled Esoterically

(MARBLE) (whose prototypes were discussed last year) were built under

Fowler's supervision this year and delivered to various laboratories

inside and outside NBS. In fact, with the acquisition of two MARBLE'S and

two QED 100's that had been tested at NBS, the Army Calibration Laboratory

at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama was able to switch from an electrical power base to a silicon base for its primary radiometric

standard below about 10 mW. Also, considerable progress was made in

implementing complete microprocessor control of an electrically calibrated

pyroelectric radiometer.

Based on the success of last year's feasibility study, Zalewski and

Matheson of the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Georgia

have measured the quantum yield of the chemiluminescence of luminol. At

present there is widespread disagreement among various quantum yield

measurements made by photochemists and photobiologists. Of the several

compounds suggested as quantum yield standards, luminol has shown the most

162
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd)

promise and has been extensively studied. However, it has not been widely

accepted as a standard because its quantum yield has not been accurately

verified nor has the reaction protocol been precisely defined. Use of

improved radiometric techniques based on silicon photodiodes has enabled a precise study of the reaction protocol and has resulted in a greatly

improved repeatability and a reduction in the overall uncertainty of the

auantum yield.

As part of the effort to extend the wavelength range of the

calibration of the absolute spectral response of silicon photodiodes

Booker and Gladden have measured the DRTIP radiometers at several mercury

and xexon lines. These measurements along with the laser based response

and reflectance measurements obtained last year are now being used by

Gladden and Zalewski to calculate the absolute response at 10 nm intervals

from 250 to 960nm. This is an extension of the interpolation calculations

first reported by Geist, Zalewski and Schaefer, and requires a significant

refinement of the model of the internal quantum efficiency.

163
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd)

PHOTOMETRIC-RADIOMETRIC CALIBRATIONS AND MAP (D. A. McSparron)

This qroup provides a firm measurement base for the Nation's optical

radiation community (defense and aerospace, instrument manufacturers and

commercial calibration laboratories, liqhtinq and photographic industries,

research institutions, etc.) To accomplish this objective, the qroup:

(1) maintains the ll.S. photometric and radiometric scales and

provides, improves and extends the NBS calibration services

for the basic photometric and radiometric quantities--radiance

temperature, spectral radiance, spectral irradiance, detector

spectral responsivity, luminous intensity, luminous flux and

color temperature.

(2) engages in activities such as intercomparisons, measurement

assurance programs, consultations and ad hoc experiments that

will insure that measurements made in laboratories outside

NBS are being made at acceptable levels of accuracy.

The routine calibration program continues to occupy about 50% of the

Group's activity. During FY 1983, calibration volume increased modestly

(6%). As detailed in the section on Spectroradiometry and Optical

Pyrometry, discrepancies were encountered in the realization of the

radiometric scales and traced to a systematic error in temperature

measurements. Walker and Lewis spent considerable time investigating this

problem in collaboration with other members of the Division.

The effort to improve the documentation of the routine calibration

services has continued to benefit from Hattenburg's efforts.

Documentation of the services provided on FASCAL (spectral radiance and

spectral irradiance) has continued to be the focus of this effort.

At the September, 1982 meeting of the Consultative Committee on Photometry and Radiometry (CCPR) plans were formulated for an international intercomparison of the photometric units of luminous

intensity and luminous flux. These intercomparisons are of particular

interest, since they will be the first attempt to quantitatively evaluate

the effects of the recent redefinition of the photometric units. Lamps

for these intercomparisons have been ordered and experimental planning is

well underway. Much of the scale realization work described elsewhere in

this report was undertaken in preparation for this intercomparison. NBS

measurements for the first round of this intercomparison are scheduled for

early FY-1984 with delivery of the lamps to the International Bureau of

Weiqhts and Measures scheduled for January, 1984.

The project to realize photometric scales through the route of selfcalibrated silicon photodiodes and filter radiometry is well underway.

164
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd)

Two Eqvptian quest workers, Khodair and Khalil, have collaborated with

Brueninq on this project. Appropriate interference filters have been

procured and calibrated to an accuracy of 0.2%. Detector packages which

are the main element of the experiment have been procured and are in the

process of being characterized for linearity and quantum efficiency. When

this characterization work is finished, the NBS scale of spectral

irradiance and the NBS scale of luminous intensity will be compared with

the detector scale. A noteworthy feature of this project is that all of

the equipment and measurements have been duplicated so that the

measurement capability can be taken to the Egyptian standards laboratory

and thus form the basis of their photometric work.

The array radiometer specified and procured by the Spectroradiometry

and Optical Pyrometry qroup has been used by Hattenburg on a project to

calibrate a film sensitometer for the National Center for Devices and

Radiological Health (NCDRH). The work included preliminary testing and

debugging of the instrument, installation of a printer, fore-optics, and a delay trigger, and finally measurement of the spectral radiance (350 to

800 nm) of a low-radiance pulsed sensitometer. The measurement was performed in two stages to avoid S/N problems with the weak source; first,

the time profile was determined with the sensitometer filters removed, and

next the spectral radiance distribution, with filters replaced, was determined at equivalent levels in the continuous mode. NCDRH will use this work to standardize the processing of x-ray film in medical

facilities nationwide.

Industry standardization of luminance and color properties of color

TV sets is a prime concern to the Electronic Industries Association JT -31

Committee on Optical Characteristics of Display Devices. Durinq the

year, NBS participated with eight industrial labs in an intercomparison

orqanized by this committee. The intercomparison consisted of

measurements of chromaticity and luminance on a color TV monitor that had

been modified to allow the color guns to be turned on individually and to

accurately control the beam currents. Jackson measured the spectral

irradiance produced by the monitor, on FASCAL, and computed the

appropriate colorimetric and photometric parameters from the spectral

data. This spectral procedure is in contrast to the industry practice of

using filtered detectors for such measurements. The intercomparison showed

a range in chromaticity values of 5 to 20 in the third place with NBS

about in the middle. Assessment of these results is continuing.

The expansion of the program in the 2 to 25 micrometer, long wave

infrared (LWIR) region is continuing as described in the Spectroradiometry

and Optical Pyrometry Group report. Two calibrations were performed by

Yokley (Spectroradiometry and Optical Pyrometry Group) and Ward during the

year. One involved a cryogenic blackbody in support of the DARPA Teal

165
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd)

Ruby project and the other involved a room temperature blackbody in

support of NAVY FLIR calibrations. The future importance of the LWIR area

is becoming more widely recognized (see the National Conference of

Standardizing Laboratories' National Measurement Requirements Committee

report). Efforts to obtain major DOD funding will continue in the coming

year.

The Fourth CORM Report identified as a high priority item,

development of a sustained source of photometric standards with rapid

accessibility. During the year several discussions were held with members

of CORM and with members of the Lamp Testing Engineers Conference (LTEC).

It was concluded that an appropriate mechanism for achieving this goal was

to establish a program in which one or more commercial laboratories would

maintain close ties with NBS through measurement intercomparisons. The

commercial laboratories would undertake to issue standards rapidly and to

generate standards of types not normally available from NBS. The

intercomparisons would be designed to validate the measurement

capabilities of the commercial laboratories to perform such work.

Measurements of geometrically total luminous flux were considered in

detail. Validation of a measurement capability for spectrally rich sources would require that at least one non incandescent source be

available from NBS. Planning and equipment procurement for a proqram to

calibrate some high pressure sodium lamps at NBS have begun. It is

envisioned that when this intercomparison program is completed, CORM will

disseminate the results to the measurement community.

166
SPONSORED CONFERENCES

Division 534, Radiometric Physics

IJ.S. Technical Committee 2.3 (Materials) of the Cl E (International

Commission on Illumination), U.S. Department of Commerce, April 21, 1983.

Infrared Information Symposium, NBS Gaithersburg, May 3-5, 1983.

Council for Optical Radiation Measurements, NBS Gaithersburq,

May 23-24, 1983.

Lamp Testinq Engineer's Conference, NRS Gaithersburq, May 25, 1983.

IJ. S. Technical Committees 1.2 (Photometry and Radiometry) and 2.2

(Detectors) of the CIE (International Commission on Illumination,

Joint Meeting, NBS Gaithersburq, May 25, 1983.

167
INVITED TALKS

Division 534, Radiometric Physics

Cohen, J., "Introduction to Thermography for NDT," ASTM Committee E-7 on Nondestructive Testing, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, January 24, 1983.

Geist, J. C., "Quantum Yield of Silicon in the Ultra Violet," March

Meeting of the American Physical Society, Los Angeles, California, March

21-25, 1983.

Mielenz, K. D., "Standardization in Spectrophotometry and

Spectrofl uorimetry," Ultraviolet Spectrom Group, Glaxo Operation UK Ltd.,

The Royal Institute of England, London, England, June 2, 1983.

Yokley, C. R., "Long Wave Infrared Calibrations at the National Bureau of

Standards," SPIE Technical Symposium East '83, Arlington, Virginia, April

7, 1983.

168
PUBLICATIONS

Division 534, Radiometric Physics

Cohen, J., Introduction to Noise in Solid State Devices, NBS Tech. Note

1169 (December 1982).

Cohen, J., Elements of Thermography for Nondestructive Testing, NBS Tech.

Note 1177 (May 1983).

Cohen, J., Three Guises of Generation-Recombination Noise, NBS Tech Note

1173 (April 1983).

Cohen J., Thermal -imaging system performance measures for nondestructive

testing. Thermal Image Sensing Diagnostics (Thermosense VI), Proc. SPIE

(in press).

Eckerle, K. L., Weidner, V. R., Hsia, J. J., and Kafadar, K., Measurement

Assurance Program Transmittance Standards for Spectrophotometric Linearity

Testing: Preparation and Calibration, J. Res. Nat, Bur. Stand. 88(1),

25-36 ( January-February 1983).

Eckerle, K. L., Chao, Z. W., Weidner, V. R., and Hsia, J. J., Extension of

a Reference Spectrophotometer into the Near Infrared, NBS Tech. Note 1175

(April 1983).

Eckerle, K. L., Hsia, J. J., and Liggett, W. S., Or., Geometrical

Alignment Errors in the Measurement of Prismatic Retroreflectors, Color

Research and Application (in press).

Geist, J., The Physical Basis for the Self-Calibration of Silicon

Photodiodes, Proceedings of Electro-Optics/Laser 80 Conference &

Exposition, Boston, MA, (November 19-21, 1980), 203-205.

Geist, J., The Quantum Yield of Silicon in the Ultraviolet, Proceedings of

the 1 Oth International Symposium of the Technical Committee on PhotonDetectors, Berlin, (September 1982), 49-53.

Geist, J., and Gladden, W. K., Transition Rate for Impact Ionization in

the Approximation of a Parabolic Band Structure, Physical Review B 27,

No. 8, 4833-4830 (1983).

Geist, J., and Wang, C. S., New Calculations of the Quantum Yield of

Silicon in the Near UV, Physical Review B j27_. No. 8, 4841-4847 (1983).

Geist, J,, Nyquist Noise in Current Carrying, Non-Linear Circuit Elements,

J. Applied Phys. or Proceedings of IEEE (in press).

169
Kostkowski, H, J., Saunders, R. D., Ward, J. F., Popenoe, C. H., and

Green, A, E. S„, Self-Study Manual on Optical Radiation Measurements, Part

III - Applications Chapter 1. Measurement of Solar Terrestrial Spectral

Irradiance in the Ozone Cut-Off Region, Technical Note 910-5, (1982).

Kostkowski, H. J., Saunders, R. D., Green, A. E. S., Ward, 0, F,, and

Popenoe, C. H., High Precision Atmospheric Ozone Measurements using

Wavelengths Between 290 and 305 nm, Journal of Geophysical Research (in

press)

Richmond, J. C., Hsia, J, J., Weidner, V. R., and Wilmering, D. B.,

Second-Surface Mirror Standards of Spectral Specular Reflectance (SRM's

2023, 2024, 2025), Nat. Bur. Stand. Spec. Publ. 260-79 (1983).

Schaefer, A. R., and Eckerle, K. L., Spectrophotometric Test Using a Dye

Laser Based Radiometric Characterization Facility, Applied Optics (in

press)

Schaefer, A. R., Hughey, L. R., and Fowler, J. B., Direct Determination of

the Stored Electron Beam Current at the NBS Electron Storage Ring, SURF11, Metrologia (in press).

Schaefer, A. R., Zalewski, E. F., and Geist, J., Silicon Detector

Nonlinearity and Related Effects, Applied Optics _22, 1232-1236 (1983).

Shumaker, J. B., Self-Study Manual on Optical Radiation Measurements, Part

I--Concepts, Chapter 10, Introduction to Coherence in Radiometry, NBS

Tech. Note 910-6 (1983).

Verdebout, J., and Booker, R. L., Degradation of Native Oxide Passivated

Silicon Photodiodes by Repeated Oxide Bias, 0. Appl . Phy. 55, No. 2, 406-

412 (January 1984).

Weidner, V. R., White Opal Glass Diffuse Spectral Reflectance Standards

for the Visible Spectrum (SRM's 2015 & 2016), Nat. Bur. Stand. Spec. Publ.

260-82, (1983).

Wilkinson, F. J., Farmer. A, J. D., and Geist, J., The Near Ultraviolet

Quantum Yield of Silicon, J. Appl. Physics (in press).

Yokley, C. R., Long Wave Infrared Testing at NBS, Proc. of SPIE Technical

Symposium East '83, Proceedings - Applications of Optical Metrology--

Techniques and Measurements II, Vol. 416, 2-8, (April 1983).

Zalewski, E., Description and Verification of the Silicon Photodiode SelfCalibrating Procedure, Proceedings of Electro-Optics/Laser 80 Conference

and Exposition, Boston, MA, (November 19-21, 1980), 208-211.

170
Zalewski, E., and Tufino, M., Silicon Photodiode Self-Calibration as a Basic for Radiometry in the Infrared, SPIE, Contemporary Infrared

Standards and Calibration 308 , 2-6 ( 1 981

)

e

Zalewski, E., Recent Developments in the Techniques for the SelfCalibration of Silicon Photodiodes, Proceedings of the 10th International

Symposium of the Technical Committee on Photo-Detectors, Berlin,

(September 1982), 127-136.

Zalewski, Edward and Duda, C. R., A Silicon Photodiode Device With 100%

External Quantum Efficiency, Applied Optics 22 , No. 18, 2867-2873

(September 1983).

Zalewski, E. F., and Lind, M. A., Interl aboratory Comparison of Detector

Spectral Response Transfer Capabilities, NBS Technical Note (in press).

171
TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP

Division 534, Radiometric Physics

Robert L. Booker

Member and Secretary, U.S. Panel of CIE TC-1 .6 on Fundamentals

of Visual Signalling.

Member, U.S. Panel of CIE TC-1 .4 on Vision: Photopic Mesopic and

Scotopic.

Member, U.S. National Committee of the CIE.

Robert J. Bruening

Vice-President, National Capital Section of the Optical Society

of America.

Member, Lamp Testing Engineers Conference.

Julius Cohen

Member, ASTM E-7.10 Other NDT, Methods (Infrared).

Jon Geist

U.S. Representative of TC-2 - Photon Detectors Committee of the

International Measurement Confederation (IMEKO).

Jack J. Hsia

Chairman, International Subcommittee on Standards and Techniques

of CIE TC-2. 3 on Properties of Materials.

Member, U.S. Panel of CIE TC-2. 3 on Properties of Materials.

Member, ASTM D-1.26 Subcommittee on Optical Properties of Paint,

Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products.

Member, ASTM E-12 Committee on Appearance of Materials.

Member, ASTM E-13 Committee on Molecular Spectroscopy, Subcommittee

E- 13.01 on Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy, E-13. 03 on Infrared

Spectroscopy, and E-13. 06 on Molecular Luminescence.

Member, ASTM E-37 Committee on Thermal Measurements.

Delegate from ASTM to ISCC.

172
Division 534, Technical and Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (cont'd)

Jack J. Hsia (continued)

IJ.S. Delegate to 20th CIE Congress, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Consultant, CIE Technical Division II

Donald S. McSparron

Member, ANSI Z311 on Photobioloqical Safety of Lamps.

Member, Lamp Testing Engineers Conference.

Member, Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) - Testing Procedures

Committee

i Member, U.S. Panel of CIE TC-1 .2 on Photometry and Radiometry.

U.S. Delegate to 20th CIE Congress, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Klaus D. Mielenz

Secretary, U. S. National Committee of the CIE.

Chairman, CIE International Technical Committee TC-2.3 on Properties of Materials.

IJ.S. Delegate to 20th CIE Congress, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Secretary, CIE Technical Division II

Member, ASTM E-13 on Molecular Spectroscopy.

Member, ASTM E-13. 06 on Luminescence.

Member, Comite Consultatif de Photometrie et Radiometrie.

Board of Directors (ex officio). Council on Optical Radiation

Measurements.

Fred E. Nicodemus

Member at Large, U.S. National Committee of the CIE.

Member, IJ.S. Panel of CIE TC-1 . 1 on Terminology.

Robert D. Saunders

Member, IES Committee on Photobiology.

Member, Illuminating Engineering Research Institute (IERI) Committee

on Extra Visual Effects.

173
Division 534, Technical and Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (cont'd)

A. Russell Schaefer

Member, U.S. Panel of CIE TC-2.2 on Detectors and Photometric

Instruments.

Member, Teller's Committee of Optical Society of America.

John 8. Shumaker

Member and U.S. Coordinator of U.S. Panel of CIE TC-2.3 on Polarization.

William D. Waters

Member, ASTM E-20.02 on Radiation Thermometry.

Edward F. Zalewski

Chairman, U.S. Panel of CIE TC-2.2 on Detectors.

Member, U.S. Panel of CIE TC-1 .2 on Photometry and Radiometry.

IJ. S. Delegate to 20th CIE Congress, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,

174
MAJOR CONSULTING AND ADVISORY SERVICES

Division 534, Radiometric Physics

1. R. J. Brueninq consulted extensively with Tom Luminello of Polaroid on the calibration and testing of photoqraphic sensitometers.

2 . K. L. Eckerle provided consultation to ASTM Committee E-12 on statistical analysis of intercomparison and precision statement for

ASTM method on retroref lectance measurements.

3. K. L. Eckerle provided consultation to Drs. Shafik Khalil and Mohamed

from the National Standards Institute of Egypt on spectral transmittance measurements of interference filters.

4. J. J. Hsia provided consultation to George Reed, Jr. of Kalwall

Corporation on diffuse transmittance measurements using integrating

sphere.

5. J. J. Hsia and D. A. McSparron consulted with Geng Zhiyuan and Liu

Jianguo of Laser Testing Centre, Opto-Electronic Technology

Institute, Beijing, China, on spectroradiometric and spectrophotometric measurements.

6. J. K. Jackson and A. T. Hattenburg provided consultation and on site

measurements to John Sager of the Smithsonian Institute to resolve

discrepancies in spectral irradiance measurements in plant qrowth

chambers.

7. D. A. McSparron consulted with Dr. Gerald Burnett of General Dynamics

and H. S. Peiser of the Office of International Relations on photometric equipment and appropriate tests of photometric measurement

capability for the University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran,

Saudi Arabia (Dr. A. I. A1 Mana, contact).

8. D. A. McSparron and K. D. Mielenz advised Mr. Donnelly and Mr. Steeb

of General Electric on the NBS photometric calibration proqram and

its role in the National Measurement System.

9. D. A. McSparron provided consultation to NASA and Bill Fowler of Ball

Aerospace Division on calibration of the SBUV/II ultraviolet solar

monitoring satellite.

10. F. E. Nicodemus is a technical advisor to the Joint Infrared Standards

( J IRS) Working Group of the Countermeasures Sub-Group of the R&D

Joint Technical Coordination Group on Aircraft Survivability

(JTCG/AS).

175
Major Consul tinq and Advisory Services (cont'd)

11. F. E. Nicodemus is a Subject Specialist Representative for the

Division to the NBS Library.

12. C. H. Popenoe is a member of the microprocessor subcommittee of the

NBS Electronics Storeroom Committee.

13. C. H. Popenoe provides ongoing consultation and advice in areas of

computer interfacing, laboratory automation, data acquisition and

computer control to personnel in other divisions within NBS.

14. R. D. Saunders consulted with members of the staff of the Bureau

of Radiological Health on spectral irradiance measurements for

monitoring uv radiation hazards.

15. R. D. Saunders consulted with members of the staff of NOAA (Boulder,

Colorado) on solar uv spectral irradiance measurements.

16. V. R. Weidner and J. J. Hsia provided consultation to Liu Jianguo and

Geng Zhiyuan of Beijing Opto-electronic Technology Institute of

China on prepration of tetrafluoroethylene powder and measurements

of reflectance.

17. V. R. Weidner provided consultation to Tom Logan and William T.

Winberry, Jr. of EPA in North Carolina on calibration of neutral

density filters for use in calibrating smoke emission monitoring

equipment.

18. C. R. Yokley consulted with Felix Schweizer of the Navy Metrology

Enqineerinq Center and Herb Little of Calspan Field Services on the

desiqn, construction, and calibration of blackbodies for DOD

infrared work.

19. E. F. Zalewski visited the National Office of Measures in Budapest,

Hunqary, from Aug. 23 to 26, 1983 to assist the Optics Section in

establishing radiometric and photometric scales based on the selfcalibration of silicon photodiodes.

176
STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS

Division 534, Radiometric Physics

1. SRM 1001, X-Ray Film Step Tablet

Used in the calibration of optical densitometers and similar

equipment used in the photographic, graphic arts, and x-ray fields.

Certified for Optical Densities from 0 to 4.

2. SRM 1008, Photographic Step Tablets

Used in the calibration of optical densitometers and similar

equipment used in the photographic and graphic arts fields.

Certified for Optical Densities from 0 to 4.

3. SRM 1010a, Microcopy Resolution Tests Charts

Used for determining the resolving power of microcopy systems.

4. SRM 2061, Reflection Step Tablets

Used in the calibration of reflection densitometers and similar

equiDment used in the photographic and graphic arts fields.

Certified for optical density from 0 to 2.

5. SRM 2010 and 2020, White Ceramic Tile for Directional -Hemi s- pherical Reflectance from 250 to 2500 nm,

SRM 2021 and 2022, Black Porcelain Enamel for Directional - Hemispherical Reflectance from 250 to 2500 nm,

SRM 2015 and 2016, White Opal Glass for Directional-Hemispherical

Reflectance from 400 to 750 nm.

For use in calibrating the reflectance scale of an integrating sphere

reflectometer.

6. SRM 2003a, First Surface Aluminum Mirror for Specular Reflectance

from 250 to 2500 nm.

SRM 2023, 2024, and 2025 Second Surface Aluminum Mirror for Specular

Reflectance from 250 to 2500 nm.

For use in calibrating the photometric scale of specular reflectometers

7. SRM 2009, 2010, 2013, and 2014 Didymi um-Oxide glass as Wavelength

Standards between 400 and 760 nm.

177
Type of Service

Pyrometry

Soectror ad i ometr.y

Photometry

Spectrophotometry

CALIBRATION SERVICES PERFORMED

Division 534, Radiometric Physics

Customer SP 250 Number of

tests

7.4 A 15

thru G

Defense & Aerospace 9

Instrument & Cal labs 1 Lighting & Photography 2

Electrical & Materials 3

7.5 A 31

thru J

Defense & Aerospace 10

Instrument & Cal labs 8

Lighting & Photography 3

Foreign 5

Electrical & Materials 5

7.7 A

thru R 30

Defense & Aerospace 10

Instrument & Cal labs 5

Lighting & Photography 5

Foreign 8

Electrical & Materials 2

7.8 A 35

thru I

Defense & Aerospace 4

Instrument & Cal labs 20

Lighting & Photography 3

Foreign 4

Electrical & Materials 4

Income

$13K

IK

2K

4K

$48K

9K

5K

1 IK

9K

S14K

15K

5K

1 IK3K

$ 5K

10K

IK

IK

3K

111

$20K

S82K

$48K

$20K

$170

178
Calibration Services Performed (cont'd)

A. T. Hattenburq, special calibration of the spectral radiance of a lowradiance pulsed sensitometer for the National Center for Devices and

Radiological Health.

179
TRIPS SPONSORED BY OTHERS

Division 534, Radiometric Physics

J. Geist, airfare and per diem supplied by University of Arizona to review

design of solar spectral radiometer developed for solar monitorinq program

by University of Arizona for NOAA. (12/12-15/82).

K. D. Mielenz, airfare and per diem supplied by Perkin-Elmer Limited,

London, England, for lecture at the Royal Institution at the invitation of

the Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry Group. (6/1-2/83).

E. F. Zalewski, per diem supplied by the Hungarian National Office of

Measures within the framework of the USA-Hungarian Exchange Program (8/23-

26/83).

180
TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

Division 535, Radiation Source and Instrumentation

Task No. 15252 - Provide linac beam

Task No. 15253 - FASTBUS instrumentation specification

Task No. 15254 - Design, install and test microtron components

CW Microtron Project

This project, sponsored by the Division of Nuclear Physics of the

Department of Energy is a joint effort of the Radiation Source and Instrumentation Division of CRR and the Accelerator Technology Division of the

Los Alamos National Laboratory. We have just completed the fourth year of

this project. It has been a productive and successful year. The 100 keV

beam line has been completed and tested (except for the rf chopping and

bunching), and found to meet or exceed all design goals. The 2.7m preaccelerator section employing side-coupled rf structure has been built and

tested (without beam), and found to meet or exceed all design goals.

In March 1983 we presented to DoE a revised budget and schedule for

the project. At that time we predicted a September 1985 completion of the

project including a full set of accelerator performance measurements. We

have had to make some internal rearrangements of the schedule, primarily

due to delivery delays of contracted construction work, and we have had to

accept a slight delay in project completion due to a slightly reduced

level of funding. We now forcast a March 1986 completion date. Spending

since March 1983 has been within budget estimates presented at that time.

We have published a number of our technical innovations, and several

of these are already having a significant impact on other accelerator

projects. For example, the University of Illinois is reproducing our end

magnets and copying our injection system (with only minor changes) in the

upgrade of their superconducting microtron MUSL-2 to a ~ 200 MeV room- temperature machine. The side-coupled rf structure developed in our project appears ideal for several other applications.

Planning for New Facility

In January 1983 we submitted to DoE and NSF a proposal to fund the

construction of a second stage, 1 GeV RTM, and experimental facilities for

both the 200 MeV and 1 GeV machines. The proposal was reviewed by NSAC

(Nuclear Sciences Advisory Committee). The proposal was not recommended

for DoE/NSF funding by NSAC (along with three others) in favor of the SURA

proposal for a 4 GeV CW machine. However the NSAC Panel "Strongly encourages the Department of Commerce to continue to operate the 200 MeV facili181
Division 535, Accelerator Research (cont'd.)

ty as it has NBS facilities in the past, welcoming collaborators from the

external scientific community involved in experimental programs with NBS

staff."

Based on this endorsement, plus strong interest from many potential

university-based collaborators, and encouragement from high levels within

DoE, NSF, and OSTP, we (Divisions 535 and 532) have submitted an initiative for the FY 1985 budget to support a vigorous research program using

the RTM. The initiative includes several new staff positions plus new experimental apparatus to utilize the RTM, plus a provision to continue

operation of the Linac, for neutron measurements only.

Consulting and Advisory Services

The application of accelerators and accelerator technology is growing

at a tremendous rate, as evidenced by the fact that there is at present a severe nationwide shortage of trained accelerator physicists and engineers. Older applications of accelerators in fields such as cancer therapy, medical diagnostics, curing of paints and plastics, nuclear and high

energy physics research, and many others are well known. Newer applications in such areas as fusion energy sources (both magnetic and inertial

confinement fusion schemes do or might employ particle accelerators),

weapons, weapon effects simulation, and materials far beyond what was thought possible a few years ago. NBS has an excellent reputation in the

accelerator community, based largely on important contributions made in

the past, and therefore we are constantly being called on to provide con- sulting and advisory services, as well as specific research work. Requests for our services in this area have come from many agencies including DoD, DoE, NSF, NASA, as well as a number of universities and industrial organizations. Although our in-house research programs on DoD accelerator needs have been phased out, both M. Wilson and S. Penner will con- tinue to provide consulting services as requested.

182
LINAC OPERATIONS

Division 535, Radiation Source and Instrumentation Division

The NBS Electron Linac was designed in 1960 with maximum flexibility

in order to support a wide variety of program activities of interest to

NBS. Major users of the linac in FY 1983 included programs in neutron

cross section standards and radiography, high energy electron scattering,

electron activation, photonuclear research, and activation analysis. The

last is an activity of the Center for Analytical Chemistry In addition,

a number of outside col 1 aborators and guest workers participated in the

above mentioned programs.

The Linac Operations staff normally consists of three engineers and seven technicians. At present the staff consists of only one engineer and

four technicians. In spite of its relatively small size this group has

achieved a highly commendable operating efficiency as described below.

The staff operates and maintains the facility as well as designs,

constructs, and installs new equipment to improve operations and extend

the capability of the Linac and the beam handling system. The mechanical

instrumentation group within the Division provides help by maintaining the

integrity of the vacuum and cooling systems of both the Linac and beam

handling system as well as designing, construction, and installing

mechanical components. Table I shows the distribution of the total Linac

Operations staffing time in operation of the facility for FY 1983 (through

July 1983). The facility is staffed from 7:30am Monday morning and runs for experiments until 6:30 am Saturday. Scheduled maintenance hours have

varied throughout the year.

Experiment time on the facility was requested by and allocated to users at scheduling meetings, which were held every four weeks. Time

requested by experimenters did not come up to 100%. Table I shows a new

item, unscheduled time, 324 hours. This was a result of several of our users not being able to schedule time due to equipment failure and then

taking part in long range planning activities. Most of this time was used

for the staff to use annual leave, etc. Table II shows the distribution

of time by experiment for the fiscal year.

The unscheduled maintenance of 687.0 hours, through August 1, is

broken down and summarized by system in Table III. The large amount of

unscheduled maintenance is due, in the main, to three factors: (1) the

facility is old, having begun operation for experiments in 1965, (2) the

lack of resources, especially in FY 1982 and 1983, both financial and

personnel wise, and (3) due to #2 we were unable to have a scheduled shut

down for annual preventive maintenance.

183
Division 535, Linac Operations (cont'd.)

TABLE I

LINAC OPERATIONS

Month/Year Scheduled Actual

FY 83 Hours Hours

Maintenance 436.0 436.0

Unscheduled Maintenance --- 737.

1

Beam Time 3055.5 2303.5

Set-Up* 125.0 121.5

Experimental Down-Time** — 18.5

Installation — —

Inventory --- —

Unscheduled Time 380.0 380.0

TOTAL HOURS*** 3996.5 3996.5

*Includes lock-up after scheduled maintenance.

**Linac available for operation, but experiment either not ready or breaks down during scheduled run.

***Total staffing hours.

includes 119.5 hours of Plant down time.

184
LINAC

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185

HROUGH

SEPTEMBER

1983
Division 535, Linac Operations (cont'd.)

TABLE III

LINAC OPERATIONS

FY 83

LINAC: Total unscheduled maintenance 571.5 hours

System:

Injector 197.0 hours 34.5%

Modulators 184.0 hours 32.2%

R.F. Drive 65.0 hours 11.4%

R.F. Window (Buncher) 34.5 hours 6.0%

Vacuum 27.0 hours 4.7%

No other system or item over 2%.

BHS: Total unscheduled maintenance 26.0 hours.

Balance of total unscheduled maintenance, 165.5 hours, due to

air conditioning and power outage.

186
SURF OPERATIONS

Division 535, Radiation Source and Instrumentation Division

SURF-II is a dedicated synchrotron radiation facility, consisting of

the recently upgraded 280 MeV electron synchrotron storage ring, a 10 MeV

microtron injector and associated synchrotron radiation beamlines. It produces light in a narrow, intense, highly polarized beam with a continuous and accurately known spectrum from the infrared through the visible

and into the extreme ultraviolet. SURF-II is unique among synchrotron

light sources by virtue of its uniform and precisely known electron orbit.

SURF-II serves users from the Radiation Physics Division (533) as well as from other NBS divisions and outside users, in radiometric standards and calibration work, optical physics research, surface science,

biochemi stry, spectroscopy and other areas involving ultraviolet radiation. It fills a growing demand for radiation in the ultraviolet and soft

x-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The multiple ports at SURF now serve six active experimental stations, all of which can run simultaneously. The Optical Calibration Facility on beamlir.e 2 is operating on

a full schedule for outside user groups. Three additional stations are under construction.

During FY 83 several significant improvements in machine performance

were achieved, principally in terms of beam current and beam stability.

These improvements complement the increase in operating energy implemented

in FY 82 and combine to make SURF-II a brighter as well as a more accurate

source of ultraviolet radiation. A new record beam of 60 mA at 282 MeV

was attained recently (the old record was 47 mA 0 243 MeV). Routine beam

currents are now in the 20 to 40 mA range; formerly typical beams were 10

to 20 mA. Beam stability has been improved in two ways: (1) the shortterm stability of the storage ring magnet power supply was improved by an order of magnitude and (2) the stability of the beam size in the "fuzzed"

mode was improved dramatically by replacing the discrete frequency source

used to drive the vertical beam resonance with a narrow-band white noise

source. In addition to providing a cleaner, more stable light source,

these last two improvements are also paying dividends from the point of

view of machine performance and operating ease. Better magnet stability

allows the operator to fine-tune the machine more easily and more quickly

and to obtain consistently bigger beams. Similarly the use of white noise

has greatly simplified the "fuzzed" mode of operation. No tuning is re- quired. The operator merely sets the drive level with a single knob.

Considerable effort was expended this year to improve the vacuum

quality in the machine. Chronic leaks in the microtron, transport line

and storage ring were located and eliminated. The pumping capacity of the

>#>

187
Division 535, SURF Operations (cont'd.)

microtron vacuum system was also improved. The effect on machine performance has been dramatic. At 10" 8 torr, beam lifetime in the ring at 10 MeV

injection energy was only a few seconds. Consequently, 50% of the beam or more may have been lost during the low-energy phase of the acceleration

process. Now, at 10" 9 torr, beam lifetime at 10 MeV is tens of seconds,

long enough to accelerate nearly all the captured beam to high energy

where vacuum effects are much less pronounced.

The improved pumping capacity of the microtron vacuum system has made

it feasible to pursue detailed studies of mictoron performance. Orbit-byorbit measurements of beam current have been performed. These indicate

that beam losses occur primarily during the first three orbits in the

microtron, as well as in the last two. The RF cavity is probably responsible for losses in the first few turns. Experiments with different cavity flight apertures are now in progress. The losses in the final orbits

may be due to magnetic field inhomogeneity. Detailed field mapping will

be required to verify that hypothesis. It may be possible to draw on the

expertise of the RTM group after they have completed their measurements of

the RTM end magnets.

While extraction from the microtron, transport to the ring and passage through the inf lector channel are all quite efficient, capture in the

storage ring is very inefficient. The capture process is controlled by

the tune of the magnet and by the pulse bump field Investigation of capture vs. pulse bump coil voltage showed that the 10 kV provided by the

present power supply is far below optimum. Boosting this voltage to 12 kV

gave an immediate 50% increase in captured beam current and was in large

part responsible for the 60 mA record beam. 15 kV may yield a 100% in- crease. Further increase beyond 15 kV, if warranted, would necessitate

complete redesign of the pulser, the vacuum feedthroughs and the coil

itself. For the present, the system circuitry, cabling and connectors

have been upgraded to withstand 15 kV and a suitable power supply is on order

It should be mentioned that the second harmonic RF system was tested

and its effect on the beam was investigated. Its effectiveness in the

present form was judged to be less than satisfactory for a number of reasons. The harmonic RF output showed excessive phase jitter relative to

the fundamental. (This can be remedied with a phase-locked loop). The

compromises made in combining the pulse bump coil with an accelerating

cavity resulted in lower Q and less effective pulse bump operation, than

if separate structures had been used. For the time being, the structure

has been removed from the ring for further bench testing. The original

bump coil has been reinstalled. However, the concept of harmonic RF excitation for bunch stretching is still a promising one. Since the half-life

of an unfuzzed 60 mA beam is only about 20 minutes, the need for such a system is greater than ever and will continue to be pursued.

188
>35, SURF Operations (cont'd.)

reviewing the experience and accomplishments of the past year, it

•’resting to compare the present performance of SURF with its origioec ifications on the one hand, and with the latest projection for the

tuture on the other. The projections take into account the following:

(1) The record 60 mA stored beam was achieved with a microtron output of only 27 mA. The microtron has in the past produced 45 mA. With an optimized RF cavity, it may yield 60 mA or more, (limited by the available RF output of the magnetron.) This should provide at least a factor

of two improvement.

(2) Increasing the pulse bump voltage to 15 kV should increase capture by another 30-40%, unless capture begins to plateau above 12 kV.

(3) The magnet, coils and power supplies are capable of supporting

300 MeV. The present 2 kW RF supply would have to be replaced with a 5 kW

unit to maintain reasonable beam lifetime at that energy. The main RF

cavity may have to be redesigned to avoid voltage breakdown. In addition,

the water cooling system will require additional capacity to handle the

increased thermal load.

In the projection for beam current it is tacitly assumed that no current-dependent instabilities will be encountered, or, if they are, that

they can be overcome.

It is appropriate to acknowledge at this point that many of the improvements and accomplishments reported here and in past reports have been

achieved through the continuing close cooperation between the SURF Operations staff and the Far UV Physics group of the Radiation Physics Division

(533).

Table I. SURF II Performance History and Projections

Original Present Projected

Specification Performance Limits

ENERGY 240 MeV 282 MeV 300 MeV

CURRENT 10 mA 60 mA 160 mA

Operational statistics are not as impressive this year, due in larqe

part to the shutdowns which were necessary to accomplish the various improvements described above. Whenever possible, these shutdowns were scheduled during lulls in user demand. Unscheduled downtime was up too,

mainly because of vacuum problems with the microtron RF waveguide feedthrough. At present the machine is in very good health and is performing

well at the newly-attained levels of beam intensity.

189
Division 535, SURF Operations (cont'd.)

Table 2. SURF Operational St at i sties

FY 81 FY 82 FY 83

Beam to users 1872 hours 855 hours 989 hours

Standby (beam available) 267 81 259

Studies & Maintenance 216 136 280

Unscheduled Downtime 126 159 304

Total hours

2481 1262

(6 month

shutdown)

1832

(1 1/2 month

shutdown)

SURF Users During FY 83

NBS Users:

R. Madden, D. Ederer, L. Hughey, A. Parr E. Saloman. S. Southworth, N.

Swanson; Far UV Physics Group, Radiation Physics Division, 533

J. Geist, R. Schaeffer; Radiometric Physics Division, 534

J. Cooper, Center for Absolute Physical Quantities, 520

T. Madey, R. Stockbauer, D. Doering, R. Kurtz; Surface Science Division,

541

Outside Users:

G. Carruthers, NRL

M. Van Hoosier, NRL

R. Williams, D. Ma, S. Mak, NRL

J. Rife, NRL

D. Williams, J. Mental 1, NASA Goddard

R. Linton, NASA Marshall

J. Chmielewski, Los Alamos

R. Catchings, Howard University

190
Division 535, SURF Operations (cont'd.)

G. Mount, R. Jakoubek, LASP University of Colorado

J. Risley, A. McPherson, N. Rouze, North Carolina State University

D. Hwang, Princeton University

C. Mehlman, CNRS France

E. Bertel, University of Innsbruck, Austria

D. Holland, Daresbury, U.K.

191
INSTRUMENTATION STANDARDS

Division 535, Radiation Source and Instrumentation

Electronic Instrumentation Maintenance and Construction

Provision of electronics instrumentation maintenance and construction services for the experimental programs of the Center for Radiation

Research is a continuing responsibility of the Radiation Instrumentation

Group in the Division. Instruments designed and constructed during 1983

number about 90 and maintenance has involved about 230 instruments.

Control Instrumentation Design and Construction

Design and construction of experiment and system control instrumentation continues to be an important element of Radiation Instrumentation

Group activities. Recent examples of this instrumentation are: a target

system controller for the electron scattering spectrometer used on the

linear accelerator; an automatic, computer-controlled standards measurement system for the new 320 KV X-ray set; a vacuum control and interlock

system for a low energy electron spectrometer.

Instrumentation Support for Physics and Chemistry Projects

Consulting and systems instrumentation has been provided to scientists in programs relating to neutron physics, electron physics, surface

electron physics, X-ray dosimetry, radiation chemistry, vacuum ultraviolet

physics (SURF), analytical chemistry, physical chemistry and photometry.

In addition, very considerable support has been provided for RTM projects

including wire-scanner amplifier development, high voltage terminal testing, and continuous and continuing support for instrumentation construction, wiring and installation. Gain-switchable, low-noise, D.C. current

amplifiers for the RTM wir-e scanners were successfully completed. An

exhaustive measurement of the noise levels of available charge-sensitive

amplifiers, also for the scanners, was made.

During the year, the Group specified, procured and installed the

Hewlett-Packard 9845 based computer aided design system which the Group

maintains as an NBS facility. This equipment was funded by the Director's

Office. Access on a time-shared basis is available to all NBS staff.

During the year we have been able to install two excellent spectrum

analyzers, which with some ancillary generators, will enable us to make

swept frequency measurements.

Consultation continues to be provided to other NBS Centers notably

the Center for Analytical Chemistry and the Center for Chemical Physics.

Two Egyptian scientists received training in repair and maintenance tech192
Division 535, Instrumentation Services (cont'd.)

niques in our laboratory under an AID sponsored program. There is

continuing consultative assistance being provided to the University of

Petroleum and Minerals, Dharan, Saudia Arabia, on the subjects of

instrumentation repair and maintenance.

Mechanical Instrumentation Services

Mechanical instrumentation services were provided for the Center for

Radiation Research in connection with the particle accelerators of the CRR

and the experimental programs of the Center. The services provided consist of design and construction of new equipment and facilities as well as maintenance, and modification of existing equipment. This past year for

the first time an electron gun for the linac was rebuilt in-house and is

currently in use with better beam characteristics than have been achieved

with commercially rebuilt guns. The building program for the NBS LANL

Racetrack Microtron is continuing. The viewscreens, wire scanners and

chopper apertures have been installed in the 100 keV beam line and have

successfully received beam. The turn around magnet supports have been

built and installed in the RTM room. The water cooling lines have been

installed in the RTM room and the water cooling distribution system has

been designed.

193
RADIATION INSTRUMENTATION STANDARDS

Division 535, Radiation Source and Instrumentation

Standards work falls into three categories as follows:

(a) NIM Committee Standards - This involves development and maintenance of instrument standards, in cooperation with the National Laboratories, primarily for use in nuclear applications. NBS has the management

responsibility for this work, with L. Costrell serving as Chairman of the

NIM Committee. The Nuclear Instrumentation Module (NIM) system has been

adopted nearly universally in the US and is the predominant system in

nuclear laboratories throughout the world. There is a continous coordination requirement involving contact with numerous laboratories and manufacturers. Similar management, direction and maintenance are provided in the

U.S. with regard to the international CAMAC (Computer Automated Measurement and Control) system that is utilized in the National Laboratories and

in a large number of other laboratories and installations throughout the

world. A third system now being developed and for which the Division has

similar responsibility is the FASTBUS high speed modular data acquisition

system for high energy physics and other applications. The FASTBUS development has been a major effort and is well underway, with commercial

equipment available and prototype systems in operation or in preparation

in several laboratories in the U.S., Europe and Japan.

The preparation of reports for the above systems involves a number of individuals and laboratories. Coordination and processing, as well as writing of some sections, is handled by the National Bureau of

Standards. The documents are usually issued as Reports of the Department

of Energy and then processed as Standards of the Institute of Electrical

and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).

There are currently several CAMAC standards. These have been updated and

the updated documents issued in FY 82. Some additions to the basic NIM

standard, such as specifying the "IEEE Standard Interface for Programmable

Instrumentation" (IEEE Std 488) as a digital data bus for NIM instruments,

have been undertaken. The NIM digital bus specification has been submitted to the Department of Energy for publication. It has elicited considerable interest from industry and the user community.

The NIM and CAMAC standard instrumentation projects have resulted in a savings of at least 1.9 billion 1982 dollars according to a study

recently conducted for the Department of Energy by a firm of economics

consultants. 1 The study report states that the 1.9 billion dollars is

considered to be a minimum figure conservatively arrived at on the basis

of available data. 1.7 billion dollars is attributed to the NIM system

initiated by the Center for Radiation Research 2 and the balance of 200

million dollars to the CAMAC instrumentation system developed by the ESONE

194
Division 535, Radiation Instrumentation Standards (cont'd.)

Committee of Euorpean Laboratories with the active collaboration of the

U.S. NIM Committee and the CRR. The reports adds: "The benefits were estimated only if they could be documented from the literature or telephone contacts. There are a number of other direct and indirect benefits

associated with the use of CAMAC and NIM interfaces which were not considered in this analysis because no measureable data were available." The

total world-wide saving can be reasonably projected to be double the U.S.

savings

(b) National Voluntary Standards - The Division plays an active role

in IEEE and ANSI Standards activities with L. Costrell serving as Chairman

of ANSI Committee N42 on Radiation Instruments and as Secretary of the

IEEE Nuclear Instruments and Detectors Committee. In these capacities he

has processed a considerable number of ANSI and IEEE standards. J. Whittaker serves on ASTM Commttee D-22 on Methods of Sampling and Analysis

of Atmospheres.

(c) International Electrotechnical Commission - L. Costrell serves

as Technical Advisor to the US National Committee of the IEC for IEC

Committee TC45 on Nuclear Instruments. He serves as Chief US Delegate to

TC45, as Chairman of the Working Group on Detectors and as a member of the

working groups on Interchangeabi 1 ity and on Terminology. Numerous IEC

draft documents were prepared and reviewed resulting in a number that were published and others that are to be published.

1 "Benefit Analysis of Selected Accompl ishemnts of DOE's Office of Health

and Environmental Research", Final Report RR-166, November 29, 1982.

Ecosometrics, Inc. (M. Lago, M. J. Ramsdell, S. F. Knapp,

S. I. Siddique, Bethesda, MD.

2 "Standard Modules for Nuclear Insturmentation," NBS Report 8137,

December 5, 1963, L. Costrell.

195
INVITED TALKS

Division 535, Radiation Source and Instrumentation

Costrell, L., "FASTBUS for Data Acquisition and Control," 1983 Particle

Accelerator Conference, Santa Fe, New Mexico, March 21, 1983.

Debenham, P. H., "NBS-Los Alamos National Laboratory Racetrack Microtron,"

University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, September 15, 1983.

Debenham, P. H., "Progress on the NBS-LANL CW Microtron," 7th Conference

on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry, Physics Department, North Texas State University, Denton, Texas, November 8, 1982.

Penner, S., "The NBS Proposal for a One GeV CW Racetrack Microtron Facility," 1983 Particle Accelerator Conference, Santa Fe, New Mexico, March

23, 1983.

Penner, S., "Proposal for a 1 GeV CW Electron Accelerator Facility at

NBS," University of Maryland Seminar Series - Accelerator Theory and

Dynamical Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, May 11,

1983.

Penner, S., "Status of NBS Microtron," University of Mainz, Mainz, West

Germany, September 9, 1983.

Whittaker, J. K., "Selection, Procurement and Use of Microprocessors at

NBS," National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., October 26, 1982.

196
PUBLICATIONS

Division 535, Radiation Source and Instrumentation

Chen, P. T., and Rose, J. E., The Building Process and Budget Estimates

for the Proposed Race Track Microtron Facility Addition, NBSIR 82-261 6( R

)

(1982).

Costrell, L., and Dawson, W. K., FASTBUS Modular High Speed Data Acquisition System, Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communication, 5C.4. 1 -5C.4.5 (1982).

Costrell, L., and Dawson, W. K., FASTBUS for Data Acquisition, IEEE Particle Accelerator Conference, March 21-23, 1983, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science NS-30 , No. 4, 2147-1151, (1983).

Cutler, R. I., Mohr, D. L., Whittaker, J. K., and Yoder, N. R., A High

Resolution Wire Scanner Beam Profile Monitor with a Microprocessor Data

Acquisition System, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science NS-30, No. 4,

2213-2215, (1983).

Cutler, R. I., Performance of the NBS-LANL RTM Injection Line Vacuum System, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science NS-30 , No. 4, 2904-2905 (1983).

Debenham, P. H., Penner, S., Ayres, R. L., Cutler, R. I.,

Lindstrom, E. R., Mohr, D. L., Rose, J. E., Wilson, M. A. D., Yoder,

N. R., Young, L. M., Mitra, A., Potter, J. M., Stokes, R. H., Tallerico,

P. J., and Wilkerson, L., Progress on the NBS-LANL CW Microtron,

Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers, Transactions on Nuclear

Science NS-30 , No. 2, 1391-1395 (1983).

Lindstrom, E. R., Debenham, P. H., Mohr, D. L., and Yoder, N. R., The NBSLANL RTM End-Magnet Field Mapper, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science NS30, No. 4, 3605-3607 (1983).

Parrington, J. R., Whittaker, J. K., and Zoller, W. H., Instrumentation

for and Results of Particulate Sampling of Diurnal Winds at Mauna Loa

Observatory (in press).

Penner, S., The NBS Proposal for a One GeV CW Racetrack Microtron Facility, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science NS-30 , No. 4, 3279-3285 (1983).

Rakowsky, G., SURF II Upgrade Features Maqnet and RF System Enhancements,

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science NS-30 , No. 4, 3444-3446 (1983).

Wilson, M. A., Cutler, R. I., Lindstrom, E. R., Penner, S., Yoder, N. R.,

Ayres, R. L., Mohr, D. L., Young, L. M., and Martin, E. R., NBS-LANL RTM

Injector Installation, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science NS-30, No. 4,

3021-3023 (1983).

197
TECHNICAL AMD PROFESSIONAL COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP

Division 535, Radiation Source and Instrumentation

Robert L. Ayres

Member, NBS Microprocessor Storeroom Subcommittee

Chairman, NBS Microprocessor Users Group

U.S. Representative, Life Sciences Working Group of the International

Committee for Radionuclide Metrology

Louis Costrell

Chairman, ANSI Technical Committee N42, Nuclear Instruments

Member, ANSI Technical Committee N41, Controls, Instrumentation, and

Electrical Systems for Nuclear Power Generating Stations

Chief U.S. Delegate, International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC),

Technical Committee on Nuclear Instruments (IEC/TC45)

Chairman, IEC/TC45 Working Group-9 on Radiation Detectors

Member, IEC/TC45 Working Group-3 on Interchangeability

Member, IEC/TC45 Working Group-1 on Classification and Terminology

Technical Advisor, U.S. National Committee of IEC

Secretary, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Nuclear

Instruments and Detectors Committee of IEEE Nuclear and Plasma

Sciences Society ( I EEE ) /NPSS

)

Member, U.S. National Committee of International Electrotechnical

Commission (IEC)

Chairman, U.S. Department of Energy National Instrumentation Methods

(NIM) Committee

Chairman, NBS Microprocessor Standards Actions Group

Phi lip H. Debenham

Member, Advisory Panel for DoE-sponsored University of Washington

Superconducting Booster Project

198
Division 535, Technical and Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (cont'd.)

Member, 1983 and 1985 Particle Accelerator Conference Program

Committee

Samuel Penner

Member, International Advisory Committee for 1984 Linear Accelerator

Conference (Germany)

Member, 1983 and 1985 Particle Accelerator Conference Program and

Organizing Committees

Member, Review Comnittees for Saskatoon and Montreal at request of

the Canadian Government

Julian K. Whittaker

Member, ASTM Committee D- 22 on Methods of Sampling and Analysis of

Atmospheres

Member, U.S. Department of Commerce, Industry and Trade

Administration, Electronic Instrumentation Technical Advisory

Committee

Chairman, Electronics Storeroom Committee, MBS

Chairman, Electronics Storeroom Committee Microprocessor

Subcommittee, NBS

Chairman, NBS Property Review Advisory Board Panel

Member, ASTM Planning Committee for Medical Databases

199
MAJOR CONSULTING AND ADVISORY SERVICES

Division 535, Radiation Source and Instrumentation

1. R. Ayres serves as a member of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia Convention

Advisory Panel to the Subcommittee on Radiopharmaceuticals.

2. S. Penner and M. Wilson continue to provide Accelerator Technology

and Assessment and Oversight for DARPA.

3. J. Whittaker serves as a consultant on instrumentation and instrumentation maintenance and repair to AID for the Egyptian Government

Standards Laboratories.

4. J. Whittaker serves as an advisor to two Egyptian visiting scientists

in the field of repair and maintenance services.

5. J. Whittaker serves as an advisor to a graduate student in the

Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland.

6. J. Whittaker serves as a consultant on electronics instrumentation

and instrumentation repair and maintenance to the University of

Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.

200
SPONSORED SEMINARS & COLLOQUIA

CENTER FOR RADIATION RESEARCH

Jorrit de Boer, Sektion Physik, UniversitSt MCInchen, West Germany,

"Fairly Large Quantum Numbers: Multiple Coulomb Excitation of Rotational

Nuclei," October 7, 1982.

Patricia Ann Snyder, Department of Chemistry, Florida Atlantic University,

Florida, "Vacuum UV Natural and Magnetic Circular Dichroism Measurements

Using Synchrotron Radiation," October 12, 1982.

A. B. Johnson, Nuclear Radiation Division, Center for Radiation Research,

NBS, "The Interacting Boson Model for a System of Identical Nucleons,"

October 21, 1982.

Michael KUhne, Physikal isch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin, Germany,

"VUV Radiometry with Pulsed Sources," October 25, 1982.

Hans Svensson, University of UMEA - Radiation Physics Department, Sweden,

"Some Physics Problems in High-Energy Radiation Dosimetry," November 1,

1982.

Larry K. Patterson, Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame,

Notre Dame, Indiana, "Photophysical Processes in Spread Monolayers at the

Air-Water Interface," November 1, 1982.

Ulf Litzen, Universitet of Lund, Lund, Sweden, "Atomic Spectroscopy at

Lund University: Term Analysis and Ion Lifetimes," November 2, 1982.

Sveneric Johansson, Universitet of Lund, Lund, Sweden, "Studies of Iron

Group Spectra with Astrophysical Applications," November 2, 1982.

John Mosely, Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon,

"Half-Col 1 i s i on Aspects in Photofragment Spectroscopy," November 3, 1982.

I. Slaus, Institut Ruder Boskovic, Zabred, Yugoslavia, "Study of the

Reaction 12 C(n,3a)n and its Energy Transfer from Threshold to 35 MeV,"

November 3, 1982.

J. W. Behrens, Nuclear Radiation Division, Center for Radiation Research,

NBS, "A Review of Neutron-Induced Fission Cross Sections in the MeV

Range -- Measurement and Prediction," November 5, 1982.

Jinx Cooper, JILA, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colorado,

"Redistribution: Why Half a Collision is Better Than One," November 9,

1982.

201
Fritz Riehle, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin, West Germany,

"The Radiometric Laboratory of PTB at the Electron Storage Ring BESSY,"

November 10, 1982.

V. Dose, Physikal isches Institut der University, Wurzburg, West

Germany, "Ultraviolet Bremsstrahlung Spectroscopy," November 15, 1982.

J. Halbritter, Institut fur Kernphysik, Federal Republic of Germany, "On

Enhanced Electron - RF - Emission Between Broad Area Electrodes and its

Conditioning," November 15, 1982.

I. G. Draganic, Z, Draganic, Institute of Nuclear Studies, University

Nacional Autonoma Mexico, Mexico D.F., "The Radiation Chemistry of

Comets", November 17, 1982.

Gabriel Lombardi, Atomic and Plasma Radiation Division, Center for

Radiation Research, NBS, "Redistribution of Radiation in Hydrogen and

Helium: A Broadening Experience," November 23, 1982.

G. S. Hurst, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee,

"Applications of Resonant Ionization Spectroscopy," November 24, 1982.

John Weiner, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, "New

Developments in Laser Assisted Collisions," November 29, 1982.

E. Hayward, Nuclear Radiation Division, Center for Radiation Research,

NBS, "Photon Scattering from the Delta Resonance," December 2, 1982.

Nat Bhaskar, Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton,

New Jeresy, "Laser-Generated Nuclear Polarization in Noble Gases - Possible Applications to Fusion," December 3, 1982.

David Onley, Department of Physics, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio,

"Developments in Virtual Photon Theory," December 9, 1982.

Joseph Swenson, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North

Carolina and TUNL, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, "Measurement of Metastable

Auger Electrons with a Position-Sensitive Electron Spectrometer," December

10, 1982.

E. G. Fuller, Nuclear Radiation Division, Center for Radiation Research,

NBS, "The Deuteron and Other Problems (?) in Photonuclear Reactions,"

December 16, 1982.

Jeffrey Berkowitz, University of Michigan, "Electron Capture by Protons,"

December 21, 1982.

Alan G. Michette, Physics Department, Queen Elizabeth College, University

of London, England, "Soft X-Ray Optical Components (Zone Plates),

Manufacture (Electron Lithography) and Test for Soft X-Ray Microscope,"

December 22, 1982.

202
Maxime Tawil, New York University, New York, New York, "Heating and

Cooling Sodium Vapor Using Collisionally Assisted Light Absorption,"

December 28, 1982.

John S. Risley, Department of Physics, School of Physical and

Mathematical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh,

North Carolina, "Experimental Determination of the Density Matrix for H+ on He," January 5, 1983.

Michael Danos, Nuclear Radiation Division, Center for Radiation Research,

NBS, "Present Thinking on the Quark-Gluon Plasma," January 6, 1983.

Daniel McLaughlin, University of Connecticut, "Dielectronic Recombination

Rates for Lithium-like Ions," January 10, 1983.

David C. Eder, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, "Ionization

Equilibrium in Isolated H II Regions," January 11, 1983.

R. Jameson, Accelerator Technology Division, Los Alamos National

Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, "RF Structure Development Work at Los

Alamos," January 24, 1983.

Wolfgang L. Wiese, Atomic and Plasma Radiation Division, Center for

Radiation Research, NBS, "The Transition Probabilities of Argon--Some

Continuing Puzzles," January 25, 1983.

D. Harmin, Center for Absolute Physical Quantities, NBS, "The Stark Effect

in Hydrogen Both Below and Above the Ionization Limit," February 8, 1983.

D. Harmin, Center for Absolute Physical Quantities, NBS, "Non-Hydrogen

Systems-Extension of the Theory to Real Atomic Systems," February 9,

1983.

W. D. Grobman, IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, New York, "X-ray

Lithography Involving Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiation Sources," February 9,

1983.

Yong-Ki Kim, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, "Relativistic

Effects in Atoms," February 10, 1983.

Cl aus-Juergen Lorenzen, Institut fur Experimentalphysik der Universitat

Kiel, West Germany, "High-Resolution Laser Spectroscopy of Atomic Rydberg

States," February 22, 1983.

Norberto Majlis, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil, "Theory

of Surface Magnetism," February 23, 1983.

C. Teague, Mechanical Production Technology Division, Center for

Manufacturing Engineering, NBS, "Propagation and Scattering of Transient

Electromagnetic Fields," February 24, 1983.

203
W. Greiner, Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Frankfurt,

Frankfurt, Germany, "Giant Nuclear Systems: Latest Data and Speculation on

Novel Nuclear Structure," March 3, 1983.

Hartmuth Arenh’dvel, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat, Mainz, West

Germany, "Exchange Currents in Nuclei," a series of 6 lectures, March 4 - April 11, 1983.

Robert C. Richmond, Darmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire,

"Radiation Mutagenesis and Protection," March 4, 1983.

Paul Kobrin, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley,

California, "Atomic Photoelectron Spectroscopy Studies Using Synchrotron

Radiation," March 4, 1983.

M. S. Dias, Instituto der Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, Sao Paulo,

Brazil, "Development of a New Absolute Detector for MeV Neutrons," March

10, 1983.

Larry Roszman, Atomic and Plasma Radiation Division, Center for Radiation

Research, NBS, "The Dielectronic Recombination of Multicharged Ions:

Destroy the Trees to See the Forest," March 10, 1983.

M. Landolt, Laboratorium fur Festkorperphysik, ETH Zurich, Switzerland,

"Spin Polarization of Secondary Electrons from Magnetic Solids," March 17,

1983.

V. A. J. van Lint, Defense Nuclear Agency, Washington, D.C., "Correlation

of Nuclear Displacement Effects in Materials with Particle Type and

Energy," March 17, 1983.

B. H. Silverman, Department of Physics, University of California,

Los Angeles, California, "Time Invariant Experiments in Light Nuclei,"

March 23, 1983.

J. J. Leventhal, Department of Physics, University of Missouri-St. Louis,

St. Louis, Missouri, "Reactive Collisions of Rydberg Atoms," March 24,

1983.

J. B. McGrory, Department of Energy, Germantown, Maryland, "Nuclear

Structure Information from Isotope Shift Measurements," March 24, 1983.

K. Shoda, Tohoku University, Mikamine, Japan, "Study of Photoion

Production at Sendai," March 25, 1983.

H. Friedrich, Kellogg Radiation Laboratory, California Institute of

Technology, "Autoionizing States of the Hydrogen Atom in Strong Magnetic

Fields," March 29, 1983.

M. Danos, Nuclear Radiation Division, Center for Radiation Research,

NBS, "Toward Solving QCD: The Structure of the Vacuum," March 31, 1983.

204
W. E. Spicer, Stanford University, Stanford, California, "Use of

Synchrotron Radiation to Study Electronic Structure of Cu-Pt Alloys and CO

Chemisorption," April 6, 1983.

Carlos Iglesias, Department of Mathematics and Physics, Rutgers

University, "Electric Microfield Distributions in Strongly Coupled

Plasmas," April 7, 1983.

Punit Gohil, Department of Physics, Imperial College of Science

Technology, London, England, "Laser-Induced Fluorescence in Laboratory and

Fusion Plasmas," April 12, 1983.

M. Sanzone, Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Genova,

Genova, Italy, "Photon Scattering by Lead and Tantalum up to 80 MeV,"

April 12, 1983.

S. Williamson, Department of Physics, University of 1 1 1 i on is, Urbana,

Illinois, "An (e,e'y) Coincidence Study of 12 C," April 14, 1983.

Eckart Matthias, Freie University of Berlin, Berlin, West Germany, "State

Mixing of Rydberg States," April 20, 1983.

C. Walker, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, "Temperature

Dependence of Magnetism at Iron Surfaces and Interfaces Using Mossbauer

Spectroscopy," April 25, 1983.

Jean-Patrick Connerde, Imperial College of Science and Technology, The

Blacklett Laboratory, London, England, "Atomic Double Wells," April 28,

1983.

J. Kirschner, KFA-IGV, JUlich, West Germany, "Electron Spin Polarization

in Photoemission and Appearance Potential Spectroscopy," April 28, 1983.

P. D. Higgins, Division of Radiation Oncology, University of Wisconsin,

Madison, Wisconsin, "Microdosimetry and Radiobiology in Mixed Neutron and

Photon Fields," May 10, 1983.

Chava Lifshitz, Department of Physical Chemistry, The Hebrew University of

Jerusalem, "Time-Resolved Photoionization Mass Spectrometry," May 19,

1983.

R. P. Mason, National Inst, of Environmental Health Sciences, Research

Triangle, North Carolina, "Peroxidaze Oxidation of Sulfite (Hydrated SO

2

) to the Sulfur Trioxide Radical Anion," May 20, 1983.

Georges Lampel, Laboratoire de Physique de la Matiere Condensee, Ecole

Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France, "Recent Developments in Understanding

the Physics of the NEA GaAs Source of Spin Polarized Electrons," May 24,

1983.

Neville Connell, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, California,

"Magneto-Optical Recording," June 6, 1983.

205
Keith Burnett, Department of Physics, JILA, University of Colorado,

Boulder, Colorado, "Collisions in Strong Fields," June 7, 1983.

R. Raue, Institute for Solid State Physics, KFA, JUlich, West Germany,

"Temperature Dependence of Energy, Angle, and Spin Resolved Photoemission

from Ni ," June 17, 1983.

J. Hunt, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, England, "Establishment

of Neutron Standards at the National Physical Laboratory," June 23, 1983.

H. M. Kramer, Physikal isch-Technische Bundesanstalt , Braunschweig, West

Germany, "Dosimetry of X-rays: On The Determination of Water Absorbed Dose

and Dose Equivalent in Phantoms," June 27, 1983.

Dennis Lindle, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Department of Chemistry,

University of Cal ifornia-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, "Resonant

Photoemission: Autoionization in Helium and Shape Resonances in

Molecules," July 11, 1983.

Jeff Paisner, Lawrence Livermore Labs, Livermore, California, "Review of

Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation Technology," July 11, 1983.

Glenn P. Glasgow, Assoc. Proc. Radiation Physics, Washington University

School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, "Radiochromic Dosimetry of

Opthalmic Applications for Radiotherapy of Intraocular Lesions," August 5,

1983.

Luigi Moi, Nuclear Council of Radiation, Inst, of Atomic and Molecular

Physics, Pisa, Italy, "Cluster Formation by Resonant Laser Excitation of

Potassium Vapor," August 19, 1983.

Krzyszpof Wddkiewicz, University of Rochester, and Warsaw University,

Poland, "Phase Interruption Processes in Optics and Lasers," September 6,

1983.

Gordon N. Fleming, Pennsylvania State University, University Park,

Pennsylvania, "Non Exponential Decay", September 19, 1983.

D. F. Regulla, Gesellschaft fur Strahlen und Umwel tforschung, Institute

fur Strahlenschutz, Neuherberg, FRG, "Dosimetry by ESR Spectroscopy of

Alantine, September 23, 1983.

Jinx Cooper, JILA and Chairman, Department of Physics, University of

Colorado, "Plasma Polarization Shifts and the Vanishing of the Mean

Potential," September 27, 1983.

Boel Denne, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey,

"Spectroscopy of Forbidden Lines in Tokamak Plasmas," September 29, 1983.

206
NBS-1T4A irev. 2-80) u.l* DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET (See instructions)

1. PUBLICATION OR

REPORT NO.

2. Performing Organ. Report No. 3. Publication Date

NBSIR 84-2848 April 1984

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Center for Radiation Research Technical Activities for 1983

5. AUTHOR(S)

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS. see instructions) 7. Contract/Grant No. NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 8. Type of Report & Period Covered

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street, City. State. ZIP)

10. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

~| Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

11. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bi bliography or literature survey, mention it here)

This report summarizes research projects, measurement method development, testing

and data evaluation activities, carried out during Fiscal Year 1983 in the NBS

Center for Radiation Research. These activities fall in the areas of radiation

measurements, atomic and plasma radiation, nuclear radiation, radiation physics, radiometric physics, and radiation sources and instrumentation.

12. KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by semicolon s Atomic radiation; nuclear radiation; plasma radiation; radiation instrumentation;

radiation measurements; radiation physics; radiation sources; radiometric physics.

13. AVAILABILITY

| | Unlimited For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

| Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

20402. gJOrder From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161

14. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

IS. Price

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