I 

118TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION H. R. 1118 

To amend the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 to provide for additional disclosure requirements for corporations, labor organizations, 

Super PACs and other entities, and for other purposes. 

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

FEBRUARY 21, 2023 

Mr. CICILLINE (for himself, Mr. MULLIN, Ms. WASSERMAN SCHULTZ, Ms. 

MCCOLLUM, Mr. NADLER, Mrs. BEATTY, Ms. DEAN of Pennsylvania, 

Mrs. WATSON COLEMAN, Mr. DOGGETT, Mr. PAYNE, Ms. BARRAGA ́N, 

Mr. KIM of New Jersey, Mr. MFUME, Mr. COHEN, Mr. TAKANO, Mr. 

SCHIFF, Mr. JOHNSON of Georgia, Ms. TLAIB, Mr. CARSON, Mr. LARSON

of Connecticut, Mr. AUCHINCLOSS, Mr. COSTA, Ms. BROWNLEY, Mr. 

GOLDEN of Maine, Mr. ALLRED, Ms. NORTON, Mr. CARBAJAL, Mr. 

DAVIS of Illinois, Mr. KILMER, Mr. CLEAVER, Ms. ESCOBAR, Mr. DAVID

SCOTT of Georgia, Mr. SWALWELL, Mr. MOULTON, Ms. STEVENS, Mr. 

TONKO, Mr. CASTRO of Texas, Mr. GARAMENDI, Mr. BOYLE of Pennsylvania, Ms. CASTOR of Florida, Mr. VARGAS, Mr. TORRES of New York, 

Ms. BONAMICI, Mr. BLUMENAUER, Mr. VEASEY, Mr. DESAULNIER, Mrs. 

DINGELL, Mr. BERA, Ms. SA ́NCHEZ, Mr. POCAN, Ms. CHU, Ms. STRICKLAND, Ms. TOKUDA, Mr. LEVIN, Ms. ROSS, Mr. SMITH of Washington, 

Mr. STANTON, Mr. QUIGLEY, Ms. SCHRIER, Mr. DELUZIO, Mr. CASAR, 

Ms. BLUNT ROCHESTER, Mr. PHILLIPS, Ms. HOYLE of Oregon, Mrs. 

TRAHAN, Mr. GOTTHEIMER, Mr. CROW, Mr. LIEU, Mr. HIMES, Ms. 

TITUS, Mr. MCGOVERN, Mr. BISHOP of Georgia, Mr. MAGAZINER, Mr. 

MORELLE, Ms. PORTER, Mr. EVANS, Mr. SARBANES, Ms. SLOTKIN, Mr. 

BOWMAN, Mr. RASKIN, Mr. GREEN of Texas, Mr. HIGGINS of New York, 

Mrs. HAYES, Mr. GARCI ́A of Illinois, Mr. CASTEN, Mr. HUFFMAN, Ms. 

WILSON of Florida, Ms. DELBENE, Ms. KUSTER, Ms. MENG, Mr. CASE, 

Ms. MANNING, Ms. MATSUI, Ms. SALINAS, Mr. COURTNEY, Ms. 

STANSBURY, Mr. RUPPERSBERGER, Mr. CARTER of Louisiana, Mr. 

THOMPSON of California, Mr. CA ́RDENAS, Ms. DEGETTE, Ms. WILLIAMS

of Georgia, Mrs. MCBATH, Ms. GARCIA of Texas, Ms. KAPTUR, Mr. 

TRONE, Mr. GRIJALVA, Mr. GALLEGO, Ms. SCHAKOWSKY, and Ms. 

JAYAPAL) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on House Administration, and in addition to the Committees on 

Ways and Means, and the Judiciary, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions 

as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned 


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A BILL 

To amend the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 to 

provide for additional disclosure requirements for corporations, labor organizations, Super PACs and other 

entities, and for other purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

4 (a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 

5 ‘‘Democracy Is Strengthened by Casting Light On Spend6 ing in Elections Act of 2023’’ or the ‘‘DISCLOSE Act 

7 of 2023’’. 

8 (b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents of 

9 this Act is as follows: 

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. 

Sec. 2. Findings. 

TITLE I—CLOSING LOOPHOLES ALLOWING SPENDING BY 

FOREIGN NATIONALS IN ELECTIONS 

Sec. 101. Clarification of application of foreign money ban to certain disbursements and activities. 

Sec. 102. Study and report on illicit foreign money in Federal elections. 

Sec. 103. Prohibition on contributions and donations by foreign nationals in 

connection with ballot initiatives and referenda. 

Sec. 104. Disbursements and activities subject to foreign money ban. 

Sec. 105. Prohibiting establishment of corporation to conceal election contributions and donations by foreign nationals. 

TITLE II—REPORTING OF CAMPAIGN-RELATED DISBURSEMENTS 

Sec. 201. Reporting of campaign-related disbursements. 

Sec. 202. Reporting of Federal judicial nomination disbursements. 

Sec. 203. Coordination with FinCEN. 

Sec. 204. Application of foreign money ban to disbursements for campaign-related disbursements consisting of covered transfers. 

Sec. 205. Sense of Congress regarding implementation. 

Sec. 206. Effective date. 

TITLE III—OTHER ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS 


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Sec. 301. Petition for certiorari. 

Sec. 302. Judicial review of actions related to campaign finance laws. 

Sec. 303. Effective date. 

TITLE IV—STAND BY EVERY AD 

Sec. 401. Short title. 

Sec. 402. Stand by every ad. 

Sec. 403. Disclaimer requirements for communications made through 

prerecorded telephone calls. 

Sec. 404. No expansion of persons subject to disclaimer requirements on internet communications. 

Sec. 405. Effective date. 

TITLE V—SEVERABILITY 

Sec. 501. Severability. 

1 SEC. 2. FINDINGS. 

2 Congress finds the following: 

3 (1) Campaign finance disclosure is a narrowly 

4 tailored and minimally restrictive means to advance 

5 substantial government interests, including fostering 

6 an informed electorate capable of engaging in self7 government and holding their elected officials ac8 countable, detecting and deterring quid pro quo cor9 ruption, and identifying information necessary to en10 force other campaign finance laws, including cam11 paign contribution limits and the prohibition on for12 eign money in U.S. campaigns. To further these 

13 substantial interests, campaign finance disclosure 

14 must be timely and complete, and must disclose the 

15 true and original source of money given, transferred, 

16 and spent to influence Federal elections. Current law 

17 does not meet this objective because corporations 

18 and other entities that the Supreme Court has perVerDate Sep 11 2014 23:53 Mar 10, 2023 Jkt 039200 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H1118.IH H1118

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1 mitted to spend money to influence Federal elections 

2 are subject to few if any transparency requirements. 

3 (2) As the Supreme Court recognized in its per 

4 curiam opinion in Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 

5 (1976), ‘‘disclosure requirements certainly in most 

6 applications appear to be the least restrictive means 

7 of curbing the evils of campaign ignorance and cor8 ruption that Congress found to exist.’’ Buckley, 424 

9 U.S. at 68. In Citizens United v. FEC, the Court re10 iterated that ‘‘disclosure is a less restrictive alter11 native to more comprehensive regulations of speech.’’ 

12 558 U.S. 310, 369 (2010). 

13 (3) No subsequent decision has called these 

14 holdings into question, including the Court’s decision 

15 in Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta, 

16 141 S. Ct. 2373 (2021). That case did not involve 

17 campaign finance disclosure, and the Court did not 

18 overturn its longstanding recognition of the substan19 tial interests furthered by such disclosure. 

20 (4) Campaign finance disclosure is also essen21 tial to enforce the Federal Election Campaign Act’s 

22 prohibition on contributions by and solicitations of 

23 foreign nationals. See section 319 of the Federal 

24 Election Campaign Act of 1971 (52 U.S.C. 30121). 


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1 (5) Congress should close loopholes allowing 

2 spending by foreign nationals in domestic elections. 

3 For example, in 2021, the Federal Election Commis4 sion, the independent Federal agency charged with 

5 protecting the integrity of the Federal campaign fi6 nance process, found reason to believe and concil7 iated a matter where an experienced political con8 sultant knowingly and willfully violated Federal law 

9 by soliciting a contribution from a foreign national 

10 by offering to transmit a $2,000,000 contribution to 

11 a super PAC through his company and two 

12 501(c)(4) organizations, to conceal the origin of the 

13 funds. This scheme was only unveiled after appear14 ing in a The Telegraph UK article and video cap15 turing the solicitation. See Conciliation Agreement, 

16 MURs 7165 & 7196 (Great America PAC, et al.), 

17 date June 28, 2021; Factual and Legal Analysis, 

18 MURs 7165 & 7196 (Jesse Benton), dated Mar. 2, 

19 2021. 


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1 TITLE I—CLOSING LOOPHOLES 

2 ALLOWING SPENDING BY 

3 FOREIGN NATIONALS IN 

4 ELECTIONS 

5 SEC. 101. CLARIFICATION OF APPLICATION OF FOREIGN 

6 MONEY BAN TO CERTAIN DISBURSEMENTS 

7 AND ACTIVITIES. 

8 Section 319(b) of the Federal Election Campaign Act 

9 of 1971 (52 U.S.C. 30121(b)) is amended— 

10 (1) by redesignating paragraphs (1) and (2) as 

11 subparagraphs (A) and (B), respectively, and by 

12 moving such subparagraphs 2 ems to the right; 

13 (2) by striking ‘‘As used in this section, the 

14 term’’ and inserting the following: ‘‘DEFINITIONS.— 

15 For purposes of this section— 

16 ‘‘(1) FOREIGN NATIONAL.—The term’’; 

17 (3) by moving paragraphs (1) and (2) two ems 

18 to the right and redesignating them as subpara19 graphs (A) and (B), respectively; and 

20 (4) by adding at the end the following new 

21 paragraph: 

22 ‘‘(2) CONTRIBUTION AND DONATION.—For pur23 poses of paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (a), 

24 the term ‘contribution or donation’ includes any dis25 bursement to a political committee which accepts doVerDate Sep 11 2014 23:53 Mar 10, 2023 Jkt 039200 PO 00000 Frm 00006 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H1118.IH H1118

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1 nations or contributions that do not comply with any 

2 of the limitations, prohibitions, and reporting re3 quirements of this Act (or any disbursement to or on 

4 behalf of any account of a political committee which 

5 is established for the purpose of accepting such do6 nations or contributions), or to any other person for 

7 the purpose of funding an expenditure, independent 

8 expenditure, or electioneering communication (as de9 fined in section 304(f)(3)).’’. 

10 SEC. 102. STUDY AND REPORT ON ILLICIT FOREIGN MONEY 

11 IN FEDERAL ELECTIONS. 

12 (a) STUDY.—For each 4-year election cycle (begin13 ning with the 4-year election cycle ending in 2020), the 

14 Comptroller General shall conduct a study on the inci15 dence of illicit foreign money in all elections for Federal 

16 office held during the preceding 4-year election cycle, in17 cluding what information is known about the presence of 

18 such money in elections for Federal office. 

19 (b) REPORT.— 

20 (1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than the applicable 

21 date with respect to any 4-year election cycle, the 

22 Comptroller General shall submit to the appropriate 

23 congressional committees a report on the study con24 ducted under subsection (a). 


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1 (2) MATTERS INCLUDED.—The report sub2 mitted under paragraph (1) shall include a descrip3 tion of the extent to which illicit foreign money was 

4 used to target particular groups, including rural 

5 communities, African-American and other minority 

6 communities, and military and veteran communities, 

7 based on such targeting information as is available 

8 and accessible to the Comptroller General. 

9 (3) APPLICABLE DATE.—For purposes of para10 graph (1), the term ‘‘applicable date’’ means— 

11 (A) in the case of the 4-year election cycle 

12 ending in 2020, the date that is 1 year after 

13 the date of the enactment of this Act; and 

14 (B) in the case of any other 4-year election 

15 cycle, the date that is 1 year after the date on 

16 which such 4-year election cycle ends. 

17 (c) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section: 

18 (1) 4-YEAR ELECTION CYCLE.—The term ‘‘4- 

19 year election cycle’’ means the 4-year period ending 

20 on the date of the general election for the offices of 

21 President and Vice President. 

22 (2) ILLICIT FOREIGN MONEY.—The term ‘‘illicit 

23 foreign money’’ means any contribution, donation, 

24 expenditure, or disbursement by a foreign national 

25 (as defined in section 319(b) of the Federal Election 


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1 Campaign Act of 1971 (52 U.S.C. 30121(b))) pro2 hibited under such section. 

3 (3) ELECTION; FEDERAL OFFICE.—The terms 

4 ‘‘election’’ and ‘‘Federal office’’ have the meanings 

5 given such terms under section 301 of the Federal 

6 Election Campaign Act of 1971 (53 U.S.C. 30101). 

7 (4) APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMIT8 TEES.—The term ‘‘appropriate congressional com9 mittees’’ means— 

10 (A) the Committee on House Administra11 tion of the House of Representatives; 

12 (B) the Committee on Rules and Adminis13 tration of the Senate; 

14 (C) the Committee on the Judiciary of the 

15 House of Representatives; and 

16 (D) the Committee on the Judiciary of the 

17 Senate. 

18 (d) SUNSET.—This section shall not apply to any 4- 

19 year election cycle beginning after the election for the of20 fices of President and Vice President in 2032. 


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1 SEC. 103. PROHIBITION ON CONTRIBUTIONS AND DONA2 TIONS BY FOREIGN NATIONALS IN CONNEC3 TION WITH BALLOT INITIATIVES AND 

4 REFERENDA. 

5 (a) IN GENERAL.—Section 319(b) of the Federal 

6 Election Campaign Act of 1971 (52 U.S.C. 30121(b)), as 

7 amended by section 101, is amended by adding at the end 

8 the following new paragraphs: 

9 ‘‘(3) FEDERAL, STATE, OR LOCAL ELECTION.— 

10 The term ‘Federal, State, or local election’ includes 

11 a State or local ballot initiative or referendum, but 

12 only in the case of— 

13 ‘‘(A) a covered foreign national as defined 

14 in paragraph (4); or 

15 ‘‘(B) a foreign principal described in sec16 tion 1(b)(2) or 1(b)(3) of the Foreign Agent 

17 Registration Act of 1938, as amended (22 

18 U.S.C. 611(b)(2) or (b)(3)) or an agent of such 

19 a foreign principal under such Act. 

20 ‘‘(4) COVERED FOREIGN NATIONAL.— 

21 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—The term ‘covered for22 eign national’ means— 

23 ‘‘(i) a foreign principal (as defined in 

24 section 1(b) of the Foreign Agents Reg25 istration Act of 1938 (22 U.S.C. 611(b))) 


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1 that is a government of a foreign country 

2 or a foreign political party; 

3 ‘‘(ii) any person who acts as an agent, 

4 representative, employee, or servant, or 

5 any person who acts in any other capacity 

6 at the order, request, or under the direc7 tion or control, of a foreign principal de8 scribed in clause (i) or of a person any of 

9 whose activities are directly or indirectly 

10 supervised, directed, controlled, financed, 

11 or subsidized in whole or in major part by 

12 a foreign principal described in clause (i); 

13 or 

14 ‘‘(iii) any person included in the list of 

15 specially designated nationals and blocked 

16 persons maintained by the Office of For17 eign Assets Control of the Department of 

18 the Treasury pursuant to authorities relat19 ing to the imposition of sanctions relating 

20 to the conduct of a foreign principal de21 scribed in clause (i). 

22 ‘‘(B) CLARIFICATION REGARDING APPLICA23 TION TO CITIZENS OF THE UNITED STATES.— 

24 In the case of a citizen of the United States, 

25 clause (ii) of subparagraph (A) applies only to 


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1 the extent that the person involved acts within 

2 the scope of that person’s status as the agent 

3 of a foreign principal described in clause (i) of 

4 subparagraph (A).’’. 

5 (b) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendment made by 

6 this section shall apply with respect to elections held in 

7 2024 or any succeeding year. 

8 SEC. 104. DISBURSEMENTS AND ACTIVITIES SUBJECT TO 

9 FOREIGN MONEY BAN. 

10 (a) DISBURSEMENTS DESCRIBED.—Section 

11 319(a)(1) of the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 

12 (52 U.S.C. 30121(a)(1)) is amended— 

13 (1) by striking ‘‘or’’ at the end of subparagraph 

14 (B); and 

15 (2) by striking subparagraph (C) and inserting 

16 the following: 

17 ‘‘(C) an expenditure; 

18 ‘‘(D) an independent expenditure; 

19 ‘‘(E) a disbursement for an electioneering 

20 communication (within the meaning of section 

21 304(f)(3)); 

22 ‘‘(F) a disbursement for a communication 

23 which is placed or promoted for a fee on a 

24 website, web application, or digital application 

25 that refers to a clearly identified candidate for 


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1 election for Federal office and is disseminated 

2 within 60 days before a general, special or run3 off election for the office sought by the can4 didate or 30 days before a primary or pref5 erence election, or a convention or caucus of a 

6 political party that has authority to nominate a 

7 candidate for the office sought by the can8 didate; 

9 ‘‘(G) a disbursement by a covered foreign 

10 national (as defined in subsection (b)(4)) for a 

11 broadcast, cable or satellite communication, or 

12 for a communication which is placed or pro13 moted for a fee on a website, web application, 

14 or digital application, that promotes, supports, 

15 attacks or opposes the election of a clearly iden16 tified candidate for Federal, State, or local of17 fice (regardless of whether the communication 

18 contains express advocacy or the functional 

19 equivalent of express advocacy); 

20 ‘‘(H) a disbursement for a broadcast, 

21 cable, or satellite communication, or for any 

22 communication which is placed or promoted for 

23 a fee on an online platform (as defined in sub24 section (b)(5)), that discusses a national legisla25 tive issue of public importance in a year in 


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1 which a regularly scheduled general election for 

2 Federal office is held, but only if the disburse3 ment is made by a covered foreign national (as 

4 defined in subsection (b)(4)); 

5 ‘‘(I) a disbursement by a covered foreign 

6 national (as defined in subsection (b)(4)) to 

7 compensate any person for internet activity that 

8 promotes, supports, attacks or opposes the elec9 tion of a clearly identified candidate for Fed10 eral, State, or local office (regardless of whether 

11 the activity contains express advocacy or the 

12 functional equivalent of express advocacy); or 

13 ‘‘(J) a disbursement by a covered foreign 

14 national (as defined in subsection (b)(4)) for a 

15 Federal judicial nomination communication (as 

16 defined in section 324(g)(2));’’. 

17 (b) DEFINITION OF ONLINE PLATFORM.—Section 

18 319(b) of such Act (52 U.S.C. 30121(b)), as amended by 

19 sections 101 and 103, is amended by adding at the end 

20 the following new paragraph: 

21 ‘‘(5) ONLINE PLATFORM.— 

22 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—For purposes of this 

23 section, subject to subparagraph (B), the term 

24 ‘online platform’ means any public-facing 

25 website, web application, or digital application 


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1 (including a social network, ad network, or 

2 search engine) which— 

3 ‘‘(i)(I) sells qualified political adver4 tisements; and 

5 ‘‘(II) has 50,000,000 or more unique 

6 monthly United States visitors or users for 

7 a majority of months during the preceding 

8 12 months; or 

9 ‘‘(ii) is a third-party advertising ven10 dor that has 50,000,000 or more unique 

11 monthly United States visitors in the ag12 gregate on any advertisement space that it 

13 has sold or bought for a majority of 

14 months during the preceding 12 months, 

15 as measured by an independent digital rat16 ings service accredited by the Media Rat17 ings Council (or its successor). 

18 ‘‘(B) EXEMPTION.—Such term shall not 

19 include any online platform that is a distribu20 tion facility of any broadcasting station or 

21 newspaper, magazine, blog, publication, or peri22 odical. 

23 ‘‘(C) THIRD-PARTY ADVERTISING VENDOR

24 DEFINED.—For purposes of this subsection, the 

25 term ‘third-party advertising vendor’ includes, 


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1 but is not limited to, any third-party adver2 tising vendor network, advertising agency, ad3 vertiser, or third-party advertisement serving 

4 company that buys and sells advertisement 

5 space on behalf of unaffiliated third-party 

6 websites, search engines, digital applications, or 

7 social media sites.’’. 

8 (c) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by 

9 this section shall apply with respect to disbursements 

10 made on or after the date of the enactment of this Act. 

11 SEC. 105. PROHIBITING ESTABLISHMENT OF CORPORATION 

12 TO CONCEAL ELECTION CONTRIBUTIONS 

13 AND DONATIONS BY FOREIGN NATIONALS. 

14 (a) PROHIBITION.—Chapter 29 of title 18, United 

15 States Code is amended by adding at the end the fol16 lowing: 

17 ‘‘§ 612. Establishment of corporation to conceal elec18 tion contributions and donations by for19 eign nationals 

20 ‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—It shall be unlawful for an owner, 

21 officer, attorney, or incorporation agent of a corporation, 

22 company, or other entity to establish or use the corpora23 tion, company, or other entity with the intent to conceal 

24 an activity of a foreign national (as defined in section 319 


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1 of the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (52 U.S.C. 

2 30121)) prohibited under such section 319. 

3 ‘‘(b) PENALTY.—Any person who violates subsection 

4 (a) shall be imprisoned for not more than 5 years, fined 

5 under this title, or both.’’. 

6 (b) TABLE OF SECTIONS.—The table of sections for 

7 chapter 29 of title 18, United States Code is amended by 

8 adding at the end the following new item: 

‘‘612. Establishment of corporation to conceal election contributions and donations by foreign nationals.’’. 

9 TITLE II—REPORTING OF CAM10 PAIGN-RELATED DISBURSE11 MENTS 

12 SEC. 201. REPORTING OF CAMPAIGN-RELATED DISBURSE13 MENTS. 

14 (a) IN GENERAL.—Section 324 of the Federal Elec15 tion Campaign Act of 1971 (52 U.S.C. 30126) is amended 

16 to read as follows: 

17 ‘‘SEC. 324. DISCLOSURE OF CAMPAIGN-RELATED DISBURSE18 MENTS BY COVERED ORGANIZATIONS. 

19 ‘‘(a) DISCLOSURE STATEMENT.— 

20 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Any covered organization 

21 that makes campaign-related disbursements aggre22 gating more than $10,000 in an election reporting 

23 cycle shall, not later than 24 hours after each disclo24 sure date, file a statement with the Commission 


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1 made under penalty of perjury that contains the in2 formation described in paragraph (2)— 

3 ‘‘(A) in the case of the first statement filed 

4 under this subsection, for the period beginning 

5 on the first day of the election reporting cycle 

6 (or, if earlier, the period beginning one year be7 fore the first such disclosure date) and ending 

8 on the first such disclosure date; and 

9 ‘‘(B) in the case of any subsequent state10 ment filed under this subsection, for the period 

11 beginning on the previous disclosure date and 

12 ending on such disclosure date. 

13 ‘‘(2) INFORMATION DESCRIBED.—The informa14 tion described in this paragraph is as follows: 

15 ‘‘(A) The name of the covered organization 

16 and the principal place of business of such or17 ganization and, in the case of a covered organi18 zation that is a corporation (other than a busi19 ness concern that is an issuer of a class of secu20 rities registered under section 12 of the Securi21 ties Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78l) or 

22 that is required to file reports under section 

23 15(d) of that Act (15 U.S.C. 78o(d))) or an en24 tity described in subsection (e)(2), a list of the 


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1 beneficial owners (as defined in paragraph 

2 (4)(A)) of the entity that— 

3 ‘‘(i) identifies each beneficial owner by 

4 name and current residential or business 

5 street address; and 

6 ‘‘(ii) if any beneficial owner exercises 

7 control over the entity through another 

8 legal entity, such as a corporation, partner9 ship, limited liability company, or trust, 

10 identifies each such other legal entity and 

11 each such beneficial owner who will use 

12 that other entity to exercise control over 

13 the entity. 

14 ‘‘(B) The amount of each campaign-related 

15 disbursement made by such organization during 

16 the period covered by the statement of more 

17 than $1,000, and the name and address of the 

18 person to whom the disbursement was made. 

19 ‘‘(C) In the case of a campaign-related dis20 bursement that is not a covered transfer, the 

21 election to which the campaign-related disburse22 ment pertains and if the disbursement is made 

23 for a public communication, the name of any 

24 candidate identified in such communication and 


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1 if such communication is in support of or in op2 position to the identified candidate. 

3 ‘‘(D) A certification by the chief executive 

4 officer or person who is the head of the covered 

5 organization that the campaign-related dis6 bursement is not made in cooperation, consulta7 tion, or concert with or at the request or sug8 gestion of a candidate, authorized committee, or 

9 agent of a candidate, political party, or agent of 

10 a political party. 

11 ‘‘(E)(i) If the covered organization makes 

12 campaign-related disbursements using exclu13 sively funds in a campaign-related disbursement 

14 segregated fund, for each payment made to the 

15 account by a person other than the covered or16 ganization— 

17 ‘‘(I) the name and address of each 

18 person who made such payment to the ac19 count during the period covered by the 

20 statement; 

21 ‘‘(II) the date and amount of such 

22 payment; and 

23 ‘‘(III) the aggregate amount of all 

24 such payments made by the person during 

25 the period beginning on the first day of the 


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1 election reporting cycle (or, if earlier, the 

2 period beginning one year before the dis3 closure date) and ending on the disclosure 

4 date, 

5 but only if such payment was made by a person 

6 who made payments to the account in an aggre7 gate amount of $10,000 or more during the pe8 riod beginning on the first day of the election 

9 reporting cycle (or, if earlier, the period begin10 ning one year before the disclosure date) and 

11 ending on the disclosure date. 

12 ‘‘(ii) In any calendar year after 2024, sec13 tion 315(c)(1)(B) shall apply to the amount de14 scribed in clause (i) in the same manner as 

15 such section applies to the limitations estab16 lished under subsections (a)(1)(A), (a)(1)(B), 

17 (a)(3), and (h) of such section, except that for 

18 purposes of applying such section to the 

19 amounts described in subsection (b), the ‘base 

20 period’ shall be calendar year 2024. 

21 ‘‘(F)(i) If the covered organization makes 

22 campaign-related disbursements using funds 

23 other than funds in a campaign-related dis24 bursement segregated fund, for each payment 

25 to the covered organization— 


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1 ‘‘(I) the name and address of each 

2 person who made such payment during the 

3 period covered by the statement; 

4 ‘‘(II) the date and amount of such 

5 payment; and 

6 ‘‘(III) the aggregate amount of all 

7 such payments made by the person during 

8 the period beginning on the first day of the 

9 election reporting cycle (or, if earlier, the 

10 period beginning one year before the dis11 closure date) and ending on the disclosure 

12 date, 

13 but only if such payment was made by a person 

14 who made payments to the covered organization 

15 in an aggregate amount of $10,000 or more 

16 during the period beginning on the first day of 

17 the election reporting cycle (or, if earlier, the 

18 period beginning one year before the disclosure 

19 date) and ending on the disclosure date. 

20 ‘‘(ii) In any calendar year after 2024, sec21 tion 315(c)(1)(B) shall apply to the amount de22 scribed in clause (i) in the same manner as 

23 such section applies to the limitations estab24 lished under subsections (a)(1)(A), (a)(1)(B), 

25 (a)(3), and (h) of such section, except that for 


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1 purposes of applying such section to the 

2 amounts described in subsection (b), the ‘base 

3 period’ shall be calendar year 2024. 

4 ‘‘(G) Such other information as required in 

5 rules established by the Commission to promote 

6 the purposes of this section. 

7 ‘‘(3) EXCEPTIONS.— 

8 ‘‘(A) AMOUNTS RECEIVED IN ORDINARY

9 COURSE OF BUSINESS.—The requirement to in10 clude in a statement filed under paragraph (1) 

11 the information described in paragraph (2) 

12 shall not apply to amounts received by the cov13 ered organization in commercial transactions in 

14 the ordinary course of any trade or business 

15 conducted by the covered organization or in the 

16 form of investments (other than investments by 

17 the principal shareholder in a limited liability 

18 corporation) in the covered organization. For 

19 purposes of this subparagraph, amounts re20 ceived by a covered organization as remittances 

21 from an employee to the employee’s collective 

22 bargaining representative shall be treated as 

23 amounts received in commercial transactions in 

24 the ordinary course of the business conducted 

25 by the covered organization. 


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1 ‘‘(B) DONOR RESTRICTION ON USE OF

2 FUNDS.—The requirement to include in a state3 ment submitted under paragraph (1) the infor4 mation described in subparagraph (F) of para5 graph (2) shall not apply if— 

6 ‘‘(i) the person described in such sub7 paragraph prohibited, in writing, the use of 

8 the payment made by such person for cam9 paign-related disbursements; and 

10 ‘‘(ii) the covered organization agreed 

11 to follow the prohibition and deposited the 

12 payment in an account which is segregated 

13 from a campaign-related disbursement seg14 regated fund and any other account used 

15 to make campaign-related disbursements. 

16 ‘‘(C) THREAT OF HARASSMENT OR RE17 PRISAL.—The requirement to include any infor18 mation relating to the name or address of any 

19 person (other than a candidate) in a statement 

20 submitted under paragraph (1) shall not apply 

21 if the inclusion of the information would subject 

22 the person to serious threats, harassment, or 

23 reprisals. 

24 ‘‘(4) OTHER DEFINITIONS.—For purposes of 

25 this section: 


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1 ‘‘(A) BENEFICIAL OWNER DEFINED.— 

2 ‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—Except as pro3 vided in clause (ii), the term ‘beneficial 

4 owner’ means, with respect to any entity, 

5 a natural person who, directly or indi6 rectly— 

7 ‘‘(I) exercises substantial control 

8 over an entity through ownership, vot9 ing rights, agreement, or otherwise; or 

10 ‘‘(II) has a substantial interest in 

11 or receives substantial economic bene12 fits from the assets of an entity. 

13 ‘‘(ii) EXCEPTIONS.—The term ‘bene14 ficial owner’ shall not include— 

15 ‘‘(I) a minor child; 

16 ‘‘(II) a person acting as a nomi17 nee, intermediary, custodian, or agent 

18 on behalf of another person; 

19 ‘‘(III) a person acting solely as 

20 an employee of an entity and whose 

21 control over or economic benefits from 

22 the entity derives solely from the em23 ployment status of the person; 

24 ‘‘(IV) a person whose only inter25 est in an entity is through a right of 


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1 inheritance, unless the person also 

2 meets the requirements of clause (i); 

3 or 

4 ‘‘(V) a creditor of an entity, un5 less the creditor also meets the re6 quirements of clause (i). 

7 ‘‘(iii) ANTI-ABUSE RULE.—The excep8 tions under clause (ii) shall not apply if 

9 used for the purpose of evading, circum10 venting, or abusing the provisions of clause 

11 (i) or paragraph (2)(A). 

12 ‘‘(B) CAMPAIGN-RELATED DISBURSEMENT

13 SEGREGATED FUND.—The term ‘campaign-re14 lated disbursement segregated fund’ means a 

15 segregated bank account consisting of funds 

16 that were paid directly to such account by per17 sons other than the covered organization that 

18 controls the account. 

19 ‘‘(C) DISCLOSURE DATE.—The term ‘dis20 closure date’ means— 

21 ‘‘(i) the first date during any election 

22 reporting cycle by which a person has 

23 made campaign-related disbursements ag24 gregating more than $10,000; and 


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1 ‘‘(ii) any other date during such elec2 tion reporting cycle by which a person has 

3 made campaign-related disbursements ag4 gregating more than $10,000 since the 

5 most recent disclosure date for such elec6 tion reporting cycle. 

7 ‘‘(D) ELECTION REPORTING CYCLE.—The 

8 term ‘election reporting cycle’ means the 2-year 

9 period beginning on the date of the most recent 

10 general election for Federal office. 

11 ‘‘(E) PAYMENT.—The term ‘payment’ in12 cludes any contribution, donation, transfer, pay13 ment of dues, or other payment. 

14 ‘‘(b) COORDINATION WITH OTHER PROVISIONS.— 

15 ‘‘(1) OTHER REPORTS FILED WITH THE COM16 MISSION.—Information included in a statement filed 

17 under this section may be excluded from statements 

18 and reports filed under section 304. 

19 ‘‘(2) TREATMENT AS SEPARATE SEGREGATED

20 FUND.—A campaign-related disbursement seg21 regated fund may be treated as a separate seg22 regated fund for purposes of section 527(f)(3) of the 

23 Internal Revenue Code of 1986. 

24 ‘‘(c) FILING.—Statements required to be filed under 

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1 tion 304(d) to the same extent and in the same manner 

2 as if such reports had been required under subsection (c) 

3 or (g) of section 304. 

4 ‘‘(d) CAMPAIGN-RELATED DISBURSEMENT DE5 FINED.— 

6 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—In this section, the term 

7 ‘campaign-related disbursement’ means a disburse8 ment by a covered organization for any of the fol9 lowing: 

10 ‘‘(A) An independent expenditure which ex11 pressly advocates the election or defeat of a 

12 clearly identified candidate for election for Fed13 eral office, or is the functional equivalent of ex14 press advocacy because, when taken as a whole, 

15 it can be interpreted by a reasonable person 

16 only as advocating the election or defeat of a 

17 candidate for election for Federal office. 

18 ‘‘(B) An applicable public communication. 

19 ‘‘(C) An electioneering communication, as 

20 defined in section 304(f)(3). 

21 ‘‘(D) A covered transfer. 

22 ‘‘(2) APPLICABLE PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONS.— 

23 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—The term ‘applicable 

24 public communication’ means any public com25 munication that refers to a clearly identified 


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1 candidate for election for Federal office and 

2 which promotes or supports the election of a 

3 candidate for that office, or attacks or opposes 

4 the election of a candidate for that office, with5 out regard to whether the communication ex6 pressly advocates a vote for or against a can7 didate for that office. 

8 ‘‘(B) EXCEPTION.—Such term shall not in9 clude any news story, commentary, or editorial 

10 distributed through the facilities of any broad11 casting station or any print, online, or digital 

12 newspaper, magazine, publication, or periodical, 

13 unless such facilities are owned or controlled by 

14 any political party, political committee, or can15 didate. 

16 ‘‘(e) COVERED ORGANIZATION DEFINED.—In this 

17 section, the term ‘covered organization’ means any of the 

18 following: 

19 ‘‘(1) A corporation (other than an organization 

20 described in section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Rev21 enue Code of 1986). 

22 ‘‘(2) A limited liability corporation that is not 

23 otherwise treated as a corporation for purposes of 

24 this Act (other than an organization described in 


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1 section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 

2 1986). 

3 ‘‘(3) An organization described in section 

4 501(c) of such Code and exempt from taxation 

5 under section 501(a) of such Code (other than an 

6 organization described in section 501(c)(3) of such 

7 Code). 

8 ‘‘(4) A labor organization (as defined in section 

9 316(b)). 

10 ‘‘(5) Any political organization under section 

11 527 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, other 

12 than a political committee under this Act (except as 

13 provided in paragraph (6)). 

14 ‘‘(6) A political committee with an account that 

15 accepts donations or contributions that do not com16 ply with the contribution limits or source prohibi17 tions under this Act, but only with respect to such 

18 accounts. 

19 ‘‘(f) COVERED TRANSFER DEFINED.— 

20 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—In this section, the term 

21 ‘covered transfer’ means any transfer or payment of 

22 funds by a covered organization to another person if 

23 the covered organization— 

24 ‘‘(A) designates, requests, or suggests that 

25 the amounts be used for— 


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1 ‘‘(i) campaign-related disbursements 

2 (other than covered transfers); or 

3 ‘‘(ii) making a transfer to another 

4 person for the purpose of making or pay5 ing for such campaign-related disburse6 ments; 

7 ‘‘(B) made such transfer or payment in re8 sponse to a solicitation or other request for a 

9 donation or payment for— 

10 ‘‘(i) the making of or paying for cam11 paign-related disbursements (other than 

12 covered transfers); or 

13 ‘‘(ii) making a transfer to another 

14 person for the purpose of making or pay15 ing for such campaign-related disburse16 ments; 

17 ‘‘(C) engaged in discussions with the re18 cipient of the transfer or payment regarding— 

19 ‘‘(i) the making of or paying for cam20 paign-related disbursements (other than 

21 covered transfers); or 

22 ‘‘(ii) donating or transferring any 

23 amount of such transfer or payment to an24 other person for the purpose of making or 


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1 paying for such campaign-related disburse2 ments; or 

3 ‘‘(D) knew or had reason to know that the 

4 person receiving the transfer or payment would 

5 make campaign-related disbursements in an ag6 gregate amount of $50,000 or more during the 

7 2-year period beginning on the date of the 

8 transfer or payment. 

9 ‘‘(2) EXCLUSIONS.—The term ‘covered transfer’ 

10 does not include any of the following: 

11 ‘‘(A) A disbursement made by a covered 

12 organization in a commercial transaction in the 

13 ordinary course of any trade or business con14 ducted by the covered organization or in the 

15 form of investments made by the covered orga16 nization. 

17 ‘‘(B) A disbursement made by a covered 

18 organization if— 

19 ‘‘(i) the covered organization prohib20 ited, in writing, the use of such disburse21 ment for campaign-related disbursements; 

22 and 

23 ‘‘(ii) the recipient of the disbursement 

24 agreed to follow the prohibition and depos25 ited the disbursement in an account which 


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1 is segregated from a campaign-related dis2 bursement segregated fund and any other 

3 account used to make campaign-related 

4 disbursements. 

5 ‘‘(3) SPECIAL RULE REGARDING TRANSFERS

6 AMONG AFFILIATES.— 

7 ‘‘(A) SPECIAL RULE.—A transfer of an 

8 amount by one covered organization to another 

9 covered organization which is treated as a 

10 transfer between affiliates under subparagraph 

11 (C) shall be considered a covered transfer by 

12 the covered organization which transfers the 

13 amount only if the aggregate amount trans14 ferred during the year by such covered organi15 zation to that same covered organization is 

16 equal to or greater than $50,000. 

17 ‘‘(B) DETERMINATION OF AMOUNT OF

18 CERTAIN PAYMENTS AMONG AFFILIATES.—In 

19 determining the amount of a transfer between 

20 affiliates for purposes of subparagraph (A), to 

21 the extent that the transfer consists of funds 

22 attributable to dues, fees, or assessments which 

23 are paid by individuals on a regular, periodic 

24 basis in accordance with a per-individual cal25 culation which is made on a regular basis, the 


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1 transfer shall be attributed to the individuals 

2 paying the dues, fees, or assessments and shall 

3 not be attributed to the covered organization. 

4 ‘‘(C) DESCRIPTION OF TRANSFERS BE5 TWEEN AFFILIATES.—A transfer of amounts 

6 from one covered organization to another cov7 ered organization shall be treated as a transfer 

8 between affiliates if— 

9 ‘‘(i) one of the organizations is an af10 filiate of the other organization; or 

11 ‘‘(ii) each of the organizations is an 

12 affiliate of the same organization, 

13 except that the transfer shall not be treated as 

14 a transfer between affiliates if one of the orga15 nizations is established for the purpose of mak16 ing campaign-related disbursements. 

17 ‘‘(D) DETERMINATION OF AFFILIATE STA18 TUS.—For purposes of subparagraph (C), a 

19 covered organization is an affiliate of another 

20 covered organization if— 

21 ‘‘(i) the governing instrument of the 

22 organization requires it to be bound by de23 cisions of the other organization; 

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1 cally designated representatives of the 

2 other organization or are members of the 

3 governing board, officers, or paid executive 

4 staff members of the other organization, or 

5 whose service on the governing board is 

6 contingent upon the approval of the other 

7 organization; or 

8 ‘‘(iii) the organization is chartered by 

9 the other organization. 

10 ‘‘(E) COVERAGE OF TRANSFERS TO AF11 FILIATED SECTION 501(c)(3) ORGANIZA12 TIONS.—This paragraph shall apply with re13 spect to an amount transferred by a covered or14 ganization to an organization described in para15 graph (3) of section 501(c) of the Internal Rev16 enue Code of 1986 and exempt from tax under 

17 section 501(a) of such Code in the same man18 ner as this paragraph applies to an amount 

19 transferred by a covered organization to an20 other covered organization. 

21 ‘‘(g) NO EFFECT ON OTHER REPORTING REQUIRE22 MENTS.—Except as provided in subsection (b)(1), nothing 

23 in this section shall be construed to waive or otherwise 

24 affect any other requirement of this Act which relates to 

25 the reporting of campaign-related disbursements.’’. 


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1 (b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—Section 304(f)(6) 

2 of such Act (52 U.S.C. 30104) is amended by striking 

3 ‘‘Any requirement’’ and inserting ‘‘Except as provided in 

4 section 324(b), any requirement’’. 

5 (c) REGULATIONS.—Not later than 6 months after 

6 the date of the enactment of this Act, the Federal Election 

7 Commission shall promulgate regulations relating the ap8 plication of the exemption under section 324(a)(3)(C) of 

9 the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (as added by 

10 subsection (a)). Such regulations— 

11 (1) shall require that the legal burden of estab12 lishing eligibility for such exemption is upon the or13 ganization required to make the report required 

14 under section 324(a)(1) of such Act (as added by 

15 subsection (a)), and 

16 (2) shall be consistent with the principles ap17 plied in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commis18 sion, 558 U.S. 310 (2010). 

19 SEC. 202. REPORTING OF FEDERAL JUDICIAL NOMINATION 

20 DISBURSEMENTS. 

21 (a) FINDINGS.—Congress makes the following find22 ings: 

23 (1) A fair and impartial judiciary is critical for 

24 our democracy and crucial to maintain the faith of 

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1 tem. As the Supreme Court held in Caperton v. 

2 Massey, ‘‘there is a serious risk of actual bias— 

3 based on objective and reasonable perceptions— 

4 when a person with a personal stake in a particular 

5 case had a significant and disproportionate influence 

6 in placing the judge on the case.’’ (Caperton v. A. 

7 T. Massey Coal Co., 556 U.S. 868, 884 (2009)). 

8 (2) Public trust in government is at a historic 

9 low. According to polling, most Americans believe 

10 that corporations have too much power and influence 

11 in politics and the courts. 

12 (3) The prevalence and pervasiveness of dark 

13 money drives public concern about corruption in pol14 itics and the courts. Dark money is funding for or15 ganizations and political activities that cannot be 

16 traced to actual donors. It is made possible by loop17 holes in our tax laws and regulations, weak oversight 

18 by the Internal Revenue Service, and donor-friendly 

19 court decisions. 

20 (4) Under current law, ‘‘social welfare’’ organi21 zations and business leagues can use funds to influ22 ence elections so long as political activity is not their 

23 ‘‘primary’’ activity. Super PACs can accept and 

24 spend unlimited contributions from any non-foreign 

25 source. These groups can spend tens of millions of 


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1 dollars on political activities. Such dark money 

2 groups spent an estimated $1,050,000,000 in the 

3 2020 election cycle. 

4 (5) Dark money is used to shape judicial deci5 sion-making. This can take many forms, akin to 

6 agency capture: influencing judicial selection by con7 trolling who gets nominated and funding candidate 

8 advertisements; creating public relations campaigns 

9 aimed at mobilizing the judiciary around particular 

10 issues; and drafting law review articles, amicus 

11 briefs, and other products which tell judges how to 

12 decide a given case and provide ready-made argu13 ments for willing judges to adopt. 

14 (6) Over the past decade, nonprofit organiza15 tions that do not disclose their donors have spent 

16 hundreds of millions of dollars to influence the nomi17 nation and confirmation process for Federal judges. 

18 One organization alone has spent nearly 

19 $40,000,000 on advertisements supporting or oppos20 ing Supreme Court nominees since 2016. 

21 (7) Anonymous money spent on judicial nomi22 nations is not subject to any disclosure require23 ments. Federal election laws only regulate contribu24 tions and expenditures relating to electoral politics; 

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1 forts for Federal judgeships are not covered under 

2 the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971. With3 out more disclosure, the public has no way of know4 ing whether the people spending money supporting 

5 or opposing judicial nominations have business be6 fore the courts. 

7 (8) Congress and the American people have a 

8 compelling interest in knowing who is funding these 

9 campaigns to select and confirm judges to lifetime 

10 appointments on the Federal bench. 

11 (b) REPORTING.—Section 324 of the Federal Elec12 tion Campaign Act of 1971 (52 U.S.C. 30126), as amend13 ed by section 201, is amended by redesignating subsection 

14 (g) as subsection (h) and by inserting after subsection (f) 

15 the following new subsection: 

16 ‘‘(g) APPLICATION TO FEDERAL JUDICIAL NOMINA17 TIONS.— 

18 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—For purposes of this sec19 tion— 

20 ‘‘(A) a disbursement by a covered organi21 zation for a Federal judicial nomination com22 munication shall be treated as a campaign-re23 lated disbursement; and 


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1 ‘‘(B) in the case of campaign-related dis2 bursements which are for Federal judicial nomi3 nation communications— 

4 ‘‘(i) the dollar amounts in paragraphs 

5 (1) and (2) of subsection (a) shall be ap6 plied separately with respect to such dis7 bursements and other campaign-related 

8 disbursements; 

9 ‘‘(ii) the election reporting cycle shall 

10 be the calendar year in which the disburse11 ment for the Federal judicial nomination 

12 communication is made; 

13 ‘‘(iii) references to a candidate in sub14 sections (a)(2)(C), (a)(2)(D), and 

15 (a)(3)(C) shall be treated as references to 

16 a nominee for a Federal judge or justice; 

17 and 

18 ‘‘(iv) the reference to an election in 

19 subsection (a)(2)(C) shall be treated as a 

20 reference to the nomination of such nomi21 nee. 

22 ‘‘(2) FEDERAL JUDICIAL NOMINATION COMMU23 NICATION.— 


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1 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—The term ‘Federal ju2 dicial nomination communication’ means any 

3 communication— 

4 ‘‘(i) that is by means of any broad5 cast, cable, or satellite, paid internet, or 

6 paid digital communication, paid pro7 motion, newspaper, magazine, outdoor ad8 vertising facility, mass mailing, telephone 

9 bank, telephone messaging effort of more 

10 than 500 substantially similar calls or elec11 tronic messages within a 30-day period, or 

12 any other form of general public political 

13 advertising; and 

14 ‘‘(ii) which promotes, supports, at15 tacks, or opposes the nomination or Senate 

16 confirmation of an individual as a Federal 

17 judge or justice. 

18 ‘‘(B) EXCEPTION.—Such term shall not in19 clude any news story, commentary, or editorial 

20 distributed through the facilities of any broad21 casting station or any print, online, or digital 

22 newspaper, magazine, publication, or periodical, 

23 unless such facilities are owned or controlled by 

24 any political party, political committee, or can25 didate. 


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1 ‘‘(C) INTENT NOT REQUIRED.—A disburse2 ment for an item described in subparagraph (A) 

3 shall be treated as a disbursement for a Federal 

4 judicial nomination communication regardless 

5 of the intent of the person making the disburse6 ment.’’. 

7 SEC. 203. COORDINATION WITH FINCEN. 

8 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Director of the Financial 

9 Crimes Enforcement Network of the Department of the 

10 Treasury shall provide the Federal Election Commission 

11 with such information as necessary to assist in admin12 istering and enforcing section 324 of the Federal Election 

13 Campaign Act of 1971, as amended by this title. 

14 (b) REPORT.—Not later than 6 months after the date 

15 of the enactment of this Act, the Chairman of the Federal 

16 Election Commission, in consultation with the Director of 

17 the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network of the De18 partment of the Treasury, shall submit to Congress a re19 port with recommendations for providing further legisla20 tive authority to assist in the administration and enforce21 ment of such section 324. 


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1 SEC. 204. APPLICATION OF FOREIGN MONEY BAN TO DIS2 BURSEMENTS FOR CAMPAIGN-RELATED DIS3 BURSEMENTS CONSISTING OF COVERED 

4 TRANSFERS. 

5 Section 319(b)(2) of the Federal Election Campaign 

6 Act of 1971 (52 U.S.C. 30121(a)(1)(A)), as amended by 

7 section 101, is amended— 

8 (1) by striking ‘‘includes any disbursement’’ 

9 and inserting ‘‘includes— 

10 ‘‘(A) any disbursement’’; 

11 (2) by striking the period at the end and insert12 ing ‘‘; and’’, and 

13 (3) by adding at the end the following new sub14 paragraph: 

15 ‘‘(B) any disbursement, other than a dis16 bursement described in section 324(a)(3)(A), to 

17 another person who made a campaign-related 

18 disbursement consisting of a covered transfer 

19 (as described in section 324) during the 2-year 

20 period ending on the date of the disburse21 ment.’’. 

22 SEC. 205. SENSE OF CONGRESS REGARDING IMPLEMENTA23 TION. 

24 It is the sense of Congress that the Federal Election 

25 Commission should simplify the process for filing any dis26 closure required under the provisions of, and amendments 


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1 made by, this title in order to ensure that such process 

2 is as easy and accessible as possible. 

3 SEC. 206. EFFECTIVE DATE. 

4 The amendments made by this title shall apply with 

5 respect to disbursements made on or after January 1, 

6 2024, and shall take effect without regard to whether or 

7 not the Federal Election Commission has promulgated 

8 regulations to carry out such amendments. 

9 TITLE III—OTHER 

10 ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS 

11 SEC. 301. PETITION FOR CERTIORARI. 

12 Section 307(a)(6) of the Federal Election Campaign 

13 Act of 1971 (52 U.S.C. 30107(a)(6)) is amended by in14 serting ‘‘(including a proceeding before the Supreme 

15 Court on certiorari)’’ after ‘‘appeal’’. 

16 SEC. 302. JUDICIAL REVIEW OF ACTIONS RELATED TO CAM17 PAIGN FINANCE LAWS. 

18 (a) IN GENERAL.—Title IV of the Federal Election 

19 Campaign Act of 1971 (52 U.S.C. 30141 et seq.) is 

20 amended by inserting after section 406 the following new 

21 section: 

22 ‘‘SEC. 407. JUDICIAL REVIEW. 

23 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—If any action is brought for de24 claratory or injunctive relief to challenge, whether facially 

25 or as-applied, the constitutionality or lawfulness of any 


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1 provision of this Act, including title V, or of chapter 95 

2 or 96 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or is brought 

3 to with respect to any action of the Commission under 

4 chapter 95 or 96 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, 

5 the following rules shall apply: 

6 ‘‘(1) The action shall be filed in the United 

7 States District Court for the District of Columbia 

8 and an appeal from the decision of the district court 

9 may be taken to the Court of Appeals for the Dis10 trict of Columbia Circuit. 

11 ‘‘(2) In the case of an action relating to declar12 atory or injunctive relief to challenge the constitu13 tionality of a provision, the party filing the action 

14 shall concurrently deliver a copy of the complaint to 

15 the Clerk of the House of Representatives and the 

16 Secretary of the Senate. 

17 ‘‘(3) It shall be the duty of the United States 

18 District Court for the District of Columbia and the 

19 Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Cir20 cuit to advance on the docket and to expedite to the 

21 greatest possible extent the disposition of the action 

22 and appeal. 

23 ‘‘(b) CLARIFYING SCOPE OF JURISDICTION.—If an 

24 action at the time of its commencement is not subject to 

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1 claim, affirmative defense, or any other pleading or motion 

2 is filed challenging, whether facially or as-applied, the con3 stitutionality or lawfulness of this Act or of chapter 95 

4 or 96 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or is brought 

5 to with respect to any action of the Commission under 

6 chapter 95 or 96 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, 

7 the district court shall transfer the action to the District 

8 Court for the District of Columbia, and the action shall 

9 thereafter be conducted pursuant to subsection (a). 

10 ‘‘(c) INTERVENTION BY MEMBERS OF CONGRESS.— 

11 In any action described in subsection (a) relating to de12 claratory or injunctive relief to challenge the constitu13 tionality of a provision, any Member of the House of Rep14 resentatives (including a Delegate or Resident Commis15 sioner to the Congress) or Senate shall have the right to 

16 intervene either in support of or opposition to the position 

17 of a party to the case regarding the constitutionality of 

18 the provision. To avoid duplication of efforts and reduce 

19 the burdens placed on the parties to the action, the court 

20 in any such action may make such orders as it considers 

21 necessary, including orders to require interveners taking 

22 similar positions to file joint papers or to be represented 

23 by a single attorney at oral argument. 

24 ‘‘(d) CHALLENGE BY MEMBERS OF CONGRESS.—Any 

25 Member of Congress may bring an action, subject to the 


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1 special rules described in subsection (a), for declaratory 

2 or injunctive relief to challenge, whether facially or as-ap3 plied, the constitutionality of any provision of this Act or 

4 chapter 95 or 96 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986.’’. 

5 (b) CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.— 

6 (1) Section 9011 of the Internal Revenue Code 

7 of 1986 is amended to read as follows: 

8 ‘‘SEC. 9011. JUDICIAL REVIEW. 

9 ‘‘For provisions relating to judicial review of certifi10 cations, determinations, and actions by the Commission 

11 under this chapter, see section 407 of the Federal Election 

12 Campaign Act of 1971.’’. 

13 (2) Section 9041 of the Internal Revenue Code 

14 of 1986 is amended to read as follows: 

15 ‘‘SEC. 9041. JUDICIAL REVIEW. 

16 ‘‘For provisions relating to judicial review of actions 

17 by the Commission under this chapter, see section 407 of 

18 the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971.’’. 

19 (3) Section 310 of the Federal Election Cam20 paign Act of 1971 (52 U.S.C. 30110) is repealed. 

21 (4) Section 403 of the Bipartisan Campaign 

22 Reform Act of 2002 (52 U.S.C. 30110 note) is re23 pealed. 


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1 SEC. 303. EFFECTIVE DATE. 

2 The amendments made by this title shall take effect 

3 and apply on the date of the enactment of this Act, with4 out regard to whether or not the Federal Election Com5 mission has promulgated regulations to carry out this title 

6 and the amendments made by this title. 

7 TITLE IV—STAND BY EVERY AD 

8 SEC. 401. SHORT TITLE. 

9 This title may be cited as the ‘‘Stand By Every Ad 

10 Act’’. 

11 SEC. 402. STAND BY EVERY AD. 

12 (a) EXPANDED DISCLAIMER REQUIREMENTS FOR

13 CERTAIN COMMUNICATIONS.—Section 318 of the Federal 

14 Election Campaign Act of 1971 (52 U.S.C. 30120) is 

15 amended by adding at the end the following new sub16 section: 

17 ‘‘(e) EXPANDED DISCLAIMER REQUIREMENTS FOR

18 COMMUNICATIONS NOT AUTHORIZED BY CANDIDATES OR

19 COMMITTEES.— 

20 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in para21 graph (6), any communication described in para22 graph (3) of subsection (a) which is transmitted in 

23 an audio or video format (including an internet or 

24 digital communication), or which is an internet or 

25 digital communication transmitted in a text or 

26 graphic format, shall include, in addition to the reVerDate Sep 11 2014 23:53 Mar 10, 2023 Jkt 039200 PO 00000 Frm 00048 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H1118.IH H1118

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1 quirements of paragraph (3) of subsection (a), the 

2 following: 

3 ‘‘(A) The individual disclosure statement 

4 described in paragraph (2)(A) (if the person 

5 paying for the communication is an individual) 

6 or the organizational disclosure statement de7 scribed in paragraph (2)(B) (if the person pay8 ing for the communication is not an individual). 

9 ‘‘(B) If the communication is transmitted 

10 in a video format, or is an internet or digital 

11 communication which is transmitted in a text or 

12 graphic format, and is paid for in whole or in 

13 part with a payment which is treated as a cam14 paign-related disbursement under section 324— 

15 ‘‘(i) the Top Five Funders list (if ap16 plicable); or 

17 ‘‘(ii) in the case of a communication 

18 which, as determined on the basis of cri19 teria established in regulations issued by 

20 the Commission, is of such short duration 

21 that including the Top Five Funders list in 

22 the communication would constitute a 

23 hardship to the person paying for the com24 munication by requiring a disproportionate 

25 amount of the content of the communicaVerDate Sep 11 2014 23:53 Mar 10, 2023 Jkt 039200 PO 00000 Frm 00049 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H1118.IH H1118

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1 tion to consist of the Top Five Funders 

2 list, the name of a website which contains 

3 the Top Five Funders list (if applicable) 

4 or, in the case of an internet or digital 

5 communication, a hyperlink to such 

6 website. 

7 ‘‘(C) If the communication is transmitted 

8 in an audio format and is paid for in whole or 

9 in part with a payment which is treated as a 

10 campaign-related disbursement under section 

11 324— 

12 ‘‘(i) the Top Two Funders list (if ap13 plicable); or 

14 ‘‘(ii) in the case of a communication 

15 which, as determined on the basis of cri16 teria established in regulations issued by 

17 the Commission, is of such short duration 

18 that including the Top Two Funders list in 

19 the communication would constitute a 

20 hardship to the person paying for the com21 munication by requiring a disproportionate 

22 amount of the content of the communica23 tion to consist of the Top Two Funders 

24 list, the name of a website which contains 

25 the Top Two Funders list (if applicable). 


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1 ‘‘(2) DISCLOSURE STATEMENTS DESCRIBED.— 

2 ‘‘(A) INDIVIDUAL DISCLOSURE STATE3 MENTS.—The individual disclosure statement 

4 described in this subparagraph is the following: 

5 ‘I am llllllll, and I approve this 

6 message.’, with the blank filled in with the 

7 name of the applicable individual. 

8 ‘‘(B) ORGANIZATIONAL DISCLOSURE

9 STATEMENTS.—The organizational disclosure 

10 statement described in this subparagraph is the 

11 following: ‘I am llllllll, the 

12 llllllll of llllllll, and 

13 llllllll approves this message.’, 

14 with— 

15 ‘‘(i) the first blank to be filled in with 

16 the name of the applicable individual; 

17 ‘‘(ii) the second blank to be filled in 

18 with the title of the applicable individual; 

19 and 

20 ‘‘(iii) the third and fourth blank each 

21 to be filled in with the name of the organi22 zation or other person paying for the com23 munication. 

24 ‘‘(3) METHOD OF CONVEYANCE OF STATE25 MENT.— 


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1 ‘‘(A) COMMUNICATIONS IN TEXT OR

2 GRAPHIC FORMAT.—In the case of a commu3 nication to which this subsection applies which 

4 is transmitted in a text or graphic format, the 

5 disclosure statements required under paragraph 

6 (1) shall appear in letters at least as large as 

7 the majority of the text in the communication. 

8 ‘‘(B) COMMUNICATIONS TRANSMITTED IN

9 AUDIO FORMAT.—In the case of a communica10 tion to which this subsection applies which is 

11 transmitted in an audio format, the disclosure 

12 statements required under paragraph (1) shall 

13 be made by audio by the applicable individual 

14 in a clear and conspicuous manner. 

15 ‘‘(C) COMMUNICATIONS TRANSMITTED IN

16 VIDEO FORMAT.—In the case of a communica17 tion to which this subsection applies which is 

18 transmitted in a video format, the information 

19 required under paragraph (1) shall appear in 

20 writing at the end of the communication or in 

21 a crawl along the bottom of the communication 

22 in a clear and conspicuous manner, with a rea23 sonable degree of color contrast between the 

24 background and the printed statement, for a 

25 period of at least 6 seconds. 


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1 ‘‘(4) APPLICABLE INDIVIDUAL DEFINED.—The 

2 term ‘applicable individual’ means, with respect to a 

3 communication to which this subsection applies— 

4 ‘‘(A) if the communication is paid for by 

5 an individual, the individual involved; 

6 ‘‘(B) if the communication is paid for by a 

7 corporation, the chief executive officer of the 

8 corporation (or, if the corporation does not have 

9 a chief executive officer, the highest ranking of10 ficial of the corporation); 

11 ‘‘(C) if the communication is paid for by a 

12 labor organization, the highest ranking officer 

13 of the labor organization; and 

14 ‘‘(D) if the communication is paid for by 

15 any other person, the highest ranking official of 

16 such person. 

17 ‘‘(5) TOP FIVE FUNDERS LIST AND TOP TWO

18 FUNDERS LIST DEFINED.— 

19 ‘‘(A) TOP FIVE FUNDERS LIST.—The term 

20 ‘Top Five Funders list’ means, with respect to 

21 a communication which is paid for in whole or 

22 in part with a campaign-related disbursement 

23 (as defined in section 324), a list of the 5 per24 sons who, during the 12-month period ending 

25 on the date of the disbursement, provided the 


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1 largest payments of any type in an aggregate 

2 amount equal to or exceeding $10,000 to the 

3 person who is paying for the communication 

4 and the amount of the payments each such per5 son provided. If 2 or more people provided the 

6 fifth largest of such payments, the person pay7 ing for the communication shall select 1 of 

8 those persons to be included on the Top Five 

9 Funders list. 

10 ‘‘(B) TOP TWO FUNDERS LIST.—The term 

11 ‘Top Two Funders list’ means, with respect to 

12 a communication which is paid for in whole or 

13 in part with a campaign-related disbursement 

14 (as defined in section 324), a list of the persons 

15 who, during the 12-month period ending on the 

16 date of the disbursement, provided the largest 

17 and the second largest payments of any type in 

18 an aggregate amount equal to or exceeding 

19 $10,000 to the person who is paying for the 

20 communication and the amount of the pay21 ments each such person provided. If 2 or more 

22 persons provided the second largest of such 

23 payments, the person paying for the commu24 nication shall select 1 of those persons to be in25 cluded on the Top Two Funders list. 


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1 ‘‘(C) EXCLUSION OF CERTAIN PAY2 MENTS.—For purposes of subparagraphs (A) 

3 and (B), in determining the amount of pay4 ments made by a person to a person paying for 

5 a communication, there shall be excluded the 

6 following: 

7 ‘‘(i) Any amounts provided in the or8 dinary course of any trade or business con9 ducted by the person paying for the com10 munication or in the form of investments 

11 in the person paying for the communica12 tion. 

13 ‘‘(ii) Any payment which the person 

14 prohibited, in writing, from being used for 

15 campaign-related disbursements, but only 

16 if the person paying for the communication 

17 agreed to follow the prohibition and depos18 ited the payment in an account which is 

19 segregated from a campaign-related dis20 bursement segregated fund (as defined in 

21 section 324) and any other account used to 

22 make campaign-related disbursements. 

23 ‘‘(6) SPECIAL RULES FOR CERTAIN COMMU24 NICATIONS.— 


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1 ‘‘(A) EXCEPTION FOR COMMUNICATIONS

2 PAID FOR BY POLITICAL PARTIES AND CERTAIN

3 POLITICAL COMMITTEES.—This subsection does 

4 not apply to any communication to which sub5 section (d)(2) applies. 

6 ‘‘(B) TREATMENT OF VIDEO COMMUNICA7 TIONS LASTING 10 SECONDS OR LESS.—In the 

8 case of a communication to which this sub9 section applies which is transmitted in a video 

10 format, or is an internet or digital communica11 tion which is transmitted in a text or graphic 

12 format, the communication shall meet the fol13 lowing requirements: 

14 ‘‘(i) The communication shall include 

15 the individual disclosure statement de16 scribed in paragraph (2)(A) (if the person 

17 paying for the communication is an indi18 vidual) or the organizational disclosure 

19 statement described in paragraph (2)(B) 

20 (if the person paying for the communica21 tion is not an individual). 

22 ‘‘(ii) The statement described in 

23 clause (i) shall appear in writing at the 

24 end of the communication, or in a crawl 

25 along the bottom of the communication, in 


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•HR 1118 IH

1 a clear and conspicuous manner, with a 

2 reasonable degree of color contrast between 

3 the background and the printed statement, 

4 for a period of at least 4 seconds. 

5 ‘‘(iii) The communication shall in6 clude, in a clear and conspicuous manner, 

7 a website address with a landing page 

8 which will provide all of the information 

9 described in paragraph (1) with respect to 

10 the communication. Such address shall ap11 pear for the full duration of the commu12 nication. 

13 ‘‘(iv) To the extent that the format in 

14 which the communication is made permits 

15 the use of a hyperlink, the communication 

16 shall include a hyperlink to the website ad17 dress described in clause (iii).’’. 

18 (b) APPLICATION OF EXPANDED REQUIREMENTS TO

19 PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONS CONSISTING OF CAMPAIGN20 RELATED DISBURSEMENTS.— 

21 (1) IN GENERAL.—Section 318(a) of such Act 

22 (52 U.S.C. 30120(a)) is amended by striking ‘‘for 

23 the purpose of financing communications expressly 

24 advocating the election or defeat of a clearly identi25 fied candidate’’ and inserting ‘‘for a campaign-reVerDate Sep 11 2014 23:53 Mar 10, 2023 Jkt 039200 PO 00000 Frm 00057 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H1118.IH H1118

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1 lated disbursement, as defined in section 324, con2 sisting of a public communication’’. 

3 (2) CLARIFICATION OF EXEMPTION FROM IN4 CLUSION OF CANDIDATE DISCLAIMER STATEMENT IN

5 FEDERAL JUDICIAL NOMINATION COMMUNICA6 TIONS.—Section 318(a)(3) of such Act (52 U.S.C. 

7 30120(a)(3)) is amended by striking ‘‘shall clearly 

8 state’’ and inserting ‘‘shall (except in the case of a 

9 Federal judicial nomination communication, as de10 fined in section 324(d)(3)) clearly state’’. 

11 (c) EXCEPTION FOR COMMUNICATIONS PAID FOR BY

12 POLITICAL PARTIES AND CERTAIN POLITICAL COMMIT13 TEES.—Section 318(d)(2) of such Act (52 U.S.C. 

14 30120(d)(2)) is amended— 

15 (1) in the heading, by striking ‘‘OTHERS’’ and 

16 inserting ‘‘CERTAIN POLITICAL COMMITTEES’’; 

17 (2) by striking ‘‘Any communication’’ and in18 serting ‘‘(A) Any communication’’; 

19 (3) by inserting ‘‘which (except to the extent 

20 provided in subparagraph (B)) is paid for by a polit21 ical committee (including a political committee of a 

22 political party) and’’ after ‘‘subsection (a)’’; 

23 (4) by striking ‘‘or other person’’ each place it 

24 appears; and 


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1 (5) by adding at the end the following new sub2 paragraph: 

3 ‘‘(B)(i) This paragraph does not apply to 

4 a communication paid for in whole or in part 

5 during a calendar year with a campaign-related 

6 disbursement, but only if the covered organiza7 tion making the campaign-related disbursement 

8 made campaign-related disbursements (as de9 fined in section 324) aggregating more than 

10 $10,000 during such calendar year. 

11 ‘‘(ii) For purposes of clause (i), in deter12 mining the amount of campaign-related dis13 bursements made by a covered organization 

14 during a year, there shall be excluded the fol15 lowing: 

16 ‘‘(I) Any amounts received by the cov17 ered organization in the ordinary course of 

18 any trade or business conducted by the 

19 covered organization or in the form of in20 vestments in the covered organization. 

21 ‘‘(II) Any amounts received by the 

22 covered organization from a person who 

23 prohibited, in writing, the organization 

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1 ered organization agreed to follow the pro2 hibition and deposited the amounts in an 

3 account which is segregated from a cam4 paign-related disbursement segregated 

5 fund (as defined in section 324) and any 

6 other account used to make campaign-re7 lated disbursements.’’. 

8 (d) MODIFICATION OF ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS

9 FOR CERTAIN COMMUNICATIONS.—Section 318(d) of the 

10 Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (52 U.S.C. 

11 30120(d)) is amended— 

12 (1) in paragraph (1)(A)— 

13 (A) by striking ‘‘which is transmitted 

14 through radio’’ and inserting ‘‘which is in an 

15 audio format’’; and 

16 (B) by striking ‘‘BY RADIO’’ in the heading 

17 and inserting ‘‘AUDIO FORMAT’’; 

18 (2) in paragraph (1)(B)— 

19 (A) by striking ‘‘which is transmitted 

20 through television’’ and inserting ‘‘which is in 

21 video format’’; and 

22 (B) by striking ‘‘BY TELEVISION’’ in the 

23 heading and inserting ‘‘VIDEO FORMAT’’; and 

24 (3) in paragraph (2)— 


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1 (A) by striking ‘‘transmitted through radio 

2 or television’’ and inserting ‘‘made in audio or 

3 video format’’; and 

4 (B) by striking ‘‘through television’’ in the 

5 second sentence and inserting ‘‘in video for6 mat’’. 

7 SEC. 403. DISCLAIMER REQUIREMENTS FOR COMMUNICA8 TIONS MADE THROUGH PRERECORDED TELE9 PHONE CALLS. 

10 (a) APPLICATION OF REQUIREMENTS.— 

11 (1) IN GENERAL.—Section 318(a) of the Fed12 eral Election Campaign Act of 1971 (52 U.S.C. 

13 30120(a)) is amended by striking ‘‘mailing’’ each 

14 place it appears and inserting ‘‘mailing, telephone 

15 call consisting in substantial part of a prerecorded 

16 audio message’’. 

17 (2) APPLICATION TO COMMUNICATIONS SUB18 JECT TO EXPANDED DISCLAIMER REQUIREMENTS.— 

19 Section 318(e)(1) of such Act (52 U.S.C. 

20 30120(e)(1)), as added by section 302(a), is amend21 ed in the matter preceding subparagraph (A) by 

22 striking ‘‘which is transmitted in an audio or video 

23 format’’ and inserting ‘‘which is transmitted in an 

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1 phone call consisting in substantial part of a 

2 prerecorded audio message’’. 

3 (b) TREATMENT AS COMMUNICATION TRANSMITTED

4 IN AUDIO FORMAT.— 

5 (1) COMMUNICATIONS BY CANDIDATES OR AU6 THORIZED PERSONS.—Section 318(d) of such Act 

7 (52 U.S.C. 30120(d)) is amended by adding at the 

8 end the following new paragraph: 

9 ‘‘(3) PRERECORDED TELEPHONE CALLS.—Any 

10 communication described in paragraph (1), (2), or 

11 (3) of subsection (a) (other than a communication 

12 which is subject to subsection (e)) which is a tele13 phone call consisting in substantial part of a 

14 prerecorded audio message shall include, in addition 

15 to the requirements of such paragraph, the audio 

16 statement required under subparagraph (A) of para17 graph (1) or the audio statement required under 

18 paragraph (2) (whichever is applicable), except that 

19 the statement shall be made at the beginning of the 

20 telephone call.’’. 

21 (2) COMMUNICATIONS SUBJECT TO EXPANDED

22 DISCLAIMER REQUIREMENTS.—Section 318(e)(3) of 

23 such Act (52 U.S.C. 30120(e)(3)), as added by sec24 tion 302(a), is amended by adding at the end the 

25 following new subparagraph: 


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1 ‘‘(D) PRERECORDED TELEPHONE

2 CALLS.—In the case of a communication to 

3 which this subsection applies which is a tele4 phone call consisting in substantial part of a 

5 prerecorded audio message, the communication 

6 shall be considered to be transmitted in an 

7 audio format.’’. 

8 SEC. 404. NO EXPANSION OF PERSONS SUBJECT TO DIS9 CLAIMER REQUIREMENTS ON INTERNET 

10 COMMUNICATIONS. 

11 Nothing in this title or the amendments made by this 

12 title may be construed to require any person who is not 

13 required under section 318 of the Federal Election Cam14 paign Act of 1971 to include a disclaimer on communica15 tions made by the person through the internet to include 

16 any disclaimer on any such communications. 

17 SEC. 405. EFFECTIVE DATE. 

18 The amendments made by this title shall apply with 

19 respect to communications made on or after January 1, 

20 2024, and shall take effect without regard to whether or 

21 not the Federal Election Commission has promulgated 

22 regulations to carry out such amendments. 


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1 TITLE V—SEVERABILITY 

2 SEC. 501. SEVERABILITY. 

3 If any provision of this Act or amendment made by 

4 this Act, or the application of a provision or amendment 

5 to any person or circumstance, is held to be unconstitu6 tional, the remainder of this Act and amendments made 

7 by this Act, and the application of the provisions and 

8 amendment to any person or circumstance, shall not be 

9 affected by the holding. 

Æ 


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