*

The Honorable Theodore McMillian died on January 18, 2006. This opinion

is being filed by the remaining judges of the panel pursuant to 8th Cir. Rule 47E.

United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

___________

No. 04-2894

___________

Alga Ogbay Woldemichael; Nazrawi *

Yemane Abraham, *

*

Petitioners, *

* Petition for Review of an

v. * Order of the Board of

* Immigration Appeals.

John Ashcroft, Attorney General of *

the United States of America, *

*

Respondent. *

___________

Submitted: January 13, 2006

Filed: June 5, 2006

___________

Before LOKEN, Chief Judge, McMILLIAN*

 and MELLOY, Circuit Judges.

___________

LOKEN, Chief Judge.

Alga Ogbay Woldemichael, a 54-year-old citizen of Eritrea, and her young son,

Nazrawi Yemane Abraham, entered the United States in September 1999 on nonimmigrant visas and applied for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the

Convention Against Torture, claiming that Woldemichael would be persecuted as a

Jehovah’s Witness if removed to Eritrea. An immigration judge (IJ) denied the
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application after a hearing. The Board of Immigration Appeals affirmed without

opinion. Woldemichael petitions for judicial review of the final agency action. We

deny the petition. 

I.

Woldemichael was the only witness who testified at the hearing. She testified

that she lived with her Greek Orthodox family until 1985 in Eritrea, a 48,000 squaremile part of Ethiopia that became an independent nation in 1993. She began secretly

worshiping as a Jehovah’s Witness in 1984 after a friend introduced her to the

religion. When her mother discovered a cassette tape containing Jehovah’s Witness

prayers, the family demanded that Woldemichael abandon her belief or leave home.

Woldemichael moved to Khartoum, Sudan, where many Eritreans were living to avoid

the growing conflict between Ethiopians and Eritreans. She found work and later met

and married Yemane Abraham Tekle, an Orthodox Christian from Eritrea. When

Tekle found work in Saudi Arabia, the couple moved to Riyadh in 1987, where

Woldemichael worked as a housekeeper until her son was born in 1993. 

In 1992, Woldemichael encountered the friend who introduced her to the

Jehovah’s Witness religion. The two resumed regular worship at the American and

Italian embassies in Riyadh with other Eritean and Ethiopian Jehovah’s Witnesses.

According to Woldemichael, though she and the friend occasionally worshiped at

home, she concealed her religious beliefs from her husband because he disapproved

of Jehovah’s Witnesses. In 1999, Tekle discovered Woldemichael’s religious

literature, became furious and abusive, and ultimately obtained a divorce from the

Eritrean embassy because Woldemichael was “not the same religion.” The divorce

ended Woldemichael’s authorization to work in Saudi Arabia. She and her son

obtained non-immigrant visas to the United States with the help of a Saudi

businessman. After entering the United States in New York City, they lived with

cousins in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and then moved to Worthington, Minnesota.
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Woldemichael also submitted affidavits from elders of the Jehovah’s Witness

church stating that she regularly attended Sunday service, Bible study, and classes

teaching the life of Jesus while in Sioux Falls and Worthington. The cousins with

whom she lived in Sioux Falls submitted affidavits supporting Woldemichael’s

testimony that she is cut off from her family in Eritrea because of her religion. 

The administrative record also includes Department of State reports addressing

the conditions facing Jehovah’s Witnesses in Eritrea since that country gained its

independence in 1993. The most recent Country Report in the record reports:

The [Eritrean] Constitution provides for the freedom to practice any

religion . . . and Islam and most forms of Christianity are practiced and

tolerated widely throughout the country with persons free to worship at

the church or mosque of their choice; however, the Government

continued to harass, detain, and discriminate against members of the

small community of Jehovah’s Witnesses because of their refusal, on

religious grounds, to vote in the referendum on independence or to

perform national service. . . . This has led to widespread criticism that

members of Jehovah’s Witnesses collectively were shirking their civic

duties. . . . Although persons from other religious groups, including

Muslims, reportedly have been punished in past years for failure to

participate in national service, only members of Jehovah’s Witnesses

have been subject to dismissal from the civil service, had their trading

licenses revoked, been evicted from government-owned housing, and

been denied passports, identity cards, and exit visas. However, there

were no reports that Jehovah’s Witnesses who performed national

service and participated in the national independence referendum were

subject to discrimination.

The Department of State’s International Religious Freedom Report for 2002 states that

the Eritrean population is approximately 50% Sunni Muslim and 40% Orthodox

Christian and includes similar information concerning the treatment of Jehovah’s

Witnesses in Eritrea.
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In a Written Decision following the asylum hearing, the IJ explained that

Woldemichael suffered no past persecution in Eritrea and therefore must establish a

well-founded fear of future persecution to prevail on her asylum claim. Though

acknowledging “a pattern and practice of discrimination and persecution against

Jehovah’s Witnesses in Eritrea,” the IJ expressed “serious concerns regarding whether

[Woldemichael] is indeed a Jehovah’s Witness” -- her failure to become baptized in

Eritrea, Saudi Arabia, or the United States; the unlikelihood that she could keep her

religious affiliation secret from her husband for twelve years; the representation that

she was a Christian rather than a Jehovah’s Witness on her son’s birth certificate in

Saudi Arabia; and the fact that the affidavits from Jehovah’s Witness elders stated that

Woldemichael attended services in Sioux Falls and Worthington but not that she was

a member of their church. The IJ concluded that Woldemichael is ineligible for

asylum because “[i]t is highly unlikely that a person in [her] position, a person who

tenuously holds the tenets of the Jehovah’s Witness faith, will be persecuted if

returned to Eritrea.” Alternatively, the IJ denied asylum as a matter of discretion

because Woldemichael bypassed orderly refugee procedures. “She left Eritrea in 1985

and lived in Sudan from 1985-1987 and in Saudi Arabia from 1987-1999. [She] was

not fleeing persecution when she came to the United States in 1999; rather, she was

forum shopping.” The IJ denied withholding of removal and relief under the

Convention Against Torture but granted voluntary departure despite the adverse

credibility finding. 

II.

Woldemichael frames the primary issue for our review as whether the IJ erred

in finding that she is not a Jehovah’s Witness based upon a flawed adverse credibility

finding. This misstates, or at least obscures, the relevant asylum analysis. 

The Attorney General may, in his discretion, grant asylum to a “refugee,” an

alien who is outside her native country and is unable or unwilling to return to that
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country “because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of

race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political

opinion.” 8 U.S.C. §§ 1101(a)(42)(A), 1158(b)(1)(A). “Persecution” is a rigorous

standard -- “the infliction or threat of death, torture, or injury to one’s person or

freedom on account of a statutory ground such as religion.” Rife v. Ashcroft, 374

F.3d 606, 612 (8th Cir. 2004) (quotation omitted). Absent physical harm, subjecting

members of an unpopular faith to hostility, harassment, discrimination, and even

economic deprivation is not persecution unless those persons are prevented from

practicing their religion or deprived of their freedom. See Nagoulko v. I.N.S., 333

F.3d 1012, 1016 (9th Cir. 2003).

A finding of past persecution creates a presumption of a well-founded fear of

future persecution, but Woldemichael presented no evidence of past persecution.

Indeed, she has not lived in Eritrea since it became a nation. Without the aid of the

presumption, an asylum applicant may prove a well-founded fear of future persecution

by showing an objectively reasonable fear of particularized persecution. See Feleke

v. I.N.S., 118 F.3d 594, 598 (8th Cir. 1997). Here, Woldemichael presented no

evidence of the particular circumstances she may face if removed to Eritrea, other than

evidence that she is cut off from her immediate family, an unfortunate circumstance

but one which is not relevant to the persecution inquiry. Thus, Woldemichael may

prove a well-founded fear only by showing: 

(A) . . . that there is a pattern or practice in . . . her country . . . of

persecution of a group of persons similarly situated to the applicant on

account of . . . religion . . . and (B) . . . her own inclusion in, and

identification with, such group of persons such that . . . her fear of

persecution upon return is reasonable. 

8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(2)(iii). “A pattern or practice of persecution must be systemic,

pervasive, or organized.” Ngure v. Ashcroft, 367 F.3d 975, 991 (8th Cir. 2004). 
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The only pattern and practice evidence in the administrative record is found in

the above-quoted Department of State reports. As the IJ noted, those reports suggest

a pattern or practice of discrimination and persecution by the Eritrean government.

But adverse action is only taken against Jehovah’s Witnesses who refused to vote for

independence and refuse to obey the requirement of national service. Other Jehovah’s

Witnesses, the Department of State reports, are allowed to practice their religion and

have not been fired from the civil service and denied identity cards and passports.

Thus, Woldemichael failed to prove that she is a member of the particular group that

has been subjected to persecution. She was not a resident of Eritrea eligible to vote

at the time of independence, and there is no evidence she opposed her countrymen’s

efforts to form a new nation. There likewise is no evidence that Woldemichael, now

54 years old, would be eligible for national service if removed to Eritrea at this time

and therefore no basis to fear she would be singled out for harsh treatment as a

Jehovah’s Witness who refuses national service. Compare Ghebremedhin v. Ashcroft,

385 F.3d 1116, 1120 (7th Cir. 2004). Finally, her sporadic and “tenuous” connections

to the Jehovah’s Witness organized religion provide no basis to infer that she is the

kind of “actively participating” member of the faith who would suffer persecution in

a country that professes religious tolerance as a national policy and does not bar

Jehovah’s Witnesses from worshiping in their churches and private homes. See

Prokopenko v. Ashcroft, 372 F.3d 941, 946 (8th Cir. 2004).

For these reasons, substantial evidence in the administrative record as a whole

supports the IJ’s ultimate finding that Woldemichael failed to present credible

evidence that she is a member of a group that is subjected to a pattern or practice of

religious persecution in Eritrea. Given the focused nature of Eritrea’s hostility toward

Jehovah’s Witnesses, the issue is not whether Woldemichael is a “true believer” of

that faith. See Muhur v. Ashcroft, 355 F.3d 958, 960 (7th Cir. 2004). Rather, the

issue is whether she proved that she is similarly situated to those Jehovah’s Witnesses

who are targeted for harassment and discrimination. See Woldemeskel v. I.N.S., 257

F.3d 1185, 1191 (10th Cir. 2001). Woldemichael failed to satisfy this rigorous
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burden. Therefore, she is ineligible for asylum. In these circumstances, we need not

address the IJ’s alternative decision to deny the application for asylum as a matter of

discretion, a ruling that we would review for abuse of discretion. See 8 U.S.C.

§ 1158(b)(1)(A); 8 C.F.R. § 208.14(a); Farbakhsh v. I.N.S., 20 F.3d 877, 882 (8th Cir.

1994). 

For the same reasons, Woldemichael’s application for withholding of removal

and for relief under the Convention Against Torture were properly denied. See 8

U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A); 8 C.F.R. §§ 208.16(b)(2), 208.16(c)(2). Accordingly, we

deny the petition for review. 

______________________________