NIST SP 1029
Structure of a folded catalytic RNA (ribozyme) of the

Azoarcus bacterium obtained from a fully solvated atomistic

molecular dynamics simulation calibrated to experimental

SANS and DCS neutron data. Shown with the surface 

representation of the RNA molecule (dark blue) are spacefilling representations of waters (light blue and white) along

with sodium (green), chloride (yellow), and magnesium

(orange) ions. (See highlight by J. E. Curtis et al.)
NCNR 2004

NIST CENTER FOR 

NEUTRON RESEARCH

Accomplishments 

and Opportunities

NIST Special Publication 1029

Patrick D. Gallagher, Director

Ronald L. Cappelletti, Editor

September 2004

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Arden L. Bement, Jr., Director

Technology Administration

Phillip J. Bond, Under Secretary of Commerce for Technology

U.S. Department of Commerce

Donald L. Evans, Secretary
Disclaimer

Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified

in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or

concept adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards

and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the entities, materials,

or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose.

National Institute of Standards 

and Technology Special Publication 1029

Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 1029, 88 pages 

(September 2004)

CODEN: NSPUE2

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE - WASHINGTON: 2004

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, 

U.S. Government Printing Office

Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov ■ Phone: 202.512.1800 

Fax: 202.512.2250 ■ Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 ii
iii Accomplishments and Opportunities

Table of Contents

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Remembering Nicholas Rosov (1959-2004). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

The NIST Center for Neutron Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NIST Center for Neutron Research Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

NCNR Images 2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Highlights

Chemical Physics and Biology

Probing the Depths of Lipid Membranes 

with AND/R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Protein-Solvent Coupling and Dynamics in Unary 

and Binary Glasses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Anomalous Hydration Water Dynamics at 

a Hydrophobic Protein Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Fragile-to-Strong Liquid Transition in Deeply 

Supercooled Confined Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Calculations Suggest New Routes Towards High 

Capacity Hydrogen Storage Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Condensed Matter and Applied Physics

Annealing-Dependent Magnetic Depth 

Profile in Ga1-xMnxAs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Residual Stresses in an Intact Railroad Rail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Residual Stresses in Thin Sheet Metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Competing Magnetic Phases in the “Kagomé Staircase” 

Compounds (Ni,Co)3V2O8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Spin Correlations and Magnetic Order 

in Nonsuperconducting Nd2-xCexCuO4±δ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Disorder-induced Polaron Formation 

in Colossal Magnetoresistive Perovskites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Crystal Structure and Lattice Dynamics 

of the Sodium Cobaltates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Neutron Spin Echo study of diluted 

“Spin-Ice” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 iv

Condensed Matter and Applied Physics (continued)

Ordering and Spin Waves in NaNiO2: 

A Stacked Quantum Ferromagnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Soft Condensed Matter

A Molecular Picture of Dynamics in Miscible 

Polymer Blends. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Counterion Associative Behavior with Flexible 

Polyelectrolytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Improving the Shelf Life of Colloidal 

Suspensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Energetics of Membrane Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Non-Lamellar Lipid Phases and the 

Membrane Fusion Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Stabilizing Highly Immiscible Polymer Blends. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Advances in Measurement

Neutron Reflectometry for Highly Accurate 

Nanometer Metrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Half-lives, Nuclear Data, and Analytical 

Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Proof of Concept for Thermal Neutron

Laue Diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Determining Statistical Uncertainty in Models Fitted to Pair 

Distribution Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Development of a Sensitive Fast-Neutron 

Spectrometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Serving the Science and Technology Community. . . . . . . . . 51

Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Facility Developments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

American Conference on Neutron Scattering

Hosted by NCNR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Awards 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Instruments and Contacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Contacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside Back Cover
v Accomplishments and Opportunities

t is my pleasure to share with you the

many accomplishments of the NIST

Center for Neutron Research over the

past year. This has been a period of

change for the NCNR. Mike Rowe, our

Director since 1989, retired on March 26,

2004 after a 31 year career at

NIST/National Bureau of Standards. The

remarkable growth of the NCNR into the

nation's leading neutron research facility is due in large part to Mike's

vision and leadership over this period. For this, Mike was honored in

June of this year by receiving the first Clifford G. Shull Prize, which is

awarded by the Neutron Scattering Society of America for outstanding

research in neutron scattering and for leadership in promoting the

North American neutron scattering community. We at the NCNR owe

him a direct debt of gratitude for his achievements. Those who know

Mike personally are aware that his leadership style was characterized

by his warmth, integrity, and wisdom—characteristics that have set

the tone for doing things the “NCNR way”. As a result, Mike has left a

very strong organization poised for even greater achievements. For my

part, I am committed to doing my best to live up to his high standard of

excellence. Fortunately, Mike continues to work with us on a variety of

technical issues, and we look forward to many more years of his company as a colleague and friend. 

Sadly this year we also unexpectedly lost a great friend and colleague,

Nick Rosov, who led the development of NCNR's Neutron Spin Echo

Spectrometer and its growing user program. His presence and his

great personal qualities will be sorely missed, but his contributions will

continue to have an enormous impact on the NCNR and on those who

come to use the facility for a very long time.

This has also been a period of challenges for the NCNR. Reductions in

funding for the NCNR in the FY04 Omnibus Appropriations Bill have

forced us to take several actions including reducing time on several

instruments, and deferring or canceling some instrument development

activities. On the other hand, the strong demonstration of support by

our users has been deeply gratifying to all of us here at the NCNR. 

This year, the NCNR was honored to host the second annual American

Conference on Neutron Scattering, held in College Park, Maryland in

early June. The Conference, sponsored by the Neutron Scattering

Society of America, brings together a broad spectrum of researchers

from across the United States and Canada to showcase recent work in

neutron science across a wide range of scientific disciplines. The

record attendance, diverse representation, and the excitement reflected in the presented work bode well for the future of neutron scattering

in North America.

The operation of the reactor, cold source, and beam systems over the

past twelve months has been outstanding. This year, the reactor is running a full schedule and the cold source was available 100 % of the

time that the reactor was ready to run. This is a remarkable record

and a tribute to the hard work of those that make it happen. We

recently submitted an application to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory

Commission requesting a renewal of our operating license for an additional 20-year period. Behind the scenes, we continue to upgrade

equipment and systems to prepare the facility for many more years of

highly reliable operation.

Despite the budget limitations, instrument development remains a priority since improvements in capability reflect the future success of our

facility. We are in the advanced stages of manufacturing and installation of two new crystal spectrometers that will bring enormous

improvements in capability for inelastic neutron measurements to the

NCNR and open up new research opportunities for our users. One of

these projects is a partnership between NIST, the National Science

Foundation and The Johns Hopkins University and provides another

excellent example of how our partners are the key to our success.

In the end, all of our efforts are focused on the science made possible

through neutron scattering. It is by the results of the research performed at the NCNR that we measure our success, and from which we

derive our satisfaction and enjoyment. In this report we have selected

a few of the many examples of exciting research results from the past

year. I think you will agree that they reflect an amazing breadth and

depth of research performed at the NCNR, and capture the enthusiasm

of those performing the work. 

I want to extend my sincere thanks to everyone who contributed to

another successful year!

Foreword

I

1 Accomplishments and Opportunities

Neutrons are powerful probes of the structure and dynamics of materials ranging from molecules inserted into membranes that mimic cell

walls to protons migrating through fuel cells. The unique properties of

neutrons (discussed below) can be exploited using a variety of measurement techniques to provide information not available by other

means. They are particularly well suited to investigate all forms of

magnetic materials such as those used in computer memory storage

and retrieval. Atomic motion, especially that of hydrogen, can be

measured and monitored, like that of water during the setting of

cement. Residual stresses such as those inside stamped steel automobile parts can be mapped. Neutron-based research covers a broad

spectrum of disciplines, including engineering, biology, materials science, polymers, chemistry, and physics.

The NCNR’s neutron source provides the intense beams of neutrons

required for these types of measurements. In addition to the thermal

neutron beams from the heavy water or graphite moderators, the

NCNR has a large area liquid hydrogen moderator, or cold source, that

provides intense neutron beams for the only cold neutron facility

presently operating in the U.S.

There are currently 29 experiment stations: four provide high neutron

flux positions for irradiation, and 25 are beam facilities most of which

are used for neutron scattering research. The following pages show a

schematic layout of the beam facilities. More complete descriptions of

instruments can be found at www.ncnr.nist.gov.

The NCNR supports important NIST research needs, but is also operated as a major national user facility with merit-based access made

available to the entire U.S. technological community. Each year,

almost 2000 research participants from all areas of the country, from

industry, academia, and government use the facility for measurements. Beam time for research to be published in the open literature

is without cost to the user, but full operating costs are recovered for

proprietary research. Access is gained mainly through a peerreviewed, web-based proposal system with beam time allocated 

by a Program Advisory Committee twice a year. For details see

www.ncnr.nist.gov/beamtime.html. The National Science Foundation

and NIST co-fund the Center for High Resolution Neutron Scattering

(CHRNS) that operates six of the world’s most advanced instruments.

Time on CHRNS instruments is made available through the proposal

system. Some access to beam time for collaborative measurements

with the NIST science staff can also be arranged on other instruments.

The NIST Center for 

Neutron Research (NCNR)

Why Neutrons?

Neutrons reveal properties not available to

other probes. They can behave like microscopic

magnets, they can diffract like waves, they can

set particles into motion losing or gaining energy and momentum in the process and they can

be absorbed.

Wavelengths—range from 0.1 Å to 100 Å, 

(1 Å = 0.1 nm) allowing them to form observable ripple patterns from structures as small 

as atoms to as large as proteins. 

Energies—of millielectronvolts, of the same

order as those of motions of atoms in solids 

or liquids, waves in magnetic materials, and

vibrations in molecules. Exchanges of energy

between neutrons and matter as small as 

nanoelectronvolts and as large as tenths of

electronvolts can be detected. 

Selectivity—in scattering power varies 

from nucleus to nucleus somewhat randomly.

Specific isotopes can stand out from other 

isotopes of the same kind of atom. Specific

light atoms, difficult to observe with x-rays, 

are revealed by neutrons. Hydrogen, especially,

can be distinguished from chemically 

equivalent deuterium.

Magnetism—makes the neutron sensitive to

the magnetic spins of both nuclei and electrons,

allowing the behavior of ordinary and exotic

magnets to be detailed precisely. 

Neutrality—of the uncharged neutrons allows

them to penetrate deeply without destroying

samples, and pass through walls controlling a

sample's environment allowing measurements

under extreme conditions. Properties ranging

from the residual stresses in steel girders to

the unfolding motions of proteins are amenable

to measurement by neutrons.

Capture—characteristic radiation emanating

from specific nuclei capturing incident neutrons

can be used to identify and quantify minute

amounts of material in pollutants or ancient 

pottery shards.

Instruments in the cold neutron guide hall.
1. A Cold Neutron Depth Profiling instrument

(not shown) for quantitative profiling of subsurface impurities currently at this site will

be moved to another position. Shown is

MACS, a cold neutron Triple Axis Crystal

Spectrometer under construction, with double focusing monochromator and multiple

crystal analyzer/detectors that can be flexibly

configured for several energies simultaneously or for high throughput at one energy.

2. BT-6 (temporary location) Neutron

Imaging Facility for imaging hydrogenous

matter in large components such as water in

fuel cells or lubricants in engines. 

3. BT-7 Thermal Triple Axis Spectrometer

with large double focusing monochromator,

and interchangable analyzer/detector systems (being installed).

4. BT-8 Residual Stress Diffractometer optimized for depth profiling of residual stress in

large components. 

5. BT-9 Triple Axis Crystal Spectrometer for

measurements of excitations and structure. 

6. Thermal Column: a very well-thermalized

beam of neutrons used for radiography,

tomography, dosimetry and other 

experiments. 

7. BT-1 Powder Diffractometer with 32

detectors; incident wavelengths of 0.208 nm,

0.154 nm, and 0.159 nm, with highest resolution of δd/d = 8 x 10-4. 

8. BT-2 Triple Axis Crystal Spectrometer

with polarized beam capability for measurement of magnetic dynamics and structure. 

9. BT-4 Filter Analyzer Neutron Spectrometer

with cooled Be/Graphite filter analyzer for

chemical spectroscopy.

10. BT-5 Perfect Crystal Diffractometer SANS

small angle neutron scattering instrument

for microstructure up to 104 nm, sponsored

by the National Science Foundation and

NIST, part of the Center for High Resolution

Neutron Scattering (CHRNS). 

11. NG-7 Horizontal Sample Reflectometer

allows reflectivity measurements of free

surfaces, liquid vapor interfaces, as well as

polymer coatings. 

12. Neutron Interferometry and Optics Station

with perfect silicon interferometer; vibration

isolation system provides exceptional phase

stability and fringe visibility. 

13. Spin Polarized Triple Axis Spectrometer

(SPINS) using cold neutrons with position

sensitive detector capability for highresolution studies—part of CHRNS.

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 2

NIST Center for Neutron Research Layout

25

3

5

4

2

1

6

7

8

9

10

24 23

12

13

11
14. Spin Echo Spectrometer for measuring

dynamics from 100 ns to 10 ps, in partnership with ExxonMobil—part of CHRNS.

15. Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis cold

neutron fluxes allow detection limit for H of

1 μg to 10 μg. Focused beams are available

for profiling. 

16. NG-7 30 m SANS for microstructure measurements, in partnership with NIST,

ExxonMobil, and the Cold Neutrons for

Biology and Technology program. 

17. Neutron Physics Station offering three cold

neutron beams with wavelengths of 0.5 nm,

and 0.9 nm, and a “white” beam available for

fundamental neutron physics experiments.

18. Fermi Chopper hybrid time-of-flight

(TOF) Spectrometer for inelastic scattering with selected incident wavelengths

between 0.23 nm and 0.61 nm.

19. Disk Chopper TOF Spectrometer, for 

studies of diffusive motions and low energy

dynamics of materials. Wavelengths from 

≈ 0.18 nm to > 1.0 nm give corresponding

energy resolutions from ≈ 2 meV to 

< 10 μeV —part of CHRNS.

20. NG-3 30 m SANS for microstructure 

measurements sponsored by the National

Science Foundation and NIST—part of

CHRNS. 

21. Backscattering Spectrometer high intensity inelastic scattering instrument with

energy resolution < 1 μeV, for studies of

motion in molecular and biological systems—part of CHRNS.

22. NG-1 8 m SANS for polymer characterization being modified to 10 m and to be made

available for CHRNS use along with its 

current use by the NIST Polymers Division.

23. Vertical Sample Reflectometer instrument with polarization analysis capability

for measuring reflectivities down to 10-8 to

determine subsurface structure.

24. Advanced Neutron Diffractometer /

Reflectometer (AND/R), a vertical sample

reflectometer with polarization analysis and

off-specular reflection capabilities for measuring reflectivities down to 10-8. Part of the

Cold Neutrons for Biology and Technology

program committed to studies of biological

membrane systems.

25. Thermal Neutron Capture Prompt

Gamma-ray Activation Analysis

Instrument at VT-5 (above the reactor)

with a neutron fluence rate of 3 x 108 /cm2/s

used for quantitative elemental analysis of

bulk materials. Generally used for the analysis of highly hydrogenous materials (< 1 % H)

such as foods, oils, and biological materials.

3 Accomplishments and Opportunities

22

21

14

20

19

18

17

16

15
NCNR Images 2004 

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 4

NCNR's Dan Neumann holds forth on dynamics at the ACNS.

Li Liu, Gui Chuan Yu, Michael Miller, Inna Vishik, all of

Stanford, loading a sample for their BT-2 experiment.

NCNR's Bill Kamitakahara ready for takeoff, College

Park Aviation Museum, ACNS banquet.

Pat Looney (OSTP) and Pat Gallagher (NCNR director)

chatting at the ACNS.

NCNR's Terry Udovic suited up at the FANS console.

NCNR's Charlie Glinka and Yamali Hernandez pose for

posterity during a break at the ACNS.

NCNR’s Taner Yildirim and Ron Cappelletti talk hydrides

with Brooks Harris (Penn) at an ACNS poster session.

NCNR's John Copley (left) and Mathias Lösche (right) discuss technical matters

with Mathias Gruenig (SwissNeutronics) at the ACNS banquet.
5 Accomplishments and Opportunities

Shenda Baker (Harvey Mudd), Roger Pynn (LANL), and Jeff Lynn (NCNR) share a

moment with NCNR former director, Mike Rowe.

Bill Hamilton (ORNL), Rob McQueeney (Iowa State) cheering it up with Dan

Neumann (NCNR) at the ACNS banquet.

Left, Guebre Tessema (NSF) and right, Lance Haworth (NSF) hear out Ian Anderson

(SNS) at the ACNS.

NCNR’s Rob Dimeo and Larry Kneller demonstrate DAVE software at the ACNS.

Greg Harbers (Colo. State), Duncan McGillivray (JHU/NCNR), and Divya Singh (JHU)

set up a sample at the new CNBT AND/R reflectometer.

NCNR's Mike Murbach, Mike Gue, Mike Rinehart, and Colin Wrenn install the

”dance floor” for the analyzer of the new BT-7 triple-axis spectrometer.

ACNS Banquet at the College Park Aviation Museum: L to R: Vladimir Luzin, Jesus

Ruiz, Philippe and Suzette Mangin, Mike Rowe, Nancy Chesser, and Steve White.

Andrey Zheludev (ORNL) and Igor Zaliznyak (BNL) at the ACNS talking physics 

during a coffee break.
L

ipids are the major constituent of cellular membranes. 

Arranged as a two-molecule-thick bilayer with a thickness of

about 50 Å, they insulate the inside of cells and cell organelles

from the outside. Proteins embedded in this bilayer provide the

only conduits between the two sides. Intriguingly, the structures of

the embedded proteins are shaped by lipid-protein interactions. In

order to understand and describe these interactions quantitatively,

the structures of lipid bilayers of varying lipid compositions must be

determined. Neutron diffraction is a powerful tool for this purpose, as

we illustrate in this brief report. We show how high instrumental resolution combined with contrast variation by hydrogen-deuterium substitution can yield a wealth of information about the structure of lipid

bilayers. As an illustrative example, we present results from bilayer

membranes containing cholesterol obtained during the 2004 Summer

School on Neutron Scattering held at the NCNR.

The neutron diffraction data are among the first obtained using the

Advanced Neutron Diffractometer/Reflectometer (AND/R), which

became operational at the NIST Center for Neutron Research (NCNR)

in September 2003. The AND/R was designed and optimized to meet

the criteria of high resolution and efficiency that the biophysical community has long needed for studies of membrane structure. It was

constructed by the Cold Neutrons for Biology and Technology (CNBT)

research partnership funded principally by a grant from the NIH

National Center for Research Resources awarded to the University of

California at Irvine, with the additional support of NCNR, UC Irvine,

and the Univ. of Pennsylvania. A highly monochromatic beam 

(∆λ/λ = 1 % at a neutron wavelength λ of 5 Å), a system of computer

driven slits to control the beam collimation and reduce the background

caused by spurious scattering, and easy access to either a pencil

detector or a 2D position-sensitive detector, are only a few of the 

merits of the AND/R.

Due to their dual hydrophobic-hydrophilic character, cell membrane

lipids organize spontaneously into bilayers, causing the hydrophobic

alkyl chains to be hidden in the bilayer center and the polar ‘headgroups’ to be exposed to water. The deposition of lipids from an

organic solution on a solid substrate (silicon, quartz, or glass) generally results in a stack of bilayers aligned parallel to the substrate surface

(Fig. 1). The samples used in our study were formed from dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) lipids in mixture with 0.20 mole fraction

of cholesterol. Cholesterol, an essential component of mammalian

membranes, participates in many physiological processes and plays an

important role in organizing other lipids and membrane proteins. There

is increasing evidence that it can associate preferentially with saturated

lipids to form ordered domains called “rafts”. These are believed to play

an important role in signaling across cell membranes [1].

The usefulness of neutron diffraction for studies of DMPC-cholesterol

and other membranes arises because membrane lipids and the surrounding water are rich in hydrogen atoms that can be selectively replaced

with deuterium without changing the structure of the membrane.

Because deuterium nuclei coherently scatter neutrons much more strongly than protons, this selective deuteration allows the deuterated atoms

to be readily identified, as described below.

The structural information sought in our experiments was the scattering

profile of the DMPC-cholesterol bilayers. Such profiles show how the

lipid mass (scattering length density) is distributed across the thickness

of the membrane. Specular diffraction on oriented lipid multilayers, 

(i.e. diffraction where the beam incident and emergent angles relative

to the sample surface are equal), produces a diffraction peak at Bragg

angles θ given by nλ = 2d sin(θ), where n is the (integer) order of diffraction, and d the spacing of the layers. Q z = 2π/d is the scattering

wavevector (Fig. 1). 

CHEMICAL PHYSICS AND BIOLOGY

Probing the Depths of Lipid

Membranes with AND/R

M. Mihailescu

University of California at Irvine 

Irvine, CA 92697 and 

NIST Center for Neutron Research 

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

D. Worcester

University of Missouri 

Columbia, MO 65211

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 6

FIGURE 1:

A Molecular Dynamics simulation 

snapshot, performed for a stack of

dioleoylphosphocholine bilayers at 

66 % relative humidity, and T = 300 K. 

The incident (k i ) and emergent (k f)

neutron wave-vectors, and their 

resultant (Q = Qz), are displayed, as in

a specular set-up. Image courtesy of

Francisco Castro-Román and Ryan Benz

(University of California at Irvine).
In our experiments, the DMPC lipids were deuterium-labeled near the

ends of the alkyl chains. A system of 4000 bilayers deposited on a

thin glass slide was mounted vertically in the beam in a sealed sample chamber at room temperature and a controlled relative humidity 

of 66 %. Fig. 2 shows two sets of diffraction patterns collected in a

specular set-up for two water-contrast conditions: 100 % H2O and a

mixture containing a 0.50 mole fraction of D2O. 

The Fourier synthesis from all of the nine diffraction orders observed,

in the first Born approximation [2], results in the density profile displayed in Fig. 3. The phase assignments for each diffraction order

were determined from additional water contrast variation experiments

[3]. A lipid bilayer is a thermally disordered system [4] (each atom will

have a Gaussian distribution around its mean position in the bilayer).

Nevertheless, a stack of bilayers has long-range order over experimentally accessible length scales, as is evident from the strong 

Bragg peaks in Fig. 2.

Previous work has shown that cholesterol increases the ordering of

lipid alkyl chains within the bilayers of saturated lipids [2], but the

mechanism of this ordering effect is still not very clear. The 9 orders

of diffraction allow significant structural features of the bilayer to be

resolved, such as the position and extension of the different submolecular groups (Fig. 3). At equilibrium, a few molecules of water are

associated with the lipid polar headgroups. Therefore, replacing H2O

by D2O in the vapor inside the sample chamber will alter the scattering-length density profile along the lipid axis (note the increase in the

scattering length density close to the lipid headgroup, which peaks at

position z = 27 Å, relative to the bilayer center). The bilayer thickness,

as determined from the position of the diffraction maxima, is 

d = 54.1 Å, including the water associated with the lipid. The prominent feature appearing in the middle of the hydrocarbon region, located at 5.2 Å from the bilayer center, is due to the presence of the deuterium label near the end of the DMPC alkyl chains. Deuterium labeling at different positions along the lipids would allow determination

of the positions of specifically-labeled atoms in the bilayer with a resolution of better than 1 Å.

Future experiments should reveal the exact position of cholesterol in

the bilayer, the packing conformation of lipids in the presence of cholesterol, and ultimately the interplay between geometrical constraints

and molecular interactions that drives the preferred association of

cholesterol with certain lipids.

The Advanced Neutron Diffractometer/Reflectometer adds a powerful

new instrument for structural investigations of materials at nanoscopic

scales. The structural information obtained can be used in concert

with molecular dynamics simulations to arrive at unprecedented

dynamic structural models of lipid membranes. 

We thank Prof. Stephen White for his valuable comments.

References:

[1] T. J. McIntosh, A. Vidal, S. A. Simon, Biophys. J. 85 (3), 1656, (2003).

[2] D. L. Worcester, and N. P. Franks, J. Mol. Biol., 100, 359 (1976).

[3] D. Worcester et al., in preparation.

[4] S. H. White and M. C. Wiener In: Permeability and Stability of Lipid

Bilayers, edited by E. A. Disalvo and S. A. Simon, Boca Raton: 

CRC Press, pp. 1-19 (1995).

7 Accomplishments and Opportunities

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5

10 1

10 2

10 3

10 4

10 5

10 6

Counts

100 % H2O

50 % D2O

Qz [Å-1]

0

5

10

z [Å]

Scattering length density [a.u.]

100 % H2O

50 % D2O

phosphocholine water

hydrocarbon

D label

methyl

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

-10

-5

FIGURE 2:

The specular scattering intensities for oriented multilayers of DMPC + 0.20 mole

fraction of cholesterol, measured at 66 % relative humidity and T = 22  ̊C, in two

water contrast conditions. The data sets have been shifted vertically for better visibility. 

FIGURE 3:

Scattering-length-density profile for a bilayer of DMPC (deuterated near the end of

the alkyl chains) in mixture with a 0.20 mole fraction of cholesterol, for two water

contrast conditions: 100 % H2O and a mixture containing 0.50 mole fraction of D2O.
Proteins are ubiquitous high molecular weight heterogeneous 

polymers. Besides their obvious importance in nature, proteinbased pharmaceuticals are quickly becoming a major fraction of all

drugs manufactured in the world [1]. Unlike small organic molecules

that are often formulated into crystalline forms, proteins are labile

molecules that are typically preserved in an amorphous state to

maintain the native fold and functionality over long periods of time.

Attaining a vitreous state does not guarantee the stability of a protein, as specific interactions between the protein and the matrix are

known to reduce the effectiveness of a given formulation [1]. Thus,

understanding the molecular details and dynamics of proteins in the

amorphous state is an important research challenge.

Only a few techniques exist that can even crudely probe protein structure and dynamics in the amorphous state. Fortunately, neutron scattering is proving to be a powerful method to quantitatively measure protein and glass dynamics in native and non-native environments.

Molecular dynamics computer simulations, when carried out in concert

with high-resolution neutron scattering experiments, can provide a

detailed microscopic interpretation to macroscopic observables. This is

possible since both time (fs to ns) and length (Å to nm) scales of computer simulation and neutron spectroscopy overlap, thus allowing for

the validation of simulation methodologies and force field parameters. 

We are applying a combined experimental and computational effort to

understand the factors leading to the activation of dynamical modes

in proteins. Over the last several years we have gained an understanding of proteins in native environments such as in solution, crystals, or powders [2]. The focus of this research summary is to describe

results regarding the dynamics of proteins encased in unary or binary

glasses. This is the first step to elucidate the factors that are necessary to allow for the intelligent design of pharmaceutical formulations

based upon microscopic dynamical information. 

There are many potential ingredients that can be used in the formulation of proteins including buffers, bulking agents, and stabilizers. The

proper choice of a formulation is an empirical process that must be

determined for each candidate protein drug. Proteins in lyophilized

powders are very sensitive to moisture content, thus care must be

taken in designing and carrying out experiments in order to mimic

industrially relevant conditions.

FIGURE 1. 

Proteins in native hydrated powder and encased in unary and binary glasses. From

left to right: Ribonuclease A (RNase) powder with eight independent protein molecules, lysozyme in a glucose glass, and RNase in a glycerol-trehalose binary glass.

Proteins are represented as tubes, water as space-filling red and white solids, and

polyols and sugars as stick structures.

In nearly all cases known, water is required for proteins to function by

acting as a plasticizer that activates large amplitude motions that

allow proteins to attain the appropriate degree of flexibility needed

for biological activity. In the context of pharmaceutical applications,

water can be detrimental to the long-term stability of proteins. On the

other hand, a completely dehydrated protein is also not desirable as

this is known to lead to conformations that are deleterious to protein

stability; the conformation of the protein is altered due to a lack of

satisfied hydrogen bond partners normally provided by water. Thus

polyols and disacharrides, both of which contain hydroxide groups, are

often used as stabilizers because they can provide the necessary

hydrogen bonding to maintain protein structure while at the same

time damping the amplitude of protein atom motions.

We have used neutron scattering and other spectroscopic data to validate the simulation of proteins in glycerol, trehalose and glucose

unary glasses as well as trehalose-glycerol binary glasses.

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 8

CHEMICAL PHYSICS AND BIOLOGY

Protein-Solvent Coupling 

and Dynamics in Unary 

and Binary Glasses 

J. E. Curtis, A. Pivovar and D.A. Neumann

NIST Center for Neutron Research 

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899 

M. Cicerone and C. Soles

Polymers Division 

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

D. J. Tobias

University of California at Irvine 

Irvine, CA 92697
9 Accomplishments and Opportunities

Specifically, we are using the High Flux Backscattering Spectrometer

(HFBS) and the Fermi-Chopper time-of-flight Spectrometer (FCS) to

generate picosecond to nanosecond dynamical data on sugars and

proteins in a systematic manner. Both the spatial and time-scale

dynamical data are used to validate our molecular simulation methods

and force field parameters. Previously, we have discovered that the

relaxation of the hydrogen bond network in hydrated protein powders

plays a critical role in the activation of large dynamical motions in proteins [3]. In Fig. 2 we show the intermediate scattering function of

non-exchangeable protons in the protein ribonuclease A (RNase) in

four separate environments as predicted by computer simulation.

Proteins relax via fast (sub-picosecond) and slow (> ps) processes. The

theoretical curves shown in Fig. 2 indicate that fast dynamics can be

suppressed by reducing the hydration level, or by solvating the protein

in glycerol or encasing into glucose or trehalose glasses. Interestingly,

we find that the slow dynamics is similar for the case of low-hydration powder or encased in glasses. Also in Fig. 2, the role of hydrogen

bond network relaxation is shown for RNase A in a hydrated powder

or in glycerol. The fast hydrogen bond dynamics, reflected by the time

constant tHB, is not affected, while the hydrogen bond network relaxation time, τR, clearly diverges at the dynamical transition of either

solvent (T d(H2O) = 180 K and T d(glycerol) = 270 K).

Recently, we have found that the addition of small amounts of glycerol to trehalose to form binary trehalose-glycerol glasses can dramatically reduce the dynamics of the glass. Additionally, we have made a

strong correlation between the suppression of fast dynamics and 

collective motions of the glass to the enhancement of protein 

stability [4]. We are currently dissecting the precise mechanism of

protein stabilization in such glasses by molecular dynamics simulation. As shown in Fig. 3, we have found that the addition of glycerol

can significantly reduce the motion of both the trehalose and protein

atoms, thus providing direct microscopic connection to support the

role of such binary glasses in the stabilization of protein function. 

In summary, we have used neutron scattering spectroscopy and

molecular dynamics simulations to probe the role of the activation of

dynamical motions that could lead to destabilization of proteins in

native and non-native environments. Our preliminary results indicate

that we can reproduce protein dynamics in a variety of amorphous

systems by computer simulation and that a qualitative understanding

of protein stabilization in a variety of environments is within reach.

Further work to refine the short-time dynamics of proteins in glasses

is in progress. We are continuing our joint experimental and computational approach to provide the framework for a systematic study of the

microscopic spatial and time-dependent factors that influence the stabilization of proteins.

References

[1] C. J. Roberts and P. G. Debenedetti, AICHE J. 48, 1140 (2002).

[2] M. Tarek and D. J. Tobias, Biophys. J. 79, 3244 (2000).

[3] M. Tarek and D. J. Tobias, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 138101 (2002).

[4] M. T. Cicerone and C. Soles, Biophys. J. 86, 3836 (2004).

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340

 T (K))

Trehalose

Glycerol

Soft Binary

Hard Binary

0.8

0.9

1.0

1 10 100

I(Q,t)

t (ps)

Hard Binary

Soft Binary

Trehalose 2.2

0.9

0.8

<u2 > (A2)

System

Trehalose

<u2

>(Å2)

Trehalose

Glycerol

Soft Binary

Hard Binary

hydrated powder

low hydration powder

glucose

glycerol

trehalose

t (ps)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

<h(0)h(t)>/<h>

glycerol

water

t (ps)

1 10 100 0.4

0.6

0.8

0.5

0.7

0.9

 I(Q,t)

Q = 2 Å-1

200 K

260 K

280 K

300 K

320 K

340 K

150 K

200 K

250 K

300 K

1 10 100

100 150 200 250 300 350

T (K)

1

10

1000

1000

10000

(ps)

HB

R

FIGURE 2. 

Picosecond protein and hydrogen bond dynamics.

Above left: intermediate scattering function of nonexchangeable protons of RNase in a variety of native

and glass environments. Above right: protein-solvent

hydrogen bond correlation functions. Left: the hydrogen bond network relaxation time (τR) diverges at the

dynamical transition while short time hydrogen bond

dynamics (τHB) is not affected.

FIGURE 3. 

Suppression of protein dynamics in a binary trehalose-glycerol glass. Left: Mean

square displacement of non-exchangeable protons of RNase and trehalose (inset)

atoms. Right: Intermediate scattering function of non-exchangeable protons of

RNase shows that the short-time dynamics is dramatically reduced in the glasses

and there is some suppression of picosecond dynamics.
Until a critical hydration level is reached, proteins do not 

function [1]. Restoration of some enzymatic activity is

observed in partially hydrated protein powders, which suggests

that the dynamical and structural properties of the surface water

are intimately connected to protein stability and function. The

molecular mechanism of the solvent motion that is required to

instigate protein structural relaxation above a critical hydration

level or transition temperature has yet to be determined.

Experimental limitations for studying molecular events in the dynamics of the protein water hydration arise from several factors [2]. The

highly diluted protein concentrations used mean that the hydration

water dynamics is overwhelmed by a bulk water signal. In other cases

it is difficult to distinguish between the direct contribution of a specific water-monomer interaction as arising from a hydrophobic,

hydrophilic or aromatic site and contributions arising from protein

regions more generally exposed to the solvent. 

In this work we use quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS) to investigate hydration water dynamics near a greatly simplified protein interface. We consider the hydration water dynamics at two protein concentratons (dilute: 0.5 mol/L and high: 2.0 mol/L) near the completely

deuterated N-acetyl(d3)-leucine(d10)-methylamide(d3) (NALMA, MW

202.25) solute, a hydrophobic amino acid side chain attached to a

polar blocked polypeptide backbone. Previous x-ray scattering experiments [3] focused on structural organization throughout the full concentration range of 0.5 mol/L to 2.0 mol/L. These studies showed that

water stabilizes mono-dispersed and small clusters of amino acids, as

opposed to more complete segregation of the hydrophobic monomers

into a sequestered core. In particular, the 2.0 mol/L data are interesting since we know from the structural work that the solutions organize so that only one water layer separates NALMA solutes, i.e., the

experiment unambiguously measures the dynamics of a single hydration layer directly. In contrast, the 0.5 mol/L solute concentration gives

information on the water dynamics arising from the outer layers, i.e.

only 2 to 3 hydration layers of water per solute are present at the

“diluted” concentration. 

The QENS experiment was performed at the NCNR using the disk

chopper time of flight spectrometer (DCS) at two different incident

neutron wavelengths: λ = 7.5 Å for which the elastic peak energy resolution (full width half maximum (FWHM)) is 35 μeV, and λ = 5.5 Å for

which the resolution is 81 μeV. The resulting data were reduced and

analyzed with NCNR’s DAVE programs. Measurements were performed at –3  ̊C, 4  ̊C, 27  ̊C and 37  ̊C for the 2.0 mol/L solution, and 

4  ̊C, 27  ̊C and 37  ̊C for the 0.5 mol/L solution [4,5]. The higher resolution experiment primarily measures the slow translational water

dynamics, while the lower resolution experiment contains information

about both rotational and translational water proton motion. The data

from the low-resolution runs were analyzed by including the narrow

translational Lorentzian functions based on the high-resolution 

experiment as known values.

The translational dynamics of water molecules in these biological

solutions was analyzed in a first approximation with a jump diffusion

model and their rotational dynamics by diffusion on a sphere. At the

highest solute concentrations (2.0 mol/L) the hydration dynamics is 

significantly suppressed and characterized by a long rotational and

residential time and a slow diffusion coefficient, similar to supercooled water. At the more dilute concentration solutions (0.5 mol/L)

the translational diffusion dynamics is still suppressed, although the

rotational relaxation time and residential time converge toward bulkwater values. Fig. 1 displays an Arrhenius plot of the translational 

diffusion coefficient of hydration water for both concentrations. The

0.5 mol/L concentration data are weakly non-Arrhenius over the temperature range from 4  ̊C to 37  ̊C, while the 2.0 mol/L data are clearly

super-Arrhenius over the same temperature range. The additional

QENS experiment at -3  ̊C confirms the super-Arrhenius character of

the 2.0 mol/L water translational diffusion data. Fits to the experimental intermediate scattering function show non-exponential relations

that deviate significantly from normal free diffusion [5]. 

The corresponding rotational relaxation time, τrotation, as a function of

temperature and concentration is plotted in Fig. 2. The 0.5 mol/L and

the 2.0 mol/L rotational data show Arrhenius dependence, in the 

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 10

CHEMICAL PHYSICS AND BIOLOGY

Anomalous Hydration Water

Dynamics at a Hydrophobic

Protein Interface

D. Russo, G. Hura, and T. Head-Gordon

University of California at Berkeley 

Berkeley, CA 94720

D. Copley

NIST Center for Neutron Research 

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899
11 Accomplishments and Opportunities

investigated temperature range, with activation energies equal to 

3 kcal/mol and 1.53 kcal/mol respectively for 0.5 mol/L and 2.0 mol/L

NALMA concentrations.

While the lower concentration solution could be classified as an intermediate to strong liquid, the higher concentration is legitimately

defined as a fragile liquid. The hydration dynamics of these solutions

over the limited temperature range studied exhibit very good correspondence with signatures of slow diffusion, non-Arrhenius behavior

and non-exponential kinetics, analogous to what is observed for

supercooled water down to -25  ̊C to -30  ̊C.

We might speculate that the NALMA solute provides a template or

description of different structural domains with different dynamics

that might exist in bulk supercooled water. In particular, the NALMA

solute provides a spatially heterogeneous environment for its interactions with water. One region permits long-lived hydrogen-bonding

with the peptide backbone that nucleates and stabilizes one type of

water hydrogen-bonded network. Since no hydrogen-bonding interactions exist for the hydrophobic side chain, a different and dynamically

less long-lived water hydrogen bonded water network dynamics is

preferred in this second region [3]. Since the water hydrogen-bonded

networks in these domains are dynamically and structurally distinct,

their close proximity (based on the high concentration and structural

organization of these solutions) would introduce an anomaly in the

water diffusion at the interface of these domains, requiring a coordination of motion of a number of water molecules to negotiate a mutually agreeable water network interface between them. More work is

needed in order to confirm the usefulness of such a hypothesis.

FIGURE 2. 

Arrhenius representation of the rotational relaxation time for 2.0 mol/L and 0.5

mol/L NALMA solution concentrations. The straight lines are the best fits to the

Arrhenius expression in the investigated temperature range, which give activation

energy values of 1.5 kcal/mol and 3 kcal/mol respectively for the low and high concentrations. 

References:

[1] J. A. Rupley and G. Careri, Advances in Protein Chemistry 41, 37, (1991).

[2] D. Russo, P. Baglioni, E. Peroni, J. Teixeira, Chemical Physics 

292, 235, (2003). 

[3] G. Hura, J. M. Sorenson, R. M. Glaeser, and T. Head-Gordon,

Perspectives in Drug Discovery & Design 17, 97, (1999).

[4] D. Russo, G. Hura, and T. Head-Gordon, Biophysical Journal 86, 

1852, (2003).

[5] D. Russo, R. M. Murarka, G. Hura, E. Verschell, J. R. D. Copley, 

and T. Head-Gordon, in preparation.

0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

QENS

VFT fit

3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8

1000/T (K )

-1

0

1

2

2.0 mol/L

0.5 mol/L

-1

-ln(10 

D(cm /s)) 5 2

-2

 -1.5

 -1

 -0.5

0

0.5

ln(10 D(cm /s)) 5 2

1/(T-To

D

) (K ) -1

FIGURE 1.

Translational diffusion coefficients for 2.0 mol/L and 0.5mol/L NALMA concentrations. The dashed line represents a guide to the eye for the 2.0 mol/L solution in

Arrhenius behavior between an “extrapolated point” at 47  ̊C and the experimental

point at -3  ̊C. The inset shows the same data plotted using the Vogel-TammannFulcher equation to display deviation from Arrhenius behavior.

3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8

1

rotational relaxation time (ps)

1000/T (K -1 )

 2.0 mol/L

 0.5 mol/L

3

2
CHEMICAL PHYSICS AND BIOLOGY

Fragile-to-Strong Liquid 

Transition in Deeply 

Supercooled Confined Water

S.-H. Chen, L. Liu, A. Faraone, C.-Y. Mou 

and C.-W. Yen 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

Cambridge, MA 02139

Glass is a microscopically disordered, solid form of matter 

that results when a fluid is cooled or compressed in such a

manner that it does not crystallize. Many types of materials are

capable of glass formation, such as molecular liquids, polymers,

metal alloys and molten salts. Given such diversity, general 

principles by which different glass-forming materials can be 

systematically classified are invaluable. One such principle is the

classification of glass-formers according to their “fragility”. Fragility

measures the rate with which a liquid’s properties (such as structural

relaxation time, viscosity or self-diffusion constant) change as the

glassy state is approached from the liquid side.

By convention, the glass transition temperature Tg is where the viscosity reaches a value of 1012 Pa s. The approach to this large viscosity, however, differs from one liquid to another. When displayed in an

Arrhenius plot of log (viscosity) versus inverse temperature 1/T, some

liquids (such as silica) show a steady, linear increase, while others

display a much steeper dependence on 1/T. The former are ‘strong’

liquids, and the latter are ‘fragile’. Thus, the glassy liquid is called

‘fragile’ when its viscosity or relaxation time varies according to the

so-called Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher (VTF) law: τ = τ0 exp[DT 0/(T – T 0)],

where T 0 is the temperature of apparent divergence of the relaxation

time; and the liquid is called ‘strong’ when the relaxation time obeys

the Arrhenius law: τ = τ0 exp[E A/RT ], where E A is the activation 

energy for the relaxation process and R is the gas constant [1].

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 12

-7.5 -5.0 -2.5 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

S

c) H

(Q

ω, ) [ μeV -1 ]

T = 220 K

E [ μeV ]

S

b) H

(Q , ω) [ μeV -1 ]

T = 225 K

a)

S H

(Q, ) [ μeV -1 ]

-1

,

T = 230K Exp. data (~14 Å)

Fit

Elastic comp.

Transl. comp.

1st order rot. comp.

2nd order rot. comp

Q = 0.99Å

ω

FIGURE 1:

QENS spectra taken at three temperatures, just above, at and below the strong-tofragile transition together with fits to the data. The continuous thick line represents

the result of the fit; the black dashed line is the elastic component; the tan dotted,

green dash-dot, and yellow dash-dot-dot lines represent contributions to the scattering from the first three terms of the Sears [6] expansion of rotational relaxation,

respectively. Note that the average translational relaxation time is extracted from

the tan dotted line.
For water, which is a fragile liquid at room temperature and at moderate supercooled temperatures, Angell and coworkers [2] proposed that

a ‘fragile-to-strong’ transition would occur at around 228 K, based on a

thermodynamic argument. In practice, bulk water nucleates into hexagonal ice at and below T n = 235 K, so the fragile-to-strong transition lies

in an inaccessible region of temperatures and it has not been observed

up to now [3]. By containing water in small cylindrical pores (pore size

less than 20 Å) of MCM-41-S, we have been able to circumvent the

homogenous nucleation process and supercool water down to 200 K.

High resolution quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) was used to

detect the fragile-to-strong transition in water by directly measuring

the average translational relaxation time of water molecules from 

325 K to the deeply supercooled temperature of 200 K. We used the

Disk Chopper Spectrometer with 6 Å neutrons at a resolution of 30

μeV and the Backscattering Spectrometer at a resolution of 1 μeV to

cover the relaxation time range from 1 ps at high temperatures to 10

ns at the lowest temperature. The QENS spectra were analyzed on an

absolute scale using the Relaxing Cage Model (RCM), previously

developed by our group [4,5].

Fig. 1 displays the measured spectra just above, at and below the

transition together with fits to the data. It is seen that the RCM fits

the spectra on an absolute scale. Fig. 2 shows the average relaxation

times in an Arrhenius plot. The experimental data show clear cusps at

Tx, signaling the fragile-to-strong transition. This is the most direct

observation of this amorphous-to-amorphous structural transition

reported to date.

We are deeply indebted to Drs. Z. Chowdhuri, I. Peral, and J. Copley

for their technical assistance in taking these data.

References:

[1] C. A. Angell, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 131-133, 13 (1991).

[2] K. Ito, C. T. Moynihan, and C. A. Angell, Nature 398, 492 (1999).

[3] R. Bergman, and J. Swenson, Nature 403, 283-286 (2000).

[4] S. H. Chen, C. Liao, F. Sciortino, P. Gallo, P. Tartaglia, Phys. Rev. E 59,

6708 (1999).

[5] L. Liu, A. Faraone, S. H. Chen, Phys. Rev. E 65, 041506 (2002).

[6] V. F. Sears, Can J. Phys. 45, 237 (1967).

13 Accomplishments and Opportunities

0. 5 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 0. 9 1. 0 1. 1

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0. 5 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 0. 9 1. 0 1. 1

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

b)

400 T [K ]

T 0/T , T 0= 200 K

300 250 200

T x

= 225 K

D=1. 47

EA

= 5.28 kcal mol -1

Arrhenius: 0.079* e 2657/ T

V TF: 0. 079* e 1.47*200/(T-200)

~

log( < τ 0>[ps])

1/T

x

=1/T

0

-D/(E

A

/kB)

a)

400

1/T x=1 /T

0

-D /(E

A

/ k B)

T [K ]

T 0/T , T 0= 200 K

280 250 200

T x= 222 K

D = 1.16

E A= 4.70 kcal mol

Arrhenius: 0.32*e2364/T

VTF: 0. 32* e 1.16*200/(T- 200)

~ pore size

log( < τ 0>[ps])

14Å

-1

18Å pore size

FIGURE 2:

Temperature dependence of the average translational relaxation times, < τ0>, 

presented in an Arrhenius plot. In panels a) and b), blue dotted lines are the fit 

to a VTF law for T > 220 K and to an Arrhenius law (red straight dashed lines) for 

T < 220 K. Tx is the cross-over temperature at which the two lines intersect, 

which signals the fragile-to-strong transition. Note that ordinate is the natural 

logarithm of <τ0>.
CHEMICAL PHYSICS AND BIOLOGY

Calculations Suggest New 

Routes Towards High Capacity

Hydrogen Storage Materials 

J. Íñiguez1,2, T. Yildirim1, T. J. Udovic1, M. Sulic3

C. M. Jensen3

1 NIST Center for Neutron Research 

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

2 University of Maryland 

College Park, MD 20742

3 University of Hawaii 

Honolulu, HI 96822

Developing safe, cost-effective, and practical means of storing

hydrogen is crucial for the advancement of hydrogen and fuelcell technologies. The discovery of enhanced reversible hydrogen

sorption by Ti-doped alanates [1] opened up an entirely new prospect

for lightweight hydrogen storage. However, in spite of the extensive

investigations of alanates, little is known about the mechanism by

which Ti enhances the cycling kinetics of hydrogen. In fact, even the

location of the Ti atoms remains unclear. To shed some lights on

these issues, we have studied structure and dynamics of pure and Tidoped alanates using first-principles quantum calculations and

inelastic neutron scattering (INS) techniques [2].

Figure 1 shows the measured vibrational spectrum of sodium alanate,

NaAlH4, which exhibits several sharp phonon bands up to 250 meV. 

In the same figure we also show the calculated one-phonon spectrum,

which clearly fails to explain many features in the data. However,

including two-phonon scattering processes yields a result that 

is in excellent agreement with the data. Such strong and sharp 

multi-phonon contributions are unusual, and could have been easily

mistaken as single phonons if we had not had the theoretical results.

The calculations also indicate the nature of the different phonon

bands in Fig.1. The low energy modes are AlH4 translations, while

those around 50 meV are rotations. The modes above 200 meV are

stretching modes of the AlH4 tetradedron. The modes between 

75 meV and 125 meV are mixtures of rotations and stretches. 

The excellent agreement between the neutron data and our calculations suggest that first-principles methods describe the alanate systems accurately and therefore can be used to make predictions. We

have extended our calculations to investigate the possibility of substitutional Ti doping of alanates, as well as the effect of the dopant on

the surrounding hydrogen dynamics and bonding.

From the many substitutional and interstitial doping models that could

be tried, we chose two that are experimentally motivated, i.e., the

substitution of Al and Na by Ti. In the following we denote these doping models by ``TiAl’’ and ``TiNa’’, respectively. We consider

supercells containing 16 NaAlH4 formula units, and substitute only

one of the Al or Na atoms by Ti. The cohesive energies are obtained

as the sum of the individual atom energies minus the energy of the

system (see Table 1). We find both TiNa and TiAI are energetically more stable than pure alanate; i.e., the system gains energy by

accepting a Ti dopant into the bulk and releasing a Na or Al atom. In

addition, TiNa is found to be the most favorable substitution.

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 14

TABLE 1.

Calculated atomic cohesive energies per 96-atom unit cell for different doped 

systems. The result for pure AlNaH4 (231.922 eV) is taken as the zero of energy.

Systems TiAl TiNa TiNa(H) TiNa+H

Ecoh (eV) 0.075 0.911 1.316 1.317

FIGURE 1.

Measured (top) and calculated (bottom) INS spectra of NaAlH4. The calculated 1

and 1+2 phonon contributions are shown. The structure of NaAlH4 is as shown in

the inset; blue/red tetrahedra represent AlH4 units.
It may seem surprising that TiNa has a higher cohesive energy than

TiAI. The typical valences of these atoms certainly suggest otherwise. However, Ti seems to be relatively large for the Al site. This 

size mismatch is the most likely cause for TiAI to be energetically

less favorable.

The relaxed TiNa structure presents H atoms that come close to

the Ti dopant. The shortest Ti—H distance is 2.05 Å, compared with

the 2.39 Å Na—H distance in the pure system. This result suggests

that Ti dopants may facilitate the breaking of the Al—H bond. We

explored this possibility by moving one H atom to the immediate vicinity of the dopant and then relaxing the system. The resulting structure

(see Fig. 2), which we denote by ``TiNa (H)‘’, is considerably more

stable than the original TiNa doping model. In fact, we found that it

has not one but two H atoms very close to the Ti. The shortest Ti—H

distance is 1.81 Å, and the corresponding Al—H distance is 1.89 Å,

i.e. 0.25 Å longer than in pure NaAlH4. Thus the Ti dopant can indeed

induce Al—H bond breaking, a necessary step for H2 release.

Along these lines, we also considered a less obvious possibility,

namely, that Ti drags extra hydrogens into the system. We model 

this case by placing one extra H in the vicinity of the Ti atom. This

structure, which we denote by “TiNa+H “ in Table 1, turns out to

be the most stable of the doped systems considered. We find a 

Ti—H bonding distance of 1.82 Å and several AlH4 groups 

approaching the Ti dopant.

Finally, we study the effect of the Ti dopants on the vibrational spectrum of neighboring AlH4 groups. We find that the Ti dopant mainly

affects the high-frequency modes near 200 meV, i.e. those involving

stretching of the AlH4 tetrahedron. All the modes in that group soften

differently for the TiNa and TiAl cases. This suggests that, by

investigating the phonon spectrum of Ti-doped NaAlH4, one might

determine whether Ti dopants go into the bulk of the system and, if

so, where they are located. Motivated by this possibility, we measured the phonon spectrum of a 2 % Ti-doped sample, but obtained a

result essentially identical to that of the pure alanate shown in Fig.1.

However, it should be noted that this does not rule out the possibility

of substitutional doping in our sample since the amount of Ti is very

small, and thus any dopant-induced feature in the spectrum should

also be very small and hard to distinguish from the noise. In addition,

the INS spectrum of pure sodium alanate presents significant twophonon intensity in the 175 meV to 200 meV energy range (see Fig. 1),

which makes it difficult to identify fine details. Higher resolution spectroscopic measurements, such as Raman scattering, might help 

elucidate this issue.

In conclusion, we have used ab initio quantum mechanics calculations

and inelastic neutron scattering measurements to study pure and 

Ti-doped sodium alanate (NaAlH4), a material that holds great promise

for reversible hydrogen storage. The calculations indicate that the 

Ti dopant prefers to substitute for Na and attracts several hydrogen

atoms, softening and breaking the corresponding Al-H bonds. Even

more interestingly, we found it energetically favorable for the Ti to

drag extra H atoms into the system. These results point to an interesting direction for future research, namely the possibility of producing a

new material, sodium-titanium alanate that might benefit from the

ability of Ti to accommodate extra hydrogens in its vicinity and thus

exhibit improved H-storage capabilities.

References

[1] B. Bogdanovic and M. Schwickardi, J. Alloys Comp. 253, 1 (1997).

[2] J. Íñiguez, T. Yildirim, T. J. Udovic, M. Sulic, and C. M. Jensen, Phys.

Rev. B Rapid Com. (in press, 2004). 

15 Accomplishments and Opportunities

FIGURE 2.

Energy along the pathe from TiNa to TiNa (H) structures. Insets show local

structure and bond distances at the two minima.
CONDENSED MATTER AND APPLIED PHYSICS

Annealing-Dependent Magnetic

Depth Profile in Ga1-xMnxAs

The continued growth in speed and density of semiconductor 

circuits has revolutionized data processing in recent decades.

Simultaneously, enormous improvements in magnetic media have

dramatically increased permanent data storage capabilities. An

emerging technology called “spintronics” [1] integrates magnetic

components with semiconductor devices and has the potential to

dramatically increase data processing capabilities. The function of

these magnetoelectronic devices, which include spin-valve transistors, spin light-emitting diodes, and non-volatile memory, requires 

the transfer of spin-polarized electrons across interfaces between

ferromagnets and semiconductors. 

Ferromagnetic semiconductors are very effective as spin injectors because

of their good conductivity match with nonmagnetic semiconductors.

Recent research has focused on a new magnetic semiconductor, 

Ga1-xMnxAs [2], which has a ferromagnetic ordering temperature (T C)

exceeding 150 K for x ≈ 0.7 [3]. The ferromagnetic behavior in this material originates from coupling between Mn ions substituting for Ga. These

substitutional Mn (MnGa) ions act as acceptors, generating holes that

mediate the ferromagnetic exchange. However, MnGa ions are known to 

be partially compensated by Mn at tetrahedral interstitial sites (MnI

). 

MnI ions are double donors, and neutralize holes needed for the 

ferromagnetic exchange. Additionally, calculations suggest that MnI align

antiferromagnetically with neighboring MnGa, effectively negating their

moments. It is well established that low temperature post-growth 

annealing of Ga1-xMnxAs films can serve to significantly raise T C and

increase the magnetization, both phenomena being likely due to the 

redistribution of MnI [4]. 

To determine the actual effects of annealing, we examined the 

magnetic and structural depth profiles of as-grown and optimally 

annealed Ga1-xMnxAs thin films grown by molecular-beam epitaxy on

GaAs substrates [5]. We focus here on a set of films with a Ga1-xMnxAs

layer thickness of 115 nm and a nominal MnGa concentration x = 0.073.

One film was annealed in N2 for 1 hour at 280 °C, while the other film

was left alone. Resistivity measurements indicate that T C increases with

annealing by more than 70 K.

We probed the films with polarized neutron reflectometry (PNR) using the

NG-1 Reflectometer at the NCNR. A magnetic field of H = 0.1 T was

applied in-plane and then the sample was zero field cooled to 

13 K to bring the samples near magnetic saturation. Information about the

samples was then determined by fitting the measured reflectivity with a

depth-dependent scattering length density (SLD) model. The SLD model

can be separated into two components. The nuclear SLD, ρnuc, is sensitive

to changes in the chemical structure of the film, while the magnetic 

SLD, ρmag, is proportional to the film magnetization. 

B. J. Kirby

University of Missouri 

Columbia, MO 65211

J. A. Borchers and K. V. O’Donovan

NIST Center for Neutron Research 

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

J. J. Rhyne

Los Alamos National Laboratory 

Los Alamos, NM 87545

S. G. E. te Velthuis and A. Hoffmann

Argonne National Laboratory 

Argonne, IL 60439

T. Wojtowicz

University of Notre Dame 

Notre Dame, IN 46556 and

Inst. of Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences 

02-688 Warsaw, Poland

X. Liu, W. L. Lim, and J. K. Furdyna

University of Notre Dame 

Notre Dame, IN 46556

0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

Annealed Film

 measured SA

 fit from SLD model

Q (Å -1)

Spin Asymmetry

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

As-Grown Film

 measured SA

 fit from SLD model

Spin Asymmetry

FIGURE 1.

The measured spin 

asymmetries for each 

115 nm film, along with

the fits from the corresponding SLD model.

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 16
We measured both non-spin-flip (NSF) reflectivities and spin-flip (SF)

reflectivities for the 115 nm as-grown and annealed films. The SF reflectivity was determined to be near the background level. Since SF scattering is

sensitive to the component of the film’s magnetic moment perpendicular to

H, we detect no evidence of moment canting. The splitting between the

NSF scattering reflectivities, R++(Q) and R- -(Q), is due to the component of

each film’s magnetization parallel to H, with the magnitude of the splitting

being indicative of the magnetization at a particular length scale. The spin

asymmetry, SA(Q)=[ R++(Q) - R- -(Q)]/[R++(Q) + R- -(Q)], best accentuates this

splitting. The measured SA and fits for the 115 nm as-grown and annealed

films are shown in Fig. 1. The peak amplitudes of the SA at low Q are

determined primarily by the magnitude of the bulk magnetization of the

film and show an increase upon annealing, giving the result that more of

the Mn are participating in the ferromagnetic exchange after annealing.

Additionally, the spin asymmetry for the annealed film displays sharper

oscillations than those for the as-grown film. Since a smearing of the

oscillations can be indicative of roughness, these data qualitatively 

suggest that the annealed film has a more uniform magnetization than 

the as-grown film.

The structural and magnetic depth profiles for the annealed and as-grown

films obtained from the fits to the reflectivity data are shown in Fig. 2. The

differences between them can be interpreted by considering the unique

signature that Mn leaves on both the nuclear and magnetic SLD profiles.

Since Mn has a negative scattering length, a decrease in ρnuc implies an

increased concentration of Mn (and vice-versa). Since MnGa should be the

only atom in this system contributing to the ferromagnetic exchange, an

increase in ρmag implies an increased concentration of MnGa uncompensated by MnI (and vice versa). Therefore, any non-uniformity in the profiles

can be attributed to variations in Mn concentration and/or site occupation.

Starting at the substrate of the as-grown film, the top panel of Fig. 2

shows that ρnuc decreases as ρmag increases, indicating an increase in Mn

concentration at the substrate interface. Above that interface, ρmag climbs

and shows a pronounced gradient as the surface is approached. In this

same region, ρnuc shows little change, suggesting that the magnetization

gradient is not due to a change in Mn concentration, but possibly to an

increase in the ratio of MnGa to MnI

. (While the best fit is shown, models

with ρmag gradients that extend over smaller regions also fit the data 

reasonably well.)

In comparison with the as-grown film, the annealed film’s magnetic SLD

profile is more uniform for most of its thickness. Starting at the substrate,

the bottom panel of Fig. 2 shows a buildup of Mn, and an increase in ρmag.

While this increase in ρmag is somewhat rough, these data cannot support

a gradient in ρmag of the magnitude featured in the model shown for the

as-grown film. At about 90 Å from the surface, ρmag drastically drops as

ρnuc rises, all the way to the surface. One interpretation of this feature is

that the surface layer has little to no Mn present. However, recent measurements [3] provide evidence of increased Mn concentration at the free

surface of annealed Ga1-xMnxAs films, which is attributed to out-diffusion

of MnI

. Therefore, it is possible that MnN or a related compound may

have formed at the surface during annealing in nitrogen.

PNR data and the SLD models for a thinner set of 55 nm as-grown and

optimally annealed films are similar. The annealed film again exhibits a

pronounced magnetization depletion, and drastic increase in ρnuc at the

surface, while again only the as-grown film features a significant positive

gradient of magnetization as the surface is approached. 

To summarize, we have found that low temperature post-growth annealing

in Ga1-xMnxAs films not only serves to increase TC and the total magnetization, but also produces a more homogeneous distribution of magnetization as a function of depth. For the annealed films, we observe a sharp

drop in the magnetization, and a drastic change in the chemical composition at the film surface, effects that are less pronounced in the as-grown

films. This corroborates conclusions from other studies that the annealing

process appears to liberate MnI and redistribute it, likely to the surface,

where it can no longer disrupt the ferromagnetic exchange [3]. Our studies

on these materials are ongoing and are now focused on the effects of

reduced Mn concentration and of capping layers.

References:

[1] S. A. Wolf, et al., Science 294, 1488 (2001).

[2] H. Ohno, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 363 (1996).

[3] K. W. Edmonds, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 037201 (2004).

[4] K. M. Yu, et al., Phys. Rev. B 68, 041308(R) (2003).

[5] B. J. Kirby, J. A. Borchers, K. V. O'Donovan, J. J. Rhyne, S. G. E. te

Velthuis, A. Hoffmann, T. Wojtowicz, J. K. Furdyna, and X. Liu, Phys.

Rev. B 69, 081307(R) (2004). 

17 Accomplishments and Opportunities

0

2

4

6

8

290

300

310

320

As-Grown Film

Mavg = 17 emu cm-3

SLD (10-6 m-2 )

 Nuclear SLD

 Magnetic SLD

0

10

20

30

M (emu cm-3)

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

0

5

10

15

290

300

310 Nuclear SLD

 Magnetic SLD

Annealed Film

Mavg = 48 emu cm-3

SLD (10-6 m-2 )

surface Depth (Å) substrate

0

20

40

60

M (emu cm-3 )

FIGURE 2.

Scattering length 

density models for

each 115 nm film. The 

magnetization is 

proportional to the

magnetic component,

and is shown on 

the right. 
CONDENSED MATTER AND APPLIED PHYSICS

Residual Stresses in 

an Intact Railroad Rail

Residual stresses play an important role in rail integrity and the 

safety of rail transportation. In this report we describe neutron diffraction strain measurements carried out for the first time 

to obtain information about the 3D distribution of stresses in an

“intact” rail. In contrast to previously reported diffraction experiments made with rail slices, which provided no information on

axial stresses, we were able to measure the unperturbed 3D stress

distribution. The experiment was performed using the BT-8 residual stress diffractometer at the NCNR and the results provide 

information critical to improving safety and durability of rails.

In the last decade significant efforts have been made, both experimentally [1-5] and by implementation of numerical methods [6,7], to

characterize the residual stresses in rails, stresses that are ultimately

related to rail integrity and problems of rail failures. Diffraction techniques using neutrons [1-3] and synchrotron x-rays [4,5] are two methods that have been successfully employed to map residual stress in

rail slices, 4 to 10 mm in thickness. However, the axial stress component (perpendicular to the slice surface) is relaxed by the cutting so

that only partial information is obtained from slices.

Measurements on an intact piece of rail can only be made using neutron diffraction but have not been made previously because of the

high attenuation of the radiation. In the case of a railhead with typical

dimensions 75 mm by 50 mm the difference in attenuation conditions

between the surface and the deepest points can result in a factor of

1000 in the loss of neutron diffraction peak intensity. Three factors

made the present measurements possible: 1) A specially-designed,

double-focusing silicon monochromator [8] was installed on the BT-8

instrument; 2) Primary-side collimation was opened to the maximum;

and 3) Sample orientations were chosen to minimize path lengths for

the three main probe directions.

The rail that was used in the investigation was commercially produced by Rocky Mountain Steel Mills with the specification 132RE.

Production steps include a deep head-hardening process and rollerstraightening to achieve high hardness of the rail. The samples, a long

rail section and slices, were furnished by the High Tonnage Loop facility at the Federal Railroad Administration Transportation Technology

Center after subjecting it to multiple 39-ton axle loads. 

The length of the bulk sample (Fig. 1), approximately 530 mm, was chosen to preserve stresses intact in the middle part of the rail, as confirmed by a finite element method (FEM) calculation [9]. Because of

beam attenuation the selection of the scattering geometry, gauge volume size, and sample orientation with respect to the neutron beam

are critical to achieving the desired accuracy of ∆d/d = 5 × 10-5. In

Table 1 the choice of experimental conditions is summarized. The

measurement time per point varied from 5 seconds to 8 hours depending on path length and gauge volume.

In order to get strain values from d- values, ε = (d - d0)/d0, special

measurements were performed to obtain the d0-value of the

unstressed material. Five cubic coupons, 7 mm on a side, were cut by

electrical discharge machining from five different locations of the

same rail for the d0 measurements (three in the rail head, one in the

web and one in the foot). From the set of strains associated with each

mesh point stress tensors were calculated in the usual way [1] using the

appropriate diffraction elastic constants for steel. Since the measurement points were always within the material, a simple linear extrapolation was used to define stress values up to the surface for the 5x5 mm

experimental mesh. 

The second sample was a slice of thickness 6.3 mm saw-cut from the

same rail. This piece was examined in order to make a comparison

with the 3D stress measurement results. Measurements on the rail

slice required only very short path lengths. The (211) reflection was

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 18

V. Luzin1,2, J. Gordon3, T. Gnäupel-Herold1,4

and H.J. Prask1

1 NIST Center for Neutron Research 

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

2 State University of New York 

Stony Brook, NY 11794

3 Volpe National Transportation Systems Center

Cambridge, MA 02142

4 University of Maryland 

College Park, MD 20742

FIGURE 1.

The large rail piece with

the position of measurements indicated.
used, with a scattering angle of 2θ = 90.4 ̊ and a wavelength 

of λ = 1.67 Å. The gauge volume was reduced to 3x3x3 mm3 with 

a corresponding 3x3 mm mesh. Stresses were calculated with d0

evaluated from the requirement that the axial (normal) stress component be zero, σ33 = 0. Statistically more reliable results for d0 values

were obtained by averaging data from several slices of the same rail. 

Results in the form of stress maps are shown in Fig. 2 for both samples. Four components of the stress tensor are plotted and minimum

and maximum values are given. An error analysis based on counting

statistics was performed using standard error propagation techniques

resulting in typical stress value errors of ± 15 MPa for transverse and

vertical components and ± 25 MPa for the axial component in the bulk

sample. For the slice sample, stress errors for all components are

approximately ± 20 MPa.

This is the first time a stress map of the stresses in a long piece of

intact rail has been determined by any experimental technique. The 3D

stresses in the bulk sample have been compared with the 2D stresses

in a slice sample from the same rail. Transverse, vertical and shear

stresses for the long rail piece and the slice are similar but not identical, as one would expect. No information about axial stresses comes

from the measurement on a single slice. For the axial component we

find that there is an area of tensile stresses in the central core of the

rail surrounded by an area of moderately compressive stresses. In contrast with the highly compressive transverse stresses (at the top) and

vertical stress (at the sides) there is no area of highly compressive

axial stresses. Since axial stresses must balance over a plane normal

to the axis, the overall tensile axial stress in the railhead must be 

balanced by compressive stress in the web and foot. Measurements 

in these regions have not yet been completed for the long rail piece.

However, early measurements on longitudinal rail slices [3] and recent

results using the contour method [10] indicate that regions of high

compression occur in the axial direction in both the web and the foot. 

In summary, the economic importance of rail integrity dictates 

that monitoring techniques for residual stress such as destructive

sectioning/slicing methods need a clear benchmark against which

their accuracy and reliability can be judged. In the present work 

the first nondestructive determination of the triaxial stress 

distribution in an intact rail piece is presented. These results 

provide such a benchmark. 

References

[1] T. Gnaupel-Herold, P. C. Brand, H. J. Prask, “Neutron Diffraction

Investigation of Residual Stresses in Transverse/Oblique Rail Slices

Subjected to Different Grinding Strategies”, NISTIR 6305, U.S. DOC,

Tech. Administration, 1999.

[2] G. A. Webster et al. in Residual Stresses in Rails: Effects of Rail

Integrity and Railroad Economics, Vol. I, 1992, O. Orringer et al. eds.,

Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht, Boston, London, pp. 143-152.

[3] P. J. Webster, G. Mills, X. Wang and W. P. Kang in (Rail Quality and

Maintenance for Modern Railway Operation), 1993, J. J. Kalker et al.

eds. Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht, Boston, London, pp. 307-314.

[4] D. J. Buttle et al., Mater. Sci. Forum Vols. 404-407 881 (2002).

[5] P. J. Webster et al., pp. 767-772 of reference 4. 

[6] J. Orkisz and M. Holowinski, pp. 273-285 of reference 3.

[7] A. B. Perlman and J.E. Gordon, in Vol. 2 of ref. 2, pp. 151-177.

[8] M. Popovici et al., Neutron Optics 4509, 21 (2001).

[9] B. Talamini and J.E. Gordon, to be published.

[10] J. Keleher et al., Proc. of the MECA-SENS Conf., Manchester, 

England (2003).

19 Accomplishments and Opportunities

*Exp. Parameters Sample Orientation Path Lengths (mm)

shear (XY) vertical (

Y) transverse (

X) axial (Z)

2θ=60.6°/

λ=1.19Å/

5x5x5

2θ=102.4°/

λ=1.83Å/

5x5x20

2θ=102.4°/

λ=1.83Å/

5x5x20

TABLE 1.

Experimental conditions for the measurements of the long rail section.

*Experimental parameters are Bragg’s angle, wavelength, and gauge volume.

500

400

300

200

100

0

-100

-200

-300

-400

-500

long piece slice

Axial, ZZ Transverse, XX Vertical, YY Shear, XY

FIGURE 2.

Stress maps [MPa] for the two investigated samples.

Min: -84 Max: 91 Min: -495 Max: 262 Min: -415 Max: 307 Min: -241 Max: 225

K2 K1

K1

K2

K2

K1

K2 K1

2θ=102.4°/

λ=1.83Å/

5x5x20

Min: -183 Max: 427 Min: -403 Max: 455 Min: -476 Max: 345 Min: -178 Max: 202
CONDENSED MATTER AND APPLIED PHYSICS

Residual Stresses in 

Thin Sheet Metal

Due to the increasing need for weight reduction in the automotive industry there is a major shift underway to use thinner high strength steels and aluminum alloys in car body parts.

One of the major problems associated with this shift is increased

springback magnitudes because of the lower sheet thickness,

increased residual stresses in high strength steels, and low elastic

modulus in aluminum alloys. These stresses were measured on

standard springback test specimens using neutron diffraction with

a level of spatial resolution previously thought to be not viable for

neutrons. The results provide essential data for the validation of

computer modeling of springback.

Springback is the elastic shape change of sheet metal parts after a

forming operation, e.g. the removal of the stamping tool. It is caused by

residual stresses that are invariably produced by all forming processes.

Until recently [1,2], the distribution of these stresses was largely

unknown which was a serious impediment for predicting springback

accurately. In order to improve the accuracy of springback modeling the

automotive companies are developing a comprehensive 3D computer

model to predict stress, strain and fracture in sheet metal, with the goal

of a significant reduction in tool design time. The measurement of

springback stresses plays an important role in this project as they provide the necessary data to evaluate the computer model.

The task of measuring stresses through a sheet thickness of ≈ 1 mm

at 8 to10 locations by means of diffraction requires a spatial resolution, or, in other words, a beam size of the order of ≈ 0.1 mm with a

corresponding gage volume size of ≈ 0.1 mm3

. Ordinarily, such a

measurement is beyond the capabilities of neutron diffraction that

typically requires a minimum gage volume of ≈ 1 mm3 due to the low

intensity scattered from such a small volume. However, sheet metal

always exhibits preferred orientation, hence enabling measurements

with strongly increased intensity in certain directions. The size of the

gage volume can be decreased in proportion to the increase in the

number of non-randomly oriented crystallites. Typical increases are

from 3 to10-fold, thus allowing a spatial resolution that is normally

available only with synchrotron radiation. For some coarse-grained

aluminum alloys neutron diffraction is preferable to synchrotron 

radiation diffraction where the typical gage volume is of the order of

≈ 0.001 mm3

. Such a small gage volume severely limits the attainable

grain statistics, which decreases the accuracy of the measured strains.

The prerequisite for using very small gage volumes is the knowledge of

the directions within the specimen reference frame that are associated

with high scattered intensity. These directions (rolling direction RD, and

transverse direction TD) can be directly obtained from pole figures. This

is shown in Fig.1, as an example, for the most commonly used reflections (hkl) for the bcc lattice (steel) and the fcc lattice (aluminum).

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 20

T. Gnäupel-Herold and H. J. Prask 

NIST Center for Neutron Research 

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

L. Levine, R. Fields and T. Foecke 

Metallurgy Division 

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

C. Xia 

FORD Scientific Research Laboratory 

Dearborn, MI 48121

E. Chu

ALCOA Technical Center 

Alcoa Center, PA 75069

FIGURE 1.

Pole figures for the (211) reflection of steel and for the (311) reflection of aluminum.

The samples were taken from the mid-section of a deep drawn cup, which is suggested as a standard specimen for springback testing. The center of the pole figures corresponds to the direction normal to the surface.
The residual stress measurements in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 reveal the general similarity between through-thickness stresses for steel and aluminum for identical forming parameters. However, the materials have

vastly different yield strengths (Al6022: σ0.2 = 160 MPa; BH33: 

σ0.2 = 330 MPa) which cause large differences in the peak stresses.

(σ0.2 is a yield strength at 0.2 % permanent strain.)

Early finite element methods (FEM) -models for springback prediction

were based on the assumptions that the through-thickness stress profiles are independent of the axial and circumferential positions.

However, the analysis of the stress data and the comparison with

step-by-step refined FEM modeling showed that the accuracy of the

springback prediction can be improved by incorporating data, both on

the vertical dependence of springback and on local variations of 

plastic anisotropy, into the model as shown in Fig. 4. Plastic 

anisotropy is described by means of the ratio of the two plastic 

strains perpendicular to the RD- direction (R-values). The R-value, 

in turn, is closely correlated with preferred grain orientation in 

the sheet material.

In summary, by utilizing the texture inherent in stamped sheet metal it

has been possible to achieve new levels of spatial resolution with the

neutron diffraction residual stress measurement technique. As a

result, residual stresses have been measured which provide a means

for validation of critical details of springback model predictions.

FIGURE 4. 

Comparison of springback measurement and prediction for different vertical positions on a AISI1010 deep drawn cup. Predictive improvements are achieved using

local values of the plastic anisotropy factor.

References

[1] T. Gnaeupel-Herold, H.J. Prask, R. J. Fields, T. J. Foecke, Z. C. Xia, 

U. Lienert, Mat. Sci. Eng. A366, 104 (2004).

[2] T. Gnaeupel-Herold, T. J. Foecke, H. J. Prask, R. J. Fields, submitted 

for publication in Mat. Sci. Eng. A.

21 Accomplishments and Opportunities

FIGURE 2. 

Through-thickness stresses in the mid-section of a cup made of a BH33 

bake-hardenable steel. The wall thickness is 0.95 mm.

FIGURE 3. 

Through-thickness stresses in the mid-section of a cup made of Al6022-T4 

with a wall thickness of 1.6 mm

Opening Distance (mm)

Top Ring Middle Ring Bottom Ring
CONDENSED MATTER AND APPLIED PHYSICS

Competing Magnetic Phases 

in the “Kagomé Staircase”

Compounds (Ni,Co)3V2O8

Geometrical magnetic frustration leads to unusual low temperature spin order and dynamics and presents new challenges

for the theoretical understanding of magnetic systems. Frustrated

materials are often characterized by triangle-based lattices and

short-range antiferromagnetic (AF) interactions. Of particular 

interest has been magnetism on the two-dimensional (2D) kagomé

lattice, which consists of corner-sharing triangles. Materials that

approximate the kagomé AF can be expected to lie close to a

quantum critical point, making their properties particularly sensitive to small perturbations of the symmetry and interactions. 

Here we present our theoretical and experimental results on the magnetic phase diagrams of Ni3V2O8 (NVO) and Co3V2O8 (CVO), where the

Ni+2 (Co+2) S = 1 (S = 3/2) spins form the orthorhombic kagomé staircase structure shown in Fig. 1. The buckling of the quasi-kagomé

planes gives rise to a high degree of anisotropy and leads to a rich

variety of magnetic phases. These systems are particularly attractive

because their complexities can be understood on the basis of an

embellished kagomé spin Hamiltonian. Although the symmetries of

the (Ni,Co)3V2O8 compounds are identical they exhibit quite different

phase diagrams, which behavior originates from small quantitative

changes in the parameters that dictate the manner in which the frustration is relieved.

Initial powder diffraction results for Co3V2O8 indicated relatively

straightforward behavior, where the system first orders at 11.2(2) K

into an incommensurate spiral spin structure but then locks into a simple ferromagnetic ground state at 6.1 K. Single crystal diffraction

data, on the other hand, reveal a much richer complexity of incommensurate magnetic phases interspersed with phase-locked regimes,

as readily visible in the data shown in Fig. 2. There are at least six

separate phases; the paramagnetic phase (PM) above 11 K described

by the nuclear Cmca structure, the ferromagnetic (FM) ground state

below 6 K, and four distinct states characterized by the onset of commensurate and incommensurate spiral orderings below 11.2 K.

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 22

G. Lawes1, M. Kenzelmann2,3, N. Rogado4, 

K. H. Kim1

, G. A. Jorge1, R. J. Cava4, A. Aharony5, 

O. Entin-Wohlman5

, A. B. Harris6, T. Yildirim3, 

F. M. Woodward3

, Q. Z. Huang3, S. Park3,7, 

C. Broholm2,3, A. P. Ramirez1,8, and J. W. Lynn3

1 Los Alamos National Laboratory 

Los Alamos, NM 87544

2 Johns Hopkins University 

Baltimore, MD 21218

3 NIST Center for Neutron Research 

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

4 Princeton University 

Princeton, NJ 08544

5 Tel Aviv University 

Tel Aviv 69978, Israel

6 University of Pennsylvania 

Philadelphia, PA 19104

7 University of Maryland 

College Park, MD 20742

8 Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies 

Murray Hill, NJ 07974

FIGURE 1.

The buckled kagomé structure of (Ni,Co)3V2O8, showing the cross-tie (blue) 

and spine (red) spin sites.

FIGURE 2. 

Temperature evolution of the (0,δ,0) magnetic peak in Co3V2O8, indicating a 

succession of incommensurate magnetic phase transitions intertwined with 

lock-in to commensurate wave vectors. 

0.13 0.32 0.50 0.68 0.87

Q (0k0)

11.01

9.74

8.46

7.19

5.91

T (K)

b

a

c
In comparison with Co3V2O8, Ni3V2O8 is quite different and even more

complicated as shown in Fig. 3. The system is paramagnetic above 9.4

K, then orders in a high-temperature incommensurate (HTI) phase

where both the “spine” and “cross tie” spins develop long-range order

(the spines along the a-axis and the cross ties along the b-axis). At 6.4

K a transition to a distinct low-temperature incommensurate (LTI)

phase occurs, where the spine spins develop additional long-range

order along the c-axis. At 3.8 K the system then enters a commensurate antiferromagnetic state that is accompanied by a weak ferromagnetic moment. The magnetic phase diagram for Ni3V2O8 is also

extremely anisotropic with applied field as indicated in Fig. 3, and 

the complete details of the field-dependent spin ordering 

transitions in Ni3V2O8 are discussed elsewhere [1].

To interpret these phase diagrams theoretically it is essential to

understand the ordered phases that emerge from the kagomé critical

state, and symmetry plays the key role in determining these states.

Considering the case of NVO, the presence of AF ordering on the

spine sites and isotropic nearest-neighbor (NN) interactions produces

no net interaction on cross-tie sites, so they are fully frustrated.

However, the structural anisotropy of NVO induces interactions not

usually considered in other frustrated systems. First, because the

NiO6 octahedra are edge-sharing, the NN Ni-O-Ni bond angle is 

close to 90° so the NN and next-NN (NNN) Ni-Ni interactions 

are both weak and similar in strength. Second, the symmetry of the

crystal structure admits a Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) interaction

among the NN spine spins. Structural considerations show 

that the DM interaction for a single spine takes the form 

HDM = Σn (Dcc + (-1)nDbb)•(S(n)×S(n+1)), where n labels the spins consecutively along the spine. D b gives rise to a linear coupling between

the staggered moments of the spine along the a-direction and the

weak ferromagnetic moment of the spine along c. This weak 

ferromagnetic moment can induce a ferromagnetic moment along 

c on the cross-tie spins via an isotropic Heisenberg exchange. These

interactions add to the usual isotropic NN superexchange interaction

to produce the observed rich H-T phase diagram shown in Fig. 3.

We find for NVO that the spin-structure within the spines is controlled

by competing NN and NNN isotropic Heisenberg interactions, denoted

J1 and J2. A mean field treatment indicates that for J2 > |J1|/4 the

spine Hamiltonian is minimized by a mean field spin modulation with

wave vector, q, which satisfies cos(qa/2) = J1/(4J2). Putting aside the

small T-dependence of q, we deduce from the experimental value 

(q ~ 0.27 a*) in the LTI and HTI phases that J1 ~ 2.6 J2. In the presence of easy-axis anisotropy the highest-temperature ordered phase 

is predicted to be a longitudinally modulated phase in which the spins

are confined to the easy a-axis, in agreement with our experiments. If

the anisotropy field HA is not too large (HA < H1), then as the temperature is lowered the longitudinally modulated phase gives way to one

in which an additional transverse modulated component of spin

appears, growing continuously from zero as the LTI phase is entered.

This scenario is also consistent with the diffraction data, which show

that the transverse direction is the c-direction and that the spin configuration is an elliptical spiral. At still lower T mean-field theory indicates that a transition to the experimentally observed commensurate

AF state can occur for sufficiently large anisotropy, HA > H2. Our

numerical mean field calculations show that for J1/J2 = 2.6 indeed 

H1 > H2, so that there is a range of anisotropy field for which 

mean field theory predicts the observed sequence of phase 

transitions versus (H,T). 

The magnetic phase diagrams in the new kagomé staircase systems

(Ni,Co)3V2O8 turn out to be quite complicated, but can nevertheless 

be understood on the basis of a rather simple model that reflects 

the symmetry of the crystal structure. The main features of this model 

are the competition between nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor

interactions and the importance of easy axis anisotropy and the

Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. The (Ni,Co)3V2O8 systems thus 

provide an elegant example of complex order from competing 

interactions in a highly frustrated system.

References:

[1] G. Lawes, M. Kenzelmann, N. Rogado, K. H. Kim, G. A. Jorge, 

R. J. Cava, A. Aharony, O. Entin-Wohlman, A. B. Harris, T. Yildirim, 

Q. Z. Huang, S. Park, C. Broholm, A. P. Ramirez, Phys. Rev. Lett 

(submitted 2004). 

23 Accomplishments and Opportunities

(a)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(b)

(c)

0

2

4

6

8

0

2

4

6

8

0

2

4

6

8

0 6 12 TT T T C'C HL PH LC

Temperature (K)

H(T)

H//a

H//b

H//c

C'

C'

C'

C

C

C

LTI

LTI

LTI

HTI

HTI

HTI

P

P

P

FIGURE 3.

Phase diagram for Ni3V2O8 as a function of T and H applied along the three 

principal directions.
CONDENSED MATTER AND APPLIED PHYSICS

Spin Correlations and Magnetic

Order in Nonsuperconducting

Nd2-xCexCuO4±δ

P .K. Mang, A. Arvanitaki, and M. Greven

Stanford University 

Stanford, CA 94305

O. P. Vajk and J. W. Lynn

NIST Center for Neutron Research

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

The search for a working model to explain the complex properties

of the high-temperature superconductors has generated enormous interest in the magnetism of two-dimensional (2D) systems. In

particular, the spin1

/

2 square-lattice Heisenberg antiferromagnet

(SLHAF) has been found to model the magnetism of the copper-oxygen sheets in the undoped parent compounds of the high-temperature superconductors. Superconductivity can be achieved by doping

the underlying copper-oxygen square lattice either with electrons or

holes. Here we compare magnetic neutron scattering measurements

of as-grown, non-superconducting crystals of the prototypical electron-doped superconductor Nd2-xCexCuO4±δ (NCCO) (0 < x < 0.18)

with numerical simulations for the randomly site-diluted SLHAF

model [1]. These quantitative measurements can be expected to

become benchmarks for tests of theoretical models. 

Since superconductivity in the high-temperature cuprates appears in

close proximity to antiferromagnetic phases, it is essential to understand the nature of nearby magnetic ground states. As-grown, the

electron-doped cuprate NCCO is not superconducting, and the antiferromagnetic phase extends to the highest concentration for which samples can be produced (x ≈ 0.18). Oxygen impurities are believed to

occupy the nominally vacant apical sites, and a relatively severe oxygen reduction procedure must be applied to induce superconductivity

above x = 0.13. Although the reduction procedure weakens the magnetism, magnetic order is still observed near optimal doping where

the superconducting critical temperature Tc is 24 K. One qualitative

argument often employed to explain the robustness of the antiferromagnetic phase in the electron-doped cuprates is that, whereas hole

carriers are doped into the O 2p band and frustrate the antiferromagnetic arrangement of the neighboring Cu ions, doped electrons primarily reside on the Cu site, filling the 3d shell and removing the spin

degree of freedom. New, quantitative insights have been gained

recently into the role of static non-magnetic impurities introduced into

the spin-1

/2 SLHAF, including our detailed experimental work performed

at the NCNR [2]. Here we test how well NCCO (whose doped electrons are not static) can be described by this model.

Figure 1 summarizes the behavior of the instantaneous spin-spin correlation length ξ (x,T), the typical distance over which spins “talk” to

each other, for several Ce concentrations. Over a wide temperature

range, the spin correlations exhibit an exponential dependence on

inverse temperature, ξ (x,T) ~ exp[2πρs(x) / T ], where ρs(x) is the spin

stiffness, indicative of an underlying ground state with 2D antiferromagnetic order. We overlay the results of quantum Monte Carlo simulations for the randomly-diluted SLHAF. The numerical method is the

same as that employed previously [2]. The data are plotted as ξ/a, the

ratio of the spin-spin correlation length to the nearest-neighbor (NN)

Cu-Cu distance (a ≈ 3.95 Å), versus J/T, the ratio of the NN antiferromagnetic superexchange of Nd2CuO4 to the temperature. We find 

J = 125(4) meV from comparison with our numerical results for x = 0,

in good agreement with previous results of J ≈ 130 meV. Assuming

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 24

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1

2

5

10

20

50

100

200

500

J/T

ξ/a

Experiment

x=0

x=0.10

x=0.14

x=0.18

Monte Carlo

x=0

x=0.08

x=0.12

x=0.16

x=0.21

Matsuda (1992)

x=0

x=0.15

FIGURE 1. 

Semi-log plot of the magnetic correlation length (in units of the lattice constant 

a) versus inverse temperature (in units of J = 125 meV) for x = 0, 0.10, 0.14, 

and 0.18. The data terminate just above the onset of Néel order at low 

temperature. Also displayed are previous data for x = 0 and x = 0.15 and 

quantum Monte Carlo results for the randomly diluted SLHAF.
25 Accomplishments and Opportunities

J is constant for all doping levels, the only adjustable parameter in

the comparison for the Ce-doped samples is the concentration of 

non-magnetic sites. We find good qualitative agreement between

experiment and Monte Carlo if we fix this concentration to equal the

nominal Ce concentration x. However, as shown in Fig. 1, the agreement becomes quantitative if we allow the effective dilution to differ

slightly: xeff(x=0.10) = 0.08(1), xeff(x=0.14) = 0.12(1), and xeff(x=0.18) =

0.21(2). Also shown are previous data for as-grown samples with x = 0

and x = 0.15. The previous result for Nd2CuO4 agrees well with ours,

and we estimate that xeff(x=0.15) = 0.16(2). The extent to which the

quenched-disorder model effectively describes the spin correlations of

as-grown, non-superconducting NCCO is remarkable. The observed

small differences between nominal electron concentration and effective static dilution may be in part due to the uncertainty in the oxygen

(and hence electron) concentration of our samples.

Figure 2(a) indicates that the Néel temperature TN(x) of our as-grown

samples, as obtained from neutron diffraction, approximately follows

a parabolic form, extrapolating to zero at x ≈ 0.21. As shown in 

Fig. 2(a), qualitatively similar behavior has previously been found for

reduced NCCO for which TN(x) is lower. The primary effect of the

reduction is an approximately rigid shift of ∆x ≈ –0.03 due to the

change in carrier density. The concave doping dependence of NCCO is

contrasted by the behavior exhibited by the randomly diluted spin-1

/

2

SLHAF La2Cu1-x(Zn,Mg)xO4 (LCZMO), for which Néel order extends up

to the site percolation threshold, xp ≈ 0.41, and the 2D spin correlations are quantitatively described by the model up to xp [2].

In Fig. 2(b), we plot the ordered moment for several samples, as

obtained from order parameter measurements at low temperature.

The values are normalized to that of Nd2CuO4. The rate of 

decrease for the magnetic moment of as-grown NCCO, given by 

1 – Mst(x) /Mst(0) ≈ 3.5x, is approximately twice that of the diluted

SLHAF for x < 0.20. On the other hand, the magnetic phase extends

much further than for the hole-doped cuprate La2-x

SrxCuO4, for which

Néel order is destroyed above x ≈ 0.02. The moment of reduced 

samples is lowered further. We note that these data are again 

normalized by the value for as-grown Nd2CuO4, and that a rigid shift

of ∆x = –0.03 leads to good agreement of the two data sets. Our result

is consistent with previous experimental work at lower concentrations.

If viewed instantaneously, so as to mitigate the effects due to the

increased itinerancy upon doping, the magnetism of NCCO should

indeed resemble a system with quenched random site dilution. What

is surprising is that for ξ (x,T ) the correspondence is nearly quantitative. Since the charge carriers in as-grown NCCO are itinerant, even

well below TN(x), deviations from the static model may be expected to

emerge as we view the two systems on different time scales. Indeed,

the ordered moment, an indicator of the strength of the magnetic

order at infinitely long times, decreases much more rapidly in the case

of NCCO than for the SLHAF. Recent theoretical work for the one-band

Hubbard model is in semi-quantitative agreement with our results for

the spin correlations and ordered moment. Although the experimentally accessible doping range is limited, our results for NCCO are consistent with the existence of a quantum critical point below xp.

The evolution of the instantaneous spin-correlations may effectively

be described by a site-dilution model, but a proper description of the

magnetic degrees of freedom must necessarily include the effects of

electron itinerancy. Our data should serve as a benchmark for tests of

still-emerging theories for the high-temperature superconductors.

References:

[1] P. K. Mang, O. P. Vajk, A. Arvanitaki, L. Lu, J. W. Lynn and M. Greven,

Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 027002 (2004).

[2] O. P. Vajk, P. K. Mang, M. Greven, P. M. Gehring, J. W. Lynn, Science

295, 1691 (2002).

as-grown

shifted

reduced

Uefuji (2002)

Rosseinsky (1991)

Markiewicz (2003)

Sandvik (2002)

LCZMO [2]

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

T N (K)

(a)

x

0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4

0

0. 2

0. 4

0. 6

0. 8

1

M

st(x)/

M

st(0)

(b)

FIGURE 2. 

(a) Néel temperature doping dependence. Ce-doped samples exhibit some rounding

in the transition due to small oxygen and cerium inhomogeneities, which is represented by the error bars. The dashed curves are quadratic fits, and the dotted line

indicates the behavior observed for LCZMO [2]. The tan circles are the as-grown

data shifted by ∆x = –0.03. (b) Doping dependence of the ordered copper moment

per site, normalized by the value for Nd2CuO4. The tan circles are the as-grown

data shifted by ∆x = –0.03. The squares are data obtained in a previous study and

the dot-dashed line is a recent theoretical prediction for the one-band Hubbard

model. For comparison, Monte Carlo results for the diluted SLHAF (solid line) and

the behavior observed for LCZMO (dotted line) [2] are also indicated.
La1-xAxMnO3 (A = Ca, Sr and Ba) compounds, which exhibit enormous

sensitivity of electrical resistance to magnetic fields (colossal magnetoresistance, CMR), have attracted a great deal of attention recently

for their potential in technological applications, for the wide variety of

physical properties these materials exhibit, and for the challenge of

elucidating the fundamental origin of the CMR effect itself. In this

report we examine the role of chemical disorder in these materials in

promoting CMR.

These manganites have the perovskite structure (Fig.1 right), where

the interplay of the spin, charge, and lattice degrees of freedom gives

rise to a surprisingly rich variety of complex electronic, magnetic, and

structural phases as a function of doping and temperature. In the ferromagnetic-metallic regime where CMR is observed (x ≈ 1/3), we

have found that the formation of polarons can truncate the ferromagnetic phase in a first-order ferromagnetic-metal/paramagnetic-insulator transition [1-3], making the conductivity extraordinarily sensitive to

applied magnetic fields. Controlling the polaron formation is then key

to tailoring the magnetoconductivity properties, and one central question to address is whether chemical disorder in these substitutional

alloys affects the polarons. 

Recently, La0.5Ba0.5MnO3 has been synthesized where the A-sites can

be ordered with LaO and BaO planes alternately stacked along the caxis (Fig. 1 left), or the sites can be occupied randomly (Fig. 1 right).

This chemical control of the A-site has allowed us to directly establish

that the intrinsic inhomogeneities provided by the disordered lattice

do in fact facilitate polaron formation, providing a mechanism to control the phase transition and the CMR effect [4]. Indeed, the chemical

disorder drastically affects the most fundamental parameter, the ferromagnetic transition temperature; the disordered La0.54Ba0.46MnO3

exhibits ferromagnetic order at TC = 300 K, reduced from TC = 350 K

for the ordered sample. In this study we show that this reduction in

TC is caused by polaron formation, which truncates the ferromagnetic

state in a first-order transition to the paramagnetic-polaron state.

To elucidate the nature of the phase transition, we measured the 

temperature dependence of the spin dynamics of A-site ordered and

disordered La0.54Ba0.46MnO3. Fig. 2 shows the temperature variation

of the inelastic spectra observed at a momentum transfer q = 0.07 Å-1

as their respective ferromagnetic transition temperatures are

approached. For the ordered sample we see spin waves in energy gain

and loss, and the energies renormalize and the linewidths broaden as

TC is approached, as expected for a conventional second order (continuous) ferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition. The spin waves in the

disordered sample are only slightly softer at low temperature, indicating that the exchange interaction is not strongly affected by the 

disorder. In striking contrast to the ordered sample, however, in the

disordered sample we observe the development of a central quasielastic component to the scattering around E ≈ 0, in addition to the

renormalization of the spin waves. The intensities of the spin waves

and central peak are shown in Fig. 2(e), where we see that the central

component, indicative of paramagnetic spin diffusion, becomes 

significant ≈ 50 K below TC, and increases as TC is approached. 

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 26

CONDENSED MATTER AND APPLIED PHYSICS

Disorder-induced Polaron 

Formation in Colossal

Magnetoresistive Perovskites

T. J. Sato1,2, J. W. Lynn1, B. Dabrowski3

1 NIST Center for Neutron Research 

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

2 University of Tokyo 

Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan

3 Northern Illinois University 

DeKalb, IL 60115

FIGURE 1.

Schematic illustrations of the crystal structures of the (left) ordered and (right) disordered (La,Ba)MnO3 perovskites. The red, blue, yellow and light-blue spheres represent Mn, O, La and Ba sites, respectively, whereas the green spheres stand for

the disordered (La, Ba) sites (A-sites). Oxygen octahedra around the Mn sites are

also shown by grey bonds. 
27 Accomplishments and Opportunities

Note in particular that when the central peak appears, the intensities

of the spin waves decrease, while for the ordered sample (Fig. 2(j))

only spin wave peaks are observed below TC, that merge to become a

central spin diffusion peak at and above TC. 

The behavior of the disordered La0.54Ba0.46MnO3 system is characteristic of a first-order transition with a two phase coexistence: ferromagnetic-metal and paramagnetic polaron insulator [1-3]. We also

observe irreversibilities and long time scale relaxation behavior in the

vicinity of TC for the disordered system. This discontinuous behavior has

been directly linked to the formation of polarons in perovskite manganites near optimal doping [3], and to a polaron glass state above TC [5].

The present results demonstrate that the formation energy for lattice

polarons is considerably lower in the presence of chemical disorder. 

If the temperature where these polarons form is in the ferromagnetic

state, then the ferromagnetic state is abruptly truncated in a first-order

metal/insulator: ferromagnetic/paramagnetic transition. This first-order

transition is field tunable, producing the CMR effect. 

References:

[1] J. W. Lynn, R. W. Erwin, J. A. Borchers, Q. Huang, A. Santoro, 

J.-L. Peng, and Z. Y. Li, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 4046 (1996). 

[2] C. P. Adams, J. W. Lynn, Y. M. Mukovskii, A. A. Arsenov, and 

D. A. Shulyatev, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3954 (2000).

[3] T. J. Sato, J. W. Lynn, Y.-S. Hor, and S-W. Cheong, Phys. Rev. B68,

214411 (2003).

[4] T. J. Sato, J. W. Lynn, and B. Dabrowski, (submitted for publication).

[5] D. N. Argyriou, J. W. Lynn, R. Osborn, B. Campbell, J. F. Mitchell, 

U. Ruett, H. N. Bordallo, A. Wildes, and C. D. Ling, Phys. Rev. Lett. 

89, 036401 (2002).

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

50 100 150 200 250 300

In te gr ated in te ns ity ( arb. un its)

Temperature (K )

TC = 297K

Central p ea k (e )

Spi n- wave peak

Bose f actor

-5 0

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

-1 -0 .5 0 0.5 1

Intensity (arb.units)

Energy transfer (meV)

(d )225K

(c)250K

(b )282.5K

(a )290K

La0.54Ba0.46MnO3 (disordered)

q = 0.07Å-1

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

100 150 20 0 250 300 350 400

Integrated in tensity (arb. units)

Temperature ( K )

TC = 350 .5 K

(j) Central p ea k

Spin- wave peak

Bose factor

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

-1 -0 .5 0 0.5 1

Intensity (arb. units)

Energy transfer (meV )

(i) 200 K

(h) 325 K

(g) 337.5 K

(f) 350 K

La 0.54B a0.46MnO3 (ordered)

q = 0.07Å-1

FIGURE 2.

(a-d) Inelastic excitation spectra observed in disordered La0.54Ba0.46MnO3 at 

q = 0.07 Å-1. Solid curves are fits to the model scattering function convoluted by 

the instrumental resolution. (e) Temperature dependence of the spin-wave-peak 

and central-peak intensity obtained from the fitting. (f-i) Inelastic excitation spectra

observed in ordered La0.54Ba0.46MnO3 at q = 0.07 Å-1. (j) Temperature dependence

of the spin-wave-peak and central-peak intensity. Intensity (arb. units) Integrated intensity (arb. units)

Intensity (arb. units) Integrated intensity (arb. units)
CONDENSED MATTER AND APPLIED PHYSICS

Crystal Structure and 

Lattice Dynamics of the 

Sodium Cobaltates

Q. Huang and J. W. Lynn

NIST Center for Neutron Research

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

R. J. Cava

Princeton University 

Princeton, NJ 08544

Y. S. Lee

Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

Cambridge, MA 02139

Cobalt oxide systems are now a focus of materials researchers

because of their interesting magnetic and thermoelectric properties, and because of possible analogies with colossal magnetoresistive manganite materials and/or high superconducting transition

temperature cuprate oxides. For the NaxCoO2 system which is of particular interest in the present context, the spin entropy has been

found to play an essential role in the dramatically enhanced thermopower for large sodium content (x ≈ 0.7), while the recent discovery of superconductivity in hydrated NaxCoO2·1.4H2O has been of

particular interest with regard to the superconducting cuprates.

NaxCoO2 is a layered system where the Co4+ ions are in the low-spin

state with S = 1/2 so that quantum effects are maximal, while the

underlying lattice is triangular rather than square like the cuprates.

These observations suggest that this may be the first new class of

“high-TC” superconductors since the discovery of the cuprates over 18

years ago, but of course the nature and mechanism of superconducting pairing in this new class of materials is in the early stages of

being addressed. The appropriate underlying model may be a Mott

insulator in two dimensions, with S = 1/2 where quantum fluctuations

are optimal. The Co spins would then play a critical role in forming

Cooper pairs that might have triplet symmetry as in Sr2RuO4 or 

d-wave symmetry as in the cuprates. On the other hand, the traditional electron-phonon interaction may establish conventional s-wave

pairing, with the possibility that the anharmonic motion of the hydrogen and oxygen ions plays a role in enhancing the superconducting

properties, in a manner similar to MgB2. In this study we have investigated the crystal structure of Nax

CoO2 as a function of doping x, and

related the structure to the observed physical properties. We have

also determined the lattice dynamics for the superconducting hydrate,

and compared the behavior with the related non-superconducting

compound Na0.3CoO2. 

The phase diagram as a function of Na doping is shown in Fig. 1 [1].

Each Na ion nominally donates an electron to the CoO2 plane, but we

see that the behavior of the Na is much more complicated than this

simple picture would suggest. In particular, the Na ions occupy two

different sites over a wide range of x, as shown in Fig. 2, while the

CoO2 is structurally robust. The system is a paramagnetic metal for 

x < 1/2, with both the Na(1) and Na(2) sites being partially occupied,

and the Na(2) being further split into a threefold site that is again randomly occupied. This is designated the H1 structure. At x = 1/2 the

system exhibits a special charge and orbitally ordered structure that is

insulating, with the Na ions occupying ordered positions that form

one-dimensional zigzag chains [2]. For x > 1/2 the system returns to

the H1 structure and is a Curie-Weiss metal. Around x ≈ 3/4 the Na

structure transforms to the more ordered H2 structure, where the randomness in the Na(2) site is absent. This transition can also be driven

thermally as shown in Fig. 3, where we observe the quite unusual

behavior of transforming from an ordered state at low T to a randomly 

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 28

FIGURE 1.

Phase diagram for NaxCoO2.

Na Content x

T (K)
occupied threefold degenerate site at elevated T [3]. This transition is

first-order in nature in both temperature and composition. Finally, with

further increase of the Na composition we realize the H3 structure,

where the Na(2) site is fully occupied and the Na(1) is completely

vacant [1]. The transition from the H2 to the H3

structure as a function of composition is also discontinuous in nature.

One of the amazing characteristics of this system

is the discovery of superconductivity when the

material is hydrated. Initially water goes into the

Na layer, but then the water forms its own layer

between the Na and CoO2 layers, with the c-axis

expanding from 11.2 Å to 19.5 Å and the material

becoming a 5 K superconductor. Both the structure

and lattice dynamics indicate that this separate

water layer has the basic structure of ice as

shown on the right-hand side of Fig. 2 [4]. Note in

particular that the structure of the Na is different

than in the parent compound, with the Na shifting

to the other side of the unit cell to accommodate

the water. A central question is whether the

water is playing an active role in the superconducting pair formation, or is simply expanding the

lattice and making the system more two-dimensional in nature. So far, however, only water has

been found to render the system superconducting. 

The present work has elucidated the basic crystal structure for the

NaxCoO2 and superconducting systems, and determined the changes

in the bonding and structure as the electron count is varied. The

results suggest that conducting triangular lattice systems exhibit their

own type of structural and electronic phases that are distinct from

square-planar systems like the cuprates, providing a rich new variety

of physical phenomena to explore for both fundamental and technological purposes.

References:

[1] Coupling of Structural and Electronic Degrees of Freedom in the

Layered Triangular Lattice Conductor Nax

CoO2, Q. Huang, M. L. Foo, 

J. W. Lynn, B. H. Toby, R. A. Pascal, H. W. Zandbergen, and R. J. Cava,

Phys. Rev. B (submitted).

[2] Low Temperature Phase Transitions and Crystal Structures of

Na1/2CoO2, Q. Huang, M. L. Foo, J. W. Lynn, H. W. Zandbergen, 

G. Lawes, Y. Wang. B. Toby, A. P. Ramirez, N. P. Ong, and R. J. Cava, 

J. Phys.: Cond. Matter (submitted).

[3] Structural Transition in Nax

CoO2 with x near 0.75 due to Na

Rearrangement, Q. Huang, B. Khaykovich, F. C. Chou, J. H. Cho, 

J. W. Lynn, and Y. S. Lee, Phys. Rev. B (submitted).

[4] J. W. Lynn, Q. Huang, C. M. Brown, V. L. Miller, M. L. Foo, R. E.

Schaak, C. Y. Jones, E. A. Mackey, and R. J. Cava, Phys. Rev. B68,

214516 (2003).

29 Accomplishments and Opportunities

FIGURE 2. 

Three different structures (designated H1, H2, and H3) for the Na ions in NaxCoO2. The structure on the

right is for the superconductor, where we note that the Na ions shift to the other side of the unit cell to

accommodate the ice-like ayer of water.

Cooling

Warming

FIGURE 3.

Temperature dependence of two Bragg peaks belonging to the low temperature H1

phase and the high temperature H2 phase. These peaks are well separated, as

shown in the inset. The system exhibits the very unusual behavior of transforming

from an ordered structure at low T, to a more disordered structure at elevated T.

The transition is first order both with temperature and doping.
The demand for smaller, faster and more efficient computers has

driven research into fields like spintronics, quantum algorithms

and quantum magnets that show tunnelling transitions between spin

states. Examples of these magnets include the dipolar magnet

LiHoF4 and “single molecule magnets” such as “Mn12”. However,

elaborate cryostats that cool samples well below 1K are required to

study these tunnelling events because of the intrinsically weak

interactions involved. The advent of a material in which tunnelling

occurs at higher temperatures would make it easier to exploit such

phenomena. Here we highlight recent work that suggests that a

diluted “spin-ice” material may constitute just such a system.

It is now well appreciated that the combination of antiferromagnetic

interactions and certain triangular lattice symmetries leads to phenomena known broadly as geometrical frustration [1,2]. Surprisingly,

ferromagnetically coupled spins on a corner sharing lattice of tetrahedra can also be highly frustrated if there is a strong tendency for the

spins to point into or out of the center of the tetrahedron [2]. The magnetic correlations of geometrically frustrated magnets have been studied for some time, but in the past two years more emphasis has been

placed on understanding the spin relaxation dynamics [3,4].

Ho2Ti2O7, Dy2Ti2O7 and Ho2Sn2O7 are known spin-ice compounds [2]

where the magnetic ground state consists of Ising spins confined

along the local <111> axes by crystal field effects with a characteristic energy of over 250 K. The result is a ground-state with two spins

pointing in and two spins pointing out of the individual tetrahedra.

This structure is identical to the lattice formed by vector displacement

arrows from the mid-points of the oxygen-oxygen bonds in water ice

to the nearest hydrogen ion, hence the spin-ice label (Fig. 1). As in ice,

this leads to extensive zero temperature entropy that Pauling showed

results from the macroscopic ground state degeneracy [5]. In other

words, the global ground state can be reached in many ways as long

as each unit (tetrahedron) obeys the ice-rule. Thus there is not a

unique decoration of spins on the lattice as there is on a “normal”

antiferromagnet or ferromagnet, but a state that can be an enormous

superposition of many configurations—an arrangement favorable to

quantum computation.

FIGURE 1. 

Comparison of spin-ice to water ice, demonstrating the “ice rule”: two in and two

out on each tetrahedron.

In a spin-ice study [3] the authors, in collaboration with Professors 

S. T. Bramwell (University College, London) and A. L. Cornelius

(University of Nevada Las Vegas), used NSE to conclusively show that

a single ion process dominates the spin dynamics above 15 K.

Complementing the NSE work with a.c. susceptibility measurements,

they concluded that a “hot” spin-ice phase, where quantum mechanics dominates the relaxation processes, exists between the spin ice

freezing temperature and 15 K. 

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 30

CONDENSED MATTER AND APPLIED PHYSICS

Neutron Spin Echo Study 

of a Diluted “Spin-Ice”

J. S. Gardner1,2, G. Ehlers3 and N. Rosov2

1 Brookhaven National Laboratory

Upton, NY 11973

2 NIST Center for Neutron Research 

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

3 SNS Project, Oak Ridge National Laboratory 

Oak Ridge, TN 37830
Introducing non-magnetic impurities often has important effects in

geometrically frustrated magnets [1]. In a diluted spin-ice study of 

Dy2-x

YxTi2O7 it was found that for x up to ≈ 0.4, the very narrow distribution of spin relaxation times becomes only slightly broadened,

unlike in spin glasses where it is much wider [4]. These authors also

pointed out that a 15 K peak in a.c. susceptibility does not shift but

gradually disappears with doping before reappearing again at 

higher doping levels. 

FIGURE 2.

The intermediate scattering function of the diluted spin-ice, Ho0.85Y1.15Ti2O7. The

fact that the data at 20 K and 30 K are nearly the same points to an athermal (likely

a quantum mechanical) relaxation process.

Recent improvements to the NSE spectrometer at NIST have allowed

us to perform a neutron spin echo experiment on a magnetic sample

for the first time in North America. This upgrade to the spectrometer

includes installation of new Helmholtz coils to adiabatically change

the neutron polarization at the sample into three orthogonal directions

(xyz polarization analysis), a modified flipper correction coil, and modifications to the control software. In a magnetic NSE experiment the

sample itself flips the neutron spin by π, removing the need for a 

π flipper at this position, but this changes the field profile of the

instrument. Full xyz polarization analysis was performed for each 

individual scan in order to relate the echo amplitude to the elastic

magnetic-scattering intensity. This analysis separates magnetic 

scattering from coherent nuclear and incoherent spin and isotope

scattering contributions that make up the total signal.

We undertook a NSE study of several diluted Ho2-x

YxTi2O7 powders. 

A characteristic echo data set is shown in Fig. 2 with fits to a single

exponential relaxation process. In all samples the single ion process,

which was first revealed in the pure spin-ice compound, is dominant

at high temperatures (T > 70 K). This is a general characteristic of a

single ion effect and therefore expected. For high doping (data not

shown) two exponential functions are required to describe the data

fully. For low doping levels (at least 65 % holmium) the data can be

described by a single exponential relaxation function in a similar manner to Ho2Ti2O7, however there are two noticeable differences. First,

unlike Ho2Ti2O7, a small loss in initial polarization (5 % to 10 %) at 

T ≈ 5 K does not occur; instead the spin system freezes. In fully 

frustrated Ho2Ti2O7 this loss is associated with nuclear-electronic 

spin coupling as a so-called “wobble” around the Ising axis. One can

imagine how this wobble is frozen out once the frustration is relieved

slightly. Secondly, and more importantly, the echo in Ho0.85Y1.15Ti2O7 is

identical at 20 and 30 K, suggesting the athermal regime has shifted

to higher temperatures. The NIST NSE spectrometer permits measurements spanning the large time scale from ≈ 0.02 ns to ≈ 20 ns,

which is crucial to allowing us to determine this conclusively.

To conclude, the dominant spin dynamics of Ho2Ti2O7 does not 

change significantly when the magnetic sublattice is diluted with 

non-magnetic Y (up to 90 % Y). This result is consistent with the 

dominant process being the single ion effect established earlier.

Ho0.85Y1.15Ti2O7 provides evidence that the athermal relaxation

process, characteristic of a quantum process, is extended to 30 K,

much higher than liquid helium temperatures. The tunnelling dynamics revealed here are an intrinsic consequence of the geometric frustration and present a very different scenario to other quantum magnets. Diluted spin-ice thus provides us with a quantum mechanical

system to investigate these fundamental and technologically relevant

dynamics in an accessible temperature regime. 

References:

[1] Magnetic Systems with Competing Interactions, H. T. Diep, Ed. 

(World Scientific, Singapore, 1994); and Can. J. Phys., 

M. J. P. Gingras, Ed. 79, (2001).

[2] S. T. Bramwell and M. J. P. Gingras, Science, 294, 1495 (2001).

[3] G. Ehlers, et al., J. Phys: Condens. Matter 15, L9 (2003).

[4] J. Snyder, et al., Phys. Rev. B 66, 064432 (2002).

[5] L. Pauling, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 57, 2680 (1935).

31 Accomplishments and Opportunities

Time (10-9 s)

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

S(q,t) / 

S(q,0)

4 6 8 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 2

Ho0.85Y1.15Ti2O7

60 K

50K

40K

30K

20K

5 K

0.1 1 10
CONDENSED MATTER AND APPLIED PHYSICS

Ordering and Spin Waves in

NaNiO2: A Stacked Quantum

Ferromagnet

B. D. Gaulin1,2, M. J. Lewis1, L. Filion1

C. Kallin1,2, A. J. Berlinsky1,2, H. A. Dabkowska1

Y. Qiu3, and J. R. D. Copley3

1 McMaster University

Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada

2 Canadian Institute for Advanced Research

Toronto, ON, M5G 1Z8, Canada

3 NIST Center for Neutron Research 

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

Magnetic materials that combine quantum s = 1/2 magnetic

moments and geometries that can preclude the easy formation of long range order at low temperatures have been of recent

interest, as they are thought to be likely candidates for exotic quantum states of matter. For example, loosely interacting chains of quantum magnetic moments are found in some magnetic materials and it

is well appreciated that these can form a disordered “spin liquid”

state at low temperatures. Triangular layers of magnetic ions also

constitute good venues for this type of exotica, as layered structures

are themselves low dimensional and prone to strong fluctuation

effects, while triangular architectures can lead to geometrical frustration when combined with antiferromagnetism. LiNiO2 and NaNiO2

are two of the more celebrated of such materials as both are comprised of s = 1/2 quantum magnetic moments associated with Ni3+,

arranged on a stacked triangular lattice. Our measurements using

the Disk Chopper Spectrometer (DCS) have revealed the ground state

magnetic structure and low energy spin waves in NaNiO2, and in so

doing we have put to rest roughly 20 years of speculation regarding

the nature of this material's low temperature ground state.

LiNiO2 has been widely studied for at least 20 years [1]. It is better

studied than its isostructural sister compound NaNiO2, as it has been

of interest as a potential intercalation battery material. Both LiNiO2

and NaNiO2 are only available in polycrystalline form, despite many

attempts to grow single crystals. Even so, their structural properties

are well characterized. It is known, for example, that Li+ and Ni3+ can

exchange positions within LiNiO2 due to the fact that their ionic radii

are virtually the same [2]. This occurs at the 1 % to 3 % level even in

the best prepared samples. This is not the case for Na+ and Ni3+, and

NaNiO2 is much better ordered structurally than is LiNiO2.

There have also been numerous attempts to understand the magnetic

behavior of these two materials. However their properties have

remained enigmatic until just now, in large part due to the absence of

any information from neutron scattering. Studies have been carried

out in the past, but have been unsuccessful in identifying definitive

magnetic scattering. The absence of identifiable magnetic neutron

scattering has itself motivated conjecture that these materials have

entered an exotic quantum ground state at low temperatures [3] such

as the resonating valence bond proposed by P. W. Anderson [4] to

describe quantum antiferromagnets on a triangular lattice. A characteristic of such a state is the absence of magnetic Bragg scattering 

as the ground state is a magnetic singlet.

We have used the Disk Chopper Spectrometer (DCS) to examine the

magnetic structure and low energy spin dynamics of powdered

NaNiO2. Data taken using 5.5 Å incident neutrons is shown in 

Fig. 1 at three different temperatures below a phase transition near

TN ≈ 22 K. DCS can simultaneously measure over a relevant range of

wavevector transfer Q and energy transfer E in a powder, cleanly separating the elastic from the inelastic scattering. The false-color intensity scale in Fig. 1 is chosen to highlight the magnetic inelastic scattering, and we clearly observe spin wave scattering in the form of a

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 32

FIGURE 1. 

Neutron scattering results on NaNiO2 are shown at three temperatures below 

TN ≈ 22 K. The false color intensity scale has been chosen to highlight spin wave

excitations going to zero energy at Q ≈ 0.6 Å-1. The bottom right panel shows a 

linear spin wave theory calculation that qualitatively accounts for the dispersion 

of the spin waves as measured in this powder sample. 

Q (Å-1) Q (Å-1)
rather simple sinusoidal dispersion, going to zero energy at an ordering wavevector of ≈ 0.6 Å-1. Cuts of the data through the elastic scattering position are shown in Fig. 2 where we observe magnetic Bragg

scattering at ≈ 0.6 Å-1, and a phase transition occurring near TN ≈ 22 K. 

These data, the first definitive determination of magnetic neutron

scattering in NaNiO2, lay to rest most of the speculation regarding the

nature of the magnetic ground state in these materials. Both the magnetic Bragg peaks and the spin wave scattering are consistent with a

simple and relatively conventional low temperature structure comprised of ferromagnetically aligned quantum spins within triangular

planes, which are stacked antiferromagnetically on top of each other

as shown in the top third of Fig. 3.

FIGURE 2. 

The inset shows a cut through the elastic position as a function of Q, and magnetic

Bragg peaks near Q ≈ 0.6 Å-1 (6 nm-1) at two temperatures below TN. The main

plot shows the integrated intensity of the magnetic Bragg scattering in NaNiO2 and

its fall off with temperature above TN. 

It is of great interest to note that this magnetic structure is very sensitive to mixing of the Ni and the alkali metal sublattices, as such mixing provides a strong exchange path that will frustrate the antiferromagnetic stacking sequence of the ferromagnetic triangular planes, independent of whether the impurity spins couple neighbouring planes ferromagnetically or antiferromagnetically. This explains the fact that LiNiO2

displays a spin glass state at low temperatures while NaNiO2 finds a

conventional ordered state. Most importantly, this study demonstrates

the importance of neutron scattering in understanding magnetic phenomena, and how new instrumentation enables new science.

References:

[1] K. Hirakawa, H. Kadowaki, and K. Ubukoshi, J. Phys. Soc. Jap. 54,

3526 (1985).

[2] J. N. Reimers, J. R. Dahn, J. E. Greedan, C. V. Stager, G. Lui, 

I. Davidson, and U. von Sacken, J. Solid State Chem. 102, 542 (1993).

[3] See for example: Y. Kitaoka et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jap. 67, 3703 (1998);

F. Reynaud et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 3638 (2001).

[4] P. W. Anderson, Mat. Res. Bull. 8,153 (1973).

33 Accomplishments and Opportunities

0 10 20 30 40

T (K)

Intensity (a.u.)

Intensity (a.u.)

6 8

Q (nm ) -1

5 7

FIGURE 3. 

The magnetic structure of NaNiO2, as determined from the new DCS measurements,

is schematically shown in the upper third of the diagram. The lower two thirds of the

diagram illustrate how the antiferromagnetic stacking of ferromagnetic triangular layers is frustrated by impurity Ni ions on the Li sublattice in LiNiO2, independently of

whether the impurity spin couples ferromagnetically (bottom third, J '' < 0) or antiferromagnetically (middle third, J '' > 0) to moments in adjacent layers.
SOFT CONDENSED MATTER

A Molecular Picture 

of Dynamics in Miscible 

Polymer Blends

V. García Sakai and J. K. Maranas

The Pennsylvania State University 

University Park, PA 16802

Z. Chowdhuri1,2, N. Rosov2, I. Peral1, 2 and 

J. R. D. Copley2

1 University of Maryland 

College Park, MD 20742

2 NIST Center for Neutron Research 

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

I

t is hard to imagine life without plastic bottles, car parts, computer

casings, and tubing in medical and home applications. To make useful objects, polymers must be formed into the desired shape, which

requires heating until they are soft enough to be manipulated. Many

common objects are not composed of a single polymer but a blend of

two or more polymers, occasionally leading to problems in processing.

The components in polymer blends, despite thermodynamic miscibility,

can retain individual dynamic behavior, often explained by an effective

local concentration. Theories differ in the origin and spatial extent of

this effective local concentration. Chain connectivity and concentration fluctuation models can describe some, but not all, available data.

Quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) allows spatially-resolved

observation of local motions underlying polymer softening. We 

use this spatial sensitivity to determine the signature of concentration

fluctuations in a miscible blend, PEO/PMMA, where such fluctuations

should be prominent.

Measurements were made on three QENS instruments: DCS, HFBS, and

NSE. The first two assess self-motion through incoherent scattering.

Deuterium labeling is used to hide the dynamics of each component in

turn: for example, a hPMMA/dPEO blend will reveal the mobility of

PMMA. The spectra, measured in the energy domain, were Fourier-transformed to give intermediate scattering functions in the time domain. As

PEO and PMMA have widely separated glass transition temperatures Tg,

the timescales of their dynamics are well separated in the blend as illustrated in Fig. 1. All spectra with green symbols were taken at the same

temperature: from this it is clear that the NSE spectra mainly probes

PMMA mobility, and relative motion decays more slowly than self motion.

The intermediate scattering functions were fitted with a stretched 

exponential function, from which the average relaxation time τ, and the

stretching parameter β, were obtained. To establish the validity of the

experiments, we compare fit parameters for each blend component to

data available from other measurements (Fig. 2). The PEO results are consistent with NMR measurements on a PEO labeled blend. For PMMA,

blend measurements are not available. Instead we compare to dielectric

measurements on pure PMMA, corrected for the difference in Tg. In both

cases, the QENS results are consistent with other dynamic techniques. 

Having established consistency in the measurements, we exploit the spatial

resolution of QENS to identify when concentration fluctuations influence

blend dynamics. Measured spectra are an average over all possible mobile

local compositions of the specified spatial scale. If concentration fluctuations strongly influence blend dynamics, the mobility of these local compositions will vary considerably more than the pure component. This can be

recognized by considering the behavior of the stretching parameter β. 

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0.00001 0.001 0.1 10

t (ns)

I (q,t)

T=353K T=373K

T=412K T=440K T=460K

PEO PMMA

NSE

DCS

HFBS

-6

-2

2

6

10

14

1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4

1000/T (K -1 )

log tau (ns)

FIGURE 1. 

Fig. 1. Intermediate scattering functions for the PEO/PMMA blend. PEO (T = 440 K

and Q = 1.05 Å-1) and PMMA (T = 440 K and Q = 0.99 Å-1), are component-labeled

self-motion, and the rest are relative motion obtained from NSE measurements at

several temperatures. 

FIGURE 2.

Comparison with data from other experimental techniques for component dynamics

in a 20 % blend. Filled circles: QENS data for PMMA in the blend at Q = 0.62 Å-1

(red) and Q = 1.51 Å-1 (blue); Triangles: data from dielectric spectroscopy [3] for

pure PMMA shifted by Tg, for the α- (red) and β - (blue) relaxations. Green filled

diamonds: QENS data for PEO in the blend at Q = 0.9 Å-1; Clear green diamonds:

NMR data from Lutz et al. [4]

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 34
A decrease in β indicates a larger variety of local environments contributing to the average response, as can be shown mathematically [1]. If all

local compositions are mobile, βblend will be significantly lower than 

βpure. Restricting the range contributing to the average should lead to an

increase in βblend towards βpure. This is easily accomplished in a QENS

experiment by lowering temperature, in which case PMMA-rich regions

become immobile due to the short timescale of the spectrometer, or by

decreasing the spatial scale such that it is comparable to inter-chain spacing and PMMA-rich regions surrounding a PEO proton are excluded. An

increase in β with decreasing temperature is opposite to what is normally

observed and should give a clear indication that concentration fluctuations

are important. If concentration fluctuations have little influence on dynamics, the range of local mobilities will resemble that of the pure component

and βblend will be similar to βpure at all spatial scales, increasing with temperature from the smallest values near Tg. 

For the high-Tg component in this blend, PMMA [2], the stretching parameters are similar in both environments (Fig. 3), suggesting that concentration

fluctuations do not significantly affect PMMA dynamics. Data for PEO support the concentration fluctuation picture: results for β are shown in Fig. 4.

At the larger spatial scale, βblend is temperature independent and smaller than βpure, consistent with the broadening effect of concentration fluctuations. When the range of mobile compositions contributing to the

average is restricted (small spatial scales and low temperatures), βblend

increases towards βpure. The length scale where this behavior begins

coincides roughly with the first structure factor peak in PEO (Q ≈ 2 Å-1).

This is consistent with the idea that the range of local compositions will

be greatly reduced if inter-chain distances are excluded. The range of

local environments reflected by β should also affect the ensemble average relaxation time. Specifically, as PMMA rich regions become improbable at small spatial scales and immobile at low temperatures, τ should

be smaller than otherwise expected. This is illustrated in Fig. 5. For small

spatial scales, relaxation times flatten below the Tg of PMMA. This

result indicates larger than expected mobility, consistent with biased

sampling of PEO rich regions. 

We have used the spatial resolution of QENS to probe the

impact of concentration fluctuations. The presence of a

wide variety of local compositions decreases the stretching

parameter in a stretched

exponential fit significantly

from pure component values.

Although this may be

observed with any technique,

the spatial resolution of QENS

allows us to restrict the range

of compositions probed by the

experiment, in which case

effects from concentration

fluctuations should disappear.

By examining a blend where

concentration fluctuations should be important, we identify the signature

of concentration fluctuations as an increase in β with decreasing temperature, a trend opposite to what is normally observed. Identifying the origin

of component dynamics in blends will allow prediction of their dynamic

behavior, ultimately aiding in processing these mixtures into objects. 

References:

[1] J. Colmenero, A. Arbe, A. Alegria, M. Monkenbusch, and D. Richter,

Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 11, A363 (1999).

[2] V. García Sakai, C. Chen, J. K. Maranas and Z. Chowdhuri,

Macromolecules, in review (2004). 

[3] R. Bergman, F. Álvarez, A. Alegría, and J. Colmenero, J. NonCrystalline Solids 235, 580 (1998).

[4] T. R. Lutz, Y. He, M. D. Ediger, H. Cao, G. Lin, and A. A. Jones,

Macromolecules 36, 1724 (2003).

35 Accomplishments and Opportunities

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

300 350 400 450 500 550

Temperature (K)

beta

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

300 350 400 450

T (K)

- Q = 2.30 Å 1

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Q = 0.69 Å-1

beta

FIGURE 3. 

The effect of concentration fluctuations on PMMA dynamics. Shown are stretching

exponents for pure PMMA (green solid triangles) and PMMA in the blend (blue

solid diamonds) at Q = 0.62 Å-1. For comparison, results from dielectric spectroscopy [1] on pure PMMA (red open circles) are also shown.

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

2 2.5 3 3.5

1000/T (K -1 )

log (ps)

FIGURE 5. 

Temperature and spatial dependence of the average relaxation time τ of PEO in a

20 % blend with PMMA: blue diamonds Q = 0.69 Å-1 and red squares Q = 2.30 Å-1. 

FIGURE 4. 

The effect of concentration fluctuations on PEO

dynamics. Stretching exponents β are shown

at two spatial scales as a function of temperature. Green diamonds: 20 % hPEO/dPMMA

blend. Red square: pure PEO.
SOFT CONDENSED MATTER

Counterion Associative 

Behavior with Flexible

Polyelectrolytes

Vivek M. Prabhu and Eric J. Amis 

Polymers Division

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

Dobrin Bossev and Nicholas Rosov

NIST Center for Neutron Research 

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

Polyelectrolytes differ in chain dynamics and equilibrium structure

from neutral polymers due to the presence of long-ranged electrostatic interactions. These interactions result in associative behavior and multi-mode relaxations in both synthetic and biopolymers [1].

To determine the origins of these relaxations, new experimental

methods probing local structure and dynamics are required. Using

neutron scattering at the NCNR, we have established the remarkable

ability of counterions to conform to linear flexible polyelectrolytes.

This was achieved by directly measuring the counterion partial static

and dynamic structure factors, highlighting the coupled polymer and

counterion associations [2]. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS)

was used to characterize the equilibrium structure while neutron

spin echo (NSE) spectroscopy examined the dynamics.

The structural behavior of polyelectrolytes is usually characterized from

the polymer viewpoint. Inorganic counterions such as sodium are of 

low contrast in SANS measurements, since the strongest contrast is

achieved by hydrogen (H) and deuterium (D) isotopic substitution. To

access the counterion viewpoint, the inorganic counterion (Na+) was

replaced by an organic ion tetramethylammonium (H–TMA+) combined

with a perdeuterated poly(styrene sulfonate) (D-PSS) in D2O. In this case,

the polymer scattering is contrast-matched with the solvent, rendering

the polymer invisible, as shown schematically in Fig. 1, and allowing

direct measurement of the counterion pair correlations.

This effect was used to measure the counterion partial structure 

factor by SANS in low ionic strength H-TMA+/D2O /D-PSS mixtures

that render the polymer invisible. The results are shown in Fig. 2

Keeping in mind that only the counterions are visible in this experiment, two features are noted in Fig. 2: 1) the typical peak observed for

a polyelectrolyte polymer is apparent, even though the polymer is

invisible, and its position changes in the expected way with polymer

concentration; and 2) increased intensity at low Q indicates the presence of larger scale structures in these solutions. The magnitude and

scaling of the counterion correlation length ξ (from Qmax = 1/ ξ )

measured here agree with the result measured under the condition

when only the polymer is visible [3], showing that the counterion 

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 36

CD 2 CD

SO

[ ]

D 4

Polymer Counterion Visible

CH 2 CH

SO

[

H

New Contrast

CD 2 CD

SO3

- (CH3 )4N+

[ ]

D 4

+

CH 2 CH

SO3

-

Na+

[ ]

H4

+

+

+

+ +

+

+ +

+

+

+ +

+

+ +

+

+

+

+

+

+

Visible

FIGURE 1. 

Schematic diagram illustrating the contrast variation made possible by isotopic

substitutions and the replacement of Na+ by H-TMA+, allowing direct probing of

the counterions using neutron scattering.

0.01

0.1

1

I Q( ) [cm-1

]

3 4 56

0.01 2 3 4 560.1 2

Q [Å-1]

 45.6 gL-1 24.9 gL-1

 12.5 gL-1 8.3 gL-1

 4.98 gL-1 2.49 gL-1

0.01

2

4

6

8

0.1

Q max [Å-1

]

1

2 4

10

2 4

100

Cp [gL -1 ]

FIGURE 2. 

SANS intensity from (H-TMA) D-PSS in D2O as a function of polymer concentration

under conditions that make the polymer invisible. The polymer concentration

dependence of the peak value of Q is shown in the inset.
correlations are mediated by the highly-charged flexible polyelectrolyte. The equilibrium distribution of the counterions evidently mimics the topology of the chain, a consequence of the electrostatics.

Still under conditions where the polymer is invisible, these counterion

correlations can be reduced by increasing the ionic strength of the

solution with added NaCl, an “invisible” salt for SANS, as shown in

Fig. 3. Without added salt, the counterion correlations emulate the

typical polyelectrolyte peak, as observed in Fig 2. However, at 0.10

mol/L NaCl the peak disappears: neutral-like polymer behavior is

observed. From the counterion viewpoint the influence of added salt is

twofold: NaCl displaces the visible H-TMA+ counterions from the

chain, hence the counterion correlations are broken up (even though

the polymer peak may still be present); and at 0.10 mol/L NaCl DebyeHückel theory indicates that electrostatic interactions are screened so

that the characteristic polyelectrolyte peak disappears. 

FIGURE 3. 

Elimination of the polyelectrolyte peak and decrease in amplitude in the smallangle neutron scattering due to the displacement of H-TMA+ counterions by added

NaCl for a fixed polymer concentration C p = 24.9 gL-1.

Studying the dynamics of charged polymers presents a challenge due

to the electrostatic interactions and coupled dynamics between light

fast–moving counterions and heavy slow-moving polymer. Dynamic

light scattering can probe dynamics at a large length scale, but local

dynamics is best directly observed using neutron spin echo (NSE)

spectroscopy that measures on time scales from 45 ps to 100 ns and

characterizes structural information from 3 nm and 60 nm. As in the

SANS experiments, we may focus on the counterion correlations, and

thus observe the dynamics corresponding to the correlation length

scale observed with SANS. 

FIGURE 4. 

Combined plot of SANS and NSE data illustrating the coupled dynamics slowing

down near the correlation SANS peak at a polymer concentration of 45.6 gL-1. 

The counterion coherent dynamic structure factor, S(Q,t)/S(Q ), provides the direct measurement on the time scale at which pair correlations between H–TMA+ counterions decays. The nanosecond relaxation of these counterions is well resolved by NSE [2]. From the decay

rate (Γ ) of concentration fluctuations, the Q–dependent effective diffusion coefficient, Deff = Γ/Q2, is defined. Deff–1 is used as a measure

of the time scale of the counterion motion at a given Q. We plot the

inverse effective diffusion coefficient versus Q in Fig. 4 (left axis) and

the corresponding counterion SANS intensity in filled circles (right

axis) for a polymer concentration of 45.6 gL-1. The counterions are

observed to slow down near the structural peak. Recalling that the

counterion correlations mimic the polymer structure, this result suggests that we are observing coupled polyelectrolyte - counterion

motions on the same length scale.

A unique contrast labeling method demonstrates the counterion viewpoint of charged polymer solution structure and dynamics. The polymer

chain provides a template for the counterions under the conditions of

low ionic strength leading to coupled counterion-polyelectrolyte dynamics at the nanoscale as quantified the effective diffusion coefficient. 

References:

[1] Y. B. Zhang, J. Douglas, B. D. Ermi, and E. J. Amis, J. Chem. Phys. 114,

3299 (2001).

[2] V. M. Prabhu, E. J. Amis, D. Bossev, and N. Rosov, J. Chem. Phys. 121,

4424 (2004).

[3] V. M. Prabhu, M. Muthukumar, G. D. Wignall, Y. B. Melnichenko, J.

Chem. Phys. 119, 4085 (2003).

37 Accomplishments and Opportunities

0.12

0.10

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

2 3 4 5 6 7 89 2

Q [Å-1]

0.1

I (Q) [cm-1]

0.0 Mol/L NaCl

0.1 Mol/L NaCl

0.4 Mol/L NaCl

1.0 Mol/L NaCl

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

D eff-1 -6 [cm -2s]

0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Q [Å-1]

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

I (Q ) [cm -1]

NSE

SANS

×
SOFT CONDENSED MATTER

Improving the Shelf Life of

Colloidal Suspensions

K. Chari

Eastman Kodak Company 

Rochester, NY 14650

Y. -S. Seo and S. Satija 

NIST Center for Neutron Research 

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

Anumber of commercially useful materials are formulated as 

aqueous colloidal suspensions. Processes such as Brownian

coagulation and crystal growth that result in degradation over time

influence the storage stability or shelf life of these suspensions. The

degradation may be retarded using suitable surface-active additives

such as surfactants or polymers. However, as illustrated in Fig.1a, the

choice of proper surface-active additives is a difficult problem. Here

we show a colloidal suspension of an organic compound that has

been prepared by nucleation and growth using an anionic surfactant.

The freshly formed suspension contains well-dispersed amorphous

particles but if the suspension is left at room temperature for 49 h,

one observes significant ripening and crystallization. The network of

long thread-like crystals results in a loss in fluidity making the suspension unusable. If the suspension is prepared using a nonionic

polymer (in addition to surfactant), the shelf life or stability is greatly

enhanced (Fig. 1b). The action of surfactant and polymer is dependent on the interplay between the formation of polymer-surfactant

complexes in bulk water and adsorption of the molecules at the surface of a colloidal particle in suspension. Since industrial formulations of hydrophobic colloids are relatively complex, it is useful to

study adsorption at a model interface such as the air-water interface

in order to better understand this part of the process. 

Here we report on neutron reflectivity studies of adsorption at the 

air-water interface from an aqueous solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate

(SDS) and Luvitec VA 64 (a random copolymer of vinyl pyrrolidone (VP)

and vinyl acetate (VA) from BASF Corporation containing 60 mole % VP

and 40 mole % VA and having a weight average molecular weight close

to 55,000). Specifically, we consider changes at the air-water interface

upon addition of this polymer to a solution of SDS that is above the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The experiments were performed at

ambient temperature (21  ̊C) using the NG7 reflectometer. 

In Fig. 2 we compare the behavior of a solution of 10-2 mol/L deuterated SDS (d-SDS) with that of 10-2 mol/L d-SDS in the presence of 2 %

mass fraction Luvitec VA 64 under two different conditions based on

the scattering length density (SLD) of the medium. In the first instance

(Fig. 2a), we use a volume mixture of 28 % D2O and 72 % H2O 

(SLD = 1.42 × 10-6 Å-2) to match the scattering length density of the

medium to that of Luvitec VA 64 (making the polymer invisible.) In the

second case (Fig. 2b), the scattering length density of the medium is

matched to that of the surfactant; the SLD of pure D2O (6.36 × 10-6 Å-2)

is very close to that of d-SDS (making the surfactant nearly invisible.)

In each case reflectivity is plotted as a function of momentum transfer

normal to the surface, Qz (Å-1). The solid lines represent the best fit to

the experimental data and the corresponding scattering length density

profiles are shown in the inset. Analysis of the data in Fig. 2a shows

that the SLD of the adsorption layer decreases from (6.5 ± 0.3) × 10-6

Å-2 for the surfactant alone to (4.2 ± 0.3) × 10-6 Å-2 upon addition of

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 38

FIGURE 1. 

a) Aging of a colloidal suspension of an organic compound prepared with surfactant

alone at room temperature [1]. Electron micrographs show well dispersed amorphous particles in the initial (freshly formed) suspension and a network of crystals

after two days under ambient conditions. b) A suspension of the same organic compound after twenty days at room temperature prepared with polymer and surfactant

compared to one prepared with surfactant alone. 
polymer. Furthermore, the thickness of the adsorption layer is reduced

from 12.8 ± 0.5 Å to 11.0 ± 0.5 Å and the composition of the layer is

changed from almost pure d-SDS to one containing only 45 % mass

fraction d-SDS. The results of Fig. 2b refer to a medium of pure D2O,

the SLD of which is nearly the same as that of d-SDS. The reflectivity

is reduced slightly when polymer is added to a monolayer of surfactant. It is interesting to note that the reflectivity profile upon addition

of 2 % mass fraction polymer to 10-2 mol/L d-SDS in D2O is almost the

same as that obtained with polymer alone in D2O. It is clear that the addition of Luvitec VA 64 to a micellar solution of d-SDS results in adsorption

of the polymer at the air-water interface. Furthermore, the extent of

adsorption is similar to that observed in the absence of surfactant. 

The results of Fig. 2 are extremely interesting because one would not

normally expect the less surface-active polymer to displace the more

surface-active surfactant from the air-water interface. At the concentrations employed here the polymer can only lower surface tension at

the air-water interface by about 20 mN/m whereas the surfactant can

lower it by more than 30 mN/m. 

So why does the polymer displace the surfactant? The phenomenon is

depicted in Fig. 3. In Fig. 3a we show a solution of SDS containing

micelles in equilibrium with surfactant monomer at the CMC and a

fully saturated monolayer at the air-water interface. If one adds to this

system a polymer that can form a self-assembled complex with the

micelles, then the concentration of surfactant monomer in bulk water

is reduced from the CMC to the critical aggregation concentration

(CAC) as the free energy of formation of polymer-bound micelles is

lower. Since adsorption of surfactant at the air-water interface is governed by the concentration (or activity) of surfactant monomer in bulk

water, the latter is significantly reduced (provided CAC << CMC) making room for the polymer at the interface. This clearly shows the connection between self-assembly in bulk water and adsorption at an

interface, a feature having important practical consequences. 

References:

[1] K. Chari, CHEMTECH 29 (6), 49 (1999).

[2] K. Chari, T. Z. Hossain, J. Phys. Chem. 95, 3302 (1991).

[3] K. Chari, Y. S. Seo, S. K. Satija, J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 11442 (2004).

39 Accomplishments and Opportunities

Q z(Å -1 )

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

Reflectivity

1e-6

1e-5

1e-4

1e-3

1e-2

1e-1

1e+0

Depth (Å)

-50 0 50

SLD

0

2e-6

4e-6

6e-6 S

S + P

S + P

S

a)

Qz (Å -1 )

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

Reflectivity

1e-6

1e-5

1e-4

1e-3

1e-2

1e-1

1e+0

Depth (Å)

-50 0 50

SLD

0

2e-6

4e-6

6e-6 b)

FIGURE 2. 

Neutron reflectivity at the air-water interface versus Qz for solutions in different

neutron-contrast media: (a) a solution making the polymer invisible to neutrons, 

(b) a solution making the surfactant nearly invisible. The symbol ° refers to a water

solution of just surfactant (S),  refers to a solution of both surfactant and polymer

(S + P), and ▲‚ refers to a solution with just polymer. The solid lines represent the

best fit to the experimental data, and the corresponding SLD profiles are shown 

in the insets. Notice the dramatic decrease in surfactant at the interface upon

adding polymer.

a)

CMC: More free

surfactant monomers

in solution

Regular Micelles

Air

Water

b)

Water

Air

Polymer-bound Micelles

CAC: Fewer free

surfactant monomers

in solution

FIGURE 3. 

a) Schematic representation of a 'micellar' solution of SDS. 'Regular' SDS micelles

in bulk water are in equilibrium with surfactant monomer at the CMC and a fully

saturated monolayer at the air-water interface. b) Upon addition of polymer to the

system in Fig. 3a, the surfactant and polymer self-assemble in bulk water to form

polymer-surfactant aggregates containing polymer-bound micelles. The concentration of SDS monomer in equilibrium with these aggregates is reduced from the

CMC to the CAC. This results in a reduction in the amount of SDS at the air-water

interface and concomitant adsorption of polymer. 
SOFT CONDENSED MATTER

Energetics of 

Membrane Fusion

L. Porcar1,2, W. A. Hamilton3, P. D. Butler1,3, and

G. G. Warr4

1 University of Maryland 

College Park, MD 20742

2 NIST Center for Neutron Research 

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

3 Oak Ridge National Laboratory 

Oak Ridge, TN 37831

4

University of Sydney 

Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia

The fusion of membranes formed by lipid or surfactant bilayers

is ubiquitous in both surfactant chemistry and cell biology. Its

significance is widely recognized in living systems where membrane fusion allows controlled transport and mixing in cells. Timeslicing small angle neutron scattering is used here to study the

fusion of bilayer membranes. Membranes are prepared in a

stacked, parallel arrangement by steady shear, which relaxes into

a multiply-connected sponge equilibrium structure on cessation of

shear. The sponge is formed by the fusion of adjacent bilayers to

create a network of channels in which the initial stacking direction

is forgotten. By comparing this structural relaxation time to that for

diffusive membrane contacts obtained from dynamic light scattering, the energy barrier to membrane fusion, which governs the relative stability of the stacked bilayer and isotropic states, is determined as a function of membrane concentration and composition.

Membrane fusion is also an important process that occurs continuously in the aptly named “sponge” surfactant phase, in which a single

surfactant bilayer spans a solution in a network of randomly directed

passages, shown schematically in Fig.1 [1]. The formation of a passage between two bilayer membranes proceeds in several stages as

represented in Fig. 1 [2]. (i) First, the separate membranes are brought

together by diffusion. (ii) On contact some initial connecting structure

forms, which (iii) expands to form a solution passage. Many such

events correspond to the transformation of a stack of unconnected

bilayers into an isotropic sponge phase.

In previous work [3, 4] we showed that adding an inert thickener to

the widely studied cetylpyridinium(CPCl)-hexanol mixed membrane

system significantly slows membrane dynamics, making it possible to

induce a sponge to transform into a stacked, passage-free, lamellar

phase by application of steady shear at compositions convenient for

structural and rheological characterisation. The transition depends on

the shear rate, γ, the solvent viscosity, ηs, and the membrane concentration, φ, with full alignment being achieved for γηs / φ 3 ≈ 2 to

4 x 108 cPs-1 [5]. On cessation of shear, the lamellar phase relaxes

into its equilibrium sponge phase by re-establishing the passages

between membranes destroyed by the applied shear.

To track the rapidly changing structure we employed a “time slicing”

technique that consists of synchronizing SANS data acquisition with

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 40

FIGURE 1.

Stages in the mechanism of

membrane fusion and passage formation, and the related stacked bilayer and

sponge phase geometries and

characteristic sizes.

FIGURE 2. 

SANS patterns for the relaxation from a stacked bilayer into a sponge. (a) Timesliced tangential and radial SANS patterns in a Couette shear cell. Initially the

bilayer membranes are aligned normal to the shear gradient direction, ∇V. After

stopping the motor at t = 0, the isotropic sponge reforms over about 2s. (b)

Normalized applied shear rate determined from the Couette motor (γ, dashed line

fit) and scattering intensity from the sponge correlation peak (I 3, dotted line fit).

.

.

.

γ

.
the intermittent operation of a Couette shear cell [6]. The cell was

cycled through the process of shearing to a steady lamellar state,

stopping, and relaxing fully to sponge equilibrium several thousand

times for each sample. We thus accumulated statistically significant

measurements on much shorter time scales than is possible for 

individual runs [7].

Fig. 2(a) shows some representative time-sliced SANS patterns accumulated at 0.1 s intervals during a relaxation series. Under shear the

bilayers stack up normal to the direction of the applied shear gradient,

giving rise to Bragg diffraction peaks in this direction and no signal in

other directions. Fig. 2(a) shows the disappearance of the anisotropic

signal from the stacked bilayers and the accompanying appearance of

the sponge's isotropic ring of diffuse scattering over the course of a

few seconds. Fig. 2(b) shows the growth in intensity of the isotropic

scattering ring as function of time, which is directly related to the

fusion of membranes to form channels and thus the structural relaxation time, τR. These data follow a simple exponential decay of the

rate of growth of the signal as membrane fusion re-establishes the

sponge with a relaxation time of approximately 0.40 s.

Membrane fusion is an activated process since it involves an energetically unfavorable intermediate state in which membranes are sharply

curved and in close contact (Fig. 1(ii)). The activation energy, EF

, is the

energy cost of forming this highly curved state, and relates the structural relaxation time to the interval between membrane contacts τC

by an Arrhenius relation: τR = τC exp (EF /kBT) .

The time required for membranes separated by a mean distance dα

to diffuse into contact may be obtained from dynamic light scattering,

allowing the determination of EF [2]. Figure 3a shows τR and τC determined for samples at various membrane volume fractions, but constant composition of membrane components (hexanol and CPCl) in 

a mass ratio h = 0.92. This composition is near the middle of the 

stability region of this sponge phase. Both τR and τC scale as φ -3, as

expected from the Arrhenius relation and the rheology of shear alignment [3], yielding an activation energy EF ≈ 16 kJ mol-1 (6.7kBT ) that 

is independent of membrane concentration.

Variation of the membrane composition ratio h directly affects the relative stability of sponge and stacked bilayer states through the energy

cost for bending the membrane into a “saddle-splay” that occurs

throughout the sponge. At a constant membrane volume fraction of 

5 %, Fig. 3b shows that the membrane contact time is independent of

composition, but the structural relaxation time decreases by almost

two decades as the hexanol content increases. This clearly demonstrates how hexanol reduces the energy cost of forming highly curved

necking points in the membrane, reducing the activation energy for

fusion from 25 kJ mol-1 (10.3 kBT) for h = 0.892 to 14 kJ mol-1 (5.8 kBT)

for h = 0.928. This technique has interesting potential applications 

to biological membrane fusion using lipid systems with a suitable

relaxation mode.

References:

[1] G. Porte, Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 1, 345 (1998), 

and references therein.

[2] S. T. Milner et al., J. Phys. (Paris) 51, 2629 (1990).

[3] L. Porcar et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 89,168301 (2002).

[4] L. Porcar et al., Langmuir 19, 10779 (2003).

[5] M. E. Cates and S. T. Milner, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 1856 (1989).

[6] L. Porcar et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73, 2345 (2002).

[7] See also: W. A. Hamilton et al., Phys. Rev E 60, R1146 (1999); 

and L. Porcar et al., Physica B (in press).

41 Accomplishments and Opportunities

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

R

C

10 1

10 -1

10 -3

10 -5

10 -5

0.88 0.89 0.9 0 .91 0 .92 0 .93 0 .94

R

C

Sponge

h

10 1

10 -1

10 -3

(hexanol/CPCl mass fraction)

FIGURE 3. 

Membrane contact time, τC, and structural relaxation time, τR, versus 

a) membrane volume fraction φ at constant membrane composition b) membrane 

composition, for φ = 5 % samples.
SOFT CONDENSED MATTER

Non-Lamellar Lipid Phases 

and the Membrane 

Fusion Problem

L. Ding1, W. Liu1, W. Wang1, C. J. Glinka2,

D. L. Worcester3

, L. Yang4, and H. W. Huang1

1 Rice University 

Houston, TX 77251

2 NIST Center for Neutron Research 

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

3 University of Missouri

Columbia, Missouri 65211

4 National Synchrotron Light Source 

Brookhaven National Laboratory 

Upton, NY 11973

The lipid bilayers that compartmentalize the contents of living cells

are flexible, robust structures that nevertheless at times must fuse

to allow vital biochemical processes involving chemical transport

between organelles to occur. How and under what conditions bilayers

fuse has been a challenging scientific problem for many years. The

primary experimental complication in studying this process has been

the unstable and highly transient nature of intermediate fusion 

structures. We have been studying the phase behavior of substratesupported multiple lipid bilayers by neutron and x-ray diffraction for

several years, and recently discovered [1] a stable phase with features

that are similar to the commonly postulated interbilayer state that is

crucial to membrane fusion. In this intermediate state, two contacting

monolayers become continuous via an hourglass-shaped structure

called a stalk. The phase we found with x-ray diffraction consists 

of a three-dimensional hexagonal array of stalk-like structures.

To further validate and refine our observation of a membrane fusion

intermediate structure, we have initiated complementary neutron diffraction measurements at the NCNR using a controlled humidity

chamber constructed for this purpose. The objective was to measure

diffraction intensities while varying the D2O/H2O ratio in the relative

humidity as an independent method to solve the phase problem. As a

first step we applied the method to the well known inverted hexagonal (HII) phase of diphytanoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPhPC) depicted in

Fig. 1. Aligned multilayer samples were prepared by direct deposition

of lipid from an organic solution onto clean, flat silicon wafers, followed by evaporation of the solvent and hydration with saturated

water vapor at room temperature. In this process the lipid spontaneously forms a stack of hydrated bilayers (in the Lα phase) parallel to

the substrate. A set of six identically prepared substrates, interleaved

with thin copper spacers, was held upright in a copper sample holder.

The lipid sample on each wafer was in direct contact with the humidified air in the sample chamber. 

The sample was pre-examined by x-ray diffraction. At 25 oC it showed

three phases as a function of relative humidity (RH), namely: the

lamellar Lα phase, for RH > 90 %; the rhombohedral (R) phase, which

contains the stalk structure, for 80 % < RH < 90 %; and the inverted

hexagonal (HII) phase for RH below 80 %. In the HII phase, the 

diffraction pattern indicated that the lipid tubes formed periodic 

arrays of two-dimensional hexagonal symmetry, with the axes of the

tubes lying parallel to the substrate. The sample formed domains 

having a definite tube orientation. The domain orientation in the 

plane of the substrate was random.

The neutron measurements were done on the NG-7 30 m SANS

instrument in the geometry depicted in Fig. 2. The neutron wavelength

was 0.5 nm, with 11 % wavelength resolution (FWHM), with the

detector as close as possible to the sample, 0.875 m, resulting in a 

Q-range from 0.3 nm-1 to 7 nm-1. The sample was aligned by adjusting

its tilt and rotation about a vertical axis to maximize the intensity of

the principal reflection from the inter-bilayer spacing. Attenuation of

the incoherent scattering from the lipid by the silicon wafers cast a

line shadow on the detector, which served as a reliable and convenient determination of the angle between the substrate and the 

incident beam. The measurements were conducted at 25 oC and 

58 % RH at five D2O/H2O ratios: 0:1, 1:3, 1:1, 3:1, and 1:0.

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 42

H O2

D O2

d

FIGURE 1.

Cross-section of the HII phase in which lipid molecules self-assemble into rod-like,

reverse micelle structures that form a 2D hexagonal lattice. The corresponding 

d-spacing of the related 1D lamellar phase, Lα, is indicated by the double-ended arrow.
Fig. 2. shows a typical SANS pattern for the DPhPC sample in the HII

phase, in this case for the substrate angle ω = 1.3 o. Eight independent off-specular peaks are visible, in addition to the first order specular peak (i.e., in the Qz direction normal to the plane of the substrate)

that has maximum intensity at this ω-angle. Patterns were recorded

over three hours for each of five D2O/H2O ratios, and used to integrate

the intensities of the non-specular peaks that arise from the in-plane

structure of the multilayers. To obtain accurate intensities for the much

stronger specular peaks, data were collected as ω was increased in

steps, ∆ω = 0.25 o, 3 minutes per step, from ω = 0 o to 13 o. 

FIGURE 2.

Schematic of the sample geometry and corresponding diffraction pattern from the

hexagonal phase of the phospholipid DPhPC recorded on the SANS instrument's

area detector. To show all the peaks detected, the intensities of the three circular

regions are on different scales. The white vertical line is the shadow of the silicon

substrate that was utilized to determine the incident angle ω.

It is standard practice that one obtains integrated peak intensities

from a single crystal by collecting the diffraction intensity while rotating the sample, as in the ω-scan described above. On the other hand

one obtains integrated peak intensities directly in powder diffraction

since the sample can be regarded as rotating without change. Here

we have the unusual situation that one part of the diffraction pattern

is obtained from an ω-scan while another part of the pattern, the offspecular reflections, is essentially independent of ω since it arises

from powder diffraction by the domains that are randomly oriented in

the plane of the sample. Therefore it was essential to verify the relative normalization between the two scans as set forth in Ref. 3. We

then used the requirements of hexagonal symmetry to test our data

reduction and normalization procedures. Within the estimated uncertainties in the integrated intensities, we found good agreement

among all symmetry-related peaks.

The contrast variation measurements enabled us to determine, in a

more direct way than the swelling method used in our previous x-ray

work, the phase factors for the scattering amplitudes obtained from

the integrated peak intensities. With both the amplitude and phase

information available, the scattering length density distribution shown

in Fig. 3 was obtained by Fourier inversion.

FIGURE 3. 

Neutron scattering length density map (left) of pure DPhPC (d13) in the hexagonal

phase hydrated with H2O at 58 % relative humidity. The density profile along the

dashed line in (a) is shown in (b). 

The diffraction method used here has clear advantages over powder

diffraction for detailed structure determination of lipid phases. Even

for the relatively simple case described here, a powder diffraction pattern would have overlapping peaks making the measurement of intensity significantly more difficult. Perhaps the clearest advantage of the

present method is the apparent lattice symmetry shown on the 2D

detector. The R phase, that captures the membrane fusion intermediate structure, was readily identified by this method [2] and would

have been very difficult to detect by powder diffraction. Finally the difficult phase problem can be solved very directly by this method using

D2O/H2O exchange. We anticipate that these advantages will be highly beneficial to our continuing studies of non-lamellar lipid phases and

their relation to membrane fusion structures.

References

[1] L. Ding, W. Liu, W. Wang, C.J. Glinka, D.L. Worcester, L. Yang 

and H.W. Huang, Langmuir (in press, 2004).

[2] L. Yang and H.W. Huang, Science 297, 1877 (2002).

[3] L. Yang and H.W. Huang, Biophys. J. 84, 1808 (2003).

43 Accomplishments and Opportunities

Silicon substrates with

several thousand lipid

bilayers in low humidity

hexagonal phase

Ki

Distance from center of 

hexagonal tube (Å)
SOFT CONDENSED MATTER

Stabilizing Highly 

Immiscible Polymer Blends

The word surfactant usually refers to a molecule that is used to

modify the interfacial properties of aqueous systems. In their

presence, mixtures of oil and water self-organize into a variety of

structures such as vesicles, bilayers, lamellae, and microemulsions

[1]. This rich phase behavior is due to the availability of different

types of surface-active molecules such as ionic and non-ionic surfactants, cosurfactants, phospholipids, proteins, etc. In this short

report we demonstrate that surfactant design concepts established

in aqueous systems can be used to organize other immiscible fluids

such as polymers [2]. Polymer recycling is one application that motivates our work. The immiscibility of all commercially important polymers precludes the possibility of using commingled plastic waste. If

we can find surfactants to organize immiscible polymers, then these

ideas may be extended to organize commingled plastic waste.

Alkyl polyglycol ether molecules (often referred to as nonionic surfactants) are examples of effective surfactants for 50/50 oil/water mixtures. Single-phase, microphase separated states are obtained in

these systems in spite of the extremely low mutual solubility of oil

and water. The hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions of these nonionic surfactant molecules are comparable in magnitude [3]. They are

thus often referred to as balanced surfactants. Our objective is to

design and characterize balanced surfactants for mixtures of highly

immiscible polymers. The immiscible polymers chosen for this study

are polyethylene (PE) and polyisobutylene (PIB), and the surfactant is a

polyethylene-block-head-to-head polypropylene diblock copolymer (PEPP). We prepared four PE/PIB/PE-PP blend samples containing 10, 15,

20 and 30 volume % block copolymer, labeled B10, B15, B20 and B30,

respectively. The ratio of the volume fractions of the homopolymers,

φ∆PE/ φ PIB, was fixed at 1.05 for all blends (approximately the critical

composition of the binary homopolymer blend).

Oil/water/nonionic surfactant and PE/PIB/PE-PP mixtures are 

thermodynamically similar systems. Oil and water are grossly incompatible with each other. Similarly, PE and PIB are grossly incompatible

polymers. Surfactant/oil interactions are generally simple and 

homogeneous solutions are obtained above the upper critical solution

temperature (UCST). The interactions between PE and PP homopolymers are also simple and lead to a UCST. PE is thus our analog of oil.

The key to balanced surfactants is the nature of surfactant/water

interactions. The solubility of ethyleneoxide chains in water decreases

with increasing temperature, leading to a lower critical solution temperature (LCST). Mixtures of PIB and PP homopolymers also exhibit 

an LCST. Thus, we chose PIB to mimic water and PE-PP to mimic the

nonionic surfactant. Our conclusions regarding the phase behavior of

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 44

J. H. Lee1, M. L. Ruegg1, N. P. Balsara1,2, Y. Zhu3,

S. P. Gido3

, R. Krishnamoorti4, M-H Kim5

1 University of California 

Berkeley, California 94720 

2 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 

Berkeley, California 94720 

3 University of Massachusetts 

Amherst, Massachusetts 01003

4 University of Houston 

Houston, Texas 77204

5 NIST Center for Neutron Research 

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 

and University of Maryland 

College Park, Maryland 20742

10 0

10 2

10 4

10 6

10 8

0.01 0.10

194 o

C

179 o

C

160 o

C

145 o

C I (cm-1

)

q (nm-1 )

0.20

(a)

10 3

10 5

10 7

0.001 0.01 0.1

SANS

USANS

I (cm-1 )

q (nm-1 )

(b)

FIGURE 1.

(a) SANS profiles from B20. The dashed curve represents background. (b) SANS and

USANS profiles from B10 at 145  ̊C.
PE/PIB/PE-PP mixtures are based on a combination of small- and ultra

small-angle neutron scattering (SANS and USANS, respectively),

polarized and depolarized small angle light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In this paper we highlight some of

the SANS, USANS, and TEM results.

SANS intensity profiles, I (q), where I is the scattering intensity and 

q is the scattering vector, for B20 at selected temperatures are shown

in Fig. 1a. At 145  ̊C we see a primary scattering peak centered at 

q 1 = 0.07 nm-1 and a secondary scattering peak centered at 

q 2 = 0.14 nm-1, corresponding to the first and second order peaks of

the lamellar phase with characteristic length d = 2π/q1 = 90 nm. At

160  ̊C and 179  ̊C, we see a broad primary peak with little or no evidence of a secondary peak (Fig. 1a). These scattering profiles are

qualitatively consistent with those expected from droplet microemulsions. At 194  ̊C, we observe a sharp increase in the low angle SANS

(0.02 nm-1 ≤ q ≤ 0.04 nm-1), and the primary scattering peak is

reduced to a shoulder (Fig. 1a). This indicates that the periodic structure obtained at the lower temperatures is lost at 194  ̊C. In Fig. 1b

we show the SANS and USANS data obtained from sample B10 (filled

symbols) at 145  ̊C. We find a broad but noticeable shoulder in the

USANS profile in the vicinity of q1 = 0.01 nm-1. This indicates the possible presence of a weakly periodic structure with a characteristic

length = 2π/q1 = 630 nm. 

In Fig. 2a we show a micrograph obtained from B20 at 145  ̊C indicating clear evidence of a lamellar phase. The dark bands represent the

location of the block copolymer and the bright broader bands represent alternating layers of PE and PIB. In Fig. 2b we show a micrograph

obtained from B20 at 160  ̊C. It is clear that heating the sample from

145  ̊C to 160  ̊C results in a dramatic change in morphology: the

lamellar phase gives way to a droplet microemulsion phase comprising nearly monodisperse droplets of PIB in a PE matrix. In Fig. 2c we

show a TEM micrograph obtained from sample B10 at 145  ̊C. The

structure observed is very similar to that obtained from bicontinuous

oil/water microemulsions. We see white PIB-rich regions interspersed

in gray PE-rich regions. We observe a broad distribution of distances

between adjacent PIB-rich domains with an average of about 500 nm.

The characteristic length scales of the microemulsion and lamellar

phases obtained by TEM and SANS are in excellent agreement. 

The phase behavior of mixtures of highly immiscible PE/PIB polymers

stabilized by a PE-PP diblock copolymer was studied by a combination

of experiments in both real and reciprocal space. At 145  ̊C, we found

the existence of lamellar and bicontinuous microemulsion. Heating the

lamellar phase leads to the formation of a droplet microemulsion at

160  ̊C. This kind of droplet microemulsion phase, wherein the volume

fractions of both droplet and matrix phases are equal, has not previously been obtained in polymer blends. Our work represents the first

application of surfactant design principles, proposed by Khalweit and

coworkers for aqueous mixtures [3], to mixtures in which dipole-dipole

and hydrogen bonding interactions are absent.

References:

[1] H. T. Davis, Statistical Mechanics of Phases, Interfaces, and Thin

Films; Wiley-VCH: New York, 1996.

[2] J. H. Lee, et al., Macromolecules, 36, 6537 (2003).

[3] M. Kahlweit, R. Strey, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 24, 654 (1985).

45 Accomplishments and Opportunities

FIGURE 2. 

Transmission electron micrographs of the (a) lamellar (T = 145  ̊C), (b) droplet

microemulsion (T = 160  ̊C) phases of sample B20, and (c) bicontinuous microemulsion (T = 145  ̊C) phase of sample B10.
ADVANCES IN MEASUREMENT

Neutron Reflectometry 

for Highly Accurate 

Nanometer Metrology

J. A. Dura

NIST Center for Neutron Research 

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

M. P. Seah

Quality of Life Division 

National Physical Laboratory 

Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK

Nanotechnology research and innovation require accurate measurement of features on the nanometer level, i.e. nanometrology.

We report a comparison of techniques for measurements of 1.5 nm to

8 nm SiO2 films on Si at the state of the art in precision and accuracy

[1]. SiO2 on Si is a well-understood system with high quality ultra-thin

samples available. It is technologically relevant since at this thickness

it serves as a gate oxide in Si electronics. The International

Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) indicates the need

for these measurements at a standard uncertainty of ≈ 1 %. The present comparison was organized under the auspices of the Consultative

Committee for Amount of Substance (CCQM), the body authorized

under the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM)

to oversee the framework for the SI system for amount of substance.

Neutron reflectometry (NR), grazing incidence x-ray reflectometry

(GIXRR), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ellipsometry

were found to be the most accurate and precise methods.

Sets of ten samples for (100) and (111) orientation Si were prepared by

thermal oxidation. A sample from each wafer was characterized at the

National Physical Laboratory (NPL) by XPS under carefully established reference conditions. Ellipsometry, providing relative differences in thickness

across the wafer, was used to adjust the XPS data to determine the reference thickness dRT for each sample. The SiO2 thicknesses determined by

each technique at a given laboratory, d, were analyzed through the equation d = mdRT + c. Here, m scales the measurement against the XPS result,

whereas c represents an offset, which incorporates the thickness of a 

contamination layer containing adsorbed carbonaceous matter and water.

In techniques that take into account the contamination, e.g. GIXRR and

NR, the offset, c, can represent a misrepresentation of the contamination

layer. XPS is unique in that the contamination has no effect on the result

and c should be zero. It is also unique in that while being linear, its length

scale has a high uncertainty and needs calibration. This calibration was an

essential part of the study and showed that a 1.4 % correction was

required. For all techniques, the RMS scatter of the data about the linear

fit is an indication of precision. Accuracy is indicated by consistent 

m values near 1 and c values near 0.

NR was measured on 4 samples with d as follows: 1.65 ± 0.15 nm,

2.00 ± 0.05 nm, 5.55 ± 0.03 nm, and 8.04 ± 0.01 nm. The uncertainties

encompass the full range of acceptable fits and therefore represent a

95 % confidence level. As an example, Fig. 1 shows the reflectivity vs.

momentum transfer, Q = 4πsinθ/λ, for the 8 nm sample, the best fit

(blue), and two poorer but acceptable fits. 

XPS measurements from the 13 additional laboratories achieved excellent

reproducibility when employing the reference geometry, the RMS scatter

about the linear fit vs. dRT ranged from 0.019 nm (NPL) to 0.136 nm. NR

had the next lowest scatter of all measurements (0.026 nm), indicating

high precision. For comparison, data from all techniques achieved mean

RMS scatters of 0.15. A plot of m vs.c for all of the laboratories is reproduced in Fig. 2. The precision of XPS is further indicated by the small scatter of its data on this plot. The high degree of apparent accuracy of both

NR and XPS is indicated by their proximity to m = 1, c = 0. 

References

M. P. Seah, et al., Surface and Interface Analysis (in press).

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 46

10 20 30 40

0.00000

0.00005

0.00010

0.00015

0.00020

012345

-9

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

Si

SiO2

SLD

Sample Depth [nm] (arbitrary zero)

Log(Reflectivity)

Q [nm-1]

FIGURE 1.

Neutron

Reflectivity vs.

Q (see text for

details). The 

inset is the model

depth profile of

the scattering

length density

determined in

each fit.

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3

gradient, m

intercept,c

ellipsometry

MEIS

RBS

TEM

GIXRR

SIMS

NR

XPS

NRA

FIGURE 2. 

Plots of m, and

c for various

techniques.

(from Ref 1, 

Fig. 20A.)

Sample Depth [nm] (arbitrary zero)

SLD

SiO2
47 Accomplishments and Opportunities

ADVANCES IN MEASUREMENT

Half-lives, Nuclear Data, 

and Analytical Accuracy

R. M. Lindstrom

Analytical Chemistry Division 

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

I

ndustry depends on quality management of measurements and

materials that are traceable to national or international standards.

Because of its accuracy and reliability in detecting trace elements,

instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) is generally recognized

as a method of choice when new procedures are being developed or

when other methods yield results that do not agree. Our continuing

examination of the metrological basis of activation analysis has recently demonstrated the need for accurate nuclear data. Published highprecision measurements of decay half-lives were not in agreement

with NIST values [1]. To date, the half-life of 76As was redetermined and

found indeed to be inconsistent with published compilations [2].

Measurements on other nuclides (24Na, 42K, and 198Au) were found to

be in satisfactory agreement with the previous consensus values [3].

A recent example of the need for accuracy arose as we attempted to

determine the Ge content by INAA in a Ge:Si alloy, an important electronic

material. Because the literature half-life did not match the observed decay,

we proceeded to measure an irradiated specimen of pure Ge. The sample

was counted continuously for 5 days (10 half-lives) in conjunction with a

precision pulser. The half-life was determined separately for each of ten

singlet and multiplet gamma peaks (77Ge has 240 of them) using a chisquared minimization method to fit the standard decay equation Ai = A0e-λt

.

The average of these measurements is 11.174 h ± 0.009 h, where the

uncertainty is the standard deviation of the mean. By comparison, the 8th

Table of Isotopes [4] gives the half-life as 11.30 h ± 0.01 h, differing by 13

standard deviations of the mean from the current measurement.

Plotting A i

/e-λt, where A i is the measured activity and λ is the correct

value of the decay constant, should yield a constant (A 0). Figure 1,

showing measurements at one peak (416 keV), illustrates the consequence of putting the wrong decay time into the above formula. As

can be seen, the value of λ taken from the literature (blue circles)

leads to a serious discrepancy. (The half life is given by ln(2)/ λ.)

In the most precise work, even the standard equation for the decaycorrected activity is inadequate to describe a measurement. When decay,

pileup, and dead time are all important, a “coupled” approach giving a

more adequate expression for pulse pileup has been derived [5] and

applied [6] in this laboratory to the precise determination of half-life in 

aluminum. The pulse pileup correction factor is the continued function 

ƒpileup = exp(αI 0exp(αI 0...))), where the parameter α is determined by

calibration. Although the generalized treatment of coupled dead times is

still a research topic [7] the latter expression describes the 77Ge decay still

better at high dead times, as shown by the green triangles in Fig. 1.

Assessing the quality of published nuclear data is becoming more important as formal quality specifications such as ISO/IEC 17025 are becoming

required in more applications. 

References

[1] R. R. Greenberg, R. M. Lindstrom, and D. S. Simons, J. Radioanal. 

Nucl. Chem. 245, 57 (2000).

[2] R. M. Lindstrom, M. Blaauw, and R. F. Fleming, J. Radioanal. 

Nucl. Chem. 257, 489 (2003).

[3] R. M. Lindstrom, M. Blaauw, and M. P. Unterweger, J. Radioanal. 

Nucl. Chem. 263 (2005(in press)) 

[4] R. B. Firestone, and V. S. Shirley, Table of Isotopes, 8th ed. 

(Wiley, New York, 1996).

[5] R. F. Fleming, Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc. 33, 234 (1979).

[6] R. F. Fleming, and R. M. Lindstrom, J. Radioanal. Nucl. 

Chem. 113, 35 (1987).

[7] J. W. Müller, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A301 (1991) 543.

76

78

80

82

84

86

88

90

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

A0 (416 keV), 1000 counts/s

Decay time, days

FIGURE 1. 

The extrapolated activity A0,sat at 416 keV of a source of 77Ge decaying over ten

half-lives. The downturn of the red diamonds and blue circles at short decay time

shows the effects of high dead time on using the standard equation for analysis.

Varying λ, chi-squared minimization of the coupled approach data (see text) to a

constant gives a half-life of 11.20 hours. The coupled approach also reveals the

expected amount of residual 1.4-hour 75Ge in the first day. The Table of Isotopes

value of 11.3 hours (blue circles) is clearly too long to represent these data.

Standard equation, half-life from coupled fit

Standard equation, Table of Isotopes half-life

Coupled decay + pileup + dead time

Decay time, days
NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 48

ADVANCES IN MEASUREMENT

Proof of Concept for Thermal

Neutron Laue Diffraction

B. H. Toby1, T. D. Pike1,2, C. Y. Jones1, 

A. Santoro1

, D. Johnson1, P. C. Brand1, 

E. Prince1

, and D. L. Jacobson3

1 NIST Center for Neutron Research 

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

2 Johns Hopkins University 

Baltimore, MD 21218

3 Physics Laboratory 

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

To explore the possible advantages of neutron Laue diffraction,

a prototype instrument has been developed. This instrument

has allowed for extremely rapid data collection and suggests

bright prospects for this type of measurements within the NCNR.

Neutron diffraction has many advantages over the corresponding x-ray

technique. Neutrons generally provide better sensitivity to light atom positions and more structural detail, since data can be collected over a wider

region of Q. Neutron measurements are typically less affected by experimental artifacts, such as absorption or sample container scattering, and

structural models may also be more accurate. While the past few decades

have seen a significant growth in neutron powder diffraction, this has not

occurred in neutron single-crystal diffraction. The reasons for this are twofold: traditional neutron single-crystal measurements require samples in

the range of 1 mm3 to 10 mm3, which are rarely available, and one or

more weeks of beam time to collect a full dataset. Ironically, there has

been a huge growth in x-ray single-crystal practice, both in the 1980's, and

again in the current decade, due to significant advances in instrumentation.

For neutron single-crystal measurements to have any significant impact 

in science, data collection times should not exceed a few days, so that 

reasonable throughput becomes possible. Crystal sizes must drop to the 

< 0.1 mm3 range, to increase the range of materials that can be studied.

Laue diffraction is a technique that offers these possibilities. In this

method, a stationary single crystal is placed in a “white” neutron beam—

one with a wide range of wavelengths. This allows a large number of

reflections to diffract so that the number of these reflections is limited only

by the solid angle for the area detector. It is also the most effective use of

a reactor neutron source, since the entire thermal spectrum is put to work. 

The ILL has developed two Laue instruments, LADI and VIVALDI, for

macromolecular and small molecule/inorganic materials, respectively;

these instruments are revolutionizing the field. The ILL designs, however,

are not appropriate for the NCNR, where gamma backgrounds can be

expected to be comparable to the peak scattered neutron flux.

To explore how neutron Laue diffraction might be pursued at the NCNR, a

prototype camera was developed for use at the thermal column. The initial

design uses dysprosium foil as a cylindrical “film” to capture the neutron

intensities and the autoradiogram from the Dy foil is then recorded using

conventional image plates. The cylindrical geometry offers a very large

solid angle that could even be extended through use of Dy foil on the 

cylinder top and bottom.

Initial measurements at the thermal column indicate that with a conventional, circa 10 mm3 crystal of NaCl, a complete diffraction pattern may be

collected in a 1/2 hour! This crystal is two orders of magnitude larger than

what is needed, but significantly longer measurement times are certainly

possible. It is also worth noting that the Dy foil technique has been estimated to have a quantum efficiency of less than < 0.1, so more efficient

detection could also offer an order of magnitude improvement. Initial

measurements were attempted with minimal collimation and shielding;

improvements in this are expected to significantly improve sensitivity.

Finally, if an instrument can be designed for a thermal beam-port use, at

least another order of magnitude in flux can be gained. Based on this evidence, neutron Laue diffraction at the NCNR should be able to offer US

researchers access to the power of neutron single-crystal diffraction.

FIGURE 1.

An initial Laue diffraction image from a 35 minute neutron exposure using a 

≈10 mm3 NaCl crystal. The backscattering region is in the center of the image.

FIGURE 2. 

Simulated Laue image for NaCl in approximately the same orientation as in the

experimental image. Degree of reflection order superposition is indicated by color:

three orders is shown in blue, two in red and those without any superposition are

in green. 
49 Accomplishments and Opportunities

ADVANCES IN MEASUREMENT

Determining Statistical

Uncertainty in Models Fitted 

to Pair Distribution Functions

B. H. Toby

NIST Center for Neutron Research 

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

S. J. L. Billinge

Michigan State University 

East Lansing, MI 48824

Arecent collaboration between the NCNR and Michigan State 

University has established theory for statistical error estimation

in results determined from pair distribution analysis. This advance will

allow increased utilization of the technique for structural study. It can

also be expected to result in improvements in the associated experimental techniques and data processing techniques.

Crystallography provides exquisite detail of atomic structure in crystalline

materials through analysis of Bragg scattering intensities. However, Bragg

scattering effectively superimposes columns of unit cells with lengths 

≈ 100 Å in electron diffraction, and from superimposing all unit cells a 

volume > 106 Å3 for x-ray and neutron scattering. At best, crystallographic

methods will see localized deviations from long-range order as disorder

due to this superposition. In contrast, spectroscopic methods are typically

sensitive to atom arrangements over very short distances, usually limited

to the first or second coordination sphere. The one technique that can be

used to obtain information over a range of 2 Å to 50 Å, when local ordering is not reflected in the long-range structure of a material is to directly fit

models to experimental pair distribution functions (PDF). 

To determine the PDF, powder diffraction is measured over a wide range in

Q; corrections are applied to obtain S(Q); the entire data, including both

Bragg and diffuse scattering is then Fourier transformed, resulting in a PDF,

G(r ), which indicates the probability of finding pairs of atoms separated by

distance r . The PDF contains information on both local and mid-range

structure. PDF analysis is traditionally applied to glasses, liquids and amorphous materials, where no crystalline order is present. However, PDFs are

used increasingly for structural analysis of local order in crystalline materials, to the level that the Los Alamos National Laboratory has recently

developed a new moderately high-resolution powder diffractometer, NPDF,

specifically for PDF determinations.

In contrast to crystallographic techniques, where accuracy levels are well

established and statistical uncertainties are well understood, accuracy and

precision have been open questions in PDF analysis. Limited statistical

error theory for the PDF was developed a decade ago [1], but these methods do not yield error estimates for models fitted to the PDF, or even coordination numbers from integrating the PDF. The lack of error estimates has

hampered acceptance of PDF results. While this lack has been much 

discussed over the last decade, only recently was this problem addressed.

Building on results from decades of work in statistical crystallography

done within the NCNR [2], theory for statistical error analysis of PDF

results was developed and published this year [3]. These results are

straightforward and are summarized in the box reproduced below.

These equations allow experimental uncertainties to be established for

parameters fitted to a PDF in exactly the same manner as that used for

crystallographic studies. In fact, PDF analysis can be expected to have

smaller statistical uncertainties than Rietveld results, since PDF data will

normally utilize a greater range of data. Modifications will be needed to

PDF computation software to generate and save the covariance matrix for

the PDF. Likewise changes will also be needed to software that fits models

to a PDF. However, considerable interest in these adaptations is apparent.

The development of statistical uncertainty theory for the PDF can also be

expected to result in improved experimental methods and of data treatment, as it will be possible to identify systematic errors when deviations

exceed statistical limits, so that the underlying reason for the discrepancy

can be identified and addressed.

References

[1] B. H. Toby and T. Egami, Acta. Cryst. A 48, 336 (1992).

[2] E. Prince, Mathematical Techniques in Crystallography and Materials

Science, Second ed.(Springer-Verlag, New York, 1994).

[3] B. H. Toby and S. J. L. Billinge, Acta. Cryst. A A60, 315 (2004).

S(Qj),σ[S(Qj)] are known from experiment.

Model predicts observation yi as M i

(p) where p is a vector of parameters.

Design matrix, A, is defined as Ai j = 

PDF is G(rk

) = Qj [S(Qj) -1]sin(Qjrk)∆Qj.

Covariance matrix for G(r ) is, 

VG,jk = Qi

2 sin(Qi

rj)sin(Qirk)∆Qi

2 {σ[s(Qi

)]}2.

Linear functions of G(r), f{G(r)} = fTg and σ[{G(r)}] = fT VGf.

The best fit to PDF is obtained by solving AT VG

-1 Ap = AT g.

Resulting covariance matrix for model is Vp = ( AT VG

-1 A)-1 so that

uncertainty on parameter pj is given by σ[pj

] = Vp,jj.

∂M i(p)

∂Pj 2

π2 Σ

j

4

π2 Σ

i
ADVANCES IN MEASUREMENT

Development of a Sensitive 

Fast-Neutron Spectrometer

B. M. Fisher 

Tulane University

New Orleans, LA 70118

J. S. Nico, A. K. Thompson, D. M. Gilliam

Physics Laboratory, Ionizing Radiation Division

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

The Neutron Interactions and Dosimetry Group of the Ionizing

Radiation Division is engaged in the development of a new class

of fast-neutron spectrometers that are expected to be both sensitive

and relatively compact. This development is motivated primarily by

needs for measurement services and standards for homeland security

applications, such as personnel radiation dose measurements in the

vicinity of active interrogation devices (used for inspection of packages and cargo). In addition, this spectrometry development may find

applications in low-background/underground science. In the course of

this work, it has been necessary to revive lost technology for lithiumloaded liquid scintillators. We have recently had success in finding an

effective scintillation cocktail based on a mixture of an aqueous LiCl

solution and an experimental di-isopropyl naphthalene scintillator with

surfactants. This solution was obtained with help from the British

Division of Zinsser Analytic; it has extremely good clarity, light output,

and stability. We are studying segmented arrays of this liquid scintillator to improve its energy resolution and are using delayed coincidence

with thermal neutron capture in the 6Li to reduce ambient and 

cosmic-ray backgrounds. 

We have been collaborating with a Russian group led by V.N. Gavrin

on neutron spectrometer development for more than four years [1].

Gavrin's team had used a 15 liter liquid scintillator requiring delayed

coincidence with thermal neutron capture to measure extremely low

levels of neutron fluence rates for a selection of materials to be used

in the construction of the underground laboratory for the RussianAmerican Gallium Experiment (SAGE) solar neutrino experiment. With

the 15 liter detector, Gavrin et al. were able to measure neutron fluence rates as low as 10-7 cm-2 s-1, in spite of much higher fluence

rates of gamma-ray background radiation. However the energy resolution of this spectrometer was a rather modest 40 % and the efficiency was only about 9 %. The Russian team proposed improving both

of these performance parameters by breaking up the 15 liter volume into

smaller segments and replacing the 3He tubes with dissolved 6Li for the

thermal neutron capture detection. The energy resolution should be

improved by segmentation because of the nonlinearity of scintillation

light production as a function of proton recoil energy; e.g., a 4 MeV

recoil event gives more light than two 2 MeV recoils. With sufficiently

fine segmentation, a given neutron will usually produce only one recoil 

in any particular segment so that these can be observed separately and

properly interpreted using the known nonlinear light production function.

The efficiency for delayed neutron capture coincidence is improved by

incorporation of the capturing nuclide within the liquid scintillator solution, because of reduced parasitic capture in hydrogen and reduced 

neutron leakage prior to thermalization.

The figures show recently obtained proton recoil spectra, the delayed 

coincident lithium capture events, and the time-distribution of the capture

events. These spectra have been obtained using NIST-developed data

acquisition software, based on digitization and time-stamping of all pulses.

Monte Carlo simulations are also ongoing for optimally scaling up the 

current results from a single 125 ml detector to a large 16-segment array.

Reference:

[1] J.N. Abdurashitov, V.N. Gavrin, A.V. Kalikhov, V.L. Matushko, 

A.A. Shikhin, V.E. Yants, O.S. Zaborskaia, J.M. Adams, J.S. Nico, 

and A.K. Thompson, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 476, 318 (2002).

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 50

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

Counts per Channel

0 5 10 15 20

Recoil to Capture Time (μs)

Time Distribution of Recoil-Capture Coincidences

Lifetime = 4.4 μs

200

150

100

50

0

Counts per Channel

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Light Energy Collected per Recoil (arb. units)

Proton Recoil Spectrum

250

200

150

100

50

0

Counts per Channel

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Light Energy Collected per Capture (arb. units)

Neutron Capture on Li-6
Dynamic equilibrium may be the best way to describe the current status of the NCNR user program. New instruments continue to come on

line, existing ones are being upgraded to remain at an internationally

competitive level, while older ones are being withdrawn from general

user service. The AND/R instrument (Advanced Neutron

Reflectometer/Diffractometer), primarily intended for reflectometry

studies in the biosciences, is now fully functional. The CNBT consortium is heavily involved in using its capabilities to full advantage in

research on the structure of membranes. The first call for proposals

including AND/R is in progress. The NCNR User's Group has carried

out an independent survey of our user base, indicating a high level of

user satisfaction, with many useful comments on possible improvements (see details below). The number of participants, as shown in

the figure, continues to grow, but at a slower rate than in past years.

The first of two Calls for Proposals in Fiscal year 2004 stimulated the

submission of 200 proposals, a number similar to those for the three

previous calls. 58 % of the proposals were approved, with a total

beam-time allocation of 569 instrument days. The second Call is in

progress at the time of this writing. Despite budgetary constraints

that forced the withdrawal of the Fermi Chopper Spectrometer and

the Filter Analyzer Spectrometer from the general user program, and

curtailment of time on two neutron reflectometers, the number and

quality of the accepted proposals ensures that scientific productivity

will be maintained at a high level. 

A Survey of NCNR Users

Our user group, headed by Nitash Balsara of the University of

California at Berkeley, recently made an independent survey of our

community. The results were both gratifying and informative. The survey covered seven main subjects: the proposal process for obtaining

beam time, health physics training, user support facilities, sample

environments, instrument performance and support, and software performance and support. Participants were asked to rate their experiences on a scale of 1 to 3 (1 = poor, 2 = adequate, 3 = excellent). Of

the 160 responders, 41 % were professors, 31 % were graduate students and post-docs, and 23 % were staff scientists. The proposal

process received a rating of 2.7, health physics training rated 2.5, user

support facilities 2.5, sample environment 2.7, primary NCNR instrument used 2.8, and data analysis and software 2.5. In the cases of

sample environments and major instrumentation, a majority felt that

performance was excellent. 67 % of users felt that the instrument

they used was excellent, while 94 % rated support from the NCNR

staff as excellent. 66 % of users felt that the sample environment,

another key aspect of the user experience, was excellent, while 87 %

rated the staff support in this area excellent. These data indicate that

while the NCNR provides access to world-class instruments, its real

strength lies in the support provided by dedicated staff scientists. It is also

clear that users with well-written proposals gain access to the NCNR

facilities: 81 % of users rated the proposal submission process as excellent. The responses provided a number of good ideas for new instruments

and sample environments. 56 % of the users felt that remote viewing of

instrument status and data would be useful. These inputs provide specific

avenues for improving the effectiveness of the NCNR.

Tenth Annual Summer School

Educating young scientists in the practice of neutron scattering science is an important component of CHRNS activities. Each summer, a

week-long course on neutron methods is held, with the emphasis on

spectroscopy or SANS and reflectometry in alternating years. The latter topics were the theme of this year's course, held at the NCNR in

early June 2004. A one-day schedule of lectures preceded three days

of hands-on instruction, including six experiments and the associated

51 Accomplishments and Opportunities

Serving the Science and

Technology Community
data analysis. Divided into groups of six to eight, the 35 students carried

out SANS studies of tri-block copolymer solutions, surfactant-coated 

colloidal particles, and latex microspheres, as well as reflectometry

experiments on GaMnAs magnetic films, lecithin/cholesterol membranes, and polymer monolayers at an air-liquid interface. On the final

day, the student groups presented their results to their compatriots and

the summer school staff. The student evaluations of the course indicate

that the school continues to be a very effective method of introducing

advanced neutron methods to agile young minds.

Center for High Resolution Neutron Scattering 

The Center (CHRNS) is a partnership between NIST and the National

Science Foundation (NSF) that has been crucial to the development

and operation of user instruments at the NCNR. It offers a suite of

instruments unmatched in North America for the investigation of the

structure and dynamics of solids by neutron scattering, probing length

scales from 1 nm to ≈ 10 μm and energies from ≈ 30 neV to ≈ 100

meV. Most of the proposals we receive ask for time on one of the

CHRNS instruments, which include a 30 m SANS diffractometer, the

high-resolution USANS diffractometer, the backscattering spectrometer (HFBS), the disk-chopper spectrometer (DCS), the neutron spinecho spectrometer (NSE), and the cold-neutron triple-axis spectrometer (SPINS). An upgraded 10 m SANS diffractometer will be included

among the CHRNS instruments in 2005. CHRNS also plays a major

role in the NCNR's educational activities, through its annual weeklong

summer school on neutron scattering, and its other outreach efforts.

Cold Neutrons for Biology and Technology 

A new instrument for structural biology, the Advanced Neutron

Diffractometer/ Reflectometer, AND/R, is now fully operational. 

This instrument and other facilities dedicated to studies of biological

membrane systems are part of the Cold Neutrons for Biology and

Technology (CNBT) research initiative, a consortium funded by the

National Institutes of Health (NIH-NCRR), with contributions from

NIST, the University of California at Irvine, the University of

Pennsylvania and the Johns Hopkins University. In addition to the

above-mentioned institutions, the CNBT partnership encompasses

investigators from Rice University, Carnegie Mellon, Duke, and the

NIH-NIAAA, as well as collaborators from the Los Alamos National

Laboratory. Other CNBT resources include 10 % of the time on the

NG-7 30 m SANS diffractometer, a fully equipped biology laboratory,

and two state of the art computer clusters—one at NCNR and one at

UC Irvine—for molecular dynamics simulations. This combination 

provides a powerful set of capabilities for US researchers interested

in structural biology problems that involve membrane systems, largely

due to the first major NIH investment in years into neutron scattering.

Independent Programs

The Neutron Interactions and Dosimetry Group (Physics

Laboratory) provides measurement services, standards, and fundamental research in support of NIST's mission as it relates to neutron

technology and neutron physics. The national and industrial interests

served include homeland security, neutron imaging, scientific instrument calibration, nuclear-electric power production, radiation protection, defense nuclear energy systems, radiation therapy, and magnetic

resonance imaging. The group's research comprises three major activities. The first is Fundamental Neutron Physics, including magnetic

trapping of ultracold neutrons, operation of a neutron interferometry

and optics facility, development of neutron spin filters based on laser

polarization of 3He, measurement of the beta decay lifetime of the

neutron, and investigations of other coupling constants and symmetries of the weak interaction. This project involves a large number of

collaborators from universities and national laboratories. The second

is Standard Neutron Fields and Applications, using both thermal and

fast neutron fields for materials dosimetry in nuclear reactor applications, neutron spectrometry development, and for personnel dosimetry

in radiation protection. The third is Neutron Cross Section Standards,

including experimental advancement of the accuracy of such standards, as well as their evaluation, compilation and dissemination. 

The Smithsonian Institution's Nuclear Laboratory for

Archeological Research is part of the Anthropology Department at

the American Museum of Natural History. During its 27 year partnership

with NCNR, it has chemically analyzed over 28 900 archaeological 

artifacts by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA), drawing

extensively on the collections of the Smithsonian, as well as on those

of many institutions world-wide. The analyses provide a means of

linking these diverse collections together to study continuity and

change in the production of ceramic objects. INAA data are used to

determine if groups of ceramics have been made from the same or 

different raw materials. They can then be attributed to geographic

regions, specific sources, workshops and even individual artists. The

ability to link pottery groups found in archaeological contexts to specific production locations is currently being used to examine trade and

cultural exchange between the Valley of Mexico and the Maya

Civilization through analysis of ceramics from the city of Teotihuacan. 

The Polymers Division of the Materials Science and

Engineering Laboratory works with the NCNR in research on electronics materials, nanomanufacturing, polyelectrolyte solutions, and

biomaterials. The variety of methods employed in these studies

include small angle neutron scattering (SANS), neutron reflectometry

and neutron spin echo (NSE) spectroscopy. In the electronics materials

research, the NCNR provides unique measurements that impact nextgeneration photolithography, including the in-situ distribution of 

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 52
aqueous base and water in ultrathin polymer films, the segmental

dynamics of polymers, and measurement of the spatial form of the

deprotection reaction. In the nanomanufacturing program, neutron techniques are used to elucidate the underlying principles of dispersing and

manipulating advanced materials such as carbon nanotubes and block

copolymer solutions. For polyelectrolyte solutions, the chain dynamics

and equilibrium structure differ from those of neutral polymers due to

the presence of long-ranged electrostatic interactions. Measuring the

local structure and dynamics requires new experimental methods, such

as SANS to characterize the equilibrium structure and NSE spectroscopy

to study the dynamics occurring at lengths between 3 nm and 60 nm,

and times from 45 ps to 100 ns. In the biomaterials program, NCNR

instruments provide important structure and dynamics information for

tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and protein preservation. 

The Nuclear Methods Group (Analytical Chemistry Division,

Chemical Sciences and Technology Laboratory) develops and

applies nuclear analytical techniques for the determination of elemental compositions, striving for improvements in accuracy, sensitivity,

and selectivity. The group has pioneered the use of cold neutrons as

analytical probes in two methods, prompt-gamma activation analysis

(PGAA) and neutron depth profiling (NDP). In PGAA, the amount of a

particular analyte is measured by detecting characteristic gamma rays

emitted by the sample while it is being irradiated in an intense coldneutron beam. NDP is another in-beam method that can characterize

the concentration of several elements as a function of depth in the

first few microns below a surface. It accomplishes this by energy

analysis of the charged particles emitted promptly during neutron

bombardment. In addition to NDP and PGAA, the group has a high

level of capability in two more conventional methods, instrumental

and radiochemical neutron activation analysis (INAA and RNAA). In

aggregate, the techniques used by the group are a powerful set of complementary tools for addressing analytical problems for both in-house

and user programs, and are used to help certify a large number of NIST

Standard Reference Materials.

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and

Drug Administration (FDA), directs and maintains a neutron activation analysis (NAA) facility at the NCNR. This facility provides agencywide analytical support for special investigations, and emergency

response, complementing other analytical techniques used at FDA

with instrumental, neutron-capture prompt-gamma, and radiochemical

NAA procedures, radioisotope x-ray fluorescence spectrometry

(RXRFS), and low-level gamma-ray detection. This combination of analytical techniques enables diverse multi-element and radiological

information to be obtained for foods and related materials. The NAA

facility supports agency quality assurance programs by developing 

in-house reference materials, by characterizing food-related certified

reference materials with NIST and other agencies, and by verifying

analyses for FDA's Total Diet Study Program. Studies include development of RXRFS methods for screening food ware and food packaging

materials for the presence of Pb, Cd and other potentially toxic elements, use of instrumental NAA to investigate bromate residues in

bread products, development of Compton suppression techniques for

instrumental NAA, and use of prompt-gamma NAA to determine elemental compositions of NIST Ephedra Standard Reference Materials

and commercial dietary supplements.

The ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company is a member

of the Participating Research Team (PRT) that operates, maintains, and

conducts research at the NG-7 30 m SANS instrument and the NG-5

Neutron Spin Echo Spectrometer. Their mission is to use those instruments, as well as other neutron scattering techniques available to them

at NCNR, in activities that complement research at ExxonMobil's main

laboratories as well as at its affiliates' laboratories around the world.

The aim of these activities is to deepen understanding of the nature of

ExxonMobil's products and processes, so as to improve customer service

and to improve the return on shareholders' investment. Accordingly, and

taking full advantage of the unique properties of neutrons, most of the

experiments we conduct here at NCNR use SANS or other neutron techniques to study the structure and dynamics of hydrocarbon materials,

especially in the fields of polymers, complex fluids, and petroleum mixtures. ExxonMobil regards its participation in the NCNR and collaborations with NIST and other members of the scientific community not only

as an excellent investment for the company, but also as a good way to

contribute to the scientific health of the nation.

Scientists and engineers based at the nation's universities contribute

substantially to the development of state-of-the-art neutron beam instruments, as well as maintaining collaborative research programs of exceptional quality at the NCNR. The University of Maryland stations a

number of scientists at our facility, performing research with our most

advanced instruments, as well as contributing to their operation. The

development of the SPINS and MACS spectrometers owes much to the

leadership of personnel from The Johns Hopkins University, who also

carry out an outstanding neutron scattering program at the NCNR. The

CNBT consortium, as described previously, is led by a group including the

University of California at Irvine, The University of Pennsylvania

and The Johns Hopkins University, with participation from Rice,

Carnegie Mellon, and Duke Universities.

For more than thirty years, the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (USARL)

has conducted a neutron scattering program at the NCNR, investigating

materials at high pressures, the dynamics of molecular solids, and texture and stresses in engineering materials. The USARL group has also

contributed significantly to NCNR instrumentation, most notably by 

initiating the development of a residual stress diffractometer.

53 Accomplishments and Opportunities
The NIST reactor (NBSR) operated for 211 full power (20 MW) days or

85 % of the scheduled time during FY2004. A cycle has 38 days of

continuous full power operation, followed by 11 days of shutdown for

maintenance, refueling, and startup preparations. The operating

license for the NBSR expired on May 16, 2004 and U.S. Nuclear

Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulations allow for continued operation after submittal of a timely application for license renewal. At the

completion of the NRC review process, a 20 year renewal may be

granted from the date of the completed review. To gain regulatory

approval for those additional years of facility operation, the first

phase of a rigorous license renewal process was completed on April

9, 2004, when the NCNR submitted to the NRC the application for

license renewal. The application consisted of a Safety Analysis Report

(SAR), Technical Specifications, an environmental report, and a letter

certifying that congressional appropriations for funding the decommissioning of the NBSR will be requested when necessary.

The SAR was written in collaboration with Brookhaven National

Laboratory, with preliminary and final reviews performed by personnel

drawn from reactor engineering, reactor operations, research facility

operations, health physics, and facility management. The safety analyses within the SAR used state-of-the-art calculational methods to confirm the conservatism of the analyses of the previous SAR and

showed that no fuel damage is predicted for any of the events

required to be considered.

The Reactor Operations and Engineering Group also worked on a variety of activities to prepare the NCNR for reliable long-term operation.

To assure the availability of a long-term disposal site for activated

waste material, the Operations group performed a comprehensive

assessment of the NBSR's disposal capabilities and needs. This was

followed by extensive discussions with the disposal site operator and

resulted in an understanding that the existing material disposal

process would continue for at least fifteen more years. Secondary

cooling water pumps, motors, and one set of control rods were

acquired for installation in the near future. We also purchased 

heavy water and additional control rods so that these vital resources

would be available when needed in the future. Cooling tower equipment was upgraded to increase the efficiency of the tower and plans

were made to upgrade secondary and experimental water systems.

Dr. Wade Richards, who has many years of experience as a nuclear

engineer and reactor manager, was hired to enhance the analytical

strengths of the Reactor Operations and Engineering group and to

contribute to the on-going license renewal effort. In addition, all

licensed operators were requalified this year and two operator candidates were hired with the expectation of each completing an NRC

license examination by the end of the year.

Operations

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 54

Senior operations supervisors Dan Wilkison and Bill Mueller inspect a new control

rod to be inserted during 2004.
Data Analysis, Visualization, 

and Modeling Software 

Numerous developments in user software have occurred over the past

year. Many improvements and extensions have been made to the

DAVE (Data Analysis and Visualization Environment) package including

the addition of data reduction modules for Neutron Spin-Echo and

Triple-Axis spectrometers, a new Fourier Transformation Toolkit, and

significant enhancements to DCS-MSLICE that enable unprecedented

visualization capabilities for single crystal diffuse scattering phenomena. New experiment planning and analysis tools have been added 

that help users get the most out of their beam-time, including a new

module that calculates self-shielding corrections for samples with

slab and annular geometries, and a simple-to-use scattering and

absorption cross-sections calculator. The popularity of this software

package continues to grow and NIST users are exploiting the power 

of DAVE with data from other institutions. Moreover, scientists from

disciplines that do not use neutron scattering are finding the generalpurpose visualization and analysis utilities in DAVE quite useful. In the

past year the DAVE software was downloaded over 2900 times and

the web pages were viewed nearly 30 000 times.

The Igor Pro-based SANS data reduction and analysis software developed at the NCNR continues to be very popular with facility users. In

October of 2003, a significant update of the SANS data reduction

package was released. Nearly all of the added features were in direct

response to users' needs and feedback. Increasingly complex experimental setups and anisotropic materials have made it necessary to

manipulate 1D and 2D data sets in non-standard ways. New tools are

provided to allow users easier access to both 1D and 2D data sets for

viewing and manipulation. To facilitate interpretation of SANS data,

approximately 24 additional model functions are being added to the

existing SANS Analysis package.

In collaboration with scientists at the University of Maryland,

Baltimore County, we are developing software to calculate model

SANS intensities from high-resolution x-ray crystal or NMR structures.

Our program, XTAL2SAS, was originally written for protein structures

and reads structural coordinate files in standard PDB (Protein Data

Bank) format. First, each amino acid in the structure is replaced by a

sphere of the appropriate volume and scattering length density, with

its center of mass at the alpha carbon coordinate position. Then, the

total protein volume is filled randomly with points using a Monte Carlo

method. The distance distribution function, P(r), is determined by calculating all possible distances between points in the molecule, each point

weighted by its appropriate scattering length density value. The scattered intensity is then obtained by a Fourier transform of P(r). The intensities can be calculated for proteins in H2O, D2O or mixed solutions.

In the past year XTAL2SAS has been modified to allow the user to

model the distribution of bound water at the surface, using a solventaccessible surface area approach that agrees well with molecular

dynamics simulation results. The program has been extended to include

the prediction of model SANS intensities from nucleic acid structures.

Since nucleic acid bases cannot be represented by spherical shapes, an

entirely different method for representing their structure was developed. We have now successfully predicted the SANS intensity from a

10-mer DNA duplex in H2O solution containing 0.3 mol/L NaCl.

Over the past year, our suite of reflectometry programs, Reflpak, has

continued to improve. It is now equally functional and convenient to

install on four platforms, Windows, Macintosh OS X, Linux and

SGI/IRIX and is available for download from the NCNR website.

Improvements include the ability to reduce polarized datasets, support

for front and back reflectivity, and support for pluggable file formats

and three new instruments including a reflectometer at the Australian

facility, ANSTO. Numerous user interface improvements are in place

including increased interactivity with graphs, expanded user help, and

snapshots and an undo stack that make exploring the parameter

space of the fit much easier. Improved analysis program development

is underway with genetic algorithm optimization available, though not

yet exposed in the user interface. A collaboration with the DANSE

(Distributed Data Analysis for Neutron Scattering Experiments) team

at CalTech has been initiated to create a distributed fitting engine.

The CMPR package (www.ncnr.nist.gov/xtal/software/cmpr/), a collection of tools for powder diffraction data display, manipulation, unit

cell visualization and peak fitting was extended in 2004 to include

access to the ICDD-JCPDS database via incorporation of the program

LOGIC. These programs run on virtually all computer platforms and

there are self-installation tools available for Windows and Macintosh.

The entire GSAS crystallographic package and the NCNR's front-end

package, EXPGUI (www.ncnr.nist.gov/xtal/software/expgui/), were

also ported to the Macintosh in 2004, so that this package may now

55 Accomplishments and Opportunities

Facility Developments
be used on that platform, in addition to Windows, Linux and Silicon

Graphics. A self-installation tool is available for the Macintosh 

and Windows.

BT-7 Double Focusing Triple Axis 

Spectrometer Installation

A major milestone in the modernization of the NCNR's thermal neutron instruments was reached this year with the installation of the

incident beam components of a state-of-the-art triple-axis spectrometer at the BT-7 beam port. The monochromator drum for the spectrometer (see Fig. 1) houses two doubly-focusing mechanisms for supporting segmented monochromator crystals. Individually aligned Cu(220)

and PG(002) crystals have been installed providing over 400 cm2 in

reflecting area for each monochromator. Built into the drum are magnetic guide fields for the option of installing polarizing crystals in the

future. The spectrometer's sample stage is cantilevered from the

monochromator drum and features two coaxial rotary tables, one for

sample rotation and one for the independent rotation of magnetic

field coils, and a fully motorized sample goniometer. Also completed

this year, and visible in Fig. 1, is the instrument's 30 m2 air pad floor

system. Composed of anodized aluminum tiles over a bed of self-leveling epoxy, the floor is level to within +/- 0.75 mm over its entire

area. This type of air pad flooring was developed at the NCNR and

will be the standard for future instrument construction at the NCNR. 

The BT-7 spectrometer is designed to be used with interchangeable

customized analyzer/detection systems supported on air pads. The

first of these, to house a multi-strip horizontally focusing PG(002) analyzer array and a linear position-sensitive detector, is at an advanced

stage of development and will be installed when the assembly and

testing currently underway is completed.

FIGURE 1.

Engineer Colin Wrenn (right,

standing) and machinist Mike

Rinehart keep a watchful eye

as engineer Mike Murbach

(left) test drives the air-padsupported under-carriage

(loaded with lead bricks, in

foreground) for the analyzer/

detector section of the new

thermal neutron triple-axis

spectrometer at BT-7.

Status of the Multi Axis Crystal 

Spectrometer (MACS)

A third generation cold neutron spectrometer with unprecedented

capabilities is under development at the NCNR. The instrument will

use focusing Bragg optics to produce the most intense cold monochromatic neutron beam worldwide (Φ > 108 n/cm2/s for ∆E = 0.2 meV).

The multi-channel detection system will analyze neutrons scattered

into a solid angle of 0.15 Sr, which is an order of magnitude more

than for conventional triple axis instrumentation. The combination of

enhancements in beam flux and detection efficiency yields almost two

orders of magnitude gain in efficiency for experiments that require an

overview of Q-space in a selected range of energy transfer.

The scientific goal of the MACS project is greater insight into nanoscale dynamic phenomena in materials science. Specific research

enabled by MACS includes direct measurements of interactions in

magnetic thin films, determination of spin density wave structure in

organic metals, elucidation of spin and charge polarons in oxides,

studies of dynamic correlations at pressure and field driven quantum

phase transitions, and studies of composite spin in frustrated and

doped magnets.

Fig. 2 shows the helium filled cask, which houses the 1428 cm2 PG

monochromator. By translating this device along the beam-line a large

range of incident energies (2.5 meV to 20 meV) can be accessed with

limited motion of the sample and detector. Fig. 3 shows the centerpiece of the MACS detector system. A patent is pending for this

design which translates and rotates two vertically focusing analyzers

and orients a background suppressing collimator with a single stepping motor. Twenty such devices will operate in parallel in the MACS

detector system. 

Much of the mechanical design work for MACS was completed over

the last year. Beam-line shielding for the initial installation that will

occur in the fall of 2004 has been received and many other parts are

in various stages of manufacturing. Commissioning will start in the

summer of 2005. An exciting period of discovery will follow as this

new tool for probing dynamic correlations in condensed matter

becomes available to the scientific community through CHRNS in the

summer of 2006. 

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 56

FIGURE 2.

CAD image of the monochromating system for the MACS spectrometer. The “golden”

doubly focusing monochromator was built and tested at The Johns Hopkins University.
10 meter SANS Instrument

The NCNR's two high resolution, 30 m long, pinhole collimation SmallAngle Neutron Scattering (SANS) instruments are consistently oversubscribed by factors of 2 to 3. To alleviate this situation, the NCNR,

with partial support from the NSF through CHRNS, is rebuilding a 20-

year-old, medium resolution 8 m long SANS instrument. A thorough

design study, aimed at optimizing performance within the available

space at the end of the NG-1 neutron

guide, has resulted in an engineering

model (see Fig. 4) for a 10 m SANS

instrument having all the operational

features and ease of use of the 30 m

instruments, and a measurement

range (0.002 Å-1 < Q < 0.7 Å-1 compared with 0.0005 Å-1 < Q < 0.7 Å-1

for the 30 m instruments) that would

satisfy the requirements of roughly

one-half to two-thirds of SANS user

experiments. Although modeled after

the 30 m SANS instruments, the 10 m

SANS instrument has some distinctive features, including the computercontrolled insertion of multiple pinhole collimation (with 7 converging beams) to achieve the instrument's best resolution (Qmin = 0.002 Å-1), and a retractable sample

chamber, to accommodate easily large pieces of sample environment

equipment without reducing the Q-range of the instrument. An outside

engineering firm is doing the detailed engineering design and fabrication of the instrument with completion scheduled for April 2005.

When operational, 50 % of the beam time will be available through

the NCNR's user program, and an additional 20 % will be set aside 

for graduate student training and early stage thesis research. This

allocation of beam time represents a novel approach to enhancing 

the NCNR's educational and outreach efforts.

Origin and Removal of Spurious Background

Peaks in Vibrational Spectra Measured by the

Filter-Analyzer Neutron Spectrometer (FANS)

The ultimate sensitivity of the Filter-Analyzer Neutron Spectrometer

(FANS), which is invaluable for measuring the vibrational spectra of materials, is typically limited by spurious features ubiquitous in all measured

spectra. Recently we demonstrated that these spurious features, occurring

between 50 meV and 85 meV, reflect the phonon excitations of beryllium

excited by neutrons elastically scattered from the sample. We further

determined that the addition of an auxiliary polycrystalline bismuth filter, in

front of the main beryllium-graphite-beryllium filter analyzer, could significantly reduce such undesirable features. The test bismuth filter resulted in

only a minor attenuation in sample scattering intensity concomitant with a

reduction in the thermal- and fast-neutron background from the sample.

An optimal bismuth filter requires a high-purity, low-hydrogen-content

material with a sufficiently small crystallite grain size distribution to

ensure a sharp Bragg cutoff in the energy dependence of the neutron total

cross section. As a first instance, we were able to produce an acceptable

material by melt-casting radial Bi wedges. At present, we have successfully installed a prototype, room-temperature Bi filter (15 cm thick) comprised

of such melt-cast wedges in front of the original FANS filter analyzer. This

filter essentially eliminates the spurious beryllium phonons in the critical

50 meV to 85 meV region, replacing them with Bi phonons, which occur

only at 12 meV and below. This filter greatly enhances the capability of

FANS for probing smaller mass, more dilute, and more weakly scattering

systems. We plan to replace this first-generation Bi filter with an improved

material synthesized by the room-temperature compression of high-purity,

finely polycrystalline (with an average crystallite grain size of ≈ 240 μm)

bismuth needles. Tests have shown that this pressed material results in a

somewhat improved filter performance (due to a relatively sharper Bragg

cutoff energy) compared to that of the melt-cast material.

57 Accomplishments and Opportunities

FIGURE 3.

CAD image of the double crystal

analyzer of which there will be 

20 in the MACS detector system.

FIGURE 4.

3D engineering model of the 10 m SANS instrument currently under construction

for installation at the end of the NG-1 neutron guide. 
Nearly 500 participants from the Americas and abroad attended a

remarkably successful second American Conference on Neutron

Scattering (ACNS 2004) in College Park, Maryland, June 6 - 10, 2004.

The ACNS was sponsored by the Neutron Scattering Society of

America (NSSA) and hosted by the NCNR. A total of 389 abstracts

were received, a 40 % increase over the very successful first ACNS

held two years ago in Knoxville, TN.

Participation of graduate students, postdoctoral researchers, and new

faculty was particularly encouraged—funding was made available to

help defray travel expenses (the US Departments of Energy and

Commerce, through their neutron scattering facilities, as well as the

National Science Foundation and the University of Maryland, provided

generous support as sponsors). Educational endeavors organized within the Conference included three different tutorials on neutron scattering: the NCNR Summer School Lectures, talks on Residual Stress and

Mechanical Behavior, and an introduction to Pair Distribution Function

Analysis of Diffraction Data. About a dozen commercial enterprises

exhibited wares. The meeting was also the occasion for the presentation of several awards that are reported in another section.

The scope of the Meeting is far too large to adequately cover in this

article. Instead, a few selected topics will be highlighted in shortened

contributed perspectives. Those interested in specific topics can view

all of the abstracts at the ACNS web site: www.ncnr.nist.gov/acns.

The names referred to below can be traced through the website. A

more extensive report is to be published in an upcoming issue of

Neutron News. 

Ferroelectrics (P. Gehring, NCNR)

A strong resurgence of interest in ferroelectricity was reflected in a

session devoted to the subject on the first day of the conference.

Research groups submitted abstracts that covered a broad range of

ferroelectric materials and different scattering techniques. The

emphasis of almost all of the presentations was on elastic and diffuse

scattering, as only two talks dealt with inelastic scattering. The topics

could be grouped into three categories pertaining to the so-called

"relaxor" ferroelectrics, lead-oxides with quenched chemical disorder

that exhibit record-setting piezoelectric properties, the venerable

doped ferroelectric compound KTa1-x

NbxO3, and discoveries of new

multiferroics, uncommon systems in which magnetic and ferroelectric

order are coupled. Two new examples of multiferroics, arguably the

hottest topic in ferroelectrics today, were presented. Neutron diffraction data on DyMn2O5, a magnetoelectric switch, was used to correlate anomalies in the dielectric constant and polarization with magnetic transitions induced by field or temperature. Similarly, anomalies

in the dielectric constant of HoMnO3 at magnetic transitions indicated

a coupling of the ferroelectric and magnetic order, and inelastic 

scattering measurements on the same material revealed a twodimensional excitation spectrum. 

Instrumentation (K. Crawford, Spallation Neutron Source) 

Two oral sessions were devoted to instrumentation, and there were

many instrumentation-related posters. In addition, some of the talks in

the science sessions prominently displayed impressive instrumentation developed to carry out the science discussed. A number of innovative instrument concepts were presented. One idea being developed

at IPNS is the use of a statistical chopper to discriminate against

inelastic scattering on a time-of-flight (TOF) instrument for measuring

elastic diffuse scattering (Osborn). The TISANE technique proposed by

Gaehler, under development and testing at NIST (Glinka), uses TOF at

a steady-state SANS instrument to enable time-resolved SANS studies of effects at the sub-millisecond time scale. Another effort under

development at IPNS combines the properties of a TOF SANS instrument with a MIEZE-type neutron resonance spin-echo spectrometer to

obtain high quasielastic energy resolution with SANS q-resolution

(Bleuel). A poster demonstrated the use of a double-crystal diffractometer to obtain tomographic images with refracted neutrons,

enabling a quite different contrast from that obtained with conventional transmission tomography (Strobl). A number of new instruments

are in various stages of design and construction for the SNS, and status updates for most of these were covered in posters as well.

There were a number of presentations on the development of components for instruments. These included the use of a 3He polarization

analyzer for studying diffuse magnetic scattering from thin films

(Chen), continued development of polycapillary lenses for focusing

neutrons onto small samples (Gibson), the ongoing work at HMI on

solid-state neutron optical elements (collimators, polarizers, benders)

based on stacked Si wafers each coated as appropriate for the specific application (Krist), and a high-resolution gas area-detector for neutrons (Kampmann). 

American Conference on 

Neutron Scattering Hosted by NCNR

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 58
Magnetism (S.-H. Lee, NCNR)

The fields of magnetism and superconductivity were well represented

with a variety of oral and poster presentations. Among topics performed with conventional instruments were spin-wave studies in a

two-dimensional frustrated magnet, and unusual phase transitions in

oxides due to spin, electronic, orbital and lattice couplings. The high

magnetic fields now available at neutron facilities expand the accessible region in (H-T ) phase space and are used to investigate the competition and coexistence of magnetism and superconductivity.

Examples include studies of high-Tc cuprates, a field-induced Bosecondensation of magnons in an S = 1 alternating quantum chain, and

field-induced bound spinons in an S = 1/2 spin chain. The contribution

of these recent neutron scattering results to theory was underscored

in several other talks.

Recent developments at research facilities around the world have

extended the accessible dynamical scattering region into unexplored

(Q, ω ) regimes, both at low and high energies. Investigations of high

energy magnetic excitations in superconducting and non-superconducting cuprates, performed at the MAPS spectrometer at ISIS, have

revealed new features and refueled the debate about the roles of

weakly interacting quasiparticles and/or stripes in high-Tc superconductivity. Another example is spin relaxation processes in spin-ice that

have been studied using spin echo spectroscopy.

Mechanical Behavior and Residual Stress 

(T. Gnaeupel-Herold and H.J. Prask, NCNR) 

During the past five years there has been significant progress in the

instrumentation of engineering diffractometers and the science performed.. The most substantial improvements were achieved at the

recently commissioned instruments SMARTS in Los Alamos and

ENGIN-X at ISIS. The specific strength of these pulsed-source 

instruments is the full-pattern acquisition that was demonstrated 

in a number of presentations on in situ polycrystal deformation experiments. Reactor instruments made a strong showing in pushing spatial

resolution and penetrations to new limits.

The two major areas of research at engineering/stress instruments

were presented in two invited talks, one on the micromechanics of

polycrystal deformation (Ustundag), and the other on stress measurements in safety-critical components (Root). Both presentations underlined a trend towards more specialization and more efficient use of

neutron beams for specific research. 

Chemical Physics (C. Brown, NCNR) 

Chemical physics at the ACNS was split into several sessions 

including 'Zeolites and Clathrates', 'Dynamics in Chemical Systems'

and 'Confinement'. In the 'zeolites and clathrates' session Lobo illustrated the necessity for dual refinement of pair distribution functions

from x-ray and neutron data of disordered materials, in much the

same manner that is routine for standard powder diffraction. He also

provided evidence that motion of rigid tetrahedral Si-O units provides

the mechanism for the negative thermal expansion of chabazite. 

After lunch (photo), the session of 'dynamics in chemical systems' was

rounded out by Íñiguez who extended one-phonon ab initio calculations

of neutron inelastic scattering spectra to include a general two-phonon

term, and studied the structure, energetics and dynamics of a promising

hydrogen storage material, sodium alanate (see highlight this issue.)

The ensuing session on confinement phenomena mainly focused on

recent results concerning the behavior of water and hydrogen in carbonaceous and siliceous materials with notable results coming from

Chen et al.'s work on a kinetic glass transition in supercooled water

confined in nanoporous silica glasses (see highlight this issue.)

Biology (S. Krueger, NCNR) 

The meeting included two biology sessions, a session on thin films

and membranes, and a number of biology-related posters. The first

biology session on Proteins and Membranes included topics such as

employing SANS for the characterization of standard viruses used in

clinical diagnostic assays, studying the dynamical transition in proteins and DNA, using reflectivity to study the self-assembly of membrane protein arrays and studies of model membrane structure and

bending rigidity.

The second biology session on Protein Structure and Hydration featured talks describing the neutron protein crystallography facility at

LANL, the modeling of macromolecular structure from SANS intensities using both low and high resolution techniques, and the role of

anchoring molecules and residual water on the stability of biological

molecules and water dynamics at the surface of a protein. The session on Thin Films and Membranes included topics such as the use of

neutron and x-ray reflectivity to determine the structure of synthetic

peptides tethered to surfaces and the detection of lateral organization

in model membranes using SANS.

59 Accomplishments and Opportunities
Shull Prize Awarded to Mike Rowe at the 2004

American Conference on Neutron Scattering,

June 6-10, in College Park, MD

Richard Kayser, acting Deputy Director of NIST, Robert Shull (son of Nobelist

Clifford Shull) of NIST, Mike Rowe, and Robert Briber, president of NSSA at the

Shull Award ceremony. 

“For his seminal vision, leadership, 

and contributions to the field of 

neutron scattering.”

Dr. J. Michael Rowe of the NCNR is the first recipient of the Clifford

G. Shull Prize of the Neutron Scattering Society of America (NSSA).

The Shull Prize, which is awarded once every two years, was established by the NSSA to recognize outstanding research in neutron science and leadership promoting the North American neutron scattering

community. The prize is named in honor of Prof. Clifford G. Shull, 

who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1994 with Prof. Bertram

Brockhouse for their seminal developments in the field of neutron 

science. The establishment of the prize was announced at the 

inaugural American Conference on Neutron Scattering (ACNS) in

2002. The prize, and a $5,000 honorarium, was awarded at the 

2004 ACNS, which took place June 6-10, in College Park, MD.

Early in his scientific career, Mike Rowe was at the forefront of

research on the dynamics, structure, and fundamental properties of

materials, and published influential work on hydrogen in metals, orientationally disordered solids, and monatomic liquids. In addition,

Mike Rowe has made significant contributions to the development of

neutron spectrometers and other instruments that utilize cold neutrons, and he is an international leader in the design of the latest generation of cold neutron sources, including the most efficient hydrogen

cold source currently operating in the world at the NCNR. Dr. Rowe’s

talents and his profound impact on American neutron science reach

far beyond his individual contributions to research and instrumentation. Through his leadership and engineering creativity over the past

15 years, the NCNR has become the most important and widely used

neutron research facility in North America.

Dr. Rowe received his Ph.D. in 1966 from McMaster University where

he worked with Nobel Laureate B. N. Brockhouse. From 1966-72 he

worked at Argonne National Laboratory before joining the National

Bureau of Standards (now NIST) in 1973. Dr. Rowe retired as Director

of the NCNR in March 2004, after heading the facility for 16 years.

APS 2004 Polymer Prize 

to Tim Lodge

Professor Tim Lodge of the University of

Minnesota, a frequent visitor to the

NCNR using neutrons to study polymer

dynamics, was awarded the American

Physical Society 2004 Polymer Physics

Prize with the citation:

“For outstanding contributions to the 

fundamental understanding of polymer chain

diffusion and segmental-chain dynamics.” 

Awards 2004

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 60
Lodge has been on the faculty at Minnesota since 1982, where 

he is currently a Distinguished McKnight University Professor in the

Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Materials

Science. After completing his Ph.D. in chemistry from Wisconsin 

in 1980, he spent 20 months as a National Research Council

Postdoctoral Fellow at NIST, collaborating in neutron scattering and

other experiments with Charles Han. His research interests center on

the structure and dynamics of polymer liquids, including solutions,

melts, blends, and copolymers, with particular emphases on rheology,

diffusion, and scattering techniques. He has authored or co-authored

over 160 refereed articles in the field of polymer science, and advised

or co-advised 30 Ph.D. theses. Lodge is a fellow of the APS and

serves on editorial boards of several journals. He is currently the

Editor-in-Chief of Macromocules.

Sigma Xi Award

Recognizes 

Outstanding Young

NIST Scientist for 2004

Each year the NIST Chapter of

Sigma Xi recognizes original basic

or applied research by a NIST

Gaithersburg staff member no 

more than ten years beyond their highest degree. This year 

Dr. Seung-Hun Lee of the NCNR has been awarded the 2004 NIST

Sigma Xi Young Scientist Award, in recognition of his:

“Outstanding leadership in the use of inelastic

neutron scattering to probe the magnetic properties of highly-correlated electron systems.” 

The award consists of a framed certificate, presented at the 28th

annual banquet where Dr. Lee and spouse were the guests of honor.

Dr. Lee will also be invited to present a Sigma Xi lecture at NIST.

Seung-Hun Lee has had a longstanding relationship with neutron scattering at the NCNR, beginning when he was a graduate student from

The Johns Hopkins University where he finished a physics Ph.D. in

1996. Before being promoted to the permanent staff in the Condensed

Matter Physics Team, he was Instrument Responsible for the SPINS

cold neutron spectrometer, where he developed the instrumentation

and carries out his award-winning research. 

NSSA Prize for

Outstanding Student

Research

The Neutron Scattering Society of

America initiated an award for 

outstanding work presented by students at the 2004 ACNS meeting.

From the 51 candidates in the

Monday evening poster session,

nine finalists were selected by the

Program Committee and received a

finalist certificate. Two full prizes,

each of which consists of a certificate, a plaque, and $500 were

awarded to: Owen Vajk (Stanford

University) for Quantum Percolation

in a Two-Dimensional Heisenberg

Antiferromagnet and Timothy J.

Rappl (University of California,

Berkeley) for Nucleation of Phase

separation in Polymer Blends. In both cases the neutron scattering

work was carried out at the NCNR. The other finalists included Kapil

Gupta (Johns Hopkins), Sylvia Ellen McLain (University of Tennessee),

Markus Strobl (Hahn-Meitner Institut Berlin), Hans Pieter Mumm

(University of Washington), Ronald G. Egres (University of Delaware),

Robert C. Rogan (Caltech), and Matthew B. Stone (Johns Hopkins).

Owen Vajk, who is currently working at the NCNR and who worked

with Martin Greven at Stanford, was also among the three recipients

of the first Outstanding Dissertation in Magnetism awards announced

by the American Physical Society topical group on magnetism. Vajk

gave an invited talk on their work at the APS 2004 March Meeting,

where he was presented with the $500 award.

61 Accomplishments and Opportunities

Rob Briber, NSSA president, presenting awards to Owen Vajk (top) and

Tim Rappl (bottom)
Abbiendi, G., et al., “Measurement of the Partial Widths of the Z into 

Up and Down Type Quarks,” Phys. Lett. B 586, 167 (2004). 

Akbarzadeh, A. R., Bellaiche, L., Leung, K., Íñiguez, J., Vanderbilt, D., 

“Atomistic Simulations of the Incipient Ferroelectric KTaO3,”

Phys. Rev. B 70, 054103 (2004).

Aldridge, L. P., Bordallo, H. N., Desmedt, A., “Water Dynamics in 

Cement Pastes,” Physica B, in press.

Allis, D. G., Hudson, B. S., “Inelastic Neutron Scattering Spectra of 

NaBH4: Reproduction of Anion Mode Shifts Via Periodic DFT,”

Chem. Phys. Lett. 385 (3-4), 166 (2004). 

Angell, C. A., Wang, L., Mossa, S., Yue, Y., Copley, J. R. D., 

“Vibrational Dynamics and Thermodynamics, Ideal Glass

Transitions and Folding Transitions, in Liquids and Biopolymers,”

in Slow Dynamics in Complex Systems, edited by Tokuyama, M.,

and Oppenheim, I., AIP Conf. Proc. 708, 473 (2004).

Arlen, M. J., Dadmun, M. D., “The Reinforcement of Polystyrene and 

Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Interfaces Using Alternating

Copolymers,” Polymer 44 (22), 6883 (2003). 

Bai, F., Wang, N., Li, J. F., Viehland, D., Gehring, P. M., Xu, G., 

Shirane, G., “X-Ray and Neutron Diffraction Investigations of the

Structural Phase Transformation Sequence Under Electric Field in

0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)-0.3PbTiO3 Crystals,” J. Appl. Phys. 96, 

1620 (2004).

Balsara, N. P., Rappl, T. J., Lefebvre, A. A., “Does Conventional 

Nucleation Occur During Phase Separation in Polymer Blends?,”

J. Poly. Sci. B 42 (10), 1793 (2004).

Bang, J., Lodge, T. P., “Mechanisms and Epitaxial Relationships 

Between Close-Packed and BCC Lattices in B Copolymer

Solutions,” J. Phys. Chem. B 107 (44), 12071 (2003). 

Banovic, S. W., Vaudin, M. D., Gnäupel-Herold, T. H., Saylor, D. M., 

Rodbell, K. P., “Studies of Deformation Induced Texture

Development in Sheet Materials Using Diffraction Techniques,”

Mater. Sci. Eng. A 380, 155 (2004).

Bao, W., Chen, Y., Qiu, Y., Sarrao, J. L., “Novel Dynamic Scaling 

Regime in Hole- Doped La2CuO4,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (12), 

127005 (2003). 

Batra, A., Hedden, R. C., Schofield, P., Barnes, A., Cohen, C., Duncan, 

T. M., “Conformational Behavior of Guest Chains in Unaixially

Stretched Poly(Diethylsiloxane) Elastomers: 2H NMR and SANS,”

Macromol. 36 (25), 9458 (2003). 

Berk, N. F., Majkrzak, C. F., “Wavelet Analysis of Neutron Reflectivity,”

Langmuir 19, 7811 (2003). 

Biggs, S., Kline, S. R., Walker, L. M., “The Absorption of Polymerized 

Rodlike Micelles at the Solid–Liquid Interface,” Langmuir 20 (4),

1085 (2004). 

Bishop, R. L., Blackman, M. J., “Instrumental Neutron Activation 

Analysis of Archaeological Ceramics: Scale and Interpretation,” 

Acc. Chem. Res. 35 (8), 603 (2002).

Blaauw, M., “Hydrogen Precipitation in Titanium Observed with 

Neutron Incoherent Scattering and Prompt Gamma Neutron

Activation Analysis,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 505

(1-2), 20 (2003).

Blackman, M. J., “Chemical Characterization of Tablets, Sealing Clays 

and Source Clays from Tell Leilan, Syria,” Subartu IX, 455 (2004).

Borodin, O., Douglas, R., Smith, G. D., Trouw, F., Petrucci, S., “MD 

Simulations and Experimental Study of Structure, Dynamics, and

Thermodynamics of Poly(Ethylene Oxide) and its Oligomers,” 

J. Phys. Chem. B 107, 6813 (2003).

Bossev, D. P., Ferdinand, S., Paulaitis, M. E., “Effect of Pressure on 

Microstructure in Water-in-Oil and Oil-in-Water Microemulsions

for C12E5 n-Octane/D2O Mixtures,” Langmuir, in press.

Boukari, H., Chernomordik, V., Krueger, S., Nossal, R., Sackett, D. L., 

“Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Studies of Tubilin Ring

Polymer,” Physica B, in press.

Broholm, C., Aeppli, G., “Dynamic Correlations in Quantum Magnets,” 

in Strong Interactions in Low Dimensions, edited by Baeriswyl,

D., Degiorgi, L., (Kluwer Acedemic Publishers), in press.

Bromberg, L., Temchenko, M., Moeser, G. D., Hatton, T. A., 

“Thermodynamics of Temperature-Sensitive Polyether-Modified

Poly(Acrylic Acid) Microgels,” Langmuir 20 (14), 5683 (2004).

Burgess, I., Zamlynny, V., Szymanski, V., Lypkowski, J., Majewski, 

J., Satija, S., “Neutron Reflectivity Studies of Field Driven 

Transformations in a Monolayer of 4 Pentadecyl Pyridine at an

Au Electrode Surfaces,” J. Electroanal. Chem. 550, 187 (2003). 

Burgess, I., Li, M., Horswell, S. L., Szymanski, G., Lipkowski, 

J., Majewski, J., Satija, S., “Electric Field-Driven Transformation

of a Supported Model Biological Membrane- An Electrochemical

and Neutron Reflectivity Study,” Biophys. J. 86 (3), 1763 (2004).

Publications

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 62
Caliskan, G., Mechtani, D., Roh, J. H., Kisliuk, A., Sokolov, A. P., 

Azzam, S., Cicerone, M. T., Lin-Gibson, S., Peral, I., “Protein and

Solvent Dynamics: How Strongly are they Coupled?,” J. Chem.

Phys. 121, 1978 (2004).

Cappelletti, R. L., “MSEL, FY 2003 Programs and Accomplishments,” 

NIST IR, 7128 (2003).

Cappelletti, R. L., “NCNR 2003 NIST Center for Neutron Research 

Accomplishments and Opportunities,” NIST SP 1006 (2003).

Cassells, M., Raby, T., McDonald, M., “The Use of Plate-Type Heat 

Exchangers,” in Proc. of International Conference on Nuclear

Technology, Am. Nucl. Soc. Trans. 89, 63 (2003).

Chakoumakos, B. C., Rawn, C. J., Rondinone, A. J. Marshall, S. L., 

Stern, L. A., Circone, S., Kirby, S. H., Jones, C. Y., Toby, B. H.,

Ishii, Y., “The use of rigid body constraints in Rietveld refinements of neutron diffraction data of clathrate hydrates,” in

Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Gas

Hydrates, vol. 2, p. 655, (2002).

Champion, J. D. M., Harris, M. J., Holdsworth, P. C. W., Wills, A. S., 

Balakrishnan, G., Bramwell, S. T., Cizmár, E., Fennell, T., Gardner,

J. S., Lago, J., McMorrow, D. F., Orendác, M., Orendácová, A.,

Paul, D. McK., Smith, R. I., Telling, M. T. F., Wildes, A., 

“Er2Ti2O7: Evidence of Quantum Order by Disorder in a Frustrated

Antiferromagnet,” Phys. Rev. B 68, 020401 (2003).

Chari, K., Seo, Y.–S., Satija, S., “Competitive Adsorption at the 

Air-Water Interface from a Self-Assembling Polymer-Surfactant

Mixture,” J. Phys. Chem. B, in press.

Chen, C., Neelakanta, A., Sakai, V. G., Maranas, J. K., “On the 

Assesment of Interchain Packing Distances in Polymer Melts

Using Neutron Diffraction,” Macromol., in press.

Chen, S.–H., Chen, W.–R., Mallamace, F., “Observation of Liquid-toGlass and Glass-to-Glass Transitions in L64/D2O Triblock

Copolymer Micellar System,” Molecular Simulation 29, 10 (2004). 

Chen, W. C., Gentile, T. R., O’ Donovan, K. V., Borchers, J. A., 

Majkrzak, C. F., “Polarized Neutron Reflectometry of a Patterned

Magnetic Film with a 3He Analyzer and a Position-Sensitive

Detector,” Rev. Sci. Instrum., in press.

Chen, X. J., Zhang, C. L., Gardner, J. S., Sarrao, J. L., Almasan, 

C. C., “Variable-Range-Hopping Conductivity of the Half-Doped

Bilayer Manganite LaSr2Mn2O7,” Phys. Rev. B 68, 064405 (2003).

Cheng, X., Fisher, J. W., Yen, B. T., Roy, S., Prask, H. J., GnäupelHerold, T., “Residual Stress Modification by Post-Weld Treatment

and its Beneficial Effect on Fatigue Strength of Welded

Structures,” Int. J. Fatigue 25, 1259 (2003).

Chen-Mayer, H. H., Heward, W. J., Paul, R. L., Klug, F. J., Gao, Y., 

“Distribution of Chlorine in Quartz Determined by Neutron Beam

Focusing Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis and Micro-X-Ray

Fluorescence,” J. Mater. Res. 18 (10), 2486 (2003).

Choi, H. D., Firestone, R. B., Lindstrom, R. M., Molnar, G. L., Reddy, 

A. V. R., Tan, V. H., Zhou, C. M., Paviottia-Corcuera, R. A., Trkov,

A., “Development of a Database for Prompt Gamma-Ray Neutron

Activation Analysis,” J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., in press.

Chong, K. P., Sung, L., Ho, D. L., Van Landingham, M. R., “Solid 

Micromechanics: Research and Challenges,” in Proceedings of

the 13th Micromechanics Europe (MME 2002) Workshop, 

p. 347 (2002). 

Chowdhuri, Z., Hansen, G. L., Jane, V., Keith, C. D., Lozowski, W. M., 

Snow, W. M., Dewey, M. S., Gilliam, D. M., Greene, G. L., Nico,

J. S., Thompson, A. K., Wietfeldt, F. E., “A Cryogenic Radiometer

for Absolute Neutron Rate Measurement,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 74,

4280 (2003)

Ciraci, S., Dag, S., Yildirim, T., Gülseren, O., Senger, R. T., 

“Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes and Device Applications,” J.

Phys.: Condens. Matter 16 (29), R901 (2004). 

Ciraci, S., Gulseren, O., Dag, S., Yildirim, T., “Theoretical Models for 

Nanodevices and Nanomagnets Based on Carbon Nanotubes,” 

in Nanoengineered Nanofibrous Materials, NATO-ASI Science

Series II 169, 4 (2004). 

Cicerone, M. T., Soles, C. L., “Fast Dynamics and Stabilization of 

Proteins: Binary Glasses of Trehalose and Glycerol,” Biophys. J.

86, 3836 (2004).

Clarke, W. B., Guscott, R., Lindstrom, R. M., “Binding of Lithium and 

Boron to Human Plasma Proteins II: Results for a Bipolar not on

Lithium Therapy,” Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 97, 117 (2004). 

Cremer, J. T., Piestrup, M. A., Gary, C. K., Pantell, R. H., Glinka, 

C. J., “Biological Imaging with a Neutron Microscope,” 

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 (3), 494 (2004).

Cohen, R. E., Gehring, P. M., “Fundamental Physics of Ferroelectrics 

2004,” Colonial Williamsburg, VA, February 8-11, 2004, 

NIST IR 7106.

Coleman, M., Chandra, P., Dhanesh, D., Wermer, J., Udovic, T. J., 

“Zirconium Iron Disproportionation During Hydriding Reactions in

Nuclear Gettering Operations,” in Adv. Mater. for Energy

Conversion II, edited by Chandra, D., Bautista, R. F., Shlapbach,

L., (TMS, Warrendale, PA) p. 429 (2004). 

Cook, J. C., Copley, J. R. D., “Simulations and Measurements of the 

Performance of a Channeled Neutron Guide for a Time-of-Flight

Spectrometer at the NIST Center for Neutron Research,” 

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75 (2), 430 (2004).

Copley, J. R. D., “An Acceptance Diagram Analysis of the Contaminant

Pulse Removal Problem with Direct Geometry Neutron Chopper

Spectrometers,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 510, 318 (2003).

63 Accomplishments and Opportunities

›

›

›

›
Crawford, M. K., Harlow, R. L., Lee, P. L., Zhang, Y., Hormadaly, J., 

Flippen, R., Huang, Q., Lynn, J. W., Stevens, R., Woodfield, B. F.,

Boerio-Goates, J., Fisher, R. A., “Coupled Magnetic and

Structural Transitions in the Frustrated Spin-3/2

Antiferromagnetic GeCo2O4,” Phys. Rev. B, in press.

Crawford, M. K., Harlow, R. L., Lee, P. L., Zhang, Y., Hormadaly, 

J., Flippen, R., Huang, Q., Lynn, J. W., Stevens, R., Woodfield, 

B. F., Boerio-Goates, J., Fisher, R. A., “Structure and Properties 

of the Integer Spin Frustrated Antiferromagnet GeNi2O4,” 

Phys. Rev. B 68 (22), 220408 (2003). 

Curtis, J. E., Tarek, M., Tobias, D. J., “Methyl Group Dynamics as a 

Probe of the Protein Dynamical Transition,” J. Am. Chem. 

Soc., in press. 

Dag, S., Gulseren, O., Ciraci, S., Yildirim, T., “Electronics Structure of 

the Contact Between Carbon Nanotube and Metal Electrodes,”

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 (15), 3180 (2003). 

Dag, S., Gulseren, O., Ciraci, S., Yildirim, T., “Physisorption of Oxygen 

Molecule on Carbon Nanotubes,” NATO-ASI Science Series, 

p. 181 (2004). 

Dai, P., Kang, H. J., Mook, H. A., Matsuura, M., Lynn, J. W., Kurita, 

Y., Komiya, S., Ando, Y., “Electronic Inhomogeneity and

Competing Phases in Electron-Doped Superconducting

Pr0.88LaCe0.12CuO4-δ,” Phys. Rev. Lett., in press.

Danilkin, S. A., Hölzel, M., Fuess, H., Wipf, H., Udovic, T. J., Rush, 

J. J., Antonov, V. E., Gavriljuk, V. G., “Crystal Structure and

Lattice Dynamics of Hydrogen-Loaded Austenitic Steel,” 

J. Phys. IV, 112, 407 (2003). 

DeBruyn, H., Gilbert, R. G., White, J. W., Schulz, J. C., 

“Characterization of Electrosterically Stabilized Polystyrene

Latex: Implications for Radical Entry Kinetics” Polymer 44 (16),

4411 (2003).

DeSanto, P., Buttrey, J., Grasselli, R. K., Lugmair, C. G., Volpe, 

A. F., Toby, B. H., Vogt, T., “Structural Aspects of the M1 and M2

Phases in MoVNbTeO Propane Ammoxidation Catalyst,” Z.

Kristallogr. 219, 152 (2004). 

Diallo, S. O., Pearce, J. V., Azuah, R. T., Glyde, H. R., “Quantum 

Distribution and Kinetic Energy in Solid 4He,” Phys. Rev. Lett., 

in press.

Ding, L., Liu, W., Wang, W., Glinka, C. J., Worcester, D. L., Yang, 

L., Huang, H. W., “Diffraction Techniques for Non-Lamellar

Phases of Phospholipids,” Langmuir, in press.

DiNoia, T. P., van Zanten, J. H., Kline, S. R., Garach-Domech, A., 

McHugh, M. A., Wright, P. J., Fetters, L. J., “Impact of

Supercritical Fluid Solvent Quality on Polymer Conformation in

Semidilute Solutions: SANS Data for Poly(ethylene-co-1-butene)

in Dimethyl Ether to Kilobar Pressures,” Macromol. 36 (19), 7372

(2003).

Diwekar, M., Borchers, J. A., O’Donovan, K. V., Johnston-Halperin, 

E., Awschalom, D. D., Shi, J., “Magnetic Properties of (Ga, Mn)

as Digital Ferromagnetic Heterostructures,” J. Appl. Phys. 95

(11), 6509 (2004).

Dominiak, P. M., Herold, J., Kolodziejski, W., Woz’niak, K., “H-Bonding 

Dependent Structures of (NH4

+)3H+(SO42-)

2. Mechanisms of

Phase Transition,” Inorg. Chem. 42 (5), 1590 (2003). 

Dzhosyuk, S. N., Mattoni, C. E. H., McKinsey, D. N., Thompson, A. K., 

Yang, L., Doyle, J. M., Huffman, P. R., “Neutron-Induced

Luminescence and Activation in Neutron Shielding and

Scintillation Detection Materials at Cryogenic Temperatures,”

Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 217 (3), 457 (2004).

Ehlers, G., Cornelius, A. L., Orendac, M., Kajnakova, M., Fennell, T., 

Bramwell, S. T., Gardner, J. S., “Dynamical Crossover in ‘Hot’

Spin Ice,” J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 15 (2), L9 (2003).

Ehlers, G., Cornelius A. L., Fennell, T., Koza, M., Bramwell, S. T., 

Gardner, J. S., “Evidence for Two Distinct Spin Relaxation

Mechanisms in ‘Hot’ Spin Ice Ho2Ti2O7,” J. Phys.: Condens.

Matter 16, S635 (2004). 

Elliot, J., Meuse, C. W., Silin, V., Krueger, S., Woodward, J. T., PetralliMallow, T., Plant, A. L., “Biomimetic Membranes on Metal

Supports: Opportunities and Challenges,” in Biomolecular Films:

Design, Function, and Application, edited by Rusling, J., (Marcel

Dekker Inc., New York) p. 99 (2004).

Esker, A. R., Grüll, H., Satija, S. K., Han., C. C., “Polymer Dynamics in 

Hydrogenous Systems by Neutron Reflectivity,” J. Poly. Sci. B, 

in press.

Faraone, A., Liu, L., Mou, C.-Y., Shih, P.-C., Brown, C. M., Copley, J. R. 

D., Dimeo, R. M., Chen, S.-H., “Dynamics of Supercooled Water

in Mesoporous Silica Matrix MCM-48-S,” Eur. Phys. J. E 12 (s01),

S59 (2003). 

Fedeyko, J. M., Rimer, J. D., Lobo, R. F., Vlachos, D. G., “Spontaneous 

Formation of Silica Nanoparticles in Basic Solutions of Small

Tetraalkylammonium Cations,” J. Phys. Chem. B, in press.

Fitzsimmons, M. R., Bader, S. D., Borchers, J. A., Felcher G. P., 

Furdyna, J. K., Hoffmann, A., Kortright, J. B., Schuller, I. K.,

Schulthess, T. C., Sinha, S. K., Toney, M. F., Weller, D., Wolf, S.,

“Neutron Scattering Studies of Nanomagnetism and Artificially

Structured Materials,” J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 271, 103 (2004). 

Fratini, E., Chen, S.-H., Baglioni, P., “Investigation of the Temporal 

Evolution of Translational Dynamics of Water Molecules in

Hydrated Calcium Aluminate Pastes,” J. Phys. Chem. B 107 (37),

10057 (2003).

Gallagher, P. D., Satija, S. K., Karim, A., Douglas, J. F., Fetters, L. J., 

“Swelling of a Polymer Brush by a Poor Solvent,” J. Poly. Sci. B,

in press. 

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 64
García-Sakai, V., Chen, C., Maranas, J. K., Chowdhuri, Z., “Effect of 

Blending with Poly(Ethylene Oxide) on the Dynamics of

Poly(Methacrylate): A Quasielastic Neutron Scattering

Approach,” Macromol., in press.

Gardner, J. S., Ehlers, G., Bramwell, S. T., Gaulin, B. D., “Spin

Dynamics in Geometrically Frustrated Antiferromagnets,” J.

Phys.: Condens. Matter 16, S643 (2004).

Gardner, J. S., Gaulin, B. D., “Bringing Order to a Dynamic Magnet,” 

in ISIS 2003 Annual Report Highlights, RAL-TR-2003-050 (2003).

Gehring, P. M., “Summer School on Methods and Applications of 

Neutron Spectroscopy Held at NIST,” Neutron News 14 (4), 9 (2003). 

Gehring, P. M., Chen, W., Ye, Z.–G., Shirane, G., “The Non-Rhombohedral

Low-Temperature Structure of PMN-10%PT,” J. Phys.: Condens.

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Kuzmanovic, D. A., Elashvili, I., Wick, C., O’Connell, C., Krueger, S., 

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Lee, J. H., Ruegg, M. L., Balsara, N. P., Zhu, Y., Gido, S. P., 

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Lee, S.–H., Louca, D., Ueda, H., Park, S., Sato, T. J., Isobe, M., Ueda, 

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Li, J., Sleight, A. W., “Structure of β-AgAlO2 and Structural 

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Ling, C. D., Granado, E., Neumeier, J. J., Lynn, J. W., Argyriou, D. N., 

“Magnetic Inhomogeneities in Electron-Doped Ca1-xLaxMnO3,” J.

Magn, Magn. Mater. 272-276, Part 1, 246 (2004). 

Ling, C. D., Granado, E., Neumeier, J. J., Lynn, J. W., Argyriou, D. N., 

“Inhomogeneous Magnetism in La-Doped CaMnO3: (II) Phase

Separation due to Lattice-Coupled Ferromagnetic Interactions,”

Phys. Rev. B 68, 134439 (2003). 

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 68
Lin-Gibson, S., Jones, R. L., Washburn, N. R., Horkay, F., “StructureProperty Relationships of PEGDM Hydrogels,” in ACS Polymer

Preprints, in press.

Lin-Gibson, S., Kim, H., Schmidt, G., Han, C. C., Hobbie, E. K., “ShearInduced Structure in Polymer-Clay Nanocomposite Solutions,” J.

Colloid Interface Sci. 274, 515 (2004).

Lin-Gibson, S., Schmidt, G., Kim, H., Han, C. C., Hobbie, E. K., “ShearInduced Mesostructure in Nanoplatelet-Polymer Networks,” J.

Chem. Phys. 119, 8080 (2003).

Liu, Q. T., Diamond, M. L., Gingrich, S. E., Ondov, J. M., Maciejczyk, P., 

Stern, G. A., “Accumulation of Metals, Trace Elements and SemiVolatile Organic Compounds in Films on an Urban Impervious

Surface,” Environ. Pollut. 122, 51 (2003).

Liu, L., Faraone, A., Mou, C.–Y., Shih, P.–C., Shen, S.–H., “Slow 

Dynamics of Supercooled Water Confined in Nanoporous Silica

Materials,” J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, in press.

Livingston, R. A., Bumrongjaroen, W., Neumann, D. A., “Inelastic 

Neutron Scattering Measurements of Pozzolan Performance in

Portland Cement,” in Nondestructive Characterization of

Materials XI, edited by Green, R. E., Djordjevic, B. B., Hentschel,

M. P., (Springer, Berlin, Germany), p. 615 (2003).

Lobanov, M. V., Greenblatt, M., Caspi, E. N., Jorgensen, J. D., 

Sheptyakov, D. V., Toby, B. H., Botez, C. E., Stephens, P. W.,

“Crystal and Magnetic Structure of the Ca3Mn2O7 RuddlesdenPopper Phase: Neutron and Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction Study,”

J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 16, 5339 (2004).

Lu, C., Richardson, R., Pelton, R., Cosgrove, T., Dalnoki-Veress, K., 

“PEO Penetration into Water-Plasticized Poly(vinylphenol) Thin

Films,” Macromol. 37, 494 (2004).

Lufaso, M. W., “Crystal Structures, Modeling, and Dielectric Property 

Relationships of 2:1, Ordered Ba3MM’

2O9 (M = Mg, Ni, Zn; M’ =

Nb, Ta) Perovskites,” Chem. Mater. 16, 2148 (2004). 

Lufaso, M. W., Woodward, P. M., Goldberger, J., “Crystal Structures of

Disordered A2Mn3+M5+O6 (A=Sr, Ca; M=Sb, Nb, Ru) Pervoskites,”

J. Solid State Chem. 177 (4-5), 1651 (2004). 

Lynn, J. W., “ACNS 2004,” ACNS 2004 Program Booklet 1, 1 (2004). 

Lynn, J. W., Huang, Q., Brown, C. M., Miller, V. L., Foo, M. L., Schaak, 

R. E., Jones, C. Y., Mackey, E. A., Cava, R. J., “Structure and

Dynamics of Superconducting NaxCoO2 Hydrate and its

Unhydrated Analog,” Phys. Rev. B 68, 214516 (2003).

Mackay, M. E., Dao, T. T., Tuteja, A., Ho, D. L., Van Horn, B., Kim, H.-

C., Hawker, C. J., “Nanoscale Effects Leading to Non-EinsteinLike Decrease in Viscosity,” Nature Mater. 2, 762 (2003).

Mackey, E. A., Anderson, D. L., Liposky, P. J., Lindstrom, R. M., 

Chen-Mayer, H. H., Lamaze, G. P., Simons, D. S., Thompson, P.E.,

“New Thermal Neutron Prompt Gamma-Ray Activation Analysis

Instrument at the National Institute of Standards and Technology

Center for Neutron Research,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods B, in press.

Mackey, E. A., Becker, D. A., Oflaz, R. D., Paul, R. L., Greenberg, R. R., 

Lindstrom, R. M., Yu, L. L., Wood, L. J., Long, S. E., Kelly, W. R.,

Mann, J. L., MacDonald, B. S., Wilson, S. A., Brown, Z. A.,

Briggs, P. H., Budhan, J., “Certification of NIST Standard

Reference Material 1575a Pine Needles and Results of an

International Laboratory Comparison,” NIST SP260-156, (2004).

Majkrzak, C. F., Berk, N. F., Perez-Salas, U. A., “Phase Sensitive 

Neutron Reflectometry,” Langmuir 19 (19), 7796 (2003).

Majkrzak, C. F., Berk, N. F., “Phase Sensitive Reflectometry and the 

Unambiguous Determination of Scattering Length Density

Profiles,” Physica B 336 (1-2), 27 (2003). 

Malwitz, M. M., Butler, P. D., Porcar, L., Angelette, D. P., Schmidt, G., 

“Orientation and Relaxation of Polymer-Clay solutions as Studied

by Rheology and SANS,” J. Poly. Sci. B, in press. 

Malwitz, M. M., Lin-Gibson, S., Hobbie, E. K., Butler, P. D., Schmidt, 

G., “Orientation of Platelets in Multilayered Nanocomposite

Polymer Films,” J. Poly. Sci. B 41 (24), 3237 (2003).

Mamontov, E., “Comment on “Quasielastic Neutron Scattering of TwoDimensional Water in a Vermiculite Clay” [J. Chem. Phys. 113,

2873 (2003)] and “A Neutron Spin-Echo Study of Confines Water”

[J. Chem Phys. 115, 11299 ( 2001)],” J. Chem. Phys., in press.

Mamontov, E., Branzy, R., Koranne, M., Egami, T., “Nanoscale 

Heterogeneities and Oxygen Storage Capacity of Ce0.5Zr0.5O2,” 

J. Phys. Chem. B 107 (47), 13007 (2003). 

Mang, P. K., Vajk, O. P., Arvanitaki, A., Lynn, J. W., Greven, M., 

“Spin Correlations and Magnetic Order in Nonsuperconducting 

Nd2-xCexCuO4±δ,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 (2), 027002 (2004).

Manson, J. L., Chapon, L. C., Bordallo, H. N., Feyerherm, R., Argyriou,

D. N., Loose, A., “Spin Ordering in the Mixed-Ligand

Antiferromagnet Mn(dca)2(Pyrazine),” J. Magn. Magn. Mater.

260, 462 (2003). 

Martter, T. D., Foster, M. D., Yoo, T., Xu, S., Lizarraga, G., Quirk, R. P.,

“Thermodynamic Interaction Parameter of Star-Star

Polybutadiene Blends,” J. Poly. Sci. B 41 (3), 247 (2003).

Martínez-Iñesta, M. M., Peral, I., Lobo, R. F., Proffen, T., “A Pair 

Distribution Function Analysis of Zeolite Beta,” Microporous

Mesoporous Mater., in press.

Martinho, H., Granado, E., Moreno, N. O., Garcia, A., Toniani, I., 

Rettori, C., Neumeier, J. J., Oseroff, S. B., “Strong Charge Carrier

Effect on the Magnetic Coupling of La-Doped CaMnO3,” Physica

B 320 (1-4), 40 (2002). 

Mate ̆jícek, J., Brand, P. C., Drews, A. R., Krause, A., Lowe-Ma, C., 

“Residual Stresses in Cold-Coiled Helical Compression Springs

for Automotive Suspensions Measured by Neutron Diffraction,”

Mater. Sci. Eng. A 367, 306 (2004).

69 Accomplishments and Opportunities

›
Matsuura, M., Dai, P., Kang, H. J., Lynn, J. W., Argyriou, D. N., Onose, 

Y., Tokura, Y., “Magnetic Field Effect on Static Antiferromagnetic

Order Above the Upper Critical Field in Nd1.85Ce0.15CuO4,” Phys.

Rev. B 69 (10), 104510 (2004). 

Matsuura, M., Dai, P., Kang, H. J., Lynn, J. W., Argyriou, D. N., Prokes, 

K., Onose, Y., Tokura, Y., “Effect of a Magnetic Field on the LongRange Magnetic Order in Insulating Nd2CuO4 and Superconducting

Nd1.85Ce0.15CuO4,” Phys. Rev. B 68, 144503 (2003). 

Mattoni, C. E. H., Adams, C. P., Alvine, K. J., Doyle, J. M., Dzhosyuk, 

S. N., Golub, R., Korobkina, E., McKinsey, D. N., Thompson, A. K.,

Yang, L., Zabel, H., Huffman, P. R., “A Long Wavelength Neutron

Monochromator for Superthermal Production of Ultracold

Neutrons,” Physica B 344 (1-4), 343 (2004).

McKinsey, D. N., Brome, C. R., Butterworth, J. S., Dzhosyuk, S. N., 

Golub, R., Habicht, K., Huffman, P. R., Mattoni, C. E. H., Yang, L.,

Doyle, J. M., “Detecting Ionizing Radiation in Liquid Helium

Using Wavelength Shifting Light Collection,” Nucl. Instrum. &

Methods A 516 (2-3), 475 (2004). 

Michels, A., Viswanath, R. N., Barker, J. G., Birringer, R., Weissmüller, 

J., “Range of Magnetic Correlations in Nanocrystalline Soft

Magnets,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (26), 267204 (2003). 

Mildner, D. F. R., Brand, P. C., Clem, D. L., “Cold Pressing of Copper 

Single Crystals for a Large Area Doubly-Focusing

Monochromator,” J. Appl. Crystallogr. 37, 455 (2004). 

Miller, C. E., Majewski, J., Faller, R., Satija, S., Kuhl, T. L., “Cholera 

Toxin Assault on Lipid Monolayers Containing Ganglioside GM1,”

Biophys. J. 86, 3700 (2004).

Miller, M. K., Wirth, B. D., Odette, G. R., “Precipitation in NeutronIrradiated Fe-Cu and Fe-Cu-Mn Model Alloys: A Comparison of

APT and SANS Data,” Mater. Sci. Engin. A 353 (1-2), 133 (2003).

Moeser, G. D., Green, W. H., Laibinis, P. E., Linse, P., Hatton, T. A., 

“Structure of Polymer-Stabilized Magnetic Fluids: Small-Angle

Neutron Scattering and Mean-Field Lattice Modeling,” Langmuir

20 (13), 5223 (2004). 

Mook, H. A., Dai, P., Hayden, S. M., Hiess, A., Lee, S.–H., Dogan, F., 

“Polarized Neutron Measurement of Magnetic Order in

YBa2Cu3O6.45,” Phys. Rev. B 69, 134509 (2004). 

Moyer, R. O., Toby, B. H., “Ca2IrD5 - An Order-Disorder Transition,” 

J. Alloys Compnds. 363, 99 (2004). 

Mukherjee, S., Cohen, R. E., Gülseren, O., “Vacancy Formation 

Enthalpy at High Pressures in Tantalum,” J. Phys: Condens.

Matter 15, 855 (2003).

Nakatani, A. I., Chen, W., Schmidt, R. G., Gordon, G. V., Han, C. C., 

“Chain Dimensions in Polysilicate-Filled Poly(Dimethyl Siloxane),”

Int. J. Thermophys. 23 (1), 199 (2002).

Nair, S., Dimeo, R. M., Neumann, D. A., Horsewill, A. J., “Methyl 

Rotational Tunneling Dynamics of p-xylene Confined in a

Crystalline Zeolite Host,” J. Chem. Phys., in press.

Nieh, M.-P., Harroun, T. A., Raghunathan, V. A., Glinka, C. J., Katsaras, 

J., “Concentration Independent Spontaneously Forming

Biomimetic Vesicles,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (15), 158105 (2003).

Nieh, M.-P., Harroun, T. A., Raghunathan, V. A., Glinka, C. J., Katsaras, 

J., “Spontaneously Formed Monodispersed Biomimetic

Unilamellar Vesicles: The Effect of Charge, Dilution and Time,”

Biophys. J. 86 (4), 2615 (2004).

Nieh, M.-P., Raghunathan, V. A., Glinka, C. J., Harroun, T., Katsaras, J., 

“Structural Phase Behavior of High-Concentration, Alignable

Biomimetic “Bicelle” Membranes,” Macromolecular Symp., in press.

Nieh, M.-P., Raghunathan, V. A., Wang, H., Katsaras, J., “Highly 

Aligned Lamellar Lipid Domains Induced by Macroscopic

Confinement,” Langmuir 19, 6936 (2003).

Noakes, D. R., Arrott, A. S., Belk, M. G., Deevi, S. C., Huang, Q. Z., 

Lynn, J. W., Shull, R. D., Wu, D., “Incommensurate Spin Density

Waves in Iron Aluminides,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (21), 217201 (2003).

Noakes, D. R., Arrott, A. S., Belk, M. G., Deevi, S. C., Lynn, J. W., 

Shull, R. D., Wu, D., “Properties of Incommensurate Spin Density

Waves in Iron Aluminides,” J. Appl. Phys. 95 (11), 6574 (2004). 

Norman, A. I., Cabral, J. T., Ho, D. L., Amis, E. J., Karim, A., 

“Scattering Methods Applied to High Throughput Materials

Science,” ACS Polymeric Mater. Sci. Eng. 90, 339 (2004). 

O’Donovan, K. V., Borchers, J. A., Maat, S., Carey, M. J., Gurney, B. A., 

“Neutron Reflectivity on CoFe2O4 Exchange Springs for Spin

Valve Applications,” J. Appl. Phys. 95 (11), 7507 (2004). 

Otano-Rivera, W., Messier, R., Pilione, L. J., Santiago, J. J., Lamaze, 

G. P., “Effect of Al Additions and AlN Interlayers on the

Stablization of cBN Sputtered Thin Films,” J. Diamond & Rel.

Mater., in press.

Ozolins, V., Majzoub, E. H., Udovic, T. J., “Electronic Structure anf 

Rietveld Refinement Parameters of Ti-doped Sodium Alanates,”

J. Alloys Compnds. 375, 1 (2004). 

Paglia G., Buckley, C. E., Udovic, T. J., Rohl, A. L., Jones, F., Maitland, 

C. F., Connolly, J., “Boehmite Derived γ-Alumina System. 2.

Consideration of Hydrogen and Surface Effects,” Chem. Mater.

16 (10), 1914 (2004). 

Pakstis, L. M., Ozbas, B., Hales, K. D., Nowak, A. P., Deming, T. J., 

Pochan, D., “Effect of Chemistry and Morphology on the

Biofunctionality of Self-Assembling Diblock Copolypeptide

Hydrogels,” Biomacrom. 5 (2), 312 (2004). 

Park, S. R., Choi, S. M., Dender, D. C., Lynn, J. W., Ling, X. S., “Fate of 

the Peak in a Type-II Superconductor: Multicriticality in the Bragg

Glass Transition,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (16), 167003 (2003).

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 70

›
Park, S.–H., Liu, H., Kleinsorge, M., Grey, C. P., Toby, B. H., Parise, J. 

B., “[Li-Si-O]-MFI: A New Microporous Lithosilicate with the MFI

Topology,” Chem. Mater. 16 (13), 2605 (2004).

Parker, D. R., Green, M. A., Bramwell, S. T., Wills, A. S., Gardner, J. S.,

Neumann, D. A., “Positive and Negative Colossal

Magnetoresistance in a Spin Glass Selenide Spinel,” J. Am.

Chem. Soc. 126, 2710 (2004).

Paul, R. L., “Determination of Hydrogen in Semiconductors and 

Related Material by Cold Neutron Prompt Gamma-Ray Activation

Analysis,” in Hydrogen in Semiconductors, MRS Symp. Proc. 813,

H2.2 (2004).

Paul, R. L., Chen-Mayer, H. H., Myneni, G. R., Lanford, W., “Hydrogen 

Uptake by High Purity Niobium Studied by Nuclear Analytical

Methods,” Materiaux & Techniques 7-8-9, 23 (2003). 

Paul, R. L., Simons, D. S., “Radiochemical Neutron Activation Analysis 

for Certification of Ion-Implanted Phosphorus in Silicon,” Anal.

Chem. 75, 4028 (2003).

Pearce, J. V., Diallo, S. O., Glyde, H. R., Azuah, R. T., Arnold, T., Larese,

J. Z., “Enhanced Bose-Einstein Condensation and Kinetic Energy

of Liquid 4He Near a Free Surface,” J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 16,

4391 (2004). 

Peral, I., Jones, C. Y., Varkey, S. P., Lobo, R. F., “Structural Comparison 

of Two EUO-type Zeolites Investigated by Neutron Diffraction,”

Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 71, 125 (2004). 

Perez-Salas, U., Faucher, K. M., Majkrzak, C. F., Berk, N. F., Chaikof, E. 

L., Krueger, S., “Characterization of a Biomimetic Polymeric Lipid

Bilayer by Phase Sensitive Neutron Reflectometry,” Langmuir 19

(19), 7688 (2003). 

Perez-Salas, U., Rangan, P., Krueger, S., Briber, R. M., Thirumalai, D., 

Woodson, S. A., “Compaction of a Bacterial Group I Ribozyme

Coincides with the Assembly of Core Helices,” Biochem. 43 (6),

1746 (2004). 

Phair, J. W., Schulz, J. C., Aldridge, L. P., Smith, J. D., “Small-Angle 

Neutron Scattering (SANS) and Rheological Characterization of

Aluminosilicate Hydrogels,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 87 (1), 129 (2004). 

Phair, J. W., Schulz, J. C., Bertram, W., Aldridge, L. P., VanDeventer, J. 

S. J., “Investigation of the Microstructure of Alkali Activated

Cements by Neutron Scattering,” Cem. Concr. Res. 33, 1811 (2003).

Popov, G., Lobanov, M. V., Tsiper, E. V., Greenblatt, M., Caspi, E. N., 

Borissov, A., Kiryukhin, V., Lynn, J. W., “Crystallographic and

Magnetic Structure of the Sr2MnReO6 Double Perovskite,” J.

Phys.: Condens. Matter 16, 135 (2004). 

Porcar, L., Hamilton, W. A., Butler, P. D., Warr, G. G., “Relaxation of a 

Shear-Induced Lamellar Phase Measured with Time Resolved

Small Angle Neutron Scattering,” Physica B, in press.

Porcar, L., Hamilton, W. A., Butler, P. D., Warr, G. G., “Scaling of 

Structural and Rheological Response of L3 Sponge Phases in the

“Sweetened” Cetylpyridinium-Hexanol/dextrose-brine System,”

Langmuir 19 (26), 10779 (2003).

Pozzo, D. C., Walker, L. M., “Reversible Shear Gelation of Polymer-Clay 

Dispersions,” Colloids Surf. A 240 (1-3), 187 (2004). 

Prabhu, V. M., Amis, E. J., Bossev, D. P., Rosov, N., “Organic 

Counterion Statics and Dynamics Studied by Small-Angle

Neutron Scattering and Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy,” J.

Chem. Phys., in press.

Prodi, A., Gilioli, E., Gauzzi, A., Licci, F., Marezio, M., Bolzoni, F., 

Huang, Q., Santoro, A., Lynn, J. W., “Charge, Orbital and Spin

Ordering Phenomena in (NaMn3+3)(Mn3+2Mn4+2)O12, a DopingFree Model System,” Nature Mater. 3, 48 (2004). 

Proffen, T., Billinge, S. J. L., Toby, B. H. “Structure of Complex 

Materials Special Edition,” Z. Kristallogr. 219 (3), III-IV (2004).

Radlinski, A. P., Ioannidis, M. A., Hinde, A. L., Hainbuchner, M., Baron, 

M., Rauch, H., Kline, S. R., “Angstrom to Millimeter

Characterization of Sedimentary Rock Microstructure,”J. Colloid

Interf. Sci. 274 (2), 607 (2004).

Rajca, A., Wongsriratanakul, J., Rajca, S., “Organic Spin Clusters: 

Macrocyclic-Macrocyclic Polyarymethyl Polyradicals with Very

High Spin S= 5-13,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (21), 6608 (2004). 

Rajca, S., Rajca, A., Wongsriratanakul, J., Butler, P. D., Choi, S.-M., 

“Organic Spin Clusters: A Dendritic-Macrocyclic Poly(arylmethyl)

Polyradical with Very High Spin of S = 10 and its Derivatives:

Synthesis, Magnetic Studies, and Small-Angle Neutron

Scattering,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (22), 6972 (2004). 

Ramaswamy, A. L., Kaste, P., Trevino, S. F., “A ‘Micro Vision’ of the 

Physio-Chemical Phenomena Occurring in Nanoparticles of

Aluminum,” J. Energetic Mater. 22, 1 (2004).

Rao, G. H., Huang, Q., Yang, H. F., Ho, D. L., Lynn, J. W., Liang, J. K., 

“Magnetic Phase Transitions of Pr5Ge4,” Phys. Rev. B. 69 (9),

094430 (2004). 

Ratcliff, W., Lee, S.-H., Broholm, C., Cheong, S. W., Huang, Q., 

“Freezing of Spin-Correlated Nano-Clusters in a Geometrically

Frustrated Magnet,” Phys. Rev. B 65, 220406 (2002). 

Rawn, C. J., Rondinone, A. J., Chakoumakos, B. C., Marshall, S. L., 

Stern, L. A., Circone, S., Kirby, S. H., Jones, C. Y., Toby, B. H., &

Ishii, Y., “Neutron powder diffraction studies as a function of

temperature of structure II hydrate formed from methane plus

ethane gas mixture,” in Proceedings of the Fourth International

Conference on Gas Hydrates, vol. 2, p. 595 (2002).

Reynolds, B. J., Ruegg, M. L., Balsara, N. P., Radke, C. J., Schaffer, T. 

D., Lin, M. Y., Shull, K. R., Lohse, D. J., “Thermodynamics of

Polymer Blends Organized by Balanced Block Copolymer

Surfactants Studied by Mean-Field Theories and Scattering,”

Macromol., in press. 

71 Accomplishments and Opportunities
Richter, D., Neumann, D. A., “Neutron-Scattering Studies of Dynamics: 

A New Frontier in Materials Science,” Mater. Res. Soc. Bull. 28,

913 (2003).

Richter, D., Rowe, J. M., “New Frontiers in the Application of Neutron 

Scattering to Materials Science,” Mater. Res. Soc. Bull., 28 (12),

903 (2003). 

Ruegg, M. L., Newstein, M. C., Balsara, N. P., Reynolds, B. J., 

“Small-Angle Neutron Scattering From Nonuniformly Labeled

Block Copolymers,” Macromol. 37 (5), 1960 (2004). 

Russo, D., Hura, G., Head-Gordon, T., “Hydration Dynamics Near a 

Model Protein Surface,” Biophys. J. 86, 1852 (2004). 

Saiz, L., Bandyopadhyay, S., Klein, M. L., “Effect of the Pore Region of 

a Transmembrane Ion-Channel on the Physical Properties of a

Simple Membrane,” J. Phys. Chem. B. 108 (8), 2608 (2004).

Sakai, V. G., Chen, C., Maranas, J. K., Chowdhuri, Z., “Effect of 

Blending with Poly(Ethylene Oxide) on the Dynamics of Poly

(Methacrylate): A Quasi-Elastic Neutron Scattering Approach,”

Macromol., in press.

Sampath, S., Jiang, X. Y., Mate ̆jícek, J., Prchlik, L., Kulkarni, A., 

Vaidya, A., “Role of Thermal Spray Processing Method on the

Microstructure, Residual Stress and Properties of Coatings: An

Integrated Study for Ni-5 wt. % Al Bond Coats,” Mater. Sci.

Engin. A. 364 (1-2), 216 (2004). 

Satija, R., Jacobson, D. L., Arif, M., Werner, S. A., “In Situ Neutron 

Imaging Technique for Evaluation of Water Management

Systems in Operating PEM Fuel Cells,” J. Power Sources 129 (2),

238 (2004). 

Sato, T. J., Lee, S.–H., Katsufuji, T., Masaki, M., Park, S., Copley, J. R. 

D., Takagi, H., “Unconventional Spin Fluctuations in the

Hexagonal Antiferromagnet YMnO3,” Phys. Rev. B 68, 014432 (2003).

Sato, T. J., Lynn, J. W., Hor, Y. S., Cheong, S.-W., “First-Order 

Transition in the Itinerant Ferromagnet CoS1.9Se0.1,” Phys. Rev. B

68, 214411 (2003).

Schleier-Smith, M. H., van Buren, L. D., Doyle, J. M., Dzhosyuk, S. N., 

Gilliam, D. M., Mattoni, C. E. H., McKinsey, D. N., Yang, L.,

Huffman, P. R., “The Production of Nitrogen-13 by Neutron

Capture in Boron Compounds,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 215

(3-4), 531 (2004). 

Seah, M. P., Spencer, S. J., Bensebaa, F., Vickridge, I., Danzebrink, H., 

Krumrey, M., Gross, T., Oesterle, W., Wendler, E., Rheinländer, B.,

Azuma, Y., Kojima, I., Suzuki, N., Suzuki, M., Tanuma, S., Moon,

D. W., Lee, H. J., Cho, H. M., Chen, H. Y., Wee, A.T. S.,

Osipowicz, Y., Pan, J. S., Jordaan, W. A., Hauert, R., Klotz, U.,

van der Marel, C., Verheijen, M., Tamminga, Y., Muller, D., Dura,

J. A., “Ultra-thin SiO2 on Si: Part V, Results of a CCQM Study of

Thickness Measurements,” J. Surf. Inter. Anal., in press.

Shi, H. T., Lederman, D., O’ Donovan, K. V., Borchers, J. A., “Exchange 

Bias and Enhancement of the Néel Temperature in Thin NiF2

Films,” Phys. Rev. B 69, 214416 (2004). 

Shin, K., Wang, H., Satija, S. K., Han, C.C., Josell, D., Bonevich, J. E., 

“Rapid Deformation of Thin Gold Layers in Polymer Matrices

Studied by X-Ray Reflectivity,” J. App. Phys. 94 (3), 2115 (2003).

Shirane, G., Xu, G., Gehring, P. M., “Dynamics and Structure of PMN 

and PZN,” Ferroelectr., in press.

Silverstein, M. S., Bauer, B. J., Lee, H. J., Hedden, R. C., Landes, B., 

Lyons, J., Kern, B., Niu, J., Kalantar, T., “The Structural Evolution

of Pore Formation in Low-k Dielectric Thin Films,” in

Characterization and Metrology for ULSI Technology, AIP Conf.

Proc. 683, 572 (2003).

Simmons, B., Agarwal, V., Singh, M., McPherson, G., John, V., Bose, 

A., “Phase Transition Dynamics and Microstructure Evolution in a

Crystalline Surfactant Mesophase Using Time-Dependent SmallAngle Neutron Scattering,” Langmuir 19, 6329 (2003).

Singh, M., Agarwal, V., De Kee, D., McPherson, G., John, V., Bose, A., 

“Shear- Induced Orientation of a Rigid Surfactant Mesophase,”

Langmuir 20 (14), 5693 (2004).

Singh, M., Tan, G., Agarwal, V., Fritz, G., Maskos, K., Bose, A., John, 

V., McPherson, G., “Structural Evolution of a Two Component

Organogel,” Langmuir, in press.

Smith, L. J., Price, D. L., Chowdhuri, Z., Brady, J. W., Saboungi, M. L., 

“Molecular Dynamics of Glucose in Solution: A Quasielastic

Neutron Scattering Study,” J. Chem. Phys. 120, 3527 (2004). 

Soles, C. L., Cicerone, M. T., “Fast Dynamics and Stabilization of 

Proteins: Binary Glasses of Trehalose and Glycerol,” Biophys. J.

86, 3836 (2004). 

Soles, C. L., Douglas, J. F., Wu, W.-L., Peng, H., Gidley, D. W., 

“Comparative Specular X-Ray Reflectivity, Positron Annihilation

Lifetime Spectroscopy Incoherent Neutron Scattering

Measurements of the Dynamics in Thin Polycarbonate,”

Macromol. 37 (8), 2890 (2004). 

Soles, C. L., Douglas, J. F., Wu, W.-L., “The Dynamics of Thin Polymer 

Films: Recent Insights from Incoherent Neutron Scattering,” J.

Polym. Sci. B, in press.

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 72
Soles, C. L., Jones, R. L., Lenhart, J. L., Prabhu, V. M., Wu, W.-L., Lin, 

E. K., Goldfarb, D. L., Angelopoulos, M., “Polymer Dynamics and

Diffusive Properties in Ultra Thin Photoresist Films,” in Proc. SPIE

Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 5039, 366 (2003). 

Soles, C. L., Vogt, B. D., Jones, R. L., Prabhu, V. M., Wu, W.–L., Lin, E. 

K., Goldfarb, D. L., Angelopoulos, M., “Dynamics, Diffusion and

Dissolution in Ultrathin Photoresist Films,” Proc. SPIE Int. Soc.

Opt. Eng., in press.

Spiecker, P. M., Gawrys, K. L., Kilpatrick, P. K., “Aggregation and 

Solubility Behavior of Asphaltenes and Their Subfractions,” J.

Colloid Interf. Sci. 267 (1), 178 (2003).

Spiecker, P. M., Gawrys, K. L., Trail, C. B., Kilpatrick, P. K., “Effects of 

Petroleum Resins on Asphaltene Aggregation and Water-in-Oil

Emulsion Formation,” Colloids Surf. A 220 (1-3), 9 (2003). 

Stadler, S., Idzerda, Y. U., Dvorak, J., Borchers, J. A., “Using Circularly 

Polarized Soft X- Rays to Probe Antiferromagnetically Correlated

Co/Cu Multilayers,” J. Appl. Phys. 95 (11), 6672 (2004).

Stancik, C. M., Lavoie, A. R., Schütz, J., Achurra, P. A., Lindner, P., 

Gast, A. P., Waymouth, R., “Micelles of ImidazoliumFunctionalized Polystyrene Diblock Copolymers Investigated with

Neutron and Light Scattering,” Langmuir 20 (3), 596 (2004). 

Stancik, C. M., Pople, J. A., Trollsås, M., Linder, P., Hedrick, J. L., Gast, 

A. P., “Impact of Core Architecture on Solution Properties of

Dendrimer-Like Star Copolymers,” Macromol. 36, 5765 (2003).

Stewart, J. R., Ehlers, G., Wills, A. S., Bramwell, S. T., Gardner, J. S., 

“Phase Transitions, Partial Disorder and Multi-K Structures in

Gd2Ti2O7,” J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 16, L321 (2004).

Stock, C., Birgeneau, R. J., Wakimoto, S., Gardner, J. S., Chen, W., Ye, 

Z.-G., Shirane, G., “Universal Static and Dynamic Properties of

the Structural Transition in Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3,” Phys. Rev. B 69,

094104 (2004).

Stone, M. B., Reich, D. H., Broholm, C., Lefmann, K., Rischel, C., 

Landee, C. P., Turnbull, M. M., “Extended Quantum Critical Phase

in a Magnetized Spin-1/2 Antiferromagnetic Chain,” Phys. Rev.

Lett. 91 (3), 037205 (2003). 

Strzalka, J., Gibney, B. R., Satija, S., Majkrzak, C. F., Blasie, J. K., 

“Specular Neutron Reflectivity and the Structure of Artificial Protein

Maquetts Vectorially Oriented at Interfaces,” Langmuir, in press. 

Sung, L., Scierka, S., Baghai-Anaraki, M., Ho, D. L., “Characterization 

of Metal-Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Dispersion in

Polymeric Coatings,” in Nanomaterials for Structural

Applications, edited by Berndt, C., Fischer, T. E., Ovid’ko, I.,

Skandan, G., Tsakalakos, T., MRS Symp. Proc. 740, I5.4.1 (2003).

Sung, L., Vicini, S., Ho, D. L., Hedhli, L., Olmstead, C., Wood, K. A., 

“Effect of Microstructure of Fluorinated Acrylic Coatings on UV

Degradation Testing,” Polymer, in press. 

Talon, C., Smith, L. J., Brady, J. W., Lewis, B. A., Copley, J. R. D., 

Price, D. L., Saboungi, M.-L., “Dynamics of Water Molecules in

Glucose Solutions,” J. Phys. Chem. B. 108, 5120 (2004). 

Tande, B. M., Wagner, N. J., Mackay, M. E., “Phase Behavior of Hybrid

Dendron-Linear Copolymers and Blends With Linear

Homopolymer,” Comptes Rendus Chimie, 6 (8-10), 853 (2003).

Tang, F., Gnäupel-Herold, T., Prask H. J., Anderson, I. E., “Neutron 

Diffraction Study of Residual Stresses in Al/AlCuFe Composites,”

in Advances in Powder Metallurgy & Particulate Materials 2003,

edited by R. Lawcock and M. Wright, Part 6, p. 1.

Tang, F., Meeks, H., Spowart, J. E., Gnäupel-Herold, T., Prask, H. J., 

Anderson, I., “Consolidation Effects on Tensile Properties of a

Pure Al Matrix Composites,” Metall. Trans. A, in press.

Taub, H., Hansen F. Y., Criswell, L., Fuhrmann, D., Herwig, K. W., 

Diama, A., Mo, H., Dimeo, R. M., Neumann, D. A., Volkmann, U.

G., “Slow Diffusive Motions in a Monolayer of Tetracosane

Molecules Adsorbed on Graphite,” in Slow Dynamics in Complex

Systems edited by Tokuyama, M., and Oppenheim, I., AIP Conf.

Proc. 708, 201 (2004).

Thomas, J. J., Chen, J. J., Jennings, H. M., Neumann, D. A.,“Ca-OH 

Bonding in the C-S-H Gel Phase of Tricalcium Silicate and White

Portland Cement Pastes Measured by Inelastic Neutron

Scattering,” Chem. Mater. 15 (20), 3813 (2003).

Thornton, J., “Enhanced Radiography for Aircraft Materials and 

Components,” Engineering Failure Anaylsis 11 (2), 207 (2004). 

Toby, B. H., Billinge, S. J. L., “Determination of Standard Uncertainties 

in Fits to Pair Distribution Functions,” Acta Crystallogr. A 60, 

315 (2004).

Toby, B. H., “A Program for Viewing and Editing CIF’s,” J. Appl. 

Crystallogr. 36, 1288 (2003).

Toby, B. H., “Inspecting Rietveld Fits from pdCIF: pdCIFplot,” J. Appl. 

Crystallogr. 36, 1285 (2003).

Toby, B. H., Von, Dreele, R. B., Larson, A. C., “Reporting of Rietveld 

Results Using pdCIF: GSAS2CIF,” J. Appl. Crystallogr. 36, 

1290 (2003).

Toney, M. F., Rubin, K. A., Choi, S.–M., Glinka, C. J., “Small Angle 

Neutron Scattering Measurements of Magnetic Cluster Sizes in

Magnetic Recording Disks,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 (18), 3050 (2003).

Tremsin, A. S., Mildner, D. F. R., Feller, W. B., Downing, R. G., “Very 

Compact High Performance Microchannel Plate Neutron

Collimators,” in IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 51, 1020 (2004).

Treviño, S. F., Mildner, D. F. R., “Hot Pressing Germanium 

Monochromator Crystals,” J. Appl. Crystallogr. 37, 339 (2004).

Trouw, F. R., Borodin, O., Cook, J. C., Copley, J. R. D., Smith, G. D., 

“Quasielastic Neutron Scattering Study of the Local Dynamics of

Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Dimethyl Ether in Aqueous Solution,” J.

Phys. Chem. B 107 (38), 10446 (2003).

73 Accomplishments and Opportunities
Tsao, F. C., Huang, P. J., Yang, C. C., Wu, S. Y., Li, W.-H., Lee, K. C., 

Lynn, J. W., Ku, H. C., “Mn Magnetic Ordering in Fully Oxygenated

LuMnO3,” J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 272-276, 1778 (2004). 

Udovic, T. J., Arif, M., Majkrzak, C. F., Jacobson, D. L., Yildirim, T., 

Neumann, D. A., Rush, J. J., Pivovar, A. M., “Neutron Metrology

for the Hydrogen Economy,” in Adv. Mater. For Energy

Conversion II, edited by Chandra, D., Bautista, R. G., Schlapbach,

L., (TMS, Warrendale PA (2004)) p. 101.

Udovic, T. J., Neumann, D. A., Leao, J., Brown, C. M., “The Origin and 

Removal of Spurious Background Peaks in Vibrational Spectra

Measured by Filter-Analyzer Neutron Spectrometers,” Nucl.

Instrum. Methods A 517, 189 (2004).

Ueda, M., Sakurai, K., Okamoto, S., Lohse, D. J., MacKnight, W. J., 

Shinkai, S., Sakurai, S., Nomura, S., “Spherulite Formation From

Microphase-Separated Lamellae in Semi-Crystalline Diblock

Copolymer Comprising Polyethylene and Atactic Polypropylene

Blocks,” Polymer 44 (22), 6995 (2003). 

Unterwger, M. P., Lindstrom, R. M., “Ionization Chamber 

Measurements of the Half-Lives of 24Na, 42K, 76As and 198Au,”

Appl. Radiat. Isot. 60, 325 (2004). 

Vogt, B. D., Soles, C. L., Prabhu, V. M., Jones, R. L., Wu, W.–L., Lin, E. 

K., Goldfarb, D. L., Angelopoulos, M., “Measurements of Water

Distribution in Thin Lithographic Films,” Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt.

Eng. 5376, 56 (2004). 

Vogt, B. D., Soles, C. L., Jones, R. L., Wang, C.–Y., Lin, E. K., Wu, 

W.–L., Satija, S. K., Goldfarb, D. L., Angelopoulos, M.,

“Interfacial Effects on Moisture Absorption in Thin Polymer

Films,” Langmuir 20 (13), 5285 (2004). 

Waldron, J. E. L., Green, M. A., Neumann, D. A., “Structure and 

Electronic Properties of Monoclinic Nb12O29,” J. Phys. Chem.

Solids 65 (1), 79 (2004). 

Wang, C. Y., Prabhu, V. M., Soles, C. L., Vogt, B. D., Wu, W. L., Lin, E. 

K., Satija, S. K., “Interdiffusion in Polystyrene and EndFunctional Polystyrene Thin Films near a Solid Surface,” in ACS

Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering 89, 258 (2003).

Wang, H., Zhou, W., Ho, D. L., Winey, K. I., Fisher, J. E., Glinka, C. J., 

Hobbie, E. K., “Dispersing Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with

Surfactants: A Small Angle Neutron Scattering Study,” Nano

Lett., in press.

Wiebe, C. R., Gardner, J. S., Kim, S. J., Luke, G. M., Wills, A. S., 

Gaulin, B. D., Greedan, J. E., Swainson, I., Qiu, Y., Jones, C. Y.,

“Magnetic Ordering in the Spin-Ice Candidate Ho2Ru2O7,” Phys.

Rev. Lett. 93 (7), 076403 (2004). 

Wiebe, C. R., Greedan, J. E., Kyriakou, P. P., Luke, G. M., Gardner, J. S., 

Fukaya, A., Gat-Malureanu, I. M., Russo, P. L., Savici, A. T.,

Uemura, Y. J., “Frustration-Driven Spin Freezing in the S=1/2 fcc

Perovskite Sr2MgReO6,” Phys. Rev. B 68, 134410 (2003).

Wietfeldt, F. E., Dewey, M. S., Gilliam, D. M., Nico, J. S., Fei, X., 

Snow, W. M., Greene, G. L., Pauwels, J., Eykens, Lamberty, A.,

Van Gestel, J., “Measurement of the Neutron Lifetime by

Counting Trapped Protons,” in “Quark-Mixing, CKM Unitarity”

edited by Abele, H., Mund, D., (Mattes Verlag, Heidelberg, 2003)

p. 85.

Wiyatno, W., Fuller, G. G., Pople, J. A., Gast, A. P., Chen, Z.-R., 

Waymouth, R. M., Myers, C. L., “Component Stress-Strain

Behavior and Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Investigation of

Stereoblock Elastomeric Polypropylene,” Macromol. 36, 1178

(2003).

Won, Y.-Y., Davis, H. D., Bates, F. S., “Molecular Exchange in PEO-PB 

Micelles in Water,” Macromol. 36 (3), 953 (2003).

Woodward, F. M., Lynn, J. W., Stone, M. B., Mahendiran, R., Schiffer, 

P., Mitchell, J. F., Argyriou, D. N., Chapon, L. C., “Field Induced

Avalanche to the Ferromagnetic State in the Phase-Separated

Ground State of Magnanites,” Phys. Rev. B, in press.

Woodward, P. M., Karen, P., “Mixed Valence in YBaFe2O5,” Inorg. 

Chem. 42 (4), 1121 (2003).

Wu, W.-L., Lin, E. K., Soles, C. L., “Structure Characterization of 

Porous Interlevel Dielectric Films,” FUTURE FAB International 17,

133 (2004).

Xu, G., Gehring, P. M., Ghosh, V. J., Shirane, G., “High q-resolution 

Neutron Scattering Technique Using Triple-Axis Spectrometers,”

Acta. Crystallogr. A, in press.

Xu, G., Shirane, G., Copley, J. R. D., Gehring, P. M., “A Neutron Elastic 

Diffuse Scattering Study of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3,” Phys. Rev. B 69,

064112 (2004). 

Xu, G., Viehland, D., Li, J. F., Gehring, P. M., Shirane, G., “Evidence of 

Decoupled Lattice Distortion and Ferroelectric Polarization in the

Relaxor System PMN-xPT,” Phys. Rev. B 68, 212410 (2003).

Xu, T., Zhu, Y., Gido, S. P., Russell, T. P., “Electric Field Alignment of 

Symmetric Diblock Copolymer Thin Films,” Macromol. 37 (7),

2625 (2004). 

Yamaura, K., Huang, Q., Young, D. P., Takayama-Murmachi, E., “Crystal 

Structure and Magnetic Properties of the Trilayered Pervoskite

Sr4Rh3O10: A New Member of the Strontium Rhodate Family,”

Chem. Mater., in press.

Yang, C. C., Tsao, F. C., Wu, S. Y., Li, W.–H., Lee, K. C., Lynn, J. W., 

Liu, R. S., “Short Range Magnetic Corrections in Spinel

Li(Mn0.976Co 0.024)

2O4,” J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 272-276 Part 2,

833 (2004). 

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 74
Yang, L., Dzhosyuk, S. N., Gabrielse, J. M., Huffman, P. R., Mattoni, 

C. E. H., Maxwell, S. E., McKinsey, D. N., Doyle, J. M.,

“Performance of a Large-Area Avalanche Photodiode at Low

Temperature for Scintillation Detection,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods

A 508 (3), 388 (2003).

Yildirim, T., Gulseren, O., Ciraci, S., “Intimate Relationship Between 

Structural Deformation and Properties of SWNT and its

Hydrogenated Derivatives,” in Nanoengineered Nanofibrous

Materials, NATO-ASI Science Series II 169, 181 (2004). 

Yim, H., Kent, M. S., Mendez, S., Balamurugan, S. S., Balamurgan, S., 

Lopez, G. P., Satija, S., “Temperature-Dependent Conformational

Change of PNIPAM Grafted Chains at High Surface Density in

Water,” Macromol. 37 (5), 1994 (2004).

Yun, S. I., Briber, R. M., Kee, R. A., Gauthier, M., “Small-Angle 

Neutron Scattering of Arborescent Polystyrene-graft-poly(2-

vinylpyridine) Copolymers,” Polymer 44 (21), 6579 (2003).

Yurekli, K., Karim, A., Amis, E. J., Krishnamoorti, R., “Influence of 

Layered Silicates on the Phase Separated Morphology of PSPVME Blends,” Macromol. 36 (19), 7256 (2003).

Yurekli, K., Karim, A., Amis, E. J., Krishnamoorti, R., “Phase Behavior 

of PS-PVME Nanocomposites,” Macromol. 37, 507 (2004).

Zaliznyak, I. A., Lee, S.-H., “Magnetic Neutron Scattering: Recent 

Developments in Triple Axis Spectroscopy,” in Modern

Techniques for Characterizing Magnetic Materials, edited by

Yimei, Z., (Kluwer Academic Publishing Co.), in press.

Zaliznyak, I. A., Lee, S.-H., Petrov, S. V., “Continuum in the SpinExcitation Spectrum of a Haldane Chain Observed by Neutron

Scattering CsNiCl3 (Vol. 87, art no. 017202, 2001),” Phys. Rev.

Lett. 91 (3), 039902 (2003). 

Zaliznyak, I. A., Tranquada, J. M., Gu, G., Erwin, R. W., Moritomo, Y., 

“Universal Features of Charge and Spin Order in a Half-Doped

Layered Perovskite,” J. Appl. Phys. 95 (11), 7369 (2004).

Zawisza, I., Burgess, I., Szymanski, G., Lipkowski, J., Majewski, J., 

Satija, S., “Electrochemical, Neutron Reflectivity and in Situ PMFT-IRRAS Studies of a Monolayer of n-octadecanol at a Au (111)

Electrode Surface,” Electrochimica Acta, in press.

Zeisler, R., “New NIST Sediment SRMs for Inorganic Analysis,” Anal. 

& Bioanal. Chem. 378, 1277 (2004).

Zhao, W., Lukic-Zrnic, R., Gorman, B. P., Cottier, R. L., Golding, T. D., 

Littler, C. L., Dinan, J. H., Almeida, L. A., Dura, J. A., Lindstrom,

R. M., Schaake, H. F., Liao, P., “Magnetoconductivity Tensor

Analysis of Anomalous Transport Effects in Neutron Irradiated

HgCdTe Epilayers,” Physica E 20, 246 (2004).

Zheludev, A., Honda, Z., Broholm, C. L., Katsumata, K., Shapiro, S. M., 

Kolezhuk, A., Park., S., Qiu, Y., “Massive Triplet Excitations in a

Magnetized Anisotropic Haldane Spin Chain,” Phys. Rev. B 68

(13), 134438 (2003). 

Zheludev, A., Masuda, T., Sales, B., Mandrus, D., Papenbrock, T., 

Barnes, T., Park, S., “Distribution of Exchange Energy in BondAlternating S=1 Quantum Spin Chain,” Phys. Rev. B 69 (14),

144417 (2004). 

Zheludev, A., Sato, T., Masuda, T., Uchinokura, K., Shirane, G., 

Roessli, B.,“Spin Waves and the Origin of Commensurate

Magnetism in Ba2CoGe2O7,” Phys. Rev. B 68 (2), 024428 (2003).

Zhou, W., Islam, M. F., Wang, H., Ho, D. L., Yodh, A. G., Winey, K. I., 

Fischer, J. E., “Small Angle Neutron Scattering from Single-Wall

Carbon Nanotube Suspensions: Evidence for Isolated Rigid Rods

and Rod Networks,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 384 (1-3), 185 (2004). 

75 Accomplishments and Opportunities
High resolution powder diffractometer (BT-1):

J.K. Stalick, (301) 975-6223, judith.stalick@nist.gov 

B.H. Toby, (301) 975-4297, brian.toby@nist.gov 

DARTS, Residual stress and texture diffractometer (BT-8):

T. Gnaeupel-Herold, (301) 975-5380, tg-h@nist.gov 

H.J. Prask, (301) 975-6226, hank@nist.gov

V. Luzin, (301) 975-5303, luzin@nist.gov

30-m SANS instrument (NG-7): 

P. Butler, (301) 975-2028, butler@nist.gov 

J.G. Barker, (301) 975-6732, john.barker@nist.gov 

L. Porcar, (301) 975-5049, lionel.porcar@nist.gov 

30-m SANS instrument (NG-3) (CHRNS):

B. Hammouda, (301) 975-3961, hammouda@nist.gov 

S.R. Kline, (301) 975-6243, steven.kline@nist.gov 

D. Ho, (301) 975-6422, derek.ho@nist.gov 

8-m SANS instrument (NG-1):

D. Ho, (301) 975-6422, derek.ho@nist.gov 

P. Butler, (301) 975-2028, butler@nist.gov 

J.G. Barker, (301) 975-6732, john.barker@nist.gov 

USANS, Perfect Crystal SANS (BT-5) (CHRNS):

J.G. Barker, (301) 975-6732, john.barker@nist.gov 

M-H. Kim, (301) 975-6469, man-ho.kim@nist.gov 

P. Butler, (301) 975-2028, butler@nist.gov 

Cold neutron reflectometer-vertical sample-polarized beam

option (NG-1):

C.F. Majkrzak, (301) 975-5251, cmajkrzak@nist.gov 

J.A. Dura, (301) 975-6251, jdura@nist.gov 

Advanced neutron diffractometer/reflectometer (NG-1):

Ursula Perez-Salas, (301) 975-8395, ula@nist.gov

Kevin O’Donovan, (301) 975-8380, kevin.odonovan@nist.gov

Cold neutron reflectometer-horizontal sample (NG-7): 

S.K. Satija, (301) 975-5250, satija@nist.gov 

Y-S. Seo, (301) 975-5660, ysseo@nist.gov 

Triple-axis polarized-beam spectrometer (BT-2):

J.W. Lynn, (301) 975-6246, jeff.lynn@nist.gov 

R.W. Erwin, (301) 975-6245, rerwin@nist.gov 

Double-focusing triple-axis spectrometer (BT-7):

J.W. Lynn, (301) 975-6246, jeff.lynn@nist.gov 

Y. Chen, (301) 975-6442, ying.chen@nist.gov 

Triple-axis spectrometer (BT-9):

R.W. Erwin, (301) 975-6245, rerwin@nist.gov 

Y. Chen, (301) 975-6442, ying.chen@nist.gov

SPINS, Spin-polarized triple-axis spectrometer (NG-5) (CHRNS): 

S-H. Lee, (301) 975-4257, seung-hun.lee@nist.gov 

J-H. Chung, (301) 975-8369, jae-ho.chung@nist.gov 

FANS, Filter-analyzer neutron spectrometer (BT-4): 

T.J. Udovic, (301) 975-6241, udovic@nist.gov 

C.M. Brown, (301) 975-5134, craig.brown@nist.gov 

FCS, Fermi-chopper time-of-flight spectrometer (NG-6): 

C.M. Brown, (301) 975-5134, craig.brown@nist.gov 

T.J. Udovic, (301) 975-6241, udovic@nist.gov 

DCS, Disk-chopper time-of-flight spectrometer (NG-4) (CHRNS):

J.R.D. Copley, (301) 975-5133, jcopley@nist.gov 

I. Peral, (301) 975-6235, inma@nist.gov 

Y. Qiu., (301) 975-3274, yiming.qiu@nist.gov 

HFBS, High-flux backscattering spectrometer (NG-2) (CHRNS): 

Z. Chowdhuri, (301) 975-4404, zema.chowdhuri@nist.gov 

E. Mamontov, (301) 975-6232, mamontov@nist.gov

NSE, Neutron spin echo spectrometer (NG-5) (CHRNS): 

D.A. Neumann, (301) 975-5252, dan@nist.gov 

Prompt-gamma neutron activation analysis (NG-7): 

R.M. Lindstrom, (301) 975-6281, dick.lindstrom@nist.gov 

R.L. Paul, (301) 975-6287, rpaul@nist.gov 

Thermal neutron prompt-gamma activation analysis (VT-5):

E.A. Mackey, (301) 975-5149, liz.mackey@nist.gov

Other activation analysis facilities: 

R.R. Greenberg, (301) 975-6285, rgreenberg@nist.gov 

Cold neutron depth profiling (NG-0):

G. Lamaze, (301) 975-6202, lamaze@nist.gov 

Instrument development station (NG-0):

D.F.R. Mildner, (301) 975-6366, mildner@nist.gov 

Neutron interferometer (NG-7):

M. Arif, (301) 975-6303, muhammad.arif@nist.gov 

D. Jacobson, (301) 975-6207, jacobson@nist.gov

Neutron Imaging Facility (BT-6):

M. Arif, (301) 975-6303, muhammad.arif@nist.gov 

D. Jacobson, (301) 975-6207, jacobson@nist.gov

Fundamental neutron physics station (NG-6): 

NG-6M: M.S. Dewey, (301) 975-4843, mdewey@nist.gov 

NG-6U: H. P. Mumm, (301) 975-8355, pieter.mumm@nist.gov

NG-6: J. Nico, (301) 975-4663, nico@nist.gov

Theory and modeling:

N.F. Berk, (301) 975-6224, nfb@nist.gov 

T. Yildirim, (301) 975-6228, taner@nist.gov 

Sample environment: 

D.C. Dender, (301) 975-6225, dender@nist.gov 

Instruments and Contacts

NIST Center for Neutron Research 2004 76


NIST Center for Neutron Research

For copies of or information on this report, contact:

Ronald L. Cappelletti 

301-975-6221 

ron.cappelletti@nist.gov

For additional information on the facility, contact:

Patrick D. Gallagher

301-975-6210

patrick.gallagher@nist.gov

John J. Rush

301-975-6231

john.rush@nist.gov

To obtain guidelines for preparing proposals to 

conduct research at the facility, contact:

William A. Kamitakahara

301-975-6878

william.kamitakahara@nist.gov

Location of all contacts:

NIST Center for Neutron Research

National Institute of Standards and Technology

100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8562

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

Copies of this report and other information are available 

electronically. Please visit our website.

www.ncnr.nist.gov