J-A05004-24

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

ZACHARY DEMARCO 

Appellant

v.

SHOEMAKER-SKANSKA, A JOINT 

VENTURE, SKANSKA USA BUILDING, 

INC., SHOEMAKER CONSTRUCTION 

COMPANY, MACERICH MANAGEMENT 

COMPANY, PENNSYLVANIA REAL 

ESTATE INVESTMENT TRUST, AND

ARMOUR & SONS ELECTRIC, INC.

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1323 EDA 2023

Appeal from the Order Entered September 8, 2022

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at 

No(s): 191001730

BEFORE: DUBOW, J., KING, J., and LANE, J.

MEMORANDUM BY DUBOW, J.: FILED MARCH 13, 2024

Appellant Zachary DeMarco appeals from the order entered by the 

Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas on September 8, 2022, denying 

Appellant’s motion to disqualify opposing counsel from representing Appellee 

Armour & Sons Electric, Inc. (“Armour”) while also representing the other 

defendants in this personal injury litigation. After careful consideration, we 

affirm. 

This collateral appeal challenging Armour’s representation arises from 

litigation in which Appellant seeks to recover for injuries he suffered on 

November 6, 2017, when he fell down an unlit stairwell at a construction site 
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at 901 Market Street in Philadelphia, while working for Steel Suppliers 

Erectors, Inc., a subcontractor on the project. 

On October 17, 2019, Appellant filed suit against Appellees ShoemakerSkanska, A Joint Venture; Skanska USA Building, Inc.; Shoemaker 

Construction Co.; Pennsylvania Real Estate Investment Trust; and Macerich 

Management Company (“Original Defendants”).

1

 The law firm of Fowler 

Hirtzel McNulty & Spaulding, LLP (“Law Firm”) represented all the Original 

Defendants pursuant to an Owner Controlled Insurance Program (the “OCIP”), 

which “provided liability coverage for all contractors and subcontractors

working on the project.” Trial Ct. Op. at 3.

Appellant contends that he did not learn of Armour’s potential 

responsibility for the stairwell power outage until the Original Defendants 

provided the full incident report on October 26, 2021. The report provided in 

relevant part as follows:

On Monday, November 6 Armor [sic] Electric was working on an 

existing lighting breaker that was mislabeled which powered the 

lights to Building A, Stairwell 4A when iron worker [Appellant and 

two others] were using the dark stairwell to exit the building and 

leave for their break when [Appellant] tripped at the bottom of 

the stairs, and rolled his left ankle. 

[Appellant’s] Motion to Disquality Counsel for [Armour], 6/9/22, Ex. F Incident 

Report No. 7824 (“Incident Report”). 

____________________________________________

1 Shoemaker-Skanska led the construction at the site and is a joint venture 

between Skanska USA Building, Inc., and Shoemaker Construction Co. The 

remaining two defendants “have ownership and operating responsibilities 

pertaining to the property[.]” Trial Ct. Op., 9/8/23, at 1 n.2. 
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On February 1, 2022, Appellant’s counsel deposed Daniel Pechin, the 

corporate designee of Shoemaker-Skanska. Appellant claims that Mr. Pechin’s 

deposition was the first time that the Original Defendants revealed that 

Armour should have notified the Original Defendants prior to any potential

power outage. Appellant’s Br. at 9-10. Appellant relies upon the following 

exchange:

[Question:] . . . .[U]nder daily hazard analysis, there is a place 

where Armour could have made a statement that they were going 

to be working on circuits and may be shutting off parts of the 

building where other trades would be working, but how would they 

get that information to you, the joint venture, if you were not 

seeing these documents until –-

[Pechin:] They should have told us before. I mean, if they know 

they are going to impact an existing building system that we rely 

on, they are to let us know in advance that we need to make other 

provisions.

Dep. of Pechin, 2/1/22, at 126. Mr. Pechin, however, expressed uncertainty 

as to “what happened[,]” noting that the breaker “could have just tripped[,]”

instead of being shut off by Armour. Id. at 101-02.

On February 14, 2022, following Mr. Pechin’s deposition, Appellant filed 

a Motion to Amend the Complaint to add Armour as a defendant. Original 

Defendants did not contest the amendment, which the trial court granted. 

On May 23, 2022, Law Firm entered its appearance on behalf of Armour

and filed preliminary objections, asserting that the statute of limitations 

expired on November 6, 2019.2 

____________________________________________

2 On July 6, 2022, the trial court overruled Armour’s preliminary objections in 

a brief order without explanation. 
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On June 9, 2022, Appellant filed a Motion to Disqualify Counsel for 

[Armour]. He claimed that Pennsylvania Rule of Professional Conduct

1.7(b)(3) prohibited Law Firm from representing Armour due to a nonwaivable conflict of interest. Appellant argued that Law Firm had taken the 

following two positions while representing Original Defendants that were 

directly adverse to the interest of Armour:

1) relating to liability: Armour should have told the [O]riginal 

Defendants that they were going to shut the power off; and 2) 

relating to the timeliness of adding Armour as a party: [Appellant]

had no way of knowing that Armour was a potentially responsible 

party until February 1, 2022 because of counsel’s delay in 

producing documents and information that were always in the 

[O]riginal Defendants’ possession

Motion to Disqualify Counsel, 6/9/22, at ¶ 35. 

Original Defendants and Armour denied any conflict of interest. 

Moreover, they maintained that they consented to any potential conflict of 

interest when they “agreed to joint representation, pursuant to the OCIP.” 

[Appellees’] Response to [Appellant’s] Motion to Disqualify Counsel for 

[Armour], 6/27/22, at ¶¶ 8, 20. They asserted attorney client privilege in 

regard to documents relating to the joint representation but offered to produce 

them in camera.

On September 8, 2022, following briefing and argument, the trial court 

denied the Motion to Disqualify. On September 26, 2022, Appellant filed a 

petition asking the trial court to certify the order denying disqualification for 

interlocutory appeal by permission, which the trial court also denied. 
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On October 31, 2022, Appellant filed a Petition for Permission to Appeal

to this Court. On June 2, 2023, this Court transferred the case to the appeals 

docket “as an appeal from the collateral ordered entered September 8, 2022.” 

Order, 6/2/23, 105 EDM 2022.3 The trial court and Appellant complied with 

Pa.R.A.P. 1925. 

Appellant raises the following issues before this Court:

1) Do non-clients have standing to seek disqualification of 

opposing counsel pursuant to Rule 1.7 of the Rules of Professional 

Conduct?

2) Do the facts and procedural history reasonably demonstrate 

that Defendants-Appellees’ positions as to liability and the 

timeliness of [Appellant’s] claims are directly adverse, thereby 

creating a non-consentable conflict of interest that prohibits 

opposing counsel from representing Armour & Sons Electric, Inc. 

pursuant to the Rules of Professional Conduct as interpreted by 

Pennsylvania case law?

3) Do opposing counsel’s actions demonstrate the appearance of 

impropriety by abandoning Defendants-Appellees’ adverse 

positions against each other as to liability and the timeliness of 

[Appellant’s] claims, thereby calling into question opposing 

counsel’s ability to represent each Defendant-Appellee and 

impeding [Appellant’s] fundamental right to a fair trial?

4) Do Defendants-Appellees waive attorney-client privilege

protection from the production of documents evidencing a joint

defense agreement and informed consent by placing at issue the

existence and content of documents establishing a joint defense

agreement and informed consent to support their factual 

averment that each Defendant-Appellee has waived a conflict of 

interest?

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3 On April 14, 2023, while the Petition for Permission to Appeal was pending 

in this Court, the trial court granted summary judgment to ShoemakerSkanska, A Joint Venture; Skanska USA Building, Inc.; and Shoemaker 

Construction Co. but denied summary judgment to the other defendants. 
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Appellant’s Br. at 4-5. 

A.

This Court employs a “plenary standard of review” when reviewing a 

trial court order addressing disqualification of counsel. E.R. v. J.N.B., 129 

A.3d 521, 526 (Pa. Super. 2015) (citation omitted).

While courts have authority to “disqualify attorneys for violating ethical 

rules[,]” they “should not lightly interfere” with a party’s right to choose their 

own counsel. Id. (citation omitted). Rather, “disqualification is appropriate 

only when both another remedy for the violation is not available and it is 

essential to ensure that the party seeking disqualification receives the fair trial 

that due process requires.” Id. (citation omitted). The burden of proof is on 

the party requesting disqualification of counsel. Dougherty v. Philadelphia 

Newspapers, LLC, 85 A.3d 1082, 1087 (Pa. Super. 2014). 

Pennsylvania’s Rules of Professional Conduct “provide a framework for 

the ethical practice of law.” Pa.R.P.C. Preamble ¶ 15. While a rule violation 

may result in disciplinary proceedings, the drafters clarified that a rule 

violation “does not necessarily warrant any other nondisciplinary remedy, such 

as disqualification of a lawyer in pending litigation[,]” warning that “the 

purpose of the Rules can be subverted when they are invoked by opposing 

parties as procedural weapons.” Id. at ¶ 19.

In the instant case, Appellant seeks disqualification based upon an 

asserted violation of Pa.R.P.C. 1.7, entitled “Conflict of Interest: Current

Clients.” Rule 1.7 instructs that “a lawyer shall not represent a client if the
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representation involves a concurrent conflict of interest.” Pa.R.P.C. 1.7(a). A 

conflict of interest exists if either: “(1) the representation of one client will be 

directly adverse to another client; or (2) there is a significant risk that the 

representation of one or more clients will be materially limited by the lawyer’s 

responsibilities to another client . . . .” Id.

A lawyer, however, may represent clients “[n]otwithstanding the

existence of a concurrent conflict of interest” if the following four criteria are

met:

(1) the lawyer reasonably believes that the lawyer will be able to

provide competent and diligent representation to each affected

client;

(2) the representation is not prohibited by law;

(3) the representation does not involve the assertion of a claim by

one client against another client represented by the lawyer in the

same litigation or other proceeding before a tribunal; and

(4) each affected client gives informed consent.

Id. 1.7(b). Whether a client may consent “is typically determined by 

considering whether the interests of the clients will be adequately protected if 

the clients are permitted to give their informed consent[.]” Id. cmt. 15. 

The Comments to Rule 1.7 acknowledge the potential conflict of interest 

when one lawyer represents multiple co-plaintiffs or co-defendants. Id. cmt. 

23. Specifically, “[a] conflict may exist by reason of substantial discrepancy 

in the parties’ testimony, incompatibility in positions in relation to an opposing 

party or the fact that there are substantially different possibilities of 

settlement of the claims or liabilities in question.” Id. If the requirements of 
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Rule 1.7(b) are met, however, “common representation of persons having 

similar interests in civil litigation is proper[.]” Id.

B.

Appellant first questions whether “non-clients have standing to seek 

disqualification of opposing counsel[.]” Appellant’s Br. at 4, 24-36. We reject 

Appellant’s issue outright because the trial court “did not rule one way or 

another” as to Appellant’s standing and, indeed, suggested that there were 

“no standing requirements that would prevent a party from raising” a 

violation. Trial Ct. Op. at 9. Accordingly, as Appellant is not aggrieved 

regarding this issue, we do not address the merits.

C.

Appellant next argues that the trial court should have disqualified Law 

Firm from representing Armour because Armour and the Original Defendant’s 

“positions as to liability and the timeliness of [Appellant’s] claims are directly 

adverse, thereby creating a non-consentable conflict of interest” under Rule 

1.7. Appellant’s Br. at 4, 37-45. Appellant contends that Armour’s position 

is directly adverse to the Original Defendants’ position because the Incident 

Report and the deposition of Mr. Pechin pointed to Armour as the entity 

responsible for the power outage in the stairwell and that Armour did not alert 

Shoemaker-Skanska to the potential power outage. Id. at 43-45. In part, 

Appellant contends that the conflict of interest is not waivable under Rule 

1.7(b)(3) because Armour and the Original Defendants should be asserting 

claims against each other. Appellant’s Reply Br. at 16. He argues that 
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disqualification of Law Firm’s joint representation is the only way to “prevent 

the injustice of directly adverse co-defendants waiving cross-claims and 

colluding toward a zero-sum outcome[,]” thus violating his right to a fair trial. 

Id. at 1. We disagree.

Like the trial court, we conclude that the record does not support 

Appellant’s contention that the interests of Armour and the Original 

Defendants are directly adverse. Neither the Incident Report nor Mr. Pechin’s 

testimony conclusively demonstrate that Armour was at fault. Rather, the 

Incident Report merely states that Armour “was working on an existing 

lighting breaker that was mislabeled which powered the lights to Building A, 

Stairwell 4A” at the time Appellant fell; it does not indicate Armour’s 

negligence. Incident Report. Similarly, as the trial court observed, “Mr. 

Pechin’s testimony [was] equivocal - he testified that if Armour knew they 

were going to impact [an] existing building system, he should have been told. 

However, he didn’t know . . . what actually happened to cause the lights to go 

out and it was possible that a breaker just tripped.” Trial Ct. Op. at 8. 

Moreover, Appellant did not present any testimony setting forth Armour’s 

position to demonstrate a conflict with the Original Defendants regarding 

liability for the incident. Id. 

Upon review, we find that Appellant has not established that the parties’

interests are “directly adverse” or that there is a “significant risk” that Law 

Firm’s representation of Armour “will be materially limited by” its 

representation of the Original Defendants. Pa.R.P.C. 1.7(a). Absent such 
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demonstration, we refuse to interfere with Appellees’ choice of counsel or 

meddle with their litigation strategy as to crossclaims. Thus, we conclude that 

Appellant has not met his burden to disqualify counsel. 

D.

In his third issue, Appellant contends that Law Firm’s representation of 

Armour and the Original Defendants presents an “appearance of impropriety.” 

Appellant’s Br. at 45-49. We reject Appellant’s argument because he attempts 

to invoke the outdated standard of “appearance of impropriety” previously 

utilized in Canon 9 of the Code of Professional Responsibility. See Am. 

Dredging Co. v. City of Philadelphia, 389 A.2d 568, 571 (Pa. 1978) 

(quoting Canon 9 as providing “A Lawyer Should Avoid Even the Appearance 

of Professional Impropriety”). The Supreme Court, however, replaced the

Code of Professional Responsibility and its Cannons with the Rules of 

Professional Conduct by order of October 16, 1987. See Commonwealth v. 

Turrell, 584 A.2d 882, 885 n.2 (Pa. 1990). As set forth in the prior issue, 

Appellant failed to demonstrate a violation under current Rule 1.7. 4

____________________________________________

4 Appellant contends that his “appearance of impropriety” argument is directed 

to his claim that joint representation impedes his right to a fair trial. 

Appellant’s Reply Br. at 12-16. We do not address this argument because the 

fair trial analysis for a disqualification motion is premised upon a violation of 

the Rules of Professional Conduct, which Appellant has not demonstrated. 

See E.R. v. J.N.B., 129 A.3d at 526. 

We additionally agree with the trial court that Appellant’s claim has “no merit 

whatsoever.” Trial Ct. Op. at 11. The court observed that if it used Appellant’s 

standard for appearance of impropriety it “would be disqualifying counsel on 

a daily basis.” Id.
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E.

Finally, Appellant claims that Appellees waived attorney-client privilege 

relating to “documents evidencing a joint defense agreement and informed 

consent.” Appellant’s Br. at 4-5, 50-52. The trial court, however, emphasized 

that it did not rule on this issue. Trial Ct. Op. at 10. While Appellant requested 

the documents and Appellees asserted attorney-client privilege, Appellant 

does not direct this Court to a motion to compel production of these

documents. Moreover, the trial court found that it did not require these 

documents to decide the motion to disqualify. Id. at 11. The appropriate 

avenue to address this claim is through a discovery motion not a motion to 

disqualify. As with Appellant’s prior issues, this issue warrants no relief.5

Order affirmed. 

Date: 3/13/2024

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5

In conformance with Pa.R.A.P. 2501, Appellees’ counsel acknowledged at 

argument a change in the status of a case relied upon in their brief. 

Specifically, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court determined that it had 

improvidently granted certification of a question from the Third Circuit. Pa.

Prof’l Liab. Joint Underwriting Ass'n v. Governor of Com., 7 EAP 2023 

(Pa. Feb. 21, 2024). Upon review, we find that the Supreme Court’s recent 

decision addresses issues unrelated to the instant case.
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