## UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEMS

TRAINING SYLLABUSUNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

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The objective of this training manual is to provide guidelines for Unmanned

Aerial System (UAS) flight operations and to provide necessary safeguards for

persons or property on the surface while operating at altitudes and lateral

clearances outl ined in Wes tern Helicopter ’s UAS Exemption and provide the

basic knowledge possessed by all certificated Airmen.

This entire program will be driven by application. The instruction described in this

document are knowledge based and proficiency based therefore have no time

requirements other than the flight requirements outlined in Western Helicopter ’s

UAS exemption. P rogress must be made by students in order to move forward.

The ultimate goal of this progra m is to train highly com petent, capable and

creative UAS Operators who can work effectively in this rapidly changing and

evolving field.

Within this manual are requirements, guidelines, and instructions necessary for

participating personnel to carry out t h eir duties and responsibilities safely and

provide an in depth understanding of the dynamics with the FAA National

Airspace System. All training and flight operations must be conducted in

accordance with the attached FAA accepted Exemption including any special

provisions attached thereto.

The contents of this training manual shall not be construed to be contrary to any

Federal Air Regulation or any other applica ble government regulations.

Prerequisites

The student must be able to

• read, speak, and un derstand the English language

• M eet the physical standards for a third class medical certificate, and

possess a valid student pilot certificate.

• M ust be 16 years old train, and 17 year s old to gain certificationUNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

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The time necessary to complete training coincide with the FAA Private Pilot

required Aeronautical Knowledge criteria outlined 14 C.F.R. § 61

. 105. This

training manual is written to provide approximately 30 hours of ground

instruction, 200 flight cycles, and 25 hours of flight as outlined in Western

Helicopter ’s UAS exemption.

Required Materials for the UAS Certification Course:

• The Pilot’s Manual Ground School (#ASA

- PM

- 2A)

• 3D Robotics Iris + Quadcopter

• Sectional for local area

• Airport/Facility Directory for local area

• Flight computer (E6

- B or CX

- 2 Pathfinder)UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

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# GROUND TRAININGUNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

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# Stage 1

Introduction to Flight

Ground School Phase 1

Course objective

1. School requirements, procedures, regulations

2. Grading criteria

3. Forces acting on an aircraft

4. Stability and control

5. Types of UAS (airframe, systems, f light instruments )

6. Basic flight maneuvers

7. Flight information

8. Flight physiology

9. Regulations

Completion Standards

Stage 1 is complete when the student achieves the objective of each lesson,

and can list or describe the correct process or reference for accomplishing

elements, exercises and activities. Student shall score at least 80% on the Stage 1

Exam, and all deficient areas s hall be reconciled to 100 %.UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

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## Stage 1 / Module 1

Ground Training

Objective

The student to be introduced to the Private Pilot Certification program, learn the

flight school requirements, procedures, regulations, an d grading criteria. Student

will also become familiar with stability, control, and the forces acting on an

ai rcraft.

Content

1. Review of course and objectives

2. School requirements, procedures, regulations

3. Grading criteria, expectations of student

4. Review objective of Stage 1

5. The forces act ing on an aircraft

6. Weight

7. Lift

a. Bernoulli’s Principle

b. Lift Formula

8. A irfoil shape

9. Drag

a. T otal drag

b. P arasite drag

c. S kin

- friction drag

d. F orm drag

e. I nduced drag

10. A ngle

- of

- attack

11. L ift/drag ratio

12. Thrust

13. P ropeller torque effect

14. G yroscopic effect

C ompletion Standards

This lesson is complete when the student has successfully completed

all review questions following the assigned reading.UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

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## Stage 1 / Module 2

Ground Training

Objective

The student will have an understanding of the UAS airframe, motors

, terminology, and system components

.

Content

1. Airframe

2. UAS Control

a. Transmitter

b. Receiver

c. Channels

d. Frequency Range

e. Telemetry

i. A ccelerometer

ii. Barometric Pressure Sensor

3. Electronic Speed Controller

4. Motors, Propellers

5. Flight Controllers and GPS

6. Gyroscope

7. Electricity

8. Batt e ries

a. LiPo

b. NiMh

c. Nicad

d. Lithium Io n

9. Calculating Flight Time

10. Multi Rotor / Single rotor UAS

11. Fixed Win g UAS

Completion Standards

This lesson is complete when the student has successfully comp l eted

all review questions following the assigned reading.UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

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## Stage 1 / Module 3

Ground Training

Objective

The student will have learned how to construct and properly maintain a small

UAS

1. Tools

a. Proper application

2. Airframe Assembly

a. Modular design

3. Power system instillation

a. Electronic Speed Controller

b. Motors

4. Radio component instillation

5. Propeller Instillation

6. Battery instillation

7. Aircraft / GPS programming

8. Flight Testing

a. Flight control test

9. Maintenance

a. B alancing Propellers

b. Motor inspection

c. Motor mount inspection

Completion Standard

This section is complete when the student has successfully constructed and

maintained a small UASUNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

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## Stage 1 / Module 4

Ground Training

Objective

The student will have an understanding of the basic function of common flight

instruments and how they are the same / differ from instruments used in UAS

flight

.

Content

Flight instruments

1. Pressure Instruments

2. S tatic pressure

3. D ynamic pressure

4. T otal pre s sure

5. P itot

- static system

6. A irspeed indicator

7. A ltimeter

8. V ertical speed indicator

9. Gyroscopic Instruments

10. T urn coordinator/turn indicator

11. A ttitude indicator

12. H eading indicator

13. Magne tic compa ss

Completion Standards

This lesson is complete when the student has successfully comp l eted

all review questions following the assigned reading.UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

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## Stage 1 / Module 5

Ground Training

Objective

The student will understand the factors that affec t the physiology of flight.

Content

1. Flight physiology

a. P hysical fitness

b. M ental fitness

c. M edical checks

d. M edication

e. C orrective lenses

f. F ood poisoning

g. A lcohol

h. S moking

i. F atigue and sleep deprivation

j. B lood donation

2. L ow Temperatures

3. Respiration

a. I ncreased altitude

b. H ypoxia

c. C arbon monoxide poisoning

d. H yperventilation

e. D ecompression sickness

4. Vision

a. S tructure of the eye

b. A daptation of eyes to darkness

c. Sc anning for aircraft

5. Discuss and obtain medical and student pilot certificate

Completion Standards

This lesson is complete when the student has successfully completed all review

questions following the assigned reading. Stage 1 Exam must be passed with a

minimum score of 80%, and reconciled to 100%.UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

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## STAGE 1 / MODULE 6 AND STAGE CHECK

Ground Training

Objective

The Student will understand the various parts of the Federal Aviation Regulations

(FAR) and how they apply to UAS operations, and private pilot certification.

1. 14 CFR Part 1

2. 14 CFR Part 61

3. 14 CFR Part 91

4. NTSB 830

5. NPRM Part 107

6. Section 333 Exemption

Completion Standards

This lesson is complete when the student has successfully completed all review

questions following the assigned reading. Stage 1 Exam must be passed with a

minimum score of 80%, and reconciled to 100%.UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

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# Stage 2

The Flight Environment

Course Objective

The objective of Stage 2 is for the student to become proficient in, and to have

an understanding of the following :

1. Aircraft performance factors

2. Operational weather concerns

3. Obtaining a weather briefing

4. Making the go

- no go decision

5. Charts and airspace

6. Airports and airport operations

7. Visual navigation fundamentals

8. Using the flight computer

9. Weight and balance

Completion Standards

Stage 2 is complete when the student achieves the objective of each lesson,

and can list or describe the correct process or reference for accomplishing

elements, exercises and activities. Student shall score at least 80% on the Stage 2

Written Exam, and all deficient areas shall be reconciled to 10 0%.UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

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## Stage 2 / Module 1

Ground Training

Objective

The student will have an understanding o f the factors which affect aircraft

performance

.

Content

1. Review objective of Stage 2

2. Aircraft performance factors

a. Airworthiness

b. R egistration certificate

c. A pproved flight manual

d. M aintenance

3. Airframe Limitations

a. W eight limitations

b. Electrical limitations

c. S peed limitations

d. Temperature l imitations

e. Wind limitations

4. Weight Limitations

a. Motor Thrust to weight calculation

b. Balancing small UAS

5. Operating UAS in areas with known turbulence

a. Types of turbulence

b. L oad factor limitations

6. Air Density

a. F actors affecting air density

b. S tandard atmosphere

c. P ressure altitude

d. T emperature

e. D ensity altitude

f. Performance

7. Wind Drift

8. Ground Reference Maneuvers

9. Site selection

a. Airport ProximityUNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

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10. Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)

11. Reverse orientation / Control input reversal

12. Altitude

13. Aircraft speed

14. Emergency operations

Completion Standards

This lesson is complete when the student has successfully completed all review

questions following the assigned reading.UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

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## Stage 2 / Modul e 2

Ground Training

Objective

The student will have an understanding of the operational weather factors, and

a practical understanding of obtaining a weather briefing, and making the go

no go decision.

Content

Operational weather factors

1. Icing

a. Structural icing

b. C lear ice

c. Rime ice

d. Mixed ice

e. Frost

f. Structural icing and cloud type

2. Cold weather operations

3. Visibility

a. I nversions and reduced visibility

b. Condensation

c. Fog

i. R adiation fog

ii. A dvection fog

iii. U pslope fog

iv. F rontal fog

v. S team fog

4. Turbulence

a. Clear air tur bulence

b. Classification of turbulence

5. Wind shear

6. Thunders t orms

7. Microbursts

8. Obtaining a weather briefing

9. Making the go

- no go decisionUNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

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This lesson is complete when the student has successfully completed all review

questions following the assigned reading.UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

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## Stage 2 / Module 3

Ground Training

Objective

The student will have an understanding of aviation charts and the airspace

system

.

Content

Charts

1. Sectional charts

2. VFR Terminal Area charts

Airspace

3. Class A

4. Class B

5. Class C

6. Class D

7. Class E

8. Class G

9. Special use airspace

10. Other airspace

Completion Standards:

This lesson is complete when the student has successfully completed all review

questions following the assigned reading.UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

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## Stage 2 / Module 4

Ground Training

Objective

The student will become familiar with airports and airport operations and how

they affect small UAS operation

Content

1. Airports

a. Taxiway and runway markings

b. Airport lighting

2. Airport operations

a. ATIS

b. Taxiing

c. Standard traffic pattern

d. Legs of a traffic pattern

e. Wind effect in the traffic pattern

f. Departing the traffic pattern

g. Entering the traffic pattern

3. Radio communications

4. Airport Radar Services

a. TRSA radar service

b. B asic radar service

c. T raffic sequencing for pilots

d. F ull ra dar services

Completion Standards:

This lesson is complete when the student has successfully completed all review

questions following the assigned reading.UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

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## Stage 2 / Module 5 and Stage Check

Ground Training

Objective

The student will become proficient in the fundamentals of visual navigation.

Student will be taught how to use navigation techniques to further their

understanding of the National Airspace System

Content

1. Visual navigation fundame n tals

2. Pilotage

3. Dead reckoning

4. Radio navigation

5. Course

6. Heading

7. Wind velocity/direction

8. Ground track/Ground speed

9. Drift/Wind correction angle

10. Latitude/Longitude

11. Nautical mile

12. Knot

13. Minimum safe altitude

14. Standard/Local time

15. UTC/Zulu time

16. Daylight time

17. Dateline

Completion Standards

This lesson is complete when the student has successfully completed all review

questions following the assigned reading.UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

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# Stage 3

Weather

Course Objective

The objective of Stage 3 is for the student to become proficient in, and to have

an understanding of the following

1. Heating effects in the atmosphere

2. Wind

3. Clouds and thunderstorms

4. Air masses and frontal weather

5. Weather reports and forecasts

Completion Standards

Stage 3 is complete when the student achieves the objective of each lesson,

and can list or describe the correct process or reference for accomplishing

elements, exercises and activities. Student shall score at least 80% on the Stage 3

Exam, and all deficient are as shall be reconciled to 100 %.UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

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## Stage 3 / Module 1

Ground Training

Objective

The student will have an understanding of wind and the heating effects in the

atmosphere

Content

1. The atmosphere

a. Air density

b. Subdivision of the atmosphere

c. Gases in air

d. Standard atmosphere

2. Heat exchange processes

a. T he sun

b. Terrestrial re

- radiation

c. General circulation

d. Local heating and cooling

e. Local air movements

f. Temperature inversions

3. Wind

a. Coriolis effect

b. Geostrophic wind

c. Gradient wind

d. Surface wind

e. Wind in the tropics

Completion Standards

This lesson is complete when the student has successfully completed all review

questions following the assigned reading.



## Stage 3 / Module 2UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

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Objective

The student will have an understanding of air masses, frontal weather, clouds,

and thunderstorms

C ontent

1. Clouds

a. Naming of clouds

b. Moisture in the atmosphere

c. Adiabatic processes

d. Formation of c l oud s

i. the Foehn (or Chinook) wind effect

ii. C louds formed by turbulence and mixing

iii. C louds formed by widespread ascent

e. Precipitati on from clouds

2. Thunderstorms

a. Three necessary conditions

i. I nstability

ii. M oisture

iii. L ifting force

b. Life cycle

i. C umulus stage

ii. M ature stage

iii. D issipating stage

3. Severe thunderstorms

4. Embedded thunderstorms

5. Danger of thunderstorms

a. Icing

b. Hailstones

c. Lightning strikes

d. Turbulence

e. Downburst s and microbursts

f. Tornadoes and water spouts

6. Air masses

a. Origin and path

b. Divergence or convergenceUNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

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a. Warm front

b. Cold front

c. Occluded front

d. Stationary front

e. Development and decay of fronts

8. Depressions

— areas of low pressure

9. Anticyclones

— areas of high pressure

10. Night flying

a. Restrictions

Completion Standards

This lesson is complete when the student has successfully completed all review

questions following the assigned reading.



## Stage 3 / Module 3UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

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Objective

The student will have a practical understanding of weather reports and

forecasts.

Content

1. Weather reports

a. Weather depiction chart

b. Surface analysis chart

c. Radar summary chart

d. METAR

e. Pilot weather rep o rts ( PIREPs)

2. Weather forecasts

a. Low

- l evel significant weather prognostic charts

b. Terminal Aerodrome forecast (TAF)

c. Aviation Area forecast (FA)

d. TWEB Route forecast

e. Weather advis o ries

f. AIRMETs (WA)

g. SIGMETs (WS)

h. Conve c tive SIGMETs (WST)

i. Center Weather Advisories (CWA)

j. VFR not recommended

k. Convective outlook

3. Winds and temperature aloft forecast (FD)

a. Severe weather outlook charts (AC)

b. Staying informed in the air

Completion Standards

This lesson is complete when the student has successfully completed all review

questions following the assigned reading. 

## Stage 3 / Module 4 and Stage Check

Ground TrainingUNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

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The student will take and pass final stage check

Content

All information from previous stages

Completion Standards

Stage 4 Exam must be passed with a minimum passing score of 80%, and

reconciled to 100%.UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

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# FLIGHT TRAINING

Stage 1

Introduction to FlightUNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

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Course objective

The student will become familiar with the functions and flight characteristics of a

UAS.

Western Helicopter ’s UAS exemption requires that all UAS Operators have :

1. L ogged a minimum of 200 flight cycles and 25 hours of total time as a UAS

rotorcraft pilot and at least

a. 10 hours logged as a UAS pilot with a similar UA S type (single rotor or

multi rotor)

b. A minimum of 5 hours as a UAS pilot with the make and model of

UAS to be utilized for operations under the exemption

c. 3 take offs and landings in the preceding 90 days;

2. Received training in the safe operation of the UAS to be operated.

Training will incl ude:

a. Normal and emergency modes of operation

b. Familiarization with the operation manual published by the UAS

manufacturer.

c. Types of maneuvers to be performed during operations including

safe operation in relation to persons, property and applicable

airspace using the actual UAS or computer based simulation

software

Completion Standards

The flight portion consists of one stage and modules. Student must demonstrate

proficiency and meet the hour requirement outlined in the Western Helicopters

UAS exemption



## Stage 1 / Module 1

Flight Training

ObjectiveUNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

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inspections, checklist operations, starting and securing procedures

, and the

function and use of the radio flight control.

Content

Flight

1. Preflight Checklist Introduction and Use

2. Flight Controls

3. Takeoff

a. GPS

b. Manual

4. Hovering flight

a. Tail Wind

b. Into wind

c. Cross Wind

5. Orientation control

a. Nose out

b. Nose in

c. Nose right

d. Nose left

6. S traight and level, climbs, descents, turns

7. A pproach and manual landing

8. Post flight procedures

Computer Simulation

1. Operate an aircraft in “Chase view” to teach basic fundamentals

2. Become familiar with operating the aircraft in all orientations

C ompletion Standards

The student will have a basic understanding of the aircrafts operation and will

be able to perfo rm the preflight inspection, motor starting , syst ems preflight

checks, listed above maneuvers and motor shutdown unassisted

.UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

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## Stage 1 / Module 2

Flight Training

Objective

The student will enhance basic flight skills.

Content

Flight

1. Manual takeoff

2. Orientation control

a. Nose out

b. Nose in

c. Nose right

d. Nose left

3. Hovering flight

a. Tail Wind

b. Into wind

c. Cross Wind

4. S traight and level, climbs, descents, turns

5. A pproach and manual landing

6. Post flight procedures

Computer Simulation

1. Operate an aircraft in “Chase view” to teach basic fundamentals

2. Become familiar with operating the aircraft in all orientations

Completion Standards

The student will have a basic understanding of the aircrafts operation and will

be able to perform the preflight inspection, motor starting, systems preflight

checks, listed above maneuvers and motor shutdown unassisted.UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

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## Stage 1 / Module 3

Flight Training

Objective

The student will be introduce d to more advance maneuvers.

Content

Flight

1. Manual takeoff

2. Hovering

a. Tail Wind

b. Into wind

c. Cross Wind

3. Straight and Level Flight

4. Figure ‘8’s”

5. Box and Altitude maneuvers

6. Coordinated Turn Around A Point

Computer Simulation

Same as flight

Completion Standards

The student will have a basic understanding of the aircrafts operation and will

be able to perfo rm the preflight inspection, motor starting , syst ems preflight

checks, listed above maneuvers, and motor shutdown unassisted

.



## Stage 1 / Module 4

Flight TrainingUNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

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The student will enhance advanced flight skills.

Content

Flight

1. Manual takeoff

2. Hovering

a. Tail Wind

b. Into wind

c. Cross Wind

3. Straight and Level Flight

4. Figure ‘8’s”

5. Box and Altitude maneuvers

6. Coordinated turns around a point

7. Intelligent Orientation Control

Computer Simulation

Same as flight

Completion Standards

The student will have a basic understanding of the aircrafts operation and will

be able to perfo rm the preflight inspection, motor starting , syst ems preflight

checks, listed above maneuvers, and motor shutdown unassisted

.



## Stage 1 / Module 5

Flight TrainingUNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

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The student will become familiar with emergency procedures.

Content

Flight

1. Manual takeoff

2. Hovering

a. Tail Wind

b. Into wind

c. Cross Wind

3. Straight and Level Flight

4. Figure ‘8’s”

5. Box and Altitude maneuvers

6. Intelligent Orientation Control

7. Emergency Procedures* (discussion)

a. Lost Line of Sight

b. Lost Radio Link

c. Lost Video Link

Computer Simulation

Emergency procedures

Completion Standards

The student will have a basic understanding of the aircrafts operation and will

be able to perfo rm the preflight inspection, motor starting , syst ems preflight

checks, listed above maneuvers and motor shutdown unassisted

.



## Stage 1 / Module 6 Solo Flight

Flight TrainingUNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

Rev. 1 7

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The student will be come proficient at flying UAS without the aid of an instructor

Content

Flight

1. Manual takeoff

2. Orientation control

a. Nose out

b. Nose in

c. Nose right

d. Nose left

3. Hovering flight

a. Tail Wind

b. Into wind

c. Cross Wind

4. S traight and level, climbs, descents, turns

5. A pproach and manual landing

Computer Simulation

Basic maneuvers

Completion Standards

The student will have a basic understanding of the aircrafts operation and will

be able to perfo rm the preflight inspection, motor starting , syst ems preflight

checks, listed above maneuvers and motor shutdown unassisted

.



## Stage 1 / Module 7 Solo Flight

Flight TrainingUNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

Rev. 1 7

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The student will be come proficient at flying UAS without the aid of an instructor

Content

Flight

1. Manual takeoff

2. Orientation control

a. Nose out

b. Nose in

c. Nose right

d. Nose left

3. Hovering flight

a. Tail Wind

b. Into wind

c. Cross Wind

4. S traight and level, climbs, descents, turns

5. A pproach and manual landing

8. Figure ‘8’s”

9. Box and Altitude maneuvers

Computer Simulation

Basic maneuvers

Completion Standards

The student will have a basic understanding of the aircrafts operation and will

be able to perfo rm the preflight inspection, motor starting , syst ems preflight

checks, listed above maneuvers and motor shutdown unassisted

.



## STAGE 2 / Module 1 Flight Test

Flight TrainingUNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM S TRAINING

Rev. 1 7

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The Student will be able to demonstrate the skills required to complete the

Western Helicopters small UAS practical test standards

Content

Flight

1. Knowledge prerequisites

2. Communication with Visual Observer

3. Proper use of checklist

4. Situational awareness of the flying environment

5. Emergency procedures

6. Proper use of retractable landing gear (if applicable)

7. Takeoff and landing

8. Gear up landing

9. Hover maneuvers

10. Tail in controlled maneuver

11. Nose in controlled maneuver

12. Controlled Turn around a point

13. Controlled climbs and descents

14. Tracking a subject

Completion Standards

The student will ha ve satisfactorily completed the above listed maneuvers, and

procedures.