Reference I AlllDb =17fi5Efi

NATL INST. OF STAND & TECH

NBSIR 76-1109

Architectural Glazing Safety

Standard: Survey of Codes

and Standards

Sanford C. Adier

Building Safety Section

Center for Building Technology

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

June 1976

Issued August 1 976

Prepared for Consumer Product Safety Commission

-QC- *01 Westbard Avenue

lOJ

.U55

ethesda, MD 20014

76-1109

1975

NBSIR 76-1109

National Bureau of Standards

Library. E-OI Admin. Btdg.

OCT 2 5 1982

not D^C^LARCHITECTURAL GLAZING SAFETY ac^^o

&

STANDARD: SURVEY OF CODES tx^^

AND STANDARDS

Sanford C. Adier

Building Safety Section

Center for Building Technology

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

June 1976

Issued August 1 976

Prepared for Consumer Product Safety Commission

5401 Westbard Avenue

Bethesda, MD 20014

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Elliot L. Richardson, Secretary

Edward O. Vetter, Under Secretary

Dr. Betsy Ancker-Johnson, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Ernest Ambler, Acting Director
he!-.

SB^'t & V TOO
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknow I edgment i i

I . I ntroduction I

A. Objective

B. Summary of Findings

C. Survey Procedure

1 . D i rector ies

2. Consumer Safety Glazing Committee

Report Format 2

A. Organizations Issuing Standards

B. Codes and Standards Reviewed

C. Test Methods 3

I . Types of Tests

2. Summary Description of Test Methods

D. Mandatory Codes and Regulations 4

1 . State Codes

2. State Regulations

3. State Glazing Laws

4. FHA Minimum Property Standards

5. Mobile Home Standard

III. Concluding Observation and Comment 5

IV. List of Test Methods Described in this Report 24

Tab I es

Table I. Directories Used to Identify Architectural Glazing

Standards, Specifications, and Test Methods 6

Table 2. Organizations Issuing Glazing Standards 9

Table 3. List of Architectural Glazing Standards, Codes,

Specifications, and Test Methods II

Table 4. Summary of Impact Tests 18

Table 5. Summary of State Safety Glazing Laws 19

Appendix - Basic Definitions Relating to Architectural Glazing... 59
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Special thanks are due to Robert L. Tibbott, Sensory

Environment Section, National Bureau of Standards, for the

extensive library research upon which this report is based.

This work was supported by the Consumer Product Safety

Commission.

ii
I ntroduct ion

A . Object i ve

This survey was carried out as part of the

NBS commitment to provide technical support

to the Consumer Product Safety Commission In the development of a mandatory national safety

glazing standard.

The Commission ranked architectural glazing

products (windows, glass doors, sliding glass panels,

fixed glass panels, both tubs and shower enclosures,

jalousie windows/doors) as the tenth most hazardous

group of consumer products.

B. Summary of Findings

1. There were 97 codes and standards found which

contained test methods relating to safety of glazing.

An extensive review of these documents Identified 34

different test procedures.

2. The most widely recognized standard examined was American National Standards Institute standard

Z97. 1-1972, "Performance Specifications and

Methods of Test for Safety Glazing Material

Used in Buildings." This standard is Included

by reference In 33 state laws which collectively

cover over 75 percent of the population of the

United States.

3. There Is no single code or standard which appears

to adequately address all of the glazing hazards

identified by the Consumer Product Safety

Comm I ss i on

.

C . Survey Procedure

This report is an extensive review of existing

standards, codes, specifications, and test methods

for architectural and other related glazing products.

It is based largely on a search of documents contained

in the Standards Information Services Section Library

at the National Bureau of Standards. The library

contains national. International, and foreign standards

from over 57 countries. However, only English language

documents were examined. The appendix contains some

basic definitions relating to architectural glazing.
I . Di rectories

Seventeen directories were searched to Identify

standards, codes, specifications and test methods

relating to architectural glazing.

The following key words were used in searching

the directories: glass, glazing, codes, building(s),

architecture, windows, doors, panels, tests.

Table I is a descriptive list of these

di rectories.

2. Consumer Safety Glazing Committee

In addition to the library search described

above, copies of existing state safety glazing laws were obtained with the assistance of the Consumer

Safety Glazing Committee (CSGC), an industry

supported organization created In 1969 for the

expressed purpose of lobbying state legislatures

to pass safety glazing legislation.

Report Format

The report is cross-indexed in order to facilitate

referencing the materials. The various tables, lists and

summary sheets are described below.

A . Organizations Issuing Standards

Table 2 is a list of organizations which have

issued architectural glazing related standards.

The list is alphabetical by abbreviation.

B. Codes and Standards Reviewed

Table 3 is a I i st of 97 documents examined to

locate and identify the test methods described in

this report. The list includes:

1. the organization issuing the document,

2. a sequential number for cross-reference

identification,

3. the identifying number assigned by the

organization issuing the document.
4. the title of the document or a reference

to an identical document,

5. number(s) referencing the test methods

relating to glass safety which are part of

the document and are described in this

report.

C. Test Methods

1 . Types of Tests

a) Impact tests . Twenty-two of the thirty-four

tests described are impact tests. Impact tests

differ from one another in the following respects.

- Impactor (size, weight, shape)

- drop height

- total kinetic energy of impact

- horizontal or vertical mounting of specimens

- size of specimen

- temperature range of test

- number of impacts

- materia I tested

- test criteria (breakage/fragments/penetration/

de I ami nation )

The major differences between the impact tests

described in this report are summarized in Table 4.

b) Load Tests . There are four load tests described

in this report. Three of these tests use differentials in air pressure to determine the strength

of the glass. The fourth test applies a controlled

load against the glass using a metal punch.

c) Other tests . Other tests included stress tests (2),

punch test, nondestructive test, hardness test,

boil test, weathering test and an elasticity test.

2. Summary Description of Test Methods

The 34 test methods described in this report are listed on page 24. For each test method there is a summary sheet

which contains the following information.

a) A descriptive leader, including a test number used

for cross-referencing.

3
b) Title

c) Purpose - why the test is used.

d) Reference - the document (s) which contain

the test method.

e) Procedure - a brief summary of the test procedure.

f ) Test Criteria - how acceptance, or rejection, of the

test specimen is determined.

g) Comments

Mandatory Codes and Regulations (copies not included)

1 . State Codes . There are seven states which have mandatory codes which

include upgraded safety glazing requirements. They are:

Indiana, North Carolina, Ohio, Minnesota, California,

Connecticut, and Wisconsin.

2. State Regulations . Rule No. 47 (New York State) relates to "Transparent Glass

Doors in Mercantile Establishments and in Public and Commercial

Buildings and Structures." Regulation 43H04 (Maryland) relates

to "Transparent Glass Doors in Mercantile Establishments and in

Public and Commercial Buildings and Structures."

3. State Glazing Laws.

There are currently 31 states which have safety glazing

laws. These laws are based on a "Model Bill" developed by

the Consumer Safety Glazing Committee (CSGC)'. The (CSGC) model

bill and most of the state laws include ANSI Z97. I - 1972 by

reference and exclude windows from safety glazing requirements.

Table 5 summarizes the salient features of the various state laws

including name of state, population, bill number, effective

date, enforcement agency, and differences from the CSGC

Model Bill.

4. FHA Minimum Property Standards . The Federal Housing Administration's Minimum Property

Standards required safety glazing material in all sliding

glass doors, tub and shower enclosures, shower doors, fixed

panels adjacent to entrance doors, and other doors in which

glazing is less than 3 feet 6 inches above the floor.
5. Mobile Home Standard . The American National Standard ANSI-AII9.I

for mobile homes requires safety glazing for a I I hazardous locations in mobile homes. This standard

has been adopted by forty-five states.

Concluding Observation and Comment .

On June 20, 1973, the Consumer Safety Glazing Committee (CSGC)

petitioned the Consumer Product Safety Commission to issue a consumer

product safety rule relating to architectural glass.

After a careful review of available data, the Commission granted

CSGC's petition. The Commission found that hazards associated with

architectural glass presented unreasonable risks of death or injury

that no existing standard was adequate.

On May 28, 1974, the Commission published (30 FR 18502) a notice

of "Proceeding for Development of Proposed Consumer Product Safety

Standard" for architectural glass.

Several organizations, including the CSGC, submitted offers to

develop the new standard. In August 1974, the Commission accepted

the offer submitted by the Consumer Safety Glazing Committee.

After an extended standard development period, the CSGC submitted

a proposed standard to the Commission on January 24, 1975.

The CSGC standard was reviewed by the Commission staff, and changes

were made to convert the recommended standard to a performance

standard (to the degree practicable) and to modify certain procedures.

This activity was completed in early 1976 and a proposed safety standard

for architectural glazing materials was published in the Federal

Register on February II, 1976. Subject to changes which might be

affected as a result of public review, the standard will become

effective August 10, 1976. The standard is basically an extensive

revision of ANSI Z97. 1-1972.

5
TABLE I

Directories Used to Identify Architectural Glazing

Standards, Specifications and Test I^etlnods

Dl. (ANSI) American National Standards

Institute 1974 Catalog , Published

by ANSI, New Yorl<, N.Y.

D2. 1974 Annual Book of ASTM Standards

Part 17; Published by American

Society for Testing and Materials

Ph i I ade I ph ia. Pa

.

D3. Australian Standards , 1973,

Standards Association of

Australia, North Sydney,

Austra I i an

D4. British Standards Yearbool^ , 1973,

British Standards Institution

London, England

D5. Building Standards Index

Oct. 1969, Published jointly by

CGSB and Dept. of Industry, Trade

and Commerce, Ottawa, Canada

D6 . Cata logue o^ CGSB Standards , I 974

Canadian Government Specifications

Board, Ottawa, Ontario

D7. Department of Defense (DpD) Index

of Spec i f i cations and Standards , 1973, Pub I ished by DOD,

Washington, D.C.

Lists ANSI, ISO, I EC, CEE,

COPANT and other standards,

specifications and recommendations.

Includes ISO and I EC crossreferences for ANSI standards

plus a subject index of ANSI

and international standards.

Contains all current ASTM standard

and tentative test methods, definitions, recommended practices,

classifications, specifications,

proposed methods and other related

mater i a I

.

Published annually, lists all

Austral I Ian standards currently in

effect.

Lists all British standards and

other BS I publications in effect

as of December 31, 1972. A brief

description of each standard is

prov i ded

.

An index of codes, standards and

specifications used in the building

construction industry in Canada.

Contains numerical and subject

of CGSB standards in both French and

English languages. Complete through

1973.

Provides alphabetical and numerical

indexes of military standards and

specifications. Issued annually

with monthly supplements.

6
Table I (continued)

D8. Index of Federal Specifications and

Standard's , 1973, Published by the

General Services Administration,

Washington, D. C.

D9. I ndex of I nternationa I Standards

NBS Special Publication 390,

March 1974, Sophie J. Chumas,

Editor, U.S. Dept. of Commerce,

NBS, Washington, D. C.

DIO. An Index of State Specifications

and Standards , NBS Special

Publication 375, Issued Sept. 1973,

Linda L. Grossnickle, Editor.

Published by U.S. Department of

Commerce, NBS, Washington, D. C.

DM. I ndex of U.S. Vo I untary Eng i neer i ng

Standards , NBS Special Publication

329, Issued March 1971, William J. Slattery, Editor. Published by U.S.

Department of Commerce, NBS,

Washington, D. C.

DI2. An Index of U.S. Voluntary

Engineering Standards , NBS Special

Publication 329, Supplement I, Dec. 1972, William J. Slattery,

Editor, U.S. Dept. of Commerce

NBS, Washington, D.C.

DI3. ISO Catalogue , 1974, international

Organization for Standardization,

Geneva, Switzerland

Provides alphabetical and numerical

listing of Federal specifications,

standards and qualified products.

A computer-produced index based

on the Key-Work- I n-Context (KWIC)

system and containing titles

of over 2,700 standards Issued by

ISO, lEC, CEE, CISPR, and OIML.

Lists more than 6,000 state

purchasing specifications and

standards issued by 37 state

purchasing offices through 1971.

A computer-generated Index

containing the permuted title of over 19,000 voluntary engineering

and related standards, specification

test methods and recommended

practices in effect as of Dec. 31,

1969. 360 U.S. technical

societies, professional organizations and trade associations are represented In this Index.

Contains permuted titles of over

6,300 standards, specifications,

test methods and recommended

practices published by 225 U.S.

technical societies, professional

organizations and trade associations.

Conta I ns a I i st of a I I I SO

standards published up to Dec. 31,

1973. Standards are arranged

numerically and by technical

committee; subject and UDC indexes are also included. Cumulative

supplements are Issued every

three months.

7
Table I (continued)

DI4. (SABS) South African Bureau of Complete through December 31, 1972,

Standards Yearbook, 1975 , Published this annual publication lists all

by the Council of the South African standard specifications, codes of

Bureau of Standards, Pretoria, practice, and standard test methods

South Africa. approved by the SABS Council.

D I 5. (SANZ) Standards Association

New Zea land I ndex, 1974, Published

by SANZ, Wellington, New Zealand

D 1 6. Tabulation of Voluntary Standards

and Certification Programs for

Consumer Products , NBS Technical

Note 762, March 1973, Sophie J.

Chumas, Editor. U.S. Dept. of

Commerce, NBS, Washington, D.C.

Dl 7. World Index of Plastics Standards

NBS Special Publication 352, Dec.

1971, Leslie H. Breden, Editor.

U. S. Dept. of Commerce, NBS,

Washington, D. C.

Published annually, includes all

standards in national use as of

January 31, 1974. Contains

numerical cross-references to

foreign standards declared or endorsed for use in New Zealand.

Lists over 700 product areas and

1,000 standards titles covering

products in and around the home.

The product areas are based on those developed for the NEISS.

Voluntary national, international

and industrial standards are

included and information on type of

standard (safety, performance) and

certification programs is also provided.

A computer-produced index of

titles of over 9,000 standards

on plastics and related materials

in effect as of DEcember 31, 1970.

8
TABLE 2

Organizations Issuing Gl

AAMA Architectural Aluminum

Manufacturers Association

410 North Michigan Avenue

Chicago, Illinois 60611

AIA American Institute of Architects

1735 New York Avenue, N.W.

Washington, D. C. 20006

(AIA) American Insurance Association

85 John Street

New York, New York 10038

ANSI American National Standards

I nst Itute

1430 Broadway

New York, New York 10018

ASTM American Society for

Testing and Materials

1916 Race Street

Phi ladelphia. Pa. 19103

BOCA Building Officials and Code

Admi n i strators

International, Inc.

1313 East 60th Street

Chicago, Illinois 60637

BSI British Standards Institution

2 Park Street

London WIA 2BS, England

CGSB Canadian Government

Specifications Board

Technical Services Branch

Department of Supply and Services

88 Metclafe Street

Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

ing Standards

DOC U.S. Department of Commerce

Washington, D. C. 20230

DOD Department of Defense

Address for information on the

DOD Index and Standards:

Commanding Officer

Naval Publications and Forms

Center

(NPFC 103)

5801 Tabor Avenue

Phi ladelphia. Pa. 19120

FGMA Flat Glass Marketing

Assoc iat ion

1325 Topeka Avenue

Topeka, Kansas 66612

FHA Federal Housing Administration

Department of Housing and Urban

Deve I opment

Washington, D.C. 2041 I

GSA General Services Administration

Federal Supply Service

U.S. Government

Washington, D. C. 20405

GTA Glass Tempering Association

1325 Topeka Avenue

Topeka, Kansas 66612

ICBO International Conference of

Building Officials

5360 South Workman Mill Road

Whittier, California 90601

9
Table 2 (Continued)

ISO International Organization for

Standardi zation

Central Secretariat

I , rue de Varembe

Case postale 56

CH-I2I I Geneva 20

Switzerland

NWMA National Woodwork Manufacturers

Association

400 West Madison Street

Chicago, I I

I inois 60606

SAA Standards Association of

Austri a I i a Standards House

80-86 Arthur Street

North Sydney-N.S.W. 2060

Austra I i a

SABS South African Bureau of

Standards

191 Private Bag

Pretoria, South Africa

SAE Society of Automotive Engineers

2 Pennsylvania Plaza

New York, New York 1 000

1

SANZ Standards Association of

New Zealand

Private Bag

Wellington, New Zealand

SBCC Southern Building Code Congress International

3617 Eighth Avenue, South

Birmingham, Alabama 35222

SIGMA Sealed Insulating Glass

Manufacturers Association

Suite 209-202 South Cook St.

Barrington, Illinois 60010

SGAA Stained Glass Association

of America

3600 University Drive

Fairfax, Virginia 22030

SWI Steel Window Institute

2130 Keith Bui Iding

Cleveland, Ohio 44 I I 5

UL Underwriters' Laboratories,

207 East Ohio Street

Ch icago, I I I i noi s 606 I I

10
TABLE 3

List of Architectural Glass Standards, Codes,

Specifications, and Test Methods '^

Identification No. Title Test Methods

Architectural Aluminum Manufacturers Association

1. AAMA 302.8-72

2. AAMA 402.8-72

3. AAMA 1002.8-72

4. AAMA 1102.6-72

See ANSI A134. 1-1972

See ANSI A134. 2-1972

See ANSI A134. 3-1972

See ANSI A134. 4-1972

19,25,32,33

19,25,32,33

19,25,32,33

19,25,32,33

American Institute of Architects

5. AIA K215(1964)

6. AIA K231 (1962)

Guide Specifications for Metal and

Glass Entrances

Guide Specifications for Glass and

Glazing

American Insurance Association, BOCA International, ICBO, and SBCC

7. AIA, BOCA One and Two Family Dwelling Code,

International, ICBO & Sections R-208 and R-209

SBCC 1971

19,32,33

American National Standards Institute

8. ANSI A119. 1-1972

9. ANSI A134. 1-1972

10. ANSI A134. 2-1972

11. ANSI A134. 3-1972

12. ANSI A134. 4-1972

13. ANSI SE4. 5-1972

Mobile Homes: Body and Frame Design and

Construction Requirements and the Installation

of Plumbing, Heating and Electrical Systems

(NFPA No. 501B-1971)

Specifications for Aluminum Windows 19,25,32,33

Specifications for Aluminum Sliding 19,25,32,33

Glass Doors

Specifications for Aluminum Combination 19,25.32,33

Vertically-Sliding or HorizontallyOperating Storm Windows for External

Application

Specifications for Aluminum Storm Doors 19,25,32.33

Burglary Resisting Glazing Material 11,12,15

^Includes English language standards Issued by foreign organizations.

'Includes only test methods related to the safety of architectural glazing produc

11
Identification No. Title Test Methods

14. ANSI Z26. 1-1973

15. ANSI Z97. 1-1972

Safety Glazing Materials for Glazing

Motor Vehicles Operating on Land

Highways, Safety Code for, including

Supplement Z26.1a-1973

Performance Specifications and Methods of

Test for Safety Glazing Material Used in

Buildings

American Society for Testing and Materials

16. ASTM C 158-72

17. ASTM C 162-71

18. ASTM C 336-69

19. ASTM C 338-73

20. ASTM C 598-72

21. ASTM C 623

22. ASTM C 730-72

23. ASTM E 330-70

24. ASTM F 218-72

Flexure Testing of Glass (Determination of

Modulus of Rupture)

Standard Definitions of Terms Relating to

Glass and Glass Products

Standard Method of Test for Annealing

Point and Strain Point of Glass

Standard Method of Test for Softening

Point of Glass

Test for Annealing Point and Strain Point

of Glass by Beam Bending

Tentative Method of Test for Young's

Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson's

Ratio for Glass and Glass-Ceramics by

Resonance

Knoop Indentation Hardness of Glass,

Test for

Standard Test for Structural Performance

of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and

Doors Under the Influence of Wind Loads

1,5,7,9,10,13,14,18,

20,21,22

19,32,33

28

34

31

25

Analyzing Stress in Glass 30

Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc.

25. BOCA International The BOCA Basic Building Code, Section 858.46 19,32,33

1970

12
Identification No. Title Test Methods

British Standards Institution

26. BS CP 145 1969 Part 1: Patent Glazing

97 TP 1 SI 1957

9ft rp IS? 1Q72 VJXCL^Ci XLlg dilU. f XAXlig IJX ^XCIOO J-L/I. IJ UiXXU XLigO

29 BS CP 153 1969 P;3Tt" 1 • nieanlnp And Safptv fof

Windows and Rooflights)

30. BS CP 153 1970 Part 2: Durability and Maintenance

(of Windows and Rooflights)

31. BS 459 1954 Part 1: Panelled and Glazed Wood Doors

32. BS 857 1967 Safety Glass for Land Transport

33. BS 952 1964 Classification of Glass for Glazing

5,13,27,32

ig

and Terminology for Work on Glass

34. BS 3925 1965 Toughened Safety Glass for Ships, Windows 23,30

Canadian Government Specifications Board

35. BGSB 12-GP-lb 1971 Glass; Safety 2,5,17,32

36. CGSB 12-GP-2a 1970 Glass; Flat, Clear Sheet

37. CGSB 12-GP-3b 1970 Glass; Flat, Polished Plate or Float

38. CGSB 12-GP-4a 1971 Glass; Flat, Heat Absorbing, Transparent,

Building Construction

39. CGSB 12-GP-8 1966 Glazing (Double) Units, Factory-Sealed

40. CGSB 12-GP-9 1972 Glass, Spandrel, for Building Construction 24,30

41. CGSB 12-GP-lO 1972 Glass, Light and Heat Reflecting, for

Building Construction

42. CGSB 12-GP-ll 1973 Glass, Wired, Safety, for Building 19

Construction

13
Identification No. Title Test Methods

43. CGSB 12-GP-12 1973

44. CGSB 82-GP-l 1964

45. CGSB 82-GP-2 1964

46. CGSB 82-GP-3 1966

Department of Commerce

Performance of Plastic Safety

Glazing Mafeetial

Glass Door, Aluminum Frame, Sliding,

Standard Duty

Glass Door, Aluminum Frame, Sliding,

Medium Duty

Doors, Aluminum, Combination Storm

and Screen

19,33

47. GS 163 1964 Ponderosa Pine Windows, Sash and Screens

(Using Single Glass and Insulating Glass)

48. CS 190-64 Wood Double-Hung Window Units

49. cs 204 1964 Wood Awning Window Units

50. CS 205 1964 Wood Casement Window Units

51. cs 264 1964 Wood Horizontal-Sliding Window Units

(all Sash Operating)

52. cs 265 1964 Wood Horizontal-Sliding Window Units

53. CS 266 1964

Department of Defense

54. MIL-G-2857A 1968

55. MIL-G-3787F 1972

56. MIL-G-5485C 1971

57. MIL-G-25667B 1971

(one or more Non-Operating Sash )

Wood Single-Hung Window Units

Glass, Heat-Treated , Glazing,

Rectangular (For Bridge Windows)

Glass, Laminated, Flat (except aircraft)

Glass, Laminated, Flat, Bullet Resistant

Glass, Monolithic, Aircraft Glazing

6,30

10,13,22

16

29,30

The commercial standards listed here are being withdrawn. For standards

covering these products, see those issued by the National Woodwork Manufacturers

Association.

14
Identification No. Title Test Methods

Flat Glass Marketing Association

58. FGMA XYZl 1965 Acrylic Plastic Panels Used for Commercial

Glazing

59. FGMA XYZ5 1965 Glazing Flat Glass Curtain Walls-Steel or Aluminum

Federal Housing Administration

60. FHA #300 1966 Minimum Property Standards for One and 5

Two Family Living Units, (and 55 revisions)

Section 711 (Revised in 1973)

61. FHA #2600 Minimum Property Standards for 19,32,33

Multi-Family Housing, Section M611

(Revised in 1973)

General Services Administration

62. Federal Specification Glass, Plate, Sheet Figured (Float

DD-G-451C 1972 Flat, for Glazing, Corrugated,

Mirrors and other uses)

63. Federal Specification Glass, Plate (Float), Sheet, Figured, 19,27,32,.33

DD-G-1403B 1972 and Spandrel (Heat Strengthened and

Fully Tempered)

64. Federal Standard Plastic Sheet, Corrugated, Translucent,

L-P-505B 1964 Glazing

65. Federal Test Method Plastics - Methods of Testing 8,16

Standard No. 406 (1961)

Glass Tempering Association

66. GTA 61-1-20 Flat or Bent Tempered Glass for 4,27,30

Television Receiver Safety Windows

67. GTA 62-8-7 Safety Windows for Laminating to 30

Television Tubes

68. GTA 64-3-16 Tempered Safety Glass for General 19,27

Rev #2 Construction Usage

69. GTA 65-5-13 1966 Tempered Glass for Use in Appliances 27,30

70. GTA 66-9-20 1969 Specifications for Spandrel Glass - 26

Ceramic Enameled, Tempered or Heat - Strengthened

15
Identification No. Title Test Methods

71. GTA XYZl 1969 Specifications for Tempered Glass Where

Temperature Resistance is Required

72. GTA XYZ2 1966 Tempered Glass for Telephone Booths

International Conference of Building Officials

73. ICBO UBC 54-1 1970 Glass

74. ICBO UBC 54-2 1970 Safety Glazing

International Organization for Standardization

75. ISO 614 1973

76. ISO 1226 1970

Shipbuilding - Non-destructive, strength

testing of toughened safety glasses for

ships, side scuttles and rectangular

windows - punch method

Recommendation for Symbolic Designation

of Direction of Closing and Faces of Doors,

Windows and Shutters - Part 1.

National Woodwork Manufacturers Association

77.

78.

79.

80.

NWMA IS 1-73

NWMA IS 2-69

NWMA IS 3-70

NWMA IS 5-73

Wood Doors

Wood Windows

Wood Sliding Patio Doors

Ponderosa Pine Doors

Standards Association of Australia

81. CA26-1957 Code of Recommended Practice for the

Glazing and Fixing of Glass for Buildings

(out of print, under revision)

South Africian Bureau of Standards

82. SABS 727-1962 Steel Windows and Steel Doors

Society of Automotive Engineers

83. SAE J938 (1968) Drop Test for Evaluating Laminated Safety

Glass for Use in Automotive Windshields

3,27

19,32,33

23

25

25

19,32,33

13

16
Identification No. Title Test Method

Standards Association of New Zealand

84. NZS 2258-1969 Recommendations for Glass and Glazing

Southern Building Code Congress, International, Inc .

85. SBCC 1973 Southern Standards Code Section 2703.1

Stained Glass Association of America

86. SGAA XYZl 1968 Specifications for Stained Glass Windows

Sealed Insulating Glass Manufacturers Association

87. SIGI-IA 65-7-2 1971

88. SIGMA 70-7-1 1970

89. SIGMA XYZl 1967

State Governments

Glazing Specification for Sealed

Insulating Glass Units

Glazing Specification for Sealed

Insulating Glass Units

Certification Program for Sealed

Insulating Glass Units Including

License Agreement Certification Affidavit

19,32,33

90. Illinois 3 1971

91.

92.

93.

94,

95,

New York 31806-0313

1971

Oregon 64-200-901C

1969

Oregon 64-575-9010

1969

Pennsylvania G-4

1971

Rhode Island 1-004A

1969

Steel Window Institute

Standard Specification for Glass, Flat

for Glazing

Specification for Glass, Flat

(for Glazing Purposes)

Standard Specification for Plate

and Sheet Glass

Standard Specification for Plastic

Panels; Glass Fiber Reinforced

Polyester (Structural and Glazing

Purposes)

Specification for Flat and Corrugated

Glass (for Glazing Purposes)

Specification for Steel Bookcase;

Sliding Glass Doors (Office Furniture)

19,32,33

96.

97.

Steel Window Institute Recommended Specifications for Steel

1973 Windows (reissued annually)

Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc.

UL 972 (1972) See ANSI SE4. 5-1972 11,12,15

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IV. List of Test Methods Described in This Report

IMPACT Tests Page

1. IMPACT TEST (Breakage/1/2 lb. Ball - 10 ft. /All) 25

2. IMPACT TEST (Breakage-Delamination/1/2 lb. Ball - 10 ft , /Tempered- 26

Laminated)

3. IMPACT TEST (Breakage/1 lb„ Ball - 5 ft. /Tempered) 27

4. IMPACT TEST (Breakage/1.18 lb. Ball - 4.3 ft . /Tempered) 28

5. IMPACT TEST (Fragments/1/2 lb. Ball - 11 ft « /Tempered) 29

6. IMPACT TEST (Breakage/1/2 lb. Ball - 7, 9, 12 ft . /Tempered) 30

7. IMPACT TEST (Fragments / 1/2 lb. Ball - 6 to 18 ft. /Plastic) 31

8. IMPACT TEST (Breakage/2 lb - 4.5 ft. /Plastic) 32

9. IMPACT TEST (Fragments /1/2 lb. Ball - 30 ft. /Multiple Glazed Unit) 33

10. IMPACT TEST (Penetration/1/2 lb. Ball - 30 ft. /Laminated) 34

11. IMPACT TEST (Penetration/5 lb. Ball - 10 ft. /All) 35

12. IMPACT TEST (Penetration/5 lb. Ball - 10 ft. /All-Temp Range) 36

13. IMPACT TEST (Penetration/5 lb. Ball - 12 ft . /Lamina ted) 37

14o IMPACT TEST (Delamination/5 lb. Ball - 20 ft. /Laminated) 38

15. IMPACT TEST (Penetration/5 lb. Ball - 40 ft. /All) 39

16. IMPACT TEST (Delamination/1/2 lb. Ball - Breakage Height/Laminated) 40

17. IMPACT TEST (Breakage-Fragments/11 lb. Bag - 4 ft „ /Laminated-Tempered) 41

18. IMPACT TEST (Breakage/11 lb. Bag - 8 ft. /All) 42

19. IMPACT TEST (Breakage-Fragments /lOO lb. Bag, l-lo5-4 ft. /All) 43

20. IMPACT TEST (Fragments /7 oz. Dart - 10 ft. /Wire) 44

21. IMPACT TEST (Fragments /7 oz. Dart - 6 to 18 ft. /Plastic) 45

22. IMPACT TEST ('Penetration/7 oz. Dart - 30 ft . /Laminated) 46

LOAD Tests ^

23. LOAD TEST (Breakage/Punch-Load to Max/Tempered) 47

24. LOAD TEST (Breakage /Vacuum Load to Break/Spandrel) ^8

25. LOAD TEST (Breakage/Air Pressure Difference to Max or Break/All) 49

26. LOAD Test (Breakage/Vacuum Load to Max/Spandrel) 50

Other Tests

27. PUNCH TEST (Fragments/Spring-Loaded Punch/Tempered) 51

28. STRESS TEST (Modulus or Rupture/Single Bend/All) 52

29. STRESS TEST (Modulus or Rupture/Cyclic Bending/Tempered) 53

30. NGN- DESTRUCTIVE TEST (Internal Stress/Polariscope/Tempered) 54

31. HARDNESS TEST (Hardness /Knoop Identation/Tempered) 55

32. BOIL TEST (Delamination/Boiling Water - 2 hrs „ /Lamina ted) 56

33. WEATHERING TEST (Strength Loss/Carbon-Arc Lamp - 2000 hrs . /Plastic) 57

34. ELASTICITY (Young's Modulus-Shear Modulus - Poisson's Ratio/ 58

Vibration/All)

24
1. IMPACT TEST (Breakage/ 1/2 lb. Ball - 10 ft. /All)

TITLE

;

IMPACT TEST

PURPOSE ;

Made to determine whether safety glass has a certain minimum strength

under impact.

REFERENCE ;

ANSI Z26. 1-1966 (R-1973) Safety Code for Glazing Materials for Glazing

Motor Vehicles Operating on Land Highways. (Test No. 6)

PROCEDURE ;

A 1/2 pound steel ball is dropped 10 feet to the center of

a horizontally mounted specimen 12" x 12" at a temperature

between 70°F and 85°F.

TEST CRITERIA ;

Not more than two of the twelve specimens may crack or break as a result of this impact.

25
2. IMPACT TFST (nrooknoQ- Ln ini nn tion/ 1/2 lb. Hn H - 10 ft. / Tc'm{)er fcl - L-ini n.i Lud)

TITLE: IMPACT TEST

PURPOSE ;

Covers impact resistance of glass and laminated glass to breakage

and spalling on impact and, in the case of laminated glass,

resistance to separation of the glass from the plastic laminating

materials

.

REFERENCE ;

Canadian Government Specification Board: 12-GP- lb- 1971 Standard

for Glass: Safety, for Guilding Construction.

PROCEDURE :

A 1/2 pound steel ball is dropped 10 ft. on the center of p horizontallv

mounted specimen 12" x 12". Laminated glass is tested at 0°F and

120°F, Tempered glass is tested at 73''F.

TEST CRITERIA ;

(a) For laminated glass - At the point immediately opposite the

point of impact the small fragments of glass that leave the specimen

must expose less than 1 square inch of the laminating material whose

surface must always be well covered with tiny particles of tightly

adhering glass. Total separation of glass from the reinforcing

material must not exceed 3 square inches on either side.

(b) For tempered glass - Not mere than three specimens, wheii five are tested, shall fracture.

26
3. IMPACT TEST (Breakage/1 lb. Ball - 5 ft. /Tempered)

TITLE ; IMPACT TEST

PURPOSE ;

To determine the resistance to breakage of the impacted glazing

materia 1

.

REFERENCE ;

GTA XYZ2, Tempered Glass for Telephone Booths (1966).

PROCEDURE ;

Randomly selected sheets are used in the impact test. The specimen

to be tested is placed horizontally on a rectangular wooden frame

and a 1 pound ball is dropped so as to strike the glass with approximately

five foot pounds of energy.

TEST CRITERIA ;

If the first glass tested fails (breaks), three additional sheets

of glass are tested and all must pass.

27
4. IMPACT TEST (Breakage /I . 18 lb. Ball - 4.3 ft . /Tempered)

TITLE : IMPACT TEST

PURPOSE :

To determine whether the glazing material being tested has a certain minimum strength,

REFERENCE :

GTA 61-1-20, Flat or Bent Tempered Glass for Television Receiver

Safety Windows.

PROCEDURE :

The glass specimen is placed in a horizontal position for the test.

Flat glass samples are supported on the two short sides, while bent

glass is mounted on four pads with the convex side up. A 1.18 pound steel

ball is then dropped onto the approximate center of the glass surface,

striking it with about five foot pounds of energy.

TEST CRITERIA :

When impacted as described above, the glass shall not break.

28
5. IMPACT TEST (Fragments/ 1/2 lb. Ball - 11 ft . /Tempered)

TITLE ; FRACTURE TEST

PURPOSE:

To determine the fracturing characteristics of safety glass when

broken,

REFERENCE ;

ANSI Z26. 1-1966 (R-1973) Safety Code for Glazing Materials for Glazing

Motor Vehicles Operating on Land Highways. (Test No. 7) See also

standards nos. 32, 35 and 60 on list.

PROCEDURE ;

A temperature-stabilized (70°-85°) flat specimen (12" x 12") is

supported horizontally in a hardwood frame. A 1/2 pound steel ball

is dropped from 11 ft., (or higher in 1 ft. increments) until the

glass is broken.

TEST CRITERIA ;

No individual fragments obtained three minutes after the test may

weigh more than 0.15 ounces.

29
6. IMPACT TEST (Breakage/ 1/2 lb. Ball - 7, 9, 12 ft . /Tempered)

TITLE : IMPACT TEST

PURPOSE ;

To determine v?hether the glazing material possesses a certain

minimum strength under impact.

REFERENCE ;

MIL-G-2857A (1968), Glass, Heat-Treated, Glazing, Rectangular (for

bridge windows),

PROCEDURE ;

The test specimen is placed on a rectangular frame and impacted near

its center. Since heat-treated glass cannot be cut, sheets are used

as received. Each specimen is impacted once with a 1/2 pound steel

ball from 7, 9 or 12 feet depending on whether glass is 1/4, 11/32

or 12/32 inch thick.

TEST CRITERIA ;

Glass shall not crack or show any visible change.

30
7. IMPACT TEST (Fragments/ 1/2 lb. Ball - 6 to 18 ft. /Plastic)

TITLE: IMPACT TEST

PURPOSE ;

Made to determine whether the plastic has a certain minimum

strength and whether it is properly made.

REFERENCE ;

ANSI Z26. 1-1966 (R-1973) Safety Code for Glazing Materials for Glazing

Motor Vehicles Operating on Land Highways. (Test No. 13)

PROCEDURE

;

A 1/2 pound solid, smooth, steel sphere is dropped once from a height determined by the thickness of the plastic, ranging from ( (.125" or less) to 18 ft. (.250" or more) , onto the center of a horozontally mounted specimen 12" x 12" at a temperature between

70°F and 85°F.

TEST CRITERIA ;

The impact may produce cracks in the plastic; not more than two

of the specimens shall break into separate large pieces, nor shall more than two of the remaining specimens develop a fracture

which can be described as a hole through the body of the specimen^

At the point immediately opposite the point of impact, small fragments

of plastic may leave the specimen, but if laminated, the small area

thus affected shall expose less than 1 square inch of reinforcing or strengthening material, the surface of which shall always be well

covered with particles of tightly adhering plastic. Total

separation of plastic from the reinforcing or strengthening material

shall not exceed 3 square inches on either side.

31
8. IMPACT TEST (Breakase/2 lb, - 4.5 f t . /Plas tic)

TITLE ; SHAITERPROOFNESS TEST

PURPOSE ;

To determine the susceptibility of plastics to shattering under

impact

.

REFERENCE ;

Fed. Test Method Std. No. 406, Method 1073.

PROCEDURE ;

The 12 X 12 inch test specimen is mounted horizontally in a supporting

frame. A steel ball weighing 2 lbs. is released magnetically from a height of 4.5 ft. so as to strike the specimen once at its approximate

center

,

TEST CRITERIA ;

Specimen must sustain the impact without shattering.

COMMENTS ;

For detailed discussion of the sampling procedure and reporting of

test results, see Fed. Test Method Std. No. 406.

32
9. IMPACT TEST (Fragments/ 1/2 lb. Ball - 30 ft. /Multiple Glazed Unit)

TITLE ; IMPACT TEST

PURPOSE ;

To determine strength and breakage characteristics of multiple

glazed units.

REFERENCE ;

ANSI Z26. 1-1966 (R-1973) Safety Code for Glazing Materials for Glazing

Motor Vehicles Operating on Land Highways. (Test No. 14)

PROCEDURE ;

A 1/2 pound steel ball is dropped repeatedly from 30 feet onto the

center of a horizontally mounted specimen 12" x 12" at a temperature

between 70°F and 85°F until all component layers are damaged. If

necessary, the weight of the ball or the height of the drop may be

increased

.

Twenty-four specimens of multiple-glazed units, nonsymmetrical in

construction rather than In shape, are tested on both sides, using

a separate sample for impacting opposite sides.

TEST CRITERIA ;

No single fragment of glazing material free from cracks or separated from reinforcing or strengthening material shall

exceed 2 square inches in area.

33
10. IMPACT TEST (Penetration/ 1/2 lb. Ball - 30 ft . /Lamina ted^

TITLE ; IMPACT TEST

PURPOSE ;

Made to determine whether the safety glass has a certain minimum

strength and whether it is properly made.

REFERENCE ;

ANSI Z26. 1-1966 (R-1973) Safety Code for Glazing Materials for

Glazing Motor Vehicles Operating on Land Highways. <Test No. 12)

See also standard #55.

PROCEDURE : A 1/2 pound steel ball is dropped once from 30 feet onto the

center of a horizontally mounted 12" x 12" specimen at a temperature

between 70°F and 85°F. Twelve specimens are stuck on the side

of the specimen which would be glazed to the outside^

TEST CRITERIA ;

The impact may produce a large number of cracks in the glass; not more than two of the specimens may break into separate large

pieces. In no more than two of the remaining specimens shall the

ball produce a hole or fracture at any location in the specimen

through which the ball will pass.

At the point immediately opposite the point of impact, small

fragments of glass may leave the specimen, but the small area thus

affected shall expose less than 1 square inch of reinforcing or strengthening material, the surface of which shall always be well

covered with tiny particles of tightly adhering glass. Total

separation of glass from the reinforcing or strengthening material

shall not exceed 3 square inches on either side.

Spalling of the outer glass surface opposite the point of impact

and adjacent to the area of impact is not to be considered failure.

34
11. IMPACT TEST (Penetration/5 lb. Ball - 8 ft. /All)

TITLE ; THERMAL CONDITIONING TEST FOR OUTDOOR USE

PURPOSE ;

To determine the penetration resistance of the glazing material

upon impact following extreme temperature conditioning.

REFERENCE ;

ANSI SE4. 5-1972, Burglary Resisting Glazing Material (UL 972-1972).

PROCEDURE ;

Twenty flat 24 x 24-inch specimens are tested. Prior to testing,

ten samples are conditioned at a temperature of 120°F for at least

4 hours, and the remaining ten are conditioned at a temperature of

minus 14°F for the same length of time. Inmediately upon removal

from the conditioning chamber the specimen is mounted horizontally

and the 5 pound steel ball is released from 8 feet so as to strike

the sample successively at five different locations within a 5-inch

diameter circle centered on the test specimen.

TEST CRITERIA :

The steel ball shall not penetrate the glazing material on any one

of the five impacts on 9 of the 10 samples tested. Penetration

occurs when the ball passes completely through the glazing material^

35
12. IMPACT TEST (Penetration/5 lb. Ball - 10 ft. /All-Temp Range)

TITLE : THERMAL CONDITIONING TEST FOR INDOOR USE

PURPOSE ;

To determine the penetration resistance of thermally conditioned

glazing material upon impact.

REFERENCE:

ANSI SE4. 5-1972, Burglary Resisting Glazing Material (UL 972-1972),

PROCEDURE :

The glazing material shall be capable of withstanding five

50 foot-pound impacts, as produced by dropping a steel ball,

weighing 5 pounds, through a vertical distance of 10 feet

following thermal conditioning of the material.

The test shall be conducted on 10 samples of the material conditioned

at a temperature of 29°C (95°F) , and on 10 additional samples conditioned

at a temperature of 17°C (55°F). All samples shall be conditioned

at the specified temperatures for at least 4 hours prior to this test.

TEST CRITERIA :

The steel ball shall not penetrate the glazing material on any one

of the five impacts on 9 of the 10 samples tested. Penetration

occurs when the ball passes completely through the glazing material.

36
13. IMPACT TEST (Penetration/5 lb. Ball - 12 ft . /Lamina ted)

TITLE ; PENETRATION RESISTANCE

PURPOSE ;

To determine whether the glazing material has satisfactory

penetration resistance.

REFERENCE ;

ANSI Z26. 1-1966 Safety Code for Glazing Materials for Glazing Motor

Vehicles Operating on Land Highways (Test No. 26). See also

standards 32, 55 and 83,

PROCEDURE ;

Ten 12 x 12 inch specimens at 70-85°F are tested by dropping a

5 pound steel ball from a height of 12 feet onto the center of

each specimen. The specimens are mounted horizontally in a wooden frame.

TEST CRITERIA ;

The ball may not pass through more than two of the specimens within

5 seconds after impact. Cracks in the glass, tears in the reinforcing

interlayer material, or a substantial permanent deformation in the

shape of the specimen is not reason for failure.

37
14. IMPACT TEST (De lamina tion/5 lb. Ball - 20 ft . /Laminated)

TITLE : IMPACT TEST (Bullet Resistant Glass)

PURPOSE:

To determine whether the bullet resistant glass plies are satisfactorily bonded together.

REFERENCE ;

ANSI Z26. 1-1966 (R-1973) Safety Code for Glazing Materials for Glazing

Motor Vehicles Operating on Land Highways (Test No. 29).

PROCEDURE

;

A 12" X 12" horizontally mounted specimen at 0°+10°F is

impacted by a 5 pound steel ball from a height o^f 20 feet onto the approximate center of the test specimen. If all

glass plies are not broken on the first ball impact, the specimen

shall be reversed and the same test "repeated on the opposite glass

surface. Any impact not occurring in the approximate center of the

assembly shall be considered unfair and shall be disregarded and

another assembly tested. The impact or impacts, shall cause all glass

plies to fracture. Two specimens shall be tested.

TEST CRITERIA ;

A specimen shall be considered to fail the ball impact test when

delamination occurs between any adjacent glass or plastic plies

along any crack or fracture line which extends over 1/8" normal

to such crack or fracture line. The spalling off of a cone shaped mass in the area opposite the point of impact shall be disregarded.

38
15. IMPACT TEST (Penetration/5 lb. Ball - 40 ft. /All)

TITLE ; HIGH- ENERGY IMPACT TEST

PURPOSE ;

To determine the penetration resistance of the glazing material

to an impacting object of high energy.

REFERENCE :

ANSI SE4. 5-1972, Burglary Resisting Glazing Material (UL 972-1972).

PROCEDURE ;

A steel ball weighing five pounds is dropped onto the approximate

center of the horizontallj^ mounted test specimen from a vertical

distance of 40 feet. Three flat 24 x 24-inch specimens are used,

with each specimen being impacted only once at its approximate

center. Specimens are maintained at room temperature (70°80°F).

TEST CRITERIA ;

The steel ball shall not penetrate the glazing material. Penetration

occurs when the ball passes completely through the glazing material.

39
16. IMPACT TEST (Delamina tion/ 1/2 lb. Ball-Breakage Height/Laminated)

TITLE : IMPACT TEST FOR BULLET- RESISTANT GLASS

PURPOSE ;

In test resistance to delamination of bullet-resistant glass.

REFERENCE ;

U.S. Dept. of Defense, Military Specification MIL-G-5485C, 1971

Glass, Laminated, Flat, Bullet-Resistant. See also standard no. 65.

PROCEDURE ;

A 1/2 pound smooth steel sphere is dropped from a sufficient height

to cause breakage at the center of a specimen. If all the glass

plies are not broken, the specimen is reversed and the impact repeated

until all the glass plies are broken.

TEST CRITERIA ;

The specimen is rejected if the glass separates from the laminating

material.

40
1 7. IMPACT TEST (Breakage-Fragments /II lb. Bag - 4 ft . /Lamina ted- Tempered)

TITLE ; IMPACT TEST

PURPOSE ;

Test resistance to impact by a heavy soft object.

REFERENCE :

Canadian Government Specification Board; 12-GP- lb- 1971 Standard

for Glass; Safety, for Building Construction.

PROCEDURE :

An 11 pound shot bag is dropped from a height of 4 feet onto a 12" X 12" flat specimen supported in a wooden frame at 68-78°F.

TEST CRITERIA ;

For laminated glass - The specimen glass may crack and lose its

rigidity but no single detached fragment may exceed 1 gram in weight.

For tempered glass - The specimen must not fracture.
18. IMPACT TEST (Breakage/11 lb. Bag - 8 ft. /All)

TITLE : IMPACT TEST

PURPOSE ;

Made to determine whether the safety glass has a certain minimum

strength under impact by a large yielding object.

REFERENCE ;

ANSI Z26. 1-1966 (R-1973) Safety Code for Glazing Materials for Glazing

Motor Vehicles Operating on Land Highways. (Test No 8)

PROCEDURE ;

Five 12" X 12" flat, horizontally mounted specimens at a temperature between 70°F - 85°F are impacted once by an

11 pound shot bag dropped from 8 feet.

TEST CRITERIA :

Not more than one specimen may crack or break as a result of the

impact

.

42
19o IMPACT TEST (Breakase-Frafflnents/100 lb. Bag, 1-1.5-4 ft. /All)

TITLE ; IMPACT TEST

PURPOSE :

Made to determine the resistance of the glass to impact when struck

by a heavy, relatively soft object.

REFERENCE ;

ANSI Z97. 1-1972 Performance Specification and Methods of Test for

Safety Glazing Materials Used in Buildings. See also standards

1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 25, 42, 43, 61, 63, 68, 74, 80 and 90.

PROCEDURE ;

A vertically mounted specimen is impacted at its center by a 100 pound

shot bag swinging in a pendulum arc from a height of 12", 18", and 48"

or until breakage occurs.

TEST CRITERIA ;

The glazing material passes the test if each of four specimens meets

any one of the following criteria;

(1) When breakage occurs, numerous cracks or fissures may appear

but no opening should develop through which a 3-inch diameter sphere

can freely pass.

(2) When disintegration occurs, the 10 largest crack-free

particles obtained 3 minutes after the test can weigh no more than

the equivalent weight of 10 square inches of the original specimen.

(3) When breakage occurs and results in several separate pieces,

none shall be of such a nature or shape that could be described as "sharp-edged, pointed, or dagger- like"

.

(4) The specimen remains intact after one 48-inch drop test,

though not necessarily remaining within the frame.

43
2 0. IMPACT TEST (Fragments/? oz . Dart - 10 ft. /Wire)

TITLE : IMPACT TEST

PURPOSE ;

To determine the behavior of wire glass under impact from a small,

hard object.

REFERENCE ;

Z26. 1-1966 (R-1973) Safety Code for Glazing Materials for Glazing

Motor Vehicles Operating on Land Highways. (Test No. 11)

PROCEDURE

;

Five 12" X 12" flat, horizontally mounted specimens between

20°F - 85°F are each struck at the center by a 7 ounce dart

dropped from 10 feet.

TEST CRITERIA;

The dart may crack the glass and may puncture the test specimen and

small particles may disengage themselves from both sides of the

specimen at and immediately around the point of impact, but no loose

or detached pieces shall leave any area of the specimen exclusive

of the area punctured by the dart. The glass on adjacent sides of each

crack extending from the area punctured by the dart must be held in

place by the reinforcing or strengthening material, and no glass shall

be freed from reinforcing or strengthening material for a distance

greater than 1-1/2 inches from a crack.

44
2L I>iPACT TEST (Fragments/7 oz. Dart - 6 to 18 ft. /Plastic)

TITLE : IMPACT TEST

PURPOSE :

To determine the behavior of plastic under impact from a small hard

object

.

REFERENCE ;

ANSI Z26. 1-1966 (R-1973) Safety Code for Glazing Materials for

Glazing Motor Vehicles Operating on Land Highways (Test No. 10).

PROCEDURE:

Five 12" X 12" flat, horizontally mounted specimens between

70°F - 85°F are each struck at the center by a 7 ounce dart

dropped once onto the center of the specimen. The drop height

is determined by the thickness of the plastic, ranging from

6 feet (.125" or less) to 18 feet (.250" or more).

TEST CRITERIA ;

The dart may crack or puncture the test specimen but not more than

one specimen shall break into separate large pieces.

At the point immediately opposite the point of impact, small

fragments of plastic may leave the specimen, but if laminated,

the small area thus affected shall expose less than 1 square inch

of reinforcing or strengthening material, the surface of which shall

always be well covered with particles of tightly adhering plastic.

Total separation of plastic from the reinforcing or strengthening

material shall not exceed 3 square inches on either side.

45
2?. IMPACT TEST (Penetration/7 oz. Dart - 30 ft . /Lamina ted)

TITLE ; IMPACT TEST

PURPOSE ;

To determine resistance to penetration under impact from a small,

hard object

.

REFERENCE ;

ANSI Z26. 1-1966 (R-1973) Safety Code for Glazing Materials for Glazing

Motor Vehicles Operating on Land Highways (Test No. 9). See

also standard no. 55.

PROCEDURE ;

Five 12" X 12" flat specimens, horizontally mounted, at a temperature between 70°F - 85°F, are each struck at the center

by a 7 ounce steel dart dropped once from 20 feet.

TEST CRITERIA ;

The dart may crack the glass and may puncture the test specimen.

However, the hole so produced must not be sufficiently large to

permit passage of the body of the dart completely through the specimen.

Small particles may disengage themselves from both sides of the

specimen at and immediately around the point of the impact, but no loose or detached pieces may leave any area of the specimen exclusive

of the area punctured by the dart. The glass on adjacent sides of

each crack extending from the area punctured by the dart must be

held in place by the reinforcing or strengthening material, and no glass shall be freed from reinforcing or strengthening material for a distance greater than 1-1/2 inches from a crack. Spalling of the

outer glass surface opposite the point of impact and adjacent to

the area of impact is not to be considered a failure. Not more than

one specimen shall break into separate large pieces.

46
23. LOAD TEST (Breakase/Punch-Load to Max/Tempered)

TITLE ; PROOF LOAD (PUNCH) TEST

PURPOSE :

To determine non-destructively the resistance to breakage of

glass.

REFERENCE ;

ISO 614-1973, Shipbuilding - Non-Destructive Strength Testing of

' Toughened Safety Glasses for Ships' Side Scuttles and Rectangular

Windows - Punch Method. See also standard no. 34.

PROCEDURE:

The test specimen is placed in a horizontal position with a pad

interposed between the glass and the punch. The test load is then

applied to the punch and increased steadily until the specified

load is attained. This load is held for five seconds, then gradually

removed (see standard for details).

TEST CRITERIA :

Specimen must withstand proof load found in Table 2 of standard.

Number of specimens and test trials, provisions for

failures, sampling procedure, etc. are not discussed.

47
24. LOAD TEST (Breakage /Vacuum Load to Break/Spandrel)

TITLE : UNIFORM LOAD STRENGTH TEST

PURPOSE:

To determine whether the glazing material possesses a certain

minimum strength under pressure.

REFERENCE ;

CGSB 12-GP-9, Glass, Spandrel, for Building Construction (1972).

PROCEDURE ;

A Rectangular sample at least 75% in each dimension of the

maximum size normally furnished is mounted in a vacuum chamber

with all edges supported by a soft material. The chamber

pressure is reduced at a sufficient rate to produce a .1 in.

deflection each minute. The mean average breaking pressure for

8 specimens is recorded.

TEST CRITERIA :

The average load strength of the eight samples tested shall meet the

minimum value in Table 3 of the standard.

48
2 5. LOAD TEST (Breakage/Air Pressure Difference to Max or Break/All)

TITLE ; LOAD TEST

PURPOSE ;

To determine the structural performance of exterior windows,

curtain walls, and doors under static air pressure differences

representing wind loads.

REFERENCE :

ASTM E330-70, Structural Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain

Walls, and Doors under the Influence of Wind Loads. See also

standards 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 78, and 79.

PROCEDURE :

"This method consists of sealing the test specimen into or against

one face of a test chamber, supplying air to or exhausting air from

the chamber at the rate required to maintain the test-pressure

difference across the specimen, and measuring and observing the

deflection, deformations, and nature of any failures of principal or critical members." Windows, doors, and other test specimens consist

of the entire assembled unit, including frame and anchorage. "The

outer side of the specimen shall face the higher pressure side for

positive wind loads; the indoor side shall face the higher pressure

side for negative wind loads." Two separate procedures are described

one for use when a specific test load is to be supplied and the

other for use in determining the ultimate load, or point at which

failure of the specimen occurs. These procedures are discussed in

detail in ASTM E330-70.

TEST CRITERIA ;

Two successive failures (breakages) of specimens determine that the

glass is inappropriate for a given test pressure. (See Appendix of

ASTM E330-70 for details.)

49
2 6. LOAD TEST (Breakage/Vaccum Load to Max/ Spandrel)

TITLE ; LOAD TEST

PURPOSE ;

To determine the behavior of spandrel glass when subjected to

heavy loads.

REFERENCE :

GTA 66-9-20, Specifications for Spandrel Glass-Ceramic Enameled,

Tempered or Heat-Strengthened (1969)

.

PROCEDURE :

Jifferential pressure loauG are applied to a iioriizor'.tally

mounted specimen by evacuating the area underneath the

specimen. The required differential pressure load is

determined by applicable highest wind loads determined by

National Weather Service charts or as specified by an arcrtrltacto

TEST CRITERIA ;

The sample must sustain a specified load equivalent to subjection to

a certain high wind velocity for a period of one minute without

breaking or showing excessive deflection. The ultimate load which

the specimen can support is also determined.

COMMENTS :

See also PPG Technical Service Report No. 101 for wind velocity

equivalents of various loads.

50
27. PUNCH TEST (Fragments /Spring-Loaded Punch/Tempered)

TITLE : PUNCH PRICK TEST

PURPOSE ;

To determine whether heat strengthened or fully tempered glass

breaks in a safe break pattern.

REFERENCE ;

General Services Administration, Federal Specification,

FS-DD-G-1403 B (1972), Glass, Plate (Float), Sheet, Figured,

and Spandrel (Heat Strengthened and Fully Tempered). See also

standards 32, 66, 68, 69, 72.

PROCEDURE ;

A horizontally supported specimen stabilized at 7n°-fiS°F

is broken by the use of a spring loaded carbide tipped center

punch, or a center punch struck by a hammer, applied within 1/2"

of any two edges of the specimen.

TEST CRITERIA ;

No crack- free particle taken from the specimen at any place, except

from an area of 2" radius about the center punch mark, shall weigh

more than 4.5 grams.

COMMENTS ;

Other references are Glass Tempering Association "Engineering

Standards Manual" Specification No. 64-3-16, Rev. #1; Libby-OwensFord Company Bulletin 8.26 Li (1974) "Glass and Glazing".

51
2 8. STRESS TEST (Modulus of Rupture /Single Bend/All)

TITLE ; DETERMINATION OF MODULUS OF RUPTURE

PURPOSE:

To determinine the stress of which a glass specimen breaks during a flexure (bending) test.

REFERENCE ; ,

ASTM Test Method C-158 Determination of Modulus of Rupture.

PROCEDURE :

Specimens having cut edges shall be broken with the cutter marks on

the side under compression. The permissible initial load shall not

exceed that corresponding to a stress of approximately 4000 psi.

The specimen shall be bent until fractured under a constant loading

rate such that the rate of increase of stress is 10,000 ± 1,000 psi

per min. No specimen may be rejected during test because of low

flexural strength.

TEST CRITERIA:

The maximum, minimum and average of the modulus of rupture for each

group of similar specimens is recorded along with the values of the

stress due to the initial load, and the rate of increase of stress.

52
29. STRESS TEST (Modulus of Rupture/Cyclic Bending/Tempered)

TITLE ; STRESS TEST-MODULUS OF RUPTURE

PURPOSE ;

To determine whether semitempered or tempered glass specimens have

a minimum average strength.

REFERENCE:

U.S. Dept. of Defense, Military Specification MIL-G-25667B , 1970,

Glass, Monolithic, Aircraft Glazing.

PROCEDURE ;

The specimens are subjected to a specified number of cycles of

stress or until fracture occurs using a rotating beam fatigue

machine of the R. R. Moore type capable of operating speeds of 3,450

or 10,000 revolutions per minute.

TEST CRITERIA ;

The following results are reported:

(1) The constant-stress flexural fatigue strength in pounds per

square inch at the number of cycles specified.

(2) The stress in pounds per square inch to which each specimen was subjected and the number of cycles of stress required to break the

specimen

,

(3) The constant stress at which the specimens were subjected to the

flexure stress cycle.

(4) Curve of stress as ordinate versus the logarithm of the number

of cycles required for fracture as abscissa on semilogar ithmic

graph paper.

(5) The type of specimen, notched or unnotched.

(6) The operating speed of the machine in revolutions per minute.

COMMENT ;

The test method is fully described in Federal Test Method Standard

406, Method 1062 "Constant-Stress Flexural Fatigue Strength".

53
3 0. NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST (Internal Stress/Polarlscope/Tempered)

TITLE : POLARISCOPIC COMPARISON

PURPOSE ;

To determine whether semltempered or tempered glass specimens have

a minimum average strength as compared to a reference sample.

REFERENCE ;

,

.

U.S. Dept. of Defense, Military Specification MIL-G-25667B, 1970,

Glass, Monolithic, Aircraft Glazing. See also standards, 24, 34,

40, 54, 66, 67 and 69.

PROCEDURE ;

Specimen Is compared optically with a polarlscope to a reference

sample of the same glass which is of known strength.

TEST CRITERIA;

Specimen must Indicate strength equal to the reference specimen.

COMMENTS

Glass manufacturers used non-destructive testing as part of their

quality control procedures. It may be feasible to develop a portable

device which would permit non-destructive testing of Installed glass.

A portable device could detect stresses caused by improper installation

as well as defects due to the manufacturing processes.

54
31. HARDNESS TEST (Hardness /Knoop Indentation/Tempered)

TITLE ; KNOOP INDENTATION HARDNESS TEST

PURPOSE ;

To determine the relative hardness of specimens in a batch of glass

or the change in hardness caused by thermal or chemical treatment

of glass.

REFERENCE ;

ASTM Test Method, C-730 Tentative Method of Test for Knoop

Indentation Hardness of Glass.

PROCEDURE ;

A predetermined test load is applied to the indents of the

hardness apparatus which bears on the glass specimen. The load

is removed and the length of the diagonals of the indentations made

in the glass by the applied load bearing on the indents is measured

with a microscope. This length is related to the hardness of the

glass. The instrument may be calibrated with standard glasses available

from the National Bureau of Standards.

TEST CRITERIA ;

Not applicable.

COMMENTS ;

Attempts have been made to relate Knoop Indentation Hardness to

tensile strength, grinding speeds, and other hardness scales,

but no generally accepted methods are available. Such conversions

are limited in scope and should be used with caution, except for

special cases where a reliable basis for the conversion has been

obtained by comparison tests.

55
(

32. BOIL TEST (De lamina t ion/Boi 1 ing Water - 2 hrs . /Laminated)

TITLE: BOIL TEST

PURPOSE:

To determine the probable effect of exposure to tropical

temperatures and conditions on safety glazing,

REFERENCE :

ANSI Z97. 1-1972 Performance Specifications and Methods of Test for

Safety Glazing Material Used in Buildings. See also standards

1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 25, 32, 35, 61, 63, 74, 80 and 90.

PROCEDURE :

Three 12 x 12 inch flat specimens are immersed, vertically on edge,

in water at 150°F for 3 minutes and then, quickly transferred to and

similarly immersed in boiling water where they are held for 2 hours

and then removed.

TEST CRITERIA :

There shall be no bubble or other defects develop more than

1/2 inch from the outer edge of the specimen or from any crack

that may develop.

56
3 3. WEATHERING TEST (Strength Loss /Carbon-Arc Lamp-2000 hrs . /Plastic )

TITLE ; WEATHERING TEST

PURPOSE :

To determine whether the plastic will successfully retain its

safety characteristics after exposure to simulated weathering

conditions for an extended period of time.

REFERENCE ;

ANSI Z97. 1-1972 Performance Specifications and Methods of Test

for Safety Glazing Materials Used in Buildings. See also

standards 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 25, 43, 61, 63, 74, 80 and

PROCEDURE ;

The specimen is exposed 2000 hours to a twin enclosed carbon-arc

lamp apparatus in accordance with ASTM D-1499 requirements.

TEST CRITERIA ;

Specimens are evaluated before and after exposure by the Charpy

Unnotched Impact Test with the weather-side of the specimens

subject to tension in the test. The material is acceptable if

the impact strength has not been reduced more than 25% during the

2000 hour exposure. There shall be no bubbles or noticeable

decomposition occur during the 2000 hour exposure.

57
3 4. ELASTICITY (Young's Modulus-Shear Modulus-Poisson 's Ratio/Vibration/

Ain

^

TITLE : TEST FOR YOUNG'S MODULUS /SHEAR MODULUS /POISSON 'S RATIO

PURPOSE :

To determine the elastic properties of glass and glass-ceramic

materials.

REFERENCE ;

ASTM Test Method C-623 Tentative Method of Test for Young's Modulus,

Shear Modulus, and Poisson's Ratio for Glass and Glass-Ceramics by

Resonance.

PROCEDURE ;

Specimens of these materials possess specific mechanical resonance

frequencies which are defined by the elastic moduli, density, and

geometry of the test specimen. Therefore the elastic properties of

a material can be computed if the geometry, density, and mechanical

resonance frequencies of a suitable test specimen of that material

can be measured. Young's modulus is determined using the resonance

frequency in the flexural mode of vibration. The shear modulus, or modulus of rigidity is found using torsional resonance vibrations.

Young's modulus and shear modulus are used to compute Poisson's ratio

the factor of lateral contraction. For details of procedure, see referenced test methods. -

TEST CRITERIA :

Not applicable.

58
APPENDIX

Basic Definitions Relating to Architectural Glazing

ANNEALED GLASS

Glass which has been subjected to a controlled, relatively

slow cooling process to prevent or remove objectional stresses.

Annealed glass is used for a wide variety of products, including

windows and doors. When broken, annealed glass characteristically

breaks into long, sharp, dagger-like pieces.

ARCHITECTURAL GLAZING

Architectural glazing as defined by the CPSC includes:

(a) entrance and exit doors, including storm doors and

sliding glass panels

(b) windows

(c) glazed panels adjacent to doors

(d) bathtub and shower enclosures

COATED GLASS

Glazing consisting of a piece of glass coated and bonded on one or both sides with an applied plastic coating, sheeting, or

film. The strength and breakage pattern is similar to annealed

glass, but the coating holds the broken pieces together.

LAMINATED GLASS

Glazing which is a composite of two or more pieces of annealed

glass held together by an intervening layer or layers of plastic

material. If broken, the pieces of glass tend to adhere to the

plastic. The plastic interlayer also makes it difficult to

penetrate the glazing.

PLASTIC

Glazing which consists of a sheet of plastic material, a combination of two or more plastic sheets laminated together, or

a combination of plastic material with reinforcing fibers or

flakes. Acrylic, polycarbonate, and polystyrene plastics are commonly used for glazing. Plastic materials are strong and

flexible, and if impacted, tend to pop out of their frames rather

than crack. When broken, the edges are usually not sharp, although

they may be pointed.

59
Appendix, continued

SAFETY GLAZING

Glazing material constructed, treated, or combined with other

materials such that in comparison to ordinary annealed glass, the

likelihood of lacerative injury due to its breakage is significantly

decreased. Safety glazing includes laminated glass, tempered glass,

wire safety glass, coated glass, and plastics.

TEMPERED GLASS

Glass which has been thermally or chemically treated to significantly increase its mechanical strength. When broken, tempered glass

disintegrates into innumerable small fragments of more or less

cubical shape.

WIRE SAFETY GLASS

Glass with a layer of wire mesh completely imbedded within

the sheet. When the glass is broken, the wire mesh tends to hold

the broken pieces together. Safety wire glass is so constructed

as to withstand higher impacts than normal wire glass, which is

used for fire safety applications.

60
NBS-114A (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBSIR 76-1109

2. Gov't Accession

No.

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4, TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Architectural Glazing Safety Standard:

Survey of Codes and Standards

5. Publication Date

junp 1 . I y/

n

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S)

oaiiiuiu L> . Muici

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

Consumer Product Safety Commission

5401 Westbard Ave.

Bethesda, Maryland 20014

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

Final

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) The report describes 34 test procedures extracted from 97 codes and standards

Identified in an extensive library search of English language codes and standards

relating to architectural glazing. The report also contains summaries of existing

state laws relating to safety glazing. Test descriptions include procedures, kinetic

energy levels, purpose of tests, and acceptance/rejection criteria. Test methods,

codes and standards, and sources are cross-referenced.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons

)

Architectural glazing; codes; Consumer Product Safety Committee; Consumer Safety Glazing Committee; glazing; impact tests; safety glazing; state law; standards

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