Hydraulic Research

in the United States

I960

United States Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

Miscellaneous Publication 231
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March

3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and

maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for making measurements consistent with these standards; the determination of physical constants and

properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials, devices,

and structures; advisory services to government agencies on scientific and technical problems; in- vention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the development

of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic and applied research,

development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and various

consultation and information services. Research projects are also performed for other government

agencies when the work relates to and supplements the basic program of the Bureau or when the

Bureau's unique competence is required. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions

and sections on the inside of the back cover.

Publications

The results of the Bureau's work take the form of either actual equipment and devices or published papers. These papers appear either in the Bureau's own series of publications or in the journals

of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three periodicals available from

the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, published in four separate sections,

presents complete scientific and technical papers; the Technical News Bulletin presents summary

and preliminary reports on work in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation Predictions provides data

for determining the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout the world. There

are also five series of nonperiodical publications: Monographs, Applied Mathematics Series, Handbooks, Miscellaneous Publications, and Technical Notes. Information on the Bureau's publications can be found in NBS Circular 460, Publications of the

National Bureau of Standards ($1.25) and its Supplement ($1.50), available from the Superintendent

of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OW COMMERCE • Frederick H. Muelter, Secretary NATIONAL iURIAV OF STANDARDS • A, V, Astin, Dirmot

Hydraulic Research

in the United States

I960

(Including Contributions from Canadian Laboratories)

Edited by Helen K, Middleten

National Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication 231

Issued August 5, 1960

For aale by the Superintendent of Document!, U,S, Government Printing Offiee, Washington 25, D.C. Prlee $1

FOREWORD

The information contained in this publication was compiled from reports "by the various hydraulic and hydrologic laboratories in the United States and

Canada. The cooperation of these agencies is greatly appreciated. The National Bureau of Standards cannot assume responsibility for the completeness for this

publication. We must depend upon reporting laboratories for the completeness of

the coverage of their own programs, as well as upon new laboratories engaged in

hydraulics to bring their activities to our attention.

Projects are numbered chronologically, and the number once assigned is repeated for identification purposes until a project is completed. Numbers

commencing with 3373 refer to projects which are reported for the first time.

All projects are in active state, unless otherwise noted under (f).

The National Bureau of Standards does not maintain a file of reports or detailed information regarding the research projects reported by other

organizations. Such information may be obtained from the correspondent listed

under (c) or immediately following the title of the organization reporting the

work. It is of course understood that any laboratory submitting reports on its

work will be willing to supply information to properly qualified inquirers.

A similar bulletin, "Hydraulic Research", compiled and published by the

International Association for Hydraulic Research, contains information on hydraulic research being conducted in foreign countries. This bulletin is

edited by Professor J. Th. Thijsse, Director of the Hydraulic Laboratory at the

Technical University of Delft, Netherlands, and Secretary of the International

Association for Hydraulic Research. Copies may be obtained from the Secretary

at $6.00 each (postage included).

A. V. Astin, Director

ill
CONTENTS

Page

Foreword

List of contributing laboratories

Project reports

Subject index

1 180

Key to Projects

(a) Number and title of project (e) Description

(b) Project conducted for (f) Present status

(c) Correspondent (g) Results

(d) Nature of project (h) Publications

iv
LIST OF CONTRIBUTING LABORATORIES

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS 1 Agricultural Engineering Dept., Fayettsville , Ark. Prof. Kyle Engler, Head

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS 1 Civil Engineering Dspt., Fayetteville, Arkansas

Prof. L. R. Heiple, Head

BALDWIN-LIMA-HAMILTON CORPORATION, THE 1 Hydraulic Turbine Lab., Philadelphia k2, Penna.

Mr. A. W. Madora, Supervisor, Hydraulic Turbine

Research Department

BEACH EROSION BOARD (see U. S. Government)

BONNEVILLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY (see U.S. Government, U.S. Army Engineer District, Portland)

BROOKLYN, POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF 2

333 Jay Street, Brooklyn 1, New York

Prof. Matthew W. Stewart Civil Engineering

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 2 Engineering Division, Pasadena k, California

Prof. Milton S. Plesset, Applied Mechanics

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 3 Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Pasadena k, California

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY k Sedimentation Laboratory, Pasadena k, California

Dr. Vito A. Vanoni, Professor of Hydraulics

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 5 College of Agriculture, Davis, California

Mr. Robert M. Hagan, Chairman, Dept. of Irrigation

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 6 College of Agriculture, Los Angeles 2k, Calif.

Prof. A. F. Pillsbury, Chairman

Department of Irrigation and Soil Science

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 7 College of Engineering, Berkeley k, California

Prof. J. W. Johnson, Hydraulic Engineering

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 13

Dept. of Naval Architecture, Berkeley k, Calif.

Prof. H. A. Schade, Chairman

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN ik

Research Foundation for Cross-Connection Control

Los Angeles 7, California

Dr. K. C. Reynolds, Supervisor

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN Ik

Dept. of General Engineering

Los Angeles "J, California

Dr. K. C. Reynolds, Head

CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 15 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Pittsburgh 13, Penna.

Dr. T. E. Stelson, Head

COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY 15 Hydraulics Laboratory

Civil Engineering Section, Fort Collins, Colo.

Dr. A.R. Chamberlin, Chief, Engineering Research

COLORADO, UNIVERSITY OF 23 Hydraulic Lab., Department of Civil Engineering

Boulder, Colorado

Prof. R. C. Rautenstraus, Dept. Chairman

CONNECTICUT, UNIVERSITY OF 23 Civil Engineering Dept., Box U-37, Storrs, Conn. Prof. Victor Scottron, Civil Engineering

CORNELL UNIVERSITY 23 School of Civil Engineering

Applied Hydraulic Laboratory, Ithaca, New York

Prof. Marvin Bogema, in Charge

DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN (see U.S. Government)

FLORIDA, UNIVERSITY OF 2k The Engineering and Industrial Experiment Sta. Coastal Engineering Laboratory, Gainesville, Fla.

Dr. Per Bruun

GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 25 Hydraulics Laboratory, School of Civil Engrg.

Atlanta, Georgia

Prof. C. E. Kindsvater

HARVARD UNIVERSITY 26

Div. of Engineering and Applied" Physics

Cambridge 38> Massachusetts

Prof. Harold A. Thomas, Jr.

IDAHO, UNIVERSITY OF 27 Engineering Experiment Station, Moscow, Idaho Dean Allen S. Janssen, Director

ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION 28 Box 232, Urbana, Illinois

Mr. William C. Ackermann, Chief

ILLINOIS STATE WATERWAYS DIVISION 31 Dept. of Public Works and Buildings

201 West Monroe St., Springfield, Illinois

Mr. Thomas B. Casey, Chief Waterway Engineer

ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF 31 Dept. of Agriculture Engineering, Urbana, 111.

Dr. Frank B. Lanhara, Head

ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF 32 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Urbana, Illinois

Dr. V.T. Chow, Prof., Hydraulic Engineering

ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF 3k Dept. of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics

21k Talbot Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois

Prof. T. J. Dolan, Head

IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH 35 State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa

Dr. Hunter Rouse, Director

IOWA STATE COLLEGE 39 Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Ames, Iowa

Prof. Hobart Beresford, Head

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

Iowa City, Iowa (see Iowa Institute of Hydraulic

Research

)
JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, THE ko

Applied Physics Laboratory, Silver Spring, Md.

Mr. R. E. Gibson, Director

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, THE kl School of Engineering, Baltimore 18, Maryland

Dr. John C. Geyer, Chairman

Dept. of Sanitary Engineering and Water Resources

KANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF k2

Dept. of Engineering Mechanics, Lawrence, Kansas

Dr. Kenneth C. Deemer, Chairman

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY k3

Dept. of Civil Engineering

Fritz Engineering Laboratory, Bethlehem, Penna.

Prof. W. J. Eney, Director and Head of Dept.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY kk Dept. of Civil and Sanitary Engineering

Cambridge 39 3 Massachusetts

Dr. Arthur T. Ippen, Head, Hydrodynamics Lab.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY h'J Dept. of Mechanical Engrg., Cambridge 39 > Mass. • Prof. Ascher H. Shapiro, in Charge

Fluid Mechanics Division

MASSACHUSETTS, UNIVERSITY OF 52 School of Engineering, Amherst, Massachusetts

Dean George A. Marston, Director

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY 52

Dept. of Civil Engineering, East Lansing, Mich.

Dr. Emmett M. Laursen, Associate Professor

MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF 53 Dept. of Civil Engrg., 320 West Engrg. Bldg. Ann Arbor, Michigan

Prof. E. F. Brater

MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF Minneapolis, Minnesota (see St. Anthony Falls

Hydraulic Laboratory)

MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF 53

Dept. of Agricultural Engineering

St. Paul 1, Minnesota

Prof. A. J. Schwantes, Head

MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES AND METALLURGY 5^

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Rolla, Missouri

Dr. C. L. Wilson, Dean

MONTANA STATE COLLEGE 5k

Agricultural Experiment Station

Bozeman, Montana

Mr. 0. W. Monson, Head

Agricultural Engineering Department

NEWPORT NEWS SHIPBUILDING AND DRY DOCK CO. 55 Hydraulic Laboratory, Newport News, Virginia

Mr. C. H. Hancock, Director

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 56 Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Bronx 53 3 N. Y. Prof. John Happel, Chairman

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 57

Dept. of Engineering Mechanics, New York 53 5 N.Y.

Dr. Glen N. Cox, Chairman

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 57 College of Engineering, Dept. of Meteorology

and Oceanography

University Heights, New York 53* New York

NORTH CAROLINA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND ENGINEERING 58 University of North Carolina, Dept . of Engineering

Research, Raleigh, North Carolina

Prof. N. W. Connor, Director Engineering Research

NORTH DAKOTA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE 58 Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Fargo, No. Dak.

Mr. W. J. Promersberger, Chairman

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 58 The Technological Institute, Evanston, Illinois Dean Harold B. Gotaas

NOTRE DAME, UNIVERSITY OF 60 College of Engineering, Notre Dame, Indiana

Dr. M. J. Goglia, Dean

OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY 60 Agricultural Engineering Dept., Stillwater, Okla. Prof. E. W. Schroeder, Head

PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY 60 Ordnance Research Laboratory, University Park, Pa.

Dr. John C. Johns, Director

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 6l Agricultural Experiment Sta., Lafayette, Ind.

Mr. N. J. Wolk, Director

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 62 Civil Engineering Dept., Lafayette, Indiana

Prof. K. B. Woods, Head

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 63 School of Electrical Engineering, Lafayette, Ind.

Dr. T. F. Jones, Head

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 6k Jet Propulsion Center, Lafayette, Indiana

Dr. Maurice J. Zucrow, Director

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 6k

School of Mechanical Engineering, Lafayette, Ind. Dr. P. F. Chenea, Head

ROCKY MOUNTAIN HYDRAULIC LABORATORY 6k

Allenspark, Colo., Prof. C. J. Posey, Director

(Winter address: State Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City)

ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY 6k

Miss. River at Third Ave., S.E., Minneapolis, Minn.

Dr. Lorenz Straub, Director

SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY 69 University of California, La Jolla, California

The Director

SOUTH CAROLINA, UNIVERSITY OF 70 Civil Engineering Dept., Columbia, So. Car.

Dr. Harold Flinsch, Head

STANFORD UNIVERSITY 70

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford, Calif.

Prof. Ray K. Linsley, Executive Head

Hydraulic Laboratory

vi
STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 71 Davidson Laboratory

711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, New Jersey

Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director

TENNESSEE, UNIVERSITY OF 78

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Knoxville 16, Tenn.

Dr. Harry H. Ambrose, Prof, of Hydraulics

TEXAS A AND M COLLEGE 79

Dept. of Oceanography and Meteorology

College Station, Texas

Dr. Dale F. Leipper, Head

TEXAS, UNIVERSITY OF 82

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Austin 12, Texas

Dr. Walter L. Moore, Directing Head

UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY 8h

Engineering Experiment Station, Logan, Utah

Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director

WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY 86 The R.L. Albrook Hydraulic Lab., Pullman, Wash.

Dr. E. Roy Tinney, Head

WASHINGTON, UNIVERSITY OF 87

Fisheries Research Institute, Seattle 5> Wash.

Dr. William F. Royce, Director

WASHINGTON, UNIVERSITY OF 88

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Seattle 5 > Wash.

Prof. R. B. van Horn, Head

WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION (see U.S. Government)

WISCONSIN, UNIVERSITY OF 88

Hydraulic Lab., Dept. of Civil Engineering

Madison, Wisconsin, Dr. Arno T. Lenz

WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 90

Alden Hydraulic Laboratory, Worcester 9j Mass.

Prof. L. J. Hooper, Director

U. S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE

Soil and Water Conservation Research Division

Beltsville, Maryland

Dr. C. H. Wadleigh, Chief

FOREST SERVICE

92

PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXP. STA. 109

P.O. Box ^059, Portland 8, Oregon

Mr. R. W. Cowlin, Director

PACIFIC SOUTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXp. ' STA. 110

P.O. Box 2l+5, Berkeley 1, California

Mr. R. Keith Arnold, Director

ROCKY MOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXP. STA. 112

221 Forestry Bldg., Fort Collins, Colorado

Mr. Raymond Price, Director

SOUTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 116

P.O. Box 2570, Ashville, North Carolina

Mr. Joseph F. Pechanec, Director

SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 118

2026 St. Charles Ave., New Orleans 13, La.

Mr. Philip A. Briegleb, Director

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS

BEACH EROSION BOARD 118

5201 Little Falls Road, Northwest

Washington 16, D. C. The President

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, PORTLAND 121

Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory

628 Pittock Block, Portland 5, Oregon

The District Engineer

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, ST. PAUL 126

1217 U. S. Post Office and Custom House

St. Paul 1, Minnesota

The District Engineer

WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION 126

P.O. Box 631, Vicksburg, Mississippi

The Director

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS ll+3 Hydraulics Branch, Washington 25, D. C. Mr. Carl F. Izzard, Chief

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS \hk

National Hydraulics Laboratory

Washington 25, D. C.

WEATHER BUREAU ll+5 Hydrologic Services Div., Washington 25, D. C. Mr. William E. Hiatt, Chief

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

ALASKA FOREST RESEARCH CENTER 103

Box 7^0, Juneau, Alaska

Mr. R. F. Taylor

CENTRAL STATES FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 103

111 Old Federal Bldg., Columbus 15, Ohio

Dr. W. G. McGinnies, Director

INTERMOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXP. STATION 106

Forest Service Building, Ogden, Utah

Mr. Reed W. Bailey, Director

NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 108

102 Motors Ave., Upper Darby, Pennsylvania

Dr. Ralph W. Marquis, Director

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1^7 Water Resources Division, Washington 25, D. C. Dr. Luna B. Leopold, Chief Hydraulic Engineer

BUREAU OF RECLAMATION 152

Division of Engineering Laboratories

Denver Federal Center, Denver 2, Colorado

Mr. Grant Bloodgood,

Asst. Commissioner and Chief Engineer

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN 155

Washington 7, D. C. The Commanding Officer and Director

vii
U. S. NAVAL BOILER AND TURBINE LABORATORY 163

Naval Basti Fhiladtlphia 11, Pinna.

Thi Commanding Offieir and Diraeter

OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH 16*4- Fluid Dynasties Braneh

Washington lp, D. 0. Mr. Ralph B. Seeptr, Htad

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY l6k

Bydraulie Data Iraneh

Kne^villi, Ttnnassti

Mr. Alhirt S. Fry

CANADIAN LAB0RAT0RI1S

H. 0. ACR1S AND COMPANY, LTD. 170

Niagara Falls, Canada

Mr. 1. W. MeCaig, Bydraulie Enginear

ALBERTA, UNIVERSITY OF 170

Dipt, ef Civil Enginiiring, Edmenten, Canada

Pref. T. lltneh, Hiad

BRITISH COLUMBIA, UNIVERSITY OF 1?0

Bydraulies Lat., Vaneeuvar 8, Canada

Pref. H.C. Sunning, Btan, Faeulty ef Appliid Seitnet

TBI HYDRO-ELECTRIC FOWEB COMMISSION OF CANADA 1?3

610 Univirsity Ava., Terente 1, Canada

Mr. J. B. Bryei, Byteaulie Engineer

laiALLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY 175 01§Q St. Fatriek St., LaSalli, F.Q., Canada

Mr. E. Paristt, Birieter

NATIONAL RJS1ARCH G0UKG1L 176

Div. ef Mteh. Engrg., Mentrtal Read, Ottawa 1, Can.

Dr. D. C. MaePhail, Birieter

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE 177

Dipt, ef Enginairing Seianea, Gutlph, Canada

Pref. C.E.G. Bewning, Raad

QUEER'S UNIVERSITY 179

Hydraulies Laheratery, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Pref. R. J. Kannady, Dirieting Haad

viii
HYDRAULIC RESEARCH IN THE UNITED STATES

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS, Agricultural Experiment

Station.

(2255) GROUND WATER, RESOURCES AND RECHARGE, IN THE RICE GROWING AREA OF ARKANSAS.

(b) Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station

cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey

and U. S. Corps of Engineers.

(c) Prof. Kyle Engler, Head of Agricultural

Engineering Dept., University of Arkansas,

Fayetteville, Arkansas.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) A l6-inch vertical recharge well is sur- rounded "by test wells for the purpose of

observing hydraulic information and for sampling chemical quality and bacterial

analyses. A series of tests of short

duration have been run using treated surface water as recharge media. This water

has been copper sulphated to kill plankton,

treated with alum to flock out eollodial

materials, chlorinated to kill bacteria,

and aerated to remove free air. This

treated water has given satisfactory results in the tests. A straight 26-ineh,

sand packed recharge well has been com- pleted and is still under test. The next

step will be using injection water under

pressure to eliminate any possibility of

air contamination and probably the .use of

Separan AP-30 as a means of clarifying injection water.

(g) The project is not developed to a point

for satisfactory reporting.

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS, Civil Engineering Dept.

(27Ul) ROCKEFELLER FILTRATION PROJECT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. L. R. Heiple, Head, Civil Engineering Dept., Univ. of Ark., Fayetteville,

Arkansas

.

(d) Experimental and field investigation;

applied research; has been used for three masters theses to date.

(e) Involves a study of the removal of turbidity and bacteria from surface water supplies

using coarse grained media {l/h in. to 1 in.). The variables investigated included

(1) Depth of bed; (2) size of media; (3)

shape and nature of media; (k) effect of

head of water on filter bed; and (5) rate of filtration. Laboratory model investigations are complete with long range field

study underway for the past year.

(f) Completed.

(g) Field studies have disclosed that turbidity

from normal surface waters may be substantially reduced by filtration, without prior

treatment through a coarse grained material

such as pea gravel. With a l6 in. bed of

l/k to l/2-lnch gravel as a filter media

and operation at a rate of l/lO gallon per

sq ft per minute the average efficiency of

turbidity removal is well in excess of

50 percent and has achieved 90 percent

efficiency on occasions. Such a filter

has a capacity for effective long range operation without development of appreciable head loss or the need for cleaning and

with minimum attention. Such filtration

will also remove at least 50$ of total

bacteria present in normal waters. Filtration efficiency is most effective in low

turbidity waters where particle size is predominately colloidal,

(h) "Effectiveness of Coarse-Grained Media for

Filtration", by Loren R. Heiple, Jour. Am. Water Works Assn., Vol. 51, No. 6, June

1959-

THE BALDWIN-LIMA-HAMILTON CORPORATION, Hydraulic

Turbine Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 271, 2050, 2500,

3007, 3373, and 3371*- should be addressed to Mr.

W. R. MacNamee, Chief Engineer, Hydraulic Turbines

and Marine Products Division, or Mr. A. W. Madora,

Supervisor, Hydraulic Research Laboratory, BaldwinLima-Hamilton Corp., Philadelphia k2, Pennsylvania.

(271) ADJUSTABLE AND FIXED BLADE PROPELLER-TYPE HYDRAULIC TURBINE MODELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research for design.

(e) To improve performance of present designs,

and to extend the range of application of

this type turbine. Propeller runners of

various designs in combination with modified

turbine settings are methodically tested in

the 11-inch cavitation flume. Efficiency

output, cavitation, runaway speed, hydraulic

thrust, and hydraulic blade torque are measured.

(g) Results provide data for improvement of

existing design and information for designs

which extend the range of application.

(2050) PUMP TURBINE LABORATORY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Pump -turbines, of various specific speeds,

have been designed and tested in settings

hydraulically similar to proposed field

installations. The performance characteristics of efficiency, discharge, runaway

speeds, horsepower, cavitation, thrust data

for thrust bearing, and wicket gate torques.

(g) Results provide data for the design of

future proposed installations and modifications to existing designs.

(2500) AXIAL FLOW PUMP LABORATORY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Axial flow pumps of various specific

speeds have been designed and tested.

Investigations pertaining to the number of

impeller blades, proper diffuser vane

1
angle and intake conditions , have been

completed. Performance characteristics of

efficiency, discharge, horsepower, runaway

speeds and blade torques have been obtained,

(g) Results provide data for the design of

future proposed installations, and modifications to existing designs.

(3007) AIR TEST FLUME.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Basic research.

(e) The purpose of constructing an air test

flume is for expediency in obtaining basic

information pertaining to flow patterns of

model pumps, turbines, and pump turbines

at both inflow and outflow and for other

component parts. The information obtained

will be utilized in determining blade shapes

and contours, suitable angles at entry and

exit of model runners and pumps.

(3373) WHEELER DAM HYDRO PROJECT

(b) Tennessee Valley Authority.

(d) Official contract acceptance tests.

( e ) A complete homologous model of a fixed

blade propeller is currently being tested,

encompassing the operating conditions

expected in the field.

(g) Results obtained thus far meet all guaran- tees as set forth in the specifications.

(33710 GREERS FERRY DAM AND RESERVOIR, LITTLE RED

RIVER, ARKANSAS.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Little Rock District.

(d) Official contract acceptance tests.

( e ) A complete homologous model of a Francis

turbine was tested, encompassing the operating conditions expected in the field.

(f) Completed.

(g) Results obtained generously exceed all

guaranteed conditions as requested by the

Corps of Engineers in the specifications.

POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF BROOKLYN.

(3375) FLOOD PLAIN ' ZONING

(a

(e

(3376

(D

(c

(a(e

(g)

Laboratory project.

Frof. Matthew W. Stewart, Assoc. Prof, of

Civil Engineering, Polytechnic Inst, of

Brooklyn, 333 Jay Street, Brooklyn 1, N. Y. Theoretical for masters thesis.

A study to determine the economic feasibility of flood plain zoning.

FLOW THROUGH CULVERTS.

Laboratory project.

Prof. Matthew W. Stewart, Assoc. Prof, of

Civil Engrg. , Polytechnic Inst, of Brooklyn,

333 Jay Street, Brooklyn 1, New York.

Experimental for masters thesis.

Experimental study to determine the nature of flow through culverts.

Apparatus under construction.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Engineering

Division.

( 1548) SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN HYDRODYNAMICS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. Milton S. Plesset, Calif. Inst, of

Technology, Pasadena, California.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic

research.

(e) Studies of cavitating and noncavitating

flow; dynamic behavior of cavitation bubbles; theoretical and experimental studies

of cavitation damage.

(h) "Unsteady Supercavitating Flows," by T. Y. Wu, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Engineering Div.,

Report No. 85 -11, July 1959-

"On Cathodic Protection in Cavitation Dam- age," by Milton S. Plesset, Calif. Inst, of

Tech., Engrg, Div., Rep. No. 85-12, July

1959- "Growth of Vapor Bubbles in a Rapidly

Heated Liquid," by S. A. Zwick, Calif. Inst,

of Tech., Engrg. Div., Rep. No. 85-13,

September 1959- "Water Waves Generated by Thin Ships , " by

M. S. Plesset and T. Y. Wu, Calif. Inst, of

Tech., Engrg. Div. Rep. No. 85-1^, Oct.1959.

(l8l6) FORCE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBMERGED HYDRO- FOILS UNDER CAVITATING CONDITIONS.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. Milton S. Plesset, Calif. Inst, of

Technology, Pasadena, California.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic

research.

( e ) Studies of hydrofoils

(h) "Numerical Evaluation of the Force Coefficients for Supercavitating Hydrofoils," by

Z. M. Lindberg, California Inst, of Tech.,

Engineering Div., in preparation.

"Experimental Investigations of ThreeDimensional Effects on Supercavitating

Hydrofoils," by R. W. Kermeen, Calif. Inst,

of Tech., Engrg. Div., in preparation.

"Supercavitating Flow with a Slender,

Pointed Hydrofoil," by E. Cumberbatch and

T. Y. Wu, California Inst, of Tech.,

Engineering Division, in preparation.

"Cavitating Flow with a Large Aspect Ratio

Hydrofoil," by E. Cumberbath, Calif. Inst,

of Tech., Engineering Div. ; in preparation.

(2258) THE RESUSPENSION OF FLOCCULENT SOLIDS IN SEDIMENTATION BASINS.

(b) National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public

Health Service.

(c) Dr. J. E. McKee, California Inst, of Tech.,

Pasadena, California.

(d) Experimental, directed from theoretical

considerations. Applied research, as to performance of laboratory settling tank. Basic research on settling properties of

suspensions was subject of Ph.D. thesis for

Dr. R. T. McLaughlin (see publication

listed below)

(e) The purpose of the project is (a) to investigate the resuspension of flocculent

settled material from the sludege bed in

2
settling tanks, (b) to minimize this resus- pension, thereby improving the efficiency

of settling tanks, and (c) to test the

methods evolved from theory in laboratory

models and full-scale settling tanks.

( f ) Completed.

(g) This investigation has been conducted in

three parts, (a) tests of removal performance in primary sewage settling tanks,

(b) tests of resuspension and removal of

non-flocculent suspensions in 15-inch wide

laboratory flume, and (c) similar tests utilizing a flocculent suspension introduced continuously. The laboratory flume

is equipped with an endless chain-belt type

of sludge removal equipment. The full- scale plant tests indicated that removal

efficiencies are greatly affected (favorably) by flocculation. A critical velocity

for resuspension of settleable solids was found to be about 8.5 ft per min. In the

laboratory tests utilizing gilsonite (spec,

gr. of 1.04) particles, it was found that water velocities greater than 12 times the

settling velocity caused appreciable en- trainment (when sludge scrapers were running). Studies with continuous injection

of alum floe in the laboratory flume at 0.75 ft depth reveal a sharp decrease in

removal between flow velocities of 0.035

and 0.06 ft per sec. indicating a range of

critical velocities. The installation of transverse baffles, spaced 2 inches apart,

and sloping (with the upper end) downstream,

occupying approximately the lower half of

the tank depth, did not appreciably improve

removal efficiency either in the laboratory or field tests.

(h) "Resuspension of Solids. in Sedimentation

Basins", by R. T. McLaughlin and A. C. Ingersoll, PUBLIC WORKS, Vol. 89, No. 12,

pp. 108-109, December 1958.

"The Settling Properties of Suspensions",

by Ronald T. McLaughlin, Jr., Jour, of

Hydraulics Div. , Vol. 85 No. HY12 Proc.

ASCE, pp. 9-39 December 1959-

(3377) THEORETICAL STUDIES IN HYDRODYNAMICS.

Laboratory.

(2502) MECHANICS OF CAVITATION DAMAGE.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. A. T. Ellis. Assoc. Prof, of Applied

Mechanics, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena,

Calif.

(d) Project is both experimental and theoretical.

It is primarily basic research, but it is

anticipated that it will also have applications. The work will be the basis of two

doctoral theses.

(e) The purpose of the project is to determine

the detailed mechanism of mechanical damage

by cavitation, and to attempt to correlate

this with field results. The collapse of a cavitation bubble of arbitrary shape close

to, or in contact with a solid boundary is being considered. Mechanical damage from

bubbles not in contact with the boundary

can result only from shock waves in the

liquid. Preliminary work showed that these

shock waves existed, but that they were too weak to be considered as a damaging mechanism. Bubbles in contact with the boundary

were next considered. Experiments showed

that for all but the hemispherical cavities

perfect fluid theory with constant cavity pressure would yield good results concerning

the change of shape of the bubble during

collapse and the pressure at collapse. The

high pressure is in this case generated by water hammer. It is anticipated that the

infinite collapse velocities which are encountered in theoretical treatment of

hemispherical cavities can be eliminated by

taking into account the compression of

permanent gas, and the partial compression

of vapor at very high compression rates. Very little is known about this last subject, and it is anticipated that an attempt

will be made to obtain some data in this

field.

(g) The perfect fluid theory for collapse of a non-hemispherical cavity in contact with a solid boundary has been worked out and

checked experimentally.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. T. Y. Wu, Calif. Inst, of Tech.,

Pasadena, California.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Studies of hydrodynamic flows with free surface phenomena; steady and unsteady

cavity flows; principle of fish propulsion.

(h) "Some Features of Unsteady Cavity Flows",

by T. Y. Wu and D. P. Wang, Calif. Inst,

of Tech., Engineering Div., Report No. 97-1

,

in press.

"A Modified Wake Hodograph for Free-Streamline Flows", by T. Y. Wu, Calif. Inst, of

Tech., Engineering Div., Report No. 97-2,

in preparation.

"A Preliminary Study of the Principle of

Fish Propulsion", by T. Y. Wu, Calif. Inst,

of Tech., Engineering Div., Report No. 97-3 5 in preparation.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Hydrodynamics

(2746) HYDRODYNAMICS OF UNDERWATER BODIES.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Vito A. Vanoni, Hydrodynamics Lab.,

Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, Calif.

(d) Experimental and theoretical investigations.

(e) Investigations of the mechanics of hydrodynamic phenomena involved in the motion

of underwater bodies, including (l) studies

of forces on such bodies in cavitating and

non-cavitating conditions; (2) investigations of the detailed mechanics of the

fluid motions giving rise to the above

forces

(3009) CAVITATION SIMILITUDE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. A. J. Acosta, Calif. Inst, of Tech.,

Pasadena, Calif.

(d) Experimental program of basic unclassified

work.

(e) To determine the effect of the various
thermal properties on cavitation in a venturi tube. It is known that cavitation

similitude parameters "based upon the vapor pressure of the liquid at the hulk temperature are misleading since the pressure in

the cavity may he less or may exceed this

value depending on air content, speed, size,

thermal conductivity, etc. To investigate

this question, a' simple test loop with a venturi -section made with glass windows

has been constructed and run with water.

In the future, other fluids will be used. Measurements of cavity pressure, air con- tent, temperature, are being made.

(g) Results in water ranging in temperature

from 70° to 200° show that the cavity pressure can depart appreciably from the

value at the bulk temperature. The results

are still incomplete and inconclusive.

(h) "Remarks on Cavitation in Turbo Machines",

A. J. Acosta, A. Hollander, Report E 79-3

Div. of Eng., Calif. Inst, of Technology,

October 1959-

(3010) FULLY CAVITATED HYDROFOIL NEAR A FREE SURFACE.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. A. J. Acosta. Calif. Inst, of Tech.,

Pasadena, Calif.

(d) Unclassified basic research.

(e) Experimental investigation of the lift and moment of a fully cavitating two-dimensional flat plate hydrofoil near a free surface. Pressure distributions and cavity

proportions for various angles of attack,

cavitation numbers and depth in chords are being found. Basic research, part of which

is being done as the thesis for an advanced

degree.

( f ) Completed.

(g) The results at the deepest submergence

tested (2.2 chords) nearly agree with the

results of exact potential flow calculations in a free stream. The effect pre- dicted for the proximity of the free surface was not realized, however, due to the

combination of relatively low Froude number

and finite bottom.

(h) "An Experimental Investigation of a Fully

Cavitating Two -Dimensional Flat Plate Hydrofoil near a Free Surface", thesis for

Aeronautical Engineering Degree by Thomas

E. -Dawson, June 1959 Div. of Eng. Calif.

Inst, of Technology.

(3378) CAVITATION IN CASCADES.

(b) Office of Naval Research Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. A. J. Acosta, Calif. Inst, of Tech.,

Pasadena, Calif.

(d) Theoretical basic unclassified research.

(e) Study of flow through a cascade of cavitating circular arc hydrofoils . Linearized

theory is used to get lift and drag coefficients, cavitation numbers and burning for the case of infinitely long cavities.

(h) "Cavitating Flow Past a Cascade of Circular

Arc Hydrofoils", A. J. Acosta, Rep. E-79.2,

Calif. Inst, of Tech., Div. of Engineering,

( in preparation )

.

(3379) EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF CAVITY COLLAPSE PRESSURES.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Albert T. Ellis, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, Calif.

(d) Experimental program of basic research.

(e) The purpose of the project is to experimentally investigate the pressure developed

at the site of collapse of a transient

cavity. Single, hemispherical spark cavities are created in water at the pressure

end of a composite dural--flint glass--lead

pressure bar. At the collapse of such a cavity, a transient stress pulse is propa- gated along the bar which is detected by an x-cut circular disk of quartz of the same diameter as the bar and which is recorded

photographically from an oscillograph.

These photographic records yield information

regarding the total lifetime of the cavity

and the maximum amplitude and time variation

of the force developed during its collapse. An ultra-high speed photographic technique

permits an estimate of the peak pressure developed at the site of collapse of the

cavity to be made.

(g) Cavities having maximum diameters up to

J- inch have been studied during the course of these experiments and collapse pressures of at least 10,000 atmospheres have been

observed.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Sedimentation

Laboratory.

(27V7) STUDY OF THE DESIGN OF LOW DROPS AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE CAPACITY OF FLOOD CHANNELS.

(b) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conserva- tion Service, Berkeley, Calif.

(c) Prof. Vito A. Vanoni, Sedimentation Lab.,

Calif. Inst, of Technology, Pasadena, Calif.

(d) Experimental investigation carried on by

graduate students

.

(e) The work is carried out in a specially de- signed tilted flume to obtain information

for use in connection with the design of

flood control channels.

(g) Tests have been completed and the final re- port prepared. The report gives design

dimensions for rectangular drops with

heights equal to 0.3 and 0-5 times the

critical depths for flows with Froude

numbers ranging as high as 1.5-

(h) "Experimental Design of Low Rectangular

Drops for Alluvial Flood Channels", by

Vito A. Vanoni and Robert E. Pollak, Sedimentation Laboratory Report No. E 82,

September 1959-

(27^8) STUDY OF RELATIONS BETWEEN THE TRANSPORT OF

SEDIMENT AND THE HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS

OF STREAMS.

(b) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural

Research Service.

(c) Prof. Vito A. Vanoni, Prof. Norman H. Brooks,

John F. Kennedy, California Institute of

k
Technology; Pasadena, California.

(d) Experimental and analytical "basic research.

(e) This work, the experimental part of which

will he carried on in laboratory flumes,

is an extension of the program of sedimentation research which has been carried on by the Sedimentation Laboratory for some

time. The program is devoted primarily to

a study of the roughness and sediment transport in alluvial streams with anti -dunes

and standing surface waves, which are usually associated with Froude numbers in

the vicinity of one or slightly greater,

(g) No reports are available. The project is about 90 percent complete.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, College of Agriculture,

Department of Irrigation.

(21) STUDY OF HYDRAULICS OF SPRINKLING SYSTEMS.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. J. R. Davis, Dept. of Irrigation,

Univ. of California, Davis, Calif.

(d) . Experimental; theoretical and field investigation.

(e) Investigations to evaluate sprinkler irrigation vs surface irrigation with respect

to water application, relative production,

effect of fertilizers, and production are continuing. Laboratory studies are con- tinuing on sprinkler nozzles to evaluate

(l) present methods of measuring discharge

from sprinkler nozzles, (2) the effect of

nozzle geometry on the coefficient of discharge, and (3) the influence of impinging

jets on the uniformity of distribution of

water.

(h) "Field Comparison of Sprinkler Irrigation

With Surface Irrigation for Production of

Mountain Hay", J. A. Corry and W. A. Fry,

Jan. Mimeo. 1959- "Spray Characteristics of Converging

Sprinkler Nozzles", by John M. Langa and

John R. Davis, Agr. Engin. k0(8) -.khl-kkS, 1959.

(23) HYDROLOGY OF IRRIGATION SUPPLIES IN CALIF.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. R. H. Burgy, Dept. of Irrigation,

Univ. of California, Davis, Calif.

(d) Experimental and field investigation;

applied research and operation.

(e) Studies were continued on the hydrologic

effects of various watershed practices.

Work is continuing on a new electrical

control system which provides timing syn- chronization for rainfall and runoff measurement on a series of major watersheds. Core boring equipment has been

assembled for the purpose of sampling rocky

watersheds. Samples will be used to calculate permeabilities in order to account

for subsurface flow.

(h) "Costs and Benefits of Converting Chaparral

and Chaparral Woodlands in California", by

R. H. Burgy. Proc. of Second Annual Meeting, Arizonz Water Resources Committee and

Watershed Management Div., State Land Dept.,

State of Arizona, pp. 1+9-58, Sept. 1958. "Watershed Management Progress and Prospects", by R. H. Burgy. Minutes of the

Irrigation Districts Assoc. of California

Annual Convention, p. 57-60, 1958. "Watershed Management Research", by R. H. Burgy. Report presented at the 12th

Nevada Water Conference, Carson City, Nev. Mimeo. 17 pages, 1958. "Water Yields as Influenced by Vegetation

Management on Watersheds Below Snowline,

by R. H. Burgy. Proc. First Intersociety

Conf. on Irrigation and Drainage, San

Francisco, 1957, PP- 19-23 1959-

(2k) MEASUREMENT OF IRRIGATION WATER AND IMPROVE- MENT IN FARM IRRIGATION STRUCTURES.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. V. H. Scott, Prof. W. A. Hall, and

Prof. J. R. Davis, Dept. of Irrigation,

Univ. of California, Davis, Calif.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Attempts were made to devise an inexpensive

totalizing meter for use on pump discharge

pipes by the use of a small by-pass meter. Investigations of plastic ditch liners were

also continued during 1959- A study was initiated on the use of plastics for levees

and borders. A comprehensive study on the

hydraulics of furrow irrigation systems is continuing in the field and laboratory. Tracer techniques are being developed.

(h) "Polyethylene Film for Ditch Linings", by

J. A. Corry and Verne H. Scott, Irrigation

Engineering and Maintenance 8(l0):12-13,

1958. "Installation of a Vinyl Film Reservoir

Liner in the Coachella Valley, "by Jack A. Corry, Mimeo. 1958. "Plastic Film Ditch Liners", by J. A. Corry,

and D. R. Fox, Univ. of California Agr.

Extension Service, pp. 1-5, 1959- "Measuring Irrigation Water", by V. H. Scott and C. E. Houston, California Agr.

Exp. Sta. Cir. 1+73, 1959- "Farm Irrigation Structures —Hatrack Irrigation Pipe Trailer", by J. A. Corry and

M. O'Brien, Univ. of California Agr. Ext. Service unnumbered leaflet, 1959- "Polyethylene Film for Water Conservation",

by J. A. Corry and V. H. Scott, Ger-Pak AgriNews, News Bull. No. 9, pp. 3-6, 1959-

(25) PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FACTORS AFFECTING

SOIL INFILTRATION RATES.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. L. D. Doneen, Prof. D. W. Henderson

and J. W. Biggar, Univ. of California,

Davis, Calif.

(d) Experimental and field; basic and applied

research.

(e) Investigations on soil and water management practices have been continued in the

field and laboratory.

(g) Results of the investigation concerned with

the effect of changing from one water

quality to another show that these changes

in water quality often impair infiltration.

(h) "Soil Subsidence in the San Joaquin Valley",

by D. W. Henderson. Presented at the 37th

5
Annual Meeting, Amer. Soc. Agr. Engin.,

Feb.U-5, 1959- "Evaluating the Quality of Irrigation

Waters in Ventura County, " L. D. Doneen, In Water Quality and Water Quality Problems, Ventura County, State of Calif. Dept.

of Water Resources Bui. No. 75, 1959-

"Some Effects of Organic Additives on Com- pressibility of 'Yolo Silt Loam Soil,"

Howard M. Taylor and Delbert W. Henderson,

Soil Sci. 88(2): 101-106, 1959- "Factors Affecting Irrigation Practice and Water-use Efficiency, " D. W. Henderson, In Advances in Agronomy 11:98-10U, 1959-

(1819) DRAINAGE IN RELATION TO IRRIGATION.

(b) Calif. Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. J. N. Luthin and Prof. V. H. Scott,

Department of Irrigation, Univ. of Calif.,

Davis Calif.

(d) Experimental and field investigation;

basic and applied research.

(e) Analytical studies on basic flow problems

are continuing. Electrical analogs are . being used to check theories on flow into

and around tile lines as influenced by the presence of impermeable layers . A new

study on developing criteria for the selection and use of wells in controlling the water table was initiated.

(h) "Investigation of an Artesian Well Adjacent

to a River, " V. H. Scott and J. N. Luthin, ASCE Jour, of the Irrig. and Drainage Div.,

85, No. 1R1, Pt. 1, pp. 1+5-62, 1959. "Area-wide Drainage, " Jewell L. Meyer and

Clyde E. Houston, Calif. Agr. 13(7) :11, 1959.

(2055) THE PHYSICS OF SOIL MOISTURE MOVEMENT.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. J. N. Luthin, Dept. of Irrigation,

Univ. of Calif., Davis. Calif.

(d) Laboratory and theoretical studies; basic

research.

( e ) Analog studies were continued to determine

the optimum depth for drains in stratified

soils under ponded water conditions. The resistance network analog has been used to study the water table shape and rate of

drop.

(h) "The Falling Water Table in Tile Drainage

II, " James N. Luthin, Proposed criteria for spacing tile drains, ASAE Trans. 2(l):M+-V7,

51, 1959-

"A Resistance Network Analog for Studying

Seepage Problems," Robert V. Worstell and

James N. Luthin, Soil Sci. 88( 5 ) :267-269, 1959-

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Division of Agricultural

Sciences, Dept. of Irrigation and Soil Science.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Prof. A. F. Pillsbury, Dept. of

Irrigation and Soil Science, Univ. of California,

Los Angeles 2k, Calif.

(26) DRAINAGE INVESTIGATION IN COACHELLA VALLEY,

CALIFORNIA.

(b) Cooperative between the Coachella Valley

County Water District, Coachella, Calif.,

U. S. Salinity Laboratory, Riverside,

Calif., U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Eoulder

City, Nevada, and this laboratory.

(d) Field investigations; applied research and

design.

(e) Work now concentrated on studies of drainage adequacy and of drainage yield. Change

in salinity status of soil is index of

drainage adequacy. Information being ob- tained on fluctuations of water table fol- lowing irrigation, and on effect thereon of

mechanically affecting soil stratification.

Where drainage yield is being metered will

seek to establish relationship to factors

such as surface soil, crop, irrigation

slope, etc.

(27) HYDROLOGY OF WATER SUPPLIES IN CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project cooperative with Pacific

Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Sta.,

USFS, and with College of Engrg., Univ. of

Calif. Los Angeles 2k; coordinated with

work of Dept. of Irrigation, Univ. of Calif.,

Davis, Calif.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Work now concerned with (l) Subsurface movement of moisture; (2) surface treat- ments affecting infiltration of precipitation; and (3) detention of precipitation

by surface litter and effect upon infiltration.

(1058) SOIL PHYSICAL CONDITIONS IN RELATION TO IRRIGATION.

(b) Laboratory project, coordinated with work

of Dept. of Soils and Plant Nutrition,

Univ. of Calif., Riverside.

(d) Continuing laboratory and field studies.

(e) Present work involves (l) Evaluation of use

of neutron moisture probe in following the

downward movement of the wetting front and

use of rate of that movement to evaluate

changes in soil texture and structure with

depth; (2) effects of surface tension and

fluid viscosity on hydraulic conductivity

of soil; and (3) effects of salt crystals

per se on water movement into soil.

( f ) Recently reactivated.

(1303) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF IRRIGATION DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Col- lege of Engrg., Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles 2k, Calif.

(d) Basic and applied research.

( e ) Graduate student now working with model

low pressure pipe system to study hydraulic

transients occurring with automatic operation.

(2501+) DYNAMICS OF SOIL WATER FLOW TOWARDS AND INTO SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE FACILITIES.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Col- lege of Engineering, Univ. of California,

6
Los Angeles 2k, Calif.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Solution by mathematical models on digital

computers of midpoint water table recession

rates between tile lines.

(h) "Shallow Ground Water and Tile Drainage in

the Oxnard Plain," J. D. Isherwood and A. F. Pillsbury, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 39: 1101-1110, 1958. "Water Table Recession in Tile-Drained

Land, " J. D. Isherwood. Discussion in

Journal of Geophy. Res. 6k:8^-86o, 1959-

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, College of Engineering,

Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects, except

when otherwise indicated, should be addressed to

Prof. J. W. Johnson, Dept. of Engineering, Hydraulic

Laboratory, Hesse Hall, University of California,

Berkeley k, Calif.

(1+0) FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF GAS-SOLIDS MIXTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research,

design.

(e) The flow characteristics of a gas-solids

mixture (Alumina catalyst and air) have

been investigated in a 17 mm I. D. glass

conduit for various gas flow and solids

flow rates. Pressure drops across test sections have been accurately measured for

a series of air flow rates in which the

solids to air ratio is varied from zero to 11.0 pounds of solids per pound of air. The solids are introduced into the flow

system through a mixing nozzle fed by a

slide valve controlled weighing tank, and

have a size distribution varying from par- ticles less than 10 microns to particles

greater than 220 microns. Investigation on the metering of solids-gas mixtures by

nozzle and Venturi -tubes has been carried

out. Studies on the heat transfer to flowing gas-solids mixtures have been carried

out and are being continued. Metering and

heat transfer studies are now being con- tinued using fixed size glass spheres.

(g) Results on several different particle sizes

indicate a pronounced influence on the flow

and heat transfer characteristics of the

mixtures used. The larger spherical glass

particles have relatively no effect in increasing heat transfer rates when compared

to the increases obtained from the smaller

sized particles.

(h) "Heat Transfer to Flowing Gas-Solids Mix- tures in a Circular Tube, " by Leonard Farbar' and Morgan J. Morley, Industrial Engineering

Chemistry, Vol. kS , p. 11.1+3, July, 1957.

"Heat Transfer to Flowing Gas-Solids Mix- tures Using Solid Spherical Particles of

Fixed Size," by C. A. Depew, M. S. Thesis,

1957, Univ. of Calif. Library, Berkeley,

Calif.

(280) SEDIMENT TRANSPORT.

(b) Laboratory project and U. S. Corps of Engrs.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Various fundamental problems in relation to

sediment transport have been studied, and

efforts have been made to apply the results

of research to solve practical problems.

(f) Experimental work concluded.

(g) The changes in the bed-load relationships

are studied as they result from high sedi- ment concentrations near the bed. No re- sults are available as yet.

(h) "Effects of Heavy Sediment Concentration Near the Bed on the Velocity and Sediment

Distribution, " H. A. Einstein and Ning

Chien, Corps of Engineers Missouri River

Div., Sediment Series No. 8.

(529) LITTORAL SEDIMENT FLOW UPON A BEACH.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Dept. of the Army,

Washington, D. C. (d) Field, laboratory experimental and theoretical research.

(e) The object of this investigation is to study

littoral transport upon beaches in the vicinity of San Francisco, California. For several years samples have been taken and

beach profiles measured upon 18 beaches

both north and south of the Golden Gate. The main purpose has been to measure the

periodic amount of cut and fill upon the

beaches and the variations in size and size

distribution of the sediments on these

beaches . During the current year these

beaches have been occupied as in previous

years, but the interval of occupation has

averaged about four months instead of 6 weeks as in previous years. The change in

character of the beaches has been essentially the same as in previous years except

that Point Reyes Beach, 50 miles northwest

of the Golden Gate eroded very badly at the

site measured during the winter of 1958-

1959 j with all the sand back to the sea cliff being cut away as well as some 15 to

20 feet of the cliff itself. Also the

beach at the extreme north end of the Great Beach on the coast south of the Golden Gate near the Cliff house eroded severely during

the winter, and in the spring of 1959 was

at its lowest position in several years. The pattern of grain size variation was essentially the same during the current year as in previous years. During the year an effort was made to trace

sand movement by means of measurement of

the Thorium content in the sands with aid

of a gamma ray spectrometer. Preliminary

studies show considerable variation in the

thorum concentration in the sands, which

with the aid of more detailed surveys to be

made during the coming year should give

information as to pattern of movement of

sand on some of the beaches near San Francisco.

(h) "Beaches Near San Francisco, California,

1956-1957, " Parker D. Trask, Beach Erosion

Board Tech. Memo 110, 89 pages, April 1959- "Mechanical Analyses of Beach Sands near

San Francisco, California," Parker D. Trask,

Sigrid Snider, and Henry Klehn, Jr., Univ.

7
of Calif. Institute of Engrg. Research

Report, Series 1^, Issue 22, 71 pages, January I960.

(155*0 SEA WATER CONVERSION RESEARCH.

b) State of California.

c) Professor Everett D. Howe, Director, Sea Water Conversion Laboratory, 177 Richmond

Field Station, Univ. of Calif., Richmond,

California.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, field investigation, and pilot plant; basic research,

applied research, design, and operation.

(e) The purpose of this investigation is to discover whether there is available any method for the large-scale, low-cost de- mineralization of sea water. The project

includes a number of investigations, of

which the following have been active during

1956-59: (!) Solar distillation, (2) low

temperature difference method, (3) use of

high liquid pressures in combination with

appropriate permeable membranes (osmotic

pressures), (k) thermodynamic analyses of

separation methods, (5) ion exchange using

heat for regeneration, (6) vapor compression distillation, measurements, (7) freezing as a means of separation, (8) electrodialysis tests, (9) tests on magnetic scale

control unit, (10) multiple effect centrifugal evaporator project, (ll) nuclear reactor studies, (12) biological conversion of

saline waters, and (13) underground nuclear

explosions as a possible source of heat energy for the distillation of sea water. Investigations are being carried on both at Berkeley and at Los Angeles. Work on the

Los Angeles campus has emphasized Items 3 and k. (g) Detailed results may be obtained from the progress reports and publications listed

under (h) below. This project has been

active since 1951-52 and previous summaries

have listed all reports prior to November

1958.

(h) The following reports and publications have

been issued during the period since July

1958 and summarize the work to date: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES :

Progress Report April 1959. Summary Report for period ending June 30, 1959. Quarterly Progress Report March 1 - May 31,

1959, Report 59- ^6. "Thermodynamic and Economic Considerations

in the Preparation of Fresh Water from the

Sea," Myron Tribus et al June 1959, Report

59-3U. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT BERKELEY : * *

"Progress in Saline Water Conversion,

Everett D. Howe, Journal American Water

Works Association, Vol. 51, No. 10, Oct. 1959, PP. 1191-1201.

"Visitation of Research and Operating

Plants concerned with the Demineralizing

of Water in Europe, the Middle East and

Africa," by Everett D. Howe, IER Series 75, Issue 10, February 1959, Ik pp. "Exploratory Studies on Paraffin Wax as a Storage Medium for Solar Energy, " by

Leonard Farbar, IER Series 75, Issue 11,

November 195S, 32 pp. "The Costs of Demineralizing Water," by

Everett D. Howe, IER Series 75, Issue 12,

February 1959, l6 pp. "How to Build a Solar Still," L. Edson,

H. MeCraeken, and J. Weldy, IER Series 75, Issue 13, April 1959, 7 PP- "Preliminary Economic Study of Sea Water Demineralization by Ion Exchange with

Energy Regeneration of Exchangers," by Paul

B. Stewart, IER Series 75, Issue Ik, May

1959, 19 PP. "Progress Report for the Year Ending June

30, 1959," IER Series 75, Issue 15, July

Zk, 1959, 28 pp. "Performance Characteristics of Vacuum Deaeratien Equipment," Series 75, Issue 16,

John T. Chambers, September 1959, 28 pp. "A Study of the Feasibility of Using an Underground Nuclear Explosion as a Source of

Heat Energy for the Distillation of Sea Water," by I. Fatt, IER Series 75, Issue

17, September 1959, 31 PP- "Sea Water Demineralization by Ammonium

Salts Ion Exchange," by Paul B. Stewart, IER Series 75, Issue 18, September 1959,

* Requests for copies should be directed

to: Department of Engineering, University

of California, Los Angeles, Calif.

**Requests for copies should be directed

to: Sea Water Conversion Laboratory, 177 Richmond Field Station, University of

California, Richmond, Calif.

(1823) THE MECHANICS OF BOTTOM SEDIMENT MOVEMENT WITH OSCILLATORY WAVES.

(b) Beach Erosion Board.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To obtain experimental information on the

criterion for initial and general movement

of bottom sediment by wave action. Proto- type conditions of the relative motion of water and bed were simulated by use of an oscillating plate in still water.

(g) A theoretical solution has been found for the turbulent boundary layer flow along an oscillating surface and was empirically

cheeked for the smooth bottom. A solution

has been found for the rough wall, but must

be cheeked for various different types of

roughness.

(1829) STUDY OF INCLINED GAS-LIQUID FLOW IN TUBES.

(b) Laboratory research project.

(c) Prof. A. D. K. Laird, 109 Mechanics Bldg.,

Univ. of Calif., Berkeley k, Calif.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search.

(e) Collection and correlation of data on several diameters of tubing at inclinations

from horizontal to vertical.

(f) Completed.

(2059) STUDY OF BED-LOAD MOTION IN A FLOW SUB- JECTED TO COMPOSITE FRICTION.

(b) Laboratory project, thesis study.

8
(d) Experimental.

(e) A granular 'bed is developed between a sys- tem ef obstructions such as piles. It is attempted to determine the part ef the flow

rtsistenee which determines the rate of

sediment motion.

(f) Completed.

(g) In a thesis study limitations are investigated to the independenee of frletional

drag forces.

(h) "The Iffeet of Obstructions on Sediment

Transport," K. leleja Aters Thesis M.S.C.E.

1959) Berkeley, Calif.

(2062) STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS FOR SHEAR IN A

SATO-WATER MIXTURE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basie researeh.

(e) The relationship is determined in an es- pecially constructed rotating shear device

for various normal pressures.

(f) Experimental work concluded.

(g) Results have been obtained. Work is new concentrating on the analysis ef the

results.

(2063) METHODS OP DETECTING AND TRACING THE MOVE- MENT OP GROUND WATER.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(d) Experimental; applied researeh.

(e) This study has as its objectives study of

velocity variations observed in tracing the

flow ef liquids through porous media, de- velopment of methods and tracers for field

determination ef water movement underground,

and application ef these methods to location and measurement ef seepage from canals.

(g) Experimental and analytic studies ef dispersion in a radial flow pattern have been

conducted. A report is in preparation.

Field studies now underway consist ef measurements ef seepage from a ponded sec- tion ef unlined canal. Tritium and chloride are being used to trace the movement of seepage from the canal.

(2261) WAVE REFRACTION RESEARCH.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Dept. of the Army,

Washington, D. C. (e) In shallow water the velocity of a water gravity wave depends upon the depth ef water as well as upon the length of the

wave. When it travels in shoaling water it bends. This refraction changes the wave

height and direction. Powerful graphical

and analytical tools are available for use

by the engineers; however, there is an al- most complete lack of evidence as to their

accuracy. The purpose of this contract has

been to perform laboratory experiments to check the validity of the techniques used

in practice. The first series of tests were performed -In a ripple tank; these

shewed that the techniques were fairly re- liable from a practical standpoint. A

series of tests have been made in a model

basin 150 feet by 6k feet by 2 1/2 feet

deep. The results of these tests have been

published. Tests have been conducted on

the formation ef secondary wave crests as periodic waves pass into shoal water, and

the results have been found to compare favorably with theory. Studies are being

made of the nen-refleeting characteristics

ef waves incident to a steep slope, large

plane angle shore,

(h) "Secondary Wave Crest Formation," Kiyoshi

Hovikawa and R. L. Wiegel, Univ. ef Calif.,

IER, Tech. Report 89-4, 23 pp. Feb. 1959.

"The Propagation of Tidal Waves into Channels ef Gradually Varying Cress-section

(Effect ef a Frletional Resistance ever the

Bed" by Paul Perroud, Tech. Memo. Ne. 112,

Beach Erosion Board, Corps of Engineers,

U. S. Army, 2? pp., May 1959-

(2262) ANCHORING FORCES RESEARCH.

t) Shell Development Company.

e) Model studies are being made of the forces

in mooring lines of specially designed an- chored vessels at sea. Tests are being

made with uniform wave conditions.

(f) Completed.

(2265) FORCES ON ACCELERATED CYLINDERS.

(b) Engineering Foundation and laboratory

project.

(d) Experimental; basie researeh.

(e) Measurement ef drag coefficients and flow

configurations about cylinders during ac- celerated motion in fluids as related to wave forces as cylinders.

(h) "Water Forces en Accelerated Cylinders."

A.D.K. Laird, C.A. Johnson, and R.W. Walker,

Journal Waterways and Harbors Div., Proe.

Am. Soe. ef Civil Engr., Vol. 85, No. WW1,

Mar. 1959-

(2505) EFFECT OF SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION IN STREAM

CHANNELS.

(b) University project.

(d) Experimental; basie researeh.

(e) Alluvial flows in channels with artificially

secured banks are studied systematically

for their tendency to meander as expressed

by the development of alternate bars. It is the aim of this study to develop criteria for stability.

(f) Experimental work concluded.

(g) The important parameters seem to be the

Freude's number, the depth-width ratio and

the size and uniformity of the bed sediment.

(2506) SEDIMENT MOTION IN SILT CARRYING STREAMS.

b) National Science Foundation,

d; Experimental; basie researeh.

(e) An alluvial stream with a bed material in

the sand sizes or coarser follows relationships generally called bed-load formulas.

This study tries to find what the corre- sponding laws are if the bed sediment con- sists mainly of particles in the silt sizes

as fines.

f) Experimental work concluded.

g) The transport ef silts coarser than 5 microns seem to follow laws very similar to those for fine sand.

55112? O - 60 -2
(2507) SAND DEPOSITS IN CANALS.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) The relationships are sought governing the

deposit of various sediment sizes and types

in lined canals under various flow conditions. Of particular interest is any re- sulting change of the effective channel

roughness and of its flow capacity.

(f) Concluded.

(g) The case of fine sediment on a rough bottom

has been solved. The case of coarse sedi- ment on a smooth bottom follows the same laws as the first case

.

(h) "Sand Deposits in Canals," H. A. Einstein

and G. Kalkanis. Project report to the

U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Univ. of Calif.,

Berkeley IER series No. 93 > Issue No. 6.

(2509) NON-STEADY FLOW ANALOGY.

(b) Department of Water Resources, State of

California.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) By means of an electric analog model of the

San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento-San

Joaquin Delta Region, the feasibility of

barriers and channel works is being investigated, with the purpose of providing a greater flow of fresh water southward in the

Central Valley.

(f) Completed.

(g) The tidal amplitude changes which should

be expected due to the imposition of each

of several proposed salinity barriers have

been predicted, and are in accordance with

analytic results where these are available.

Prototype tidal amplitudes, phases, and

currents were duplicated in the analog

model within three to five percent at all

major points. A new type of square-law

resistor has been developed which takes

into account changes in the water depth.

(h) "An Electric Analog Model of a Tidal

Estuary," H. A. Einstein and J. A. Harder,

Proceedings ASCE, Vol. 85, No. WW3, Sept. 1959-

(2751) DEVELOPMENT OF A TRASH RACK AND INTAKE STRUCTURE TO BARREL TYPE SPILLWAYS.

(tr) U. S. Department of Agriculture.

(d) Experimental; developmental.

(e) Barrel type spillways can highly increase

the effectiveness of small flood control

retaining basins, if they can be prevented

from plugging by floating trash. An ef- fective intake and trash rack is developed

from the viewpoint of clogging.

( f ) Completed.

(g) A syphon-type intake with low intake velocity appears to provide for the most desirable hydraulic and trash conditions.

(h) "Model Studies of Spillways," P.F. Ruff, ES - 6079, Issue 1.

(2753) HYDRAULIC BREAKWATER

.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

( d) Experimental; applied research,

(e) Determination by model tests of the

mechanisms by which hydraulic breakwaters

dampen water gravity waves

.

(g) Three dimensional tests in a model basin

show that the effect of wave refraction due to the currents generated by the hydraulic

breakwater is of primary importance. For certain conditions the area in the lee of

the breakwater can be made to be almost

free of waves, while for other conditions

the waves behind the breakwater will be

higher than if there were no hydraulic

breakwater in operation. A series of model

sizes have been used and a definite scale

effect observed. Tests are being continued

with the purpose of measuring the currents generated by the jets and then the effect

of the currents on the waves, the purpose being to find out in which portion of the

mechanism the scale effect occurs, or per- haps in both portions.

(h) "Shipboard Hydraulic Breakwater," by R. A. Dilley, Jour. Waterways and Harbors Div.,

ASCE, Vol. 81+, No. WW2, Paper No. 1569,

21 pp. March 1958. "Model Study of a Hydraulic Breakwater Over

a Reef," C. M. Snyder, Jour. Waterways and

Harbors Div., ASCE, Vol. 85, No. WW1, Paper

No. 1979, pp. 1+1-68, March 1959- "Scale Effects of Models of Hydraulic

Breakwaters," John A. Williams, Univ. of

Calif., IER, Tech. Report 101+-7, ^0 pp.,

Oct. 1958. "Three-dimensional Model Studies of Hydraulic Breakwaters," K. Horikawa, Univ. of

Calif., IER, Tech. Report 101+-8, 1+3 pp. Oct. 1958. "Pneumatic Breakwater (i), (il), and (III),"

by Michinori Kurihara, Univ. of Calif., IER

Reports 101+-1+, 5> and 6. Translations made

by K. Horikawa.

(2755) DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS TO TRACE SEDIMENTS USING RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS.

(b) U. S. Corps of Engineers.

(d) Experimental; theoretical and field.

(e) Radioactive materials are sought which can

be permanently attached to sediment grains

from the sand to the clay sizes. The in- strumentation is to be developed by which

these tagged sediments can be observed in

prototype water courses, particularly in

the San Francisco Bay.

(g) Scandium-1+6 and gold-198 have been found to

be the best suited materials. The instrumentation for field detection of radio

activity has been developed. Three field

tests in San Francisco Bay have been com- pleted and analyzed. These tests have

shown that claggy sediments are transported

in salt water only in general suspension

and are deposited in stable form from water

flowing at less than two feet per second

average velocities.

(h) "Second Annual Program Report on the Silt

Transport Studies Utilizing Radioisotopes , " 122 pp.

(3012) RADIAL FORCES IN A RADIAL FLOW CENTRIFUGAL

PUMP.

(b) Laboratory project.

10
(d)

00

(3013:

00

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

»

Theoretical and experimental; "basic and

applied research.

Radial forces on the impeller of a radial

flow centrifugal pump were measured and

were correlated with forces evaluated from

the measured pressure distribution in the

volute of the pump. A mixing analysis was made of the. flow conditions in the volute.

The volute pressure distributions and re- sulting radial forces were predicted. The

analysis was extended to show the influence

of the mixing in the volute on the pump

performance.

"Volute Pressure Distribution, Radial Force

on the Impeller, and Volute Mixing Losses

of a Radial Flow Centrifugal Pump," H. W. Iversen, R.G. Rolling, and J.J. Carlson. ASME Paper No. 59-HYD-10.

ARTIFICIAL INCREASE OF FRICTION IN ALLUVIAL

CHANNELS.

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Experimental. Decrease of flow velocities and consequently prevention of erosion in alluvial channel with limited capacity can be effected

by increasing artificially the friction.

Concluded. Low sills placed on the banks at properly

determined intervals, result to a uniform

dissipation of the excess energy along the

channel.

"Energy Dissipation by Bank Structures,"

G. Kalkanis and Z.I. A. Hashmi, ES-6150

Issue No. 1.

(3015) EDDY DIFFUSION IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW.

(b) Water Resources Center and Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory, Univ. of

Calif. , Berkeley, Calif.

(c) Prof. G.T. Orlob, Ul2F Hesse Hall, Univ.

of California, Berkeley, Calif.

(d) Experimental verification of theories of

eddy diffusion in statistically homogeneous

flow. Basic research for doctoral thesis.

(e) Objectives of investigation included de- velopment of technique of determining

scale of eddies and turbulence intensity

and the experimental verification of the

Kolmogoroff von Weizsacher similarity

principle and the Richardson "Four-thirds Law." The theory of eddy diffusion by

continuous movements as originally derived

by Taylor provided the basis for the ex- perimental determination of scale and tur- bulence intensity. A broad open channel

with a rough bottom served to produce a turbulence which was statistically homogeneous in two dimensions. Dispersion

patterns of floating polyethylene discs were analyzed in relation to scale, tur- bulence intensity, energy dissipation,

Reynolds number, and Schmidt number. The

coefficient of eddy diffusion was related

to each of these factors

.

(f) Completed.

(g) A simple method of determining eddy scale

and turbulence intensity from particle

dispersion patterns was developed. The

Kolmogoroff von Weizsacher similarity

principle was verified experimentally,

(h) "Eddy Diffusion in Homogeneous Turbulence,"

J. Hydraulics Div. ASCE, Vol. 85 No. HY9,

pp. 75-101, Sept. 1959.

(3017) HELIUM AS A GROUND WATER TRACER,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and field; applied research.

(e) The purpose of this work Is to determine the feasibility of helium as a ground water

tracer. Included in the study have been

methods of adding helium to water, methods

of recovery and analysis, and rate of loss

of helium from ground water.

(f) Completed.

(g) Laboratory and field experiments were con- ducted with helium as a ground-water tracer. Techniques were developed for the addition

and extraction of helium from water. A mass spectrometer and a pressure-volume

apparatus were used for helium measurements

at concentrations in water ranging from

1.5 to 5-5 x 10 milligrams per liter. In the field investigations, flow was traced through a confined aquifer for a distance of 188 ft. Both laboratory and

field experiments showed that helium

traveled at a slightly lower velocity than

chloride. Disadvantages of helium as a - tracer are the relatively large errors in

analysis, difficulties of maintaining a constant recharge rate, time required to develop equilibrium conditions in unconfined aquifers and possible loss to the

atmosphere in unconfined aquifers.

(h) "Measurement of Helium in Ground Water

Tracing," by R.C. Carter, D.K. Todd, G.T. Orlob, and W.J. Kaufman, Water Resources

Center Contribution No. 21, Univ. of Calif.,

Berkeley, 56 pp., 1959- "Helium as a Ground-Water Tracer," by R. C. Carter, W. J. Kaufman, G.T. Orlob, and D.K. Todd, Jour. Geophysical Research (in press).

(3018) GROUND WATER INFLOW.

(*)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(s)

Laboratory project.

Experimental; applied research.

Seepage from leveed rivers into low-lying

adjoining agricultural lands is studied by

an electric analogy model. A variety of

geologic cross-sections were selected to cover effects of layered anisotropic

strata. Completed.

Results of the model tests furnished flow nets and seepage rates and distributions

for the cross-sections studied. Effects

of two subsurface layers of different per- meabilities and anisotropics, layer ar- rangements and thicknesses, channel depth

and width, levee base width, and water

table slope were evaluated. Flows were expressed dimensionlessly so that results

can be applied to any given permeability

and river stage. Furthermore, by means of

a dimensionless scaling factor, the results

can be modified to furnish estimates of seepage rate and distribution for many

other cross-sections which only approximate

the test conditions

.

11
(h) "River Seepage Investigation/' by D.K. Todd

and J. Bear, Water Resources Center Con- tribution No. 20, University of California,

Berkeley, 163 pp., 1959-

(3019) ANALOG MODELS FOR HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS,

(b) Laboratory project,

(d) Experimental and theoretical; design and

development

.

(e) Electric analog elements to represent all major hydraulic features of a flood control

project are being designed and constructed,

with the purpose of devising a tool enabling hydraulic engineers to optimize the

design and operation of flood control sys- tems .

(3020) BOUNDARY LAYER FRICTION IN THE DOLPHIN.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Purpose is to elicit whether there is an anomaly in skin friction of dolphins

.

(f) Suspended.

( 3021 ) A HYDRAULIC STUDY OF SUSPENSION ON TRANS- PORT OF ORGANIC SEDIMENTS SUCH AS ALGAE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; design and operations.

(e) Flow velocity sufficient to maintain sus- pension of algae is essential in the highrate pond process and in streams receiving

effluents from algal ponds. Observations

were made of alga suspension as a function

of flow velocity.

(f) Completed.

(g) Suspended algae remain in suspension at a mean flow velocity of 0.5 foot per second. A velocity of 1.0 foot per second will re- suspend settled algae unless clumped. If

algae are clumped velocities of 1.5 feet per second are required to resuspend all

of the clumped material.

(h) "Waste Water Reclamation Through Production

of Algae," William J. Oswald, C.G. Golueke

and Henry K. Gee. Contribution No. 22, Water Resources Center, University of

Calif. , Berkeley.

(3022) FLOATING BREAKWATER.

(b) U. "S. Navy Civil Engineering Laboratory.

(d) Analytical and experimental; applied re- search.

(e) Analytical and experimental studies of new

concepts of floating breakwaters.

(g) Several new concepts have been investigated.

One of these systems consisted of a series

of long plastic tubes (slightly buoyant)

connected side by side and filled with

water. The effectiveness of the system

was remarkable for wave lengths of the

order of one-half the tube length, or less. Additional work has been done with large

plastic bags filled with water with the

same results.

(h) "Rigid Vertical Thin Barrier," R.L. Wiegel,

Univ. of Calif., IER, Tech. Report lUO-1,

16 pp. , June 1959.

(3023) PRESSURE GENERATED WATER WAVES.

(b)

(a)

(e)

(g)

National Science Foundation.

Experimental; basic research.

This is a study of the coupled waves gener- ated by a pressure area moving over the water surface, both two dimensional and

three dimensional; in addition, analytical

studies are being made of long waves.

The cnoidal wave theory has been reduced to

the form that rapid calculations can be made with it, using curves and tables.

Laboratory tests in three dimensions have

been made to determine the limit of the effect of surface. Tension. Tests are now being conducted well within the gravity

wave regime.

"Presentation of Cnoidal Wave Theory for Practical Application," R.L. Wiegel, ac- cepted for publication in Journal of Fluid

Mechanics

.

"Model Study of Water Gravity Waves Gener- ated by Moving Circular Low Pressure Area,"

G. Abraham, University of Calif., IER, Tech. Report 99-5, 122 pp., May 1959.

(3380) SANTA ROSA CREEK STRUCTURES.

(h)

(f

(3381

(>

(a

(e

(f

(h

(3382

3383:

U. S. Soil Conservation Service.

Experimental.

Model tests of structures designed to regulate the flood flows and sediment loads in Santa Rosa Creek. Experimental work completed.

The combination of a flow regulating orifice

with a diversion dam and a sediment carry- ing tube provides a satisfactory solution.

DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT OF BANCROFT DAM.

Contra Costa County Flood Control and Water

Conservation District.

Experimental.

Model tests of existing structure to establish flow characteristics.

Completed.

The performance of the structure under

varying degree of submergence is described

by means of a graph.

"Discharge Coefficient of Bancroft Dam, " by

G. Kalkanis, ES - 6291, 1959-

FLUME STUDY ON THE TRANSPORT OF ESTUARIAL

SEDIMENT.

Corps of Engineers.

Experimental.

The motion in saline water of estuarial

sediments is studied under controlled

laboratory conditions. Both flumes end

settling vessels are used. The viscosity,

settling and composition of sediment -water mixtures are also studied to understand the

relationships between the flow and the

deposit

.

EFFECT OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS ON THE FLOW OF WATER OVER ROCK SILLS.

(b) Thesis study,

(d) Experimental.

12
(e) Smooth and rough rock sills are compared in

a 1 foot wide flume. The discharge coefficient is determined for free and submerged

flows

(g) Discharge coefficient is determined for a sill with 6-inch crest width, 6 inches high

and lik slopes upstream and downstream.

This discharge coefficient is somewhat

lower than that for a smooth dam of the

same geometry. The downstream velocity

distribution with 0.1 foot rock is very

different from that on a smooth structure. The scour pattern downstream is much more

favorable than for the smooth structure.

(h) Thesis in preparation.

(3 3810 SAND MOVEMENT BY WIND.

(b) Beach Erosion Board.

( d ) Experimental

(e) To develop a trap and auxiliary equipment

for field measurements of the rate of sand movement by wind action. Tests on various

types of traps were made in a wind tunnel

to determine the trap efficiency as a func- tion of the wind characteristics.

(h) "Sand Movement by Wind Action on the Characteristics of Sand Traps/'. K. Horikawa,

Univ. of Calif. Inst, of Engin. Research

Series 72, Issue k.

(3385) ELECTRIC FLOOD MODEL.

(b) U. S. Corps Engineers, Kansas City District.

(d) Experimental; design and development.

(e) Using analog model techniques a simulator

for the Kansas River and its tributaries is being developed. Purpose is to provide a rapid and convenient means of estimating

the effects of reservoir operation and

rainfall distribution on flood stages. All

pertinent hydraulic variables will be under

operator's control, and a flood routing

procedure completed each l/60 second.

(3386) SUBSURFACE SALINITY,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Analytical and experimental; basic research.

(e) This investigation is concerned with the

dynamics of the fresh-salt water interface

in flow through porous media. Effects of

non-steady flows and dispersion will be

considered.

(g) A new analytic technique has been developed

which permits the two- fluid problem to be

reduced to a single fluid potential problem

with the introduction of vortices along

the interface. Corollary experimental

studies are now underway.

(h) "Vortex Theory for Multiple Phase Flow

Through Porous Media," G. de Josselin de Jong, Water Resources Center Contribution

No. 23, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, 80 pp.,

1959-

FUNCTION OF WAVE STEEPNESS AND BEAM OF THE

SHIP.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Mr. O.J. Sibul, Room 22k, Bldg. T-3, Univ.

of California, Berkeley, Calif.

(d) Experimental (laboratory).

(e) A series of experiments were performed to study the effect of width (beam) of the

ship and the wave steepness on the added

resistance of a ship in uniform waves. A

5-foot model of Series 60, block coefficient 0.60, was UjSed as the parent form. Two additional models were similar to the

parent except for the beam, which was 0.75

of parent for one model and 1.25 of parent

for the other. All of the models were towed in waves 5 feet long at seven different wave steepnesses between 0.01U6 and

0.068^. The resistance of the models in

still water was measured in separate ex- periments and the added resistance due to the oncoming waves computed.

(g) The results indicate that the added re- sistance coefficient depends upon the beam

of the ship, the Froude number, and the

steepness of the waves. On the average, the added resistance seems to increase as the 1.2 power of the wave height for the narrow model; as approximately the 1.75

power of wave height for the intermediate

model; and as the 1.80 power of wave height

for the wide model.

(h) "Ship Resistance in Uniform Waves as a Function of Wave Steepness and Beam of the

Ship," 0. J. Sibul, Univ. of Calif., IER

Series 6l, Issue 18, September 1959.

(302k

(b

(c

(a

(e

(f

(h

(3025

(b

(c

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Department of Naval

Architecture.

(3026) SHIP RESISTANCE IN UNIFORM WAVES AS A

(a

(e

(f

(b)

STABILITY OF VESSELS IN SEAWAYSociety of Naval Architects and Marine

Engineers

Prof. John R. Paulling, Jr., Room 22^,

Bldg. T-3, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

Experimental and theoretical; applied re- search. A study of the effect of the seaway on the transverse stability and capsizing of

ships

Completed.

"On Unstable Ship Motions Resulting from

Nonlinear Coupling, " J. R. Paulling and

R. M. Rosenberg, Journal of Ship Research,

Vol. 3, No. 1, June 1959-

STABILITY OF TUNA CLIPPERS.

University of California.

Prof. J. R. Paulling, Jr., Room 22*+, Bldg.

T-3, Univ. of Calif. Berkeley, Calif.

Theoretical and experimental; applied

research. A study of the transverse stability of a class of fishing vessels while operating

in a seaway. Completed.

The transverse stability of tuna clippers

while operating in a seaway may be

appreciably less than that computed by the

designer using conventional methods.

"Certain Factors Influencing the Transverse Stability of Tuna Clippers," J.R. Paulling,

13
presented at the second World Fishing Boat Congress sponsored hy FAO of UN, Rome,

Italy, in April 1959- Transactions of this

Congress in preparation.

(3029) REPRODUCTION OF RECORDED OCEAN WAVES ON A

SHIP MODEL TOWING TANK.

(b) National Science Foundation, and Univ. of

Calif, research funds.

(c) Mr. 0. J. Sihul, Room 224, Bldg. T-3, Univ.

of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

(d) Basic research; applied research; design.

(e) The work undertaken under this program was

the design and construction of a power and

control system for the existing wave generator, such that a recorded ocean wave in a desired scale could he reproduced in the

towing tank. The system utilizes a magnetic tape input to servo-mechanism which

makes the wave-generator follow a prescribed time-distance curve.

(h) "Generation of Irregular Waves in the Univ.

of Calif. Towing Tank," Jerry W. Cuthbert.

Paper presented to the Northern California

Section of SNAME, April 9, 1959-

(3387) PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ABOUT OSCILLATING

BODIES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Mr. W. R. Porter, Dept. of Naval Architecture, Room 22U, Bldg. T-3, Univ. of Calif.,

Berkeley, Calif.

(d) Experimental and theoretical, basic re- search, doctoral thesis.

(e) Measurement by means of flush-mounted pressure gages of the transient pressure distribution about a body undergoing forced

oscillation near a free surface. The first measurements will be made on a circular

cylinder and a sphere. Theoretical compu- tations of the pressure distribution will

also be made.

(3388) SHIPS OF MINIMUM WAVE RESISTANCE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. J.V. Wehausen, Dept. of Naval Architecture, Room 22l+, T-3, Univ. of California,

Berkeley, California.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) The usual minimization procedure as carried

out by Weinblum and others leads to a form

symmetric fore and aft which would, in

fact, be unsuitable for the afterbody because of likelihood of separation. In the

present investigation the afterbody is fixed and only the forward half of the hull

is varied. The minimizing forebody is fur- ther limited for the present to certain

special polynomials.

(g) Programming for a computer is finished and

results will be available shortly.

(3389) MONOGRAPH ON THE THEORY OF WATER WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. J.V. Wehausen, Dept. of Naval Architecture, Room 22k, T-3, Univ. of California,

Berkeley, Calif.

(d) Theoretical.

( e ) Exposition of the theory of gravity waves

for the Encyclopedia of Physics (Springer).

(f) Completed.

(h) "Water Waves," I, II, III, V, VI, by J. V. Wehausen; "Water Waves" IV by E. V. Laitone

IER, Series 82, Issues 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,

1958 and 1959.

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, Research Foundation for Cross-Connection Control.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. K. C. Reynolds, Supervisor, Re- search Foundation for Cross-Connection Control,

University of Southern California, Los Angeles 7, Calif.

(49) RESEARCH FOUNDATION FOR CROSS-CONNECTION

CONTROL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental research and field investigations; basic research.

(e) To determine by proper research the relative value and protection afforded by various backflow prevention devices.

(g) Establishment of standardized laboratory

and field test procedures and minimum specification requirements for backflow preven- tion equipment and continuous evaluation

and improvement of such procedures and

specifications

.

(2270) BACKFLOW PREVENTION.

(b) Dept. of Water and Power, City of Los Angeles, Calif.

(d) The Department had a contract with the

University which included, among other

objectives, the preparation of specifications for backflow prevention devices.

(f) Contract completed.

(h) "Definitions and Specifications of Double

Check Valve Assemblies and Reduced Pressure Principle Backflow Prevention Devices,"

USCEC Report 1+8-101, Jan. 30, 1959-

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, School of

Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Project No. 2758 should be

addressed to Dr. K.C. Reynolds, School of Engineering, Univ. of Southern Calif., Los Angeles 7, Calif.

(2758) FLOW IN AN OPEN CHANNEL SUBJECTED TO TIDES.

(b) Southern California Edison Co., 601 West

5th Street, Los Angeles, Calif.

(d) A model study of flow in a proposed canal

to carry cooling water to a steam station

generating electricity. The initial ca- pacity of the station will be 1+00,000 KW. (f) Completed.

(h) "Model Study of Mandalay Steam Station

Cooling Water Intake Canal .

1.1+
CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of

Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects except

when otherwise indicated should he addressed to

Dr. T.E. Stelson, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Car- negie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh 13, Perm.

(1834) AIR-WATER FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Analytical and experimental.

(e) Study of air-binding in pipelines. Particular attention is given to the mechanism and

relationships causing separation of air

into pockets, re-entrainment of air at a turbulent interface and energy losses asso- ciated with the phenomenon.

(g) Experimental studies of 2- and 6-inch di- ameter pipes have been completed for a variety of flow conditions

(206*0 VIRTUAL MASS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Analytical and experimental.

(e) Determination of the inertia drag on bodies

moving in fluids in rotational motion and

under varying conditions of translational

motion.

(2275) FLOW OF LIQUID-SOLID MIXTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Analytical and experimental.

(e) Study of the movement of granular material

carried in a fluid through closed conduits. Measurements of velocities, energy losses,

concentrations and segregated conditions

are made.

(2759) FLOW INTO VERTICAL SHAFTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

(e) Evaluation of flow into vertical shafts for

different conditions of geometry, gradeline,

head and surface condition.

(f) Inactive.

(3203) PRESSURE SURGES IN CLOSED CONDUITS.

(b) Laboratory project - National Science

Foundation Fellowship.

(d) Analytical and experimental.

(e) Determination of pipe geometry on the re- flection and transmission of pressure

surges in closed conduits.

(3205) FLOW OF LIQUID-SOLID MIXTURES IN INCLINED

PIPES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Analytical and experimental.

(e) Study of the special problems that develop

when liquid-solid mixtures are carried in

Inclined pipes.

(3390) MECHANICS OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLOWS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. G. Bugliarello.

(d) Analytical and experimental.

(e) Study of energy relationships, velocities

and flow structure in non-newtonian flows.

(f) Active.

(3391) VORTEX FORMATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Analytical and experimental.

(e) Study of onset, development, stability and

decay of vortex motion in free surface

flows

(3392) SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN NATURAL STREAMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. G. Bugliarello.

(d) Experimental -and analytical.

(e) Studies of stream geometry, sediment load

characteristics and velocities for typical

natural stream conditions

(3393) EVAPORATION FROM MOVING SURFACES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. G. Bugliarello.

(d) Analytical.

(e) Study of the influence of kinematic conditions at the liquid-solid interface on the

evaporation process.

COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil

Engineering.

(55) SNOW COURSE MEASUREMENTS AND FORECAST

ANALYSIS.

(b) Soil Conservation Service, Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Jack N. Washichek, Snow Survey Supervisor, Colo State Univ., Civil Engineering

Section, Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Field investigations; applied research.

(e) Systematic measurements of depth and water

content of snow at high elevations in Colo,

mountain areas for the purpose of forecasting the runoff of the principal rivers of

the state in the interest of irrigation,

power, domestic supplies, and other uses. The use of electrical resistance soil moisture units is being tested to determine a factor of soil moisture deficiency for water supply forecast purposes. Most of

the major basins now have 2 or more soil

moisture stations installed. A period of

record must follow before any degree of

correlation can be accomplished.

(g) Snow measurement data are correlated with

runoff. Once the relationship is established, the snow measurement data are used

to predict the runoff for the coming season.

(h) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station

General Series Papers - Monthly Snow Survey

Reports for the Rio Grande, Colorado and

Platte-Arkansas Drainage Basin.

(821) GROUND-WATER FLUCTUATIONS AND THEIR RELA- TION TO PUMPING.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

15
(c) Mr. M. M. Skinner, Assistant Civil Engineer,

Engineering Research, Colorado State Univ.,

Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The work consists of semiannual measurements of the depth te the water t aisle in

ahout 300 observation wells in the Arkansas

and South Platte Valleys in Colorado. Seven continuous recorders are also now in

operation. Observation wells are strate- gically located in pumping areas. Data on power consumption are also gathered for

comparison with water-table elevations.

The work is coordinated with the Ground

Water Branch, U.8.G.S.

(g) Water tables in nearly all areas under

canals have recovered to normal levels be- cause of favorable surface water supplies

during the last few years following the

years of short supply in the early 50 1 e

.

However, water tables have declined in

many areas which depend entirely upon

ground water for irrigation and have a small natural recharge in comparison to withdrawals

.

(107*0 HYDRAULICS OF STILLING BASINS.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

(c) Mr. G L. Smith, Assistant Civil Engineer,

Civil Ingrg. Section, Colo. State Univ.,

Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental; applied and fundamental.

(e) This study consists of several phases. The

first phase, which has been completed, was development of generalized design criteria

for stilling basins for eantllevered pipe

flow. The stilling basin Is a pre-shaped

scour hole in an alluvial bed armorplated

with well graded riprap. The second phase

of the study, which is in progress, is te investigate the efficiency of the armorplated, pre-shaped stilling basin in scour

control for different boundary geometry.

(f) A project report covering work to date Is being written.

(g) Scour In alluvial beds increases with an increase in channel width. The contributing factor to the increased rate of scour

is growth and vortex action of secondary

currents transverse to the direction of

jet flow. Armerplatlng of channel banks

is essential to stability of alluvial channels. Decreasing the elope of the channel

banks increases the effectiveness in scour control of the armorplated, pre-shaped

stilling basin and banks.

(h) "Analytical Study of the Mechanics of

Scour for Three-Dlmensional Jet," Y. Iwagakl, G.L. Smith and M.L. Albertson,

Colo. State Univ., Civil Engrg. Dept.,

Report in preparation.

"The Manifold Stilling Basin," G.R. Fiala

and M.L. Albertson, Colo. State Univ.,

Civil Engrg. Dept., Report No. CER58MLA35

(1837) SEALING OF IRRIGATION CANALS BY BENTONITE

SEDIMENT1NG.

(b) Colo. State Univ. Exp. Sta., USDA - Agr.

Research Service and Irrigation Districts

< and Companies.

(e) Mr. R.D. Dlrmeyer, Jr., Proj. Leader, Engrg.

Research, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins,

Colorado.

(d) Applied research and development at field

sites, supported by laboratory research

where needed.

(e) A pilot model approach is being used which

utilizes a procedure development and

evaluation trial in a representative canal

site for each major irrigated area. Development work with Wyoming high-swell bentonIte as a sedimenting agent in sealing irrigation canals is essentially complete. The

research and development work is now being

concentrated on the use of the low-swell

varieties of bentonite as a sedimenting

agent for sealing irrigation canals and

reservoirs

.

(g) The main advantages of the low-swell bentonite over the high-swell varieties are listed as follows: (l) The low-swell

varieties are relatively common in many

parts of the Western United States and in

other areas of the world, whereas the highswell bentonites are mainly found in Wyoming,

and (2) the chemical character of the lowswell bentonites make them compatible with

salty soils and hard waters whereas the

high-swell bentonites can undergo objeetlonal physical changes when subjected to

such conditions.

(h) "Evaluation Report on Recent Bsntonite

Sealing Work in Wyoming Canals," by R. D. Dlrmeyer, Jr., Colo. State Univ., Civil

Engineering Section, March 1959- "Testing Bentonite for Sealing Purposes,"

R.T. Shen, Colo. State Univ., Civil Engrg.

Section, (Colo. Ext. Serv. Cir. No. 205 A - Wyo. Ext. Serv. Clr. No. l6l).

"Sealing Sandy Ditches with the Bentonite

Dispersion Method," R. T. Shen, Colo. State

Univ., Civil Engrg. Section, (Colo. Ext. Serv. Cir. No. 202 A - Wyo. Ext. Serv. Cir.

No. 158).

"Sealing Rocky Ditches with the Bentonite

Multiple-Dam Method," R. T. Shen, Colorado

State Univ., Civil Engrg. Section, (Colo.

Ext. Serv. Cir. No. 203 A - Wyo. Ext. Serv.

Cir. 159).

"Mixing Bentonite for Sealing Purposes,"

R. T. Shen, Colorado State Univ., Civil

Engrg. Sec, (Colo. Ext. Serv. Cir. No.

20** A - Wyo. Ext. Serv. Circular No. 160).

"Sealing Farm Ponds and Reservoirs with

Bentonite," R. T. Shen, Colo. State Univ.,

Civil Engrg. Sec, (Colo. Ext. Serv. Cir. No. 206 A - Wyo. Ext. Serv. Clr. No. 162).

2066) STUDY OF OPEN CHANNEL CONSTRICTIONS IN A SLOPING FLUME.

b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads,

e) Dr. H.K. Liu, Assoc. Civil Engr., Civil

Engrg. Section, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental; applied.

(e) Scour at bridge abutments of various shapes

and dimensions have been Investigated In the laboratory. Natural sediment having mean sizes of approximately 0A5 mm were used in the tests. Sediment supply of

mainly bed load varied from zero to less

16
than 1000 ppm.

(f) Laboratory teste have been completed. Data

are being analyzed and compiled. A report

is currently being written.

(g) Criteria for estimating the maximum depth

of seour at abutments have been established.

The maximum depth of seour, for given sedi- ment size, is found to depend upon the flow

depth, veleeity, and abutment length and

geometry.

(h) "Backwater Effects of Bridge Piers and

Abutments," by H.K. Liu, J.N. Bradley, and

E.J. Plate, Colo. State Univ., Civil Engrg.

See., Fort Collins, Colorado.

"Laboratory Observations of Seour at Bridge

Abutments," by H.K. Liu, and M.M. Skinner,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado,

Bulletin No. 2k2 Highway Research Board.

77) STUDY OF EVAPORATION FROM SOIL SURFACES IN TERMS OF SOIL AND MI CR0MET1OR0LOGICAL

FACTORS.

(b) Contributing project to Western Regional

Research Prej. W-32, "Basic Hydrologieal

Factors Relating to Water Conservation."

(e) Dr. R.A. Schleusener, Asst. Research Engr.,

Engineering Research, Colorado State Uhlv<

,

Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search, part of which has been used for master's and doctoral theses.

(e) The project is a comprehensive study of

moisture transfer from soli by evaporation

from the soli surface. The immediate ob- jectives of this investigation are to evaluate the variables known to affect

evaporation from soil in order to determine

those that are most important in the field,

and secondly to search for relationships

among the pertinent variables which will

permit quantitative estimates of evapora- tion from a given soil under prevailing

ambient conditions.

(g) Evaporation from soil surfaces has been

studied for steady and cyclic ambient at- mospheric conditions, using a eontrolledenvironment chamber. Results indicate that

under some conditions an inverse relation

can exist between the rate of evaporation

from a soli In contact with a water table

and that from a free-water surface. A theory was developed to explain this phe- nomenon in terms of a hysteresis property

'of the soil. This is not in agreement with

prior theory which indicates that a limitation from soils should be reached as the

evaporation rate increases from a free- water surface. The hystereses hypothesis

suggests that evaporation could be reduced

by application of a surface treatment which

would promote rapid initial desaturation of

the soil surface. Measurements of evapora- tion from soils subjected to various surface treatments Indicate a significant re- duction of evaporation can be accomplished

by treatment with a gravel mulch.

(h) "A Switching Arrangement for Automatic,

Remote Temperature Reading, " Richard A. Schleusener, Colorado State Univ., Agricultural Engrg. 4o(l):32-33> January 1959-

"The Role of Hysteresis in Reducing

Evaporation From Soils in Contact With a Water Table," Richard A. Schleusener and

A.T. Corey. Jour, of Geophysical Research

6k(k):k69-75, April 1959- "Relations Between Evaporativity and Evaporation From Soils in Contact With a Water

Table," Richard A. Schleusener. A paper

presented to the American Meteorological

Society Conference on Practical Problems of

Modern Meteorology, Denver, Sept. 2k, 1958.

(2278) METHODS OF GENERATING A COMPLEX SEA.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy,

(e) Robert E. Glover, Engrg. Research, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) The research is directed toward the develop- ment of ways and means to produce in a wave basin seas which will permit the testing of

model ships under conditions representing

those encountered by ships on the ocean under storm conditions.

(f) Completed.

(g) A new type of wave generator was developed

which promises to have the ability to produce a replica of an actual storm sea in a circular or rectangular wave basin. The

replica sea would cover essentially the

entire area of the wave basin.

(h) "Methods of Creating a Complex Seaway in a Model Basin," R. E. Glover, prepared for the David Taylor Model Basin under Contract

Nonr. 1610(02). Colo. State Univ., Civil

Engrg. Dept., Report CER58REGI+3, Sept. 1958. "Estimates of Bending Moments and Pressures

Due to Slamming," R.E. Glover, prepared for

the David Taylor Model Basin under Contract Nonr 1610(02). Tech. Report No. 5> Colo. State Univ., Civil Engrg. Dept., Aug. 1957-

(2279) LABORATORY AND FIELD STUDY OF THE VORTEX TUBE SAND TRAP.

Cooperative project: Colorado Agricultural

Experiment Station and Agricultural Re- search Service. See U. S. Department of

Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, page 98-

(2510) RESEARCH DIRECTED TOWARD THE STUDY OF LOW LEVEL TURBULENCE.

(b) Air Force Cambridge Research Center.

(c) Dr. J. E. Cermak, Prof. Mechanics and Civil

Engineering, Colorado State Univ., Fort

Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental; basic research to be used

towards a doctoral thesis.

(e) Measurements of mean velocity, mean tem- peratures, turbulence intensities and tur- bulent shear stress profiles were made for

turbulent air flow over a plane, rough

boundary which was heated. A new wind tun- nel with low ambient turbulence level and

a test section 6 x 6 x 72 feet was designed

and partially completed.

(f) Completed.

(g) For the rough, heated surface the velocity

defect law for the outer regime of the

boundary layer follows the same law for a smooth boundary provided the displacement

17
thickness includes the variation of density

with temperature. The temperature distribution can he expressed by a wall law and a temperature-defect law analogous to the

velocity-distribution laws.

(2513) WATER AND SEDIMENT MEASURING EQUIPMENT FOR EPHEMERAL STREAMS.

(b) Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment

Station, Agricultural Research Service and

Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. A.R. Robinson and Dr. A.R. Chamberlain,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The present phases of the project are to

further develop measureing flumes of trapezoidal shapes for measurement of flows with

steep gradients and for a large range of

flows

.

(g) Model results have been compared with pro- totype measurements with good agreement. A large 1:2 model has been constructed and

is presently being tested to better determine the operating characteristics of the

prototype structures

.

(251*0 STUDY OF RESISTANCE TO FLOW AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN ALLUVIAL CHANNELS.

(b) U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. D. B. Simons, U.S. Geological Survey,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) A study of mechanics of flow in alluvial

channels using a large recirculating laboratory flume. Experimental, theoretical

and field investigation; basic and applied

research. Some phases of the study are being used to develop masters and doctoral

theses; however, the investigation is basically a U.S.G.S. research project.

(e) This investigation consists of a laboratory

study which will be followed by a field

study of (a) resistance to flow in alluvial

channels, (b) sediment transport theory,

including the effect of very fine sediment

on resistance to flow and sediment transport, and (c) the theory of rapid flow

phenomenon in alluvial channels.

(f) Active.

(g) Results: Regimes of flow, forms of bed

roughness, resistance to flow relations,

and sediment transport relations have been

developed for the three sizes of sand investigated.

(h) Publications: U.S.G.S., Water Supply Paper

IU98-A, and two (2) A.S.C.E. papers have

been submitted for publication.

(2649) DEVELOPMENT OF DRAINAGE DESIGN CRITERIA FOR IRRIGATED LANDS.

Cooperative project; Colo. Agr. Exp. Sta. and Agr. Research Service. See U.S. Dept.

of Agr., Agricultural Research Service, page 98.

(2760) METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

(b) Colo. Agricultural Experiment Station and

U. S. Weather Bureau.

(c) Mr. Maxwell Parshall, Assistant Professor,

Civil Engrg. Sec, Colo. State Univ., Fort

Collins, Colorado.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The work is being done to obtain a precise

long time record of climatological elements.

The elements observed are: maximum, mini- mum and current air temperature, wet and

dry bulb temperatures for -dew point tem- perature and relative humidity, soil tem- peratures at 3j 6, 12, 2k, 36 and 72 inches,

wind direction and velocity at 65 feet and

15 inches above surface, barometric pressure, evaporation from a free water surface, water temperature at surface (maximum, mini- mum and current), precipitation, cloud

cover, dew and frost.

(g) New extreme values of temperature have been

recorded recently. The long time mean tem- perature is increasing. Precipitation

varies widely with no long time trend ap- parent . (h) Summary of 70 years' record of Meteorological data in process of publication.

(276l) A STUDY OF THE ECONOMIC EFFECT OF CONTROL- LING WATER USE IN AN AREA WHERE SURFACE AND GROUND WATER RIGHTS APPLY TO A SINGLE

SUPPLY.

(b) Colo. Agri. Expt . Sta. and U.S.D.A. Regional Project W-42. (Revised)

(c) Mr. M. W. Bittinger, Asst. Civil Engineer,

Civil Engrg. Sec, Colo. State University,

Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The engineering phase of this study has as its purpose the determination of the interrelationships of ground water and surface water in an area where both are used for

irrigation. An area in the South Platte

Valley has been chosen for this study.

The economic phase will be concerned with

the implications of various types of legislative controls which may be applied in

the situation.

(g) Most of the field data have been obtained

for this study. Estimates of the amount of

pumping over the past thirty years, the

amount of water delivered by canals to the

study area during the past thirty years and

computations of the gain or loss in the

river through the years has been made

.

Various approaches of analyses have been

tried to attempt to correlate various

hydrological factors to the flow in the

river and to the fluctuations of the water

table. Various unknowns such as inflow

from unmeasured tributaries, excess irrigation water finding its way directly to the

river, and temporary bank storage have

masked the relationships between hydrologic

factors. A theoretical analysis is now underway and will be correlated with field

observations. A basic conclusion that has

been drawn so far is that pumping of ground water in this particular area of the South

Platte Valley has had no major detrimental

effect upon surface water rights.

(h) "Colorado's Ground Water Problems - Ground Water in Colorado," Colo. Agri. Expt. Sta- tion Bulletin 50^-S, August 1959

.

18
(2767) EDUCATIONAL FILMS ON OPEN CHANNEL FLOW.

(c

(a

(e

(f

(2769

(h)

(2770)

(*>) (c)

U)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(2771)

(c)

U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

Mr. J.R. Barton, Assoc. Prof., Civil Engrg.

Sec, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo. Laboratory 'and field.

Project involves the making of a color film

on open channel flow in connection with

highway drainage problems for educational

purposes

In final editing stage.

EVALUATION OF FLOWMETERS FOR THE MARTIN

COMPANY, DENVER DIVISION.

The Martin Company, Denver, Colorado.

Mr. Susumu S. Karaki, Asst. Civil Engineer,

Civil Engrg. Sec, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

Experimental; applied.

The purpose of the project is to carry out tests on the dynamic, kinematic and general

performance characteristics of various

types of flow meters to be inserted in

pipelines. The flowmeters to be considered

are the Gulton, Gentile Tube, and Maxson

Ultrasonic, impact strain gauge, turbine

and rotameters. The fluids under consideration are water, liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen, JP-1+ fuel, RP-1 fuel and MIL-O-5606

hydraulic fluid.

"Evaluation of the Performance of the Gul- ton Ultrasonic Gentile Tube and Potter

Meter 6-^4-24 Flowmeters," by Fred Videon

and G. L. Smith, CSURF, June 1958 CER59FV11.

"Evaluation of the Performance of the Floating Rotor Design Flowmeter," S.S. Karaki

and Fred Videon. CSURF, September 1959,

CER59SSKU5

A STUDY OF SHEAR STRESS FLUCTUATIONS AT A

LIQUID- SOLID INTERFACE BY MEASUREMENT OF

THE ELECTROKINETIC POTENTIAL FLUCTUATIONS.

National Science Foundation.

Dr. J.E. Cermak, Prof. Mechanics and Civil

Engineering, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins,

Colorado.

Experimental and theoretical.

Electrokinetic -potential- fluctuation spec- tra are being measured for a range of electrode spacings and the regimes in a glass

pipe. These data together with auto-corre- lation data for the electrokinetic potentials will be used to determine the charac- ter of shear stress fluctuations at the

pipe wall. Preliminary electrokinetic -potential- fluc- tuation spectra show similar energy- fre- quency distributions as do turbulent velocity fluctuations measured in a turbulent

flow near a solid wall.

Ph. D. Dissertation in preparation.

DISTRIBUTION OF A WETTING AND NON-WETTING FLUID PHASE IN A POROUS SOLID.

National Science Foundation.

Dr. A.T. Corey, presently on temporary

assignment as Assoc. Prof, of Civil Engrg., SEATO Graduate School of Engrg., Bangkok,

Thailand.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) The primary objective of this project is to determine the effect of rate of displace- ment on the distribution of wetting and

non-wetting fluid phases in porous solids

Particular emphasis is placed on the situation occurring when a non-wetting phase

displaces a wetting phase at various rates. The ultimate aim is to obtain basic information which will enable better techniques to

be devised whereby field situations involving flow in porous media can be studied by

laboratory models.

(f) The project is temporarily suspended in the

absence of the principal investigator.

(2901) LABORATORY STUDY OF GRAVEL FILTER DESIGN

FOR IRRIGATION WELLS.

Cooperative project; Colorado Agricultural

Experiment Station and Agricultural Research

Service. See U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, p.

(2902) DEVELOPMENT IMPROVEMENT OF WATER MEASURING

DEVICES.

Cooperative project: Colo. Agri. Expt.

Sta. and Agri. Research Serv. See U.S. Dept. of Agri ., Agricultural Research Serv. Page 100.

DETERMINATION OF PROPER IRRIGATION WELL

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND MAINTENANCE PRACTICES FOR OBTAINING MAXIMUM ECONOMICAL LIFE AND PERFORMANCE.

Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. M.M. Skinner, Asst. Research Engineer,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental and field investigations;

applied.

(e) The study is to determine the extent and

causes of partial and complete failures of

irrigation wells in Colorado and to develop

recommendations for construction methods,

materials, maintenance and repairs of irrigation wells.

(g) Review of literature available indicates a wide variance in recommendations for ma- terials in irrigation-well construction,

and in maintenance methods.

(303*0 DISTRIBUTION AND CONCENTRATION OF RADIO- ACTIVE WASTES IN STREAMS BY FLUVIAL SEDIMENTS.

(b) U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Dr. A.R. Chamberlain, Chief, Engineering

Research, and Acting Dean, College of

Engineering, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This study has thus far been divided into two phases. The first phase has been con- cerned with reviewing the literature and

evaluating the status of research on the

disposal of radioactive wastes in natural

streams. Particular emphasis is placed on problems arising from sediments which are contaminated by sorption of radioactive

nuclides. The second phase is concerned

(3033)

(d)

(c)

19
with determining dispersion and transport

rates of contaminated bed sediments in the

field. This is to he accomplished through

the usage of sediment particles tagged by

radionuclides as tracers.

(g) In the first phase, the factors involved

and the present status of research concern- ing disposal of radioactive wastes in streams are reviewed with respect to:

(l) Waste characteristics; (2) dispersion

theory; (3) sorption by sediments; and

(k) sediment transport. Sorption of radiocontaminants by sediments is the rule

rather than the exception. Sorption,

transport, and distribution of radiocontaminants by sediments depend on a multiplicity of factors, many of which are very

complex and only partially understood.

The second phase is in its initial phase,

and no results as yet have been achieved.

(h) "Progress Report: Dispersion and Concen- tration of Radioactive Wastes by Stream

Sediments," W. W. Sayre, H.P. Guy and A. R. Chamberlain, Report No. CER59ARC26.

( 3035 ) CONSEQUENCES OF RESTRAINT ON MOTIONS OF A MODEL SHIP.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of

the Navy.

(c) Mr. E. F. Schulz, Associate Civil Engineer,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colorado

.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The purpose of this project is to obtain

experimental data on the influence of re- straint on the model motions resulting

from wave trains acting on a model ship.

Initially the model motions will be re- strained and the forces and moments on the

model caused by the waves will be measured. A new type wave probe will be used to measure the wave field in the vicinity of the

model

.

(g) Activity to date has been confined to de- velopment of Instrumentation. These include the improvement of a capacitance

probe which does not touch or disturb the water surface. Six transistorized probe

units will be used to measure the waves in

the vicinity of the model. Comparison of

the records with a record of the undisturbed wave will yield information on the

influence of the ship on the waves. A six

component balance has been constructed to measure the forces and moments on the re- strained model.

(3036) THE LONGITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES AND MOMENTS ON A RESTRAINED MODEL IN WAVES.

(b) S-3 Panel of Hull Structure Committee,

Society of Naval Architects and Marine

Engineers

.

(c) Mr. E. F. Schulz, Associate Civil Engineer,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colorado

.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The primary objective of this project is to

impose pitching and heaving displacements

(separately) varying slnusoldally in time

upon a model ship and to measure the forces

and moments as a function of time. The models are segmented and attached to an oscillating strongback by means of a stiff

spring. The force on each end of the seg- ment is sensed by means of an SR-k strain

gage. The simultaneous records of the

forces on the seven segments may be used to construct a longitudinal shear curve. The

longitudinal bending moment is found by

graphical integration,

(g) The pitching and heaving experiments on a five foot model of a T2-SE-A1 tanker have

been completed. The model was oscillated

at seven frequencies at rest and at three

speeds of advance. The results are being

analyzed and will be compared with the ana- lytical findings of Hasking, Havelock and

Grimm.

( 3037 ) STUDY OF ATMOSPHERIC SURFACE LAYER PHENOMENA IN A WIND TUNNEL.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. J.E. Cermak, Colorado State University,

Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Measurements of mean velocities and mean

temperatures together with turbulence intensities and correlations have been made

over a smooth, plane, heated or unheated

surface. The objective of the program is to relate the turbulent boundary layer . structure to the thermal stratification

obtained by heating.

(g) Heating of the turbulent boundary layer at low Reynolds number has been found to produce the following effects: (l) Increase

the coefficient of drag; (2) increase the

eddy viscosity; and (3) increase the cor- relation between vertical and horizontal

velocity fluctuations.

(h) "Turbulent Boundary Layer at Low Reynolds

Number with Unstable Density Stratification

Produced by Heating," J. E. Cermak, Ph. D. Dissertation, Cornell University.

(3038) SCOUR BELOW CULVERT OUTLETS.

(b) Association of American Railroads.

(c) Mr. G. L. Smith, Asst. Civil Engr., Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; fundamental.

(e) Systematic measurements were made of the

velocity profile of a submerged jet impinging upon a normal boundary to determine its

influence on jet diffusion. The velocity

profile was measured for the various zones of diffusion and along the boundary. The pressure profile was measured radially

along the boundary from the point of stagnation to a point where the mean radial

velocity is approximately zero.

(f) First phase completed.

(g) The behavior of the water jet was the same

as that found by others for an air Jet impinging upon a normal boundary. The error

curve serves as a satisfactory representation of diffusion profiles for water jets.

(h) "Flow Characteristics of a Circular Sub- merged Jet Impinging Normally on a Smooth

Boundary," by Michael Poreh, M. S. Thesis,

Colorado State Univ., February 1959

20
(30U0) STUDY OF SPUR DIKES FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGE (b) OPENINGS. (c)

(b) State Highway Departments of Mississippi (d)

and Alabama and U.S. Bureau of Public Roads. (e)

(c) Mr. S. Karaki, Asst. Civil Engr., Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Spur dikes at bridge abutments are used to prevent scour at the abutments and adjacent

piers . The spur dikes principal functions

are to distribute the flow more uniformly

through the bridge opening and to streamline the flow. This experimental study is to determine the relationships between the

length and shape of the spur dike with the

length of roadway embankment and discharge.

(f) Completed.

(g) The results of the study are presented in

a form of a tentative design chart. For normal crossings, it was found that the (3395)

length of spur dike was a direct function

of the length of roadway embankment and

discharge. Skewed roadways were also

studied and found that spur dike length (b)

increased if the roadway skewed upstream (c)

and decreased if skewed downstream. Spur

dikes for small bridges would require longer spur dikes than that presented by the

design chart if the concentration of flow (d)

through the bridge was great.

(h) "Progress Report on Hydraulic Model Study (e)

for Spur Dikes," S.Karaki, CSURF, Jan. 1959

"Hydraulic Model Study of Spur Dikes for

Highway Bridge Openings," Susuma S. Karaki,

CSU, Civil Engineering Section, Fort Collins,

September 1959, CER59SSK36.

( 301+1 ) MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF FLOODS FROM

SMALL WATERSHEDS IN ARID AND SEME -ARID

AREAS.

(b) U.S. Bureau of Public Roads. (h)

(c) Dr. Richard A. Schleusener, Civil Engrg.

Section, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins,

Colorado

(d) Applied research.

(e) The purpose of the study is to develop

procedures for predicting the magnitude and

frequency of runoff from small watersheds

in arid and semi -arid areas.

(g) Procedures have been developed for predic- (3396)

tion of peak rates of runoff from ungaged

watersheds for 10- and kO- year recurrence (b)

intervals for a region in eastern Colorado ( c

and adjoining areas.

(h) "Preliminary Report on Magnitude and Fre- (d) quency of Runoff from Small Watersheds in ( e

Arid and Semi-Arid Areas," by Richard A. Schleusener, G.L. Smith, and N.Yotsukura,

Civil Engineering Section, Colorado State University, CER59RAS39

"Estimates of Runoff from Small Watersheds

in Eastern Colorado, Western Kansas and (f)

Nebraska, and Southeastern Wyoming, " by (g)

Richard A. Schleusener, and G.L. Smith,

Civil Engrg. Sec, Colo State Univ., Fort

Collins, Colorado. CER59RAS1+1.

(339*0 RESEARCH ON ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL RE- CHARGE OF GROUND WATER IN COLORADO.

Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. M.W. Bittinger, Asst. Civil Engr., Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

Experimental and applied research.

The research under this project is being

carried out in three major parts. Part I consists of an overall analysis of the

artificial recharge needs and possibilities

in seven major ground water basins in Colo. This analysis will be based principally

upon available information of water supply, water quality, geology, water use and other

physical factors. Part II consists of the

selection and establishment of field ex- periments on representative areas within the

various ground water basins. Part III con- sists of theoretical and laboratory studies to extend the information obtained under

Part II.

FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF A SUBMERGED AND NON- SUBMERGED THREE-DIMENSIONAL JET IMPINGING UPON A NORMAL PLANE.

National Science Foundation.

Mr. George L. Smith, Civil Engineering

Dept., Colo. State Univ., and Dr. J. E. Cermak, Prof. Mech. and Civil Engineering,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

Analytical and experimental; basic research

and graduate thesis. An experimental study of the axi- symmetrical

flow resulting from a jet impinging on a solid boundary. Detailed measurements will

be made of the turbulent structure within

the boundary layer as well as direct measurements of the boundary shear stress. The data will be used to determine the nature of the boundary layer development

and to check the determination of the

boundary shear stress by means of the mo- mentum integral equation.

"Flow characteristics of a Circular Sub- merged Jet Impinging Normally on a Smooth

Boundary," Michael Poreh and J. E. Cermak,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.,

American Assoc. of Railroads publication.

Proceedings - Midwestern Conf . on Fluid and

Solid Mechanics, The Univ. of Texas, Sept.

9, 1959-

DILLON DAM SPILLWAY.

Tipton and Kalmbach, Inc . , Denver, Colorado.

Mr. S.S. Karaki, Asst., Civil Engr., Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

Experimental; applied research.

The purpose of the study is to hydraulically test the preliminary design of a morning glory spillway for the Dillon Res- ervoir and to suggest modifications where

necessary consistent with adequate hydraulic performance.

Completed.

Excessive negative pressures were measured

in the throat and vertical shaft of the

spillway and were corrected by installing

a deflector above the vertical bend in the

tunnel. This served also to streamline the

flow through the bend and in the horizontal

tunnel. Non-uniform distribution of flow

21
on the crest was solved by installing piers

on the crest. The final model design utilized a hydraulic jump stilling basin and

deflector designed so that discharges less

than 3000 cfs were contained as a hydraulic

jump, while large discharges formed a jet

off the end of the basin,

(h) "Hydraulics Model Study of the Morning

Glory Spillway, for Dillon Dam, " Susumu S. Karaki, Colorado State Univ., Research

Foundation, June 1959, CER59SSK21.

(3397) BHUMIPHOL DAM TUNNEL JUNCTION.

(b) Engineering Consultants Inc., Denver, Colo.

(c) Mr. Susumu S. Karaki, Asst. Civil Engr.,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The purpose of this model study is to de- vise a protective structure within an un- lined outlet works tunnel to protect the

walls from erosion due to large velocities. Because of the large diameter of the tunnel, and because its use will be limited

to two years, a lining for the tunnel is not considered economically justifiable.

(g) Preliminary results show that a hydraulic

structure can be constructed within the

dam, but it must be accompanied by a par- tial lining to be suitable. Other struc- tures are being tested to determine an economical solution.

(3398) WIND TUNNEL MODELING OF ATMOSPHERIC

DIFFUSION.

(b) National Institutes of Health.

(c) Dr. J.E. Cermak, Prof. Mech. and Civil

Engrg., Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins,

Colo.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) A point source of gas (monomethylamine

)

located within a turbulent boundary layer

formed by the flow of air over a flat plate

is used to create a concentration field

downstream of the source. Provisions are also made to heat the boundary from below

to produce a boundary layer with unstable

density stratification. Sampling of the

concentration field is accomplished by

drawing measured volumes of gas through

water. The solution is then analyzed

colorimetrically to determine the methylamine concentration. The concentration

fields are being studied in an attempt to determine the effects of non-isotropic

boundary layer turbulence on diffusion. An

attempt will be made to correlate windtunnel-diffusion phenomena to diffusion

phenomena in the atmospheric surface layer.

( 3399 ) CLIMATOLOGY OF THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER

BASIN.

(b) State of Colorado - Colorado Water Con- servation Board.

(c) Dr. Richard A. Schleusener, Civil Engineering Sec, Colo State Univ., Fort Collins,

Colo.

(d) Applied research.

(e) The phase of research conducted at Colo. State Univ., involves a study of the

(3^00;

variability of certain meteorological pa- rameters in the -Upper Colorado River Basin,

and their relation to stream flow. The study at Colorado State University is in cooperation with two other phases being

conducted by the University of Colorado, Bureau of Economic Research and High Altitude Observatory, respectively. In the

phase conducted by the Bureau of Economic

Research a study is being made of the

variability of stream flow of the Colorado

River. In the phase being conducted by

the High Altitude Observatory, the effect

of solar variability on the general circulation of the atmosphere and on observed

weather is being studied.

HYDRAULICS OF SUB-CRITICAL FLOWS IN SMALL, ROUGH CHANNELS.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station; U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service.

(c) Mr. Norman A. Evans, Head, Dept. of Agri

.

Engrg., Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins,

Colo.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; basic

and applied research, portions will be used

for master's and doctoral theses.

(e) The goal of this project is to develop

design equations for furrow irrigation

systems. The equations should relate fur- row shape, slope, infiltration capacity

and boundary roughness to non-erosive rates of flow. The first objective is to corre- late random types of roughness with flow

resistance in rigid, impermeable boundaries.

The effect of infiltration through channel

boundaries will then be considered. Natu- ral soil will be used in the laboratory to determine the sediment regimes which occur

and to develop flow equations for these

regimes. As a final phase, field experi- ments will be conducted to determine the

validity of the laboratory results.

(31+01) DRAINAGE DESIGN CRITERIA FOR IRRIGATED

LANDS.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Norman A. Evans, Head, Agricultural

Engineering Dept., State Univ. of Colo., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Data on yields of tile drain systems in

northern Colorado were collected, together

with physical features and soil characteristics, from which a correlation analysis

is made. The prediction equation so ob- tained is limited in application to the area under study.

(f) An extension of the project will be initiated in the future to study the hydraulics

of the region near a tile drain, including

the gravel filter.

(g) A prediction equation based on degree of

stratification has been found to be very

reliable.

( 3i+02 ) DEVELOPMENT OF AN ULTRASONIC STREAM BED

ANALYZER.

(b) Agricultural Research Service.

22
(c) Mr. S.S. Karaki, Asst. Civil Engr., and

Earl Gray, Instructor, Electrical Engrg.,

Colo State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Applied research.

(e) The purpose of this research is to develop

an electronic instrument to simultaneously

measure the profile of the water surface

and stream bed configuration under flow

conditions in alluvial streams for both

laboratory and field. Preliminary investigations indicate that sonic methods may he used to determine both air-water and watersolid interfaces, which enables measurement

of water surface and stream bed profiles

simultaneously. The instrument is expected

to be fully transistorized and packaged for rugged use. The instrument will consist of

a micro-second pulse, a broad-band receiver,

a time measuring computer, a piezzo-electric

transducer, and a two-channel time-marked

recorder. A cathode-ray oscilloscope will

be optional.

(g) The instrument is being designed for the

proper transistor circuits. No tests have

been undertaken.

(3^03) A STUDY OF TWO-PHASE, SINGLE COMPONENT FLOW

IN A VENTURI.

(b) NBS Cryogenic Engineering Lab (equipment) NSF Undergraduate Research Program.

(c) Mr. R.V. Smith, Assoc. Prof, of Mechanical

Engineering, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimentalj both basic and applied.

(e) To analyze the flow process of steam and

liquid HgO from pressure and temperature

surveys in the venturi. Vapor to liquid

mass ratios, total mass flow and venturi

geometry will be varied. Comparative runs

for liquid H ^ -air systems will also be

made (where no phase change is possible).

Most of the work is carried out in the

summer months

.

(3h0h) PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION FOR TWO-PHASE FLOW

IN A TWO-DIMENSIONAL POROUS MEDIA MODEL.

(b) Laboratory Project (ARS).

(c) Mr. R.H. Brooks, Agricultural Engr., Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental verification of the theoretical line where capillary pressure is equal to zero, i.e., P =0.

( e ) A two dimensional porous media model 2k

feet long, k feet in depth and 1 5/8 inches

thick was set at an angle of 30° with the

horizontal. The sand in the model con- sisted of three sands each increasing in

permeability downstream. Water was caused

to flow downslope under saturated condition

through the less permeable sand. The pur- pose of the project is to determine the

pressure distribution in the sands and the

position of the line where the capillary

pressure is equal to zero.

UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO, Department of Civil

Engineering, Hydraulic Laboratory.

( 3^05 ) AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE MECHANICS OF AIR ENTRAINMENT.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Prof. J. Ernest Flack, Dept. of Civil

Engrg . , Univ . of Colorado

.

(d) Basic research, master's thesis.

( e ) Experimental investigation of air entrain- ment in a liquid by agitation of the liquid

in a cylindrical container. A study of the,

effects of varying amplitude, frequency and

magnitude of agitation along with variation

of certain fluid properties on the concen- tration and distribution of air in a liquid

will be made

.

(h) Discussion on Air Entrainment by J.E. Flack

and W.W. DeLapp presented at 8th Congress,

International Association for Hydraulic

Research, Montreal, August 27, 1959> mimeograph .

UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, Hydraulic Research Lab.,

Civil Engineering Department.

(1078) HYDR0L0GIC FACTORS INFLUENCING RAINFALL- RUNOFF RELATIONSHIPS ON SMALL WATERSHEDS IN EASTERN CONNECTICUT.

(b) Laboratory project, State Highway Dept.

(c) Prof. K. C. Tippy, Box U-37, University of

Connecticut, Storrs, Conn.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

( e ) Rainfall and runoff measurements are being

taken on small watersheds varying in size

from k to ^-00 acres

.

(2073) A STUDY OF SIDE FLOW INTO GUTTERS AND

CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. V. Scottron, Box U-37, University of

Connecticut, Storrs, Conn.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

(e) Studies are being conducted on the influence

of friction on the hydraulics of rectangular

channels with sloping bottoms and uniformly

entering side flow.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY, School of Civil Engineering.

(2285) QUADRANT EDGE ORIFICE STUDIES.

(b) ASME Research Committee on Fluid Mechanics;

laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Marvin Bogema, Applied Hydraulic

Laboratory, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (d) Experimental.

(e) Study of the quadrant edge orifice for discharge measurements at low Reynolds numbers, reproducibility, effect of size and

diameter ratio, influence of pipe roughness, tap location and velocity profile.

Both oil and water used.

(h) "Progress Report" to Subcommittee No. 2. ASME Research Committee on Fluid Mechanics,

November 1958.

"The Quadrant Edge Orifice - A Fluid Meter

23
for Low Reynolds Numbers," M. Bogema and

P. L. Monkmeyer, ASME Paper No. 59-A-lUo,

November 1959'

(2773) ROLL WAVES AND SLUG FLOW.

(b) Basic Research.

(c) Prof. Marvin Bogema, Applied Hydraulics

Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) The cause and subsequent development of

intermittent flows in open channels has

been studied and analyzed. Work is con- tinuing to determine effect of boundary

roughness.

(h) "Roll Waves and Slug Flows in Inclined

Open Channels," P. G. Mayer, Journal of

the Hydraulics Division, Vol. 85, No. HY7,

July 1959, PP- 99-

(3k06) CALIBRATION OF LARGE METERS.

a)

»

(3^07

(b

(c

(d

(e

3^08

(b

(c

(d

(e

; 31+09

(b

(c

(e

Prof. Marvin Bogema, Applied Hydraulics

Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

Experimental.

Facilities are available in the Cornell

Applied Hydraulic Laboratory for calibration of large primary flow elements using

water as the calibrating medium. ' Calibrations made during the past year include a 20- x l6.lt inch Venturi; an 18 inch 0. D. x 13.25 inch I.D. pipe assembly with flow

nozzle; a 1+2 inch magnetic flow meter; and

several 12-inch turbine type flow meters. Calibration reports have been submitted to sponsors

.

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW IN RIGHT ANGLE BEND.

Laboratory.

Prof. S. Davis, School of Civil Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

Experimental; M. S. Thesis.

Study of flow conditions in right angle

bends in open channels.

VENTURI FLUME CHARACTERISTICS.

Laboratory.

Prof. S. Davis, School of Civil Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

Experimental.

Study of submergence characteristics of

venturi flume.

EROSION ABOUT PILES DUE TO WAVE ACTION.

Laboratory.

Prof. Marvin Bogema, Applied Hydraulics

Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

Experimental.

Study of erosion of sand about piles in

deep water due to wave action.

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, The Engineering and Industrial Experiment Station, Coastal Engineering Lab.

Inquiries concerning projects Nes. 8298, 3051*

3I+IS and 31+13 should be addressed to Dr. Per Bruun,

Head, Coastal Engineering Laboratory, University

of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.

( 2298 ) MODEL STUDY OF DESTRUCTION OF WAV! ENERGY

BY VERTICAL WALLS.

(b) National Science Foundation,

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search.

Destruction of wave energy by vertical

walls studied in Laboratory's wave tank. Active

.

; 30U6 ) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT CASEY KEY.

(b) Board of County Commissioners, Sarasota

County, Florida.

(c) Board of County Commissioners, Sarasota

County, Florida.

Field investigation; applied research.

The purpose of the investigations is to secure information about the actual situation of the erosion of Casey Key and to secure some technical data based upon

which recommendations can be made for immediate relief of the acute erosion problem. The plan of research involved investigations of changes in the shore line

and beach profiles,

(f) Completed.

(30V7) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT LIDO KEY.

(b) City of Sarasota.

(c) City Manager, City of Sarasota, Florida.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The purpose of the investigations is to secure Information about the actual situation of the erosion of Lido Key and to secure some technical data based upon which recommendations can be made for immediate relief of the acute erosion

problem. The plan of research involved

investigations of changes in the shore

line and beach profiles.

(f) Completed.

(301+8) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT RAGGED KEYS.

(b) J. W. Moore, Attorney-at-Law.

(c) J. W. Moore, Attorney-at-Law, Miami, Fla.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To secure information as basis for recom- mendations on establishment of fills at Ragged Keys and to furnish information on the influence of channels in the develop- ment . (f) Completed.

( 301+9 ) MODEL STUDY OF THE APPLICABILITY OF FIBER- GLASS MATERIAL IN COASTAL STRUCTURES.

(b) Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation,

Newark, Ohio.

(c) Owens-Coming Fiberglas Corp., Newark, 0. (d) Experimental basic research.

(a) Study of applicability of Fiberglass

material in coastal structures,

(f) Completed.

Zk
(3050) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY OF BAKERS HAUL- OVER INLET.

(t>) Dade County Florida.

(c) County Engineer, Dade County Florida.

(d) Field investigation and model research;

applied research.

(e) Investigate possibilities of improving

navigation conditions at Baker ' s Haulover

Inlet caused by high current velocities and

to evaluate the situation in regard to the

inlet's contribution to the erosion of the

sea shore on both sides of the inlet.

(f) Completed.

(3051) BASIC STUDY OF THE RELATION BETWEEN WIND

AND WATER BEHAVIOR IN COASTAL WATERS.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Field and laboratory study; basic research.

(e) A combined field and laboratory research program analyzing the transfer of energy

from wind to water and the effect of sloping offshore profiles as compared with

bodies of water with constant depth; study

of the combined set-up by waves and wind

for different standard profiles. Observations will be made on two platforms in the

Gulf of Mexico and laboratory experiments

will be carried out in the wave tank of

the Coastal Engineering Laboratory.

(f) Preparations for field and laboratory

tests have been completed.

(3M0) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY OF BOCA RATON

INLET.

(b) City of Boca Raton, Florida.

(c) City of Boca Raton, Florida.

(d) Field investigation and hydraulic -model

study.

(e) Investigation of the possibilities of improving navigation conditions at Boca

Raton Inlet which because of high current velocities, are dangerous to navigation;

and evaluation of the situation in regard

to the inlet's condition to the erosion of

the seashore on both sides of the inlet.

( f ) Field investigations completed; Model

being constructed.

PRELIMINARY REPORT ON PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT

OF CALADESI AND HONEYMOON ISLAND.

(b) Gee and Jenson, Consulting Engineers, West Palm Beach, Florida.

(c) Gee and Jenson, Consulting Engineers, Inc., West Palm Beach, Florida.

(d) Field Investigation; applied research.

(e) To determine consequences of subject de- velopment study includes a check depth

survey in the sea territories of Big Pass and Hurricane Pass (Florida West Coast)

and collection of data on tides and cur- rents . (f) Completed.

(3^12) FLOOD TIDE STUDIES,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Research into methods of preventing

(f)

damage to life and property during heavy

storm and hurricane tides along Florida

shores

Active

(3^13) INLET STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Study of navigation and erosion problems

at various Florida inlets.

GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Hydraulics Lab.

(291) FLOW OF WATER OVER HIGHWAY IMBANKMENTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; partly sponsored by U. S. Geological Survey.

(e) Experimental data are being obtained on the discharge characteristics of an em- bankment-shaped weir. Emphasis has been

placed on free discharge over smoothsurfaced embankments. Data have been ob- tained on the influence of embankment

height and tail-water submergence. Detailed velocity surveys have been made to de- fine the boundary layer between the upstream

edge of the upstream shoulder and the crown. Tests were made on a l:9-scale model in a 3-foot wide flume.

(f) Completed.

(g) It has been established that the discharge

characteristics of an embankment can be

related to the theoretical equation of discharge for a broad-crested weir by means

of the discharge-displacement boundarylayer thickness. Data and procedures for

computing the thickness of the boundarylayer at the control section have been de- termined as a means of generalizing the

discharge equation for various shapes,

sizes and roughness of embankments.

(1331) THE DIFFUSION OF FOREIGN PARTICLES IN A

FLUID.

(b) Laboratory project; sponsored by the

National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. M.R. Carstens, School of Civil Engrg.,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta,

Georgia.

(d) Experimental; basic research for doctoral

dissertation.

(e) The diffusion of macroscopic foreign par- ticles is being studied in a diffusion

column in order to determine the difference in diffusion of the foreign particles

and the fluid. The diffusion mechanism is

created by a pattern of pulsing jets. The

amplitude and frequency of the pulse of

the jets is controlled. The foreign parcles are ion-exchange resin beads to which are attached radioactive cesium

molecules. Particle concentration within

the column is determined by gamma-ray

radiation count.

(g) The diffusion measurements with the for- eign particles is complete.

(h) Dissertation in preparation.

551527 O - 60 - 3 25
(15810 FLOW OF WATER OVER WEIRS AND SPILLWAYS.

(b) Water Resources Division, Surface Water

Branch, U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Library search, re-analysis and correlation

of published data, plus original research

as required.

(e) A comprehensive study of the discharge

characteristics of practical forms of weirs

and spillways, including the preparation of

bibliography and the collection and analysis of experimental data from all known

sources. Objectives include the publication, in generalized form, of available

experimental data.

(f) Continuing.

(1852) DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF RECTANGULAR

PLATE WEIRS IN RECTANGULAR CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project; partly sponsored by the

U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Experimental and analytical; research for

three Master's theses and one graduate re- search problem.

(e) An investigation of the comprehensive "dis- charge characteristics of the basic sharpedged, rectangular-notch weir. An attempt

to evaluate by experimental means the influence of the several variables excluded

by restrictions on the standard weir for- mulas. Tests cover a full range of notch

widths, weir heights, and heads. Investigation limited to free flows of water at normal temperatures. Current studies con- cerned with Influence of crest thickness.

(h) Experiments summarized in two Master's

theses (James R. Wells, 195 1*; R.W. Carter,

1956). Third thesis in preparation.

(h) Progress report in preparation.

(3052) DEZ RIVER DAM SPILLWAYS.

(b) Resources and Development Corporation,

50 Broadway, New York City.

(c) Dr. M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engrg.,

Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta 13, Georgia.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) An arch dam, 600 feet high, is being built

in a narrow gorge of the Dez River in Iran. Two circular conduit spillways are placed

on one side of the canyon. The horizontal

portions of the two spillways are placed

one above the other and discharge a free

jet from the canyon wall. The inlet is a typical ogee section with Tainter gates

followed by a horizontal passage which discharges into a vertical shaft. All hydraulic features of the spillways were investigated with the model.

(f) Completed.

(3^0 INFLUENCE OF FREE-SURFACE DISTURBANCES ON PIEZOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Paul G. Mayer, School of Civil Engrg.,

Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta Georgia.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; research for Master's thesis.

(e) Observations on laboratory flume (see Project 2529) revealed a discrepancy between

depth measurements and piezometric-head

measurements for flow conditions involving

disturbed free surface. The phenomenon

appears to be analogous to pressure or density variations in unsteady, compres- sible-fluid flows.

(g) Experimental equipment is being built.

(1855! TRANQUIL FLOW THROUGH SEVERAL OPENINGS IN AN OPEN- CHANNEL WIDTH CONSTRICTION.

(b) Water Resources Division, Surface Water

Branch, U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Objective is to establish principles of

flow division at a multi-opening width con- striction. A llt-foot wide by 80-foot long

flume is being used in the experimental in- vestigation. Channel shape, degree and

pattern of boundary roughness and constriction geometries will be varied. Boundary

conditions considered will be governed by

highway bridge practice.

(2529) UNIFORM FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS.

(b) Water resources Division, Surface Water

Branch, U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Re-analysis and correlation of existing

data; original experimental research and

analysis; theoretical study of turbulence

energy transfer and diffusion mechanisms.

(e) A fundamental investigation of the mechanics of uniform flow in open channels, with

particular emphasis on the influence of

channel shape on velocity distributions

and wall shear-stress distributions. Ex- perimental work is being conducted on

simple and compound cross sections in a variable -slope 90-ft long flume.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

(3053) MODEL STUDIES OF HYDRODYNAMIC SMALL SCALE

DELTAS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Prof. H. A. Thomas, Jr., Civil and Sanitary

Engineering Dept., Harvard University,

Cambridge, Mass.

(d) Experimental, supplemented by field studies;

for a doctor's thesis.

(e) The salient objective of the Investigation

is to elucidate the hydrodynamic environ- ment controlling the formation of inclined

bedding in sedimentary strata. Studies

are being made to determine the interrelationship between current velocity, depth

of water, thickness of cross-stratified

units, particle texture, and the mechanism

of turbulence at the site of deposition.

Information is also being sought on the

mechanics of the formation of "scour and

fill" structures in sedimentary rocks.

(3054) HYDROLOGIC ASPECTS OF OVERALL DESIGN OF MULTI-PURPOSE, MULTI-UNIT, WATER RESOURCE

SYSTEMS.

26
(b) Research project in Graduate School of

Public Administration, Harvard University.

(c) Prof. Harold A. Thomas, Jr., Div. of Engineering and Applied Physics, Room 223

Pierce Hall, Harvard Univ., Canbridge, Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied re- search.

(e) Examination of various approaches to ana- lysis of physical input-output relationships in complex multi-unit, multi-purpose

river basin systems. Includes feasibility

of determining optimum system design

through use, singly or in combination, of

(l) simple mathematical models applied to the deterministic case, (2) queuing theory

for the stochastic aspects, and (3) simulation of computers. Also includes analysis

of use of synthetic hydology in simulation

operation in obtaining meaningful data on

systems yields and shortages for a combination of different outputs. The role of

operating policy on system design, including the effect of forecasting, is also

being studied.

(g) Only preliminary results obtained thus far

on simulation procedures and simple mathematical model for deterministic case.

(31+15) IRROTATIONAL PLANE FLOWS. 00

(c)

(a)

(e)

Laboratory project.

Prof. Garrett Birkhoff, Dept. of Mathematics, Harvard University, Cambridge 38? Mass. Theoretical research.

Irrotational plane flows with free surface

of an incompressible fluid, acted on by

gravity, are being computed by the non- linear integral equation method described

in Chapter VIII of "Jets, Wakes and Cavities," by G. Birkhoff and E.H. Zarantonello.

UNIV

UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO, Engineering Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1859, 2080, 3056,

3057; and 3kl6, should be addressed to Associate

Director, Prof. C. c. Warnick, College of Engineering, and Projects Nos. l86l, 1862, 2786, 3U17, and

3tL8, should be addressed to Prof. G. L. Corey,

Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of Idaho,

Moscow, Idaho.

(1859;

00

(a)

(e)

(g)

00

A STUDY OF EFFECTIVENESS OF CANAL LININGS AND SOIL SEDIMENTS IN CONTROLLING SEEPAGE

LOSSES.

Laboratory project; cooperative with U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

Field investigation; basic and operational.

Different types of canal linings are being

studied and various ways of evaluating

performance are being considered especially

ideas for measuring canal seepage from both

lined and unlined canals. New techniques for plastic film linings

have been tried as well as natural silting

effects. Also several new techniques are being developed for measuring seepage. Annual progress report is available for limited distribution.

(1861

(D

(a

(e

(f

(h

(1862

0)

(a

(e

(g

(2080

(b

(a

(e

(f

(g

(h

(2786

0)

(a

(e

(h

THE IMPROVEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF STREAMFLOW MEASURING DEVICES.

Laboratory project being carried on under

the Agricultural Experiment Station.

Experimental; applied research for master's

thesis

.

A gage to measure flow over a weir which

has approach velocity has been studied.

Completed.

Several gages were developed and tabular

relations developed for obtaining discharge direct from these special gage height readings.

"Flow Measurement with Weirs Having an Appreciable Velocity of Approach, " Robert

L. McFall, M.S. Thesis, University of

Idaho, June 1959- A bulletin is also being prepared.

DETERMINATION OF ANNUAL RUNOFF FROM WATER- SHED CHARACTERISTICS.

Laboratory project, being carried on under

Agricultural Experiment Station.

Experimental; applied research. A study of the hydrological factors af- fecting the Moscow Mountain Watershed as it applies to the total water use in the

area. Measurement data on a small water shed is continuing to be collected.

A STUDY OF RIME ICE AND SNOW CAPPING ON HIGH ALTITUDE PRECIPITATION GAGES.

Laboratory project in cooperation with

U. S. Weather Bureau, Bureau of Reclamation, Corps of Engineers, Soil Conserva- tion Service and City of Moscow. Field investigation; basic and applied

operational research.

Several experimental gages have been in- stalled to obtain basic data on snow cap- ping. An electrical means of heating the

orifice of the gage is being studied.

Completed.

Field gages were operated in winter, 1959 , performance checked, and minor changes

made in design. Gages will be used in

subsequent work on other projects.

Report to be prepared later in connection

with other projects.

FARM IRRIGATION EFFICIENCIES.

Laboratory project cooperative with Bureau

of Reclamation under the Agricultural

Experiment Station.

Field investigation; basic and applied

research.

To evaluate irrigation efficiencies on actual farms to aid in planning of a water

use on irrigation projects. To consider

efficiency from aspect of farm operations

and not just consumptive use of crops. Project is in second year of a 3-year pro- gram of collecting basic field data. Pre- liminary efficiencies are available on a

few groups of farms

.

Annual report available on loacn.

27
TELEMETERING HYDROLOGIC DATA FROM MOUNTAIN

LOCATIONS

.

Laboratory project in cooperation with fed- eral agencies and power companies.

Laboratory and field investigation; basic

and applied operational research. A complete system for reporting six or more hydrologic data is being studied and basic

parameters of snow are being considered for

conversion into time delay circuits for transmission by radio.

Circuit designs have been completed. Pro- totype of three measuring units is nearing

completion.

CONSERVATION OF WATER FOR RANGE STOCK.

Laboratory project; cooperative with Bureau

of Land Management and ranchers

.

Field investigation; applied operational

research.

Experimental stock watering ponds in desert

areas will be lined and evaporation control measures applied to see if extension of water supplies can be developed economically. Two installations have been completed and

instrumentation is being installed. Soils

and sites studies are in progress for additional sites.

STUDY OF METHODS FOR AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENT

OF SNOW WATER CONTENT.

Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture.

Field investigation; applied research. A study is being made of basic methods of

measuring snow water content for use in

telemetering data from remote mountain

locations

.

Project is being activated in November,

initial survey of techniques is in progress. "Research Needs and Progress in Push-Button

Snow Surveying," by C. C. Warnick. Paper

presented at Annual Meeting of Soil Con- servation Society of America, Rapid City,

S. D. August 27, 1959-

INFILTRATION AS AFFECTED BY FURROW PARAME- TERS AND SOIL VARIABILITY.

Laboratory project; under investigation in

Agricultural Experiment Station.

Theoretical; basic research. To determine the effect of various furrow

geometric parameters and soil conditions

on infiltration patterns by analogy methods.

Electrical and model analogs are being con- structed.

AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF SURFACE IRRIGATION

WATER.

Laboratory project; under investigation in

Agricultural Experiment Station.

Experimental field investigation; applied

research.

To develop devices which will automatically

control surface irrigation water and to

field test these devices to determine their

limitations

.

(g) Laboratory prototypes of gates that will

operate automatically are being constructed.

Sensing elements which will activate gates

are being tested.

ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 559, 560, 2315,

2535, 3059 should be addressed to Mr. R. H. Harmeson, Peoria Lab., Box 717, Peoria, Illinois.

(552) SEDIMENTATION OF ILLINOIS RESERVOIRS.

(D)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

Laboratory project; cooperative with Agricultural Research Service, Soil Conservation

Service, and University of Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. R. L. Corinth, 111. State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

Field investigation; applied research. For design of water-supply reservoirs, measurements of sediment accumulation in

lakes in Illinois. Sediment samples are analyzed and complete surveys of watershed

soil type, slopes, land use, and conserva- tion practices are made.

Results show correlation between rate of

sedimentation and land use on watershed;

results show six factors in explaining

sediment deposition: age of lake, capacityinflow ratio, watershed gross erosion, a watershed shape factor, the density of non- incised channels, and a watershed slope

factor. State Water Survey publications; Reports

of Investigation Nos. k, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12,

15, l6, and 18; sedimentation surveys of

Spring Lake, Ridge Lake, Lake Chautauqua,

Carbondale Reservoir, Lake Bracken, West

Frankfort Reservoir, Lake Calhoun, Lake

Springfield, and Lake Carthage, respectively- "Water and Land Resources of Crab Orchard

Lake Basin," Bulletin k2. "Correlation of Reservoir Sedimentation

and Watershed Factors, Springfield Plain,

111." Report of Investigation 37.

(555) EVAPORATION IN ILLINOIS.

(c)

(a)

(e)

Laboratory project.

Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. Field investigation; applied research. Measurements are made of evaporation at four stations in northern, central, and

southern Illinois. Vapor pressure gradients are obtained at Urbana. Evaporimeters

constructed and installed adjacent to pans

for year-round records. Measurements published in Climatological

Data, Illinois Section.

(559) ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUND WATER,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental, laboratory, and field in- vestigation; basic research.

(e) Experimental pilot plant consists of river

intake, control tower with chlorination

28
equipment, flow-measuring devices , and

pumping equipment; two pits. One pit is gravity fed, has kO by 62.5 feet bottom

area, 1:2 side slopes, surface at bottom is 8 ft below river pool stage. Second pit is fed by 3 nigd pump, has 20 by 75 feet bottom

area, 1:3 side slopes, bottom surface is

5 feet below river pool stage. A model of

1/8 pit ( centerline to diagonal) is being

used to study different types of pits and

variations in ground-water gradients.

(g) Operation of pits for 8 consecutive winter

seasons and one summer season completed by

State Water Survey in May 1959- Subsequent

operation to be responsibility of city of

Peoria.

(h) Completion report of 8 years' operating

methods and experience is in preparation.

(560) GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN PEORIA,

ILLINOIS, DISTRICT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) To determine the ground water resources of

the district; inventory of wells made, including construction and logs of wells

Ground water levels are measured continuously, pumpage data collected, river stages

and rainfall recorded, physical and chemical analyses for changes in composition of

ground water are made, areas of infiltration are determined, and all data are cor- related with consideration of local ground

conditions

(g) To date conservation measures have shown more effect than artificial recharge.

(561) GROUND-WATER INVESTIGATION IN EAST ST. LOUIS AREA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. H. F. Smith, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To evaluate the potential yield of the sand

and gravel deposits beneath the American

Bottoms (East St. Louis area). Ground water

levels are measured in 111 observation

wells, 9 of which are equipped with recording gages. Ground water pumpage, Mississippi River stages, rainfall, and quality

of ground water data are continuously col- lected. Maps are being prepared showing

the distribution and areal extent of the

hydraulic properties, the thickness of the

aquifer, and water-table contours. Computations are being made to determine the

amount of recharge from precipitation and

from induced infiltration of river water,

and the amount of subsurface flow from

valley walls into the American Bottoms. A geohydrologic model will be devised to simulate the complex aquifer system.

(1092) HYDR0L0GIC CYCLE EVALUATION.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. H. F. Smith, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Data from rain gage networks (gathered

under Project 553) together with information from 3 stream gaging stations and 5 ground water level recorders were collected

for use in analyzing storm rainfall-runoff

relationships on small watersheds and ef- fect of runoff on water table.

(f) Completed.

(h) Publication is being prepared.

(1335) GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN THE CHICAGO

AREA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. H. F. Smith, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Study of variations of natural resources. Investigation of artesian well field with

wells 1200 to 2200 feet deep, locally

heavily pumped. Study of ground water

level recession, interferences, transmissibilities, effect of additional demands.

(g) Results show the ground water resources in

Chicago region are developed from four

water-yielding units: glacial drift aquifers, shallow dolomite aquifers, Cambrian

Ordovlcian Aquifer, and Mt. Simon Aquifer.

The Cambrian-Ordovician has been the most highly developed source of large ground- water supplies. The glacial drift and

shallow dolomite aquifers yielded more than

half of the 127-9 mgd of ground water pump- ed in the region in 1957- Future ground- water supplies should be taken from the

shallow aquifers wherever possible.

(h) "Preliminary Report on Ground-Water Re- sources of the Chicago Region, Illinois,"

Cooperative Ground-Water Report 1, State Water Survey and State Geological Survey,

1959.

(1865) HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF DROP-INLET SPILLWAY STRUCTURES FOR SMALL RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with

Agricultural Research Service, Soil Con- servation Service, and Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. H. W. Humphreys, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research

for development and design.

(e) To determine the most desirable proportions

and shapes of drop-inlet spillway structures that have unique flow characteristics and

to develop anti-vortex devices. To provide

the necessary information on flow relations

and discharge coefficients so that these

structures may be economically designed.

Initial phases of study concerned with

hydraulics of square risers with free discharge. Effect of lip or crest shape and

anti-vortex devices being studied. Second

phase to include the complete spillway.

Experimental apparatus constructed and

tests are being conducted on the complete

spillway. Information is being obtained

on discharges, vortex effect on discharge, pressures, a flat plate anti-vortex device,

and flow conditions,

(g) Hydraulics of various types of flow

29
(h)

possible in square risers are well defined

as well as some of the effects of nonsquare crest shape. Model tests were performed on a drop-inlet spillway to determine whether or not a metal grating deck

placed ahove the inlet can control vortices. The results of the tests show that

gratings do not prevent or control strong

vortices.

"Some Experiments with Emergency Siphon

Spillways," Warren B. McBirney, a discussion by Fred W. Blaisdell and Harold W. Humphreys, Proceedings, ASCE, Paper Wo. 1807 Vol. 8k, No. Hy5, Part 1, October

1958. "Effect of Metal Grating Deck on DropInlet Spillway Performance," State Water

Survey Circular 75-

(2315) INTERFERENCE BETWEEN RECHARGE PITS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Two pits were operated simultaneously for three consecutive years.

(g) Analysis of collected data in progress.

(h) Results to be reported with material of

project 559.

(2532) EVAPORATION RETARDATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W.J. Roberts, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; applied research,

design.

(e) Monomolecular chemical films to retard

evaporation from water supply lakes and

ponds in Illinois. Laboratory studies con- tinuing on smaller containers.

(g) Analysis in progress.

(h) "Reducing Lake Evaporation in the Midwest,"

W.J. Roberts, Jour, Geophys . res., Vol. 6k, No. 10, p. l605-10.

"State Water Survey Technical Letter No. 2,"

1959. "Evaporation Suppression from Water Sur- faces," W.J. Roberts, Trans. AGU, 38(5):

7^0-^, 1957-

(2533) MOISTURE INFLOW STUDY.

(h

(253^

(b

(c

(a

(e

Laboratory project.

Mr. R.G. Semonin, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

Applied research.

Computation of atmospheric moisture inflow

of Illinois and subsequent correlation

with precipitation. Moisture and wind data

obtained from RAOB data. Analysis completed.

Report in preparation.

DENSE RAIN GAGE NETWORK PROJECTS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. G.E. Stout, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

Field investigation; applied research. Data from four rain gage networks, consisting of 50 gages in kOO square miles, 10

gages in 100 square miles, 51 gages in 550

(h)

(*)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(3058)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(3059)

(a)

(e)

square miles, and 11 gages in 10 square

miles. Studies include: (l) Rainfall

variability; (2) frequency of point and

areal mean rainfall; (3) area-depth relations; (k) variation of point rainfall with

distance; (5) areal representativeness of

point rainfall; and (6) reliability of

areal mean rainfall estimates.

"Rainfall Relations on Small Areas in

Illinois," State Water Survey Bulleltin kk.

(2535) FILTERING THROUGH COARSE MATERIALS.

Laboratory project.

Field investigation; applied research.

Various sizes of rounded gravel and of

broken limestone were studied in tile rings

in the bottom of both recharge pits under

field conditions, to determine limit of

coarseness of filter material. Further

work is planned in the laboratory with con- trol of the variables involved.

Suspended.

Field studies indicate filtering occurs through materials up to 3/^-inch size.

HYDR0METE0R0L0GICAL ANALYSIS OF SEVERE

RAINSTORMS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. S.A. Changnon, Jr., Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

Field investigation; applied research.

Field surveys and detailed analyses of

severe rainstorms in Illinois. Analyses

based upon radar, synoptic weather, and

field survey data and include area-depthduration relations, antecedent rainfall

evaluation, isohyetal maps for peak periods

of storm. Analyses completed on 11 storms since 1951- Reports of Investigation Nos. 1^, 2k, 27,

and 35 of State Water Survey.

THERMAL LOADINGS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SURFACE WATERS.

Laboratory project.

Experimental, laboratory, and field investigations; applied research.

To determine the relationships between

temperature, water usage, stream assets,

and stream recovery capabilities.

(3U19) PRECIPITATION DROUGHT CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. F.A. Huff, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Investigation of precipitation drought

frequency in Illinois, distribution in space and time of dry periods , relative

severity of these periods, meteorological

conditions favorable for drought in 111.,

correlation of precipitation drought with

other meteorological factors such as thunderstorm frequency and atmospheric

moisture distribution, and association of

precipitation drought with low stream flow.

(3^20) FREQUENCY AND DURATION OF LOW FLOWS.

30
(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. John B. Stall, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Analysis of the severity, frequency, and

duration of low flows in Illinois streams. Study of the suitability of various theoretical distributions in explaining the occurrence of these low flow events. The

synthesis of low flow information at a short -record stream gage from a suitable

long stream-gaging record.

(g) Gumbel's Extreme Value Law found satisfactory for explaining the occurrence of independent low- flow periods from 6 months'

to 36 months ' duration for recurrence intervals from 2 years to kO years at five stream gaging stations in Illinois, varying

in drainage area from 550 square miles to 1310 square miles.

(h) "1952-55 Illinois Drought with Special

Reference to Impounding Reservoir Design,"

H.E. Hudson and W.J. Roberts, State Water

Survey Bulletin k-3, 1955 (out of print).

(3^21) PILOT DRAINAGE BASIN STUDIES IN NAPERVTLLE

AREA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. H.F. Smith, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) All factors of the hydrologic cycle (especially precipitation, temperature, stream

flow, soil moisture, changes in surface and

subsurface storage, and evaporation) to be

measured and examined to obtain quantitative knowledge of the movement and storage

of ground water under natural conditions in

the 22-square mile basin. The annual rate of recharge to, and evapotranspiration

from, the ground-water reservoir to be de- termined. Stream discharge hydrograph to

be separated into its two components, surface runoff and ground-water runoff.

Gravity yields of glacial deposits and

underlying dolomite aquifer to be estimated.

(3^22) STUDY OF FLOW IN SMALL WATER DISTRIBUTION

SYSTEMS.

(c) Dr. T.E. Larson, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Theoretical calculations and field investigation.

(e) To determine the rate of induced movement necessary to provide protection against

corrosion of pipe in water distribution

systems by forced movement of inhibited

waters

.

(3^23) QUANTITATIVE PRECIPITATION DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EXTREME SOUTHWESTERN LAKE MICHIGAN AND NEARBY LAND AREAS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. S.A. Changnon, Jr., Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Monthly, seasonal, and annual average precipitation data, based on 10 years of

records obtained at water intake station

located on Lake Michigan four miles east of

the Chicago shore line, were compared with

precipitation data from nearby land stations

to get an estimate of how lake precipitation

varied in relation to nearby land precipitation. Secondly, physical factors that ap- peared to cause differences were studied.

(g) On the average, annual precipitation at the

lake-located station was 21% less than land

amounts, and the greatest seasonal difference occurred in the spring and fall. Effect of lake appeared to decrease pre- cipitation over the lake especially in

summer, while lake and urban effects tend

to increase precipitation over Chicago

especially in winter.

(h) "Precipitation Contrasts Between Chicago

Urban Area and Offshore Station in Southern

Lake Michigan," (prepared for publication).

ILLINOIS STATE WATERWAYS DIVISION, Springfield.

(1863) EROSION CONTROL, ILLINOIS SHORE OF LAKE

MICHIGAN.

(b) State of Illinois.

(c) Mr. Thomas B. Casey, Chief Waterway Engineer, Div. of Waterways, Department of

Public Works and Buildings, 201 West Monroe Street, Springfield, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To obtain and correlate basic data on the

several forces and factors involved in

erosion processes along the 111. Shore of

Lake Michigan to the end that future ef- forts toward the prevention of erosion

might be founded upon a more definite and

factual basis with a consequent greater

degree of assurance that the works will

serve the intended purposes.

(h) "Interim Report for Erosion Control 111. Shore of Lake Michigan," Thomas B. Casey, 1958.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Soil and Water Conserva- tion Engineering Laboratory, Department of

Agricultural Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Prof. B.A. Jones, 100 Agricultural

Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.

(2316) RUNOFF FROM SMALL AGRICULTURAL AREAS IN ILLINOIS.

(b) Laboratory project cooperative with ARS,

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

(d) Experimental and field investigation;

basic research.

(e) To determine frequencies of peak rates and

total amounts of runoff from agricultural

watersheds of 25 to 1,500 acres; to determine maximum rates of runoff from agricultural watersheds in different soil asso- ciation areas in Illinois; to compare run- off from agricultural watersheds under

accepted soil conservation practices with

watersheds cultivated without soil

31
conservation practices. Watersheds of

1+5 . 5 j 63, 82, and 390 acres near Monticello,

Illinois are covered with a rain gage network, and runoff is measured at weirs and

spillway structures by water level recorders. Maximum stage recorders are installed

at field structures on 8 watersheds in

Champaign , Piatt, Vermilion, and Ford Coun- ties on watersheds ranging in size from 1+5 to 1,1+00 acres. Model studies and field

calibrations are made on the field struc- tures . (h) "Peak Runoff and Rainfall Analyses for Two Agricultural Watersheds," by D.L. Pigg,

M.S. Thesis, University of Illinois, Oct. 1959 (available on loan).

(2317) A STUDY OF DRAINAGE OF SOME ILLINOIS SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project cooperative with ARS,

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To determine on different soil types the

effect of tile spacing and depth on (l) water table as measured by drawdown wells,

(2) on crop yields; to verify present tile

depth and spacing formulas for soil types

investigated; and to compare physical laboratory measurements with field measurement s

.

The rate of water table drawdown is meas- ured in wells perpendicular to tile lines.

Field permeability and laboratory permea- bility measurements are made as well as physical analysis of the soil type. Crop

yields are determined laterally from the

tile lines.

(2789) LABORATORY MODEL STUDIES OF CONSERVATION

AND DRAINAGE STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental investigation in the laboratory; applied and basic research.

(e) To investigate the performance of soil and water conservation structures by means of

hydraulic model studies, to study water

flow patterns Into surface drains and to determine the cause of failures and remedial measures of certain conservation

structures under flood conditions.

(h) "Critical Flow Criterion for Open Channel

Computations," J. A. Replogle, Paper 59-710

presented at the winter meeting of the

American Society of Agricultural Engineers,

December 1959-

(31+21+) A STUDY OF RAINFALL ENERGY AND SOIL EROSION.

(b) Laboratory project cooperative with ARS,

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Natural rainstorms are photographed with a raindrop camera so that the number of raindrops, their size and size distribution,

and the kinetic energy of a rainstorm may

be calculated. Physical measurements will

be made of the soil to determine the effect

of the kinetic energy of the rainstorm on

soil loss. The nature and properties of

rainstorms that occur in this area of 111. will also be studied.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Civil Engineering Dept.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 56I+, 1591? 2319 > 3063 to 3066, incl., and 3^-26 should be addressed

to Dr. V.T. Chow, Prof, of Hydraulic Engineering;

or for Projects Nos. 1589, 2085, 2087, 2088, 2318,

2790, 3060, 3061, 3062, and 3I+25 should be addressed to Prof. J.C. Guillou, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

(561+) HYDROLOGY OF URBAN AREAS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with 111. State Water Survey.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigation; applied research and design.

(e) Rainfall-runoff study of an urban watershed, having an effective drainage area of

1+.1+5 square miles and a population density

of ll+ persons per acre. Runoff is meas- ured by a U.S.G.S. stream gage and pre- cipitation by a network of fourteen rain

gages strategically located in and out of

the watershed. New types of evaporimeter

are being developed and check results are being made.

(1589) OPEN CHANNEL METER.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with

Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Dept.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

( e ) This study Is concerned with a critical

depth meter which may be economically

built in a sewer after the sewer has been

placed in service. Tests using a 16 inch

diameter pipe, with adjustable slope, has

been tested using several types of obstructions .

(1591) DETERMINATION OF WATERWAY AREAS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with 111. Div. of Highways and Bureau of Public

Roads

.

(d) Analytical and field investigation;

applied research and design.

(e) To determine the discharge of water which

will reach openings of highway drainage

structures, such as bridges and culverts

and to provide a simple but scientific

procedure for use of engineers in establishing the economical and adequate size

of opening.

(g) Six preliminary reports and two field

reports have been prepared.

(h) Publications not yet available to the

public

.

(2085) CALIBRATION AND USE OF CERTAIN INLET

GRATES.

(b) Illinois Division of Highways.

(d) Laboratory investigation; applied research.

(e) Full scale model tests of four standard

Division of Highways inlets. Original and

revised inlet grate designs have been

tested.

(f) Completed.

(h) "The Use and Efficiency of Some Gutter In- let Grates," John C. Guillou, is available

from the Engineering Experiment Station as

32
Bulletin h^O.

(2087) EFFECTIVENESS OF SUBWAY GRATINGS FOR HIGH- WAY DRAINAGE.

("b) Departmental special study.

(d) Laboratory investigation; applied research.

(e) Full scale model tests of two subway grating designs are "being tested in standard

Illinois Division of Highways, Type II inlet frame

.

(f) Suspended temporarily.

(2088) DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF RECTANGULAR

TYPE INLET BOXES.

(b) Departmental study.

(d) Laboratory investigation; basic research.

(e) Scale model investigation of rectangular

inlet box with long Lucite discharge pipe

to verify or disprove the weir-orifice discharge theory.

(f) Suspended temporarily.

(2318) FAUBER BRIDGE MODEL STUDY.

(b) Departmental graduate study.

(d) Laboratory investigation; applied research.

( e ) A design has been developed whereby a three

tube culvert and an energy dissipator may

replace an inadequate highway bridge.

Model studies have been conducted to verify

the proposed design.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(2319) FREQUENCY STUDY OF HYDROLOGIC DATA.

(b) Departmental study.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) A survey of existing literature and applications of the probability law to the distribution of hydrologic data. The method

of analysis thus developed is being applied

to small watersheds in the State of 111. in order to expose the runoff characteristics of the watersheds.

(g) Results include development of theoretical

procedure of analysis, derivation of characteristic values of the probability law,

plotting of actual data, and derivation of

characteristic indexes of the runoff data.

(h) "Determination of Hydrologic Frequency

Factor, " Ven Te Chow, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, Proceedings, American

Society of Civil Engineers, Paper 208U,

Vol. 85, No. HY7, July 1959, pp. 93-98.

(2790) SIDE CHANNEL SPILLWAY STUDY.

(b) Departmental graduate study.

(d) Laboratory investigation, applied research.

(e) Model investigation of flow conditions on the apron below the spillway crest and

above the spillway channel. The purpose

of the investigation is to determine the

geometries of the apron and the necessity

of a critical depth control at the entrance

to the spillway channel.

(3060) OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FILTER

DRAINS.

(b) Association of American Railroads.

.(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Literature study and experimental investigation of characteristics of flow through

granular filters and perforated drain pipe.

Laboratory calibration of coated and un- coated drain pipes has been completed.

Three tests have been completed to investigate concrete sand as filter material.

(g) Preliminary tests indicate that arching of

filter material is much more important than

bridging when stability of the filter

material is considered.

(3061) FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF REND LAKE SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project and class problems.

(d) Model investigation of uncontrolled apron

type spillway

.

(e) A 1:50 scale model of approach section,

spillway and energy dissipator. Tests of

the original design have been completed.

The spillway walls have been redesigned for more uniform distribution of flow at the

hydraulic jump. The redesign has been

tested and verified.

( 3062 ) INVESTIGATION OF INFILTRATION THROUGH GRANULAR MEDIA.

(b) Post doctoral research by Dr. Shigeru

Tanaka.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) Investigation of advance of wetted front

and attendant pressure temperature and

moisture conditions . The test apparatus

consists of an instrumental vertical cy- linder filled with Ottawa Sand and subject to rates of infiltration.

(f) Laboratory investigation has been completed.

(3063) THEORETICAL STUDY OF PROFILES OF GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW.

(b) Departmental study.

(d) Theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) Mathematical analysis of the profiles of

gradually varied flow in artificial open

channels

.

(f) Completed.

(g) A mathematical method of integration was

developed. Bakhmeteff's varied- flow function table was extended to cover the range of application required by the new method.

(h) "Discussion of a Note on the Differential

Equation of Steady, Gradually Non-uniform

Flow in Open-Channels, Ven Te Chow, Journal

of Geophysical Research, Vol. 6h, No. h, pp. 1+87-^88, April 1959

.

"Open-Channel Hydraulics," Ven Te Chow,

McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1959-

( 306U ) FLOW PATTERNS NEAR THE CRACK IN TILE

DRAINS.

(b) Graduate project, doctoral thesis for

Prof. E. J. Monke.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search for doctoral thesis.

(e) A study of the flow patterns around a circular drain. In the study use was made of

33
an electrical analog model, a physical hydraulic model for one half the tile in a sand "bed, and a mathematical analysis with

numerical approximations.

(f) Completed.

(g) The results indicate: Darcy's law is ap- plicable to the surface of seepage existing

along the peripheral opening of a nearly

empty five-inch circular drain; the effective gain in head in the empty drain was slightly greater than the diameter of the

drain -which was located in a saturated,

homogenous medium k feet deep, 100 feet apart, and 8 feet ahove an impervious layer;

when the outer "boundary was circular, the

effective potential gain was less than the

diameter of the drain and varied with the nearness of that "boundary; the efflux from

the medium of a three-dimensional model

varied, not only with drain-opening width,

hut also with the hydraulic conductivity of

the flow medium; and the unsymmetrical

drain opening effected by sealing part of

the circumferential drain opening gave higher discharges near the drain than in

the cases where the openings were symmetrical.

(h) "A Study of Water Flow Patterns Near Subsurface Drains," by E.J. Monke, Doctoral

Thesis, Graduate College, University of

Illinois, 1959-

(3065) STUDY OF A TORNADO MODEL FOR DESIGN PURPOSES.

(b) Graduate project, doctoral thesis for

Mr. G. E. Martin.

(d) Analytical and field investigations; basic

research for doctoral thesis.

(e) An attempt is being made to correlate the

laws of thermodynamics, atmospheric physics,

dynamic meteorology, and fluid mechanics

with the available data from actual tornadoes and to construct a model tornado from

these data for design purposes that is compatible with the theory. The facilities

of both the Civil Engineering Department

and the Illinois State Water Survey, in- cluding a weather radar, are available for use in this study.

(3066) THE MECHANICS OF SQUARE ELBOW LOSSES.

(b) Graduate project, doctoral thesis for Mr.

R. D. Black.

(d) Experimental; basic research for doctoral

thesis

.

(e) This is a study of the factors that con- tribute to the loss in energy experienced

by the flow of water as it passes through

an abrupt angle and size reduction such as that of a plugged "tee." The study will

be conducted by means of hydraulic models.

(3^25) L0CKP0RT SLUICEGATE STUDY.

(b) Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater

Chicago.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) A 1:20 scale model has been constructed and

is being tested. The subject sluice gates

will be used for supplemental control of

storm water releases from the Chicago Drainage Canal. Three turbine pits in the existing powerhouse at Lockport have been modified to receive triple sluice gate. The model results will be used for calibration

of the prototype structure.

(3^26) TIME FACTORS IN SURFACE RUNOFF.

(b) Departmental graduate study by Ina M. Carpenter.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research.

(e) From observed hydrogfaphs, factors may be

derived that will describe the retardation

of runoff for each area. It is expected

that these factors may be used to adjust

the observed peak discharges to a common standard of physiographic effects, and

thereby facilitate the development of the

magnitude -frequency relations. The purpose of this study is to derive, and to test the

applicability of the factors that describe

the retardation of runoff for small areas on which the annual flood peaks are being

observed. One of the areas under present

consideration is the watershed of Madden

Creek near West Salem, Illinois.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Fluid Mechanics and

Hydraulics Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning projects No. 13^3 2083

should be addressed to W.M. Lansford, 219 Talbot

Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111,,

and projects Nos. 2320, 2536, 2537 and 3^27 should

be addressed to Professor J. M. Robertson, 125

Talbot Laboratory, University of 111., Urbana, 111.

(13I+3) VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION STUDY IN A FLOOD- PLAIN CHANNEL.

(b) Research.

(d) Basic research.

(f) Inactive - suspended.

(2083) VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN AN OPEN CHANNEL HAVING A TRIANGULAR CROSS-SECTION.

(b) Research.

(d) Basic research.

(e) Data were obtained from a channel artificially roughened.

(f) Investigation reactivated, additional data

being taken.

(2320) TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER IN A DIFFUSER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research.

(e) Effect of adverse pressure gradient on the

development of a turbulent boundary layer

is being studied in a 10-degree conical

diffuser. Air is the fluid medium being

used.

(f) Inactive.

(h) "Separation Prediction in Conical Diffusers," J.M. Robertson and H.R. Fraser, ASME Paper 59-Hyd-l4, to be published in ASME

Journal of Basic Engineering.

"The Turbulent Boundary Layer in a Conical

3^
Diffuser," H.R. Fraser, ASCE J. Hydr. Div., June 1958, Paper 1684.

(2536) STUDY OF HOMOLOGOUS TURBULENCE.

("b) Laboratory project , formerly National

Science Foundation.

(d) Basic research.

(e) The nature of turbulence, its production

and dissipation, are to he studied in the

simplest possible shear flow. This is to

be produced in plane Couette flow in which

the shear is constant and the turbulence

homogeneous but not isotropic. Mean flow

studies essentially complete.

(f) Tests and analysis continue.

(h) "On Turbulent Plane-Couette Flow," by J. M. Robertson, Proc. 6th Midwest Conf. on Fluid

Mechanics, Univ. Texas, 1959, pp. 169-182.

(2537) WATER EXIT HYDROBALLISTICS

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Basic research; experimental.

( e ) Information on water exit behavior of el- lipsoidal bodies of fineness ratios h and

8 is being obtained photographically. Water is principal test liquid but glycerine and 100 percent brine solutions have

also been used.

(f) Tests essentially completed, data being

reduced.

(g) Effects are found to be small, velocity

first increases and then decreases as body

exists. Significant amounts of water are carried out with the body.

(h) "A Study of the Kinematics of Buoyant -Body Water Exit," M. E. Clark and J.M. Robertson, TAM Dept. Report ik'y , April 1959- "Transition Stimulation for Terminal Velocity Reduction in Water-Exit Studies," J.M. Robertson, J.C.F. Chow, and M.E. Clark, TAM

Dept. Report 152, November 1959- "Hydroballistic Calculations of the Rise

and Water Exit of Buoyant Bodies," J. M. Robertson, TAM Dept. Report 153, Nov. 1959.

(3U27) STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE NEAR ROUGH SURFACED.

(b) Bureau of Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics

Research Program.

(d) Basic research; experimental.

(e) Information on mean-flow and turbulence

structure (including pressure fluctuations) near a natural roughness to be studied in

8-inch steel pipe line. Basic question is how roughness produces turbulence.

(f) Investigation to start 1 January i960.

IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH, State University of Iowa.

(66) HYDR0L0GIC STUDIES, RALSTON CREEK WATERSHED.

(b) Cooperative with Department of Agriculture,

U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Prof. J.W. Howe, Department of Mechanics

and Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Field investigation; applied research, and

master 1 s theses

( e ) Study being made of relation between rainfall and runoff over a small area. Discharge from a 3 _s<luare -mile area measured

by U. S. Geological Survey; rainfall records

at five automatic recording stations col- lected by Soil Conservation Service. Con- tinuous records since 192k of precipitation,

runoff, groundwater levels, and vegetal

cover.

(g) Yearly records available for examination at Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research.

(h) Reports prepared annually since 1924 available in files at the Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research. Summary of 33-year record

in progress.

(67) COOPERATIVE SURFACE-WATER INVESTIGATIONS IN IOWA.

(b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. V.R. Bennion, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Field investigation; collection of basic

stream- flow data.

(e) Stream- flow and sediment measuring stations

maintained throughout the State of Iowa cooperatively on a continuous basis. Records collected by standard methods of U. S. Geological Survey.

(g) Records of stream flow and sediment discharge computed yearly.

(h) Records contained in Water-Supply Papers

available through offices of the Geological

Survey.

(68) HYDR0L0GIC STUDIES, RAPID CREEK WATERSHED.

(b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. V. R. Bennion, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Study being made of relation between rainfall and runoff over a small area. Discharge from a 25 -square -mile area measured

and flood runoff on main sub-basins de- termined by U. S. Geological Survey; rainfall records at four automatic recording

stations collected by U. S. Weather Bureau. Continuous records since 19^1 of precipitation, runoff, and ground-water levels.

(g) Rainfall records published in Weather

Bureau Climatological Bulletins and surface

runoff and ground-water levels published

in Geological Survey Water-Supply Papers.

(73) MEASUREMENT OF TURBULENCE IN FLOWING WATER.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Instruments, primarily electrical in operation, are being developed to measure the

characteristics of turbulent flow under a wide range of laboratory and field conditions. Both sensing and computing elements

are involved.

(g) A combination probe which senses both pressure and velocity simultaneously has been

developed and used to measure conditions

35
in the initial zone of a large air jet, as a preliminary to measurements in water.

(79) CAVITATION.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search and graduate theses.

(e) Basic information is sought on cavitation

for systematically varied boundary conditions. Studies of high-velocity submerged

jets are being continued, with supplementary measurements of pressure fluctuations

in air; instrumentation has been developed

for measurement of the correlation between

the velocity and pressure fluctuations to make possible prediction of the incipient

cavitation index for given mean-flow con- ditions. Previous measurements of the pressure distribution on a number of head

forms at zero angle have been extended to various angles of yaw. Cavitating flow

about a rotating cylinder in a normal

stream has been investigated.

(8l) MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research

and David Taylor Model Basin, Department of

the Navy.

(c) Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) A method for the determination of velocity

and pressure distribution about bodies of

revolution and symmetrical two-dimensional

forms in arbitrary states of motion, based

on solutions of integral equations of the

first kind, has been programmed for the IBM 650 computer.

(h) "Potential Flow about Bodies of Revolution

and Symmetric Two-Dimensional Forms," L. Landweber. Final Report on Contract Nonr- 2^51(00) to the David Taylor Model Basin,

Dec. 1959.

(85U) BOUNDARY-LAYER DEVELOPMENT ON SMOOTH AND

ROUGH SURFACES.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Purpose of work is to determine the relations between boundary-layer characteristics for smooth and rough boundaries of

arbitrary shape. The three-dimensional

boundary layer on an ellipsoid with three

unequal axes is being measured.

(1875) CHARACTERISTICS OF STABLE EDDIES.

(b) Laboratory project, partially supported by

Office of Naval Research, Department of the

Navy.

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Inst, of Hydraulic

Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

d) Experimental and analytical.

e) Distributions of velocity, pressure, and

turbulence are being investigated throughout the vicinity of separation zones pro- duced by abrupt changes in flow section to

the end of establishing the primary eddy

characteristics as functions of the bounda- ry geometry.

(g) The study of axisymmetric flow at two com- parable boundary configurations - an abrupt

pipe inlet and a blunt -nosed shaft - just

completed.

(h) "Distribution of Energy in Regions of

Separation," Hunter Rouse, La Houille

Blanche, in press.

(2091) RESEARCH ON SHIP THEORY.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Dept. of the Navy and Society of Naval

Architects and Marine Engineers.

(c) Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Inst, of Hydraulic

Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search.

(e) To determine the laws governing the forces,

moments, and motions of ships in smooth

and disturbed seas, in order to furnish

design data to the naval architect. Work

is under way on the following problems

(l) Wave damping of a series of rolling

(Ursell) cylinders. (2) Drag of oscillating plates of various aspect ratios. (3)

Effect of turbulence stimulation on rolldamping of ships, (h) Resolution of viscous and wave drag by means of measurements

in the wake of a ship. (5) Effect of a free surface and boundary-layer characteristics on separation. (6) Development of an effective turbulence stimulator. (7)

Added mass of a prolate spheroid vibrating

horizontally in various modes in a free surface. (8) Treatment of vibration of

spheroids and shiplike forms on the basis

of a unified theory of hydroelasticity.

(9) Translation of Ship Motions ( Kachka

Korablia) by Blagoveschensky.

(h) "Experimental Investigation of the Added

Mass of Cylinders Oscillating Horizontally

in a Free Surface," C.C. Wu, M.S. Thesis, State University of Iowa, Aug. 1959,

(available on loan).

"Roll Damping Due to Bilge Keels," M. Martin, IIHR Research Report, Nov. 1958. "Experimental Investigation of Ursell 's Theory of Wave Making by a Rolling Ship,"

W.C. McLeod, M.S. Thesis, State University

of Iowa, June 1959 (available on loan).

"Added Mass of a Rigid Prolate Spheroid

Oscillating Transversely in a Free Surface,"

L. Landweber and M. Macagno, submitted to Journal of Ship Research.

(232k) ANALYSIS OF FLOW PATTERNS FOR SHARP- CRESTED WEIRS.

(b) Laboratory project, partially supported by

National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Analytical; basic research for doctor's

degree

.

36
(e) Determination of streamline configuration

through use of digital computer for various

relative heights of weir.

(f) Programing for computer essentially com- pleted.

(2328) INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS

.

(b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey,

Department of the Interior.

(c) Dr. Herman J. Koloseus, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental research.

(e) Initial purpose is to determine effect of

areal distrihution of roughness elements on resistance in both subcritical and super- critical flow. Tests are "being conducted

on cubical elements cemented to floor of

30-foot tilting flume in varying concentration. An 85 -foot tilting flume with an exceptionally plane "bottom has just "been completed.

(f) Measurements have "been carried out with

three different roughness concentrations:

1/32, 1/128, and 1/512.

(25^1) DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENTS FOR USE IN ANALYZING APERIODIC SIGNALS.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The purpose is to improve the analysis of

turbulent velocity and pressure fluctuations.

(g) An electronic integrating circuit designed

for use with a magnetic tape recorder has

been built for use in any type of flow.

(h) "Application of a Magnetic Tape Recorder to

the Analysis of Continuous Random Signals,"

J.L. Mortley, M.S. Thesis, State University

of Iowa, Aug. 1959 (available on loan).

"Use of a Magnetic Tape Recorder in Measure- ments of Turbulence," H. W. Ho, IIHR Re- search Report, 1959- "Pressure and Velocity Fluctuations in a Submerged Jet," K.C. Peng, IIHR Research

Report, 1959.

(2791) MIXING IN STRATIFIED FLOW.

(b) Cooperative with the Office of Ordnance

Research, Department of the Army.

(c) Dr. Enzo Oscar Macagno, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Determination of the characteristics of

mixing, due to inherent instability, at the interface of stratified flow. Analysis of the stability of the interface.

(g) Thickness of mixing layer and transfer of mass show a correlation with Froude and

Reynolds numbers of a layer comprising the

interface. Two regimes are apparent.

(2792) THE DECAY OF TURBULENCE IN A ZERO-MOMENTUM

WAKE.

(b) Cooperative with the Office of Naval Re- search, Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Primarily experimental.

(e) Powered models of a strut-mounted propeller

and a merchant vessel are driven in a tow- ing basin, and the wake is investigated

with a pitot rake and a hot-wire anemometer.

(g) Measurements of both mean and turbulent

quantities in the initial zone of a sixinch propeller have been completed. Mean- velocity data have been obtained in the

zone near a ten-foot ship model.

(h) "Decay of Turbulent Wakes Behind a Propeller," G. Aron, M.S. Thesis, State Univ. of

Iowa, February i960 (available on loan).

(2795) PREDICTION OF RUNOFF FREQUENCY FROM PRE- CIPITATION AND INFILTRATION FREQUENCIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and

Hydraulics, State Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Statistical.

(e) Exploration of possibility of estimating

frequencies of rare floods based on com- bination of observed frequencies of pre- cipitation and infiltration.

(f) First phase complete. Continuing.

(g) Good correlation for a small, a medium,

and a large watershed found.

(2797) OPTIMUM SHAPE OF 90° BEND IN RECTANGULAR

CHANNEL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. J.W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and

Hydraulics, State Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City,

Iowa.

(d) Experimental; for master's thesis.

(e) Bend width varied through 50-percent in- crease to determine optimum proportions

.

(f) Completed.

(g) An equal-radius geometry ( kl -percent in- crease in width) is the most efficient.

(h) "The Optimum Shape of a 90° Bend in a Rectangular Channel," Carl E. Denzler, M.S. Thesis, State Univ. of Iowa, Feb. i960

(available on loan).

(3068) DETERMINATION OF DYNAMIC FORCES ON FLASHBOARDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. J.W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and

Hydraulics, State Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City,

Iowa.

(d) Experimental, for master's thesis.

(e) Measurement by dynamometer of moment exerted by water flowing over flashboard.

(f) Completed.

(g) A parameter involving turning moment on flashboard related to head-and tail-water

levels and to slope of downstream apron.

(h) "Moments on a Flashboard," Alan H. Schultz,

M.S. Thesis, State Univ. of Iowa, Aug. 1959

(available on loan).

(3069) INSTALLATION OF GRADED RIP-RAP FOR PROTEC- TION OF PIERS AND ABUTMENTS AGAINST SCOUR.

(b) Graduate project.

(c) Prof. C.J. Posey, Engineering Building,

37
Iowa City, Iowa.

(&) Experimental; applied, for master's thesis.

(e) Methods of placement and areal extent nec- essary for effective protection will be studied.

(g) A relationship has been developed between

the riprap placement necessary and the

size of the scour hole that would form if

there were no riprap. This relationship

has been tested for the case of single

circular piers.

(h) "Riprap Protection Against Scour Around

Bridge Piers," Nelson L. de Sousa Pinto,

M.S. Thesis, State University of Iowa, Aug.

1959 (available on loan).

( 3070 ) ASPIRATIVE EFFICIENCY OF VARIOUS CHIMNEY

SHAPES.

(b) Graduate project.

(c) Prof. C.J. Posey, Engrg., Bldg., Iowa City.

(d) Experimental; applied, for master's thesis.

(e) Investigation of possibility of using winds

to move air through pipe systems for evapo- rative stabilization of pavement subsoils

makes it necessary to test efficiency of

"chimney" shapes.

(3071) MEASURING EQUIPMENT FOR SURFACE ROUGHNESS.

(b) Graduate project.

- (c) Prof. C.J. Posey, Engineering Building, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Developmental; applied.

(e) Design and construction of equipment to evaluate roughness parameters for range of

surface roughness of interest to hydraulic

engineers

.

(f) Temporarily suspended.

(3072) SCOUR AT RELIEF BRIDGES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Lucien M. Brush, Jr., Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; master's thesis.

(e) To determine the amount and rate of scour

at relief bridges.

(f) Completed.

(g) In a model study of relief-bridge abutments x rates of change of scour were measured for runs with bed-load transport. Qualitative

estimates of scour without bed-load movement into the scour hole were made from the

observed data and indicate a slight in- crease in scour should occur.

(h) "Scour at Relief Bridges," Robert C. Stiefel, M.S. Thesis, State Univ. of Iowa, Aug. 1959

(available on loan).

(3073) SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN MEANDERING CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Lucien M. Brush, Jr., Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; basic research and graduate

thesis

.

(e) To determine the amount of transport occur- ring in meandering channels of different

curvature

.

(f) Completed.

(g) Transport of bed-load in a two -foot -wide,

38

meandering channel was reduced by a factor

of 10 over a straight channel for the same mean boundary shear. Two sands, O.58 and

1.6 mm in diameter, were tested in a fixedwall, meandering channel with a centerline

radius of curvature of h ft and a wave length of 16 ft. (h) "Exploratory Study of Bed-Load Transportation in a Meandering Channel, " Lucien M. Brush, Jr., International Assoc. for Hydraulic Research, 8th Congress, Seminar II, Transport of Materials in Water, 1959 , Montreal, Canada.

(30710 WAKE OF ZERO MOMENTUM FLUX.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Arthur Toch, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

( d ) Experiment al

.

(e) Distribution of velocity, mean and turbulent, and of pressure is being measured in

the field of flow past a bluff, axisymmetric body with a centrally located jet

for the particular condition of zero mo- mentum flux.

(3075) ANNULAR JETS IN GROUND PROXIMITY.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Lawrence R. Mack, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search and graduate theses.

(e) The distributions of mean velocity and mean pressure in the flow and on the boundaries near an annular jet are being studied

for four cases: (l) A stationary annular

jet impinging against a rigid ground plate;

(2) an annular jet impinging against a rigid ground plate in the presence of an ambient transverse flow (wind-tunnel study); | (3) a stationary annular jet directed

against a nearby water surface; and (h) an annular jet traveling over water. The

relative altitude, angle of discharge, and

thickness of the jet are being varied. The

configuration of the water surface is being

measured in the over-water cases

.

(h) "Theoretical and Experimental Research on Annular Jets over Land and Water," Lawrence

R. Mack and Ben-Chie Yen, paper presented

at Symposium on Ground Effect Phenomena,

Princeton, N. J., October 1959-

"An Annular Jet Directed against a Nearby Water Surface," Ben-Chie Yen, M.S. Thesis, State University of Iowa, Aug. 1959 (available on loan )

.

"Studies of an Annular Jet in Proximity to

the Ground with Ambient Velocity, " Satya P. Garg, M.S. Thesis, State University of Iowa,

August 1959 (available on loan).

(3076) EFFECT OF EAVES ON PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION AROUND RECTANGULAR BUILDING MODELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. J.W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and

Hydraulics, State Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, j (d) Experimental; basic research.
(e) Varying widths of eaves on roofs having

several different pitches tested in wind

tunnel.

(f) Completed for square building.

(g) Eaves effect a reduction in negative pressures on side and "back walls of flat- roofed buildings but an increase in the

negative pressure over the roof. Gabled

roofs showed similar results.

(h) "Effects of Eaves on Pressure Distribution

Around Model Buildings," J. V. Nagaraja,

M.S. Thesis, State University of Iowa, June 1959 (available on loan).

(3^28) MECHANICS OF BANK SEEPAGE IN NATURAL

STREAMS DURING FLOOD FLOWS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and

Hydraulics, State Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City.

(d) Field investigation, basic research for

doctor's thesis.

(e) Observations taken on transverse profile of

ground-water levels during rise and reces- sion of hydrographs . Sections on Missouri,

Des Moines, Boone, Iowa, and English

Rivers, Clear Creek, and Rapid Creek.

(31+29) JET WITH TRANSVERSE PRESSURE GRADIENT.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Lawrence R. Mack, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search.

(e) In order to better understand the effect

of jet mixing on an annular jet, the diffusion of a two-dimensional jet directed

against a flat plate in the presence of a transverse pressure gradient is being

studied.

(3^30) AXISYMMETRIC GRAVITY WAVES.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Lawrence R. Mack, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) The difference between the mean potential

and mean kinetic energies for periodic,

finite -amplitude, axi symmetric gravity

waves is being computed as a function of

relative depth over the entire depth range. This difference, which is zero for infinitesimal waves, has been found to be positive for deep water but, rather surprisingly, negative for shallow water. The kinetic and potential energies are also being

computed as functions of time throughout a half-period for both large and small relative depths.

(3^31) SEDIMENT SORTING.

(b) Partially supported by National Science

Foundation.

(c) Dr. Lucien M. Brush, Jr., Iowa Institute

of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To determine the effect of various particlesize distributions with the same means but

different standard deviations on (l) totalload and suspended-load transportation,

(2) bed configuration, and (3) size distributions of the total load.

(31+32) ACCELERATED MOTION OF A SPHERE FALLING IN AN OSCILLATING FLUID.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Lucien M. Brush, Jr., Iowa Institute

of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research

and Ph. D. thesis.

(e) To determine the effect of fluid oscillation (simple harmonic and random motion)

on the fall velocity of a sphere.

(3U33) VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW.

(b) Graduate project.

(c) Prof. C.J. Posey, Engineering Building, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Theoretical; basic, for master's thesis.

(e) Analysis of velocity distribution for tur- bulent flow in open channels, mainly based

on new data from the variable-slope flume

at Allenspark, Colorado.

(3^34) VORTEX OVER HORIZONTAL ORIFICE.

(b) Graduate project.

(c) Prof. C. J. Posey, Engineering Building, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; basic, for master's thesis.

(e) New tests to include variable head, con- trol of angular momentum of inflow, and measurement of angular momentum of outflow.

IOWA STATE COLLEGE, Department of Agricultural

Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. H. P. Johnson, Department of

Agricultural Engineering, Iowa State College,

Ames, Iowa.

(2330) DEPTH, SPACING AND HYDRAULICS OF TILE

DRAINS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic

and applied research; master's and doctor's thesis

.

(e) Analytical and physical approach is being

studied to determine depth and spacing of

tile drains by analyzing soil characteristics and geometry of systems. Work is cooperative with Dr. Kirkham, Soil Physics

Department of Agronomy. Studies of the

hydraulics of field tile lines are being

made

.

(g) Model and field studies indicate that

actual capacity of tile lines varies from

80 to 100$ of present design capacity.

Studies also indicate an advantage to longer tile units. Field studies indicated that only slight vacuums develop in

easily drained soil because of the ease of

air movement into tile lines.

39
(h) "Hydraulic Characteristics of Single Tile

Lines," H.P. Johnson, Ph.D. thesis, Iowa

State University, November 1958.

(2331) SURFACE RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS.

(~b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; applied research; doctoral

thesis

.

(e) Surface runoff volumes for individual

storms is being estimated by superimposing

infiltration curves on the rainfall histogram. Data from point rainfall records

are being analyzed. Procedures for de- veloping synthetic hydrographs for watersheds up to 25 square miles in area are being studied.

Study not completed.

IMPROVEMENT OF SURFACE DRAINS WITH TILE

BLIND INLETS.

Laboratory project.

Field investigation; design.

Field study is being continued to determine the effect of different tile backfill

materials on the flow of water into the

tile drains

.

Active

.

No new results.

RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS.

Laboratory project, cooperative with ARS,

USDA. Field investigations; applied research,

design. Measurements are being made of watershed

rainfall and surface runoff on ten agricultural watersheds. Sediment measurements

are being made in six small reservoirs in

the gaged watersheds

.

Results of ten years of study are being

summarized.

"Selected Intense Storms in the Little

Sioux River Watersheds," H. P. Johnson and

R.K. Frevert, Journal American Society of

Agricultural Engineers, Vol. kO, page 26-

29, January 1959-

INFILTRATION CAPACITIES OF FAYETTE SILT LOAM FROM HYDROLOGIC DATA.

Laboratory study.

Analytical statistical study, master's

thesis

.

Correlation of antecedent moisture and

cover with infiltration rates based on data

taken from La Crosse, Wisconsin, runoff

plots

.

Completed.

Thesis presents infiltration curves for

various covers and antecedent moisture

conditions

.

"Infiltration Capacities of Fayette Silt Loam From Hydrologic Data," J. Ligon, M.S. thesis, Iowa State University, March 1959. LOW FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF STREAMS IN NORTH CENTRAL AND WESTERN IOWA.

(h)

(4)

(e)

(g)

Laboratory project.

Analytical study, master's thesis. An analysis of the frequencies of given

discharges from selected streams in the

above areas. Theoretical functions being

suited to frequency and depletion curves. Not completed.

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, Applied Physics

Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to the Director, Applied Physics Lab.,

The Johns Hopkins University, 8621 Georgia Avenue,

Silver Spring, Maryland.

(2335!

(a)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(3207)

(a)

(e)

(g)

APPLICATION OF SWITCHING TECHNIQUES TO HYDRAULIC CONTROL SYSTEMS.

Bureau of Weapons, Department of the Navy.

Theoretical and experimental; applied

development and design.

Study the dynamic qualities of an acceleration switching hydraulic servomechanism

while operating in a closed loop under the presence of various loads and environmental

conditions on the transfer valve, actuator

and feedback transducer.

The operation of a broad bandpass servo- mechanism driving a low resonant frequency

linkage has resulted in radial design com- promises to prevent instability. Extension

of acceleration switching techniques without any mechanical modifications has per- mitted closed loop operation with band- passes equal to or exceeding the linkage

characteristic

.

"A Study of the Load-Flow Characteristics

of an Acceleration Switching Valve Driving

a Resonant Linkage," APL/JHU CF-2812 by

William H. Wright.

'.'A Design Technique for Improving Servo Bandpass Characteristics when Driving a Resonant Mechanical Linkage," APL/JHU CF- 2828 W. Seamone.

ACCELERATION SWITCHING HYDRAULIC SERVO- MECHANISMS UNDER EXTREME ENVIRONMENTAL

CONDITIONS.

Bureau of Weapons, Department of the Navy.

Experimental, applied development and

design.

Extend to regions of extreme high temperature a servomechanism capable of high performance and horsepower (up to 10 H.P.).

The servo valve, actuator and feedback

transducer must operate under environmental

extremes while the electronic circuitry is maintained in a protected area. Numerous tests were conducted with oil at 500° F and ambient air temperatures to

750° F at rented facilities. Completion

of a high temperature laboratory will per- mit operation with fluid temperatures to 600 0 F and ambient air temperatures to

1200°F. Oil temperatures can be program- med to simulate high heating rates due to

pump and system inefficiencies coupled

U0
with low oil capacity hydraulic systems,

(h) "Hydraulic (Acceleration Switching) Servo

Dynamic Performance under Extreme High

Temperature Environment," APL/JHU CF-2737,

W. Seamone and K. Duning.

"APL/JHU High Temperature Test Laboratory/'

APL/JHU CF-2837, M. Shandor.

(31+35) HYDRAULIC SUPPLY LINE CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Bureau of Weapons, Department of the Wavy.

(d) Theoretical, experimental.

(e) High performance hydraulic servomechanisms

can excite the pressure and return lines

into pressure oscillation. Establishment

of the physical relationship which could

cause pressure oscillation as well as performance deterioration in the servo valve

performance is being investigated.

(f) Continuing low priority research study.

(g) The switching activity of an acceleration

switching hydraulic servomechanism was noted to create pressure oscillation under

specified conditions in length of supply

lines. Analysis and experiments have shown

that pressure oscillations occur when the

acoustic frequency of the hydraulic fluid

column is in specific relationship to that

of the switching frequency. Where line

length changes cannot be used, methods of

detuning the supply lines by volume chamber

or acoustic filter is developed.

(h) "A Study of the Influence of the Dynamic

Properties of the Inlet Fluid on the Sta- bility Characteristics of an Acceleration

Switching Hydraulic Servo," APL/JHU CF-28l8

by W.D. Mark, G.A. Levine, and W. Seamone. "Application of Acoustical Filter Theory

to Hydraulic Supply Lines," APL/JHU CF-2831

by Sheldon B. Cousin.

(3^36) ADAPTIVE ELECTRO HYDRAULIC SERVOMECHANISMS

(b) Bureau of Weapons, Department of' the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) Techniques have been developed for designing linear servomechanisms with a limit

cycle instability about a relay type nonlinearity. The closed loop characteristics

of this servomechanism becomes invariant

to any pure gain changes occurring in the

linear elements. This servomechanism,

categorized as a self-oscillating control

servomechanism, appeared to be an evolutionary improvement over the acceleration

switching hydraulic servomechanism.

(g) A self-oscillating rate servomechanism has

been operated with the loop closed around

the valve spool position. Predictable

self-oscillation frequency was achieved

and dynamic performance bandpass was independent of hydraulic supply pressure

between 500 and 2000 psi. A self-oscillating positional servomechanism operating

with feedback from the actuator position

only, achieved similar results with pressure variation between 500 and 3000 psi.

The bandpass of both servomechanisms ex- ceeded 60 cycles per second with the latter

operating a complex mechanical load system.

(h) "Investigation of a Non-Linear Electro

Hydraulic Power Servomechanism Operating

M.

in the Self-Oscillating Control Mode,"

APL/JHU BBC-5-799 or Univ. of Maryland,

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Thesis,

S., G. A. Levine.

"Preliminary Examination of an Adaptive

Hydraulic Switching Servo," APL/JHU BBC-5-

800, by C. H. Sprague.

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, The Dept. of Sanitary

Engineering and Water Resources, School of Engrg.

(3^37) RESIDENTIAL WATER USE RESEARCH PROJECT.

(b) AWWA, Baltimore County, Baltimore City,

Maryland State Dept. of Health, and Federal

Housing Administration.

(c) Mr. Jerome B. Wolff, Research Associate,

Dept. of Sanitary Engineering and Water

Resources, The Johns Hopkins University,

Baltimore 18, Maryland.

(d) Experimental and field investigation;

applied research and design.

(e) This project is directed toward obtaining

data on maximum hourly demands of residential areas having varying populations. It also is directed toward obtaining information on the effect of lawn sprinkling and

other high rate-of-use water consuming

devices on maximum demands in residential

communities. The purpose of the project is to obtain a rational design criteria for water distribution systems.

(g) Stratification of residential areas in terms of age, ground area and social status appears to have an important effect on residential water use. Preliminary data

indicates correlation between per capita

demands and size of residential lots.

(h) None to date. One progress report has been

made dated October 26, 1959 which has been

submitted to the contributing sponsors of

the project.

(856) HYDROLOGY OF STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN URBAN AREAS.

(b) Baltimore City, Baltimore County, and the

U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

(c) Dr. John C. Geyer, Chairman, Dept. of

Sanitary Engineering and Water Resources,

The Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, Md. (d) Field investigation, basic research, and

design.

(e) Study of rainfall and runoff relationships

as affected by various drainage area parameters. At present, runoff from 9 urban

areas ranging in size from 10 to ^00 acres

are gaged 7 by stage measurements and 2 by

Parshall Flumes. Three recording systems

which simultaneously record rainfall and

runoff from 10 inlet areas provide good

opportunity for detailed study. About 9 years of rainfall records now exist for a network of 12 recording gages covering an area of about 50 square miles.

(g) A study of the Baltimore rainfall data for

the period 189^-1955 shows: (l) The critical storm in the Baltimore area is the summer type cloud burst. About two-thirds

of the storms - greater than 2 year

551527 O - 60 - 4 1+1
frequency occur in the months of July and

August. Winter storms are not important

for design purposes. (2) The maximum

average rainfall rate ( for durations up to

60 minutes ) generally occurs at the beginning of the storm. (3) Rainfall intensities (during 15, 30, and 60 minute durations) for frequencies greater than 2 yrs. are not uniform. Difference between maxi- mum intensity and average intensity over

the duration range from 30$ ( for the 15 minute duration) to 75$ (for the 60 minute

duration). Intensities greater than those

indicated by rainfall frequency curves occur during more than half the period of

the 15, 30 and 60 minute durations studied.

Consequently the design storm assumed in

the Rational Msthod is unrealistic. (k)

Gagings made by this project and by the

Corps of Engineers indicate that where a check on the Rational Method is possible,

the Rational Method produces inconsistent

results. Further analyses are continuing,

(h) "Progress Report on the Storm Drainage

Research Project, June 1959," Warren

Viessman, Dept. of Sanitary Engineering

and Water Resources, The Johns Hopkins

University, Baltimore 18, Md. A limited

number of copies are available on request.

(3^38) RESIDENTIAL SEWERAGE RESEARCH PROJECT.

(b) Federal Housing Administration.

(c) Dr. John C. Geyer, Chairman, Dept. of

Sanitary Engrg. and Water Resources, The

Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore 18, Md.

(d) Field investigation; operation and design.

(e) Examination of adequacy and utility of

residential sewerage system design criteria.

Determination of the effects of parameters

of design, construction, loading, and

natural phenomena on operation of sewerage

systems. Research includes analysis and

study of representative sewerage systems

throughout the country.

(f) Planning stage.

(g) Collection of data not yet begun.

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS, Department of Engineering

Mechanics

.

Inquiries concerning projects Nos. 308O to 3082

incl., should be addressed to Dr. David W. Appel,

Dept. of Engineering Mechanics, University of

Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.

(3080) TRANSMISSION AND DISSIPATION OF SURGES IN ELASTIC TUBES.

(b) Sohio Pipe Line Company and Department of

Engineering Mechanics.

(d) Basic research; theoretical and experimental investigation. Also M.S. Thesis.

(e) This is a basic study of the speed of pro- pagation and rate of dissipation of surges

in liquid- filled elastic tubes. Comparisons are being made between theoretical

evaluations of these characteristics and

observed values on long oil pipe lines.

Additional data are to be obtained from

laboratory experiments on tubes having very

elastic walls. Application to leak detection is being explored,

(g) Agreement was obtained between an improved

theoretical prediction and observed dissipation of surges in oil pipe lines-. The

limitation on detection of small leaks was

found to be extraneous reflections caused

by small variations in pipe size and wall

thickness within manufacturing tolerances.

( 3081 ) DIFFUSION OF A JET FORMED AT AN ABRUPT ENLARGEMENT IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW.

(b) Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Neenah, Wis.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) The characteristics of mean velocity, mean

pressure, and the fluctuations in pressure

are to be determined for different expan- sion ratios using a small re-circulating water tunnel.

(g) The mean velocity distributions for ex- pansion ratios of 2, h, and 6 have been

determined. Observations of the intensity

of pressure fluctuations are in progress.

(3082) MEASUREMENT OF LOW VELOCITIES IN WATER.

(b) Laboratory project.

( d ) Development

.

(e) An instrument is being developed for meas- uring low velocities in small hydraulic

models which will utilize the known relationship between frequency of shedding of

vortices in the wake of a circular cylinder

and the velocity of flow.

(g) Attempts to use a heated platinum film on

a cylindrical probe to detect the frequency

of shedding vortices in the wake proved

impractical. A heated wire or thermister

will be tried.

(3^39) SECONDARY MOTIONS IN THE FLOW BETWEEN CONCENTRIC ROTATING CYLINDERS.

(b) Kimberly-Clark Corp. and the Department of

Engineering Mechanics.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To determine the characteristics of seconda- ry motions occurring between concentric ro- tating cylinders, and the effect of super- Imposing an axial discharge.

(f) Completed.

(g) Observations of flow in the annulus between

a rotating inner cylinder and a stationary

outer cylinder were made with and without

a superimposed axial flow. The onset of

secondary motions called Taylor vortices was found to agree with a theoretical pre- diction by G. I. Taylor. The point of

transition to turbulent Taylor Vortex flow was observed and measurements were also

made of the strength of the vortex motion.

(h) "Secondary Motions in the Flow Between

Concentric Rotating Cylinders," Dr. D. W. Appel, Journ. of Tech. Assoc. Pulp and

Paper Ind. Vol. 42, pps. 767-773, Sept. 1959- Reprints available.

(3^0) DRAG IN UNSTEADY FLOW PAST BLUFF BODIES.

(b) The Sandia Corporation.

h2
(c) Dr. John S. McNown, Dean, School of Engineering and Architecture, The University

of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) The vorticity in the houndary layer up- stream from the point of separation is to

he related to the strength of the vortex. The force on a flat. plate or a cylinder is then related to the growth and motion of

the vortex.

(g) Several links in the chain leading to the

prediction of drag have heen completed.

(h) "Vortex Formation and Resistance in Periodic Motion," "by J. S. McNown and G. H. Keulegan, Journal, Engineering Mechanics

Division, Proc. ASCE, Vol. 85, No. EM 1, pp. 1-6, January 1959-

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

he addressed to Prof. W.J. Eney, Head, Department of Civil Engineering, Director, Fritz Engineering

Lahoratory, or Prof. J. B. Herhich, Chairman,

Hydraulics Division, Fritz Engineering Lahoratory,

Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.

(1602) PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN CONDUIT BENDS,

(h) Lahoratory project.

(d) Experimental; undergraduate special prohlem.

(e) Study of a rectangular hend with a central

dividing wall, hy means of electrical

analogy has heen completed.

(f) Inactive.

(h) "Investigation hy Electrical Analogy of

Potential Flow in a 90° Elhow with a Dividing Vane," hy J. W. Glomh, undergraduate prohlem, Lehigh University Lihrary, May 1957-

(1603) BUTTERFLY VALVE STUDY.

(h) CDC Controls Services, Inc., Hathoro, Pa.

(d) Experimental; applied research,

(f) Completed.

(h) "Butterfly Valve Flow Characteristics," hy

M. B. McPherson, H. S. Strausser and J. C. Williams; ASCE Proceedings, Sep. No. II67,

Fehruary 1957

(2339) BUCKET-TYPE ENERGY DISSIPATOR CHARACTERISTICS.

(h) Gannett, Fleming, Corddry and Carpenter,

Inc., 600 North Second Street, Harrishurg,

Perm.

(d) Experimental; for general design,

(f)

(h)

(25^3)

(d)

(f)

(g)

^3

free-jet, horizontal apron, and three different wall flares, have heen completed,

(h) "Exit Portal Pressure Study," hy A.R.R. Morel, M.S. thesis, Lehigh University

Lihrary, June 1957

"Outlet Portal Pressure Distrihution, " hy

M.B. McPherson and Alain R.R. Morel, paper

presented at ASCE Meeting in Chicago, Feh. 1958.

(3081+) STUDY ON IMPROVING DESIGN OF A HOPPER

DREDGE PUMP".

(h) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Philadelphia, Corps of Engineers.

(d) Applied research.

(e) The main purpose of the study is to improve

design of a hopper dredge centrifugal pump

for pumping silt-clay-water mixtures. The

project has heen divided into four phases:

(A) Model tests of the existing dredge pump;

(B) recommendation for design changes of

the dredge pump; (C) model investigation of

the modified design of the dredge pump; and

(D) analysis of the investigation and final

recommendations. Phase A involved installation in the hydraulic lahoratory of a 1:8

scale model of the dredge pump now used on the U.S. Corps of Engineers dredge ESSAYONS. Water as well as silt-clay-water mixtures

were pumped and complete characteristics

of the pump ohtained for capacity of 0 to 1200 gallons per minute, speed of 1150 to 1900 revolutions per minute, and liquid

concentrations of 1000 to 1320 grams per

liter.

(f) (A) Completed; (B) and (C) active.

(h) "Characteristics of a Model Dredge Pump,"

John B. Herhich, Project Report No. 31,

Fritz Engineering Lahoratory, Lehigh Univ.,

Septemher 1959.

(3085) STUDY OF SCALE EFFECT BETWEEN MODEL AND PROTOTYPE SPILLWAYS.

(h) Lahoratory project.

(d) Graduate students project.

(e) 1:100 scale two-dimensional model huilt of

Chief Joseph Dam. Prototype crest pressures compared with the data ohtained on the model.

(f) Completed.

(g) Very good correlation ohtained hetween the

model and prototype.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Investigation on Chief

Joseph Dam Spillway," hy P. Brach, V. A. Castro and J. C. Kahle, Graduate Students

Report, Department of Civil Engineering,

January 1959 > ^1 pages.

Suspended.

"A Study of Bucket-type Energy Dissipator

Characteristics," M. B. McPherson and M.H. Karr, ASCE Proc, Sep. no. 1266, June 1957.

STUDY OF CONDUIT EXIT PORTALS.

Lahoratory project.

Experimental; M. S. thesis.

General pressure-distrihution study completed. Tests of square and circular conduit with

(3086) INVESTIGATION OF DESIGN CRITERIA OF SPUR

DIKES.

(h) Modjeski and Masters, Consulting Engineers,

Lehigh University Institute of Research.

(d) Analytical and experimental.

(e) The project has heen divided into three

phases: (A) Literature survey; (B) analytical study; (C) experimental study to determine the proper proportions and alignment

of spur dikes . A spur dike has heen de- fined as a projection extending upstream
(f)

(s)

00

00

U)

(e)

(3^2)

00

(d)

(e)

from the bridge abutment . It serves to channel the flow of flood water smoothlythrough the opening between abutments.

(A) Completed; (B) and (C) active.

Preliminary investigation indicates that a properly designed spur dike can materially

reduce the scour at bridge abutments.

"The Effect of Spur Dikes on Flood Flows

through Highway Bridge Abutments/' by R. J. Carle and J.C. Kable, Graduate Students

Report, Department of Civil Engineering,

June 1959) 135 pages.

"The Determination of the Length of Spur

Dikes for Flood Flows Through Highway

Bridge Abutments," J.C. Kable, Graduate

Student Report, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

July 1959) 6l pages.

STUDY OF SCALE EFFECT BETWEEN MODEL AND

PROTOTYPE 270° BENDS FOR FLOW OF SILT-CLAY- WATER MIXTURES

.

Laboratory project.

M. S. thesis.

Four-, six-, and eight-inch diameter 90° elbows assembled to form 270° bends. Head

loss measurement is obtained for all elbows

for various concentration of silt-clay- water mixtures. Prediction equations will

be investigated.

SUGGESTED DESIGN CHANGES FOR A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP IMPELLER HANDLING DREDGED MUD.

Research report requirement for master's

degree

.

Theoretical and experimental.

Design changes in centrifugal pump impeller

for handling mud are suggested on basis of

past research and theoretical considerations .

given for a vertical axis, circular intake

located near the bottom of the lower layer

of a two-layered fluid system. Fluid is drawn into the intake from the lower layer

until a critical discharge is reached at which the upper layer is in a state of incipient drawdown. Rates of flow greater

than the critical discharge cause increasing amounts of the upper liquid to be drawn

into the intake. The predicted functional

relationship between the geometric and flow- parameters is verified by the experimental

data. "Characteristics of Intakes in a Vertically

Stratified Fluid," S.M. thesis, R.L. Morgan

and R. A. Purple, June 1959. "Selective Withdrawal from a Vertically

Stratified Fluid," D.R.F. Harleman, R. L. Morgan and R. Purple, Proceedings 8th

Congress of the International Association,

for Hydraulic Research, Aug. 1959 (Montreal,

Canada)

.

(1355) CAVITATION INCEPTION FOR STEADY MOTION.

00

00

(c)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Prof. J.W. Daily, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass. Experimental; basic research.

Study of cavitation inception for steady

motion for systematic variation in boundary

layer development and in the turbulence

level in the zone of minimum pressure.

Completed.

The working section of a closed jet water

tunnel is arranged so that the boundary

layer growth is controlled by a systematic

change of its shape. Provision is also

made for control of turbulence level, pressure intensity and air content. Experiments involving the effect of velociMASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department

of Civil and Sanitary Engineering, Hydrodynamics

Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning projects Nos. 25^6, 25^7, 25^8,

2801, 3089, 3M+3, 3hhk, and 3hk6, and requests for

reprints and Technical Reports should be addressed

to Dr. Arthur T. Ippen, Prof, of Hydraulics, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of

Technology, Cambridge 39) Mass.

( 307 ) CONTROL OF FLOW STRATIFIED DUE TO DENSITY

DIFFERENCES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. D.R.F. Harleman, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39) Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; graduate research.

(e) A general study of the characteristics of

flows in which vertical density gradients

are present. Density differences may be

due to temperature, chemical composition

or solids in suspension. The problem of

selective withdrawal of liquids of different density is currently under investigation.

(g) Analytical and experimental results are

ty variation on incipient cavitation and

on the influence of dissolved air content have been completed. Information on the

turbulence of the flow in the cavitation

region has been obtained by high-speed

photographs of the cavitation bubbles.

Explorations in the boundary layer were made

to determine the local mean pressure intensities and their relation to the local

velocity and turbulence. This investigation included one case of uniform roughness,

(h) "The Distribution of Mean Pressure in Tur- bulent Boundary Layers in Relation to In- ception of Cavitation," J.W. Daily, L. D. Lin and R.S. Broughton, M.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Tech. Report No. 3^) June 1959-

(1609) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE SORTING OF BEACH

SEDIMENTS BY WAVE ACTION.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers

.

(c) Prof. P.S. Eagleson, Mass. Inst, of Tech.

,

Cambridge 39) Mass.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Quantitative study of the mechanics of

beach sediment movement by shallow water

waves

.

(g) An equation of motion yielding net bottom

sediment velocities in the offshore region

kk
has "been written and verified in the laboratory for single spherical sediments

moving on a plane, impermeable beach. Current experiments are testing the applicability of the derived relations for pre- dicting equilibrium characteristics of

sand beaches

An experimental and theoretical investigation has been made of smooth bottom shearing stresses in laminar boundary layers

under oscillatory waves,

(h) "The Damping of Oscillatory Waves by Lami- nar Boundary Layers , " P.S. Eagleson, Hydrodynamics Laboratory Technical Report No. 32. "Offshore Profiles of Equilibrium Reaches

by Theory and Experiment, " by B. Glenne,

S.M. thesis, Course I, M.I.T., 1959. "Wave-Induced Motion of Bottom Sediment

Particles," P.S. Eagleson and R.G. Dean,

Paper 2202, Proc. A.S.C.E., Jour, of Hydraulics Division, Vol. 85, No. HY 10,

October 1959-

(25^6) CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOW WITH DILUTE FIBER

SUSPENSIONS.

(b) Technical Assoc. of Pulp and Paper Industries . (d) Experimental and analytical; basic research.

(e) Basic investigation of the hydrodynamic

features of paper fiber suspensions.

(g) Following a survey of existing knowledge

of the fluid mechanics of the flow of fiber

suspensions as related to the flow in paper

making machines, an experimental program

was initiated for investigating the hydrodynamic characteristics of fiber suspensions in fully developed shear flows and

in non-shear fields for both the laminar

and turbulent ranges. Measurements of

energy loss were made for wood pulp fibers

and synthetic fibers flowing through circular tubes of different diameters. This

data was correlated with velocity distributions and turbulence records obtained with

wood pulp fibers. The results have been

reported with reference to the mechanisms

of turbulence and momentum transfer in

such suspensions.

(h) "The Effects of Fibers on Velocity Distribution, Turbulence and Flow Resistance of

Dilute Suspensions," J. W. Daily and G. Bugliarello, M. I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Tech. Report No. 30, October I958. "Flow of Nylon Fiber Suspensions - A Progress Report of work under TAPPI Project

lV7," J.W. Daily and A. Tsuchiya, M.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Technical Note

No. k, February 1959- "Measurement and Analysis of Turbulent Flow

of Wood Pulp Fiber Suspensions," by J. W. Daily, G. Bugliarello, and W.W. Troutman,

M.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Technical

Report No. 35 , September 1959

"A Particular Non-Newtonian Flow: Dilute

Fiber Suspensions," J.W. Daily and G. Bugliarello, Industrial and Engineering

Chemistry, Vol. 51, page 887, July 1959.

(2547) CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CIRCULAR HYDRAULIC

JUMP.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; graduate

theses

(e) A study of the characteristics of the circular hydraulic jump which is formed by

axially symmetrical supercritical flow from

a source or to a sink.

(g) A lucite water table has been constructed

to obtain supercritical flows issuing

radially outward from a source or directed

inward toward a sink. By proper control of

tailwater hydraulic jumps circular in plan

view are created. Measurements of depths

and velocities are being made for comparison with the momentum equations for the two

types of jumps described above and with

analytical expressions for water surface

profiles in the supercritical radial flow

regime

(h) "The Hydraulic Jump in Radial Flow," A. R. Gagnon, S.M. thesis, June 1959- "Determination of Critical Depth in Radial

Free Surface Flow," G.L. Bracken, S.B. thesis, June 1959-

(25U8) TURBULENT DIFFUSION IN STRATIFIED FLUIDS.

(b) U. S. Public Health Service.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) An investigation of various turbulent diffusion processes for application to salinity

intrusion and waste disposal in tidal

estuaries

(g) Experimental facilities have been con- structed to study diffusion in a one-dimensional field of uniform turbulence. Tur- bulence is created mechanically in a body

of water contained in a 32 foot long channel by means of a stack of expanded alumi- num sheets oscillating vertically with

amplitudes up to one-half inch and frequencies up to four cycles per second.

Concentrations are measured and recorded

electrically at various stations by means

of probes sensitive to the changes in re- sistivity of saline solutions. The tur- bulence level is specified in terms of the

measured rate of energy dissipation within

the liquid. The effects of gravity con- vection due to density differences between

the diffusant and receiving fluids are separated from turbulent diffusion effects

by a series of control tests with zero density difference.

Experiments are being made to determine the

longitudinal distribution of salinity in a uniform basin with fresh water inflow at one end and a constant ocean salinity maintained at the other end. Salinity distributions are determined for various fresh water inflow rates and turbulence levels

in the flume and compared with solutions

of the diffusion equation.

(h) Diffusion of Two Fluids of Different Den- sity in a Homogeneous Turbulent Field, " by

D.R.F. Harleman, J.M. Jordaan, and J.D. Lin, M.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory

Technical Report No. 31> February 1959- "Steady State Salinity Distribution in an Idealized Estuary," C.T. Luke, S.M. thesis,

August 1959-

^5
(2801) INTERACTION OF WAVES WITH FLOATING BODIES.

("b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; "basic research for doctoral theses.

(e) Analytical and experimental investigation

of interaction of surface waves with "basic shapes. Purpose of the study is to develop

a feasible prototype floating or moored

breakwater structure

.

(g) Two problems have been completed. The

theoretical portion of each of these problems is based on small- amplitude classical

wave mechanics. The numerical solutions were obtained on an IBM 70^- digital com- puter, (l) Theoretical and experimental

investigation of the interaction of a fixed,

semi -immersed circular cylinder with a train of surface waves. The theory was de- veloped for the case of deep-water; however,

the experiments covered both deep and shallow-water waves. The theory predicts re- flection and transmission coefficients and

force components on the cylinder which are in good agreement, except that an energy

loss of approximately 10$ occurred in the

reflection-transmission process. (2) Theoretical and experimental investigation of a semi-immersed circular cylinder which is oscillating vertically about the mean water

surface. The theory was developed for a fluid of arbitrary depth and predicts the

amplitude of the generated waves and also

the force on the cylinder. The theory

shows that if the ratio of water depth to cylinder radius is greater than 10 there is no effect of water depth. The experimental'

results agree well with the theory; however,

in general, the experimental wave heights

are a few percent less than predicted.

(h) "Interaction of a Fixed, Semi-Immersed Circular Cylinder with a Train of Surface

Waves," Robert G. Dean, Doctor of Science

Thesis, August 1959-

(2802) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF WAKE MECHANICS.

(b) Office of Naval Research and David Taylor

Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. J.W. Daily and Prof. P.S. Eagleson,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental; basic research (doctoral

theses )

.

(e) A study of the effect of trailing edge

geometry on the characteristics of the wake

of a thin flat plate with particular emphasis on transverse plate vibrations. Tests

are carried out in a 7 l/2 x 9 inch water

tunnel test section capable of speeds to

^0 ft/sec.

(g) The effects of trailing edge geometry,

elastic restraint, free stream velocity and

ambient pressure level on the dynamic re- sponse of thin flat plates to vortex-induced

motion has been studied. A total head tube

for measurement of high-frequency pressure

fluctuations in water has been developed,

calibrated and tested.

(h) "The Development of a Total Head Tube for High Frequency Pressure Fluctuations in

Water," F.E. Perkins, S.M. thesis, 1959-

"The Development of a Total Head Tube for

High Frequency Pressure Fluctuations in

Water," F.E. Perkins and P.S. Eagleson,

M.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Technical

Note No. 5, July 1959-

"The Hydroelastic Behavior of Flat Plates

Related to Trailing Edge Geometry," G. H. Toebes, Ph. D. thesis, 1959.

(2803) PROXIMITY EFFECTS ON DRAG COEFFICIENTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. P.S. Eagleson, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39 > Mass.

(d) Experimental; undergraduate theses.

(e) Study of resistance of submerged objects

due to boundary layer velocity distributions . (g) The presence of a velocity gradient and a solid boundary increases the drag coefficient of a sphere over that found at the

same Reynolds number in an infinite fluid.

(h) "Resistance Coefficients of Spheres in a Shear Flow," by S. Vladimirschi, B. S. thesis, June 1959-

(3089; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF EROSION IN CURVED

CHANNELS.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept.

of Agriculture.

(d) Experimental; basic research (doctoral

thesis )

.

(e) Investigation of boundary shear stress distribution and magnitude in curved, open

channels to determine location and extent of protection required in natural streams

.

Of interest is the variation of boundary

shear with selected conditions of flow and

channel geometry.

(g) The magnitude and distribution of boundary

shear stress have been studied in a 60° curve for three conditions of flow. The test channel is trapezoidal with an hydrau11 c ally smooth surface, and sides sloping

2 horizontal to 1 vertical. The width:

depth ratios have been varied from 8 to 12,

with a variation in outer radius; width

ratio of 1-75 to 2.17. For the conditions

tested, the Froude numbers are in the range

O.38 to 0.55- 1he boundary shear stress is

determined by means of a round surface

pitot tube, originally developed for the measurement of local skin friction on smooth

surfaces in air. The stresses encountered

in the present study are of the order of

0.01 psf.

(h) "Measurement of Boundary Shear Stress in an Open Channel Curve with a Surface Pitot

Tube," R.E. Nece, C.A. Glvler, and P. A. Drinker, Hydrodynamics Laboratory Technical

Note No. 6, August 1959.

( 3090 ) MODEL OF PUMPING PLANT FOR CHARLES RIVER

BASIN (BOSTON) DRAINAGE CONTROL.

(b) Commonwealth of Mass., Metropolitan District Commission.

(c) Prof. D.R.F. Harleman, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39 > Mass.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Model studies to determine forebay and pump suction intake geometry for high

hb
capacity, low head axial flow pumps.

(g) First model reproduces portion of Charles

River Dam and ship lock through which flow

is admitted asymmetrically to pumping sta- tion forebay. Methods of uniformly distributing flow to six pump units were investigated. Second model is for a location

one-half mile downstream of first site.

Study is concerned with elimination of ro- tational flow induced by a large bridge

pier upstream of the intakes.

(h) "Model Study of a Flood Control Pumping

Station at the Charles River Dam," D.R.F. Harleman, R.S. Broughton, C.J. Huval, and

H.W. Partenscky, Hydrodynamics Laboratory

Technical Report No. 33, June 1959. (3^3) COMPUTER STUDY OF POWER PLANT TRANSIENTS.

(b) Missouri River Division, Corps of Engineers.

(d) Theoretical, field measurements; applied

research.

(e) Development of a comprehensive digital com- puter program for the solution and investigation of the complete transient problem in

hydropower installations.

(g) The problem of load rejection has been

formulated and is being programmed for a digital computer. A proposal for field measurement of the hydraulic and mechanical

variables has been prepared.

(2kkk) EFFECTS OF BASIN GEOMETRY AND VISCOUS

DAMPING ON THE AMPLITUDE OF RESONANT OSCIL- LATIONS IN HARBORS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

(doctoral theses).

(e) Investigation of the response of a harbor to waves incident on the harbor opening. A

study of the dissipation of energy at the

harbor boundary and of the mechanism of energy transfer through the narrow opening.

(g) A small (8' x 8') wave basin has been con- structed in which harbors of various geo- metric shapes may be placed. A circular

harbor is under investigation and instrumentation is being developed.

(3^5) CHARACTERISTICS OF CROSS WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. D.R.F. Harleman and Prof. L. Howard,

Mass. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge 39,

Massachusetts

(d) Theoretical and experimental; doctoral theses.

(e) An investigation of the stability of two- dimensional standing waves which lead to the

development of three-dimensional cross (or

edge ) waves

(g) Experimental equipment is under construction.

(3H6) EFFECT OF PARTICLES ON TURBULENCE AND RE- SISTANCE IN FREE SURFACE FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; doctoral

thesis

(e) Investigation of the effect of solid particle suspensions on the velocity and turbulence distribution in an open channel.

(g) A 30-foot recirculating sediment flume has

been constructed. Control tests for the measurement of turbulence with an impact

tube in sediment-free flow are underway.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department

of Mechanical Engineering.

(2807) THE HYDRAULIC ANALOGY APPLIED TO COMPRES- SIBLE FLOW IN THE PARTIAL ADMISSION TURBINE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, U.S. Naval Under- water Ordnance Station.

(c) Prof. Robert W. Mann, Room 3-U59A, Mass. Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search for masters and doctoral theses.

(e) In a partial admission turbine the nozzle

flow through the rotor blading constitutes

an unsteady flow field. The purpose of

this investigation is to study this flow

with the ultimate goal of recommending

design improvements. The flow field is

varying both in time and in space and is therefore very complex. In order to ex- plore theoretical approaches to the flow

field the feasibility of experimental

models based on interferometry and the

hydraulic analogy to compressible fluid

flow is here explored. The hydraulic

analogy proved a superior approach and an unstready flow water table simulating the

turbine flow has been constructed and suc- cessfully tested. The water flow experimental data has been very successfully

correlated with the theoretical analysis

of shock and rarefractlon wave propagation

in the rotor channels. The theoretical

study of the complex two-dimensional field

at the nozzle exit has been limited but

has shown good qualitative correlation

with experimental data. In order to ex- plore wide ranges of design point, blading

geometry, nozzle design and shroud configuration the use of photo-stereo techniques

with machine reduction of water height

data is being experimentally explored.

(g) The water table has been shown to be an accurate reproduction of the compressible

flow gas case. The photo-stereo technique

has been developed to the point where ex- cellent data from the water table is ob- tainable. Data has been reduced for a single turbine geometry over a range of

operating points and for different admission arrangements. The flow is very com- plex and present efforts are directed

toward strong shocks in the nozzle flow.

(h) "The Use of Stereophotography and the

Hydraulic Analogy to Study Compressible

Gas Flow in a Partial -Admission Turbine,

Alan H. MacPherson, S.M. thesis, Department

of Mechanical Engineering, M.I.T., Cambridge

39, Massachusetts, January 1959-

(3092) PNEUMATIC JET-PIPE VALVE.

(b) Wright Air Development Center.

(c) Prof. S.Y. Lee, Mass. Institute of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

hi
(3093)

(b)

(c)

(d) Mostly experimental; applied research.

(e) Study the optimum configuration of a pneu- matic jet-pipe valve.

(g) Useful design information obtained in re- gard to dimensions of a pneumatic jet-pipe

valve for optimum performance.

(h) "Optimum Design Parameters of a Pneumatic

Jet-Pipe Valve," Karl N. Reid, Jr., sub- mitted for presentation at The First Inter- national Congress of The International

Federation of Automatic Control, Moscow,

Russia, June i960.

FLOW BEHAVIOR IN AN ANNULUS FORMED BY TWO CONCENTRIC CYLINDERS WITH THE INNER CYLINDER IN ROTATION.

Lincoln Laboratory, M.I.T.

Prof. Joseph Kaye, Mechanical Engineering

Dept., M.I.T. , Cambridge 39> Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic research

for M.S. and Sc.D. degrees.

(e) The objective of this research study is to determine the type of flow behavior which

exists in an annulus between two concentric

cylinders when the outer cylinder is sta- tionary and the Inner cylinder is set in

rotation. Both adiabatic and diabatic flow

in the axial direction will be superimposed

on the rotation. The entrance region of

such differential flow will also be exam- ined experimentally and theoretically.

(g) Adiabatic and diabatic flow measurements

have been made for the fully-developed

flow region.

(h) "The Influence of a Radial Temperature

Gradient on the Stability of Fluid Motion

in an Annulus with an Inner Cylinder Rotat- ing," K.M. Becker and J. Kaye, (in press).

(309k) CYCLONE SEPARATOR RESEARCH.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr- Joseph L. Smith, Jr., Room 3-266,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical applied re- search for M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) The research is directed toward an understanding of the vortex flow in cyclone

separators and of the relations between

the flow and the overall pressure and

separation parameters of the cyclone.

(g) Understanding has been gained from experimental observations and particularly from

an application of the previously developed

theory of rotating flows

.

(3095) WINDAGE AND PUMPING LOSSES IN GAS PARTIAL- ADMISSION TURBINES.

(b) Office of Scientific Research, U. S. Air

Force.

(c) Prof. Robert W. Mann, Room 3-^95A, Mass.

Inst, of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental; applied research for master's

thesis

.

(e) Experimental evaluation of windage losses

in a partial-admission turbine. The windage losses in a partial-admission turbine

can be a controlling factor in their design, especially since shroud and blading

geometry most suitable for increasing the

(f)

(g)

efficiency of active flow from one or several nozzles is such as to cause high

windage losses in those portions of the rotor not in the active flow. In this investigation, experimental torque measurements will be made over a wide range of

Reynolds numbers for progressive variations

in blading aspect ratio and solidity and

shroud axial and radial clearance. Analytic

models which conform to the experimental

results will be generated in order to generalize the experimental data. Completed. Extra losses from partial admission opera- tion of a gas turbine occur both in the

nozzle flow arc and away from it. The lat- ter have been related to the theory of

fluid flow over a rotating disc expressing

a dimensionless moment coefficient as a function of Reynolds number.

By direct measurements of drag torque, the moment coefficient has been determined oyer

a range of Reynolds number from 2.5 x 10 to 2.5 x 10° for several aspect 1 ratios and

axial and radial clearances. Losses in- crease with increasing aspect ratio. Small

increases from minimum practical clearance

have little effect, but blade pumping losses become severe at radial and axial

clearances of the order of half the disc

radius

.

"Fuels and Prime Movers for Rotating Aux- iliary Power Units," Robert W. Mann, Dynamic Analysis and Control Laboratory,

Report No. 121, Mass. Inst, of Technology,

Cambridge, Mass. "Windage and Pumping Losses in Small Partial

Admission Gas Turbines, " Charles H. Marston, Masters Thesis, Dept. of Mech. Engineering,

M.I.T. Cambridge 39, Mass., June 1959-

(3096) REFLECTION OF A MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC SHOCK

BY A MAGNETIC "WALL".

(b) Cambridge Air Force Research Center.

(c) Prof. Osman K. Mawardi, Dept. of Mech. Engineering, M.I.T., Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Thesis work.

(e) This is an experimental investigation of

the behavior of a strong shock wave as it penetrates a region within which an intense

magnetic field has been established. It is

proposed to study the interactions processes (reflection and transmission of the

wave) at the boundary. The apparatus is in use.

(h) Mass. Inst, of Tech., Sc.D. Thesis by

Z.J.J. Stekly.

(3097) STUDIES OF MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC SHOCKS.

(b) Cambridge Air Force Research Center.

(c) Prof. Osman K. Mawardi, Dept. of Mech. Engineering, M.I.T., Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Thesis work.

(e) A preliminary theoretical study, on the

basis of continuum theory, has been com- pleted in order to establish the dynamics

and structure of a hydromagnetic shock

wave. The analysis indicates the dependence of the state of the gas upstream and

downstream of the shock as a function of
the magnetic field, the pressure and tem- perature of the ionized gas. A prediction

has also "been made for the expected behavior of the electric and magnetic fields in

the vicinity of the shock. The apparatus

required for the experimental verification

of this analysis is now being constructed.

(3W7) REACTION JET SERVOMOTOR.

(b) Project conducted for: Wright Air Develop- ment Center.

(c) Prof. S.Y. Lee, M.I.T., Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search.

(e) Study steady-state speed torque performance

of a pneumatic reaction jet motor.

(g) Steady-state speed torque curve obtained.

Comparison was made with the theoretical

solution.

(h) "Development of a Gas Operated ReactionJet Servomotor, " Robert Scher, to be pre- sented at the Symposium on Recent Mechanical Engineering Developments in Automatic

Control, The Institution of Mechanical

Engineers in London, England, Jan. 5-7 5 1960.

(3kk8) FLOW THROUGH CONTROL VALVE ORIFICES.

(b) Various sponsors including U.S. ChandlerEvans Corp., Moog Servocontrols , Inc.

(c) Prof. J.L. Shearer, M.I.T., Cambridge, Mass.

(d) Applied research.

( e ) Experimental investigation of the characteristics of flow through fixed area and

variable area orifices with emphasis on re- sistance to fluid flow and the factors that

lead to being able to predict the resistance characteristics over a wide range' of

Reynolds Numbers

(g) Actual size and large scale models have

been studied for hydraulic and pneumatic

flows with special emphasis on low Reynolds

Number flows. Small amounts of rounding

of the entrance corners have a very great

effect on discharge coefficients at low

and intermediate Reynolds Numbers with

hydraulic flow. Pneumatic flows have demonstrated bi-stable flow conditions accom- panied by hysteresis.

(h) "An Experimental Study of Two Dimensional

Gas Flow Through Valve-Type Orifices,"

A.H. Stenning, ASME paper No. 54 - A-l+5; copies can be obtained by special request

from the Author or from the Dynamic Analysis and Control Laboratory, M.I.T., Cam- bridge 39j Mass. "Discharge Coefficients for Flow Through

Round-Edged Orifices," R.H. Tuffias, S.M. thesis, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,

M.I.T., Cambridge, Mass., August 1957. "Effects of Nozzle Geometry on Flapper

Valve Characteristics," R.F. Mennel, S.B. thesis, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,

M.I.T., Cambridge 39, Mass., January 1956. "Discharge Coefficients and Steady-State

Flow Forces for Hydraulic Poppet Valves,"

J. A. Stone, ASME paper No. 59-HYD-18,

available from American Society of Mech. Engineers, 29 West 39th St., New York 18, New York.

"A Flapper Valve Study," R.E. Norwood,

S.M. thesis, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,

M.I. T.j Cambridge 39, Mass., June 1959-

(3hk9) THE HYDROMAGNETIC GUIDE (i).

(b) Air Force Cambridge Research Center.

(c) Prof. Osman K. Mawardi, Dept. of Mechanical

Engineering, M.I.T., Cambridge 39? Mass.

(d) Thesis work.

(e) A theoretical study of the propagation of

hydromagnetic (Alfven's) waves in a guide

has been completed. The guide consists of

an electrically conducting conduit inserted

in the field of a steady magnetic field.

The guide is assumed to be filled with

plasma. The character of the waves have

been studied for two conditions. In the

first case the applied magnetic field is

directed along the axis of the guide, while

in the second case the field is normal to

the axi s

(31+50) THE HYDROMAGNETIC GUIDE (II).

(b) Cambridge Air Force Research Center.

(c) Prof. Osman K. Mawardi, Dept. of Mechanical

Engineering, M.I.T., Cambridge 39 > Mass.

(d) Thesis work.

(e) An experimental verification of the theory

developed in (I) is now under way. An alloy

of NaK which is liquid at room temperature

and which possesses good electrical con- ductivity has been chosen as a model for a dense plasma. The guide filled with NaK is

planned to be inserted in an intense mag- netic field (about 40,000 gauss). The

Alfven's waves will be excited by an electroacoustic transducer set at right angle to the field. The traveling waves will be

detected by measuring the associated electric field.

(f) Completed.

(h) Publication in preparation.

(3I+5D HYDROMAGNETIC INSTABILITIES.

(b

(c

(a

(e

Cambridge Air Force Research Center.

Prof. Osman K. Mawardi, Department of Mech. Engineering, M.I.T., Cambridge 39 j Mass. Thesis work.

The onset and the growth of the instability

in a cylinder of plasma will be studied

under various conditions . The preliminary

experimental phase of the work will be per- formed on liquid metals. The situation

presently investigated is concerned with an instability similar to that of the pinch

effect. Here, however, the electromagnetic

forces are caused by the interaction of an applied steady magnetic field parallel to and external to a column of fluid with

azimuthal currents induced in the column.

The column with free surfaces is simulated

by allowing liquid metal to fall unimpeded

from a reservoir. The theoretical prediction for the dynamical behavior of the

column of fluid is now being studied by

means of a normal mode technique.

(3^52) INTERACTIONS AMONG BURNING FUEL DROPLETS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON COMBUSTION STABILITY

AND ROUGHNESS.

k9
("b) Office of Scientific Research, U.S. Air

Force

.

(c) Prof. T.Y. Toong, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39 > Massachusetts.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search for master's and doctoral theses.

(e) Theoretical and experimental investigations

of interactions among burning fuel droplets

in a flow field,. The main objective is to

further a basic understanding of the gen- eral problem of combustion instabilitythrough a study of these interactions.

(g) Theoretical and experimental investigations

of the interactions between two burning

fuel cylinders were carried out.

(3^53) THE EFFECTS OF A DIFFUSING GAS ON AERODY- NAMIC HEATING AT SUPERSONIC SPEEDS.

(b) Air Research and Development Center,

Washington, D. C. (c) Prof. Joseph Kaye, Mechanical Engineering

Department, Room 1-210, Massachusetts In- stitute of Technology, Cambridge 39 > Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search for M.S. and Sc.D. degrees.

(e) The objective of this project is to measure

and predict analytically the effects of a diffusing gas, such as helium, on the aero- dynamic heating process in a boundary

layer of a supersonic stream of air. It

is expected that results from this project

may be of considerable help in the thermal

barrier problem.

(g) Some preliminary results are published.

See publications below.

(h) "Preliminary Results of Measurement of

Effects of Diffusion of Helium Into the

Laminar Boundary Layer of a Supersonic Flow

of Air in a Tube at Mach 5," S. William

Gouse, Jr., George A. Brown, and Joseph

Kaye, Aero/Space Sciences, Sept. 1959,

Vol. 26, Nos. 8, 9. "Analysis of Effects of Diffusion of a Foreign Gas Into the Laminar Boundary Layer

of a Supersonic Flow of Air in a Tube,

John R. Radbill and Joseph Kaye, Aero/Space

Sciences, Vol. 26, No. 8, pp. 533-535,

August 1959-

( 3^5*0 SKEWED TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER AND

SEPARATION.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. E. S. Taylor, Mr. R. Schwind, M.I.T., Room 31-265, Cambridge 39, Massachusetts.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search for doctor's thesis.

(e) Skewed boundary layer often behaves differently from two-dimensional boundary

layer. Particularly, three-dimensional

separation is sometimes moderate and does not deteriorate the flow so badly as two- dimensional separation does.

(g) A computation scheme for skewed turbulent

boundary layer is devised which makes use of the two momentum integral relations and

an auxiliary equation which is based on empiricism. Also, a theoretical means of

describing velocity distributions If formulated.

(h) "Skewed Turbulent Boundary Layers," by

W.A. Nelson, Massachusetts Institute of

Technology, Gas Turbine Lab., Report No. 55,

August 1959.

(3^55) TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS IN RECTANGULAR

DUCTS

.

(b) Office of Ordnance Research, Dept. of the

Army.

(c) Prof. A.H. Shapiro, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

( e ) The character of the turbulent boundary

layer, including secondary flow, is being

investigated - in the region of interference of two perpendicular walls.

(3^56) FLAME STABILIZATION IN A BOUNDARY LAYER.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Prof. T.Y. Toong, Massachusetts Institute

of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search for master ' s and doctoral theses

.

(e) Basic study of mechanism of flame stabilization in a boundary layer over a flat

plate.

(g) Theoretical and experimental investigations

of the structure and propagation of laminar

flames near a heat sink were carried out. Characteristics of flames stabilized in a boundary layer over a hot surface were studied experimentally in a two-dimensional

combustion tunnel.

(h) "Flame Stabilization in Boundary Layers,"

T.Y. Toong, Combustion and Propulsion,

Third AGARD Colloquium, Pergamon Press, New York, 1958, pp 58I-597. "Flame Stabilization and Propagation in

Boundary Layers," by W.S.Wu, Sc. D. Thesis,

M.E. Dept., Mass. Inst, of Tech., June 1959.

(3i+57) JET MIXING WITH CHEMICAL REACTION.

(b) Shell Oil Company.

(c) Prof. T. Y. Toong, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for master ' s and doctoral theses

.

(e) Theoretical and experimental investigations

of the effects of chemical reaction on transfers of mass, momentum and heat.

(g) An apparatus has been constructed to study

the mixing of two concentric gas streams. Experimental results are to be compared

with theoretical predictions.

(h) "An Apparatus for Studying Combustion in a Laminar Mixing Zone," D.F. Merrion, S.M. Thesis, M.E. Dept., M.I.T., August 1959-

(3^58) CASCADE PERFORMANCE WITH ACCELERATED OR DECELERATED AXIAL VELOCITY.

(b) Allison, General Electric and Westinghouse

.

(c) Prof. Y. Senoo, Mass. Inst, of Technology, Room 31-266, Cambridge 39, Massachusetts.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) A theoretical method to estimate the effect

or axial velocity change through a cascade was Investigated. The change of axial

velocity was reproduced by distributing

sinks and sources within the blade passages.

50
(f)

(s)

(h)

(3^59;

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

Completed.

The influence of axial velocity change on

the cascade performance is set forth in

simple formulae. Several examples were

compared -with experimental data with good

agreement

.

"Cascade Performance with Accelerated or Decelerated Axial Velocity, " hy S. Kubota,

M. I.T. Gas Turbine Laboratory, Report No.

56, Sept. 1959-

ASYMMETRIC INLET FLOW IN AXIAL TURBO

MACHINES.

Allison, General Electric and Westinghouse.

Prof. Y. Senoo, Mass. Inst, of Technology, Room 31-266, Cambridge 39 > Massachusetts.

Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search, doctor's thesis. A modified actuator disk analysis is made,

utilizing theoretical unsteady blade

forces, for distorted inlet flow through

an isolated blade row. A series of experi- ments were made for comparison.

Completed.

According to experiments conducted on an isolated compressor rotor, the present

theory offers an improvement, compared to

previous theory, in the prediction of distortion attenuation, effects of flow rates,

and effects of varying chord-spacing ratio.

"Asymmetric Inlet Flow in Axial TurboMachine," by B.S. Seidel, M.I.T., Gas Turbine Lab., Report No. 51, May 1959.

(3^60) FLOW IN A RADIAL VANELESS DIFFUSER

.

(b) Allison, General Electic and Westinghouse.

(c) Prof. Y. Senoo, and Mr-. W. Jansen, Mass.

Inst, of Tech., Room 31-266, Cambridge 39,

Massachusetts

.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied, master's thesis.

(e) Boundary layer in a vaneless diffuser is a simple three-dimensional boundary layer.

This project was attempted for better

understanding of the three-dimensional

boundary layer as well as of direct performance of a vaneless diffuser.

(f) Completed.

(g) Theoretical prediction agrees very well

with experimental data.

(h) "Incompressible Fluid Flow in a Radial

Vaneless Diffuser," W. Jansen, M.I.T., Gas Turbine Laboratory, Report No. 52, May 1959. (3^1) ROCKET PUMP INDUCER.

(b) Allison, General Electric, Westinghouse.

(c) Prof. Y. Senoo, Mass. Inst, of Technology, Room 31-266, Cambridge 39, Massachusetts.

(d) Experimental; applied research, master's

thesis

.

(e) A pump inducer was designed using a theory

to achieve a good performance at a high

suction head. The performance was compared

with that of conventional pump inducer.

(f) Suspended.

(g) Performance characteristics of the pump at cavitation and at normal condition were

measured. Also high speed movie shows

development of cavitation in the pump

inducer.

(h) "Rocket Pump Inducer," P. Muller, M.I.T.,

Gas Turbine Laboratory, Rept. No. 53, May

1959.

(3^62) ROTATING WAKE IN A VANELESS DIFFUSER.

(b) Allison, General Electric and Westinghouse.

(c) Prof. Y. Senoo, and Mr. W. Jansen, Mass.

Inst, of Technology, Room 31-266, Cambridge

39 j Massachusetts.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

(e) The flow from a centrifugal impeller is not

always axi-symmetric . Consequently the

flow in a vaneless diffuser is quite different from what is expected for an axi-symmetric case. A theory predicts a large

static pressure rise and a large stagnation pressure drop near the entrance to the vane- less diffuser.

(g) The theory is qualitatively conformed by a preliminary experiment

.

(h) "Rotating Wake in a Vaneless Diffuser," by

R. C. Dean, Jr., and Y. Senoo, ASME Paper,

1959 A-10U.

(3^63) THE BEHAVIOR OF WAKE IN ADVERSE PRESSURE

GRADIENT.

(b) Allison, General Electric and Westinghouse.

(c) Prof. Y. Senoo, and Mr. U.W. Shaub, M.I.T., Room 31-266, Cambridge 39 , Massachusetts.

(d) Theoretical and experimental, applied re- search.

(e) The mechanism of turbulence in a wake is simpler than that in a boundary layer but

they are closely related. The relationship

between pressure gradient and the time mean

flow and turbulence will be studied.

INFLUENCE OF TIP CLEARANCE ON STALL LIMITS

OF A COMPRESSOR CASCADE.

Allison, General Electric and Westinghouse.

Prof. E.S. Taylor, Mass. Inst, of Technology, Room 3I-265, Cambridge 39? Massachusetts.

(d) Experimental; applied research for master's

thesis

.

(e) Flow at the end of compressor blades is complicated, combination of boundary layer

and clearance. Influence of boundary layer

has been studied and reasonably understood.

Influence of clearance is the present pro- blem to be understood.

(f) Completed.

(g) Using the mirror image technique the end

wall boundary layer in the tip clearance was dispensed with. The clearance was found to relieve the pressure gradient and

to retard stalling.

(h) "The Influence of Tip Clearance on Stall

Limits of a Rectilinear Cascade of Compressor Blades," by G. R. Khabbaz, M.I.T. Gas Turbine Lab., Report No. 5k, August 1959-

(3i+65) UNSTEADY LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYERS.

(b) General Electric, Allison, and Westinghouse.

(c) Prof. Philip G. Hill, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Room 31-266, Cambridge 39? Massachusetts.

(d) Investigation of a laminar boundary layer

(3h6k)

(b)

(c)

51
(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

subject to harmonic oscillation of its free stream velocity, "basic research for doctor's thesis

.

Experimental measurement and analytical

calculation of phase and amplitude of

velocity oscillations having a wide range

of frequency in "boundary layers of zero pressure gradient and uniform adverse pressure gradient.

Completed.

Experimental confirmation of existing

theoretical developments by Lighthill and

Lin for very low and very high frequency

oscillations. Development of a method of

calculation at intermediate frequency

"behavior which was experimentally confirmed.

"Laminar Boundary Layers in Oscillatory

Flow, " P.H. Hill and A.H. Stenning pre- sented at ASME annual meeting, Dec. 1959-

upon the individual flow per tube for a pressure vessel in which fluid is introduced through a single radial line placed

at the "base of the header.

(3^66) TWO-DIMENSIONAL SEPARATION.

(b)

(c)

(1)

(e)

General Electric, Allison, and Westinghouse

.

Mr. Carl R. Peterson, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Room 31-267, Cambridge 39, Massachusetts.

Experimental and theoretical study of a separating laminar boundary layer; basic

research for doctor's thesis.

The separated laminar boundary is being

studied to determine the controlling fac- tors in its behavior. Experimental measurements are to form the initial stage

of the investigation.

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS, School of Engineering.

(256l) HYDROLOGY STUDIES IN WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS.

(b) Cooperative with the U.S. Soil Conservation

Service, U.S. Weather Bureau, and U.S. Geological Survey. Student assistance

financed by a Faculty Research Grant.

(c) Prof. George R. Higgins, Engineering Re- search Institute, University of Mass.,

Amherst, Massachusetts.

(d) Experimental; field and laboratory; for design of watershed yield, flood peak re- duction, and general information.

(e) Mass curve studies for reservoir and watershed yield have been done for selected

reservoirs and drainage areas in Western

Massachusetts. An extension of these data

combined with studies of reservoir effect

on flood flow, water losses, and other

hydrologic factors are planned for the

current extension of the project.

(3I+67) THE EFFECT OF HEADER GEOMETRY UPON FLUID

FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN NUCLEAR REACTORS

AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

.

(b) Laboratory project; student assistance

financed by a Teacher ' s Research Grant

.

(c) Prof. Joseph M. 0 'Byrne, Engineering Re- search Institute, University of Mass.,

Amherst, Massachusetts.

(d) Experimental; applied research; MS thesis.

(e) To determine the relationships between such

variables as core and tube diameter, tube

lattice and spacing, header height, etc. ,

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil

Engineering.

(2125!

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

(h)

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN RUNOFF WATER FROM

SMALL AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS.

Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.

Prof. R.Z. Wheaton, Agricultural Engineering Dept., Michigan State University, East

Lansing, Michigan.

Field investigation; for design.

Samples of runoff water are collected at periodic intervals and more frequent intervals during flood flow to determine the

concentration of sediment being transported. Runoff gaging stations serviced

by USGS. Dense network of 22 recording

raingages for 25 square mile area in two watersheds

.

Sediment content of runoff is low. "Variation in Summertime Rainfall in SouthCentral Michigan, " A.H. Eichmeier, R. Z. Wheaton, and E.H. Kidder, Quarterly Bulletin of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment

Station, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing,

Michigan, Vol. hi, No. h, pp. 886-888, May

1959- "Preliminary Report of Excessive Precipitation over Sloan Creek Basin, a Small Watershed, " A.H. Eichmeier, R.Z. Wheaton, and

E.H. Kidder, Quarterly Bulletin of the

Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station,

Vol. hi, No. k, pp. 889-893, May 1959-

(2126) SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE.

(b) Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. E.H. Kidder, Agricultural Engineering Dept., Michigan State University, East

Lansing, Michigan.

(d) Experimental; field investigation, applied

research.

(e) To study the effect of bedding, bedding

and moling, bedding and tile, and tile

drainage on crop yields in a submarginal

farming area. Crop yields in a graingrain hay-hay rotation are measured in

increments away from the drainage feature.

(g) Two rod tile lateral spacing has given the

highest crop yields. A 60-foot tile spac- ing ranks second.

(h) "Methods of Draining Pickford Clay and the

Effect of Crop Production," S.M. King,

E.H. Kidder, and W. A. Cutler, Quarterly

Bulletin of the Michigan Agricultural

Experiment Station, Vol. h2, No. 1, pp. 52-64, August 1959-

(2127) AN INVESTIGATION OF THE STABILITY AND

DURABILITY OF SUBSURFACE DRAINS PLACED IN

MUCK.

(b) Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. E.H. Kidder, Agricultural Engineering Dept., Michigan State University, East

52
Lansing, Michigan.

(d) Experimental; field investigation; applied

research.

( e ) Four lateral underdrains were placed in

muck (ph6.5). Concrete and clay tile in one- and two-foot lengths, perforated steel

pipe in eight-foot lengths and perforated

fiher pipe in six-foot lengths were installed in 1952. Elevations of the ground sur- face and the underdrains are taken annually.

Quality of the material is checked at four- year intervals

(g) The soil surface subsided 0.8 to 0.9 feet the first year, with little subsidence

since. The underdrains settled 0.3 feet the first year, negligible since. Concrete drain tile from three manufacturers de- teriorated by acid action. Considerable

rusting was noted on galvanized steel. Hay blinding material was in excellent

condition.

(3102) WATER REQUIREMENTS OF PLANTS.

(b) Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. R.Z. Wheaton, Agricultural Engineering Dept., Michigan State University, East

Lansing, Michigan.

(d) Experimental, field investigation; applied

research.

(e) Four areas are protected against natural

rainfall during the cropping season. Pre- cision irrigation is practiced to maintain

four levels of avilable water in the soil.

Meteorological, evapotranspiration and

evaporation data are also collected.

(g) The highest level of available water (range

between 70 and 100$ in the surface foot)

gives the highest yield of potatoes. Con- sumptive use peak rate of 0.18 inches per

day.

A STUDY OF SECONDARY FLOW IN THE BEND OF A CLOSED CONDUIT.

Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.

Prof. E.H. Kidder, Agricultural Engineering

Dept., Michigan State University, East

Lansing, Michigan.

Theoretical; basic research for Ph.D. thesis

Mathematical analysis of laminar flow fol- lowing a bend in a closed conduit.

Completed. For the case of laminar flow an approximate

solution was found for the flow in a straight circular pipe following a coiled

pipe. The initial conditions at the beginning of the straight pipe was assumed to

be given by Dean's solution for the coiled

pipe; other simplifying assumptions were

also necessary for the solution. The re- sulting assymptotic solution describing

the decay of the secondary flow was used

to give an indication of the effect of the

Reynolds number and pipe roughness in tur- bulent flow by substituting a constant turbulent eddy diffusion coefficient for the coefficient of viscosity in the laminar

solution.

(h) "A Theoretical Analysis of the Decay of

Secondary Flow Following a Pipe Bend,

(3103;

(b)

(c)

(a)

(f)

(e)

Cornelius Chung-Sheng Shih, Ph.D. thesis,

Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Michigan

State Univ., East Lansing, Michigan.

(31010 SPRINKLER IRRIGATION FOR FROST PROTECTION

OF PLANTS.

(b) Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. E.H. Kidder, Agricultural Engineering

Station, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing,

Michigan.

(d) Experimental, laboratory and field investigation; applied research.

(e) To determine the application rates and

repeat frequency of water application to

give effective protection to plants against

frost damage

(g) Applications rates of 0.1 inch per hour,

repeat frequency of 12 to 20 seconds has

protected truck crops against minimum

temperature of 19°F.

( 3105 ) SHEAR AND PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON DUNE- SHAPED BOUNDARIES.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. E.M. Laursen, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Michigan State University, East

Lansing, Michigan.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Since the bed of an alluvial stream com- monly consists of dunes and ripples, the

distribution of shear and pressure over

these roughness elements is of interest in

regard to both sediment transportation and

resistance to flow. A U^-foot Lucite con- duit with schematic triangular dunes and

air as the fluid is being used in the ex- perimental investigation.

(3^68) FLOW STABILITY. 00

(c)

(a)

(e)

Laboratory project.

Dr. Karl Brenkert, Jr., Dept. of Applied

Mechanics, Michigan State University, East

Lansing, Michigan.

Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search for master's thesis.

Theoretical and experimental study of the

stability of the laminar boundary layer in

the entrance of a pipe.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Department of Civil

Engineering.

(3I+69) SMALL BOAT HARBOR STUDY.

0>)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

Dept. of Port Control, Cleveland, Ohio.

Prof. E.F. Brater, 320 West Engineering

Bldg., Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Experimental; applied research.

Determination of a procedure for reducing wave action in the mooring area. The model is in the design stage.

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, Agricultural Experiment

Station.

53
(1929) DRAIN TILE JUNCTION LOSSES.

Cooperative with St . Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. See page 65.

(2350) DRAINAGE OF AGRICULTURAL LAND BY PUMPING

.

(t>) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Curtis L. Larson, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of Minnesota,

St. Paul 1, Minnesota.

(d) Theoretical and field investigations; ap- plied research.

(e) The project has three phases: (l) The de- velopment of basic relations for planning

pump drainage systems, (2) the study of

rates of drainage, and (3) the study of

factors affecting the efficiency.

(g) Expressions for the amount of storage re- quired by automatic and non-automatic pump- ing plants have been developed. A new de- vice for measuring effluent from partially

filled pipes was developed in laboratory

tests

.

(2576; CONSTRUCTION, DEVELOPMENT, AND PUMPING OF SHALLOW WELLS FOR IRRIGATION.

(b) Field project.

(c) Prof. Evan R. Allred, Dept. of Agricultural

Engineering, Univ. of Minn., St. Paul 1, Minnesota.

(d) Field investigation; applied research and

development

(e) The objectives of the project are: (l) To study and develop inexpensive methods for

construction of shallow irrigation wells,

(2) determine hydraulic permeability and

characteristics of various aquifers, and

( 3 ) to survey and determine extent and

availability of shallow ground water

sources for irrigation in Minnesota.

(314-70) HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OF IRRIGATION BOOMSPRINKLERS.

(b) Field and laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Evan R. Allred, Dept. of Agricultural

Engrg., Univ. of Minn., St. Paul 1, Minn.

(d) Primarily field investigation; applied

research.

(e) The objective of the project is to determine the effect of wind velocity, nozzle

arrangement, rotation speed and operating

pressure on the distribution from irrigation boom-sprinklers.

MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES AND METALLURGY, Dept. of

Civil Engineering.

(319) WEIR STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. E.W. Carlton, Civil Engineering Dept.

Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis

.

(e) Tests on rectangular weirs were made to determine effect of velocity of approach

on the relation between crest depth and

critical depth of an imaginary open channel

having same dimensions as the weir opening,

(g) Study produced a simple, accurate and quick

solution for plotting of M function. Re- lationship between the M function and the

critical depth is logarithmic. This greatly

simplifies determination of critical flow

where the critical depth is known or vice

versa. A relationship exists between M

function of channels of same shape but different dimensions. The velocity of approach

does not affect the relationship between

physical depth and crest depth.

(2578) CORRELATION OF WEIR CREST DEPTH AND WEIR

FLOW CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Clifford D. Muir, Civil Engineering

Department, Missouri School of Mines and

Metallurgy.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Tests on several cipoletti weirs were made

in order to determine the effect of weir

thickness, H/P ratio, and Froude's Number

on the ratio of crest depths to the critical

depth of an imaginary open channel having

the same dimensions as the weir flow section.

(g) This study indicated a definite relationship between the crest depth to critical

depth ratio and the Froude Number of the

imaginary channel. However, the ratio

tended to become constant at either high or low Froude Numbers. The H/P ratio had no noticeable affect on this relationship.

A continuation of this study indicates

probable superiority of crest depth flow

relationships, when weirs having a narrow width with respect to head are being used.

(3^71) REGULATION OF RIVER BANK DEVELOPMENT THROUGH FLOOD PLAIN ZONING.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. E.W. Carlton, Civil Engineering Dept.,

Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The basic concepts for establishing an effective flood plain zoning program were investigated from three aspects: (l) Es- tablishment of frequency and magnitude of design flood; (2) translation of design

flood to zoning limits on the ground

through hydraulic computations; and (3)

establishment of a sensible adjustment of

land use to flood hazard.

(g) In addition a recommended zoning program

has been established for a flood plain in

Missouri with applications for the entire

state and for most regions of the United

States. A complete summary of the status of flood plain zoning in the United States has been tabulated.

(h) "Regulation of River Bank Development

Through Flood Plain Zoning," William J. O'Neill, master's thesis, Missouri School

of Mines 1959 (available on loan).

MONTANA STATE COLLEGE, Agricultural Experiment

Station.

5^
Inquiries concerning the following projects should

he addressed to Mr. O.W. Monson, Head, Agricultural

Engineering Department, Montana State College,

Bozeman, Montana.

(3108) FORECASTING OF WATER SUPPLY BASED ON WATER

EQUIVALENT OF SNOW AND OTHER HYDROLOGIC

FACTORS

(h) Conducted for Montana Agricultural Experi- ment Station in cooperation with Soil Con- servation Service, USDA.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The present objective is to (l) forecast

maximum or peak discharge for flood con- trol and (2) to forecast recession from

peak to base, or mean, flow as an aid to water commissioners and water users whose water rights are hased on priorities.

(g) Progress up to present time indicates that

maximum or peak discharge can he forecast

approximately. Forecasting of recession

has not yet proved reliable.

(h) Annual reports to Western Regional Re- search Conference and to Federal Examiner,

O.E.S.

(3109) IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY STUDIES.

(b) Montana Agricultural Experiment Station in

cooperation with U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Development of a formula to guide irrigator

in the application of the amount of water which can be stored within root zone for use by crop. Intended for irrigation by

surface flooding methods of irrigation.

(g) Formula gives size of stream Q (cfs) in

terms of length and width of strip, rate of water intake, slope or gradient of

field, and a roughness factor depending on density of vegetation.

Formula:

(h) Annual reports to Western Regional Re- search Service and to Federal Examiner,

O.E.S. (3H0) REDUCTION OF SEEPAGE IN CANALS BY APPLICA- TION OF BENTONITE.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with

Cameron Ditch Co. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Bentonite applied in a slurry by sedimentation method proved inefficient when canal

was constructed through coarse gravel with

insufficient fine material to trap the

bentonite

(g) Four miles of ditch in coarse gravel was treated with 12 inch compacted earth lining reduced seepage by about 75% • Ben- tonite treatment may be necessary.

(3V72) INTERCEPTION AND ITS EFFECT ON PRECIPITA- TION DISPOSAL.

(b) Laboratory project and Western Regional

Research.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; basic

research.

(e) Measurement of interception of precipitation by various types and densities of canopy cover.

NEWPORT NEWS SHIPBUILDING AND DRY DOCK COMPANY.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. C.H. Hancock, Hydraulic Laboratory, Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock

Company, Newport News, Virginia.

(123) HYDRAULIC TURBINE TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Scale model turbines, using either Francis

or propeller type runners, are tested for power and efficiency at various speeds.

(12U) METER CALIBRATION TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To establish calibration curve for determining correction for various rates of flew. Meters are tested at various rates of flow

by weighing tank method. Time is recorded

electronically by decade counters.

(896) VANE MOMENT TESTS ON ADJUSTABLE BLADE

RUNNERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Tests are to determine vane moments at various gate openings, blade positions and

speeds. The turbine load is applied by an electric dynamometer and speed is measured

with a Berkeley "EPUT" meter. The blades

are held in position by an amplidyne con- trol system on a spider rod through the

shaft. The blade moments are obtained from

a proving ring by means of electric strain

gages

(901) SHIP MODEL RESISTANCE TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

( e ) Scale ship models are towed to determine

the effective horsepower, bare hull, re- quired by the ship. Because of their small

size, several models may be towed in a short period of time thus allowing much

preliminary work to be done on the choice

of lines. The final lines are checked by

the David Taylor Model Basin. To eliminate

a large portion of this preliminary testing,

a schedule of systematic models are arranged

in which the beam-draft ratio, the displacement-length ratio, and the prismatic

coefficient are varied over a wide range. Towing this set of models is continuing

and when completed will provide design data

for a standard offset series covering a wide range.

55
(1132) HYDRAULIC PUMP TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Scale model pumps, centrifugal and propeller types, are tested at constant speeds

for head developed, power consumption, and

efficiency at various rates of discharge.

Cavitation tests are sometimes conducted "by lowering the suction head to a point where

the developed head and efficiency "break down.

(1133) CAVITATION TESTS OF HYDRAULIC TURBINE

MODELS

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Scale model turbines are tested on cavitation stand to determine sigma at which

cavitation starts. By the use of a plexiglas throat ring and Strobolux light syn- chronized with the shaft rotation, visual

observations are made to determine the

location on the blade where cavitation

starts. Tests also run to determine runa- way speeds at low sigma values.

(2582) AIR TESTS ON HYDRAULIC TURBINE MODEL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Plexiglas hydraulic turbine model is tested

with air. Smoke and tufts are used in the

flow visualization studies. Velocity and pressure distribution studies are made

using a sensitive differential manometer.

The gate moments obtained from the pressure distribution will be checked with a strain gage dynamometer.

(3111) PUMP-TURBINE TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Pump turbine models are tested either as a pump or turbine on this test stand. Cavitation as well as performance tests on

pump, turbine or pump-turbine models can

be made on this facility. Provision is being made to perform vane moment tests on adjustable blade turbine runners at the

same time as performance tests are run on

this type runner.

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Department of Chemical

Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 2583, 3113, 3V72 and 3^73 should be addressed to Prof. J. Happel,

Dept. of Chemical Engineering, New York University,

University Heights, New York 53, New York.

(2583) EFFECT OF PARTICLE CONCENTRATION ON PRESSURE DROP AND SEDIMENTATION VELOCITY IN DILUTE BEDS OF PARTICLES.

(b) Grants from Texas Company and American

Chemical Society; laboratory project,

(d) Theoretical; basic research for doctoral

thesis

.

( e ) The slow translational motion of dilute beds

of particles settling through a viscous

fluid subjected to the influence of cylindri- cal boundaries is being studied. This will

ultimately enable a theoretical prediction

of the effect of particle concentration on pressure drop and sedimentation velocity

in beds of particles.

(g) The fluid velocity for a large number of

field points within a cylindrical container

has been computed for a spherical particle

settling at six evenly spaced locations

along the cylinder radius . The velocity

field for all locations has also been

obtained from the computed points by interpolation.

(3113) THE INTERACTION OF TWO SPHERES FALLING SLOWLY IN A VISCOUS FLUID.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research for the master ' s degree

.

(e) Determination of the terminal settling

velocity of two equal size spheres moving

one above the other and side by side as a function of the ratio of sphere diameter to center-to-center distance at very low

Reynolds numbers ( Creeping Motion Range )

.

The distance between spheres was varied

from one to 50 sphere diameters.

(3115) SOLUTION OF OSEEN'S EQUATIONS FOR FLOW PAST AN OFF-CENTERED SPHERE IN A CYLINDER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Howard Brenner, Dept. of Chemical

Engineering, New York University, New York

53, N. Y. (d) Theoretical; basic research for doctoral

degree

.

(e) It is the purpose of this project to determine the sidewise force exerted on an offcentered sphere in a cylinder. This will

be obtained by satisfying the boundary

conditions in the solution to Oseen's equations for fluid flow.

(f) Completed.

(g) Experiments were conducted in a five foot tall, sixteen inch diameter glass column so that errors due to wall and end effects were minimized. The results were correlated against the theoretical equations of

Stimson and Jeffrey, Wakiya, Famularo and

others including corrections for wall

effect. Close agreement was achieved in

almost all cases.

(h) "The Interaction of Two Spheres Falling

Slowly in a Viscous Fluid, " Ernest Bart, Master's Thesis, 1959 (available on loan).

( 3116 ) LAMINAR FLOW FROM A POINT SOURCE INTO A PIPE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Howard Brenner, Dept. of Chemical

Engineering, New York University, New York

53, N. Y. (d) Theoretical; basic research for the master's degree

.

( e ) The development of laminar flow in a pipe

56
(f)

00

(3117)

from a symmetrically placed point source at low Reynolds numbers. The problem investigated here was how many pipe diameters

one had to he from the source hefore the

velocity distribution in the pipe "became Poiseuillian.

Completed. An exact solution has "been derived by the

method of reflection resulting in an in- finite series expressing Stokes stream

function as a function of position. A plot

of constant stream lines versus position

along the cylinder was obtained.

"Laminar Flow from a Point Source into a Pipe/' Richard Pintz, Master ' s Thesis., 1959

(available on loan).

NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS THROUGH A FLUIDIZED

BED.

Laboratory project.

Prof. Howard Brenner, Dept. of Chemical

Engineering, New York Univ., New York 53>

N. Y. Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis

To determine the pressure drop due to the

flow of a Non-Newtonian fluid through a packed bed. Suspensions of calcium car- bonate in water are being employed.

Athigh velocities the pressure drop relation is the same as for the flow of a Newtonian fluid having the same viscosity

as that of the suspension at infinite shear

rate

(3^73) VISCOUS FLOW RELATIVE TO ARRAYS OF CYLINDERS.

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

00

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

Laboratory project.

Theoretical; basic research. A mathematical treatment is developed on the basis that two concentric cylinders

can serve as the model for viscous flow

both perpendicular and parallel to random

assemblages of cylinders. By using appro- priate boundary conditions which apply to the model, closed solutions of the StokesNavier equations of motion were obtained.

Completed.

The analytical solutions are shown to be in

good agreement with existing data on beds

of fibers of various types and flow through

bundles of heat exchanger tubes for cases where they can reasonably be expected to

apply. Close agreement in the dilute

range with the only theoretical treatment

for flow parallel to a square array of

cylinders provides an interesting validation of the model

(3^7^) HEAT TRANSFER AND CHEMICAL REACTION RELA- TIVE TO BEDS OF SPHERICAL PARTICLES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for doctoral

thesis

(e) An analytical solution is developed by

assuming a model where fluid is flowing

between two concentric spheres which are maintained at different temperatures. The

partial differential equations applicable

are solved by assuming solutions in the

form of a power series in temperature. The

results of the analytic solutions will be compared to existing data on heat and mass

transfer in packed and fluidized beds.

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory.

(1912) DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF A SIDE WEIR.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. A.H. Griswold, New York University, New York 53, N. Y. (f) Currently inactive.

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Department of Meteorology and

Oceanography.

(2356) SHIP MOTIONS PROJECT

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the

Navy.

(c) Prof. Willard J. Pierson, Jr., Associate

Professor of Meteorology, New York Univ.,

University Heights, New York 53, N. Y. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and

applied research.

( e ) Studies of the theory of a stationary

Gaussian process as applied to the motions

of ships in waves; experimental and theoretical determination of co-spectra and

quadrature spectra.

(g) Theoretical studies of cross spectra, and

theoretical papers on wave theory and ship

motion theory.

(h) "Differential Equations with Frequency

Dependent Coefficients," Leo J. Tick, Jour,

of Ship Research, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. U5-I+6, 1959-

(2357) WAVE PROJECT.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. Willard J. Pierson, Jr., Associate

Prof, of Meteorology, New York University,

University Heights, New York 53, N. Y. (d) Theoretical and experimental;, and basic

and applied research.

(e) Attempts to solve various probabilistic

problems in connection with stationary

Gaussian noise.

(g) Work is continuing on the joint density of

amplitude and half period and on improved

zero and ordinate crossing techniques.

(h) "Operating Procedures for Computing Zero and Ordinate Crossings of Stationary

Gaussian Noise Using an IBM 65O Calculator,"

R.G. Stevens, Technical Report, College of

Engineering, New York University, 1959-

(3120) OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH OCEAN ATMOSPHERE INTERACTION AND WAVE PROJECT.

(b) Geophysics Branch, Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Prof. Gerhard Neumann, Prof, of Oceanography,

and Prof. Willard J. Pierson, Jr., Assoc. Professor of Meteorology.

551527 O - 60 57
(d) Experimental and theoretical; "basic and

applied research.

(e) Study of wave generation and propagation

in deep water; non-linear properties of

capillary and gravity waves. Observations

of temperature humidity and wind over the

sea surface Albedo measurements. Wind

stress on water surfaces and the oceanic

circulation.

(g) It has been shown that wave spectra cannot

form a nested family of waves for fully

developed seas. Non-linear effects were

not too pronounced in project SWOP and a revised version of the report is in preparation. A model of the Gulf Stream that

shows both cyclonic and anticyclonic shear

regions has been obtained.

(h) "On the Mass Transport of Wind-Driven Cur- rents in a Barocllnlc Ocean with Application to the North Atlantic," G. Neumann,

Zeitschr. fur Meteorologie, Vol. 12, No.

h-6, pp. I38-IV7, April-June 1958. "Notes on the Stress of Light Winds on the

Sea," G. Neumann, Bull. American Met. Soc,

Vol. hO, No. 3, PP- Mar. 1959-

"A Non-Linear Random Model of Gravity

Waves," L.J. Tick, Jour, of Math, and Mech., Vol. 8, No. 5, Sept. 1959, pp. 6^3-653.

"A Note on the Growth of the Spectrum of

Wind Generated Gravity Waves as Determined

by Non-Linear Considerations," W.J. Pierson,

J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 6k, No. 8, pp. 1007-

1011, 1959.

"A Study of Wave Forecasting Methods and

of the Height of a Fully Developed Sea on the Basis of Some Wave Records Obtained bythe OWS Weather Explorer During a Storm at Sea," W.J. Pierson. (To appear in Deutsche

Hydrogr. Zeitschr., i960.

)

NORTH CAROLINA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND

ENGINEERING OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA,

Department of Engineering Research.

(1636) RAINFALL, INTENSITY, DURATION, FREQUENCY, CURVES FOR NORTH CAROLINA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Chas. Smallwood, Dept. of Engineering

Research, North Carolina State College,

Raleigh, North Carolina.

(d) Experimental work consists of collecting

, information on rainfall.

(e) The collection and analysis of the data

pertaining to intensity, duration and fre- quency of rainfall in North Carolina.

(h) Information will be published later.

NORTH DAKOTA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, Agricultural

Engineering Department.

(3121) PREFABRICATED DITCH LININGS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Harold Holmen, Assst. Agricultural

Engineer, Agricultural Engineering Dept.,

North Dakota Agricultural College, Fargo,

North Dakota.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Four, six and eight mil polyethyline linings were installed in irrigation ditches and seepage tests were conducted to determine

its effectiveness in preventing seepage.

(3^75) SURFACE DRAINAGE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. E. W. French, Asst. Agricultural Engr.,

Agricultural Engineering Dept., North Dak. Agricultural College, Fargo, North Dakota.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To study the effect of parallel ditch

spacing, land forming and smoothing on crop yields in the Red River Valley. To determine the feasibility and practicability of

using farm sized equipment to perform the

work.

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, The Technological

Institute.

(2361) FATE OF FISSION PRODUCTS IN SURFACE WATERS.

(b) U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.

(c) Prof. W.S. Hamilton, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Northwestern Univ., Evanston, 111.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; doctoral

research of Mr. Ivor Thomas.

(e) Study of the fate of fission products when

injected into the Chicago Sanitary Ship

Canal near Lemont, 111. Two injections

have been made and the data have been

analyzed to obtain longitudinal dispersi on coefficients

.

(f) Completed.

(g) Average dispersion, coefficient was determined to be 38 ft /sec. Reduction in

radioactivity is due to decay and dispersion; removal by settling of organic

material is likely to be temporary with

subsequent reentry during flood stages.

(h) "An Investigation of the Fate of Fission

Products in the Illinois Waterway System,

I.E. Thomas, W.S. Hamilton and C.G. Bell,

Report to the Atomic Energy Commission,

January 1959- "Dispersion in Open Channel Flow," I.E. Thomas, Doctoral Dissertation, Northwestern

University, August 1958.

(2586) DISPERSION OF FLUID IN POROUS MEDIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Robert B. Banks, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Northwestern Univ., Evanston,

Illinois

.

(d) Theoretical, experimental,

(e) Packed column apparatus permits sampling

of fluid flow to determine effects of dispersion, diffusion and convection on the

change in solute concentration. One- dimensional studies have been completed;

experiments in progress on radial flow

apparatus

.

(f) Continuing.

(g) A theoretical analysis of the problem

indicates that the phenomena is described

by an equation similar to the heat

58
(h)

(c)

U)

(e)

( 3^77

conduction equation. It has "been found

that the longitudinal dispersion coefficient

is proportional to the product of the fluid

velocity and the grain diameter.

"Dispersion of Fluid Flow in Porous Media,

Akio Ogata and Robert B. Banks, Report to the Atomic Energy Commission, Jan. 1959-

(28l8) DIFFUSION IN TIDAL ESTUARIES,

(h) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Robert B. Banks, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Northwestern Univ., Evanston, Illinois.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; doctoral

thesis

(e) Experimental work is being conducted in

long, variable slope channel, modified to simulate a tidal estuary. Test results

will be interpreted in the light of turbulent diffusion coefficients obtained by

measurement of the longitudinal distribution of fluid tracers

(f) Completed.

(g) A method of estimating the pollution distribution in a simplified estuary was de- rived for the instantaneous injection case. Test data for dispersion in a rectangular

channel and the Savannah Estuary model

were tabulated.

(h) "Dispersion in Tidal Estuaries," Paul J. Huiswaard, Robert B. Banks and C.G. Bell,

Jr., Report to Atomic Energy Commission,

January 1959

(3122) MASS, HEAT AND MOMENTUM TRANSFER IN THE FLOW OF GASES PAST SINGLE SPHERES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. George Thodos, Dept. of Chemical

Engrg., Northwestern Univ., Evanston, 111.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Analogies of mass, heat and momentum are being tested.

(f) Nearly completed.

(g) Analogies involving j-factors point to equivalence of mass, heat and momentum as long as the skin friction alone is account- ed for in this study.

( 3476 ) FLOOD WAVE ROUTING IN PRISMATIC CHANNELS.

(c)

(a)

(e)

Laboratory project.

Prof. W.S. Hamilton, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.

Doctoral thesis.

The purpose is to set up a workable method

of calculating the movement of flood waves

in non-rectangular channels. Solution

using finite differences along characteristic curves is to be tried first.

THE EFFECT OF JET MIXING AND DENSITY

GRADIENTS ON SEDIMENTATION EFFICIENCY.

Laboratory project.

Prof. R.B. Banks, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Northwestern Univ., Evanston, 111. Theoretical and experimental; doctoral

thesis

Two somewhat related studies involving

sedimentation are being initiated. The

first is concerned with the effect of

mixing, caused by a two-dimensional jet, on

the percentage of particles removed in a rectangular sedimentation basin. The second involves the effect of changes of

influent density on removal efficiencies.

(3V78) EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION WITHIN

OILFILMS OF BEARINGS.

(c) Prof. O.C.Zienkiewicz, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Northwestern Univ., Evanston,

Illinois

(d) Theoretical.

(e) Numerical solution of energy and heat

dissipation equations and a study of the

effects of viscosity variation across and

along the oilfilms on the build up at lifting pressures.

(f) First stage concluded.

(h) "Temperature Distribution Within Lubricating Films Between Parallel Bearing Surfaces

and its Effect as Pressures Developed,

O.C. Zienkiewicz, Conference on Lubrication and Wear, London, I.M.E., Oct. 1957- "Effects of Temperature Distribution in a Simple Wedge Bearing, " submitted to the

Inst, of Mech. Eng., London, August 1959-

(3V79) MASS TRANSFER STUDIES IN FLUIDIZED BEDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. George Thodos, Dept. of Chemical

Engineering, Northwestern Univ., Evanston,

Illinois

(d) Experimental.

(e) Mass transfer studies from surface of

fluidized particles of p-dichlorobenzene

are being conducted in order to investigate their relationships to mass transfer

studies in fixed beds.

(h) M.S. thesis, Richard Riccetti, 1959-

(3480) THE FLOW OF NEWTONIAN AND OF NON-NEWTONIAN

FLUIDS IN THE ENTRANCE OF A TUBE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. John C. Slattery, Dept. of Chemical

Engrg., Technological Inst., Northwestern

University, Evanston, Illinois.

) Theoretical; basic research for thesis.

) Boundary layer analysis is being applied to calculate pressure and velocity distributions .

) BOUNDARY-LAYER FLOW PAST SUBMERGED BODIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. John C. Slattery, Dept. of Chemical

Engineering, Technological Institute,

Northwestern University, Evanston, 111. (d) Theoretical; basic research for thesis.

(e) Boundary layer analysis is being applied

to flow past a circular cylinder, flow

past a sphere, through a tube bank, and

through a bed of spheres. The object of

these calculations will be to estimate

the pressure distribution, form drag, and

total drag in each of these cases. Both

Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids are being considered.

(31+82) NON-NEWTONIAN FLOW THROUGH AN ANNULUS.

(e

(3^81

59
(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. John C. Slattery, Dept. of Chemical

Engrg., Northwestern Univ.; Evanston, 111. (d) Theoretical; basic research for thesis.

(e) The flow of non-Newtonian fluids through a thin annulus (the ratio of the inner diame- ter to the outer diameter greater than 0.6)

is being studied; the results will be ex- tended to annuli with rotating cores.

(3^83) GROUND EFFECT PHENOMENA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. A. A. Kovitz, Dept. of Mech. Engrg.,

Northwestern University, Evanston, 111.

(d) Theoretical, basic research.

(e) To study the thrust augmentation capabilities of jet devices near surfaces, including both rigid and deformable surfaces.

(3^4) MIXING AND REACTION KINETICS IN FLOWS.

(h)

(*)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

Arnold Engrg. Development Center, ARDC,

USAF. Prof. A. A. Kovitz, Dept. of Mech. Engrg.,

Northwestern University, Evanston, 111.. Theoretical; basic research.

To study the flow of real gases in high

speed, high temperature phenomena including non-equilibrium effects.

Study completed of mixing of dissociated

with undissociated gas using simplified

rate law. Obtained closed form solution

describing approach to equilibrium in

boundary layer type mixing.

"Memorandum on Flow with Recombination

Behind an Oblique Shock Wave," Memo No. III-l Contract AF 40(600)-748.

"Non-Equilibrium Effects in Parallel Stream

Mixing," Memo No. III-2, Contract AF 40 (600)-748.

"A Solution for Laminar, Parallel Stream

Mixing with Dissociation and Recombination, " with R.F. Hoglund. Submitted to Physics of Fluids.

UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME, Dept.

ing.

of Civil Engineer-

(1643) BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HYDROMETRY.

(b) Research project with a grant from the

National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. S. Kolupaila, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame,

Indiana.

(d) Bibliographical research.

(e) Literature on water measurements for hydrology, water supply, irrigation, hydraulic structures, hydraulic machinery, hydraulic laboratories, in more than 30 languages,

with English transliteration, translation

and annotations.

(g) To be completed to September 1, i960.

(h) Bibliography is being published by the

University of Notre Dame.

(3124) HISTORY OF HYDROMETRY IN THE UNITED STATES.

(c) Dr. S. Kolupaila, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Ind. "Early History of Hydrometry in the United

States," Part I is being published in the

Journal of the Hydraulics Division,

American Society of Civil Engineers.

OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY, Agricultural Engineering Department

.

(2365) HYDR0L0GIC STUDIES ON SMALL GRASS-COVERED

WATERSHEDS.

0>)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

(h)

'2828)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

Agricultural Experiment Sta. cooperative

with Agricultural Research Service.

Prof. F. R. Crow, Oklahoma State Univ.,

Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

Field investigation; applied research. Measurements are being made to provide hydrologic data on total watershed runoff

and peak rates of runoff from three small

grass-covered watersheds (17 to 206 acres)

in north central Oklahoma. Highway cul- verts, modified by the addition of weir

sills, are being used as runoff measuring

devices

.

Intensive model tests of culverts equipped

with weir sills completed. Eight year data on precipitation and runoff completed.

"Runoff from Small Watersheds in the Reddish Prairie Grasslands of Oklahoma," W.O. Ree and F. R. Crow, Oklahoma Agricultural

Experiment Station Technical Bulletin.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF M0N0M0LECULAR FILMS FOR REDUCING EVAPORATION FROM RESERVOIRS.

Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

Prof. F.R. Crow, Oklahoma State Univ.,

Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

Experimental; applied research.

Studies are being made on plastic lined

experimental evaporation reservoirs to develop methods of application and determination of effectiveness of hexadecanol

and octadecanol films for reducing evaporation. Effect of wind on stability of

monolayers is being studied in low-speed

laboratory wind tunnel.

Evaporation reductions of 25 to 40% have

been obtained using a slurry method of

applying film to experimental pond. Curves have been developed relating wind

speed and required film application rate.

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, Ordnance Re- search Laboratory, College of Engineering and

Architecture

.

(2832) MEASUREMENT OF FORCES ON A MODEL IN A WATER TUNNEL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Messrs. G. B. Gurney and T. E. Peirce, Ord. Research Lab., Univ. Park, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental; developmental.

(e) The problem concerns the measurement of

60
forces on models in a water tunnel over a velocity range up to 80 fps, pressure ranges of 3 to 60 psia. Two four-component (lift, drag, pitching

moment, and rolling moment) "balances for use in water tunnels have "been developed

and have heen in successful operation for approximately one year. The balances

utilize strain-gaged pre-tensioned flexure

beams as the force and moment sensing de- vices. One balance is strut-mounted for use with models up to about 15 inches in

diameter and 115 inches long. The other

balance is for sting mounting of smaller

3 to 5 -inch diameter models.

Summary report available.

EXCITATION OF CAVITY RESONANCE BY WATER

FLOW.

Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

of Ships.

Mr. R.E. Bland, Dr. E.J. Skudrzyk, Ordnance

Research Laboratory, University Park, Penna. Primarily experimental, some theoretical;

basic research.

Experiments involving the excitation of

cavity resonance by water flow past an opening or cavity, i.e., trapped water on

one side of the opening and flowing water

on the other side.

REDUCTION OF SKIN FRICTION DRAG.

Joint program of investigation with the

General Electric Company sponsored by the Bureau of Ordnance.

Mr. A.F. Lehman, Ordnance Research Lab.,

University Park, Pennsylvania.

Experimental; applied research.

Investigations into the application of

boundary layer control through suction on underwater bodies.

DEVELOPMENT OF TURBULENCE-MEASURING EQUIP- MENT FOR USE IN WATER.

Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

of Ordnance.

Dr. John Lumley, Ordnance Research Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania.

Experimental; developmental.

Probes and associated (constant temperature) electronic gear are being developed

to investigate the suitability of thermistors as turbulence-sensing devices for use in water.

TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS IN WATER.

Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

of Ordnance.

Dr. John Lumley, Ordnance Research Laboratory, University Park, Perm. Experimental

Using a constant temperature probe, some turbulent flows at high Reynolds numbers

will be investigated with particular atten- tion to homogeneous grid-produced turbulence

and turbulent dispersion in a shear flow.

(3^7) FLOW DISTORTION FEEDING INTO A PROPELLER.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

of Ordnance.

(c) Mr. J.J. Eisenhuth, Ordnance Research Lab.,

University Park, Penn.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) This is a study of the interaction effects

between control surfaces and a propeller

when the surfaces are located in front of

the propeller and feed a distorted flow

into it. The primary goal is to determine

how effectively the propeller cancels the

forces produced by the control surfaces.

(3^88) FLOW OVER A BODY OF REVOLUTION WITH

STABILIZING SURFACES.

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(3^89)

(D)

(c)

(a)

(e)

Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

of Ordnance.

Mr. E.J. Rodgers, Ordnance Research Lab.,

University Park, Penn. Theoretical and experimental.

This study is directed toward the understanding of the flow conditions around a body of revolution with stabilizing fins

under conditions of pitch or yaw. The

eventual goal is to be able to predict more precisely the hydrodynamic coefficients of such a body by virtue of a better

understanding of the flow conditions.

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF MINOR

CHANGES IN THE FORM SHAPE OF THE LEADING EDGES OF PROPELLERS ON INCIPIENT CAVITATION.

Laboratory project.

Mr. G.B. Gurney, Ord. Research Laboratory,

University Park, Penn. Theoretical; experimental for master's

thesis

Experimental evidence has suggested very minor departures from the idealized airfoil shape at the leading edge of propellers may have major effects on cavitation

performance. A theoretical investigation

involving conformal mapping will be fol- lowed by experimental tests to validate

the theoretical predictions

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Agricultural Experiment Station.

(2596) THE USE OF A RAINFALL SIMULATOR FOR SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT STUDIES.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, SWC, ESW, USDA and Purdue University.

(c) Mr. L. Donald Meyer, ARS, Agr. Engr. Bldg.,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The rainfall simulator is used on runoff

plots for comparison of treatments which

affect erosion and infiltration. Research

includes studies of tillage methods, crop residue management, slope, soil type, crop

rotations, and intensity histograms.

(2597) THE EFFECTS OF TILLAGE ON RUNOFF AND

EROSION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. D. Lembke, Agricultural Engineering

01
Department, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Runoff is measured from 15 watersheds in

five different tillage systems. These

systems involve two surface soil treat- ments and three subsoil treatments, including subsoil fertilization and vertical

mulching. A hydrologic analyses of these

small watersheds are used to evaluate the

effects of tillage on soil moisture, crop growth and yield, and runoff.

(2835) PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF WATER TABLE

CONTROL IN SANDY SOIL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. D. Lembke, Agricultural Engineering Department, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The water table in an adjacent sandy field

is controlled from a supply ditch in which

the water level is kept high. The depths

to the water table are continuously measured during the growing seasons at various

distances from the ditch. Crop yield data

are collected and compared with regard to

the depths to the controlled water table.

(2837) TREATMENT OF SURFACE WATERS FOR DOMESTIC

USE ON THE FARM.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. A. C. Dale, Agricultural Engineering Department, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The effectiveness of treating pond water

through slow sand and diatomaceous earth

filters is being determined.

(3^+90) INVESTIGATION OF FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN DRAIN TILE AND THE RELATIONSHIP OF THESE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS TO SEDIMENTATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Professor E. J. Monke, Agricultural En- gineering Department, Purdue University,

Lafaye1 1 e , Indi ana

.

(d) Laboratory investigation; basic and ap- plied research.

( e ) Flow of water through a transparent drain

will be observed to note the effects of

flow velocity on sediment deposition and

sediment movement into the drain. The

change in the velocity of flow and the

corresponding surface curve near an outlet

with high roughness is being studied at the present time

.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Civil Engineering,

Hydraulic Laboratory.

(2839) HYDRAULICS OF RIVER FLOW UNDER ARCH

BRIDGES.

(b) State Highway Department of Indiana and Bureau of Public Roads.

(c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, Hydraulic Laboratory,

62

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental; for design, for master's

theses

.

(e) The purpose of the research is to study

systematically the hydraulic efficiency of

waterways under arch bridges, to provide

a criterion for determining the proper

clear span of arch bridges so as to com- pensate for the loss of efficiency at high flows, and to provide a method for computing the backwater upstream of arch

bridges

.

(g) Preliminary testing of small scale models

in a 6 inch wide 12 feet long tilting

flume included semi-circular sharp edged

constrictions and semi-circular arch

bridge models with three different con- traction ratios in smooth and rough chan- nels. The backwater ratio and the discharge coefficient were plotted in terms of the Froude Number and the contraction

ratio. Larger scale testing is in progress in a tilting flume 5 feet wide and

6k feet long. Tests of the semi-circular

sharp edged constriction in a smooth

channel have been completed in the large

flume

.

(h) "Hydraulics of River Flow Under Arch

Bridges, A Progress Report," H. J. Owen,

A. Sooky, S. T. Husain and J. W. Delleur.

Proceedings of the h^th Annual Road School,

Engineering Extension Department, - Ex- tension Series No. 100, Purdue University,

p. 100-112, March 30 - April 12, 1959

.

(28U0) MECHANISM OF TURBULENCE IN FREE SURFACE

FLOW.

(b) Purdue Research Foundation and National

Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, Hydraulic Laboratory,

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette , Indiana

.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; for Ph. D. theses.

(e) Analytical and experimental investigation

of the mechanism of turbulence in free surface flow. The analytical part of the

project will investigate important flow

characteristics such as the spectrum of

turbulence, correlation of velocities in

the turbulent field, degree of isotropy,

and the various velocity functions . The

experimental portion of the program will

make tests coincident with theoretical

studies

.

(g) Precision test flume designed. The flume

has variable longitudinal slope and

changeable cross section. The cross section may be triangular, rectangular or trapezoidal with different widths and

side slopes. A hot wire anemometer is being designed.

(h) "Secondary Flow In Straight Open Channels,"

by J. W. Delleur and D. S. McManus, Pro- ceedings, Sixth Midwestern Conference on Fluid Mechanics, The University of Texas,

P. 81-97, September 9-11, 1959.

(28Ul) STUDY OF RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS FOR HIGHWAY DRAINAGE DESIGN IN INDIANA.
(b) State Highway Department of Indiana.

(c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, Hydraulic Laboratory,

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Analysis and field investigations, for

Ph. D. thesis.

(e) The purpose of the research is to study

the hydrology of watersheds less than one hundred square miles throughout the State of Indiana to improve the existing methods

for estimating the runoff from small

watersheds, and to improve the present

methods of design of highway drainage

structures servicing small watersheds.

(g) Runoff and rainfall data have been col- lected, and analyzed.

(31^6) HYDROMECHANICS OF FLUID COLLECTOR SYSTEM

IN POROUS MEDIA.

(b) Purdue Research Foundation.

(c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, Hydraulic Laboratory,

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue

University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Theoretical, and experimental, for Ph. D. thesis

(e) Analytical and experimental investigation

of the hydrodynamics of flow patterns

around horizontal fluid collector systems

in porous media. Theoretical investigation will include two- and three-dimensional analyses. Theoretical considerations will be based on existing data and

concepts drawn from investigation with

electrical analog. The analog instrument

is designed to indicate equipotential

curves for various water table and per- meability conditions.

(f) Active.

(g) Extensive European literature is being

compiled. A hydraulic model has been

built to measure the discharge distribution along the collector pipe. Measure- ments are made at different initial water

depths, drawdowns and number of collectors. A direct current analog indicates

the flow patterns with various boundary

conditions for the two-dimensional coun- terpart of the problem.

(h) "Ground Water Seminar," by J.W. Delleur,

Hydromechanic Report No. 10, Hydraulic

Laboratory, School of Civil Engineering,

Purdue University, 160 pages, Spring 1959. "Model Study of Horizontal Collector

Wells," J. W. Delleur and A. L. Simon,

Hydromechanic Report No. 11, Hydraulic

Laboratory, School of Civil Engineering,

Purdue University, 12 pages, August 1959.

( 31^7 ) GEOHYDRAULICS

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Messrs. J. W. Delleur and A. L. Simon,

Hydraulic Laboratory, School of Civil

Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Geohydraulic theory is being developed as

a science based on Fluid Mechanics and

Hydrogeology . Quantitative analyses are developed. A bibliography includes principal works of European scientists and

others

(h) "An Investigation of Seepage," J. Juhasz,

translated from Hungarian by A. L. Simon,

Hydromechanic Report No. k, Hydraulic

Laboratory, School of Civil Engineering,

Purdue University, Spring 1959

(3^91) NUMERICAL METHODS IN ANALYSIS OF HYDRO- MECHANICS PROBLEM.

(b) Engineering Experiment Station, Purdue

University.

(c) Dr. G. H. Toebes, Hydraulic Laboratory,

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue

University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Analytical and applied research for Ph.D. thesis

(e) The purpose of the research is to make

available to the hydraulic engineers the

mathematical tools which are normally

beyond his competence. The techniques of

solving numerically a wide variety of

hydromechanics and hydraulic engineering

problems will be explored. The emphasis

will be on methods making use of electric

desk calculators, digital and analog com- puters .

(31+92) TRANSIENT FLOW OF GROUND WATER WITH FREE SURFACE THROUGH INCLINED LAYERED SYSTEM.

(c) Dr. M. E. Harr, School of Civil Engineering, Department of Soil Mechanics, Purdue

University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Theoretical for Ph. D. thesis.

(e) The study is aimed at the development of

a rational treatment of the "rapid drawdown" condition for the analysis of sloping core type earth and rockfill dams.

(f) Preliminary stage.

(3^93) SEEPAGE INTO SHEETED EXCAVATION.

(c) Dr. M. E. Harr, School of Civil Engineering, Department of Soil Mechanics, Purdue

University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Theoretical.

( e ) The closed form solution of the problem

for the factor of safety with respect to heaving of the base of sheeted excavation

and the quantity of seepage. A nomo- graphic chart for solution of the equa- tions reduces the results into a form

directly applicable for design.

(h) Report to be submitted for publication.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Electrical Engineering.

(31+94) AN INVESTIGATION OF THE FEASIBILITY OF A MAGNETICALLY CONTROLLED POPPET VALVE HYDRAULIC SERVOMECHANISM.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. J. E. Gibson, School of Electrical

Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana.

(d) Experimental and theoretical research for master's thesis.

(e) This project includes the design, analysis,

63
and experimental testing of a method of

.Controlling a hydraulic-mechanical energy- converter by means of a time-varying oil pressure source and two electro-magnetically controlled poppet valves

.

PURDUE UNIVERSITYj Jet Propulsion Center.

(237U) THE MECHANISM OF TWO PHASE FLOW OF ANNULAR

LIQUID FILMS IN A VERTICAL TUBE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept of the Navy.

(c) Dr. M. J. Zucrow, Jet Propulsion Center,

Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search for doctoral theses.

(e) This problem is concerned with the analytical and experimental study of the mechanism

of the downward flow of a liquid film on the inside wall of a vertical circular tube

with co-current gas flow in the core of

the tube. Systematic experiments were con- ducted for determining the effect of the

rates of air and water upon the mean thickness of the liquid film and the pressure

gradient in the gas stream.

(g) A detailed statistical investigation of

the relationship between the amplitude of

the interfacial waves and their respective

frequencies as a function of the rates of

flow of the two fluid media was conducted.

The amplitudes and frequencies of the interfacial waves were related by definite

spectra and those spectra characterized

the structure of the interfacial surface.

The interfacial structure was found to influence the flow of the gas in a manner

similar to that of the roughness of the

wall of a pipe.

(h) "A Review of the Published Literature Per- taining to the Annular, Two-Phase Flow of

a Liquid and a Gaseous Medium in a Pipe,"

D.A. Charvonia, Jet Propulsion Center,

Purdue Univ., Nov. 1958, Report No. TM-58-I.

"A Study of the Mean Thickness of the

Liquid Film and the Characteristics of the

Interfacial Surface in Annular, Two-Phase

Flow in a Vertical Pipe," D. A. Charvonia,

Jet Propulsion Center, Purdue Univ., May

1959, Report 1-59-1.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Mechanical Engineering.

(3^95) CONTROL OF TURBULENCE BY MEANS OF SCREENS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. J.B. Jones, Prof, of Mechanical Engrg.,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental basic research for master's

thesis

.

(e) The purpose of this investigation is to gain knowledge on the effect of screens on turbulence intensity in incompressible flow

with various levels of turbulence intensity

at the screen inlets. This study is pre- liminary to a broader investigation which

will require means of controlling turbulence

intensity in a flow channel.

ROCKY MOUNTAIN HYDRAULIC LABORATORY.

(21U0) EVALUATION OF OPEN-CHANNEL FRICTION LOSSES.

(b) National Science Foundation, Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, and

the State University of Iowa cooperating.

(c) Prof. C.J. Posey, Allenspark, Colorado

(summer), State Univ. of Iowa, Engineering

Building, Iowa City, Iowa (winter).

(d) Experimental; basic.

(e) Variable-slope flume long enough to permit

accurate evaluation of open-channel friction losses is being tested at slopes into

the steep range, determining normal depth

and velocity distribution for batten and

rolled natural-type roughnesses in triangular and trapezoidal cross-sections.

(f) Active experimentation during summers,

(h) "Resistance Experiments in a Triangular

Channel," Ralph W. Powell and Chesley J. Posey, Journal of the Hydraulics Division,

Proceedings of the American Society of

Civil Engineers, Paper 2018, May 1959-

(3^96) TESTS OF RIPRAP SCOUR PROTECTION.

(b) Standard Oil Company of Texas.

(c) Prof. C.J. Posey, Allenspark, Colorado

(summer), State Univ. of Iowa, Engineering

Building, Iowa City, Iowa (winter).

(d) Experimental; design development.

(e) To find economical design of riprap to protect off-shore drilling structure from

underscour

.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Model Tests of Riprap Scour Protection,"

Nelson L. de Sousa Pinto, Jack H. Sybert,

and Chesley J. Posey, Rocky Mountain

Hydraulic Laboratory, 1959-

ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY, UNIVERSITY

OF MINNESOTA.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 21*4-3? Zlkk,

2603, 2604, 2606, 2610, 3152, 3153, 3155, 3156,

3158, 3159, 3160, 3l6l, 316^, 3165, and 3^97 to

350^, incl.j should be addressed to Dr. Lorenz G. Straub, Director, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Laboratory, Mississippi River at Third Avenue, S.E., Minneapolis ik, Minnesota.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. Ill, 1168, 1929 , 2386, and 2860, which are conducted in cooperation

with the Agricultural Research Service, should be

addressed to Mr. Fred W. Blaisdell, Project Supervisor, Watershed Technology Research Branch, Soil

and Water Conservation Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Minneapolis ik, Minnesota.

Inquiries concerning Project No. 19^> which is conducted in cooperation with the Corps of Engi- neers and the U.S. Geological Survey, should be

addressed to Engineer in Charge, Byrnon Colby,

Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Mississippi

River at Third Avenue, Minneapolis lk, Minnesota.

(Ill) CLOSED CONDUIT SPILLWAY.

6k
(b) Agricultural Research Service., U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture, in cooperation with the

Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station

and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab.

(d) Experimental j generalized applied research

for development and design.

(e) Tests have been made on three different

sizes of Lucite pipe set on slopes ranging

from 2.5fo to 30/o to verify the similarity

relationships. Information on discharges

,

pressures , and flow conditions has been

obtained. The study of the characteristics,

performance, losses and pressures in the

hood drop inlet has been temporarily sus- pended. Current work is on a two-sided

drop inlet of variable length having a flat plate anti-vortex device. The characteristics, performance, losses and pressures in

the drop inlet and on the anti -vortex plate

are determined for various heights and

overhangs of the anti-vortex plates. Water

is used to determine the performance and

characteristics during flows of water-air

mixtures. Air is to be used to determine

the loss and pressure coefficients, for full

flow.

(g) Theory has been developed, verified, and

published. Generalized methods for analysis

and reporting results have been developed.

Pipe culverts laid on steep slopes will

flow completely full even though the outlet

discharges freely. A conduit on either

steep or flat slopes will flow full if the

hood inlet is used, the hood being formed

by cutting the pipe so that the crown projects beyond the invert by of a pipe

diameter. Minimum circular and square drop

inlet sizes and heights have been determined

for a conduit slope of 20$. Entrance loss

coefficients vary with drop inlet size and

height. Hood drop inlets with the conduit

on a 20$ slope perform satisfactorily for any height of drop inlet if the circular or square drop inlet is sufficiently large.

(1168) A STUDY OF CANTILEVERED OUTLETS.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept.

of Agriculture, in cooperation with the

Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station

and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research

for design.

(e) Pipe outlet conduits for small spillways

are frequently cantilevered beyond the toe

of the earth dam. Attempts will be made

to determine quantitatively the size of the

scour hole to be expected under various

field conditions.

(f) Suspended.

(1929) DRAIN TILE JUNCTION LOSSES.

(b) Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station

in cooperation with the Agricultural Re- search Service,' U.S. Dept. of Agriculture

and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab.

(c) Prof. Philip W. Manson, Univ. of Minn., St. Paul Campus, St. Paul, Minn,, (d) Experimental; generalized applied research

for design.

(e) The junction losses in drain tile flowing

full are determined for laterals of different sizes entering mains of different sizes

at various angles . The laterals enter the

main at the center line. Additional tests have been made with the crowns (or inverts)

of both main and lateral in the same plane,

(g) Tests have been completed on sharp edge

junctions entering the main at angles vary- ing in 15 degree increments from 15 degrees

to 165 degrees. Both the lateral and the

main are completely full. The tests cover

all possible combinations of discharge in

the lateral and the main. Laterals having

areas l/l, 1/2, l/k, 1/7 and l/l6 that of

the main have been tested. The data are being analyzed and a comprehensive report

is in preparation. A sound color motion

picture film entitled "Energy Losses at Converging Pipe Junctions," has been com- pleted and is available. The 16 mm film

is 800 feet long.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF SURFACE WAVE

ABSORPTION.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the

Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

( e ) Procurement of experimental data on performance and power requirements of pneu- matic and hydraulic breakwaters.

(f) Completed.

(g) A comparison of data obtained for the two

systems indicates that attenuations ap- proaching 100 percent can be obtained with

the hydraulic breakwater as compared to maximums of 60 to 80 percent for the pneu- matic breakwater. For attenuations on the

order of 60 percent and waves with lengthto-depth ratios less than 2 the pneumatic

system requires less power than the hydraulic. Both systems require considerable

power which may make them uneconomical ex- cept for some military or other temporary

installations

(h) "Experimental Studies of Pneumatic and

Hydraulic Breakwaters," by Lorenz G. Straub, C.E. Bowers, and Zal S. Tarapore,

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory

Technical Paper No. 25, Series B, Aug. 1959-

EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF HYDROFOILS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. (d) Experimental and analytical; basic research.

(e) Investigation of the quantity of air re- quired to create and sustain an inflated

cavity on a submerged hydrofoil of finite

span.

(g) Experimental investigations utilizing

Tulin-Burkart supercavitating sections

submerged below a horizontal free-surface

have indicated that by introducing air to the foil a small cavitation number can be

obtained at relatively low velocities. For small air flows supplied to the cavity,

the resulting cavitation number is roughly

proportional to the air flow. A reentrant

jet was observed for these conditions. As the air flow was increased, the reentrant

jet disappeared and the cavity appeared to

65
vibrate. From this point, an increase in

air flow resulted, in very little reduction

of the cavitation number. The actual

mechanism by which air leaves the cavity

is being investigated. Lift force measurements made for these sections extrapolated

to zero cavitation number agree satisfactorily with theory.

(2386) GENERALIZED DESIGN OF TRANSITIONS FOR SUPERCRITICAL VELOCITIES.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture, in cooperation with the

Minn. Agricultural Experiment Station and

the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research

for development and design.

(e) Studies will be made to develop a transition and to determine the rules for its

design. The transition will be used to

change the flow cross section from circular

to rectangular when the velocities are supercritical

.

(f) Suspended.

(2603) WATER TUNNEL AIR CONTENT STUDIES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

( e ) Development and evaluation of methods and measures for controlled maintenance of

small air bubbles (cavitation nuclei) in

tunnel water. Influence of air content

control on cavitation inception and acoustic

noise was sought.

(f) Completed.

(g) Program developed instrumentation for meas- uring volume and size and number of free gas nuclei in the tunnel water. The influence of these nuclei on cavitation inception and acoustic noise was evaluated.

(h) "A Study of the Influence of Gas Nuclei on

Scale Effects and Acoustic Noise for Incipient Cavitation in a Water Tunnel," John F. Ripken and John M. Killen, St. Anthony

Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Technical Paper

No. 27, Series B, September 1959-

(260U) FULL-SCALE TEST OF CONCRETE PIPE.

(b) State Road Department of Florida and Bureau

of Public Roads.

(d) Experimental; applied.

(e) Procure experimental data on friction coefficient for 24-inch and 36-inch concrete

pipe with (l) joints similar to field con- ditions and (2) smooth joints. Tests were performed on both machine tamped and cast and vibrated pipe.

(f) Completed.

(g) Results indicate that 36-inch tamped pipe

with joints similar to field installations

had Darcy f value of about 0.0157 (n = 0.011); with smooth joints f was about

0.0152 (n = 0.0108). In tests of 36-inch

pipe f varied as a function of Reynolds

number for both "field" and smooth joints;

resulting curves were approximately parallel to smooth-pipe curve. Field joints

produced f value about 3 percent higher

than smooth joints.

(h) "Hydraulic Tests of Large Concrete Pipe," Lorenz G. Straub, C.E. Bowers, and ifeir Pilch, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Technical Paper No. 22, Series B, 1959

(2606) PRIEST RAPIDS MODEL STUDIES.

(b) Public Utility District of Grant County,

Ephrata, Washington.

(d) Experimental; design and operation.

(e) A 1:120 scale model of the Priest Rapids

Development Project on the Columbia River

is reproduced to a study the hydraulic

design of the spillway, powerhouse and

fish facilities.

(f) Completed.

(g) Report in progress.

(2610) LABORATORY WAVE PROFILE RECORDER.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the

Navy.

(d) Experimental; applied.

(e) Study of sonic-ranging type profile recorder for specialized laboratory use.

(f) Completed.

(g) An instrument was developed which will measure the height of water surface waves

in terms of a changing electrical voltage.

This voltage output may be readily applied

to many commercially available recorders

to give a written record of wave height. Measurement is based on the sonic ranging

principle in air. Range of application is arbitrarily limited to wave heights of 2 inch to 2k inch and wave steepness of 1:15- This gives a maximum error of approximately

+ 3 percent at the midpoint of the wave

for the lowest wave height. Error at the crest and trough are under 1 percent for all conditions. The equipment was tested at velocities up to 20 ft per second with no loss of accuracy. A small phase shift occurs due to the filtering of the measuring samples and the relative motion of the

carriage. All errors can be reduced to a small value by a simple geometric correc- tion if conditions warrant greater accuracy.

(h) "The Sonic Surface-Wave Transducer," by

John M. Killen, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Laboratory Technical Paper No. 23, Series

B, July 1959.

(2860) CALIBRATION OF MEASURING WEIRS.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture, in cooperation with the

Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station

and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab.

(d) Experimental; determination of rating

curves

.

( e ) A portion of the stream and the weir used to measure the flow in certain steep streams of Northern Vermont were modeled

to experimentally design and calibrate the

installations

.

( f ) Suspended

.

(g) Discharge rating curves were measured for various degrees of channel roughness to assist in the development of a prototype

rating curve defined by a limited number

of current meter measurements. Model

66
studies led to the abandonment of one site

due to the physical characteristics of the

river channel.

(3152) KARADJ REREGULATING SPILLWAY MODEL STUDIES

(b) Harza Engineering Company, Chicago; Govern- ment of Iran.

(d) Experimental; design and operation.

(e) A 1:60 scale model of Karadj Reregulating

Dam and Spillway to study the operation of

the spillway. A 1:180 pilot model and a 1:78 scale section model were also used.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Recommendation of a deeply submerged flip

bucket to replace ski jump design proposed.

(3153) FLOW ABOUT BODIES AT SMALL CAVITATION

NUMBERS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research.

(e) Current interest is in ventilated cavities.

Using the two-dimensional, free-jet water

tunnel, air is supplied to the wakes of

two-dimensional and half-span, lifting and

non-lifting bodies. The relation between

rate of air supply, cavitation number, and

other cavity properties is under study.

(g) Numerical results for the rate of air sup- ply to obtain a given cavitation number

have been determined. An instability has

been found to occur in ventilated cavities

when the cavitation number is reduced too

far by adding air.

(h) "Experimental Studies of Supercavitating

Flow About Simple Two-Dimensional Bodies in

a Jet," Edward Silberman, St. Anthony Falls

Hydraulic Laboratory Technical Paper 19,

Series A, 1959- (Reprint of article in

Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 5> Part

3, PP- 337-35 1+, 1959).

"The St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory

Gravity-Flow Free-Jet Water Tunnel, " by

Edward Silberman and John F. Ripken, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Tech. Paper No. 2k, Series B, August 1959- "Instability of Ventilated Cavities," by

Edward Silberman and C.S. Song, St. Anthony

Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Technical Paper

No. 29, Series B, Nov. 1959- (Will be

published in a technical periodical.)

3155) FLUID JETS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research.

(e) This project involves study of the dispersion of a jet discharged into a stream of

moving fluid, the angle between the jet

and the fluid being a right angle or other

angle and the jet and stream being of the

same or different fluids. The associated

loss of energy and diffusion of momentum

are also of interest.

(f) Completed.

(g) Results of previous experimental and theoretical studies pertinent to air jets in

air were found to be valid for water jets

into water. Air-water mixture jets discharged into water were also similar to

the others if the velocity of the jet

through the orifice was taken as the water

velocity through the orifice obtained by

subtracting the area occupied by air from

the orifice area. The project was terminated without investigating jets of immiscible fluids,

(h) "Studies on Fluid Jets Discharging Normally

Into Moving Liquid, " by Robert L. Gordier,

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory

Technical Paper No. 28, Series B, August

1959.

(3156) WANAPUM SPILLWAY STUDIES.

(b) Harza Engineering Company, Chicago; Public

Utility District of Grant County, Ephrata,

Washington.

(d) Experimental; design and operation.

(e) A l:lU4 scale partial comprehensive model

for Wanapum Power Project on Columbia River

to arrive at optimum alinement of the earth

fill dam and optimum exterior geometry for

the fish passing facilities.

(3158) FLOATING BREAKWATERS.

(b) U. S. Naval Civil Engineering, Dept. of the

Navy, Eleventh Naval District.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

(e) Primarily a study whose objective is to develop new ideas for floating type devices

intended to attenuate ocean type incident waves

(g) Preliminary tests indicate that immersed

bags of suitable form and position can effectively attenuate waves. The character

of the fluid filling the bag has a significant effect on the attenuation.

(h) "An Exploratory Investigation of Mobile

Breakwaters," H.D. Frederiksen and J. M. Wetzel, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Project Report No. 60, September 1959-

( 3159 ) HYDRAULIC STUDIES OF BALE COMEAU PAPER

MACHINE.

(b) The Ontario Paper Company, Ltd., Thorold,

Ontario, Canada.

(d) Experimental; for design.

( e ) To study flow patterns resulting from com- bination cascaded miter bends and vaned

dividers

(f) Suspended.

(g) Measurements indicate that the quality of

flow at the system outlet was very similar

for both the vaned miter bends and for the

long radius elbows originally installed. Just downstream of the turns, however, the

flow patterns were characteristic of the

turning devices.

(3160) MISSION DAM SPILLWAY MODEL STUDIES.

(b) British Columbia Engineering Company,

Vancouver, B.C., Canada.

(d) Experimental; design and operation.

(e) A 1:80 scale comprehensive model of the

flip bucket spillway for the Mission Dam

on the Bridge River in British Columbia

to study the operation of the spillway.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Recommendation of a non-symmetrical flip

67
"bucket deflector giving a high degree of

dispersion. master's thesis, 1959 > on file at the Univ.

of Minnesota Lihrary.

(3l6l) HYDRAULICS OF SEWER DROPSHAFTS.

(b)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(*>) (d)

(e)

(3165)

(b)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(h)

(b)

(a)

(e)

(3^98)

(b)

(d)

(e)

(f)

City of St. Paul, Minnesota.

Experimental; applied.

Investigate relative merits of sewer drop structures for discharges up to 1000 cfs and drops up to about 100 feet. Test work completed.

Impact type energy dissipator developed to stabilize flow and eliminate air from

lower interceptor line. Report in progress.

(316*0 SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIERS.

Laboratory project.

Experimental and analytical; Ph. D. thesis.

Prediction and measurement of ultimate

depths of scour around known shape and

size of pier.

CHARACTERISTICS OF TURBULENT FLOW THROUGH A RECTANGULAR-BAR BAFFLE.

Laboratory project.

Experimental and analytical; master's

thesis

.

To determine the relationships between the

headloss caused by a bar-baffle and the

Reynold's number, solidarity and the bar

depth

.

Completed.

"Characteristics of Turbulent Flow Through

a Rectangular-Bar-Baffle," by John F. Orsborn, master's thesis, 1959> on file at the University of Minnesota Library.

(3U97) WANAPUM FISH FACILITIES STUDIES.

(h)

Harza Engineering Company, Chicago; Public

Utility District of Grant County, Ephrata,

Washington.

Experimental; design and operation.

Two 1:36 scale models of right bank attrac- tion water flow system and orifice and weir

fish entrances for design verification and

comparison of effectiveness of orifice

versus weir entrances

.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DECAY OF DISCHARGE

VORTICES.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; master's thesis.

To study the effect of initial circulation

on the formation of a vortex over the ver- tical discharge outlet in the bottom of a circular tank. The outlet valve was opened after various decay times and the

head at which a vortex formed was measured.

VariDus outlet sizes were investigated.

Completed.

The results showed that the head at which

a vortex formed depended upon the strength

of the circulation. Given a sufficiently

long decay time no vortex would form. The

results agree with Lamb's analysis of the

decay of a vortex. "Experimental Study of Decay of Discharge

Vortices," by Bangalore M. Rajasekhara,

(3^99:

(b)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(3500

(b

(d

(e

(f

(3501

(3502

(b

(d

(e

(f)

STUDIES OF HYDROFOIL CONFIGURATIONS IN REGULAR WAVES.

David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

Experimental

.

Experimental investigation of the longitudinal stability (heave and pitch) of a tandem "V" foil hydrofoil configuration for regular head and following seas to verify

existing non-linear theory.

Satisfactory agreement has been obtained

between experimental heave and pitch re- 1 sponses of a tandem "V" foil configuration

and solutions of non-linear differential

equations developed by Ogilvie for head

and following seas and craft velocities of

5 and 10 fps. For small wave amplitudes,

the linearized equations adequately de- scribe the heave and pitch responses. The

solutions to the non-linear equations indicate a steady-downward heave component

that tends to cause the craft to crash,

particularly in following seas. This com- ponent has been observed experimentally,

although the actual magnitude has not been

satisfactorily determined.

LITTLE NERANG DRUM GATE MODEL STUDIES.

Harza Engineering Company, Chicago; Tulloch,

Ltd., Rhodes, New South Wales, Australia; Town of South Coast, Queensland, Australia.

Experimental; design and operation. A 1:25 scale section model to obtain the

hydraulic characteristics of the drum type

gates

.

Completed.

Discharge coefficients, nappe profiles and

piezometric pressures were recorded for a wide range of flow conditions . A ten minute sound movie on the study was made.

PEARL RIVER RESERVOIR SPILLWAY STUDIES.

Harza Engineering Company, Chicago; Horace

B. Lester, Engineer, Jackson, Mississippi;

Pearl River Valley Water Supply District.

Experimental; design and operation. A 1:60 spillway section model to arrive at optimum design of the 10 gate low head

spillway. A 1:72 comprehensive model to study the overall hydraulics of the spillway.

MANGLA SPILLWAY STUDIES.

Harza Engineering Company, Chicago; Binnie,

Deacon, and Gourley, London; Government of

Pakistan.

Experimental; design and operation. Two 1:300 scale models of Mangla spillway

for comparison between a ski jump and

stilling basin energy dissipator. A com- prehensive study of all important hydraulic features. Typical dimensions of earth

fill dam spillway include a drop in water

level of 330 feet and a design of flow of 1,126,000 cfs. Active.

68
(3503) ARKANSAS RIVER DEVELOPMENT SEDIMENT STUDIES.

("b) U.S. Army Engineering District, Little Rock.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) To investigate the feasibility of con- structing an armor layer on the bed of a stream to stabilize the bed and prevent

degradation.

(g

1 ) Preliminary results suggest that the armor material -will stabilize the bed under cer- tain conditions.

(3501+) EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF UNSTEADY LIFT AND DRAG FORCES ON DIHEDRAL HYDROFOILS IN

WAVES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) General investigation of the forces on dihedral, surface-piercing hydrofoils in

regular waves. This includes a study of

the forces on a hydrofoil placed in the

wake of another, as would be the case in a tandem configuration.

INTER-AGENCY SEDIMENTATION PROJECT IN COOPERATION

WITH ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY.

(19k) A STUDY OF METHODS USED IN MEASUREMENT AND

ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT LOADS IN STREAMS.

(b) Subcommittee on Sedimentation, Inter-Agency

Committee on Water Resources. Personnel

of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and

U.S. Geological Survey are actively engaged

on the project.

(c) Engineer in Charge, Byrnon C. Colby,

Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project,

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory,

Mississippi River at Third Avenue S.E.,

Minneapolis Ik, Minnesota.

(d) Experimental; applied research and develop- ment . (e) Plans and specifications to facilitate the

manufacture of suspended- sediment and bedmaterial samplers, particle-size analyzers

and associated laboratory apparatus have

been prepared. Approved designs of sus- pended-sediment samplers include a pound

hand sampler, a single-stage sampler, a hand line and a medium weight sampler

weighing 22 and 62 pounds, respectively,

and heavy samplers weighing 100 and 300 pounds . Bed-material samplers include a hand-operated sampler, 25- and 50-pound

hand line samplers, and a 100-pound sampler

for cable suspension. Other available

instruments include a sediment sample

splitter, a bottom withdrawal tube, and a particle-size analyzing apparatus using

visual-accumulation tubes for sand samples.

The primary objective of the current pro- gram is the development of an automatic

recording instrument for suspended sediment

concentrations in flowing streams.

(g) Tests on the single-stage suspended-sediment sampler developed for flashy and intermittent streams have been completed and a report is being prepared. Prototype tests on the intermittent pumping and settling

type sampler at a field station were con- tinued. Tests on experimental apparatus

for sensing suspended sediment concentrations by means of differential pressures within the suspension medium have been

temporarily halted and a report is being

written. Preliminary tests are in progress on a commercial turbidimeter having a con- tinuous recording unit. Periodic field

tests were conducted on a nuclear sediment

density probe and scaler unit,

(h) "Preliminary Report on Recommended Types

of Automatic SIngle-Stage Samplers," 7 pages, October 1958. "Operation and Maintenance of US P-h6 Sus- pended-Sediment Sampler," Report I, a revision, 68 pages, 1958. "Operating Instructions for US DH-48 Sus- pended-Sediment Hand Sampler, " Report J,

5 pages, November 1958. "Operator's Manual on the Visual-Accumulation Tube Method for Sedimentation Analysis of Sands," Report K, a revision, 29 pages, October 1958. "Operation and Maintenance of US BM-5^ BedMaterial Sampler," Report M, 17 pages, November 1958. "Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Instru- ments and Reports, " Report AA, 38 pages, May 1959.

SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY, University of

California.

(3505) DIRECTIONAL SPECTRUM OF OCEAN WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. (c) Dr. Walter H. Munk, Prof, of Geophysics,

Univ. of California, La Jolla, California.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic

research.

(e) A tri -partite directional array of bottommounted (300 ft) absolute pressure recorders has been installed off the west coast of San Clemente Island. The frequencymodulated signals from these recorders are telemetered to La Jolla, and the data are analyzed by digital methods. The analysis

is aimed at determining the directional

energy distribution per unit frequency

band in the frequency spectrum from 0.1 - 0.02 cycles per second.

(g) Data accumulated over past six months now nearing completion of analysis. Preliminary results indicate that remote individual storms can be tracked for several days

The incoming energy is confined within a fairly narrow beam and shifts in frequency

from day to day.

(3506) IMPULSIVELY GENERATED WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of

the Navy.

(c) Dr. Wm. G. Van Dorn, Senior Engineer, the

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La

Jolla, California.

(d) Theoretical and field investigations;

basic research.

(e) This project is a four-year continuing

study of the mechanisms of generation,

propagation, and coastal effects of

69
long-period water surface waves generated

by impulsive disturbances; such as, earthquakes on the sea floor and large nuclear

explosions . Observations of long-period

waves were conducted more or less continuously with special recording equipment from

small Pacific Islands.

(f) Completed.

(g) The nature of such waves and their subsequent behavior was found to be quite different than that predicted by classical

theory. An empirical model was derived

which predicts the local effects from long

waves on an arbitrary coastline, given the

intensity and location of the source disturbance . (h) "The Local Effects from Impulsively Gen- erated Waves," Wm. G. Van Dorn, Interim

Report under contract Nonr 233(35), 80 pp., August 1959, obtainable from the Office of

Naval Research, Code hl8.

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA, Civil Engineering

Department

.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. Harold Flinsch, Head, Civil

Engineering Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.

(k) THE DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACE WAVES BY WIND.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) General theoretical and experimental research.

( e ) Research on the theories of surface wave

origin and growth, on measurements in the

laboratory and in nature, and on the com- parative results of theory and measurement.

(g) Experimental equipment has been developed

for the recording of wave height, wave

period, and wave direction, and telemetering equipment has been tested for the

transmission of measurements from open water to a shore recording station.

(1631) THE EFFECT OF WAVES ON BEACHES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) General theoretical and experimental re- search.

(e) Research on beach slopes and contours, in

the laboratory and in nature.

(g) General formulas have been developed,

which are now being applied to the Carolina

capes and shores.

(1907) SHIP STABILITY AND ROLLING PERIOD.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) General theoretical and experimental re- search.

(e) Rolling period and metacentric height re- lationships are studied, in the laboratory

and in nature, for stationary and moving

ships, In still water and under wave ac- tion.

(g) Model experiments have been assembled in a brief report. Additional data under wave action are being assembled.

STANFORD UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering.

(191+4) STUDY OF METHODS OF ESTIMATING RESERVOIR

EVAPORATION.

(b) U.S. Weather Bureau.

(c) Prof. Joseph B. Franzini, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford,

California.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) An attempt is being made to develop a simple, rugged radiation integrator for use in estimating reservoir evaporation.

( f ) Three small-scale radiation integrators

patterned after Cumming's model have been

tested and the data are being analyzed.

( 19^5 ) ESTIMATING RAINFALL INTENSITY FROM TOPO- GRAPHIC PARAMETERS.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

(c) Prof. Ray K. Linsley, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif.

(d) Statistical analysis; applied research.

( e ) Hourly rainfall intensities in Northern

California for a two-year period are cor- related with various topographic and

climatological parameters.

(f) Completed.

(g) A relation having a correlation coefficient

of 0.88 and standard error of 0.77 inch

per hour was derived. A rainfall intensity

map for Northern California was completed.

(h) "Correlation of Rainfall Intensity and

Topography in Northern California, " by Ray

K. Linsley, Trans. Am. Geophysical Union, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 15-18, 1958.

(19 1+6) SYNTHESIS OF HYDROGRAPHS FOR SMALL AREAS.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Prof. Ray K. Linsley, Dept. of Civil Engrg. ; Stanford University, Stanford, California.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic

and applied research; Ph. D. thesis.

( e ) An attempt to develop a universal method

for estimating the runoff hydrographs from

small areas

.

(f) A simplified theory for non-equilibrium

conditions has been compared with experimental results taken under controlled

laboratory conditions. A statistical

analysis of data from several typical

basins has been started. A mathematical

analysis of the non-equilibrium flow in a simple channel with lateral inflow has

been completed. The later work is being

extended to more complex conditions via

digital computing methods.

(g) "Unsteady Open. Channel Flow with Lateral

Inflow," James A. Liggett, Tech. Report

No. 2, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stan- ford University, July 1959.

(2150) STUDY OF FLOW FROM A SLOTTED PIPE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. John K. Vennard, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Stanford University.

(d) Experimental; engineer thesis.

(e) Extension of manifold port problem to

70
cont inuous s 1ot

(f) Experimental work completed; thesis "being

written.

(2151) MODEL STUDY OF PETERS DAM CHUTE SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. John K. Vennard, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Stanford University.

(d) Experimental; engineer thesis.

(e,) Comparison of spillway performance and

design predictions,

(f) Experimental work completed; thesis being

written.

(26lk

(b

(c

(a

(e

(f

(2863

(*> (c

(f) Project is underway.

(3508) EVAPORATION SUPPRESSION.

(3507

(b

(c

(a

(e

PIPE FRICTION IN UNSTEADY FLOW.

Laboratory project.

Prof. John K. Vennard, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Stanford University.

Experimental and analytical; Ph.D. thesis.

Comparison of friction processes for steady

and unsteady states. Experimental work completed and analyzed;

thesis being written.

FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA.

National Science Foundation.

Prof. Byrne Perry, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif,

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research. New analytical methods are being developed

for unsteady seepage flow with a free surface, e.g., the seepage through an earth

dam. The effect of non-rectilinear boundaries is also being considered.

(g) Theoretical work in progress.

(h) "Unsteady-State Phenomena in Flow Through

Porous Media," Roger J.M. DeWiest, Tech. Report No. 3, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

Stanford Univ., July 1959- (A condensed

version will appear in the Journ. of Fluid

Mechanics )

(3166) HYDRODYNAMICS OF FLOW INTO CURB INLETS.

U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

Prof. John K. Vennard and Prof. Byrne

Perry, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stan- ford University, Stanford, California.

Experimental and analytical; Ph. D. thesis.

Attempt to develop analytical methods for

predicting phenomena observed.

Experimental apparatus constructed; measurements and analytical work in progress.

STUDY OF INFILTRATION.

Graduate research; doctoral thesis.

Prof. Joseph B. Franzini, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Stanford Univ., Stanford,

California.

Theoretical investigation; laboratory and

field studies. An attempt will be made to develop analytically relations between soil parameters,

precipitation rates and duration, and infiltration capacities. The analytical

work will be supplemented by laboratory

and field studies.

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

U. S. Public Health Service.

Prof. Joseph B. Franzini, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Stanford Univ. , Stanford,

Calif.

Laboratory and field investigations;

engineer thesis.

Project currently consists of: (l) Laboratory studies using Langmuir tray to find

the monomolecular film with optimum healing properties. (2) Field studies using

Class A evaporation pans and smaller con- tainers to evaluate the evaporation reduction capabilities and biological attrition

resistances of the various monomolecular

films tested in ( 1 ) . ( 3 ) Development of a practical method for the application of a monomolecular film to the surface of a reservoir. In later stages of the project

the effect of a monomolecular film on the

biota in a ^5 acre lake will be evaluated.

Analysis of preliminary data is complete.

STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Davidson Laboratory.

(3I+O) HYDROFOILS AND HYDROSKIS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of

the Navy.

(c) Mr. Daniel Savitsky, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Tech., 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, New Jersey.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search.

(e) A continuous series of theoretical and

experimental studies of the basic hydrodynamic process involved in the operation

of surface piercing hydrofoil elements and

system primarily as applied to high speed

craft such as water based aircraft. In particular force characteristics both

steady and Impact and dynamic stability

are being studied.

(g) Basic studies have been completed on the

steady state force and impact characteristics of dihedral surface piercing,

supercavitating hydrofoil elements. An analytical parametric study has also been

completed of the effect of various geo- metric and hydrodynamic variables on the

longitudinal dynamic stability of tandem

surface piercing hydrofoil systems. Similar studies are currently underway on vertical and swift surface piercing hydrofoils . (h) "A Generalized Theory of the Impact

Characteristics of Surface Piercing, Fully

Ventilated Dihedral Hydrofoils," Peter Ward Brown, Davidson Laboratory, Report

No. 731, July 1959. "Longitudinal Stability of Surface Piercing Hydrofoil Systems for Water Based

Aircraft," Gerard Fridsma, Davidson Lab.,

Report 732, October 1959-

(2153) EVALUATION BY COMPUTATIONAL METHOD OF THE THRUST DEDUCTION AND WAKE FRACTION OF A

71
SHIP PROPELLER.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department.

(c) Dr. Stavros Tsakonas, Staff Scientist,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of

Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, New Jersey.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) The purpose of this investigation is to develop a working computational method on

a sound physical basis for the evaluation

of the wake fraction and thrust deduction

of a ship propeller and to test the validity of the method by carrying out numerical

work on a Victory ship. The following two mathematical models have been used: (a) The hull is represented by a discrete sink- source distribution and the propeller

action by a cylindrical vortex sheet originating at the propeller disc and extending

to infinity aft. (b) The hull form is subdivided by transverse plane into various

compartments which are represented by a source or sink, placed at the centroids,

of strength proportional to the difference

between the cross-sectional areas of the

ends of the sections. The propeller action

is simulated by a sink disc of strength

determined from the momentum theory.

(f) The project is completed and a preliminary

report will shortly be submitted to DTMB

for approval.

(g) General expressions are developed for the

evaluation of the strength of the singularity system representing the hull in the

first mathematical model. Expressions for

the wake and thrust deduction fraction are

also evolved in closed form in terms of

complete elliptic integrals. Results of

the numerical work applied to a Victory

ship are shown to be unrealistic (of very

low magnitude). This indicates that the

method of representing the hull form by

discrete singularities is impractical and

inconclusive. Expressions have been de- veloped for the strength of the discrete

sink a source and its axial and vertical

location for the second mathematical model.

The numerical results using this model are physically compatible.

(215U) INVESTIGATION OF SHIP MOTIONS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of

the Navy.

(c) Prof. Edward V. Lewis, Davidson Laboratory,

Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, New Jersey.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search.

(e) The development of a method of calculation

for predicting ship motions caused by head

or following seas. Towing tank tests of

ship forms differing widely from the forms

currently used in practice, in search of

considerable improvement in seakeeping

qualities of ships

.

(g) The linearized theory of ship motions in

head or following seas was completed and

computations were made for eight ship

models for comparison with experimental

data, with good results. The possibility

of a semi -submerged vessel for high-speed

operation in waves has been explored, and

other unusual hull types are now being

studied.

(h) "Possibilities for Reducing Ship Motions at Sea," E. V. Lewis, published in the Journal j of the American Society of Naval Engineers,

November 1958. "Preliminary Evaluation of a Semi -Submerged

Ship for High-Speed Operation in Rough Seas,"1 E. V. Lewis and C. Odenbrett, Davidson

Laboratory Report 736, March 1959.

(2155) SEAKEEPING QUALITIES OF SHIPS AT ALL HEAD- j INGS TO WAVES.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Dept. of the Navy (DTMB

Technical Supervision).

(c) Prof. Edward V. Lewis, Davidson Laboratory, 1 Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson j Street, Hoboken, New Jersey.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research. (e) To investigate the coupled responses of

ship models at all headings to waves in

order to assist in the prediction of sea- keeping qualities and to evaluate means of

reducing or controlling ship motions so as to increase sea speeds. A self-propelled

and rudder- controlled ship model is being

tested at various headings to both regular

and irregular long-crested waves. Coupled

motion responses are being measured and

parallel analytic studies are being made of

equations of motion for ships with six

degrees of freedom.

(g) Basic test program has been completed,

showing small effects of roll or yaw on pitch and heave. At oblique headings a large leeway angle is sometimes necessary

to maintain a desired course.

(h) Report on test results is in progress.

(2156) MOTION AND STABILITY OF HYDROFOIL SYSTEMS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department

.

(c) Dr. M. Martin, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street,

Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) To determine the longitudinal stability

characteristics of tandem hydrofoil con- figurations in waves, including the effects

of unsteady forces and moments. The re- sulting motions of the system and the load- : ings on the foils can then be determined.

(g) A theoretical analysis of motion in smooth water has been completed. An analysis of

the forces and moments in waves has been

completed and tests have been made, the

results of which compare well with the

theory. The results have been incorporated

into a study of motions in waves, which

has been completed. A study has also been

made of the drag of hydrofoils in unsteady

motion, together with a study of the sur- face waves created by oscillating and trans- lating surface pressure distributions.

Further studies of motion in waves using

unsteady flow theory have been carried out. (h) "Longitudinal Stability and Motions of a

72
Tandem Hydrofoil System in a Regular Seaway, " Paul Kaplan, Davidson Laboratory

Report No. 517, October 1959- "Theoretical Analysis of Hydrofoil Motion

in Waves Using Unsteady Flow Theory, " Paul

Kaplan, to he submitted to the Journal of

Ship Research.

(2387) BENDING MOMENTS OF SHIPS IN WAVES. 00

(c)

(a)

(e)

(s)

(h

(2390

o

(a

(e

(h

(2391

0>

(c

(a

(e

Society of Naval Architects and Marine

Engineers

Prof. Edward V. Lewis, Davidson Laboratory,

Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, New Jersey.

Experimental and analytical; applied research. Calculation of bending moments in waves, taking into account dynamic effects of

ships motions and forward speed, for com- parison with experimentally determined

bending moments. Prediction of bending

moments in irregular waves and comparison

with irregular tank wave results. Extension to measurements of model bending mo- ments at a range of headings to long crest- ed regular waves

Fairly good agreement has been obtained

between calculated and observed bending

moments in head seas, giving theoretical

confirmation of reduction of moments under

dynamic conditions of forward speed and

pitching and heaving motions. Tests at oblique headings to waves have shown that

horizontal bending moment can become large

in relation to vertical bending moment

while torsional moments are relatively

small

A report on bending moment tests at oblique

headings to waves is near completion.

CONTROLLED FINS FOR REDUCING- SHIP PITCHING.

Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB Technical Supervision).

Prof. Edward V. Lewis, Davidson Laboratory,

Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, New Jersey.

Experimental and analytical; applied research. To determine the most desirable action of

controllable fins at the bow or stern of a ship to reduce pitching in regular and

irregular head seas. Analytical studies indicate that a combination of fixed fins at the bow and oscillating fins at the stern seems most promising

in reducing ship pitching motions; model

experiments have verified these findings.

A final report is in preparation.

DETERMINATION OF THE VIBRATORY FORCE GENERATED ON A LARGE FLAT PLATE PARALLEL TO A SHIP PROPELLER.

David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department

Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director, Davidson

Laboratory , Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. Theoretical; applied research.

The force and moment on a flat plate due

to the pulsating field of a nearby propeller

are found by a momentum analysis.

(f) Project completed.

(g) Calculations of the vibratory forces and moments on a doubly infinite flat-plate

parallel to the axis of a propeller. These

show that for a propeller having three

blades or more, the force and moment on the

plate are zero. A thin elastic plate will,

nevertheless, vibrate and a formula to calculate the amplitudes is given.

(h) "A Theory for the Vibratory Effects Pro- duced by a Propeller on a Large Plate," by

J. P. Breslin will appear in the January

i960 issue of the Journal of Ship Research.

(2393) MOTIONS AND BENDING MOMENTS OF SHIPS IN WAVES.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB Technical Supervision).

(c) Prof. Edward V. Lewis, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, New Jersey.

(d) Experimental and analytical; applied re- search.

( e ) Measurements of motions and external bending moments and shear of a jointed model

of a high-speed naval vessel underway in

irregular head waves in a towing tank.

Results will be analyzed by cross-spectral

techniques to determine frequency response

functions

(g) Pilot studies indicate that when cross- spectral techniques are applied to the

analysis of moderate irregular wave data,

the resulting frequency response functions

show good agreement with response functions

obtained from regular wave tests.

(2615) FORCES AND MOMENTS ON SUBMERGED BODIES BELOW WAVES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department

(c) Dr. M. Martin, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street,

Hoboken, New Jersey.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and

applied research.

(e) To measure the forces and moments acting on submerged bodies moving obliquely to the

crests of regular waves, and to compare the

results with available theory.

(g) Slender-body theory has been applied to determine the forces and moments due to the waves acting on a submerged body while moving under regular waves at various headings

relative to the wave crests. The forces

have also been found on body- appendage

combinations by the same theory. Experi- ments have been carried out using a long

slender, axially-symmetric model with and

without a conning tower. The wave lengthbody length ratio was varied from 0.5 to

2.5. Tests were made at headings of 0° (head seas), 30°, 60°, and 90° (beam seas),

speeds of 0, 2, k, and 6 feet per second. A comparison of theoretical and experimental

results is in progress. The data so far analyzed show reasonably good agreement

with theory.

5515Z7 O - 60 73
(h) "Virtual Mass and Slender-Body Theory for Bodies in Waves," Paul Kaplan and Pung Hu,

published in proceedings of the Midwestern

Conference on Fluid and Solid Mechanics,

University of Texas, 1959-

(2616) THE BLADE-FREQUENCY FORCE GENERATED ON A

BODY OF REVOLUTION BY AN OFFSET PROPELLER.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director and Dr. A. Wlnzer, Senior Research Engineer, Davidson

Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology,

711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) Purpose is to evaluate the importance of

the pulsating near field of the propeller

in generating vibratory forces on ships

and to determine the attenuation of this

force with tip clearance and number of

blades

.

(g) Results obtained using approximate cross flow corrections to the body to account for presence of propeller give reasonable

values for the vibratory force. Present study seeks to improve the accuracy by

using a distribution of time -dependent

sources over the surface of the body.

(2617) STUDY OF THE VIBRATORY THRUST PRODUCED BY A SHIP PROPELLER OPERATING IN THE WAKE OF

A HULL.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department

.

(c) Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director, Davidson Lab., Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Comparison of results of calculations by

method given in Experimental Towing Tank

Report No. 686 is currently being made

with measurements of vibratory thrust taken

at DTMB and on a ship at sea (AE21).

(2865) EFFECT OF SPEED AND FULLNESS ON HULL BENDING MOMENTS IN WAVES.

(b) American Bureau of Shipping.

(c) Prof. Edward V. Lewis, Davidson Laboratory,

Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine to what extent, if any, different longitudinal strength standards

should be adopted for ships of different

fullness and service speeds. The hull midship bending moments of three models with

block coefficients ranging from 0.68 and

0.80 were measured in regular and irregular head and following seas. Work is con- tinuing in oblique waves.

(g) Experimental results show that dynamic

midship hull bending moments in regular

model length waves vary with fullness at low speeds according to the trend predicted

by standard static calculations.

(h) "Effect of Speed and Fullness on Hull Bending Moments in Waves," John F. Dalzell,

Davidson Laboratory Report No. 707

(2866) AN ANALYTIC STUDY OF THE PRESSURE FIELD NEAR COUNTER-ROTATING PROPELLERS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department.

(c) Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director and Dr. S. Tsakonas, Staff Scientist, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) In tackling the problem of mitigating the

vibratory hydrodynamic forces applied by a marine propeller, the free-space field of

a counter-rotating propeller has been

studied. The study is divided into two

parts. In the first, the effects on both

propellers are treated as though they were

independent; in the second an approximate treatment of the effect of blade interaction

is underway.

(g) Preliminary report in preparation.

( 3167 ) POTENTIAL AND VISCOUS PARTS OF THE THRUST DEDUCTION AND WAKE FRACTION FOR AN ELLIP- SOID OF REVOLUTION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department.

(c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Staff Scientist and Miss

Winnifred R. Jacobs, Senior Research Engineer, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst,

of Tech., 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N.J.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) The purpose is: (l) Develop a method for

the evaluation of the potential and viscous

part of wake fraction and thrust deduction

for a body of revolution. (2) Exhibit their functional dependence on axial propeller

clearance, body slenderness, afterbody

geometry and Reynolds number. The potential contribution is obtained by representing the hull by a line source sink distribution and the propeller by a sink disc.

The viscous effect is determined by Light

hill's method of equivalent sources distributed on the surface having strength

proportional to the displacement thickness

and its derivative.

(f) Completed; preliminary report will be sub- mitted shortly to DTMB for approval.

(g) The potential and viscous components of

drag augmentation and wake fraction are equally vital contributions. The sensitivity of the viscous thrust deduction and

wake fraction to the method of boundary

layer evaluation is hardly noticeable.

The axial clearance effect is very pro- nounced in the potential flow case in con- trast to the frictional case, which is almost independent on the clearance in the range of practical clearances. The potential next depends very strongly on the

slenderness of the body and to the first

order upon the slope of the cross-sectional area of the afterbody.

(3168) STUDY OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL SHIP DAMPING.

(b) Society of Naval Architects and Marine

Engineers

.

(c) Dr. M. Martin, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens
Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street,

Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical; "basic research.

(e) To evaluate the damping force acting on a local strip of an oscillating ship, including all the three-dimensional flow contributions. The effect of forward speed on

the total damping will also he determined.

(g) Study has shown that local force and moment

on a submerged oscillating spheroid and a MLchell (thin) ship at zero forward speed

differ appreciably from that found using

two-dimensional flow values, depending

upon frequency and location of local observation point. Calculations are continuing

for the case of the Michell ship.

(h) "Three -Dimensional Stripwise Damping Coefficients for Heave and Pitch of a Submerged

Spheroid, " Paul Kaplan and Pung Nien Hu, Experimental Towing Tank Note No. 555 , August 1959-

(3169) WAKE FORMS BEHIND RTGH SPEED PLANING

SURFACES.

(b) Bureau of Aeronautics, Department of the

Navy.

(c) Mr. Robert L. Van Dyck, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, New Jersey.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) An experimental study is being conducted

in order to determine the surface contours

of the wake shapes developed by planing

forms associated with high-speed water- based aircraft. This work was undertaken

because of the lack of accurate information concerning the wakes of planing forms

operated at high speeds, high angles of

attack, and heavy loadings. The effects

of vee-bottom angle, chine flare, and step

shape will be evaluated in addition to the

above-mentioned parameters.

(g) Testing was accomplished using small longitudinally-curved models of two-inch beam

towed at a thirty- foot radius on a large

rotating-arm apparatus. Measurements of

the wake cross-sections were made with

vertical probes manually adjusted by an observer riding with the model.

Close observation of the flows involved

indicates that an analytical extrapolation

of the data might be made assuming a simple two-dimensional expansion and filling

in of the trough at any cross section relative to reference axes fixed in the undisturbed water. Thus, for a given geometry

and initial draft at the step, only the

initial vertical velocities must be repro- duced in order to obtain the wake shape

independent of the particular angle of

attack or speed coefficient used. Since

the initial vertical velocities are primarily a function of angle of attack, t , and speed coefficient, C^., -- namely,

CySinx any combination of C^. and t that produces the same C^jsinT at the same draft will produce a similar wake, but

with the longitudinal dimension aft of the

planing surface stretched according to time relative to the step passing.

(3171) THEORETICAL STUDIES OF THRUST DEDUCTION OF A PROPELLER WORKING BEHIND A THIN SHIP.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department.

(c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Staff Scientist, Davidson

Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology,

711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, New Jersey.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) It is intended to study analytically the

importance of the parameters involved in

the thrust deduction problem. Functional

relationships of thrust deduction with the

axial clearances and vertical position of

the propeller will be developed for various

thin ship configurations and compared to

each other.

(f) Project is in the process of development.

(g) Mathematical procedures have been developed

for the thrust deduction force in the case of a thin ship having a longitudinal wedge

shape with a flat plate bottom, as well as with a wedge cross section, when the pro- peller is situated at the maximum submergence of the stern.

(3172) LIFT ON SLENDER BODY OF REVOLUTION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department.

(c) Dr. M. Martin, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street,

Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Analytical study of the lift force acting

on a slender body of revolution at an angle

of attack, assuming the flow about any cross-section on the after portion of the

body contains a vortex separation region.

Method of wake displacement thickness and

integral equations used to determine the

force and the variations of the force with

the body form parameters.

(3173) HYDROELASTIC INSTABILITIES OF SUPERCAVTTATING HYDROFOILS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department.

(c) Mr. Charles J. Henry, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Theoretical analysis of the conditions for

the occurrence of hydroelastic instabilities (i.e. divergence and flutter) of

supercavitating hydrofoils in two dimensions as functions of cavitation number,

point of separation, elastic axis location, center of gravity location and elastic

spring constant

.

(f) Completed.

(g) A two-dimensional analysis of the static

and dynamic stability of rigid super- cavitating hydrofoil sections supported

elastically showed that the instabilities

commonly called divergence and flutter in

aeroelastic literature are quite likely to occur in typical supercavitating hydrofoil

installations. The analysis indicated

that the speed at which divergence will

75
occur is increased "by increasing the radius

of gyration, moving the elastic axis for- ward, decreasing the cavitation number or moving the point of separation forward. It

is found that the region of dynamic stability will increase when the radius of gyra- tion is increased, the elastic axis is moved forward, the center of gravity is moved forward and/or the ratio of the

stiffness in translation to the stiffness

in rotation is increased,

(h) To he published as a Davidson Lahoratory

Technical Note.

(317*0 SUPERCAVITATING HYDROFOILS WITH GENERALIZED

OSCILLATORY MOTIONS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. M. Martin, Davidson Lahoratory, Stevens

Institute of Tech., 711 Hudson Street,

Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical; "basic research.

(e) Analytical studies of the forces acting on supercavitating hydrofoils with any type

of oscillatory motion. Techniques of map- ping are to he used, in the two-dimensional

case, and consideration will he given to the infinite cavity case and also to the

finite cavity case, taking account of

cavity volume changes.

(g) An alternative method, involving the use of an integral equation, has been developed

for obtaining the complex acceleration

potential of a supercavitating hydrofoil

in oscillatory motion which appears promising as a general means of determining the

forces for any type of harmonic oscillation.

(3176) THEORY OF LATERAL MOTIONS OF SHIPS IN

WAVES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department

.

(c) Dr. M. Martin, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hohoken, New Jersey.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Analytical study of the lateral motions of

surface ships with three degrees of freedom in oblique waves. The virtual mass, damping and dynamic coupling of a surface

ship in oscillatory motion, as well as the

hydrodynamic excitation forces and moments

due to oblique waves have "been evaluated.

The free surface influence on the hydrodynamic forces have been included in the

ahove. Further work on determining lateral

ship motions is continuing.

(h) A Davidson Laboratory report on the com- pleted portion of the work described in

(e) is in preparation.

(3177) STUDY OF THE HYDRODYNAMIC STATIC AND

DYNAMIC FORCE AND MOMENT RATE COEFFICIENTS

FOR SURFACE SHIPS.

(h) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department

.

(c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Davidson Lahoratory,

Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hohoken, New Jersey.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) The problem of determining the hydrodynamic

characteristics which are essential for turning and course keeping stability of

surface ships, has led: (a) To an investigation of whether or not the rotating arm facility are reliable means of evaluating

the static as well as the dynamic characteristics; (h) a study of the hydrodynamic

behavior of a flat plate with profile areas and geometry like that of the surface ship

and to a comparison of the results with

those for the corresponding configurations

of the surface vessels; and (c) to a cor- relation of the experimental results with

the existing theories of low aspect ratio

thin airfoils.

(f) Completed, final report has "been issued.

(g) Entirely reliahle static force and moment

coefficients for straight, course motion

can be obtained from rotating arm data. The similarity of results obtained for the

hull skeg configuration and corresponding

flat plates of the same profile area

strengthens the prevailing "belief in the

analogy of surface ships to low aspect

ratio wings, but no immediate practical

use can he made as long as no correct! on

for the magnitude of the lateral force on the plate is provided. The aspect ratio

variation fails to account for the discrep- ancy between the low aspect ratio wing

theories and the experimental results. The

discrepancy may be attributed to the full- ness of the ship form.

(h) "Effect of Appendage and Hull Form on Hydrodynamic Coefficients of Surface Ships,"

by Stavros Tsakonas, Davidson Laboratory,

Report No. 7^0, July 1959.

3509) THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS OF THE VIBRATORY THRUST PRODUCED BY A SHIP PROPELLER OPERATING IN THE WAKE OF A HULL.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department

.

(c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Staff Scientist, and

Winnifred R. Jacobs, Senior Research

Engineer, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street,

Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Computational work is carried out to test the validity of the theory developed by

Ritger and Breslin, "On the Quasi-steady

and Unsteady Thrust and Torque of a Pro- peller in a Ship Wake." Comparison is made

with the experimental results.

(g) A comparison of the theoretical computations

with the results obtained during ship

trials and l/25 scale model tests of the

single screw ship AE 21, here shown: (a)

the unsteady theoretical thrust is on the average 90$ of the model test data, while

the quasi- steady values are about 87$ of

the experimental, (b) The deviation of

the unsteady theoretical thrust are 9$ of

the mean thrust which is about the average

of the ship trial results over the range of RPM from 68 to 92. On the other hand

the quasi -steady computation at 29$ of the mean appears to be the upper limit of the

76
model test results

(h) A detailed description of the computational

procedure and also certain improvements of

the basic theory have been written up in

preliminary form. The final report has

been delayed in expectation of information

from DTMB about another set of experiments.

(3510) THE BLADE FREQUENCY VELOCITY FIELD NEAR AN OPERATING MARINE PROPELLER DUE TO LOADING AND THICKNESS EFFECTS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships

,

Navy Department

(c) Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director and Dr. S. Tsakonas, Staff Scientist Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, New Jersey.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) A study is undertaken of the velocity

fluctuating due to loading and blade

thickness effects at any point in the

vicinity of a propeller operating in open water conditions in an incompressible ideal

fluid. The velocity and the pressure field

together constitute the essential require- ments for studying the vibratory effects

of marine propellers on nearby bodies.

The propeller is represented by a line- vortex array (bound vortex, helical vortex

and hub vortex) of constant strength density and the blade sections by a source- sink distribution of density proportional

to its slope of the section.

(f) Project completed.

(g) The blade frequency velocity components of

a three bladed propeller are given gener- ally in closed form expressions in terms of elliptic integrals. Broad conclusions

are drawn as to the relative magnitudes of

the contributions of each of the elements

to the various velocity components, so that

ommission of effects from the helical vor- tices can be justified for practical application. The inclusion of blade thickness

effects in the calculation of the velocity

field near an operating marine propeller

is shown to be of primary importance.

(h) "The Blade Frequency Velocity Field Near

an Operating Marine Propeller Due to Loading and Thickness Effects," John Breslin

and Stavros Tsakonas, Davidson Laboratory

Note No. 5^0, June 1959, presented at the

6th Midwestern Conference on Fluid and

Solid Mechanics, September 1959.

(3511) RESEARCH STUDIES OF THE SOUND PRESSURE GENERATED BY A MARINE PROPELLER OPERATING

IN A WAKE.

(b) United Aircraft Corporation, Research Dept.

(c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Staff Scientist, Davidson

Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology,

711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, New Jersey.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) In this study of the blade- frequency sound pressure of a propeller operating in a wake of known characteristics it is intended to derive general expressions for the blade frequency pressure due to loading effects (thrust and torque) under

variable inflow conditions and then to

simplify them on physically sound basis. A comparison of all results will be made

and conclusions will be drawn as to the

effectiveness of the various assumptions

made.

(f) This project is in the formative stage.

(g) The sound pressure field of a rotating

propeller in rectilinear motion is obtained by replacing the normal pressure distribution over the propeller by a distribution of acoustic pressure doublets acting

at the propeller disc. The strength of

this acoustic doublet distribution is obtained from the non-stationary airfoil

theory in conjunction with the Kutta

Joukowski formula.

(3512) BLADE FREQUENCY PRESSURE NEAR AN OPERATING

MARINE PROPELLER IN A WAKE.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department

(c) Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director and Dr. S. Tsakonas, Staff Scientist, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology,

711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, New Jersey.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) The purpose is to provide more realistic

information than is at present available on the exciting forces generated by the

transient flow produced by a marine pro- peller operating in the vicinity of a hull

and its appendages. This information is essential for a study of the vibration of

the hull as a whole as well as the hydroelastic behavior of plating and control

surfaces

(g) The linearized pressure change can be de- termined by means of the velocity potential

of a doublet distribution of variable density normal to the helocoidal surface bounded by the line-vortex array, representing

propeller action, provided that the span- wise strength density is obtained from the

non-stationary airfoil theory. Thus the

characteristics of the wake will enter through the cross-flow velocity which is a linear combination of the tangential and

axial constituents of the wake.

(3513) THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE VIBRATORY PRES- SURE FIELD NEAR A MARINE PROPELLER DUE TO LOADING AND THICKNESS EFFECTS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department

(c) Dr. John Breslin, Director and Dr. Stavros

Tsakonas, Staff Scientist, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology,

711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, New Jersey.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Theoretical studies of the vibratory pressure field around a marine propeller have

been undertaken as being essential to the

study of propeller excited ship vibrations.

The thrust and torque loading effects are evaluated by representing the propeller

by a line-vortex array (hub, bound, helical) of constant strength density. The

effect of the blade thickness by replacing the blade sections at 7/10 of the

radius by a source-sink distribution of

77
density proportional to the slope of the

section.

(f) Completed.

(g) General expressions for the "blade-frequency pressure field about a three bladed marine

propeller due to loading and thickness ef- fects have been developed in closed forms

in terms of elliptic integrals. Asymptotic

formulas of extreme simplicity are presented

to reveal the dependence of the pressure on the major parameters such as tip clearance,

axial clearance and number of blades. Com- parison with experimental results for one model of a ship propeller shows that this

complete theory now explains the observed

axial-pressure signature and gives very

satisfactory agreement with the data ob- tained over a range of tip clearances.

(h) "Marine Propeller Pressure Field Due to Loading and Thickness Effects," John P. Breslin and Stavros Tsakonas, Davidson

Laboratory Note No. 5l8, Jan. 1959. Pre- sented at the annual meeting of the SNAME,

November 12, 1959-

(3514) THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

OF FLUTTER OF FULLY-WETTED HYDROFOILS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Office of Naval

Research, Navy Department.

(c) Mr. Charles J. Henry, Davidson Laboratory,

Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, New Jersey.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) Previous flutter investigations have shown

disagreement between experimental results

and theoretical predictions of the critical

flutter speed of hydrofoils ( see Henry,

Dugundji, Ashley, "Aeroelastic Instabilities of Lifting Surfaces in High Density

Media," Journal of Ship Research, Vol. 2, No. h, March 1959)- Experiments will be carried out at several combinations of the

parameters involved and the results will be

compared with theoretical predictions.

Several modifications of the present theory

will be investigated in order to achieve

good agreement between theory and experi- ment .

(3515) HYDRODYNAMICS OF HIGH SPEED SHIPS.

(b) U. S. Maritime Administration.

(c) Prof. Edward V. Lewis, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, New Jersey.

(d) Experimental, developmental research.

(e) Model tests on a series of models of varying proportions suitable for very high

speeds. Tests cover resistance in calm water and motions in waves.

(3516) INVESTIGATION OF HULL BENDING MOMENTS IN WAVES OF EXTREME STEEPNESS.

(b) Ship Structure Committee.

(c) Prof. Edward V. Lewis, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, New Jersey.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

( e ) Model tests are to be carried out on a jointed model of a typical merchant ship to

determine midship bending moments in very

steep waves. Objective is to determine

upper physical limit of wave bending moments . (h) Exploratory tests are reported in "A LongRange Research Program in Ship Structural

Design, " Report SSC-124, published by the

Ship Structure Committee and available from

the National Academy of Science-National

Research Council, 2101 Constitution Ave.,

Washington 25, D. C.

(3517) SHIPS OF MINIMUM WAVE RESISTANCE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the

Navy.

(c) Dr. Milton Martin, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) An investigation is underway to evaluate the

agreement between computed and measured wave

resistance of ship models of minimum wave resistance at high Froude numbers as determined from Weinblum's tables, in which the

lines are modified to compensate for the

boundary layer displacement thickness.

Comparison will be made with the thin ship

theory calculations and calculations satisfying the boundary conditions on the wetted

hull surface to be made on the NORC.

(g) Computations based on Weinblum's Tables

have been made of minimum wave resistance

forms for a large Froude number range, of

ships of length-draft ratio 33-3 and prismatics between O.56 and 0.7^- • A model of

minimum wave resistance at a Froude number

of 0.5, whose principal proportions are those of a destroyer, has been constructed

and is at present being tested at several

drafts. Estimates of the boundary layer

displacement thickness have been made and

these will be used to modify the lines of

the model for the second series of tests.

(3518) THE EFFECT OF HIGH SPEED ON LATERAL SHIP

STABILITY.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department.

(c) Dr. Milton Martin, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Conduct theoretical study of the effect of

high speed on surface ship stability and

maneuverability, including determination of I lateral stability derivatives, stability

indices and variations, and steady-state

turning diameters.

UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE, Hydraulic Laboratory,

Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. Harry H. Ambrose, Dept. of

Civil Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knox- ville l6, Tennessee.

(2159) DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS FOR TAINTOR GATES

78
ON SPILLWAYS.

(b) Cooperative with the Tennessee Valley

Authority

.

(d) Experimental, basic research, for master's

thesis

.

(e) A generalized model of a taintor gate on a spillway was investigated for the headdischarge relationship. The effect of the

trunnion location as well as that of relative head and of relative gate opening was

evaluated.

(g) Experimental work completed, reanalysis of

results and publication will be activated

in i960.

(2619) BOUNDARY ROUGHNESS EFFECTS UPON TURBULENT

FLOW.

(*>)

(a)

(e)

it)

(s)

(h)

Cooperative with the National Science

Foundation.

Experimental; basic research. Measurements of velocity distributions and

piezometric gradients for turbulent flow

in a pipe with uniform, artificial boundary

roughness are being made to assess the

specific effects of certain characteristics

of the roughness-element geometry (relative

spacing, relative height, whether discrete

or continuous). It is anticipated that

comparative tests for the same roughness

patterns will be made in an open flume. In the overall project tests have been

completed on 17 patterns of discrete de- pressions of four sizes, 13 patterns of

discrete projections of two sizes, and 5 patterns of continuous strip-roughness

( ring-and-groove ) of a single size.

Results show the effects of roughnesselement geometry to be in the following

order of descending importance: whether

depression or projection^ whether discrete

or continuous , relative spacing, relative

height. The relative height Is an adequate

criterion only for roughness patterns that

are geometrically similar. A definite

critical spacing of discrete projections

or of strip roughness yields the maximum

roughness effect.

A complete project report is in preparation.

TEXAS A AND M COLLEGE, Department of Oceanography

and Meteorology.

(2868) INVESTIGATION OF STORM SURGES ALONG THE SOUTH SHORE OF NEW ENGLAND.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Corps of Engineers,

U.S. Army, Contract DA-49-055-civ-eng-56-l+.

(c) Prof. Robert 0. Reid, Project Supervisor, Texas A. and M. College, College Station, Texas

.

(d) Numerical analysis; applied research.

(e) Numerical and graphical procedures are utilized in the evaluation of storm surge behavior in schematic (mathematical) models

of Narragansett Bay, Long Island Sound,

and Buzzards Bay, particular attention

being devoted to Narragansett Bay. The

numerical work is being carried out using

an IBM 65O computer. Numerical studies of

astronomical tides in Narragansett Bay are also being carried out.

(g) A numerical procedure for computation of water level changes in coastal bays and

estuaries has been utilized for estimating

the potential storm surges in Narragansett

Bay, Long Island Sound, and Buzzards Bay for a selected design hurricane. The numerical

calculations are based upon the quasi -linear, one -dimensional equations of motion and

continuity. In the numerical evaluation of storm surge generation over the continental

shelf, the equations are modified so as to

allow for long shore dispersion of energy

in an approximate manner. The calculations

for the modification of the surge as it enters the bay include the provision for energy loss by bottom friction and energy gain by wind stress over the bay. In the

calculations for Narragansett Bay, the

latter is regarded as a network of interconnecting channels, each of which is con- sidered to be of uniform width and depth.

The method of calculation has been "calibrated" by using the known data for the

September 21, 1938 hurricane as a control.

The calibration involves the selection of

appropriate friction, reflection, and re- fraction conditions for the system, which

will allow the best fit of the numerical

results with the control data. Further

tests of the method to be carried out using data from other hurricanes. The

method of computation is also being tested

by attempting to predict the regime of

periodic tide under normal conditions.

( 2869 ) INVESTIGATION OF PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH PREDICTION OF STORM- INDUCED WATER LEVELS.

(b) U.S. Weather Bureau, Dept. of Commerce, Contract CWB-9559-

(c) Prof. R. 0. Reid, Project Supervisor, Texas A. and M. College, College Station, Texas

.

(d) Theoretical with verification from existing data; applied and basic research.

(e) This project is concerned with the develop- ment of criteria for the prediction of storm surges based upon deductions from

hydrodynamic theory.

(f) Completed.

(g) Free and forced surges of one- and two- dimensional character have been investigated analytically for cases of regular

bottom topography with simple boundary

conditions. The one-dimensional stress- induced surge for variable depth has been

investigated numerically. In the two- dimensional studies the influence of the

rotation of the earth and the development

of quasi-geotrophic type surges have been

investigated. The results of the various

analytical models lead to certain criteria

which are tested in terms of the observations of storm surges along the east coast of the United States.

(h) "A Theoretical and Empirical Study of Storm Induced Water Level Anomalies," by

K. Kajiura, Final Report Project 202 (fief. 59-23F), Texas A. and M. Res. Fdn., Dec.

79
(a

(e

(f

1959-

(2870) MODEL STUDY OF SURGE ACTION IN A PORT.

(b) Office of Naval Research, U.S. Navy Project NR O83-O36, Contract N7 ONR k8j 02. (c) Dr. B. W. Wilson, Principal Investigator,

Texas A. and M. College, College Sta., Texas

.

Experimental; basic and applied research.

To collate results and conclusions from a model study of long period wave action in

Table Bay Harbor, Cape Town, South Africa.

Initiated 1958; completed 1958. The nature of the surge phenomenon has

been uncovered. Its reproduction in an engineering model and experiments to con- trol it are described. It is shown that

effects on shipping can be brought under

control by suitably containing the existing

harbor within an outer basin of tight mole

construction,

(h) "Research and Model Studies on Range Action

in Table Bay Harbour, Cape Town," B. W. Wilson, S.A. Inst. C.E. (Johannesburg, S.A.), v. 1, June/July 1959, pp. 131-148 and 153-

177-

(2871) DIFFRACTION OF PLANE GRAVITY WATER WAVES

IN THE PRESENCE OF A HORIZONTALLY SUBMERGED

CIRCULAR CYLINDER.

(b) Department project.

(c) Prof. R. 0. Reid, Chairman (Faculty Comm.), Texas A and M College, College Sta., Texas.

(d) Experimental; basic research; Ph. D. dissertation (Robert Ellis).

(e) To determine the nature of the pressure

changes brought about at the bed boundary

by the presence of a horizontally submerged

circular cylinder, fixed transversely in

the path of a uniform train of waves in water of uniform depth.

(f) Completed.

(g) Experiments have been conducted in a wave tank for generating water waves in which

wave pressures have been measured at a num- ber of locations at the bottom of the tank

relative to a horizontally submerged circular cylinder, fixed transversely at different elevations in water of various

depths. The ratio of the root -mean- square pressure in the presence of the cylinder

to that in the absence of the cylinder is found to vacillate with distance symmetrically on either side of the cylinder. An empirical formula which satisfactorily

predicts the pressure change has been de- rived but the theoretical solution of the

problem has not yet been attained.

(h) "A Study of Gravity Wave Induced Pressure

Variations in the Presence of a Submerged

Cylinder," R. Ellis, Ph.D. Dissertation,

A. and M. College of Texas, May 1959, 65 pp.

(2873) COMPUTATION OF DESIGN STORM-TIDE FOR THE NEW YORK BAY AREA.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Corps of Engineers,

U. S. Army and New York District, Corps of

Engineers, Contract DA-49-055-clv-eng-58-9.

(c) Dr. B.W. Wilson, Project Supervisor, Texas

A. and M. College, College Station, Texas.

(d) Numerical analysis; applied research.

(e) This project concerns the correlation of

observed effects in New York Bay with the

characteristics of known storms and its

application to the prediction of storm- tides for a design hurricane.

(f) Completed.

(g) Least squares multiple regression correlation of known storm-tide elevation at the

mouth of New York Bay with antecedent storm characteristics (wind stress and pressure

gradient) at a number of offshore stations

has been undertaken with data for four

storms, tabulated at 20 min. intervals.

The derived coefficients of correlation

have been used in the prediction formula to predict the time-sequences of water level

change at the bay-mouth for each of the

four storms as a check on the validity of

the formula. The formula has then been

applied to the case of a design hurricane

travelling on a given path at six possible

speeds. High speed digital computer techniques have been used for this study. In

an extension of this work predictions have

been made for a more severe design-hurricane

in three combinations of size and speed and

finally for a Probable Maximum Hurricane.

(h) "The Prediction of Hurricane Storm-Tides in New York Bay," B.W. Wilson, Preliminary

Report No. 165-I, Texas A. and M. Res. Fdn., Jan. 1959.

"The Prediction of Hurricane Storm-Tides in New York Bay," B.W. Wilson, Tech. Report.

No. 165-2, Texas A. and M. Res. Fdn., Feb. 1959, 119 PP. "The Prediction of Hurricane Storm-Tides in New York Bay," B.W. Wilson, Tech. Report

No. 165-3, Texas A and M Res. Fdn., Oct. 1959, 120 pp.

(3179) MOORING OF SHIPS EXPOSED TO WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, U.S. Navy, Project NR O83-O36, Contract N 7 ONR 487-02.

(c) Dr. B.W. Wilson, Principal Investigator, Texas A and M College, College Sta., Texas.

(d) Theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) To investigate the motion of a drifting

ship under the influence of waves in head

and beam seas in water of various depths;

hence to determine the kinetic energy that must be absorbed through the tendency of a

ship to drift in contact with offshore structures in exposed locations. Finally, to consider the nature of ship motion in waves when restrained by mooring ropes.

(f) Completed.

(g) Problem has been investigated on the basis

that a ship can be simulated by a rectan- gular block of equivalent displacement. Treatment determines ship surge, heave and

pitch In a head sea of uniform long-crested

waves and sway, heave and roll in a beam

sea. Most critical conditions of approach

of a ship to a berth in an exposed location apply in broadside on-movement in a beam sea. The kinetic energy to be ab- sorbed depends on whether structure is permeable to the waves or reflects them. The non-linear problem of the surging of a

8(3
moored ship under mooring restraints is analyzed.

(h) "The Energy Problem in the Mooring of Ships

Exposed to Waves," hy B. W. Wilson, Bulln.

Perm. Internatl. Assoc. Navig. Congr., i960

( publication pending )

.

(3l8l) GRAVITY- CAPILLARY WAVES IN WATER AT A VI- BRATING BOUNDARY.

Cb)

(c)

(a)

if)

In)

Cb)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(s)

United Gas Pipeline Co. Fellowship.

Prof. R. 0. Reid, Chairman (Faculty Committee), Texas A and M College, College Station, Texas. Experimental; basic and applied research;

M.S. thesis (C. S. Wells).

To examine the nature of gravity-capillary

waves in water developing transversely to

a vibrating boundary.

Completed.

The oscillation of cone and wedge-shaped

cylindrical plungers in water at high fre- quency was found to induce standing edge waves transverse to the water-plunger

boundary. It was found that this phenome- non had been discovered by Faraday and in- terpreted by Raylelgh as a non-linear mechanism capable of existence in several distinct modes. It was found that the resulting standing water-wave system was unstable

and capable of developing sub-harmonic as well as super -harmonic modes of oscillation

in relation to the forcing frequency. The wave length- frequency relationship of the waves in the fundamental mode was found to

agree satisfactorily with Kelvin's analysis

for gravity-capillary waves of small amplitude . "Transverse Gravity-Capillary Waves near a Vibrating Boundary" by C. S. Wells, M. S. Thesis, A. and M. College of Texas, January

1959.

DEEP SEA MOORING OF SHIPS IN WAVES AND

CURRENTS.

David Taylor Model Basin, U. S. Dept. of

the Navy, Contract No. Nonr-2119( 02 )

.

Dr. B. W. Wilson, Project Supervisor, Texas A and M College, College Station, Texas. Theoretical; basic research.

To determine the mooring line tensions

arising from hydro-dynamic forces of waves

and currents acting on a ship and mooring

cable(s) in deep water. Following a literature survey of work pre- viously done on this and allied studies,

the first problem posed for solution has

been concerned with the configuration of a negatively buoyant mooring cable used to anchor a ship in a uniform horizontal

current prevailing over full water depth

in the absence of waves. The steady state configuration of a deep-sea cable is then

being integrated from the solution of the

above case applied to variable vertical

distributions of horizontal steady current,

conforming to realistic ocean patterns.

Facilities of a high speed digital computer

are being used for evaluating sets of cable

parameters applicable to a wide variety of

possible mooring line situations. Further

research will be involved with the transient

effects of waves and fluctuating wind,

(h) "A Case of Critical Surging of a Moored Ship"

by B. W. Wilson, Proc. ASCE, Vol. 85(WW k), Part I, Dec. 1959, pp. 157-176.

"A Study of the Movement of Moored Ships

Subjected to Wave Action" (Discussion),

Proc. Inst. C. E. (London). Publication

pending.

(3520) FORECASTING OF OCEAN WAVES GENERATED BY MOVABLE VARIABLE WIND SYSTEMS IN DEEP AND

SHALLOW WATER.

(b) Engineering Foundation, New York; Magnolia

Petroleum Co., Dallas; Humble Oil and Re- fining Co., Houston; Office of Naval Research,

U. S. Navy, Contract N7 onr U8702(Pro ject

No. NR O83-O36).

(c) Dr. B. W. Wilson, Texas A and M College,

College Station, Texas.

(d) Theoretical and empirical; basic and applied

research.

(e) To verify a moving fetch variable-wind

graphical forecasting procedure by direct

comparison of results with wave observations

at one or more offshore stations . Thence to investigate the possibility of extending the

method to rapid forecasting of wave conditions

in near-shore environments where water depth,

friction and refraction are complicating

factors in wave generation.

(g) Analysis is being made of the sea conditions

induced by hurricane Audrey of June 1957- Complete synoptic maps for the Gulf of

Mexico area are being prepared for the period

of activity of Audrey with a view to securing

accurate space-time wind fields for several

different lines of approach of waves to the

Bay Marchand area off the coast of Louisiana. Wave data for this area are available for comparison with predictions. The graphical wave forecast method has now been substantiated theoretically and adapted to high

speed digital processing on an IBM No. 650

computer for the deep water situation.

Application to shallow water is proceeding.

( 3521 ) TIDAL RESPONSE OF A BAY WITH A CONSTRICTED

OPENING TO THE SEA.

(b) Department project.

(c) Prof. R. 0. Reid, Chairman (Faculty Committee), Texas A and M College, College Station, Texas

.

(d) Theoretical; basic and applied research;

M.S. thesis (R. W. Love).

(e) (l) Determination of the variation of amplitude and phase angle of the fundamental

tidal co-oscillation induced In a simple

rectangular basin with a constricted opening

to the sea; also of the second and third

harmonic co-oscillations; (2) determination

of the tidal current distribution; and, (3)

comparison of theoretical results with

measurements from a model.

(f) Completed.

(g) Linearized equation of motion and equation

of continuity and non-linear boundary con- ditions are used in theoretical treatment

of this problem, taking into account the

flow through the constricted entrance to

81
the basin. A method of successive approximation is applied to determine amplitudes

and phases of tidal harmonics. Data from

the Corps of Engineers (U.S. Army) model of

Narragansett Bay is used as a check on theoretical derivations,

(h) "Tidal Response of a Bay with a Constricted

Opening to the Sea," R. W. Love, M.S. Thesis, A and M College of Texas, Aug.

1959, 66 pp.

UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 9^-8, 2l62, 2396,

2397, 2629, 2874, 3523, and 3524 should be addressed to Dr. Walter L. Moore, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Texas, Austin 12, Texas.

(9^8) DIFFUSION OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL SUBMERGED

JET.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Basic experimental.

(e) An investigation was made of the diffusion

of momentum in a two-dimensional jet as influenced by the proximity to a plane

boundary. Apparatus was constructed for

measuring the velocity field in the diffusion region of an air jet 0.05 ft thick and

3.0 ft wide with a plane parallel boundary

at various distances from the axis of the

jet. Measurements have been made covering

a range of the variables.

(f) Inactive.

(2l6l) CHARACTERISTICS OF A HYDRAULIC JUMP AT AN ABRUPT CHANGE IN BOTTOM ELEVATION.

(b) University of Texas Research Institute and Bureau of Engineering Research.

(c) Prof. Carl W. Morgan, Assoc. Prof, of Civil

Engineering, Univ. of Texas, Austin 12, Tex.

( d ) Experimental

.

(e) Experimental determinations are made of the

flow characteristics at two-dimensional

channel drops and rises. The velocity distribution and surface profile will be de- termined throughout the length of the jump

for various relative changes in bottom

elevation. The longitudinal location of

the jump in relation to the change In bottom elevation will be varied over a broad

range in distinction to previous related

investigations in which relative location

of the jump was held constant.

(g) Results for the abrupt drop are complete

and have been published. For a given

entering Froude number lying between 2 and

8 three types of jump may form, the type

and its longitudinal location depending

only on the relative downstream depth. The

velocities near the bottom below the drop

are always less than the mean velocity in

the downstream channel for the Jump type

of maximum height. Experimental measurements have been made on the related investigation for an abrupt rise and report

is being prepared.

(2162) HYDR0L0GIC STUDIES, WALLER CREEK WATERSHED.

(b) Cooperative with U.S. Geological Survey.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Measurements of rainfall and runoff for a

k so., mile and a 2 sq_. mile portion of the

Waller Creek watershed are being made to provide basic information for estimating

runoff from small urban watersheds in the

Southwest area. Two streamflow stations

and a rain gage net are in operation.

Studies of the correlation between runoff,

rainfall, and the characteristics of the

drainage basin are being made by various

proposed methods to serve as a base for

comparison with the data as It is collected

from the stream.

(g) Careful estimates of the peak discharges at the gaging station were made by various

proposed methods based on measurable characteristics of the basin. These results

will be of interest to compare with observed

peak discharges In later years when the

record is long enough to be significant.

(2396) RESISTANCE OF PIERS IN FREE SURFACE FLOW,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental (thesis).

(e) An investigation is being made of the drag

resistance of piers as a function of shape,

relative submergence, spacing, and Froude

numbers. The pier resistance is being cor- related with the head loss for flow in a channel.

(g) A phase of the investigation has been com- pleted for Froude numbers less than 0.5 with cylindrical piers at various submer- gence and spacing. An investigation of the

resistance of H section piers at various

orientations and longitudinal spacings has

been completed. Another phase has been

completed which demonstrates that the ve- locity gradient along a cylindrical pier

affects the drag coefficient. The local

drag coefficient decreases along the pier

in the direction toward the end of the pier

where the velocity is high. The reduction

in drag coefficient is related to a dimen- . sionless measure of the velocity gradient

along the cylinder.

( 2397 ) EFFECT OF UPSTREAM DEVELOPMENT ON THE RUN- OFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS IN THE SOUTHWEST.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation (thesis).

(e) For a selected watershed rainfall and run- off relations before the period of upstream

development are being analyzed. The relations obtained for this period will be

applied to the rainfall records after the

upstream development and the predicted

runoff compared with the actual runoff.

(g) Sources of data have been located, the

available information tabulated, and a method of evaluating the runoff devised

that appears to be reasonable. Multiple

correlation diagrams have been developed

which may be used with storm rainfall

records to predict the annual runoff of the

82
selected watershed for the period before

upstream development

(h) "Multiple Correlation of Rainfall and

Other Factors to Runoff, " Manton A. Nations,

M.S. thesis, June 1959.

(2629) A MECHANICAL TURBULENCE INDICATOR FOR

LIQUIDS.

(b) Bureau of Engineering Research, University

of Texas.

(d) Experimental instrument development.

(e) There is need for a relatively simple de- vice to give a quantitative measure of the

degree of turbulence in a flowing fluid.

Electrical instruments commonly measure

the root mean square of the turbulent

fluctuations as an indication of the intensity. The instrument being developed

measures the maximum turbulent fluctuation

as an indication of the intensity. The

instrument is similar to a l/2-inch diame- ter Prandtl velocity tube except that it has two stagnation openings; the conven- tional one which gives the mean stagnation

head and an additional one which leads

through a sensitive check valve and accumu- lator to a manometer tube. The check

valve and accumulator elements are located

in the tube less than 3/8 of an inch from

the stagnation opening to minimize inertia

effects.

(g) The instrument has been built and calibrated. Measurements have been made to evaluate the operation of the instrument in the

turbulent field of a hydraulic jump. A

report is being prepared describing the

instrument, the calibration technique and

the results in the hydraulic jump.

{287k) AN INVESTIGATION OF THE SCOUR RESISTANCE

OF COHESIVE SEDIMENTS.

(b) Bureau of Engineering Research, University

of Texas.

(d) Analytical and experimental (laboratory).

(e) Exploratory tests have been made with two

different schemes, one with radially out- ward flow between a circular disc and the

soil sample, and one with a submerged

vertical circular jet impinging on a horizontal soil surface. With the first

scheme it was not possible to obtain the

necessary precision of measurement at low

scour rates, but with the second scheme

satisfactory measurements were obtained. A correlation based on dimensional analysis gave consistent results in evaluating

the relative scour resistance of several

materials. Apparatus is being fabricated

for a new test which is expected to permit

direct evaluation of the shear stress at the soil surface. In this test a cylindrical soil sample is submerged In a trans- parent concentric cylinder which can be

rotated at a controlled speed to generate

a shear stress on the soil surface. An

attempt will be made to relate the scour resistance to other measurable soil pro- perties, and finally to interpret the

results in relation to field observations.

(3522) LONG TIME FLUCTUATIONS IN STREAM RUNOFF.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Carl W. Morgan, Dept of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Texas, Austin 12, Texas.

(d) Analytical and field study.

(e) Values of runoff from selected drainage

areas in the lower Mississippi River basin

and in basins of the rivers emptying directly into the Gulf of Mexico were studied.

Variations in the runoff values for each stream were considered and these trends

compared with solar variations . The relative sunspot numbers were used as the measure of solar variations and were correlated

with the mean annual runoff. Further cor- relations are being made with different "lag"

periods between solar activity and surface

runoff.

(g) The gradual shifting of the centers of run- off excess and deficiency is consistent

rather than random and appears to represent

a gradual cyclic change in the runoff pattern. It appears that the locations of the

centers of runoff deficiency is following

roughly the same path that it did some 22 to 2k years previously. Correlation coefficients of +0.2 to +0.5 are obtained for

selected rivers in Mississippi, Alabama,

Georgia, and Arkansas when sunspot numbers

in the 11-year sunspot cycle are correlated

with runoff. Texas streams do not give

significant correlation with the 11-year

sunspot cycle but give better correlation

if runoff is compared with the double sunspot cycle in which sunspot numbers are assumed as negative in alternate cycles.

(h) "Surface Runoff in the Gulf Coast Area in

Relation to Solar Activity," by Carl W. Morgan, Ph. D. Dissertation, June 1958.

(3523) EQUIVALENT PIPE CONCEPT IN RELATION TO THE GENERAL RESISTANCE DIAGRAM.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental, basic re- search.

(e) The investigation was conducted to clarify

the relationship between modern concepts of

pipe resistance and the older empirical

formulas

(f) Completed.

(g) A simple procedure is developed to derive

an expotential formula applicable to a known range of flow conditions. The analysis makes apparent the range of flow con- ditions for which any particular expotential formula is applicable. Limitations of

the equivalent pipe concept are discussed. Data on resistance measurements in water

mains in service indicate that the head

loss varies with the discharge to a power

nearly equal to 2.0 rather than I..85 as commonly assumed.

(h) "Relationships Between Pipe Resistance

Formulas," Walter L. Moore, Proceedings,

ASCE, Vol. 85, No. HY3, pp. 25-kl, March

1959-

(3524) GROUND WATER FLOW AND SEEPAGE IN NON- HOMOGENEOUS, N0N-IS0TR0PIC SEDIMENTS.

83
(t>) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical, "basic research.

( e ) A relaxation solution for the Laplace

equation has been developed which is ap- plicable across a boundary between two

regions of different permeabilities. It is believed that the method can be expanded to apply to any specified non-homogeneous and

non-isotropic condition. It is intended

that the solution be set up for computation

on an electronic computer and that selected

numerical solutions be checked against

those from an electrolytic tank.

UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY, Engineering Experiment

Station.

(3183) DYNAMICS OF FLOW IN STEEP, ROUGH, OPEN

CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Dean F. Peterson, Dean of Engineering,

Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental theoretical field investigation; basic research for doctoral thesis.

(e) A basic study of parameters involved in

flow in steep, rough channels where the

roughness is relatively an appreciative

part of the depth, and where channels are sufficiently steep that super critical

flow can occur in connection with contractions caused by the roughnesses. The work

is basic, however, it could have application to steep mountain streams and to hydraulic structures. Basic over-all parameters have been investigated for simple

cases. The continuing project will study

the effect of a single roughness inducing

super critical flow and acting as a control. The interaction of roughnesses and

the effect of roughnesses of distributed

sizes will be studied in a sloping flume during this year.

(g) Flow regimes have been classified into

three major regimes and seven sub-regimes. Parameters delineating the regimes for very simple roughness cases have been

suggested. In the tumbling regime the

rough channel acts as a continuing critical depth control, thus a reach of tumbling

flow channel may be considered as a "virtual" weir.

(h) "Turbulent Flow in Steep, Rough, Open Channels," P.K. Mohanty, Ph.D. thesis.

"Flume Studies of Flow in Steep, Rough,

Open Channels," P.K. Mohanty and Dean F. Peterson presented at meeting of Hydraulics Division, American Society of Civil

Engineers, Fort Collins, Colorado, July 1, 1959-

( 3181+ ) FLOW TO PARTIALLY PENETRATING WELL IN AN UNCONFINED AQUIFER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Dean F. Peterson, Dean of Engineering,

Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental basic research for doctoral

thesis

.

(e) The effect of drawdown relative to depth

of penetration, well diameter, and relative

thickness of aquifer on flow into an ideal

partially-penetrating, unconfined well

system was studied using a combination

electrical and membrane analogue, and an electrical resistance analogue computer.

Functional relationships between the geo- metrical and the flow parameters are pro- posed based on dimensional considerations

and experimental results.

(g) The effect of partial penetration for a well

of the unconfined type is thoroughly treated.

(h) "Discharge to Partially-Penetrating Wells in

Unconfined Aquifers," by Mostafa M. Soliman,

Ph.D. thesis.

"Discharge to Partially-Penetrating Wells in

Unconfined Aquifers," by Mostafa M. Soliman

and Dean F. Peterson. Manuscript prepared

and submitted to Hydraulics Division, Am. Society of Civil Engineers.

(3185) HYDRAULICS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION.

(b) Laboratory research.

(c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering

Experiment Station, Utah State University,

Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research.

(e) Hydrodynamic study for movement of water

over a porous surface when intake varies

with time. Free surface and the rate of

advance are defined.

(g) A paper has been completed for publication.

It contains the results of basic mathematical

developments defining the free surface and

the rate of advance. A resulting differential equation must be solved by approximation. Solutions of this equation have been

obtained to compare with field measurements

of the rate of advance. The results are within ten percent of field observations.

Additional studies are now being planned to utilize high speed computers to obtain suf- ficient typical solutions to permit the

development of characteristic of parametric

curves so that solutions can be obtained more readily from the complex differential

equations

.

(h) "Hydraulics of Irrigation Water Application

is Effected by Soils and Other Factors,"

Vaughn E. Hansen, paper 1788, Journal of

the Irrigation and Drainage Division, Proceedings, American Society of Civil Engineers, September 1958. "Hydraulics of Unsteady Open Channel Flow

over a Porous Bed, " Harry Haun-yen Loo and

Vaughn E. Hansen, prepared for publication,

October 1959.

( 3186 ) EVALUATION OF GROUND WATER IN A NON-HOMOGENEOUS, ANISOTROPIC MEDIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director Engineering

Experiment Station, Utah State University,

Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research.

Two masters theses have been completed.

(e) A variable resistance network has been

developed wherein problems of non-homogenous anisotropic flow can be evaluated.

This network has been used to establish the

8i+
procedure j validity, and accuracy of solutions which can he expected from this

approach. Boundary conditions necessary

for unique solutions and the method of

application of boundary conditions have

been studied,

(h) "Evaluation of Ground Water Problem in a Non-homogeneous, Anisotropic Media Using a Variable Resistance," David W. Hendricks, master thesis being written.

(3187) INVESTIGATION OF THE HYDRAULIC AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SPRINKLERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering Experiment Station, Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental; field investigation.

(e) The basic criterion in the study was to reduce the turbulence in mechanical sprinklers in order to improve the range

.

(f) Completed.

(g) Several rather simple modifications in the

commericial product could be modified to materially increase the range.

(3188) STEADY FLOW TOWARD AN UNCONFINED WELL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering

Experiment Station, Utah State Univ., Logan,

Utah.

(d) Theoretical; doctoral thesis.

(e) Unconfined flow toward a well is extremely

complex because of the existence of a free surface. The object of this project is to arrive at a more sound mathematical evaluation of the flow by using better boundary

conditions when solving the equations.

The unsteady flow case is also analyzed. New boundary conditions are evaluated.

(g) Boundary conditions have been clarified and

equations have developed utilizing the

improved boundary conditions . The results

have been compared with other methods of

computing the free surface shape for flow

toward a well. An equation for unsteady

flow has also been developed.

(h) "Analysis of Steady and Non-Steady Flow

toward an Unconfined Well," Harry Haunyen

Loo, doctoral dissertation, Civil and

Irrigation Engineering Department, Utah

State University, Logan, Utah, June 1959-

( 3525 ) MEASUREMENT OF FLOW FROM HORIZONTAL PIPE

BY THE COORDINATE METHOD.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering Experiment Station, Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; applied research.

(g) The error involved in the conventional method

of measurement is shown to be large. The

coefficient has been defined and parameters

developed so that more accurate measurements can be obtained in a quick, easy method of water measurement

.

(h) "Discharge Coefficient in the Coordinate

Method of Measuring Pipe Flow," D. L. Bassett, Master's Thesis, Civil Engineering

Department, Utah State Univ., 1952 - A bulletin outlining field procedure to be fol- lowed with the methods is now being prepared.

(3526) QUICK COUPLING FOR FLEXIBLE PIPE.

(a

(e

(3527

(b

(c

(a

(e

(g)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

Laboratory project.

Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering

Experiment Sta., Utah State University,

Logan, Utah. Experimental; design and development. A coupling which can be light and flexible

and also permit ease of coupling and disconnecting flexible pipe in the field is being developed. A coupler has been developed which does

permit ready use in the field.

DEVELOPMENT OF LOW COST WATER LEVEL RECORDER.

Laboratory project.

Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering

Experiment Station, Utah State University,

Logan, Utah. Experimental, development.

In general, the available instrumentation

for measuring fluctuation in water level is costly. Most equipment is designed for a wide range of application. However, many

areas require only a limited fluctuation in water level. This is particularly true in

irrigation practice. Objective of the project is to develop a low-cost recorder

which will fit these needs and thereby per- mit a more extensive use. A water level recorder has been developed

which does meet the requirements and is now

being modified and adapted for commercial

production.

(3528) THE EFFECT OF SEDIMENT PROPERTIES ON THE ATTENUATION OF AN ULTRASONIC PLANE WAVE.

(g)

Laboratory project.

Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Assoc. Prof., Dept.

of Civil and Irrigation Engineering, Utah

State University, Logan, Utah. Theoretical and experimental; basic research. The attenuation of an ultrasonic plane wave passing through a homogenous suspension has

been the subject of several theoretical and

experimental investigations from which theoretical relations have been obtained. Ex- perimental results cover only part of the range of ratios of sound wave length to particle circumference. Theoretical relations for the range not covered by experimental results ignore sediment properties

other than sphericity. Recent experimental

work indicates that other sediment properties need to be considered as well. These

results were incidental to the study of a measurement technique, and hence, were of a preliminary nature . There remains con- siderable basic research on the effect on the attenuation relation of various sedi- ment properties such as density, elasticity,

sphericity, sonic refractive index, absorption, and transparency. A paper has been written on the "Use of

Ultrasonics in the Measurement of Suspended

Sediment Size Distribution and Concentration,"

85
(3529

(*

(c

(e

(f

(g

(3530

(c

(cL (e

this paper touches only lightly on the

subject of interest here.

"The Use of Ultrasonics in the Measurement

of Suspended Sediment Size Distribution and

Concentration," Gordon H. Flammer, Ph. D. Thesis, Univ. of Minn., Minneapolis, Minn.,

1958.

DEVELOPMENT OF. LOW COST IRRIGATION WATER

METER.

Cooperative with Irrigation Dept., Univ.

of California, Davis, California.

Dr. J. E. Christiansen, Prof, of Civil

and Irrigation Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah. Experimental; applied research-development.

Tests on the use of a domestic type water

meter as a by-pass meter for irrigation

service were conducted on three types of

primary head producing divisions for use with water meter. Experimental work completed. Manuscript in

preparation.

Results indicates that a small domestic

type of water meter can be employed as a by-pass meter for measuring large flows in

pipe lines with a fair degree of accuracy.

WATER REQUIREMENTS OF WILDLIFE AREAS.

Utah State Fish and Game Department, Salt

Lake City, Utah.

Dr. J. E. Christiansen, Prof, of Civil and

Irrigation Engineering, Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah. Field Investigation - applied research.

Large area of marshy lands adjacent to the

Great Salt Lake have been developed and

improved by the State Fish and Game Dept .

,

and the Federal Wildlife Service, as Migratory Bird Refuges. Available stream

flow from several of the major streams flowing into the Salt Lake, flow into these

areas where the water is impounded behind

dikes to create habitat suitable for nesting, feeding and resting of water fowl. Millions of ducks and geese utilize this

area each year during their migratory

flights.

The basic purpose of the study is to determine the quantities of water necessary for

this area in order to maintain them in a productive state.

(e)

WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY, The R. Hydraulic Laboratory.

L. Albrook

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. E. Roy TInney, Head, The R. L. Albrook Hydraulic Laboratory, Division of Industrial Research, Washington State University,

Pullman, Washington.

(1689) STUDY OF FLUID FLOW IN PIPE NETWORKS.

(b) Personnel responsible for the design and/or

operation of water and gas distribution

systems

.

(d) Analyses by analogue and digital computers.

(h)

(2165)

m

(a)

(e)

(h)

(2631)

m

(a)

(e)

(h)

Flow distributions have been made with the

Mcllroy Analyzer for over forty cities,

several gas systems, an air system, a gen- erator cooling system, and several other

unique systems. Losses throughout the

system are obtained. Engineers use the

analogue to design system pumps, tanks, and

piping additions or revisions. A program

has been prepared whereby some of the pro- blems not readily solvable by the Mcllroy

Analyzer can be analyzed on an IBM digital

computer.

"Network Flow Distribution Using the Mcllroy

Analyzer or IBM 650 Digital Computer, " by

C.C. Lomax, Bulletin 2V7 is available upon

request

.

THE INFLUENCE OF LOGGING OPERATIONS ON RUNOFF FROM PRECIPITATION.

Laboratory project.

Analytical with field investigation.

Analysis of the run-off from watersheds on which extensive logging has been made is being conducted to determine the correlation

between run-off and logging in regions where

the rainfall is heavy and regrowth rapid.

Paper submitted for publication.

ROCKY REACH HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

Chelan County Public Utility District No. 1. Experimental; design. A 1:75 model 109 ft by 1+0 ft has been con- structed of 7500 ft of the Columbia River to study construction phases and the opera- tion of the complete development of the

Rocky Reach site. Studies have been com- pleted on the cofferdam layouts and tests

are now underway on the operation of the

spillway and fishway entrances. In addition,

a l-.kk.y scale model of two bays of the

spillway has been constructed in a large

glass-sided flume to determine specifically

the design of baffles on the apron and skip

buckets on the ogee. Status reports to the client. Final reports

in preparation.

(2632) PRIEST RAPIDS PENSTOCK GATE STUDIES.

(b) Pacific Coast Engineering Company.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:18 model of fixed wheel intake gates for

the Priest Rapids Hydroelectric Project has

been constructed to determine the hydraulic

downpull for several lip designs. A gen- eralized study has also been made to investigate various designs of intake gates with a view toward a more economical design of

gates and gantry cranes.

(h) Final report to client.

(2633) WATER WALL FOR ATOMIC REACTORS.

(d)

(e)

(f)

(n)

Experimental; design. A 1:3 model of a large manifold has been

constructed to determine the hydraulic

stability, flow patterns, and pressure lossee' Completed.

Final report to client.

06
(2876) brownlee fish barrier.

(b) Idaho Power Company.

(e) An analytical development was pursued to determine the forces and three-dimensional

shape of a 2800 feet long and 120 feet

deep fish barrier that was built in the

Brownlee hydroelectric development reservoir. The solution of the differential

equations developed was carried out on an IBM 65O digital computer. In order to

check the theory, a 1:150 scale model of

the fish barrier was built. The model was

also used to design the anchorage system.

(f) Completed.

(h) Final report published by the Idaho Power

Company.

(2877) FISHWAY MODELS.

(b) Chelan County PUD No. 1. (d) Experimental; design.

(e) Two 1:12 scale models have been built of

the fish transportation facilities for the

Rocky Reach Hydroelectric Development.

One model is of the upper end of the ladder and orifice section of the facility

and the second model is of the trifurcatlon

at the junction of the powerhourse and

spillway

(f) Completed.

(h) Washington State Institute of Technology

Technical Report No. 9, Part II, being

printed.

(2878) HYDRODYNAMICAL STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) A mathematical analysis of segmental flip

buckets has been developed using free streamline theory. Analysis gives the

relation between the dimensions of the

bucket, the thickness of the nappe, the

face angle of the dam, and the exit angle

of the jet. Evaluation of the integrals

arising from the conformal transformation

has been made using an IBM 65O digital

computer. Experimental tests are being

conducted as part of a Master's Program.

(2879) HYDRAULICS OF LEVEL IRRIGATION.

(b) Laboratory project cooperative with the

Department of Agricultural Engineering.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) Analysis is being developed to define rate of advance and recession of the water

front on a level irrigation border taking

into account the infiltration. A tilting

flume 75 feet long, 3 feet wide and 2 feet

deep has been erected. A mechanical ap- paratus to simulate infiltration is being

installed.

(3192) ADVANCE OF A SHALLOW LIQUID FRONT DOWN A

DRY CHANNEL.

(b) National Science Foundation Grant.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic

research.

(e) Mathematical analysis of equations is

87

being conducted. Experiments will be con- ducted in a tilting flume to supplement and

verify the theoretical approach. A glass

lined tilting flume is under construction.

(3531) WANAPUM MODEL.

(b) Harza Engineering Company.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:120 scale comprehensive model has been

constructed of the Wanapum Project on the

Columbia river. Cofferdam studies have

been completed. Further tests will be con- cerned with velocity patterns and magnitudes

In the vicinities of the fish ladders and

spillway apron.

(h) Status reports to the client.

(3532) DIAMOND GARDNER MODEL.

(b) Diamond Gardner Company.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A distorted model, 1:150 horizontal scale

1:60 vertical scale, has been built of the

Pend Oreille river downstream of Albeni

Falls Dam. This model is being used to study the formation and growth of a sediment

bar in the log booming area. Further

studies will be concerned with corrective

and preventive measures to insure adequate

depth for booming operation in slack water.

(3533) N0X0N MODEL.

(b) Ebasco Services.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A flume model to a scale of 1:50 has been

constructed and tested to determine methods

of preventing excessive erosion of the

baffle teeth.

(g) Reshaping of the baffle teeth and "skip

buckets" on the spillway indicate good energy dissipation without serious erosion

of the structure or river bed and without

low pressures

(h) Report to client.

(3534) WELLS MODEL.

(b) Bechtel Corporation.

(d) Experimental; design.

( e ) A 1 : 1+5 flume model of the spillway for the

proposed Wells Dam was built and tested.

These tests of the preliminary design were

made to insure that the design was satisfactory from the standpoints of bed erosion,

spillway and pier pressures, and discharge

rating of the spillway.

(h) Report to client.

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Fisheries Research Inst.

(3535) EFFECTS OF LOGGING ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF PINK SALMON STREAMS IN ALASKA.

(b) Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Fish

and Wildlife Service.

(c) Dr. William F. Royce, Director, Fisheries

Research Institute, University of Washington,

Seattle 5 3 Washington.
(d) Field Investigation; applied research and

development; some phases master's and doctoral theses.

(e) The objectives of this program are: (l) To define patterns of physical and biological

conditions in the streams before and after

logging so that changes may he measured as logging progresses; (2) to compare patterns

of physical and biological changes between

streams being' logged and unlogged control

streams; (3) to determine immediate causes of mortality of salmon eggs and larvae and

when these causes are most operative; and,

(h) to show whether a change in environment

produced by logging will or will not alter

an immediate mortality factor during periods

when it is operative. The main work lo- cation is in the Hollis area of Southeast

Alaska where four streams are being investigated, two to be logged, two to be left

unlogged as controls. Included in the

extensive overall program are studies of:

(1) Composition of streambed materials;

(2) nature, extent and effect of gravel

movement; and, (3) permeability of stream- bed gravels.

(g) Results of preliminary studies indicate

that salmon survival depends on the extent

of gravel movement and degree of perme- ability which in turn both depend in part

on streambed composition and flow. High

mortalities of salmon eggs in two of the

study streams have been attributed to ex- tensive gravel movement caused by severe

floods. On the other hand this type of

mortality has not occurred in one of the

control streams having a more stable streambed. Extensive mortalities of salmon eggs

in the gravel have also been associated

with periods of low stream flows, when

interchange of water between stream and

streambed is reduced and dissolved oxygen

levels in the streambed are low.

(h) Progress report on file with Bureau of

Commercial Fisheries, Juneau, Alaska.

Several manuscripts of publications in

preparation.

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Charles W. Harris

Hydraulics Laboratory.

(2881+) A MODEL STUDY OF THE SPILLWAY SYSTEM FOR

THE SOUTH FORK TOLT RIVER DAM.

(b) Department of Engineering, City of Seattle.

(c) Prof. E. P. Richey, 201 More Hall, Univ.

of Washington, Seattle 5> Washington.

(d) Experimental investigation; design verification.

( e ) Morning glory shaft spillway with conduit

flowing as open channel. Horizontal and

vertical bend in same. Ending in chute

spillway standard stilling basins at end. Entire structure tested for hydraulic performance and proven satisfactory.

(f) Completed.

(g) Investigation indicated consultant's design

to be satisfactory for the most part; some minor alterations made in the interests of

economy.

(h) Report to Department of Engineering, Board j of Public Works, City of Seattle. Contact this agency for copy of report.

(3536) A MODEL STUDY OF DOWNSTREAM MIGRANT COLLEC- TION FACILITIES ON MAYFIELD DAM, COWLITZ

RIVER.

(b) City Light Company, Tacoma, Washington.

(c) Prof. E. P. Richey, 201 More Hall, Univ.

of Washington, Seattle 5, Washington.

(d) Experimental investigation; design verification and/or correction.

(e) Primary separation by Louvre screens in

power channel; fish bypassed through cascade

of vanes in pier and conducted to secondary

separator of as yet undetermined type.

(g) No significant results as yet.

(3537) FLOW VISUALIZATION ABOUT A SALMON.

(b) Salmon Fatigue Laboratory, University of

Washington, Seattle 5> Washington in coop- eration with U. S. Department of the Navy,

Naval Ordnance Test Station, China Lake,

California.

(c) Dr. Joseph C. Kent, University of Washington

Seattle 5j Washington and Mr. Wallace Allen,

NOTS, China Lake, Calif.

(d) Basic research.

(e) To photograph the pattern of turbulence

created by a fish swimming in still or moving water with use of plastic beads and

dye. To determine magnitude of drag of

flexible fish to solid bodies.

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, Hydraulics Laboratory.

(1^9) THE EFFECT OF SUBMERGENCE ON FLOW CHARAC- TERISTICS OF HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. J. R. Villemonte, Hydraulics Lab.,

Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wisconsin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and

applied research for M.S. degree.

(e) The effects of submergence on discharge of

large circular thin-plate weirs and orifices

and broad-crested weirs are being studied.

(g) General correlation equations have been de- veloped for all thin-plate weirs Parshall

Flumes, and one type of Ogee spillway.

(h) "Effect of Submergence on Petenwell Spillway Model," by M. Desmukh, M.S. Thesis,

University of Wisconsin, 1956. "Submerged Flow in Circular Weirs and Orifices," A. Achyuthan, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of

Wisconsin, 1959-

(368) DEVELOPMENT OF A FLOOD FORECASTING PROCEDURI FOR THE WISCONSIN RIVER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. A. T. Lenz, Chairman of Dept. of Civil

Engineering, University of Wisconsin.

(d) Experimental; M.S. thesis.

(e) Fundamental studies of rainfall-runoff re- : lations were made to estimate runoff values

to be used in flood forecasting by the unit j hydrograph method.

88
(f) Suspended.

(g) Six M.S. and two Ph.D. theses have been

completed and are available on loan.

(h) "Snow Melt Runoff

, " H. Zoller and A.T. Lenz, ASCE Hydro. Div. Paper 1834, November 1958.

(956) ENERGY LOSS IN LIQUID FLOW IN PIPES AND

FITTINGS UNDER HIGH PRESSURE.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the

Ladish Company, Cudahy, Wisconsin, and the

Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation.

(c) Prof. J. R. Villemonte, Hydraulics Laboratory, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wis.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search and design for B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. theses

.

(e) Energy loss measurements in straight pipes

and fittings have been completed on sizes

l/k inch to 2 inches. Pressure range

0-2500 psi, temperature range 60 to 120 °F. Reynolds number range 50 to 150,000.

(f) Suspended.

(g) If viscosity, density, and temperature

relations are known, the standard pipe

friction theory applies at high pressures.

The fitting loss constants for laminar flow

are about 3 times those for turbulent flow

when N =2000. The loss gradually reduces

to zero at N

R

=150.

(h) "Pipe Friction Loss at High Pressures,"

J.G. Slater, J.R. Villemonte, H.J. Day, ASCE Hydro Div. Proceedings Paper II63,

February 1957- "Energy Losses in Bends of Large Curvature Ratios," A. El Kough, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ.

of Wisconsin, 1957. Several B.S. and M.S. Theses.

(957) THE THERMODYNAMICS OF LIQUIDS.

(b) Laboratory project cooperative with the

Dynex Corporation, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

(c) Prof. J.R. Villemonte, Hydraulics Laboratory,

Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wis.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and

applied research for Ph.D. thesis.

(e) New equipment has been assembled to in- crease the pressure range to 10,000 psi.

The viscosity-pressure-temperature relationships for several petroleum oils will be

studied using the Gunaji high-pressure

falling sphere viscometer.

(f) Suspended.

(g) A general correlation has been developed

for the viscosity-pressure-temperature

relationships for five industrial petroleum

oils. Pressure range 0-2000 psi, temperature range 60-120°F.

(959) HYDROLOGIC INVESTIGATION OF LAKE MENDOTA

DRAINAGE BASIN.

(b) Part of a larger project entitled "Origin

and Quantities of. Algal Fertilizers Tributary to Lake Mendota." Cooperative study

sponsored by University of Wisconsin.

(c) Dr. A. T. Lenz, Chairman of Department of

Civil Engineering, University of Wisconsin,

Madison 6, Wisconsin.

(d) Field investigation; applied research for

Ph.D., M.S. theses.

551527 O - 60 - 7

( e ) Five stream gaging stations have been installed to measure tributary inflow to Lake

Mendota and Yahara River outflow. Precipitation records are being obtained from four- teen recording rain gages. Current efforts

are concentrating on publication of summary of results to date.

(f) Suspended.

(g) Three M.S. and six B.S. and two Ph.D. theses

completed, (available on loan).

(Il8l) VORTEX FLOW FROM HORIZONTAL THIN-PLATE

ORIFICES

.

(b) Wisconsin Alumni Res. Foundation and J. C. Stevens, Consulting Engr., Portland, Oregon.

(c) Prof. J.R. Villemonte, Hydraulics Laboratory,

University of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wis.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) The effects of vorticity on orifice discharge were studied over a wide range of

vorticity, head, and orifice size.

(g) A new parameter, the vortex number, was developed as the ratio of inertial and

centrifugal forces. A general correlation

procedure was also developed for estimating

discharge rates through orifices with varying degrees of vorticity.

(h) "Vortex Flow Through Horizontal Orifices,"

J.C. Stevens, R.C. Kolf, ASCE Sanitary Div.

Proceedings Paper lk6l, December 1957-

(1707) PROBLEMS OF SCOUR AT BRIDGE AND CULVERT

OPENINGS.

(b) Consolidated 's Civic Foundation, Inc. (c) Dr. A.T. Lenz, Chairman, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Univ. of Wis., Madison 6, Wis.

(d) Experimental; for M.S. and B.S. theses.

(e) Hydraulic model studies were made to determine methods of estimating probable scour pattern for a proposed structure having

certain physical site characteristics and

conditions of flow. Remedial methods were

studied at existing structures so scour will

be reduced or eliminated.

(f) Completed.

(g) Causes of scour at one location were corre- lated with topography and water levels.

Study of the design of training walls to

get better flow under the bridge structures

was completed.

(h) Three M.S. theses are available on loan.

(1709) CALIBRATION OF V-N0TCH WEIRS AT ENDS OF CULVERTS.

(b) Wisconsin Culvert Co. (c) Dr. A.T. Lenz, Chairman, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Univ. of Wis., Madison 6, Wis.

(d) Experimental; for M.S. and B.S. theses.

(e) A 90° V-notch was installed in a rectangular

flume and was used as a control for flows up to and above the top of the weir plate.

(f) Completed.

(g) Mathematical interpretation of the flows as the summation of V-notch and rectangular

weir flows was made and coefficients determined to express the total flow as a function of the head above the bottom of the

V-notch.
(h

(3538

(c

(d

(e

(s)

One B.S. thesis available on loan.

ANALOG MODELS OF GROUNDWATER FLOW.

Marathon Paper Co., Wausau, Wisconsin.

Dr. A.T. Lenz, Chairman of Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Univ. of Wis., Madison 6, Wis.

Experimental; M.S. thesis.

This problem deals with the movement of two miscible fluids- of different densities in

an aquifer - one is water and the other is a waste product from the manufacture of

paper. The problem is analyzed by utilizing an electric analog plotter and by a two-dimensional hydraulic model.

One M.S. thesis is available on loan.

(3539) THE EFFECT OF BOUNDARY ROUGHNESS AND CON- FIGURATION ON TURBULENCE LEVEL AND VELOCITY

DISTRIBUTION.

(b) Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation.

(c) Prof. J.R. Villemonte, Hydraulics Lab.,

Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wis.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search for M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) New instrumentation has been developed to measure turbulence levels in pipes and

ducts. The effects of boundary roughnesses

on the decay of extra turbulence caused by

a variety of boundary configurations is being studied.

(35^0) MODEL STUDIES OF PUMP INLET STRUCTURES.

(b) Wisconsin Alumni Res. Foundation in coopera- tion with the Government of West Bengal,

India.

(c) Prof. J.R. Villemonte, Hydraulic Laboratory,

University of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wis.

(d) Experimental; design for M.S. thesis.

(e) A l/l6-scale model of the inlet structure

for one of four axial flow pumps at the

Uttarbhag Pumping Station (Sonarpur, India)

has been made. Studies of inlet flow patterns and pressure coefficients for a wide

variety of flow situations are being made

for the purpose of reducing the cavitation

threshold.

(35^1) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CIRCULAR SEDI- MENTATION BASINS.

(b) National Institute of Health, Washington,

D. C. (c) Prof. G. A. Rohlich and Prof. J. R. Villemonte, Hydraulics Laboratory, Univ. of

Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wisconsin.

(d) Experimental; basic research and design

for M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) A versatile, transparent, 6-ft dia. cylindrical basin has been constructed which

will permit model studies at depth to diameter ratios of O.67 to O.O83. Flow

patterns and dispersion characteristics

will be observed over a wide range of overflow rates. New instrumentation for measuring small velocities and dispersion

functions are being developed.

(35^2) RESEARCH ON FLOW IN CULVERTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. J.G. Woodburn, Prof, of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wis.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; design; M. S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) Hydraulic characteristics of a variety of

culvert models will be studied, with

particular attention to the location of

critical depth under various conditions of

inlet and discharge control.

WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Alden Hydraulic

Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Prof. L.J. Hooper, Director, Alden

Hydraulic Laboratory, Worcester Polytechnic Inst., Worcester 9> Mass.

(1963) METER CALIBRATION.

(b) Foxboro Company.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Laboratory calibration of various sizes

from l" to 36" diameter magnetic flow meters

(2^11) METER CALIBRATION.

(b) Foster Engineering Company.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Laboratory calibration of various sizes

from 2" to 2k" diameter.

(2638) METER CALIBRATION.

(b) Penn Instrument Div. -Burgess-Manning Co. (d) Experimental; for design.

( e ) Calibration of both open flow nozzles and

venturi meters from 6" to 30" diameter

pipe.

(2897) ELRAMA POWER PLANT.

(b) Stone and Webster Engineering Corp.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A distorted model with vertical scale of

1/90 and horizontal scale of 1/30 was con- structed of a section of the Monongahela

River upstream and downstream of the power

plant. Velocity distribution in the area of the intake and outlet as well as heat

transfer characteristics of the river were

determined.

(f) Completed.

(2890) NEW JERSEY ZINC COMPANY.

(b) Albright and Friel, Inc.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1/250 horizontal scale and l/80 vertical

scale model of a section of the Delaware

River was constructed to study the flow

pattern in the area of the New Jersey Zinc

plant

.

(f) Completed.

(2891) PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD.

(b) Pennsylvania Railroad,

(d) Experimental; for design.

90
(e) A 1/200 horizontal scale and a l/60 ver- tical scale model of a section of the

Delaware River was constructed. The flow

pattern in the river near the Pennsylvania

Railroad pier was studied.

(f) Completed.

(3202) NIAGARA POWER PROJECT (PASSNY).

(b) Uhl, Hall and Rich.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1/50 scale model of a section of the

Niagara River has been reproduced including the area for the water intakes for the

development. The model intakes were duplicated along with gate structures and the two underground conduits leading to the

outlet structure at the power canal. The power canal along with the Tuscarora pump- generating station and the Lewiston power

station were represented. Studies of water

level in canal and conduit for various

operating conditions were made.

(f) Completed.

(35^3) NIAGARA POWER PROJECT ( PASSNY).

(b) Uhl, Hall and Rich.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(c) Prof. L. J. Hooper.

(e) A l/25 scale model of a section of one power conduit plus the gate structure has

been installed in the 3 ft glass sided

flume. A model gate and model stop logs

have been fabricated. Tests will be con- ducted of the planned conduit filling

operation during which the dynamic forces

on the stop logs will be measured.

(g) Test in progress.

(35^) SWING CHECK VALVES.

(b) Atwood and Morrill Company.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests including determination of pressure

drop, leakage, disc orientation were con- ducted on a variety of valves varying in

nominal size from 2 inch to 16 inch.

(g) Tests in progress.

(35^5) HYDRAULIC CYCLONE.

(b) Bird Machine Company.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Evaluation of the percentage break up of

the flow between accepts and rejects in a cyclone type separator were determined.

The character of the flow in the three different flow sections was also analyzed,

(g) Tests in Progress.

(35J+6) SUN OIL COMPANY - SINCLAIR REFINING COMPANY.

(b) Bird Machine Company.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l/lOO horizontal scale and 1/50 vertical

scale model of a section of the Delaware

River was constructed to study the flow

pattern in the river area adjacent to structures owned and operated by Sun Oil

Company and Sinclair Refining Company.

(35V7) TRONERAS PROJECT.

(b) Gannett, Fleming, Corddry and Carpenter,

Incorporated.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l/43 scale model of a diversion tunnel

intake has been constructed along with a section of the Guadalupe River upstream of

the intake. The flow pattern for a range of expected flows will be studied. In addition flow studies and pressure measurements

in the intake structure are to be made,

(g) Model under construction.

(35^8) OTISCO DAM.

(b) O'Brien and Gere.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1/20 scale model of a section of the

river bed including the old, new and re- built spillways have been constructed. It

is proposed to study the flow pattern over the new spillway plus emergency channels

with a view to locating guide walls, gate

structures, spilling pool boundaries and a section of highway.

(g) Test in progress.

( 35^9 ) PEIXOTO H.E.D.

(b) Ebasco International.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l/70 scale model of a section of the Rio

Grande River in Brazil was duplicated. In addition three structures comprising the

powerhouse, arch dam and spillway for the

development were installed. The purpose of

the test program was to study the flow

pattern from the spillway and powerhouse in

order to determine adequate protection for

the upstream river banks

(f) Tests completed.

91
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE , AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division.

EASTERN SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT RESEARCH BRANCH.

Runoff and Erosion Control Section .

(1966) IMPROVED SYSTEMS FOR CONTROL OF RUNOFF AND

EROSION.

(b) Cooperative with the following state Agricultural Experiment Stations and other

agencies for use throughout the 31 Eastern

States: Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa,

Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New York, Wisconsin. Some

studies under this project are reported in more detail as cooperative research under

the respective states.

(c) Dr. L. B. Nelson, Eastern Soil and Water

Management Research Branch, Plant Industry

Station, Beltsville, Maryland.

(d) Experimental and field investigation, both

"basic and applied for development and

design.

( e ) The purpose of these studies is to obtain

fundamental information on the mechanics

of rainfall runoff and erosion, to determine the effects of the basic factors —

climatic, topographic, soil and cover on runoff and soil loss, and to evaluate various soil and water management practices

from the standpoint of runoff and erosion

control in the humid region. Erosion con- trol practices including terracing and

strip cropping are developed and improved

to function effectively in the present day

multiple-row-power system of farming. The

relationships and evaluations secured from

the studies are combined into equations or

graphs for estimating runoff and individual

field soil loss for use in the design of

conservation farm plans and in determining

probable sediment production for use in

watershed protection programs . The work

is carried on in laboratory and fractional

acre plot studies and on primary unit

watersheds. Both meteorological and hydrological measurements are made. The basic

data are assembled in a central statistical

laboratory for placement on punch cards

for machine and graphical correlation

analysis

.

(g) Work continued on evaluation of factors in

a universal soil loss prediction equation.

Rainfall erosion Indices and their monthly

distribution curves have been computed for

150 locations in the U.S. where rainfall

erosion is serious. Crop-management fac- tors for use in the equation have been

evaluated from existing data for 108 crop cover-management combinations . Additional

runoff and soil loss data were secured

from fractional acre plots under both

natural and simulated rainfall.

(h) "How Intense Rainfall Affects Runoff and

Soil Erosion," A. P. Barnett, Agr. Engin.,

Vol. 39, No. 11, pp. 703-707 711, Nov. 1958. "Influence of the Coarse Fraction in Two

Maine Potato Soils on Infiltration, Runoff

and Erosion," W.J. Grant and R. A.

Struchtemeyer, SSSA Proceedings 23, No. 5, pp. 391-39^, September-October 1959-

"The Effect of Farming Across Terraces with

Straight Row Field Operations," B.A. Jones,

R.E. Burwell, H.B. Atkinson, R.C. Hay, and

C.A. Van Doren, Transactions ASAE 2, No. 1, pp. 115-117, 119, 1959- "Agricultural Drought in New England," R.S. Palmer, New Hampshire Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech.

Bui. 97, December 1958. "Highway Erosion Control in N.W. Georgia,

E.C. Richardson, E.G. Diseker, and B. H. Hendrickson, Soil Conservation, USDA, Vol.

2k, pp. 2kk-2k$, October 1958.

"A Rainfall Erosion Index for a Universal

Soil-Loss Equation," W.H. Wischmeier, Soil

Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 23, pp. 2^9-250, May- June 1959.

U. S. SALINITY LABORATORY.

(26) DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS IN COACHELLA VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.

See University of California, College of

Agriculture, Division of Irrigation and

Soils, page 6.

(2172) MOVEMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER AND

SALTS IN UNSATURATED SOIL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. L.A. Richards, Post Office Box 672,

Riverside, California.

(d) Field investigations; basic research,

(f) Suspended, discontinued.

(h) "Solutions of the Flow Equation for the

Drying of Soils and Other Porous Media,

W.R. Gardner, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 23: 183-187, 1959- "Transpiration of Alfalfa Determined from

Soil Water Content Changes, " Gen Ogata,

L.A. Richards and W.R. Gardner, Soil Science

1959-

(2173) EVAPORATION FROM FIELD SOILS IN THE PRES- ENCE OF A WATER TABLE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Ronald C. Reeve, P.O. Box 672, Riverside, California.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A study that is being conducted at selected

field sites to develop a reliable method

for measuring evaporation from soils in the

field and to determine the applicability of

the theory for evaporation from soils in

the presence of a water table to the solution of field problems

.

(26i+8) EVALUATION OF THE LEACHING REQUIREMENT THEORY FOR CONTROLLING SOIL SALINITY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R.C. Reeve, U.S. Salinity Laboratory,

P. 0. Box 672, Riverside, California.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Involves the measurement of both inflow and

outflow of both water and salt from soil

columns in lysimeters In which crops are grown under varying water table depths and

irrigation regimes. To test the validity

92
of the leaching requirement theory for con- trolling soil salinity and to determine the

effects of soil salinity and water table

conditions on the growth of crops.

(g) Experimental results add support to the

leaching requirement theory.

(2900) ENTRY OF WATER INTO SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. W.R. Gardner^ P. 0. Box 672, Riverside,

California.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) The diffusion equation is applied to the movement of water into soil. The effect of water content and soil properties on intake

rates Is determined. The influence of ex- changeable sodium and salinity of irrigation water is also included.

(h) "The Effect of Electrolyte Concentration

and Exchangeable Sodium Percentage on the

Diffusivity of Water in Soil," W.R. Gardner,

M.S. Mayhugh, J.O. Goertzen, and C.A. Bower,

(submitted for publication).

WATERSHED TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH BRANCH.

(150) EXPERIMENTAL WATERSHEDS STUDIES.

(b) Cooperative with State Agricultural Experi- ment Stations, Soil Conservation Service,

U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Univ. of Iowa,

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory,

University of Idaho, Central and Southern

Florida Flood Control District, and the

Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company.

(c) Mr. Louis M. Glymph, Jr., Watershed Tech. Research Branch, Plant Industry Station,

Beltsville, Maryland.

(d) Experimental; field and laboratory; for

design and planning of watershed protection

and flood prevention projects, upstream

structures, and farm water disposal systems.

(e) The purpose of the studies is to develop

procedures for predicting flood runoff and water yield from ungaged upstream watersheds. Studies are carried out on watersheds ranging in size from 1 to 75 , 000 acres. In addition to rainfall and runoff measurements, studies are made of evapotranspiration, moisture storage and transmission

through the soil, accretion and movement of

groundwater, hydrologic effect of physiography, and ground surface conditions,

vegetal covers and soils and geology, and

the effect of conservation farming on runoff, erosion and the hydrologic performance

of underlying aquifers. Hydrologic records

are being obtained on some 153 watersheds

at: Safford and Tombstone, Arizona; Ft. Lauderdale and Vero Beach, Florida; Watkinsville, Georgia; Monticello, Illinois; Iowa

City, Iowa; College Park and Hagerstown,

Maryland; East Lansing, Michigan; Oxford,

Mississippi; McCredie, Missouri; Hastings,

Nebraska; High Point, North Carolina;

Newell, South Dakota; Albuquerque and Santa

Rosa, New Mexico; Cohocton and Dutchess

County, New York; Coshocton, Ohio; Stillwater, Oklahoma; Riesel (Waco), Texas; Blacksburg, Virginia; Moorefield, West

Virginia; Colby, Fennimore and La Crosse,

Wisconsin; Montpelier, Vermont. Other

studies include analysis and interpretation

of accumulated records and the Cooperative Water Yield Procedures Study at Lincoln,

Nebraska by Soil Conservation Service, Bureau of Reclamation and Agricultural

Research Service to develop methods for

estimating the effect of watershed treat- ment upon yields of stream flow,

(g) Summarization for a document, "Selected

Runoff Events," for approximately 60 watersheds is in process. It will give precipitation and runoff detail for selected storm runoff events on each of the watersheds.

The detailed data for substantially all

other watersheds is available to all users

at the offices of the various project locations. A major experimental watershed is being established in the Pacific Northwest

with headquarters at Boise, Idaho. The

selection of an experimental watershed of

about 50 sq. mi. in area is under way. At Riesel, Texas, for the Blackland's soils

and land use, antecedent soil moisture has

been shown to be of major importance in

defining the precipitation-runoff relationship. The functional relationships developed are being tested for estimating volumes

of storm runoff from large, mixed cover watersheds

.

Procedures have been developed for synthesizing storm hydrographs for the Claypan

Prairies from the data for Edwardsville,

Illinois watersheds. Computed hydrographs

have been found to agree well with observed

hydrographs. Claypan Prairie data from

small watersheds in Ohio and Missouri have

been found to follow the same principles

developed in Illinois. Analyses of flow

recession curves for runoff data at Ft

.

Lauderdale, Florida indicate three distinct

types of flow: surface flow, inter-litter

flow, and subsurface flow. Analytical procedures are being developed for separating

the three components of flow from observed

storm hydrographs. Studies at Coshocton,

Ohio have also indicated several components

of storm flow. Lysimeters data at Ft. Lauderdale', Florida have indicated that

depth to the free water surface is an important factor influencing watershed reten- tion and riparian uses of stream flow. Lysimeter and groundwater well elevations

at Coshocton, Ohio indicate that depth of

plant rooting affects watershed retention.

Lysimeter studies also indicated that evapo- ration from the soil is almost equal in

magnitude to transpiration by a crop. Studies of streamflow data from four small

upland agricultural watersheds at Coshocton,

Ohio showed that annual streamflow from a

i+^-acre watershed converted from cultivation

to farm woods has decreased by over five

inches annually after 20 years while annual

streamflow from cultivated watersheds on which conservation practices were installed

was reduced by a little more than one inch.

Also at Coshocton, Ohio, data from small

single cover watersheds were analyzed for effects of land use and treatment on sur- face runoff amount . From a watershed of

93
abandoned and eroded cropland which has

been converted to woodland in 1939, "the amount of surface runoff has heen greatly

reduced. For crop-rotation land, over a complete U-year rotation of corn-wheatmeadow-meadow on well drained soil, the

total surface flow was reduced hy four

inches hy a treatment of contour tillage,

improved fertility, and deep-rooted legume.

When compared to prevailing practices of

straight-row farming, fairly low fertility,

and shallow-rooted meadow crop this was a

k6 percent reduction. The greatest part

of this reduction was in the corn season.

On slowly permeable soils there was no overall runoff reduction for the crop rota- tion cycle, although there was a reduction

in the corn season. Analysis of lysimeter

percolation data at Coshocton, Ohio indi- cates how several levels of crop management

affect contributions to groundwater. After

19 years the lysimeters managed for high

crop yields are percolating about two inches

less than the lysimeters managed for average crop yields. From another set of lysimeters, annual percolation was on the average five inches less from a deep-rooted

alfalfa-brome cover than from a shallowrooted blue grass cover. A study of ground water depletion curves at Coshocton, Ohio

showed that ground water flow past the stream gage before improved agricultural

practices or tree planting was more sus- tained than it was in the period after es- tablishment of a complete cover. Ground water well records in the wooded watershed

showed a general decline of about one inch per year, coincident with the conversion

from shallow-rooted grass to deep-rooted

trees. A study of average annual amounts of streamflow versus size of drainage area

for the Coshocton area indicated that much

of the infiltration on small upland water- (1723

sheds recurred as streamflow at downstream

points. Average annual yield tended to become a constant for larger drainage areas regardless of size. The Cooperative Water Yield Procedures Study was continued. The

objective of the study is to devise methods (b for estimating the effects of land use and

treatment on stream flow of both small

watersheds and major basins. A vast amount of literature has been reviewed and data (

c

analyzed, but the work is not yet completed.

Plans are underway to obtain geologic information pertinent to the accretion and (d movement of groundwater on selected watersheds over the nation where hydrologic (e

records are currently maintained. This

geologic information is needed on a range

of watershed sizes and geologic formations

to determine the conformation and lateral

extent of underlying aquifers and to determine the cross section of water bearing

alluvial deposits for use in the design and

interrelation of groundwater observations

toward a more complete determination of

total water yield as related to watershed

treatment

.

(h) "Evaluation of Agricultural Hydrology by

Monolith Lysimeters," L.L. Harrold and

F.R. Dreibelbis, USDA Tech. Bui. No. 1179,

9h

1958. "Effects of Vegetation on Soil Moisture,"

L.L. Harrold, Trans. Amer. Soc. Agr. Engr.,

Vol. 1, No. 1, 1958. "Determination of Peak Discharge -Frequency

Relationships for Streams Within a Selected Area in California," E.L. Neff and P.C. Sheffer, Watershed Technology Research

Branch, ARS-Ul-32, September 1959. "Discussion of 'Factors Affecting Evaporation from Plants and Soils'", C.B. Tanner,

Jour, of Soil and Water Conserv., Sept. 1957- A.L. Sharp, Jour, of Soil and Water

Conserv., Vol. Ik, No. 2, pp. 78-79, March

1959- "Prediction of Soil Moisture from Rainfall

and Pan Evaporation Records," M.A. Hartman,

R.W. Baird, J.B. Pope and W.G. Khisel. Pre- sented to Assoc. Southern Agr. Workers,

Memphis, Term., Feb. 1959- "Problems Involved in Determining the Ef- fects of Land Use and Treatment on Water Yields," A.L. Sharp, A.E. Gibbs, and W. J. Owen. Paper presented at Amer. Geophy.

Union, Washington, D.C., May 1959- "Runoff - How Fast and How Much, " J. B. Burford and J.H. Lillard, Soil Conservation,

Vol. 2k, pp. 8I-83, November 1958. "Transpiration Evaluation on Plastic-covered

Lysimeters in Corn," L.L. Harrold, D.B. Peters, F.R. Dreibelbis, and J.L. McGuinnes,

Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proceedings, Vol. 23,

No. 2, pp. 17^-178, March-April, 1959. "Effects of Land Use on Seasonal Streamflow

Amounts," D.L. Brakenslek and C.R. Amerman,

pending publication transactions, Amer. Soc. of Ag. Eng.

"Selecting the Water Year for Small Agricultural Watersheds," D.L. Brakenslek,

Trans. Am. Soc. of Agr. Engr., Vol. 2, No.

1, pp. 5-8, 1959-

) THE HYDRAULICS OF CONSERVATION STRUCTURES.

See St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory

Projects Nos. Ill, 1168, 1929, 2386 and

2860.

) Cooperative with the Oklahoma and Minnesota

Agricultural Experiment Stations, with St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, and

Illinois State Water Survey, Urbana, 111.

) Mr. Louis M. Glymph, Jr., Watershed Technology Research Branch, Plant Industry Sta- tion, Beltsville, Maryland.

) Experimental; applied research for develop- ment and design.

) Research dealing with the design, construction, and testing of structures for controlling and conserving soil and water are car- ried out under this project. Field studies

are made to determine the causes of deterioration of drainage ditches, terrace outlets,

and hydraulic structures that have failed

in service. Laboratory experiments in

methods of preventing such deterioration

are supplemented by field tests of those measures of devices that appear promising.

At the Stillwater, Oklahoma Outdoor Hydraulic Laboratory tests are being made to establish friction coefficients of various

vegetative linings for use in the Manning
channel flow formula, the hydraulics of

trash racks on drop spillways are under

study, and studies are being continued on

the use of highway culverts for measuring

flow rates. At the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory studies were continued

on the capacity and performance of the hood

inlet to the closed conduit spillway and

studies were initiated on the hydraulic

design characteristics of anti-vortex de- vices for drop spillways. Cooperative

studies on drop inlets were continued with

the Illinois State Water Survey at Urbana,

Illinois

At the St. Anthony Falls Laboratory at Minneapolis, Minn, an electronic computer

program was developed to facilitate the

analysis of the voluminous data that has

been collected from tests of the hood inlet

to permit the ready determination of opti- mum dimensions for desired hydraulic performance. General regression equations

for performance of tile junctions were de- veloped and these equations, together with

theoretical equations, have been applied

in the analyses. Indications are that the

junction energy loss for many agricultural

drainage systems will be so small that it can be neglected. Results indicate that

the junction between a main and a lateral

can be made In the simplest manner and at the most convenient angle without introducing significant losses. At Stillwater,

Oklahoma, full scale tests were made of

the hydraulic characteristics of deck

grating as an anti -vortex platform for a closed conduit spillway. Both clear water

and trash-laden flows were used. Debris

accumulation on the grating during pipe

flow reduced the discharge capacity by 50 percent. Model studies are underway to develop improved design for a debris guard

to be used with a solid table top anti- vortex device. Investigations of the magnitude of retardance coefficients for row

crops in diversion terraces were made for a variety of row crops. Data processing

is underway.

At the St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, model

studies were made to assist in the design

and flow rating of flumes for construction

in the relatively steep channel system of

the Sleepers River Watershed in Vermont. Both the capacity and performance of these

weirs were found to be affected considerably by the roughness of the approach channel. The general form of the rating curve was determined using various model roughness. The applicable rating of the weir

will be determined by field measurements. A flow measuring flume was designed and

tested at Stillwater, Oklahoma for use in

Walnut Gulch near Tombstone, Arizona.

Model studies showed that the flume con- trolled the flow, that hydraulic heads

could be measured in the throat of the

flume, and that a satisfactory rating

would be developed. A V-notch weir was designed for installation at the upstream

end of highway culverts for Virginia hydrologic studies. The combined weir and

culvert constitute a flow measuring device

of satisfactory accuracy. The structure was calibrated by model studies for both

clean entrance conditions and for sand deposit conditions. The hydraulics of the

table top anti -vortex baffle when used with

a two-way entry to the drop inlet type

spillway will be studied in models at the

St. Anthony Falls Laboratory. Air flow will

be used instead of water on some phases of

the study to speed up the investigations.

Various designs for debris guards on spill- ways will be developed, tested, and rated

and studies of the hydraulic performance of

vegetated spillways and waterways will be

continued at the Stillwater, Oklahoma Out- door Hydraulics Laboratory,

(h) "Discussion of 'Flow Through Circular Weirs'," J.C. Stevens, Proceedings American Society

of Civil Engineers, Paper 1^55, Vol. 83, No. HY 6 > December 1957, F.W. Blaisdell, Proc

of Hydr. Div. ASCE, Vol. 8^, June 1958. "Retardance Coefficients for Row Crops in

Diversion Terraces," W.O. Ree, Transactions

of American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1958. "Tests of a Closed Conduit Spillway Debris

Guard and Anti-Vortex Baffle, " W. 0. Ree

and W. R. Gwinn, WTRB, SWCKD, Research Re- port No. 313, Oct. 1958. "Discussion of 'Some Experiments with

Emergency Siphon Spillways 1 , Warren McBirney,

Proceedings of Hydraulics Division, American

Society of Civil Engineers, Paper No. 1807,

October 1958, " by F. W. Blaisdell and H. W. Humphreys, Proceedings of Hydr. Div. ASCE,

Vol. 85, pp. 103, April 1959.

(2175) SEDIMENTATION IN RESERVOIRS, STREAMS AND

VALLEYS.

See also Colorado State University Project

No. 3^02, page 22, California Institute of

Technology Project No. 2"jk8, page k, and

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Project No. 3089 page k6.

(b) Cooperative with State Agricultural Experi- ment Stations in Mississippi, Nebraska and New York, with the University of Mississippi

and with Massachusetts Institute of Tech.

at Boston, Mass.

(c) Mr. Louis M. Glymph, Jr., Watershed Tech. Research Branch, Plant Industry Station,

Beltsville, Maryland.

(d) Experimental; field and laboratory.

(e) Field and laboratory studies are made to determine sediment sources in watersheds,

the character and amount of sediment car- ried out of watersheds, the nature and

rate of movement in channels, the nature

and rate of streambank erosion, and the nature and rate of deposition of sediment

in channels, on flood plains and in reser- voirs and harbors. Field studies generally

are confined to watersheds of less than 100

square miles in area. Evaluation studies

are made of various types of control measures to determine their effectiveness in

reducing sedimentation damages. The work

is oriented to supply information for planning and design of watershed treatment programs in connection with soil conservation

95
and flood prevention work. Studies are

"being carried on from field headquarters at Oxford, Miss.; Lincoln and Hastings, Nebr.;

and East Aurora, New York,

(g) At Riesel, Texas, analysis of data collected in the 1938 to 1943 period indicate an annual gross erosion rate ranging from 7-3 to 9-4 tons per acre on areas of 5900 to 21 acres respectively at the Blacklands Ex- perimental Watershed. The measured sedi- ment from the same areas varied from 1.3 to

6.4 tons per acre with an average sediment

deliver ratio of ahout 0.35- A decrease in

sediment delivery ratio with increasing

drainage area size was indicated. An analysis of soil loss records for 3 acre plots in the Riesel watershed study area

indicates that the sediment production is

3 times larger from cotton cropped areas than from oat cropped areas. Sediment investigations of stock water

ponds in the Walnut Gulch watershed of

Arizona have indicated annual sediment

yields varying from 0.55 to 1.55 tons per

acre with variations depending upon soil

types, drainage slopes, and rainfall and

runoff. The drainage areas involved range

from 18 to 376 acres. In the Republican River drainage "basin near

Hastings, Nebr., two watersheds in the 400- acre size class have "been studied. One area was farmed using conventional straight row methods and the other using recommended

conservation practices on a portion of the

watershed. In calendar year 1958 sediment

yield for the conventional watershed was

3.0 tons per acre and 2.6 tons per acre from the area using recommended conserva- tion practices. Reduction in yield de- creases with increasing storm activity. In the Pigeon Roost Creek watershed, near

Oxford, Miss., two years of detailed data

collection indicate gross erosion rates varying from 6.5 to 20.3 tons per acre (of

which ahout 20 percent is from gully ero- sion) from drainage areas ranging from

114 to 17,980 acres. Cultivation within

the areas varies from 3 to 29 percent

.

Available data indicates that unmeasured

sediment load in Pigeon Roost Creek varies

from 8 percent to 34 percent of the total

transport, depending upon station location,

and averages about 20 percent. A study of

data for the Medicine Creek watershed of

Nebraska, between 1951 and 1958, is being

made to develop methods of predicting longtime sediment yields. Preliminary results

indicate that the flow-duration, sedimentrating curve approach is a promising one although continuing study by regression

analysis may indicate other more applicable

procedures.

At Coshocton, Ohio, 3 years of observation

of the effects of the plow-plant system on

soil loss in lieu of conventional plowing

and tillage operations indicate that the

peak rates of runoff and the amount of soil

loss per acre is much less from the flowplant watershed.

A study of deposition in flood retarding

reservoirs in the loessial hills area of

Nebraska, Iowa, and Kansas, has led to the

development of a method for predicting sedi- ment distribution and relation between sedi- ment depth and outlet sill elevation. It is planned to expand this study to other

areas utilizing resurvey data supplied by

the Soil Conservation Service.

Studies in Miss, have established the existence of a discontinuity in stage -discharge

relationships on some sand bed channels

which is related to bed configuration. The

flow at a given stage may be double at one time what it is at another depending upon

the flow resistance which is in turn related

to the stream bed configuration (dune, antidune, plane). Analysis of the average bed

elevations, as obtained by cross-section measurements during the past two years, do not indicate any significant change with

time

.

On Buffalo Creek near East Aurora, New York

an effort to qualitatively delineate the intensity of the attack or shear stress placed

on the bank by water movement around the

outside of a stream bend is continuing. An interpretation of aerial photographs and stream cross sections of Buffalo Creek has

led to the development of some generalized

concepts of bend erosion in relation to the

area of maximum anticipated scour. Studies

at Stillwater, Okla., on greased waterways

are indicating incompatibility between the

velocity and tractive force stability parameters. Extension of the studies are also

being made to evaluate the applicability of

previously established permissible velocity

criteria for vegetated waterways when applied to grassed spillway design. Preliminary re- sults involving the study of vegetative

planting row direction indicate that no difference in rilling action occurred in the

lengthwise and crosswise rows. It was further observed that cover density had the

greatest effect on rilling.

At Oxford, Miss, a resurvey of a channel

reach below Powerline Dam on East Goose Creek has shown that in a 65OO foot channel

length scour in the amount of 21,300 cu. yds. has occurred between 1951 and 1958 with

a channel slope reduction from O.OO56 to 0.0044 and no noticeable change in the mean

size of bed material. The new Sedimentation

Laboratory at Oxford, Miss, includes two

sediment transport flumes for studying the

mechanics of sediment movement and deposition. Close coordination between laboratory

and field findings will be maintained,

(h) "Sedimentation Research in the Loess Hills

and Terraces of the Lower Mississippi

Basin, " Russell Woodburn, Soil Conservation,

Vol. 24, pp. 174-178, March 1959- "Discontinuous Rating Curves for Pigeon

Roost and Cuffawa Creeks in Northern Mississippi," Bruce R. Colby, WTRB, SWCRD, in

cooperation with University of Mississippi

and Mississippi State University, ARS-41-36. "Measurement of Boundary Shear Stress in an Open Channel Curve with a Surface Pitot

Tube," R. H. Nece, C. A. Givler, and P. A. Drinker, Technical Note No. 6, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Mass. Institute of Tech.,

August 1959« (Prepared under Contract No. 12-14-100-2590 (4l).

96
"Observations of Flood Flow Effects on Chan- nel Boundaries , " D.A. Parsons, paper pre- sented at Meeting of ASCE, Cleveland, Ohio,

May 1+-8, 1959-

WESTERN SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT RESEARCH BRANCH.

(151) LINING OF IRRIGATION CANALS AND RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project, Agricultural Research

Service, Utah State University, and Bureau

of Reclamation cooperating.

(c) Dr. C.W. Lauritzen, Soil Scientist, Agricultural Research Service, Utah State Univ.,

101 Engineering Building, Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) Linings for irrigation canals and reser- voirs are being tested to develop more

effective and lower cost methods of reducing seepage losses in irrigation systems.

The investigation includes : ( 1 ) Evaluation

of physical properties of lining materials;

(2) model testing of linings in an outdoor

laboratory; and (3) field testing at se- lected sites to determine relative durability under varying subgrade and climatic

conditions

(g) A prefabricated asphalt -hurlap lining has

been developed which appears to be superior

to in-place built-up lining of the same materials. Installation techniques are being devised and a "heat sealed" joint

which is very satisfactory has been developed. Surface coatings to protect the

asphalt and various mildew proofing treat- ments for the burlap are "being investigated.

Test installations have been made in three

different climatic regions-.

(h) "Asphalt -hurlap Linings for Canals and

Reservoirs," C.W. Lauritzen and F.W. Haws,

Amer. Soc. Agric. Eng. Jour., h0:6, 3h0-

3kk, June 1959. "Plastic Film Linings," C.W. Lauritzen,

Crops and Soils (in press).

"Types and Characteristics of Linings used

in Irrigation Canals," C.W. Lauritzen,

Irrigation Engineering and Maintenance (in press )

(2177) WATER REQUIREMENTS IN THE IRRIGATED AREAS OF THE WEST.

(b) Field project of the Western Soil and Water Management Research Branch, ARS-SWC,

U.S. Department of Agriculture in coopera- tion with Western State Agricultural Colleges, State Engineers, and Soil Conserva- tion Service.

(c) Dr. Howard R. Haise, Soil Scientist, Agricultural Research Service, P.O. Box 758, Fort Collins, Colorado, or Harry F. Blaney,

Irrigation Engineer, Agricultural Research

Service, 1131 Bartlett Building, 215 West Seventh Street, Los Angeles, California.

(d) Field experiments and office analysis.

(e) (l) To determine the consumptive use of water hy agricultural crops and native

vegetation and water requirements for irrigated crops. (2) To compile and prepare

for publication available data relating to irrigation requirements and consumptive

use as determined by field experiments.

(3) To estimate water requirements from

climatological and other data.

(f) Investigation has been underway for several years and has not been completed.

(g) Monthly rates of consumptive use and water

requirements have been estimated and pro- visional reports are prepared for western

states . These values have been computed hy

the Blaney-Criddle formula, u = kf, where

(u) is the monthly consumptive use in inches,

(k) is a monthly empirical coefficient based

on experimental measurements and (f) is a monthly factor determined from the product

of monthly mean temperatures by percent of

daytime hours

(h) "Monthly Consumptive Use of Water hy Irrigated Crops and Natural Vegetation, " Harry

F. Blaney, Extraits - Assemblee Generale de

Toronto, 1957 (Gentbrugge, Belgium 1958)

pp. 431-439 illus., Intern. Union Geodesy

Geophys., Vol. II, pp. 1+12-^22, 1958. "Monthly Consumptive Use Requirements for

Irrigated Crops," Harry F. Blaney. Paper

No. 1963* Journ. Irrig. and Drainage Div.,

Amer. Soc. Civil Eng. Proc, Vol. §5:IR,

1-12, March 1959

"Determining Irrigation Requirements from

Consumptive Use Water Rates," Harry F. Blaney. Proc, V Intern. Contress of Agric.

Eng., Brussels, Belgium, 1958.

(2179) EVAPORATION AND CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY AND

ADJACENT AREA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Div.

of Water Resources, State of California;

and the Corps of Engineers, San Francisco

Bay District, U.S. Army.

(c) Mr. Dean C. Muckel, Irrigation Engineer,

P. 0. Box 180, Berkeley, California.

(d) Field investigation.

( e ) To determine rates of evaporation from fresh water surfaces, the consumptive use of fresh water by marshland vegetation (tules and

cattails), and the consumptive use of water hy salt grass at varying depths to water

table in the San Francisco Bay and adjacent

areas

(f) Field work terminated.

(h) Final report to Corps of Engineers (in press).

(2180) EVAPORATION LOSSES FROM RESERVOIRS AND LAKES.

(h) Field project of Western Soil and Water

Management Research Branch, ARS-SWC, U. S. Department of Agriculture, in cooperation

with State of California County Flood Con- trol Districts and cities.

(c) Mr. Harry F. Blaney, Irrigation Engineer,

Agricultural Research Service, 11 31 Bartlett

Building, 215 West Seventh Street, Los Angeles, California.

(d) Experimental; measurements and compilation

and analysis of data.

(e) To determine evaporation losses from reservoirs and lakes in California and compile

and prepare for publication reliable evapo- ration and related data measured since 19^-5 in cooperation with the State of California,

Department of Water Resources. Field measurements are being made in cooperation with

97
the State and local agencies on 20 stations

,

ranging from 100 feet above sea level in

coastal areas in Southern California to

9 j 200 feet in the Sierra-Nevada Mountains

in Central California.

(g) Monthly evaporation from pans, temperature,

humidity, wind movement, and precipitation

are being compiled and analyzed for the

various stations.

Evaporation from Lakes ' surface is being

computed by reduction factors. In the

mountain areas records are being kept at Shaver Lake (elevation 5*376 feet); Hunt- ington Lake (elevation 6,95^- feet); Ver- million Lake ( elevation 1, 300 feet);

Florence Lake (elevation 7j3^5 feet); Kaiser

Pass (elevation 9^19^ feet). California

State Bulletin 5^-B, "Evaporation from Water Surfaces in California (A Summary of Pan Records and Coefficients 1881-1954),"

is being revised as California State Bulletin No. 73 by Harry F. Blaney and Dean C. Muckel

.

(h) "Evaporation from Free Water Surfaces at High Altitudes," Harry F. Blaney, Paper

No. 2925, Amer. Soc. Civil Engr., Trans.,

Vol. 123, p. 385, 1958.

(2l8l) STORAGE OF WATER UNDERGROUND FOR IRRIGATION

IN CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory and field project.

(c) Mr. Leonard Schiff, Hydraulic Engineer,

Agricultural Research Service, 48l6 East Shields Avenue, Fresno 3> California.

(d) Experimental; laboratory and field investigations, applied research.

(e) To efficiently store and use underground

water in quantity and of a quality needed

in various locations. The objectives are:

(1) To determine the1 physical and chemical

characteristics of surface soil and sub- strata on selected sites and to relate

these characteristics to infiltration and

percolation rates and to lateral flow;

(2) to determine the feasibility of re- charge irrigation ( deep percolaltion by

sufficient irrigation of crops) as a means

of storing water underground; ( 3 ) to determine the effect of recharge on the quality

of water reaching the groundwater table

under selected site conditions and on the

quality of the ground water; and (4) to prepare a recharge guide which permits the

evaluation of a site for recharge, suggests

methods and systems of recharge to be used

and Indicates the quality of ground water

that may be expected as a result of re- charge . (f) On July 1, 1959 this recharge project

moved from Bakersfield to Fresno, Calif.,

and is active in an expanded and reoriented

program.

(g) Prior to the recent reorientation of ob- jectives the project had published results

on soil and/or water treatments and opera- tional procedures that increase the hydraulic conductivity of soils and increase the

hydraulic gradient. Hydraulic conductivity

has been increased by the use of chemicals,

organic residues and grasses, and the re- moval of soil layers of low conductivity.

Hydraulic gradients have been increased by

using greater depths of water on soil sur- faces and in pits, shafts and trenches.

Clogging of soils and model wells has been

alleviated or reduced by scraping and by

the use of filters, respectively.

Infiltration rates into aquifer material has been increased by placing various filter

materials over such material. Systems including strip water spreading to take ad- vantage of lateral flow and rotational water spreading have been suggested,

(h) "Utilizing the Decomposition of Organic

Residues to Increase Infiltration Rates in Water Spreading," C.E. Johnson, Amer. Geophys. Union Trans., 38: 326-332, 1957. "Water Spreading for Ground-water Recharge,

Edited by Leonard Schiff, Conference on Water Spreading for Ground-water Recharge

Proc. , March 1957.

"The Use of Filters to Maintain High Infiltration Rates in Aquifers for Ground Water

Recharge," Leonard Schiff, Extrait des Comptes Rendus et Rapports - Assemblee

Generale de Toronto, Tome II, p. 207 a 211,

Gentbrugge, 1958. "Effect of Chlorination on Some Physical

and Biological Properties of a Submerged

Soil," C.E. Johnson, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc, 22: pp 244-246, 1958. "Chlorine Increases Water Intake for Underground Storage," C.E. Johnson, Crops and

Soils, 11:4, 2k, January 1959.

(2185) SPRINKLING AS A METHOD OF APPLYING WATER

TO IRRIGATED FARM LANDS ITS PROBLEMS AND

LIMITATIONS.

(f) Suspended.

(2279) LABORATORY AND FIELD STUDY OF THE VORTEX

TUBE SAND TRAP.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept.

of Agriculture and the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. A.R. Robinson, Agricultural Engineer,

Hydraulics Laboratory, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The study is being made to develop gen- eralized criteria for the design of the vortex tube sand trap. The sand trap will

be used in irrigation and power canals for

removal of bed load material.

(g) Tests indicate that with the proper design,

the vortex tube sand trap is very effective

in the removal of bed load material for sizes greater than 0.3 mm. The efficiency

of trapping varies with the velocity of

flow across the tube and the size of material. High efficiencies can be maintained

even though the amount of flow removed by

the tube is reduced from 15 to 5 percent.

Tubes of different shapes seem to operate

equally well. However, the cross-sectional area and length of tube seem to be critical

points of design.

(2649) DEVELOPMENT OF DRAINAGE DESIGN CRITERIA FOR

IRRIGATED LANDS.

98
(f) Suspended.

(2650) EFFECT OF WATER TABLE DEPTH ON IRRIGATION

REQUIREMENTS AND YIELD OF LAHONTAN ALFALFA.

("b) U.S. Dept. of Agri culture , Agricultural

Research Service, Soil and Water Conserva- tion Research Division.

(c) Mr. Rhys Tovey, Agricultural Engineer

,

Agricultural Research Service, Box 9186

University Station, Reno, Nevada.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine surface-irrigation require- ments of Lahontan alfalfa grown on three

soil textures with constant water tables

at various depths, and on well-drained soil

in the absence of a water table; to determine the effect of plant growth stage on

the rate of water use "by Lahontan alfalfa; to determine the relation between the use of water by alfalfa under various water

table conditions, evaporation from porous

atmometer bulbs, and evaporation from a

Weather Bureau evaporation pan; and to

evaluate the effects of a fluctuating water

table on the yield and growth rate of al- falfa. Sixty-three lysimeter tanks, 3 feet

in diameter and varying in depth from 3 "to 9 feet, have been installed on the Univ.

of Nevada Main Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion Farm at Reno. The variables, which

are replicated, include the following:

( 1 ) Three soil textures ( sandy loam, loam,

clay loam); (2) three water-table depths

(2, k, and 8 feet); (3) irrigated and non- irrigated conditions; and (k) well -drained

soil conditions. Alfalfa stands have been

established in the tanks and in the sur- rounding areas. Tensiometers are being

installed in some of the tanks to study

the movement of water in the capillary

fringe of the nonirrigated tanks. A weather

station Is being established at the site to measure net radiation, temperature,

humidity, precipitation, evaporation from

U.S. Weather Bureau pan, evaporation from atmometer bulbs, and wind velocity.

(g) Results to date indicate that alfalfa grown under constant high water-table conditions

has a considerably higher consumptive use rate than alfalfa grown under well-drained

field conditions.

(2651) DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS IN THE NORTH SHORE AREA OF CARSON LAKE, NEVADA.

(f) Suspended.

(2652) UTILIZATION OF AVAILABLE WATER SUPPLIES IN THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN OF NEVADA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Nevada

Agricultural Experiment Station and the

Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. Victor I. Myers, Agricultural Engineer,

Agricultural Research Service, Box 9186,

Univ. Station, Univ. of Nevada, Reno, Nev.

(e) A study to determine the present disposition of water in the Colorado River Basin

within Nevada and to evaluate the potential

water supply available for beneficial use

in this basin.

2653)

(c)

(cL) (e)

(g)

00

(2901)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

00

CONSUMPTIVE USE, WATER SUPPLY AND IRRIGATION

STUDIES IN SANTA BARBARA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.

Laboratory project in cooperation with Santa Barbara County Water Agency, U.S. Geological

Survey, California State Department of Water

Resources, and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.

Mr. Paul R. Nixon, Agricultural Engineer,

Agricultural Research Service, P.O. Box

II76, Lompoc, California.

Field investigation; applied research.

Objectives are: (l) To obtain basic data

on consumptive use of water by irrigated

crops and native vegetation; (2) to determine the contribution of rainfall and return

waters from irrigation to the ground water

supply; (3) to make irrigation efficiency

studies to improve irrigation practices.

Downward translocation of moisture has been

observed to continue for a number of months

during the dry season following above normal

winter precipitation. This migration of

moisture in unsaturated soil was observed

in all soils studied but was most pronounced

in sandy soil. Rather marked increase in

evapotranspiration rates have been observed

as distances increase from it- to 28 miles

from the ocean. "Translocation of Moisture with Time in

Unsaturated Soil Profiles," G. Paul Lawless

and Paul R. Nixon, Jour, of Geophys. Res.

( in press )

LABORATORY STUDY OF GRAVEL FILTER DESIGN FOR IRRIGATION WELLS.

Laboratory project.

E. Gordon Kruse, Agricultural Engineer,

Agricultural Research Service, Hydraulics

Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort

Collins , Colorado

Experimental; applied.

Laboratory studies were conducted to

(l) Determine the relationship of packaquifer ratios and gradations to the amount of aquifer movement when wells are pumped;

and (2) develop generalized criteria for

the selection and placement of gravel pack

materials

Completed.

The criteria for stability of uniform and

nonuniform aquifers and gravel packs were determined by a series of tests in a radial

flow model simulating a section of an irrigation well. The test results indicated:

(1) Less aquifer movement occurs with non- uniform gravel packs than with uniform

gravel packs at the same pack-aquifer ratio.

(2) At low pack-aquifer ratios, increasing

aquifer uniformity decreases initial sand movement. (3) At high pack-aquifer ratios,

increasing aquifer uniformity increases

sand movement, (k) Reversing flow through

the model to produce a surging effect re- duced head loss at the pack-aquifer interface considerably.

Quantitative values of stable pack-aquifer

ratios for uniform and nonuniform materials

were determined.

"Selection of Gravel Packs for Wells in

Unconsolidated Aquifers," E. Gordon Kruse,

Colo. State Univ. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. (in

99
press )

.

(2902) DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF WATER

MEASURING DEVICES.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept.

of Agriculture and the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. A.R. Robinson, Agricultural Engineer,

Agricultural Research Service, Hydraulics

Laboratory, Colorado State University,

Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The purpose of this project is to develop new water measuring devices and to improve

existing ones for the measurement of irrigation water. Present phases are concerned

with the devlopment of trapezoidal measuring flumes and the calibration of orifice

plates for furrow flow measurements.

(g) Preliminary tests on the trapezoidal flumes were previously reported. Much larger

sizes have now been studied and have been

found generally superior in operation to those with rectangular sections. The gen- eral shape of the trapezoidal flume is more easily adapted to the problem of open

channel flow measurement. Furrow orifices have been calibrated for a wide range of operating conditions. The

sizes range from 3/4 "to h inches in diameter.

(h) "Trapezoidal Flumes for Open Channel Flow

Measurement," A.R. Robinson and A.R. Chamberlain. (Approved for publication in

Amer. Soc. Agric. Engr. Trans., i960).

( 3209 ) CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER BY CROPS IN

ARIZONA.

(b) Cooperative with the Arizona Agricultural

Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Leonard J. Erie, Irrigation Engineer,

Southwest Water Conservation Laboratory, Box 8l6-A, Rt. No. 2, Tempe, Arizona, and

Mr. Karl Harris, Civil Engineer, Agricultural Research Service, Arizona Savings

Building (Room 420), Phoenix, Arizona.

(d) Experimental; field research.

(e) The objectives of this project are to:

(l) To determine consumptive use of new

crops; (2) keep consumptive use measure- ments up to date as varieties and production changes take place and; (3) develop

-better information on peak period uses and

to obtain soil moisture tensions at certain

stages of plant development.

(h) "Cotton Irrigation in the Southwest," Karl

Harris, Leonard J. Erie and Burke Peterson.

ARS 41-26, May 1959.

(3210) RECHARGE OF UNDERGROUND AQUIFERS USING

GRAVEL FILLED SHAFTS.

(f) Suspended.

(3211) THE RATE OF ADVANCE OF IRRIGATION WATER IN FURROWS AS A FUNCTION OF MEASURABLE PHYSICAL FACTORS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Hollis Shull, Agricultural Engineer,

Agricultural Research Service, Southwestern

Irrigation Field Station, P.O. Box 1339,

Brawley, California.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The objectives of this project are: (l) To develop a mathematical expression,

either numerical or graphical, from which

the rate of advance of irrigation water

down furrows may be accurately predicted;

(2) to outline a procedure by which the

expression developed may be utilized in the

design of furrow irrigation systems.

(h) "A By-pass Furrow Infiltrometer, " Hollis

Shull, Amer. Soc. Agric. Eng. Trans, (in press )

.

(3212) THE HYDRAULICS OF CYLINDER INFILTROMETERS

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Charles T. Bourns, Agricultural Engineer, Agricultural Research Service, Irrigation Building (Room 215), University of

California, Davis, California.

(d) Experimental; basic research and developmental . (e) This is a three-dimension model study of

the hydraulics of cylinder type inflltrome- ters to determine the flow regime of this

device, the necessity for buffer cylinders,

the effect of diameter on its function, the

effect of methods and depths of placement

on results, the effect of location of less

permeable soil strata in relation to depth

of placement of infiltrometer, and the

effect of various operational techniques

on reliability of results.

(3213) DEVELOPMENT OF A DEVICE FOR FIELD MEASUREMENT OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF SOIL

STRATA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. William W. Donnan, Drainage Engineer,

Agricultural Research Service, P. 0. Box

629, Pomona, California.

(d) The objectives of this project are to de- velop a relatively simple field device for

measuring hydraulic conductivity rates of

sand strata and to set forth a methodology

which can be used by field technicians in

getting data for design of drainage systems.

(e) Experimental laboratory and applied field

research.

(g) A simple brass screen well point has been

developed in the laboratory and has been

given extensive tests. The well point is now being tested in the field under actual

field conditions.

(3214) BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEMS FOR EROSION CON- TROL AND WATER CONSERVATION ON THE IRRI- GATED LANDS OF WESTERN NEBRASKA.

(f) Suspended.

( 3215 ) DETERMINATION OF THE QUANTITY AND EFFECTS

OF PLAYA LAKE SEDIMENTS RETAINED IN MULTI- PLE PURPOSE WELLS USED FOR GROUND WATER RECHARGE AND IRRIGATION IN THE HIGH PLAINS

OF TEXAS.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperating with the

100

1
High Plains Underground Water Conservation

District No. 1, the Texas Agricultural

Experiment Station, and the Soil Conserva- tion Service.

(c) Mr. Wayne Clyma, Agricultural Engineer,

Agricultural Research Service, Southwestern

Great Plains Field Station, Bushland, Texas.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The primary objectives of the study are:

(l) To determine the quantity of sand, silt

and clay entering recharge wells during the

recharge operation from Playa lakes; (2) to determine the quantity of sand, silt and

clay pumped from multiple-purpose wells

during the pumping cycle of a recharge

operation and; ( 3 ) "to determine the changes

in specific yield of study wells resulting

from retained sediments.

(g) Eighty-nine to 93 percent of the clay (less

0.005 mm.) entering the well during recharge

is retained in the water-hearing sands

after a 1-hour pumping cycle. The reten- tion of sand and silt does not appear to

be appreciable.

(h) "What Happens to Sediments in Playa Lake Water When Used for Underground Recharge

in Wells," M.E. Jensen and W. Clyma, The

Cross Section, 5:8, 2-3, January 1959

•

(3216) PERFORMANCE OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE INSTAL- LATIONS IN THE LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY OF

TEXAS.

(b) Cooperative with the Texas Agricultural

Experiment Station, Soil Conservation

Service and the Lower Rio Grande Valley

Soil Conservation Districts.

(c) Mr. L.R. Ussery, Agricultural Engineer,

Agricultural Research Service, P.O. Box

157, Weslaco, Texas.

(d) Experimental; field research.

(e) The purpose of the study is to measure the

influence of drains on depths to and fluctuation of ground water tables . Actual

field data will be related to present

design criteria and empirical drain spacing formulas.

(3217) HYDR0L0GIC STUDIES OF GROUND WATER IN RED

RIVER VALLEY OF NORTH DAKOTA.

(b) Project cooperative with the North Dakota

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Rome Mickelson, Agricultural Engineer,

Agricultural Research Service, P. 0. Box

806, Grand Forks, North Dakota.

(d) Field research.

(e) The objectives of the study are: (l) To determine the water table levels in a seg- ment of the problem area; (2) to evaluate

artesian and downward flow condition in

the area; (3) to determine the direction

of ground water flow and extent and benefits of natural and artificial drains

existing in the area; (U) to study ground

water quality in observation wells in the area and; ( 5 ) to study and analyze the

physical and chemical properties of soils

in the area as related to the water trans- missibilities of the soil substrata.

(3218) SOIL EROSION AND ROUGHNESS CHARACTERISTICS

UNDER FURROW IRRIGATION.

(b) Project cooperative with the Washington

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. S. J. Mech, Agricultural Engineer, Agricultural Research Service, Irrigation Experi- ment Station, Prosser, Washington.

(d) Field research.

( e ) The influence of soil management and water

intake on erosion under furrow Irrigation is being studied. Some of the variables being

considered are cropping practices, moisture

levels and slope. The variation of the

roughness coefficient (Manning n) is being

studied.

(f) Field work terminated.

(h) "Soil Erosion and its Control Under Furrow

Irrigation in the Arid West," Stephen J. Mech, USDA Agric. Information Bui. No. l8k,

pp. 1-6, August 1959.

(3550) THE EFFECT OF SPRINKLER PATTERN VARIATION

ON IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Claude H. Pair, Irrigation Engineer,

Agricultural Research Service, P. 0. Box

835 > Boise, Idaho.

(d) Experimental; applied research and design.

(e) To determine the effect of sprinkler pattern

on field irrigation efficiency and to develop a method for calculation of field irrigation efficiency for a sprinkler system from

sprinkler pattern, wind velocity, humidity,

temperature, irrigation period, and related

factors. Work is continuing to: (l) Obtain more precise information for the design, layout, installation, and operation of sprinkler

irrigation systems on various soil types,

slopes, and crops under various weather con- ditions, and (2) determine the effect of

sprinkling upon various soils and crops.

(h) "Automation Possibilities in Irrigation,"

Claude H. Pair, (approved for publication

in Agric. Eng. or Amer. Soc. Agric. Eng. Trans . )

.

"Sprinkler Irrigation, " Claude H. Pair, USDA Leaflet (in press).

(3551) CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER BY PHREATOPHYTES

IN THE PACIFIC SOUTHWEST.

(b) Field project of Western Soil and Water

Management Research Branch, ARS-SWC, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

(c) Mr. Harry F. Blaney, Irrigation Engineer,

Agricultural Research Service, 1131 Bartlett

Building, 215 West Seventh St., Los Angeles,

California.

(d) Field experiments and office analysis.

( e ) ( 1 ) To determine the consumptive use

( evapotranspiration) by phreatophytes

(ground-water loving natural vegetation)

such as salt cedar, cottonwoods, willows,

saltgrass, etc., (2) to compile and prepare

for publication available data, and (3) to develop empirical formula for estimating water use from climatological data.

(f) Study has been underway for several years and has not been completed.

(g) Consumptive use has been measured in some sites and estimated for other areas by

101
empirical formula; U = KF, where U = con- sumptive use in inches (for growing period), K = empirical coefficient based on research

studies , and F = factor determined from mean monthly temperatures and percent of

daytime hours. Information may be used to estimate amount of water that can he sal- vaged and conserved for irrigated crops by

controlling phreatophytes in river channels

and areas of high water table,

(h) "Relationship of Pan Evaporation to Evapotranspiration by Phreatophytes and Hydrophytes/' Harry F. Blaney, Phreatophyte

Symposium, Amer. Geophys . Union Trans.,

pp. 1-7, 1957- "Consumptive Use of Ground Water by Phreatophytes and Hydrophytes," Harry F. Blaney,

Third Annual New Mexico Water Conference

Proc, New Mexico State College, 1958.

(3552) HYDRAULICS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. James A. Bondurant, Agricultural Engineer, Agricultural Research Service, P. 0. Box 835) Boise, Idaho.

(d) Experimental; field investigation, basic

research.

(e) To investigate the factors that influence

the advance and recession of water in an irrigation border strip.

(3553) MECHANIZATION OF SURFACE IRRIGATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. James A. Bondurant, Agricultural Engineer, Agricultural Research Service, P. 0. Box 835^ Boise, Idaho.

(d) Experimental; design and development.

(e) To develop completely mechanized control

systems for surface irrigation.

(355*0 DEVELOPMENT OF AN ECONOMICAL FILTER SYSTEM

FOR FILTERING THE SEDIMENTS FROM PLAYA

LAKE WATER DURING RECHARGE OPERATIONS WITH

MULTIPLE PURPOSE WELLS.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperating with the

High Plains Underground Water Conservation

District No. 1, Texas Agricultural Experi- ment Station, and the Soil Conservation

Service.

(c) Mr. Wayne Clyma, Agricultural Engineer,

Agricultural Research Service, Southwestern

Great Plains Field Station, Bushland, Tex.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Development of an economical method of re- moving sediments from playa lake water,

used for ground water recharge, by the use

of flocculating agents along or flocculating agents in conjunction with a sand

filter.

(g) Tests conducted to present indicate that

from 50 to 93 percent of the silt and clay

sediments in playa lake water may be re- moved with the use of a flocculent alone.

(3555) FEASIBILITY OF LOW-COST SUBSURFACE PLASTIC

DRAINS FOR IRRIGATED AREAS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. William W. Donnan, Drainage Engineer,

Agricultural Research Service, P.O. Box 629,

Pomona, California.

(d) Applied field research.

(e) The objectives of this project are to determine the applicability of shallow depth

drainage to specific drainage problems in

the arid Western United States and to test the adaptability of plastic mole drains to western conditions

.

(g) To date eight field research test plots and

four other supplemental test plots of

plastic-lined mole drains have been installed

in California, Nevada, Utah and Colorado.

These installations have been in operation

about 5 months. Physical measurements were made of the sites prior to installation and

observations of the plastic drains and the

performance of these drains is now in progress .

(3556) FARM CONVEYANCE AND WATER APPLICATIONS.

(b) Laboratory project, Agricultural Research

Service and Utah State Univ. cooperating.

(c) Dr. C.W. Lauritzen, Agricultural Research

Service, Utah State Univ., 101 Engineering

Building, Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) New methods and equipment for conveying and applying irrigation water are being developed.

The hydraulic properties of lay-flat tubing

are being studied and new materials are being evaluated to determine their use in conveyance structures.

(g) The coefficient of friction of lay- flat tubing in the range from nearly flat to full round has been determined experimentally

The strength requirements and dimensional

changes which accompany the stressing of

reinforced plastic tubing have also been

investigated.

In addition, tubings constructed of several

materials have been field tested on a limited scale.

(3557) THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES FOR INVESTIGATING THE DRAINAGE PROBLEMS ON AN ALLUVIAL FLOOD PLAIN.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Victor I. Myers, Agricultural Engineer,

Agricultural Research Service, Box 9186

University Station, Reno, Nevada.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Techniques, procedures, and equipment are being developed to aid in the investigation

of drainage problems on an alluvial flood

plain. Soil conservation surveys are utilized as a basis for the studies. In addition, deep stratum surveys are being made,

hydraulic conductivity measurements taken,

canal seepage measured, farm irrigation

efficiencies measured, plastic tile evaluated, and other data collected.

(g) A drainage classification system has been

established to relate soil conservation

surveys to drainage problems and problem

areas. The system is designed for use in most areas of the United States. A map of

the Newlands Reclamation Project of Nevada

has been constructed showing locations of

canals and drains in relation to drainage

102
categories. An improved seepage meter has

been fabricated and tested,

(h) "The Physical and Economic Considerations

for Drainage Project Feasibility, " Victor

I. Myers, (submitted for publication in

Amer. Soc. Agric. Eng. Trans.).

(3558) A STUDY OF THE PHYSICAL- AND CHEMICAL PRO- PERTIES OF BENTONITES THAT MAY BE INVOLVED

IN THE BENTONITE DISPERSION METHOD OF SEALING IRRIGATION CANALS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Myron B. Rollins, Soil Scientist, Agricultural Research Service, Box 9186 Univ.

Station, Reno, Nevada.

(d) Experimental; applied research, and Master's thesis

.

(e) The physical properties of bentonites will

be studied to determine their effects upon

the actual sealing process involved in the

bentonite dispersion method of sealing

irrigation canals. Such properties will be:

swelling behavior, colloidal yield, grit

content, dispersion characteristics, viscosity and gelling qualities. The chemical

and mineralogical properties of the bentonites will in turn be studied to determine their effects upon the above physical

properties

.

(g) It has been found that most dispersed bentonites continue to expand for various

lengths of time after dispersion. This

will have a very definite effect upon the

sealing process.

(3559) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SURFACE RUNOFF

FLOWS FROM SIMULATED RAINFALL ON LEVEL AND GRADED FURROW AND BORDER STRIP IRRIGATION

SYSTEMS.

(b) Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station

and Agricultural Research Service.

(c) Mr. Norris P. Swanson, Agricultural Engineer, Agricultural Research Service, Agricultural Engineering Building (Room 20.),

University of Nebraska, Lincoln 3.> Nebr.

(d) Field investigation; findings will be used

for design purposes.

(e) Simulated rainfall is applied to plots

several hundred feet long on selected sites

with growing crops. In the case of row

crops, the application of the simulated

rainfall is such that each furrow becomes

an individual watershed subject to a different rainfall intensity. Timed initial

and antecedent moisture condition storms

are applied. Instrumentation provides for measurement of furrow runoff flows and

depth of flow by stations. Furrow stream

velocities are measured by salt injection.

Cross sections of representative furrows

are recorded by stations prior to each

storm and after the last. Erosion measurements are obtained and soil particle size

distributions obtained.

(g) Furrow cross-sections have been found to enlarge at downstream stations.

(3560) EVAPOTRANSPIRATION BY MEADOW VEGETATION IN THE HUMBOLDT RIVER BASIN.

103

(b) U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural

Research Service, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division.

(c) Mr. Rhys Tovey, Agricultural Engineer, Agricultural Research Service, Box S>l86 Univ.

Station, Reno, Nevada.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Nine plastic lysimeters have been installed

on an experimental plot adjacent to the

Humboldt River near Winnemucca, Nevada to study the consumptive use of water by meadow

vegetation grown under present high water

table conditions and related weather factors.

(f) Three types of meadow grasses will be es- tablished in the lysimeters and the water

supply systems installed during the i960

growing season. The measurement of con- sumptive use and weather data will begin in

the spring of 1961.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Alaska Forest Research Center.

(265*0 EFFECT OF LOGGING ON PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SALMON STREAMS IN SOUTHEAST ALASKA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Austin E. Helmers, Acting Forester in

Charge, Alaska Forest Research Center, Box

7^0, Juneau, Alaska.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) In developing the timber resources of the

region, it is essential that adequate steps

be taken to safeguard the important fisheries resource. The objective is to determine whether logging, carried out in accordance with provisions required by the Forest Service to protect salmon spawning streams, causes physical changes to the watershed

and stream regimen which might be harmful

to the stream for salmon protection. The

following factors are being investigated:

(l) Changes in the stream regimen; (2) ero- sion and sedimentation; ( 3 ) stream channel

change; (k) accumulation of debris in

streams; (5) change in stream bottom material; and (6) water temperature and pH.

(g) The first, or calibration phase of this

study has resulted in information on the

hydrological characteristics of undisturbed

streams in a glaciated region with heavy

precipitation

.

(h) "Watershed Management and Research on Salmon Streams of Southeast Alaska," H. E. Anderson and G. A. James, Jour. Forestry,

Vol. 55, No. 1, pp. 14-17, Jan - 1957-

"The Effect of Logging on Discharge, Tem- perature, and Sedimentation of a Salmon

Stream," G.A. James, Alaska Forest Research

Center Tech. Paper No. 39, 2 pp., 1957-

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE

Central States Forest Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. W.G. McGinnies, 111 Old Federal

Building, Columbus 15, Ohio.
(3561) WATERSHED PREDICTION METHODS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; "basic and applied research.

(e) An analysis of records to determine the

relation of precipitation to runoff in

hardwood forest types in the 30-45 inch

rainfall belt of the Central United States.

(f) Completed.

(g) Precipitation and runoff records for three

small watersheds near Rolla, Missouri were

analyzed. The three watersheds differ in

size, shape, land use, and cover type. The

smallest covers 0.6 square mile and is open

land. The middle one had approximately 2.1 square miles of oak forest and 4.3 square miles of grain crops and pasture. The

largest contains approximately 9-3 square miles of oak forest and 4.7 square miles of

grain crops and pasture . In the seven year period 1948 to 1955 the annual precipitation

varied widely - from 18 to 65 inches - and

averaged 38 inches

.

In these Ozark watersheds effective ground

water storage areas occurred in the lower

reaches - the branch bottoms - where soils were deeper and hydraulic gradients were

rather low. The smaller watersheds had

smaller water yields, probably because more

water seeped to lower ground levels. For predicting annual water yields from annual

precipitation a water year commencing June

1 and ending May 31 gave the best correlation. Since ample soil moisture was not

always available, total amount of evapo- transpiration increased as growing season precipitation increased.

Further analyses of the hydrographs showed

that only 22 storms were recorded in an average year. This contrasts sharply with

68 at Coshocton, Ohio and 128 at Coweeta, near Franklin, North Carolina. The period

May-July had the largest number of storms and highest storm flows and the period

September-December the lowest number of

storms and smallest storm peak discharges.

Generally, storm peaks were higher and more

numerous on small watersheds than on larger

watersheds because the frequency and magnitude of storm peaks usually vary Inversely

with watershed size. In the 7-year period

studied here the smallest watershed had 96 peak flows exceeding 40 c.s.m. (cubic feet per second per square mile) while the middle sized had 65 such peaks and the largest

only 44. The smaller watershed had more

storms in the higher peak classes with one maximum of 2800 c.s.m. The majority of

peaks occurred during the growing season.

(h) "Some Basic Hydrologic Relationships for Three Small Watersheds in the Missouri

Ozarks," Ronald Z. Whlpkey, Master of

Science in Forestry Thesis, on file at Univ. of Missouri Library, pp. 129, 1958. "Precipitation and Runoff Relationships for Three Small Watersheds in the Missouri

Ozarks," Ronald Z. Whipkey and P.W. Fletcher,

Missouri Agric. Expt . Sta Research Bulletin

692, pp. 28, 1959. "Water Yields from Small Ozark Watersheds,"

Ronald Z. Whipkey, (in preparation).

3562) RESTORING DEPLETED SLOPES, COSHOCTON HY- DROLOGIC LABORATORY, OHIO.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied re- search.

(e) An evaluation of hydrologic changes that occur in a broomsedge, poverty-grass covered

watershed after it is rehabilitated by planting tree seedlings

.

(f) Completed.

(g) Prior to the installation of a gaging station in 1938, two-thirds of a 43.6 acre watershed

had a stand of grass and brush and the other

one-third had a stand of uneven-aged hardwoods. In 1938 and 1939 three small parts

of the non-forested area were planted with

black locust and the balance was planted

with white, red, pitch, Scotch and Virginia

pine. In late 1958 the residual hardwood

stand had a total of 126 square feet of

basal area per acre, the pine plantations

had 78, and the locust plantations had 143. Hydrograph analyses showed: (l) In the average year streamflow equalled or exceeded

0.l8 cubic feet per second per square mile

for 182 . 5 days and was zero for 84 days

.

When precipitation was low the stream was dry as many as 225 days a year and exceeded

flows of 0.5 c.s.m. as little as 10 percent

of the time. Streamflow was continuous in

1950 when precipitation totaled 43.6 inches.

(2) Conversion of the watershed to complete

forest cover decreased the ground water de- pletion time by 7 days, from 30 days in

1939-19^5 to 23 days in 1952-1957- (3) Av- erage annual base flow for the 11-year

period 1939-45 and 1952-57 was 8.88 inches

(4/5 of the total annual flow). It was greatest 5«5 inches during the ground water recharge period and least, O.89 inches,

during the soil moisture recharge period.

(4) The 11-year average annual stormflow

yield was 2.2 inches (l/5 of total annual

flow). It was greatest, l.l6 inches, during

the ground water recharge period and least, 0.15 inches, during the soil moisture re- charge period. (5) Converting the water- shed to complete forest cover did not change

the proportion of baseflow and storm water

yield, but did decrease the quantity of

each. Baseflow was decreased by 4.4 inches

and stormflow by 1.4 inches. The greatest

changes in each occurred during the period

of ground water recharge and the least

during the period of maximum evapo-transpiration. (6) A 53 percent reduction in

the occurrence of stormflows equal to or greater than 20 c.s.m. was discovered in a comparison of stormflows at plantation ages of 1-6 with those of 13-17 years. A reduction of 80 percent was found in the occur- rence of flows with a peak equal to or greater than 60 c.s.m.

(h) "Influence of The Establishment and De- velopment of a Plantation Upon Some Pre- cipitation and Runoff Relationships on a Small Watershed in Southeastern Ohio," Lawrence W. Hill; Master of Forestry Thesis, on file at University of Michigan library,

145 PP., 1959-

104
(3563) SUBSOIL WATER MANAGEMENT ON NORTHERN (3565) HARDWOOD FOREST AREAS.

(to) Laboratory project. (b)

(d) Experimental and field investigations; (d)

basic and applied research.

(e) Movement of subsoil water will be studied (e)

in various geologic and soil types to:

(l) Develop techniques for quantitatively

measuring subsurface water movement from

small plots; (2) to learn the effect of

artificial rainfall on quantity and timing

of subsurface water movement; and (3) to develop a flow equation, including coefficients for the significant variables affecting that flow. This information will aid

watershed technicians in making land man- (f)

agement decisions on areas that have lots (g)

of subsurface stormflow.

(g) A water applicator consisting of a high

pressure fire pump, a pressure distribution

manifold assembled from standard pieces of

pipe, and six "swirling", lawn sprinkler

heads, performed satisfactorily. An average intensity of 5 inches per hour, applied

for one-half hour, gave subsurface storm- flow from a 10 foot by 20 foot soil block

for approximately two hours.

(3564) SOIL MOISTURE STORAGE,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Study designed to determine the soil moisture regime for grass, shrub, pine and

hardwood cover types in the 30-^5 inch

rainfall belt of the Central United States.

(f) Completed.

(g) Soil moisture was studied for 22 months in

southeastern Ohio to a depth of 36 inches

on oak, pine, grass, brush, and clearcut

plots. The average of gravimetric samples,

taken from the O-36 inch profile on several

dates near the end of the dormant season, used as a measure of field capacity, varied

from 11. 49 inches of water under pine to

13.12 inches under grass. Generally, soil

moisture declined throughout the summer

and was recharged during the winter, but

occasionally summer rainstorms were large

enough to cause recharge to field capacity. Late summer soil moisture deficits were

greater under oak than under pine, those

under pine were greater than under brush,

those under brush greater than under grass, and those under grass greater than under

clearcut, whether calculated on the basis

of measured field depths or on the basis of

equal volumes of soil. Total water used

in a 6-month growing season ranged from 21 inches under clearcut to 25 inches under

pine. Additional water was used by pine

during the dormant season and the two-year

average amount of precipitation required

to recharge the soil was 6-1/2 inches

greater under pine than under grass - grass being the minimum cover condition practical

here. Little or no concrete frost occurred

in the soil under the forest cover.

(h) A manuscript "Influence of Five Forest Land

Cover Conditions on Soil Moisture" is being

preapred by Richard B. Marston.

551527 O - 60 - 8

EFFECT OF LAND MANAGEMENT ON STREAMFLOW, LEESVILLE RESERVOIR, OHIO.

Laboratory project.

Field investigation; basic and applied research. An examination of streamflow and precipitation records at Leesville Dam for the period

1938 to 1958 to ascertain the effect of improvement in the management of the watershed's farms and woodlands upon stormflow

volumes. Using only those rainfalls of 1 inch or more in 2k hours, rainfall depth was related to the resulting stream rise to

get the average stormflow for a given amount

of rainfall.

Completed.

Improvement in the management of the watershed lands reduced stormflow volumes es- pecially near the end of the 20-year period. Over the period, winter flows declined most,

fall and summer flows decreased lesser

amounts, average annual flows trended

slightly downward, but spring flows increased. Flows were reduced most for rainfalls

of 1 to 2 inches and less for storms of 2 to 3 inches. No meaningful change was found

in any season for storms above 3 inches.

The upward trend for the April through June season may have been due to the extremely

heavy rains in June 19^-7 and April 1958 and

an unusual ice storm in April 1957- Large

flows from these storms could have been

largely responsible for the upward slope of

the trend line for the entire spring season. Rainfall in these spring months is erratic,

ranging from winter type frontal-storms of

long duration and low intensities to summer type thunderstorms of short duration but

high intensity. Usually soil moisture re- mains high in this period even though some water may be lost through evapo-transpiration. This means the soil moisture storage

opportunity is so low that most of the pre- cipitation runs off, either over or through

the soil. Summer rainfall comes as high

intensity, short -duration storms, but soil

moisture is usually much less than in the

spring. More of the rain can be stored in

the soil so less goes to streamflow. Fall

and winter precipitation is usually of low

intensity, but flood flows may occur in

winter even from well -managed areas, if

large quantities of rain fall on open, solidly- frozen ground.

Soil type, geology, climate, topography,

land use, and vegetative cover control the

streamflow from a watershed. Through the

20 year period the last two of these have

changed steadily on the Leesville watershed.

Although half the watershed is still being

farmed and logged as it was 20 years ago, the general trend on the watershed is to- ward better land use. It is reasonable to

assume that this trend will continue until most of the watershed is under a soil con- serving program. From the results of this

analysis it is also reasonable to assume that as improved land management continues

stormflows will decrease, at least for the

smaller storms

.
(h) "Twenty Years of Streamflow Records at Leesville Reservoir Show Benefit of Land

Management in Ohio's Muskingum Watershed

Conservancy District," Ronald Z. Whipkey,

in preparation.

(3566) HYDROLOGY OF STRIP MINED AREAS, SOUTH- EASTERN OHIO.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigations; "basic and applied

research.

(e) A study of overland flow, soil erosion, water quality, and "biological phases of the water resource as influenced by strip mining on forested lands in the United States.

(f) Suspended.

(g) Most of the forested lands now being stripmined in the Central States are rehabilitated by regrading and planting the spoil

banks. One reclamation practice recently

tried in southeastern Ohio was the formation of small ponds among the spoil banks

.

On one such area (a 3-year old, stripmined, bare-slope, 16-acre watershed con- taining a 5 -acre pond) precipitation and water level records, though of a preliminary nature, showed that approximately one- half the rainfall ran off the surface of

bare spoil banks . Correlating calculated

runoff with rainfall depth from six summer thunderstorms that ranged from 0.24 to 2.00

inches gave a linear regression equation of

R0 = 0.603 P - 0.1 where R0 = runoff depth

and. P = precipitation depth. Ponds in re- claimed, stripped areas can trap overland

f 1 ow from bare spoil banks and delay or prevent it from becoming streamflow. Most of the deleterious sediment contained in

such overland flow can also be trapped in

the ponds

.

(h) A manuscript "How Precipitation Affects Water Levels in Strip-Mine Ponds in Southeast Ohio," by Lawrence W. Hill, is in

preparation.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. Reed W. Bailey, Dir. Intermoun- tain Forest and Range Expt. Sta., Ogden, Utah.

(2903) STUDIES OF HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES ON FOREST,

BRUSH, AND RELATED RANGELANDS IN CENTRAL

AND NORTHERN UTAH AND SOUTHWESTERN IDAHO.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and field investigations;

basic and applied research.

( e ) Studies Include the determination of variability and probability of amount, rate,

duration, time of occurrence, and depth- area and depth-area-intensity relations of

gross rainfall and snowfall; determination

of forces and factors affecting water con- tent, accumulation, movement, and melting of

snow; determination of forces, factors, and

soil profile characteristics affecting the

capacity of soil and rock mantles to absorb

and store soil water and the extent to which

storage functions can be altered by modifying

the soil, vegetation, and associated soil

organisms and animals; and determination of

forces and factors involved in water loss by

evaporation and evapotranspiration processes

and the effects of altering vegetation and

site conditionson these processes.

'(g) Maintained seasonal records at 18 rainfall

recording stations and on three snow courses and yearlong precipitation records at seven stations in northern Utah. Operated 10 pre- cipitation storage gages, 10 seasonal and

one yearlong recording rain gage, and con- ducted snow surveys at five locations in

central Utah. Initiated this past year two seasonal rainfall recording stations in

southern Montana, and two yearlong precipitation recording stations and 5 yearlong

precipitation storage gages in eastern

California. Significant relationships

between maximum snow water equivalent and

elevation, aspect, and forest canopy density

reported last year for northern Idaho have

been further refined by a power series

analysis involving nine variables: three

of elevation, four of aspect, and two of

canopy density. The analysis showed that

all variables except the 4th power functions of aspect have a highly significant

influence on the maximum snow water equivalent . The Index of multiple correlation was O.98O.

(h) "Use of Nuclear Soil Moisture Meter in

Studies of Evapotranspiration on Mountain

Soils," Richard B. Marston, Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 1958, pp. 39-41.

(2904) STUDIES OF ER0SI0NAL PROCESSES ON FOREST,

BRUSH AND RELATED RANGELANDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and field investigations;

basic and applied research.

(e) Study includes the evaluation of the effects

of aspen, brush and herbaceous vegetation

on surface runoff and soil erosion caused

by high-intensity summer storms on runoff

plots in northern Utah.

(g) Analysis of summer storm rainfall depth,

intensity, and duration of 52 storms of the

past 12 years, indicate that storm intensity

is the dominant factor affecting overland

flow, soil detachment, and sediment transport. Amount of sediment eroded per cubic

foot of overland flow Increases with storm

intensity. Increases in both storm depth

and duration caused similar increases in

the sediment : overland flow ratio up to 1.50 inches per hour.

( 2905 ) IMPROVED WATERSHED MEASUREMENTS AND EVALUA- TION TECHNIQUES FOR FOREST, BRUSH, AND RELATED RANGELANDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and field investigations;

basic and applied research.

(e) Studies to develop methods and procedures

for predicting various characteristics of water yields such as amount, rate, timeliness, sediment load and other aspects of

106
water quality from ungaged drainage basins

in forest, brush and related range areas; and to develop and test an instrument to

detect and record the occurrence of free- water in snow and its ponding on the soil

surface during the snowmelt period,

(g) Weir sites were selected on two pilot

watersheds which sample old-growth, cutover,

and burned pine-fir areas of the Truckee

basin in eastern California. Calibration

of new 120° V-notch weirs at two gaging

stations on high-elevation rangelands in

central Utah was completed. Current meter

measurements at heads ranging up to 1.30

feet gave higher discharge rates at heads

above 0.5 foot than those calculated from

the equation derived from the rating weir ( data. Probable reason for this discrepancy

is an excessive approach velocity. New

discharge equation, based on both current meter and rating weir data, is: Q= 5.08^'^.

An instrument to detect free-water in snow

will be tested another winter season. Last winter shallow snowpacks, coupled with

gradual melting, prevented detection of

free-water in snow.

(2907) METHODS OF PREVENTING WATERSHED DETERIORA- TION ON OPERATED FOREST, BRUSH, AND RELATED

RANGELANDS IN IDAHO AND MONTANA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; basic

and applied research.

(e) Studies to develop, apply, and evaluate

the hydrologic and soil stabilizing effects

of modified logging practices and improved

post -logging measures on sediment production from operated ponderosa pine forests

on granitic soils in southwestern Idaho and

on peak flow discharges and sediment pro- duction in dense snow pack forests in

northern Idaho and Montana; and to evaluate

the hydrologic effects of modified grazing

practices on high mountain ranges of cen- tral Utah.

(g) Developed method for locating and treating new logging roads to prevent serious ero- sion and damaging runoff. Method consists

of two parts: (l) Provides a quick and accurate check against positioning too much of any proposed logging road too near

a stream channel and (2) describes a way

of intensifying the treatment as slope

distance between a new road and stream

channel decreases. Purpose of intensive

treatment is to prevent sediment originating on roads from traversing even narrow

protective strips below roads. Treatments

of five intensities depend upon the width

of protective strips: (a) Greater than

200 feet; (b) 120 to 200 feet; (c) 60 to 120 feet; (d) less than 60 feet; and

(e) approaching zero width. An infiltrome- ter study was made on a cattle allotment

to show effects of grazing on plots es- tablished on areas supporting native vege- tation and on areas that had been seeded

to grass seven years ago. Half of the

plots on each area were grazed the past

four years; the other half were covered by

wire cages and had not been grazed since

1952. Results show infiltration to be higher

and soil erodibility lower on protected

plots. There were no significant differences

in infiltration or erodibility between seeded

or native plots which had been grazed,

(h) "Road and Slope Characteristics Affecting

Sediment Movement from Logging Roads ,

Harold F. Haupt, Jour. Forestry, 57:329-

332, 1959-

"A Method for Controlling Sediment from

Logging Roads," Harold F. Haupt, Inter- mountain Forest and Range Exp. Sta., Misc.

Pub. No. 22, pp 22, illus . , 1959-

2908) METHODS OF REHABILITATING FLOOD AND SEDI- MENT SOURCE AREAS ON DAMAGED FOREST, BRUSH, AND RELATED RANGELANDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and field investigations;

basic and applied research.

(e) Studies to develop and evaluate methods and

techniques of controlling excessive surface

runoff and sheet and rill erosion from

seriously depleted or inadequately protected

sloping forest, brush, and related rangelands; to develop and evaluate methods of

stabilizing eroding cut and fill slopes

bared by construction or other disturbances

to lessen sediment production; and to evaluate the hydrologic effects of rehabilitation

treatment on pilot watersheds in northern

Utah range areas

(g) On newly constructed contour trenches, fertilizing and reseeding markedly improved

plant cover density in southern Idaho. Fertilizers containing nitrogen alone or in

combination with phosphorous produced significantly more plant cover of greater

height than did applications of phosphorous

alone. Infiltrometer studies on high subalpine range in central Utah show that

artificial restoration has increased initial

infiltration but decreased final infiltration. Reduced final infiltration is attributed to pore sealing brought about by partial

breakdown of soil structure due to disking.

However, studies of high-intensity summer storm patterns reveal that the highest intensities of such storms usually occur in

the first few minutes. In this case, higher initial infiltration is of prime

importance and lower final infiltration is expected to be of less consequence, espe- cially if overland flow is kept in check

by contour trenches . Final infiltration

capacity is expected to increase as soil structure improves. Soil movemement and

ground cover (litter plus plant basal area) measurements from game-proof enclosures on depleted and eroding range in Montana re- veal that on winter game range sites which

have little or no snow cover during periods

of alternate freezing and thawing in spring, mere protection from grazing without ground

cover improvement may produce increased

soil movement due simply to loosening of

the surface soil. From two pilot watersheds

in northern Utah, time trend analysis of

107
stream flow by various periods show that

the restoration of plant cover on denuded

headwater areas after a period of 22 years

has caused a statistically significant re- duction in water yield. However, the

actual difference is so small (0.015 inches

per year) that it is of little practical

significance

.

(2909) METHODS OF IMPROVING WATER YIELDS FROM

FOREST, BRUSH, ALPINE, AND RELATED RANGE

LANDS.

(b) Lahoratory project.

(d) Experimental and field investigations;

basic and applied research.

(e) Studies to develop and evaluate methods of

converting vegetation types on well-drained

slopes to increase amount or improve timeliness of water yields, without accelerating

erosion, increasing flood and sediment discharges or impairing water quality; and to develop and evaluate methods for artificially controlling snow accumulation and

melt to improve timeliness of water yields

from subalpine range areas

.

(g) Continued calibration of paired watersheds

for the vegetation conversion study. Over

the past 6 years their total annual discharges in area inches are highly corre- lated (r = O.996). The induced snow drifting study will be extended to two other

locations using different sizes of fences.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. Ralph W. Marquis, Director,

Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 102 Motors

Avenue, Upper Darby, Pennsylvania.

(656) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, DELAWARE- LEHIGH-EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) Laboratory project; in cooperation with

the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and

Waters and U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied re- search.

(e) A study was started in 19kB on the Delaware-Lehigh Experimental Forest, Monroe

County, Pa. , to determine the water economy

for a 1,530-acre watershed covered with

scrub oak. The cover is now being con- verted by planting and fire protection to conifers and the effect on water relations

will be measured.

(f) Suspended.

(g) The watershed was calibrated on the basis

of the first six year's daily climatic and

streamflow record by relating monthly,

seasonal, and annual discharge to rainfall

and air temperature. About 300 acres have

been planted; further planting depends on results of seed-spot tests. Stream gaging

and climatic research were discontinued

December 1958 until such time vegetation has changed sufficiently to warrant

further gaging to determine the effect of

che change on streamflow.

(966) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, P0C0N0 EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied re- search.

(e) Studies have been started on the Pocono Experimental Forest, Wayne County, Pa., to determine effects of forest management

practices and logging operations upon the

quantity and quality of water yielded by a small watershed. Installations have been

established to measure precipitation, stream- flow and rainfall interception.

(f) Suspended.

(g) Stream-gaging was stopped December 31, 1958,

after 6 years of record, and will be started

when the watershed is subjected to a forest treatment

.

(1188) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FERNOW EX- PERIMENTAL FOREST, WEST VIRGINIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied re- search.

(e) Studies were started in 1951 on the Fernow Experimental Forest, Tucker County, W. Va., to determine the effect of different levels

of cutting practices, different logging

methods, and different forest uses upon water quantity and quality. Nine watersheds have been equipped with streamgaging

stations and rain-gages.

(g) Following six years of record taking, and

analysis for calibration, treatment of one group of five watersheds was started in May

1957 and completed in 1958. Records are being continued to determine treatment ef- fects on streamflow.

(h) "Poor Logging Makes Muddy Streams," K. G. Reinhart and John J. Phillips. West Va. Conserv. 22: 20-23, 1959- "Logging Roads in Northeastern Municipal

Watersheds," George R. Trimble, Jr., Jour. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 51: ^07-^10, 1959-

(2419) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, HUBBARD BROOK EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied re- search.

(e) The objective is to determine the effect of

forest type, condition, and treatment on quantity and quality of streamflow. Studies

are conducted in plots and experimental

watersheds on the 7500-acre experimental

forest in the White Mountains at West Thornton, New Hampshire.

(g) Four weirs have been built and climatic

stations established.

(h) "Sow Seed on Logging Roads to Control Erosion," John C. Bjorkbom, and George R. Trimble, Jr., Northeastern Logger 7: 18-

19, 36-37, h6, 1958.

"A Problem Analysis and Program for Water- shed Management Research in the White

Mountains of New Hampshire, " George R. Trimble, Jr. Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta.

108
Paper ll6, h6 pp., illus., 1959-

"A Soil Survey of Forest Land," Lloyd E. Garland, Robert S. Pierce, and George R. Trimble, Jr. Jour. Soil and Water Conserv.

Ik: 199-204, 1959.

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, LEADING

RIDGE WATERSHED, PENNSYLVANIA.

Laboratory project, in cooperation with the

School of Forestry, Pennsylvania State University and the Pennsylvania Department

of Forests and Waters. Field investigation; basic and applied research. A cooperative study was started in 1957 "to determine the effect of forest cover and

treatment on quantity and quality of

streamflow in the oakihickory type in Penn.,

and to study associated and basic soil- water relati onships

.

Three experimental watersheds have been

selected, weirs have been constructed, and

a climatic station established.

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, BALTIMORE

WATERSHEDS, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND.

Laboratory project in cooperation with the

Baltimore Bureau of Water Supply.

Field investigation; basic and applied research. A cooperative study started in 1958 "to de- termine effect of growth of loblolly and

white pine in plantations on streamflow,

and to compare streamflow from watersheds

in conifer plantations with streamflow from

a hardwood- forest watershed.

Streamflow of three experimental watersheds

is being measured and a climatic station has

been established.

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, NEWARK

WATERSHEDS, NEWFOUNDLAND, N. J.

Laboratory project in cooperation with the

Division of Water Supply of the City of

Newark, N.J., Newfoundland, N. J. Field investigation; basic and applied

research.

A cooperative study to determine the influence of selected treatments of forested

municipal watersheds on water supply.

Weirs on 3 experimental watersheds were

built in the fall of 1958 and stream gaging

and climatic measurements were started in

the spring of 1959-

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, McKenzie

River drainage, west central Oregon. Stream- flow from three small experimental watersheds

in virgin Douglas-fir has been measured for

six years by means of trapezoidal flume stream gages. These observations provide a pretreatment calibration which will be car- ried on for three years or more. Planned

treatments will test effect of two systems

of timber cutting on water yield and erosion. In 1959 logging roads were constructed in

one of the three watersheds to supply information on sediment yields.

Bull Run watershed in cooperation with City

of Portland Water Bureau. Pretreatment calibration measurements now being taken on three small watersheds within the Bull Ron

watershed, source of Portland's water supply. Cover is virgin Douglas-fir. Streamflow is being measured by trapezoidal flumes. Results of this study will help determine the

future management policy on the watershed.

Burns Creek, Entiat River drainage. This

is the first of several watershed studies in

the grano-diorite area of north-central

Washington. Streamflow is measured through

a 120-degree V-notch weir,

(h) "How Much Debris Down the Drainage?", Jack

Rothacher. The Timberman, May 29, 1959-

(2187) EFFECT OF CATTLE GRAZING ON EROSION. 00

(a)

(e)

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment

Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. R.W. Cowlin, Director, Pacific

Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station,

P. 0. Box 4059, Portland 8, Oregon.

(969: EFFECT OF LOGGING, CLEARCUTTING AND OTHER

FOREST OPERATIONS ON STREAMFLOW.

Laboratory project.

Field investigation, applied research.

Starkey Experimental Forest and Range,

northeast Oregon. Study to determine the

effect of heavy, moderate and light grazing

on erosion, sediment production and runoff.

Sediment catchment basins have been con- structed in small drainages, one in each of

six pastures in which are tested three

rates of grazing and two systems of manage- ment : deferred- rotation and season-long

use. Major effect on erosion will be determined by volume of sediment accumulated in' the basins. Study now in its fifth year.

INFLUENCE OF FOREST COVER ON INTERCEPTION

OF PRECIPITATION.

Laboratory project.

Field investigation, applied research.

H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest. A study

of interception in old-growth Douglas-fir was begun in the summer of 1957- Net pre- cipitation is measured by moving rain gages located at six representative sites; meas- urements of gross precipitation are being

made in adjoining cutover areas.

(2912) EFFECT OF LOGGING ON EROSION,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation, basic and applied research.

(e) Wenatchee River drainage, central Washington. Soils derived from three major parent

materials were sampled and are being ana- lyzed to determine their basic physical and

(2911)

00

(a)

(e)

109
chemical characteristics. Parent materials

are Swauk sandstone, basalt and granite.

(3219) INFLUENCE OF OPENINGS IN CONIFEROUS FOREST

ON SNOWMELT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) Northeastern Oregon. A study to relate

maximum snow accumulation and rate of snow melt to several physiographic and vegetative factors. Fifty plots in each of two elevational ranges (1+000-5000 ft. and 5000-

6000 ft. ) studied in the winter of 1957-58.

(f) Suspended.

(g) Contradictory results were obtained for

accumulation and melt in the two areas.

(3221) EROSION FROM TRACTOR SKID ROADS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) A study in southwest Oregon to relate ero- sion and runoff from tractor skid roads in

logged forests to several soil, physiographic and climatic variables. The essential purpose of the study is to determine

under what conditions tractor logging re- sults in excessive erosion.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment

Station.

(26l) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, SOUTHERN

CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. R. Keith Arnold, Director, Pacific

Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Sta.

,

P.O. Box 2^5, Berkeley 1, California.

(d) Experimental; field investigations; basic

and applied research.

(e) Purposes are (l) to determine how watersheds function: what happens to the precipitation, and how water and soil movement

are influenced by conditions of vegetation,

soil, geology, and topography; and (2) to develop methods of watershed management,

including treatment of areas denuded by

fire, to insure maximum yield of usable water and satisfactory flood runoff and

soil erosion control.

Major work center is the San Dimas Experimental Forest situated in the San Gabriel

Mountains of southern California. Here rainfall and runoff are measured on two major drainage areas, on 10 large and 7 small watersheds within these areas, and on

2k experimental plots. Sedimentation is measured from the major drainages, small

watersheds, and plots. Vegetation cover on the watersheds is mostly mature brush or chaparral , unburned for h-0 years or more

.

Fifteen of the plots are equipped to obtain

detailed information on the disposition of

rainfall from annual grass, native scrub

oak- chaparral, and a 30-year-old Coulter

pine plantation. Twenty-six large lysimeters furnish comparisons of water use and

surface runoff control by five species of

native shrubs, one species of pine, and a bunch-grass association. Climatic data are I obtained from several meteorological sta- tions. Rainfall interception by grass is determined on small sample sites in the

field and with artificial rain on grass samples grown in a greenhouse

.

Measurements to determine kinds, rates, and

volume of soil movement (soil, rock, and

organic debris) are made at nine study sites on brush covered slopes in the Los Angeles

River watershed. Vegetation on seven of "the ;ii sites in Arroyo Seco Canyon was burned by

wild fire in October 1959.

(g) Tests of applied watershed management to increase water yield were continued on the

San Dimas Experimental Forest. Vegetation

is being changed on selected portions of two calibrated watersheds . Two adjacent

watersheds are being maintained as untreated

controls. Clearing woodland-riparian vege- 1 tation from 38 acres along the main channel j in Monroe Canyon was completed in April

1959- First year results indicate that re- moval of vegetation in Monroe Canyon has

increased streamflow. The effects of the

clearing were computed by comparing the

flow from Monroe Canyon (875 acres) with

that of adjacent untreated Volfe Canyon

(7^0 acres), for years of similar rainfall

before and after treatment. Streamflow yields from Monroe and Volfe are usually about the same, but Monroe's flow

for the first test year after treatment was

about twice that of Volfe. From June 1, 1958 through May 31 3 1959 "the measured flow

from Monroe was 70 acre-feet. This flow was approximately 30 feet more than pre- dicted if the canyon bottom trees and brush

had not been removed - an increase of 0.8

acre-foot per acre cleared. Sixteen acrefeet of the increase occurred during the

first dry period starting in June 1958, 11

feet during the 1958-59 rainy period, and 3 feet through May of the current dry period.

During two periods in June and July 1959 > water temperatures were recorded in Monroe and Volfe Canyons at points upstream where water first surfaced in quantity and at the

mouth of each canyon, about 6,000 feet downstream. Ground water emerged in each canyon

at nearly identical temperatures. However, water temperatures at the mouth of cleared

Monroe Canyon were at least 20 °F. above the

maximum at the point of surfacing. In un- treated Volfe Canyon the difference was 3° to ^°F. Daily fluctuations in water temp- eratures also were much greater in the

cleared canyon, ranging from 15° to 19°F.,

compared to h° and 5°F. in the untreated

canyon. The brush on ^4-0 acres of side slopes with

deep soil in 100-acre Bell Watershed No. 2 sprayed with silvicides in the spring of

1958 received a second treatment in May

1959- In each instance a misture of 2,k-D2,4,5-T was applied by helicopter. A good

leaf kill resulted from each spraying, but

much of the brush is still alive. Stream- flow from Bell No. 2 has been continuous

since the first spraying, but intermittent

110
in the control watershed, Bell Wo. 3- Based upon rainfall and streamflow records,

the flow from the treated watershed would

have ceased about September 15, 1958 and

about July 1, 1959 had the vegetation been

undisturbed. Treatment effects have not been evaluated quantitatively.

Annual evaporative losses from a 30-year

old Coulter pine plantation on the San

Dimas Experimental Forest for the period

1952-53 through 1955-56 ranged from 17-9 to

2h inches depth compared to losses from a nearby dense brush cover during the same period of 17-9 to 23.6 inches. Rainfall

during these years was below the 28-inch

average for the site. Runoff from the pine

and brush was no more than a trace any

year. In none of the years did moisture

penetrate through the 9 feet of soil under

the pine or the 12 feet under the brush.

During 1952-53 evapotranspiration (17-9

inches for pine and 19-0 for brush) ex- ceeded the rainfall (15-5 inches) due to a carryover of soil moisture from the pre- ( ceeding year's hi inches of rain. The

greater use by the brush resulted from

this carryover in the 9- to 12-foot soil

depth. While total annual evaporative

losses were similar, Coulter pine used

more water during winter and early spring

than the brush (12.9 inches compared to $.k

inches during each of two similar periods )

.

Preliminary measurements of rainfall interception by grass mulch during a five-month

period in which 10.6 inches of rain fell,

showed interception losses varying from

2.5 percent in very light mulch to 8.k percent of the rain in heavy mulch.

"Simplified Methods of Sampling Rainfall

on the San Dimas Experimental Forest," by

E.L. Hamilton and L.F. Reimann, California

Forest and Range Experiment Station. Tech.

Paper 26, 8 pp., October 1958. "Nuclear Probe Compared with Other Soil

Moisture Measurement Methods," R.A. Merriam,

California Forest and Range Experiment Sta- tion Res. Note 1*4-6, 5 pp., January 1959. "Flowering and Growth Responses to Photoperiod and Temperature for Six Southern

California Grasses," W.C. Ashby and H. Hellmers, The Botanical Gazette, Vol. 120,

No. 3, March 1959, pp. 151-157, illus.

"Increasing Water Yield in Southern Calif.

Mountains," J.H. Patric, Jour, of Amer. Water Works Assn., Vol. 51, No. k, April

1959, PP- U7U-480, illus.

"Sulfur Dioxide as a Defoliant of Chaparral

Plants," J.H. Patric, Jour, of Forestry,

Vol. 57, No. 6, June 1959, pp. U37-U38,

illus

.

"The San Dimas Disturbed Soil Lysimeters,"

J.D. Sinclair and J.H. Patric, Proc. Symposium on Forest and Water, Hannover-Munden,

Germany, Vol. II, September 1959. "Ceanothus Leucodermis and Soil Nitrogen in

Southern California Mountains," H. Hellmers

and J.M. Kelleher, Forest Science, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp., 275-278, September 1959- "Summer Slides and Winter Scour - Dry-Wet

Erosion in Southern California Mountains,"

H.W. Anderson, G.B. Coleman, and P.J. Zinke,

Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Expt.

Station, Tech. Paper No. 36, 12 pp., illus.

July 1959- "Mountain Evaporation - Data From the San

Dimas Experimental Forest at Elevations of

1,500 to 5,100 feet," by L.F. Reimann,

Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experi- ment Station, Misc. Paper No. 35, Ik pp., illus., July 1959. "Mountain Temperatures - Twenty-Five Years

of Data from the San Dimas Experimental

Forest, " L.F. Reimann, Pacific Southwest

Forest and Range Experiment Station, Misc.

Paper No. 36, 32 pp., illus., July 1959- "Four Hundred Sixty Storms - Twenty Five Years of Rainfall Data from the San Dimas

Experimental Forest," L.F. Reimann and E.L. Hamilton, Pacific Southwest Forest and Rang

Experiment Station, Misc. Paper No. 37, 95 pp., illus., July 1959-

"More Water From the Uplands," Walt Hopkins

Minutes Biennial Convention Irrig. Dists.

Assn. of Calif., pp. 2-5, March 1959.

2415) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, NORTHERN

CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental ; field investigations; basic

and applied research.

(e) The aim is to develop a hydrologic base for

land management decisions. The hydrologic

effects of wildfires, of attempts at conver

sion of brushlands to grass, and of logging

and other land uses are to be evaluated. Present studies emphasize development of

methods of management of high elevation

snowpacks for maximum control and yield of

water. Major work center is in Berkeley with 18

studies being conducted throughout northern

California in the headwaters of the Kings,

American, Yuba, Truckee, and Feather Rivers

At the Teakettle watersheds in the head- waters of the Kings River Basin, five small

watersheds are under calibration for evalua

tion of streamflow and sedimentation.

In the Onion Creek watersheds in the head- waters of the American River Basin, five streams are being gaged and sediment measured. Snow accumulation and soil moisture

are being measured in logged and unlogged

forest and in brush areas, at both Onion

Creek and Castle Creek. Castle Creek in

the Yuba River Basin is being gaged, sus- pended sediment measured, and basic snow physics studies are under way. Daily

meteorological measurements are being taken

at three stations, and radiation and snow physics at the headquarters station.

At Sagehen Creek in the Truckee River Basin

sediment and streamflow and their effects

on fishlife are being studied in coopera- tion with the Department of Zoology, Univ.

of California. Also the effects of conver- sion of brushfields to forest are being

studied.

At Swain Mountain Experimental Forest in

the Feather River Basin, snow and soil

moisture are being measured where forests

were cut in strips and blocks and where logging slash was treated and untreated. In

all, snow accumulation is being measured at

111
70 special snow courses, soil moisture at 60 plots.

(g) At the Central Sierra Snow Laboratory the

snow water ( in inches ) in various forest

conditions (average for all slopes) at the

time of maximum snow accumulation, about

April 22, 1958 and again after about one- half to two-thirds of the snow had melted

June 1, 1958, was: in forest openings 63.2

and 26.8, in forest adjacent to openings

56.0 and 25.1, in dense forest (80-100$)

48.1 and 19. 0, in moderate forests (50-80$)

50.3 and. 25.0, and. in open forests (20-50$)

57-7 and- 25-0. The maximum snow on April

22 and still on June 1, 1958 was in forest

openings; maximum melt occurred there, too. Minimum melt was found in forests, the

least being in the moderately dense forests.

Evaporation from the snow was measured

daily in a small forest opening and in an 80 percent dense forest at an elevation of

6,700 feet. Evaporation from January

through June 1959 totalled 1.7 in the for- est openings and 0.9 inches in the forest

itself. In a short term study, the snow evaporation in a meadow was one and a half

times that of the small openings, and snow evaporation on exposed ridge tops was as much as three times that of the openings

.

In mid-June of 1958 a snow patch was gaining nearly 3/100 of an inch of water per

day due to condensation. Summer soil moisture losses and losses of summer precipitation were measured at 45 sites in the Castle Creek Basin. The first

analysis indicates that for a 75-day period

- July 1 to October 15, 1958 - losses from

a soil 4- foot deep were as follows: In old-growth red fir forests 5 -I* in young red fir forests 4.8, in Wyethia (Wild Sun- flower ) 3 • 5 j and in bare ground 1 . 3 • In each type an additional loss of 2.6 inches

of summer precipitation occurred in the

period. Summer water losses in 1958 in a high ele- vation brushfield cleared by bulldozing

was 2.7 inches less (for a 4-foot soil)

than in the untreated brush. Loss in the

untreated brush was 4.8 inches, including

1.4 inches of summer precipitation.

Annual water losses for three types of

logging were compared. Differences in water losses in cut strips, two times the

height of the trees, was 9 inches less than

in adjacent uncut forest, loss in a 17-acre

block-cut forest was 6 inches less than

uncut forest, and loss in a forest cut by

commercial selection was 3 inches less than

in uncut forest.

(h) "Water Yield Control Through Management in

Snowpack Watersheds," H.W. Anderson, Proc. First Intersociety Conf. on Irrig. and

•Drainage, pp. 13-18, March 1959. "Snow Management Research in High Sierra

Range," R.M. Rice, Jour, of Range Manage- ment 12:13-16, 1959. "Summer Evapotranspiration Measurements Using a Radio-Active Soil Moisture Probe,"

by K.R. Khoerr, (Abstract) Jour. Geophys.

Res. 64 (6): 691, 1959. "Winter and Summer Water Losses in the

High Sierra," A.J. West and K.R. Knoerr,

Jour. American Water Works Assoc. 51(4):

481-88, 1959- "Snow in Forest Openings and Forest Stands,"

H.W. Anderson, R.M. Rice and A.J. West, Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, pp. 46-50, 1958. "Snow Evaporation and Condensation," A.J. West, 27th Ann. Western Snow Conf. Proc,

1959- "Logging Effects on Snow, Soil Moisture and Water Losses," H.W. Anderson and C. H. Gleason, 27th Ann. Western Snow Conf. Proc,

1959- "Snow Management Research in the Sierra

Nevada - a Review and a Look Ahead, " by

Walt Hopkins, 27th Ann. Western Snow Conf. Proc, 1959. "Forest Effects on Floods in Northwestern

United States," H.W. Anderson and R.L. Hobba,

Proc Symposium on Forests and Water,

Hannover-Munden, Germany, pp. 110-119, Sept. 1959- "Progress Report, 1958-59* Cooperative Snow

Management Research," H.W. Anderson and

Lucille G. Richards, Pacific Southwest

Forest and Range Experiment Station, pp. 57- 94, June 1959. "Forest Density, Openings, Ground Cover and

Slopes in the Snowzone of the Sierra West

Side," Lucille G. Richards, Pacific South- west Forest and Range Experiment Station,

Tech. Paper No. 40, 16 pp., October 1959.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. Raymond Price, Director, Rocky

Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Room

221 Forestry Building, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(376; WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, MANIT0U

EXPERIMENTAL FOREST.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigations; applied research.

(e) Studies of the influence of grazing, timber

cutting, and revegetation of depleted water- shed lands upon water supplies, erosion and

sedimentation, to solve problems in management of watershed lands of the Rocky Mountain Front Range such as: (l) Runoff and erosion

from natural storms on bunchgrass plots;

(2) runoff and erosion from natural storms on young pine plots; (3) effect of type

conversion on runoff and erosion from small

watersheds; (4) effect of logging intensities on snow accumulation in ponderosa pineDouglas fir type; and (5) characteristics

of runoff from cloudburst storms on a large

watershed.

(f) Discontinued.

(h) Annual report, 1958, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Sta., Fort Collins, Colo. "Rangeland Watershed Management," L.D. Love,

Proceedings Soc. of American Foresters,

Salt Lake City, Utah, 1958. Pages 198-200.

(377: WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FRASER HYDR0L0GIC LABORATORY.

(b) Laboratory project.

112
Field investigations; applied research,

(l) To determine influence of lodgepole

pine and spruce-fir forests and of the

management of these forests on the yield of

water. (2) -To evaluate the alpine snowfields of the Colorado Rockies with respect

to their contribution to summer streamflow.

( 3 ) To measure the rate of snow accumulation in natural catchment "basins under

alpine conditions. This is the pretreatment calibration of a series of drift sites,

part of which will be supplemented by drift

fences at a later date to test the effective- ness of such structures in enlarging and

deepening such alpine snow drifts.

The cutting and removal of half of the timber from one 71^—acre watershed was com- pleted in 1956. For the years 1956 to 1958

the increase in water yield attributable to

the timber harvest was 2k percent or 200

acre-feet. Periodic records at the Fraser

Experimental Forest reveal that the mean

monthly air temperature is 32 °F. February

has provided the coldest monthly mean of

10 °F. The highest recorded temperature for

the period is 83°F; the coldest is 1+2. 5 °F. below zero. For 88 percent of the year, the temperature drops below 32 °F. during

each day. Soil temperatures have been taken

at a depth of 3-5 feet. The lowest recorded winter temperature was 31°F. and the

highest summer reading was 52°F. For four

consecutive years, the average yearly pre- cipitation was 23.5 inches. It is interesting to note that there was an annual

average of 1.6l inches more precipitation

at the Fraser Experimental Forest headquarters than in the town of Fraser located

5 miles away and 1+1+0 feet lower in elevation. During the winter 1958-59 snow depth

was read at 98 stakes located in six small

natural catchment basins in the alpine por- tion of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Snow

accumulation for this period varied from

19 feet in the deep parts of two of the

catchments to less than 1 foot on the wind

exposed edges of the catchments. It averaged 8.1+ feet per stake for the group

of 98 stakes. The five largest storms accounted for 62 percent of the total snow

accumulation; the two largest storms con- tributed 33 percent with 20 percent coming

during the largest storm of the year. Standard snow fencing appears to increase

the amount of snow trapped in such natural

catchments but data are not conclusive.

Annual report, 1958, Rocky Mountain Forest

and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins,

Colorado

.

"Watershed Studies at Fraser, Colorado,"

Bertram C. Goodell, Proc. Soc. of American

Foresters, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1958, pp.

1+2-1+5

.

"A Preliminary Report on the First Year's

Effects of Timber Harvesting on Water Yield

From a Colorado Watershed, " Bertram C

.

Goodell, Station Paper No. 33, 12 pp., Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment

Station, Fort Collins, Colorado.

"Some Hydrologic Aspects of Alpine Snowfields Under Summer Conditions," by M. Martinelli, Jour, of Geophysical Research,

Vol. k, No. k, April 1959, pp. 1+51-1+55. "Alpine Snowfields - Their Characteristics

and Management Possibilities," M. Martinelli,

Symposium of Hannoversch-Munden, Vol. 1, pp. 120-127, Publication No. 1+8 de L 'Association Internationale d'Hydrologie Scientifique, Sept. 1959-

657) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, TEMPE, ARIZONA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) The purpose is: (l) To study the disposition of rainfall as influenced by watershed

vegetation; (2) to determine the influence

of various types of forest and grassland

vegetation as well as vegetation modified

by cultural treatment such as grazing and

timber harvest, on streamflow, water use, water loss, and erosion and sediment yield;

(3) to determine for phraetophytic vege- tation (water -loving plants) the amount of water used, methods for reducing water use by phraetophytes or for replacing them with

more useful plants; and (1+) for mixed conifer and chaparral types of vegetation to

determine the hydrologic characteristics

of natural watersheds and the effect of

cover modification upon water yields, soil

stability and other resource values.

At Sierra Ancha Experimental Watersheds in

central Arizona, rainfall, runoff, and

erosion are measured on three watersheds

in the pine-fir vegetation type at high

elevation, on two watersheds in the pon- derosa-chaparral type, and from four watersheds in the grassland-chaparral type at intermediate elevation, and on nine small

watersheds in the semidesert-chaparral type

at low elevations. Water use by different

types of plants in various soils is studied

on eleven large lysimeters. Three watersheds have also been established in the pure ponderosa pine type and two in the

mixed conifer type to test the effects of

logging practices upon water yield and soil

stability. Gaging stations for four watersheds in the pure chaparral type are also

available to evaluate watershed- game interrelations. One cluster of two watersheds

and another cluster of three watersheds are available for testing the effect of manipulating chaparral cover. Supplemental

studies are determining the proper use of

chemicals, fire and mechanical treatment

for manipulating shrub in the type. Ecology

of Tamarix pentandrfe. is under investigation.

Germination, seedling survival, and rate of

spread studies were continued. A field

apparatus employing the infrared analyzer

for detecting moisture has been used for detailed measurements of evapo -transpiration of phraetophyte types,

(g) In the Pine-fir forests comparative moisture

samples among grassland, aspen, and coniferous sub-types showed that from October to April there was some gain in soil moisture

under grassland and aspen, and some loss

under conifers. From April to May soil

moisture recharge compensated for and ex- ceeded moisture use by any of the three

113
kinds of vegetation. Snow measurements

during the winter of 1958 indicated that

snowmelt from the cooler aspects contribute

mostly to peak discharge of streamflow.

Within the Chaparral type measured water

yields have varied from 0 to 2.35 inches

depending upon amount, distribution and

intensity of precipitation, depth and char- acter of the soil mantle, and kind and

abundance of plant cover. Continued work on the Phreatophyte, 5-stamen

tamarisk, showed that evapo-transpiration

was greater from mixtures of tamarisk and

bermuda grass sod than from the bermuda

grass alone. On the plots sampled, evapo- transpiration rate seemed to increase about

linerally with the amount of tamarisk.

Tamarisk was found to develop a taproot ex- tending down to a deep water table and to spread laterally from a main taproot where

there is a shallow water table. Two other

phreatophytes, seepwillow and arrowweed

seem to be shallow rooted, maintaining most

of their roots in the upper foot of the

soil profile,

(h) "Estimating Surface Area of Ponderosa Pine

Foliage in Central Arizona, " Dwight R. Cable. Forest Sci. k(l):k5-h9, 1958.

"The Problem of Phreatophytes," Jerome S. Horton, Symposium of Hannoversch-Mdnden,

Vol. 1, pp. 76-83. Publication No. 48 de

L' Association Internationale d'Hydrologie

Scientifique, Sept. 1959- "Current Watershed Management Research by

the U. S. Forest Service in Arizona," H.G. Reynolds. Third Annual Watershed Symposium,

Arizona Water Resources Committee, State Land Dept., Phoenix, Arizona, 1959- "Research in Management on Chaparral Lands

in Arizona," H. G. Reynolds and G. E. Glendening. Arizona Cattlelog l4(l2):

13-16, 1959. "Hydrologic Research Using Lysimeter of

Undisturbed Soil Blocks," Lowell R. Rich.

Symposium of Hannoversch-Munden, Vol. II, pp. 139-145. Publication No. 49 L'Association Internationale d'Hydrologie Scientifique, Sept. 1959-

(1969) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALBUQUERQUE

,

NEW MEXICO.

(b) Cooperative study with Bureau of Land

Management and Geological Survey.

(d) Applied research.

( e ) Evaluation of range-watershed conditions on

small watersheds in the San Luis drainage

of the Rio Puerco. Three contiguous watersheds, ranging from 338 to 555 acres located about 8 miles north of the San Luis

community and west of the Rio Puerco main

channel provide the study area. Water and

sediment inflow are measured in small res- ervoirs formed by earthen dams . Precipitation amounts and vegetation changes are periodically measured over the watersheds.

The preliminary survey and investigation

phase is completed; and watershed boundary

fences installed and four years of data

have been collected under cattle grazing

during the six month overwinter period

(November 1 to May 1). Soil elevation

measurements have been obtained on the thre* watersheds for purposes of determining soil

losses from the alluvial soils. Rising

stage sediment samplers have been installed on the three watersheds

.

(h) Annual report, 1958, Rocky Mountain Forest j and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, I Colorado

.

(1971) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, GRAND JUNCTION, COLORADO.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with Bureau of Land Management, Bureau of Re- clamation, Geological Survey, and Fish and

Wildlife Service.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine the effect of exclusion of

livestock grazing on erosion and runoff fron semidesert lands in western Colorado.

(g) Pretreatment measurements were made in 1953- 1954 of infiltration and erosion, using the

Rocky Mountain infiltrometer . Measurements during the period of treatment started in

1958 and will be continued at 5 -year intervals. Data from plots located on the mixed

soil type (comprising 67$ of all plots)

have been analyzed statistically. The analy

sis showed that infiltration rates ( f ) on

c the mixed soil have increased significantly

since 1953- However, this increase was approximately the same for both the grazed

and protected watersheds. Average infiltration rates were as follows:

Treatment

Infiltration rate (f ) c 1953,54 1958

Grazed

Protected

- - - - - inches/hr. - - - - •79 -95 .60 .78

(2188) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Soil moisture studies. Coleman soil electrical units were installed at 3-inch depth

intervals from the 1-li inch soil depth to bedrock or to a depth beyond any anticipated

moisture penetration. Recording and standard gages were used to measure precipitation

Moist pinyon- juniper zone ( 17-inch annual

precipitation). A record of precipitation

and soil moisture was maintained under three

ground-cover conditions; under pinyon trees and in a woodland opening; in grassland;

and in a bared area kept free of vegetation

by chemical spraying. Dry pinyon-junipersagebrush zone (13-inch annual precipitation). A record of precipitation and soil

moisture was maintained under four conditions : native sagebrush under protection

from livestock grazing; and in crested

wheatgrass under 25 percent utilization,

under 75 percent utilization and under full protection from cattle grazing.

(f) Field study terminated at Pine Flat (moist

pinyon- juniper zone) and at Cebolla Mesa

ll4
(dry pinyon- juniper sagebrush zone),

(h) Annual report, 1958, Rocky Mountain Forest

and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins,

Colorado. Other publication planned.

(2420) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, GRAND JUNCTION, COLORADO.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To compare the amount of soil moisture withdrawal under aspen, spruce and mixed grass- weed type. Measurements were taken in

1955, 1957 and 1958. Three sites were

sampled in each type. Seven gravimetric

samples were taken at random on a 30-foot

grid superimposed on each site. Samples were taken approximately July 1 and Nov. 1,

the difference in water content representing

gross use by vegetation. Water use values

will be adjusted for current precipitation.

Samples were taken in 1-foot increments to

a depth of 8 feet.

(f) Completed.

(g) The final analysis included only those

sites where soil moisture was at or above

wilting point both spring and fall. The

analysis showed that the amount of water

used by the three vegetation types was significantly different. Aspen used an average of 20.0" during the growing season, spruce used l4.0" and grassland only 8.3"-

(h) Annual reports of the Rocky Mountain Forest

and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins,

Colorado

(2657) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, GRAND JUNCTION, COLORADO.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To determine the effect of range conditions

and related factors on sediment production

and runoff on three mountain grassland

watersheds in western Colorado. Range con- dition is being measured by means of 20 or more 3 -s'tep transects on each watershed.

Ninety degree V-notch weirs are used to

gage the watersheds which vary in size from

86 to 272 acres . Water samples are taken

several times daily during snowmelt and

periods of storm runoff for determination

of suspended sediment; bed load is measured

in the weir ponds

(h) Annual reports of the Rocky Mountain Forest

and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins,

Colorado

(2658) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, RAPID CITY, SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) (l) To determine how heavy grazing of bluegrass range in the Black Hills has influenced soil structure. Involves measurement

of bulk density and pore space of soil inside and outside livestock exclosures.

(2) Study of basic soil-water relationships

under dense ponderosa pine in the Black

Hills to determine how thinning influences

amount of water available for streamflow.

Involves measurement of precipitation under

thinned and unthinned pine, stemflow, and

soil moisture. (3) To establish Black Hills

precipitation and streamflow characteristics

from existing records.

(f) Items 1 and 2 active. Item 1 submitted for

publication. Item 2 continuing. Item 3 completed.

( g ) ( 1 ) Soil was more compact to about 2 or 4 inches depth on grazed range than inside

livestock exclosures . Most compaction and

greatest depth of compaction associated

with highest silt plus clay content of the

soil. (2) Precipitation in the open was 22.77 and 17.71 in the first and second years of

study. Thinned stand with a basal area of

80 square feet per acre intercepted 13 and

14 percent of precipitation. The unthinned

stand with basal area of 171 square feet per

acre intercepted 25 and 29 percent of precipitation. (3) Water yield was 3-06 inches

from a watershed receiving 21.46 inches pre- cipitation per year, more than half of which

falls in the growing season. Indication of

trend was toward less water yield per unit

of precipitation, possibly as result of

development of dense second growth ponderosa

pine.

(h) "Precipitation and Streamflow in the Black

Hills," Howard K. Orr. U.S. Forest Service,

Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment

Station, Fort Collins, Colo. Station Paper

44, 25 pp. illus. Annual Report, 1958, Rocky

Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(2913) BEAVER CREEK WATERSHED PROJECT.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with

Coconino National Forest, Flagstaff, Ariz.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Calibration of 12 small watersheds, 6 in

ponderosa pine type, 3 in alligator juniper

type, and 3 in Utah juniper type. A newly

designed modified trapezoidal Venturi flume

is being used to measure discharge from

these steep ephemeral streams. Precipitation measurements are being taken.

(g) Preliminary runoff figures for 24-month

period on Beaver Creek (Fall 1957, 1958, and

Spring 1959)

Types Precipitation Runoff

inches inches

Ponderosa 51.4 10.6 Average of 2 pine watersheds

Alligator 48.5 3.6 One watershed

juniper only

Utah 42.1 2.0 Average of 2 juniper watersheds

(h) "National Forest Watershed Projects in

Arizona," Fred H. Kennedy. U.S. Forest

Service, Southwestern Region, Albuquerque, New Mexico, Sept. 1959 > PP- 7-9

(3222) BEAVER CREEK WATERSHED PROJECT.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with

Coconino National Forest, Flagstaff, Ariz,

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

115
(3223)

00

(d)

(e)

(e) Study of the disposition of precipitation

in the Utah juniper type, including measurements of precipitation, interception,

surface runoff, and soil moisture hudget by

stand density class,

(g) One year's measurements showed that of 15 inches precipitation, interception accounted

for 5 to 20$ and surface runoff 0.5 to 2..%,

depending on stand density. Soil moisture

loss, drawing an overwinter storage, ex- ceeded precipitation hy 0.7 to k.6 inches,

depending on soil depth.

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FORT COLLINS, COLORADO.

Laboratory project.

Field investigations; applied research. A physical evaluation of mechanical erosion

control practices established on the Trout Creek Watershed, Salida District, San Isabel National Forest, Colorado. Evaluation of

mechanical erosion control practices on de- pleted lands in the Colorado Front Range.

The following soil associations are represented: Edloe-Stecum association derived

from granite, Chubba-Laporte (limestone), Trout Creek-gano-Heath ( shale and sandstone), Buena Vista-Rods-Outcrop (Trachyte).

(g) .Appraisal of erosion control structures built 20-25 years ago shows that their

effectiveness in stabilizing gully channels

is related to channel gradient, construc- tion materials, capacity of structures to pass expected storm flows, and changes in

land use.

(h) Annual Report 195°, Rocky Mountain Forest

and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins,

Colorado

.

(322*0 BEAVER CREEK WATERSHED PROJECT.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with

Coconino National Forest, Flagstaff, Ariz.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

( e ) Rainfall interception by nine densities of

pole-size ponderosa pine.

(f) Completed except for reporting,

(h) Report in preparation.

(3569) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, LARAMIE, WYOMING

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigations; applied research.

(e) Watershed and range management investigations are combined in this study. The

objectives of the watershed management investigations are to determine the effects

of (l) complete chemical control of sage- brush and (2) chemical control of sage- brush in alternate 100- foot strips on snow

storage, runoff, sediment movement, soil

moisture withdrawal and ground cover. Three contiguous high-elevation sagebrush

watersheds, ranging from 60 to 106 acres, in western Wyoming provide the study area. V-notch weirs gage the runoff, and water

samples are taken periodically during snow- melt and storm runoff to determine sus- pended sediment loads. Peak snowpack is sampled on permanent transects and at

3570)

0))

(d)

(e)

(3571)

00

(a)

(e)

(3572)

00

(a)

(e)

(3573)

00

(d)

(e)

random points. Soil moisture is sampled

gravimetrically after snow disappearance in

the spring and before snow accumulation be- gins in the fall. Summer precipitation is sampled by a network of recording and non- recording rain gages. Winter precipitation

is sampled by a standpipe snow accumulation

gage. Ground cover will be determined

before and after treatments by the square- foot-density method.

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO.

Laboratory project.

Field investigation - exploratory.

Appraise snowpack conditions, including

accumulation and melt at several locations

in the Sangre de Cristo Range as a basis for conducting future basic research in snowpack

management

.

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO.

Laboratory project.

Field investigation - exploratory.

Determine for Engelmann spruce, Douglas -fir,

ponderosa pine, and aspen on north and south

aspects: (l) Periods of soil moisture deficit and surplus , ( 2 ) relative soil moisture

and temperature variations during growth

and dormant season, (3) occurrence and depth

of soil freezing. Basis for fundamental

research.

WATERSHED-RANGE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH,

ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO.

Bureau of Land Management

.

Applied research.

Evaluation of soil pitting (Calkins pltter)

on surface runoff, erosion and vegetation.

Surface runoff plots {2k), 10 feet by 30

feet, are installed on 3 slope aspects, re- presenting different soil conditions, in

the Rio Jemez drainage. Precipitation,

runoff, sediment and changes in vegetation

are measured.

WATERSHED-RANGE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH,

ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO.

Bureau of Land Management.

Applied research.

Evaluation of soil ripping (Jayhawker) on surface runoff, erosion and vegetation.

Surface runoff plots (72), 10 feet by 30 feet, are installed on a north and south

aspect and upper and lower slopes representing different soil conditions in the Rio Jemez drainage. Seeding grass (alkali

sacaton) and browse (chamiza) and protection

from livestock and rabbits is also evaluated. Precipitation, runoff, sediment, and

changes in vegetation are measured.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.

116
(380) WATER RESOURCE AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

RESEARCH.

(b) Laboratory project. For general public use

and information.

(c) Mr. J.F. Pechanec, Director, Southeastern

Forest Experiment Station, U.S. Forest

Service, P.O. Box 2570, Asheville, N. C. (d) General investigations of forest influences

in the southeastern United States, with

primary emphasis on fundamental hydrologic

research on watershed processes and related

applications in watershed management.

(e) Basic research into forest hydrologic processes from the precipitation of water over

an area until it leaves the watershed as streamflow or evapo-transpiration. Demonstrations of several cover types and land

management practices and their effect upon

water yield, quality and flow characteristics. Development of watershed management methods pertinent to the region and

cooperative trials and demonstrations of

these methods. Most of the experimentation

and hydrologic data collection is on the

5600-acre Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory

located in the zone of maximum precipitation for the eastern United States (Nantahala Range of the Southern Appalachians )

Seventeen individual and two multiple watersheds are currently active and along with

an additional nineteen standby watersheds

whose streamflow has been gaged for over

2k years provide the locale for the experimental program. Over 570 cumulative years

of streamflow records are available for

drainages ranging from h acres to 8 square

miles. The Laboratory has 10 recording and

57 non-recording (standard) rain gages, 1 recording ground water well, h recording

hydro-thermographs, 2 recording soil thermographs, 2 recording water thermographs, 1 metering anemometer, 1 evaporation pan and

2 recording pyrheliometers . Water samples

are collected from selected watersheds for

quality analysis on a storm period basis.

Soil moisture is measured in the field with

a portable neutron scattering device.

Basic research in plant-soil-moisture re- lations is emphasized at the Union Research

Center. Current or planned soil moisture

studies include development of field meas- urement techniques for moisture investigations by the neutron method, comparative water use requirements of cover types,

moisture recharge and depletion investigations, soil storage characteristics, and

depth of moisture withdrawal by representative cover types. Secondary studies include index measures of runoff and erosion

from several small Piedmont watersheds,

effect of watershed reclamation on storm- flow and sediment production, and hydrologic properties of forest soils. The center has laboratory facilities for analysis of foliage and physical and chemical

properties of soils, a portable neutron

scattering device for measuring soil moisture, h gaged watersheds, three recording

and 7 standard raingages, one recording

ground water well, and a standard Weather

Bureau weather station.

All projects are to be carried to completion

through analysis of data, preparation of

reports, and publication of technical articles. Research studies include: (l) Evapotranspiration from forest land, hydrologic

effects of reducing basal area 50 percent.

(2) Rehabilitation treatment of experimental

watersheds formerly used in studies of moun- tain farming, woodland grazing, and exploitive mountain logging. (3) Type conversion

on drained slopes, (h) Soil moisture regime

in relation to evapo-transpiration. (5) Operating forest pilot watersheds to demon- strate proper location and layout of logging

roads

A study of soil moisture regime under typical Piedmont cover types (Union Center) has

been terminated and results published (h).

(g) Removal of vegetation from selected watersheds by several different cutting patterns

produced increased annual water yields without detecting changes in stormflow or soils.

Currently established type-conversions from

existing hardwood cover to white pine and to grass are to demonstrate differential water use, if any, by varying cover types.

Several studies of soil moisture storage

and movement are in progress. The annual range of storage flux is rather narrow, 2h

to 29 inches in a 7 foot grass-covered

mountain profile. Preliminary tests show

that under a forest cover this annual range will be greater. Soil moisture accretion

and loss is being followed but its value as an indicator of evapo-transpiration may be

limited in the mountains to June through

December when profile drainage assumes a

low, constant value. Field and model

studies designed to determine the physics

of soil moisture movement and the dynamics

of its storage on steep slopes suggest that

a possible source of appreciable quantities

of base flow in the mountains may be soil

moisture in the so-called field capacity

range, rather than saturated aquifers. The

effect of slope and aspect upon solar energy avilability and its possible part in

evapo-transpiration from mountain watersheds

has been studied on a theoretical basis and

instruments are being tested which would

permit accompanying field measurements.

Studies of hydrologic constants for small

mountain watersheds, including some coop- erative work with SCS, indicate that con- ventional flood estimation methods are not adaptable to these small watersheds. Early

demonstrations of good and poor watershed

management practices and necessary rehabilitation methods have been of great educational value to the public and have helped

document recommendations for proper land

practices on public and private lands.

Moisture depletion rates and recharge were

found to vary by cover types and soil depth

over a 7-year period. No noticeable difference in depletion between pine and pinehardwood cover types was observed although

forest and grass cover differed in their water use particularly below 30-inch depths.

Rehabilitation of a small eroded watershed

greatly reduced peak discharge and erosion

from the watershed.

117
(h) "A Method for Calculating Error of Soil

Moisture Volumes in Gravimetric Sampling,

J.D. Hewlett and J.E. Douglass. Submitted

to Forest Science.

"Increasing Water Yields by Cutting Forest Vegetation," H.G. Meginnis. Water and

Woodlands, Vol. 1, Transactions of Meeting

of the International Association of Scientific Hydrology in Germany, 1959 > (in press). "The Effect of Mountain Topography on Solar

Energy Theoretically Available for Evapotranspiration, " L. W. Swift, Jr. Manuscript in preparation.

"Soil Moisture Depletion Under Several

Piedmont Cover Types," Louis J. Metz and

James E. Douglass. USDA Tech. Bui. No. 1207. Forest Service, September 1959-

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Southern Forest Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. Philip A. Briegleb, Director,

Southern Forest Experiment Station, 2026 St. Charles Avenue, New Orleans 13, Louisiana.

(291*0 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, OXFORD

- RESEARCH CENTER, OXFORD, MISSISSIPPI.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with

Soil Conservation Service, Agricultural

Research Service, and University of Miss.

(d) Field investigation of runoff and erosion

from small experimental watersheds on forest and potential forest lands; basic and

applied research.

(e) Twelve small natural headwater catchments, two to four acres in size, have been installed in batteries of three to determine

runoff and erosion from old fields, depleted upland hardwoods, mature upland hardwoodpine, and loblolly pine plantations. The

watersheds will be calibrated some years before treatments are applied. Related

studies include soil moisture-tree growth

relationships

.

(g) Watershed studies - system developed for

estimating soil moisture over large areas from single installation. Annual surface

runoff on small watersheds during 1958 was

2.k percent of precipitation for pine plantations, 9-9 percent for depleted upland

hardwoods, and 14.5 percent from old- field

units

.

(h) Annual Report, Southern Forest Experiment

Station.

(3225) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, HARRISON

RESEARCH CENTER, HARRISON, ARKANSAS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with

Soil Conservation Service and University of

Arkansas

.

(d) Field investigations of hydrologic effects

of land conversion from hardwood forest to native range, applied research.

(e) Duplicate runoff plots 12 x 100 feet were installed on woodland not grazed, woodland

grazed, and woodland converted to range by

aerial spraying and grazed. The study will

measure effects of conversion and grazing on runoff and erosion, changes in litter-humus

character, soil moisture, and surface soil

physical properties.

(g) Litter and humus decreased almost half on treated areas one year after trees were

sprayed.

(h) Annual Report, Southern Forest Expt. Station.

(3226) SOIL MOISTURE RESEARCH, VTCKSBURG RESEARCH

CENTER, VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI.

(b) Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of

Engineers, U. S. Army.

(d) Field and laboratory investigations, basic

and applied research on factors affecting

soil moisture.

(e) Project is aimed at development of a soilmoisture prediction method based on field

studies throughout the United States and

possessions. Present studies include re- finement of prediction methods, environmental factors, problem soils, and methods

and techniques.

(g) A workable soil-moisture prediction method

has been developed for use in vehicle

trafficability ratings without previous

contact with the soil.

(h) Annual Report, Southern Forest Expt. Sta. "Soil Moisture Constants and their Variation, " W.M. Broadfoot and H.D. Burke, South- ern Forest Expt. Sta. Occasional Paper l66, 1958.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS,

Beach Erosion Board.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to the President, Beach Erosion Board,

5201 Little Falls Road, Washington 16, D. C.

( 181 ) EQUILIBRIUM PROFILE OF BEACHES AND STUDY OF MODEL SCALE EFFECTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental.

( e ) Equilibrium beach profiles will be determined experimentally for waves up to 6 feet in height in a prototype tank; the waves will

will be modeled at a 1 to 10 scale in small

laboratory tanks for various median diameter

and specific gravity sediments to determine

scale effect.

(g) A single test was made using crushed coal

of specific gravity 1.5 (modeled by the

settling velocity relationship to give cor- responding characteristics of material test- ed in the large tank). Observed material

movement and profile changes corresponded

much more nearly to the large scale results

in the prototype tank, although the coal

slope deteriorated somewhat faster. A very

few additional small scale tests utilizing

the same sands as in the large tank have

also been completed. Testing is now being

resumed with the coal.

(660) OBSERVED WAVE CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory and field project.

118
(d) Field investigation; basic research.

( e ) To secure a more thorough knowledge of the

characteristics of ocean waves. A number

of electrical recording wave gages have

been installed in coastal waters and these

records are analyzed for significant height

and period.

(g) The new type plastic wave gage sections

have proven superior to the neoprene coated

aluminum channel type and have been installed at all Beach Erosion Board wave

gage installations. Anti-fouling paint has

been applied to several of the gages and

has proved very effective in reducing the

marine growth on the gages, depending upon

location. The wave spectrum analyzer utilizing a revolving tape head is now in the

testing stage. Experimental records ob- tained with a tape recorder at Atlantic

City, N.J., are being analysed for comparison with analysis by hand and by other auto- matic analyses. An improved staff type wave gage is being fabricated for the New

Orleans district for use in Lake Pontchartrain, La. This gage is unique in that it

is designed to operate in water with salinity changes ranging from fresh water to sea

water.

(975) METHODS OF BY-PASSING SAND PAST INLETS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To study methods and requirements for pumping sand past inlets and to determine the

applicability of the methods in stabilization of beaches adjacent to inlets. A

study is being made of the sand by-passing

operations carried out at Port Hueneme,

California and Lake Worth, Florida. Data

are being obtained on the operation of the

stationary sand transfer plant located on

the north jetty of Lake Worth Inlet, Florida. These data include periodic hydrographic

surveys south and north of the inlet, wave

data, sand samples, detailed records of

pumping operations, and detailed records of

entrance channel maintenance. Additional

survey data taken at Port Hueneme are being

analysed and a report prepared. Study is being made of the possibility of adapting

commercial instruments utilizing a radioactive source to measure density of material

pumped in by-passing.

(976) ESTABLISHMENT OF CRITERIA FOR CONSTRUCTION

OF ARTIFICIAL BEACHES.

( b ) Laboratory

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

( e ) To develop criteria for construction of

beaches by artificial means. The present

phase of this general study involves the measurement of a natural beach slope and

attempts to determine its response to the

forces normally incident upon the shore

such as wave height and period, angle of

wave approach, tide, and direction and

magnitude of littoral current. By statistical methods the relative importance of the

forces or combinations of forces may be

evaluated. A complementary study relating

grain size distribution parameters to the

direction of littoral drift and wave height

and period has been initiated. Trend sur- face techniques are being applied to such

size distribution parameters as the mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis.

(g) Computing machine techniques are being ap- plied to the statistical evaluation of the

importance of the forces and of the parameters. Preliminary results indicate that wave height and wave period are more impor- tant in the general study and that the mean

and the standard deviation are important in

the trend surfaces.

(977) DEVELOPMENT OF WAVE HEIGHT AND WAVE DIREC- TION GAGES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; development.

( e ) To develop wave height and wave direction

gages for use in securing accurate records

of wave characteristics. (See also Project

660).

(g) Parts for a new type wave direction gage have been placed under procurement. Laboratory tests of this gage are expected in the

next six months

(2190) STUDY OF EFFECT OF A GROIN SYSTEM ON THE RATE OF LITTORAL MOVEMENT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

( e ) To study the effect of groins on the rate of littoral drift passing a groin system.

Initial tests consist of waves generated at a 30-degree angle to the sand beach. Meas- urement of material movement is being made

at the down beach end. The tests planned

for the immediate future, as have the cur- rent season tests, will continue to emphasize the task of establishing sound calibration data relative to littoral transport

and wave characteristics. This is now con- sidered a prerequisite to attempting more detailed study and testing on the effects

of groins on the rate of littoral drift.

(g) The new series of tests started last year

on a 1 on 10 slope and a 90-foot length of

beach have been further modified to include

tests on a 30-foot length of beach. Pre- liminary analysis of these tests shows that

this length of beach ( 30 feet) may be adequate for many model tests of littoral

drift. Sand drift rates were essentially

idential (within 5$ during each of two 50- hour tests; ) the first utilizing a 90-foot

length of beach while the second used only

a 30-foot length of beach. Further littoral

drift tests are currently underway. Waves

in the present tests are at a higher steep- ness value ( shorter wave period and higher

wave height). One effect of the higher

steepness is that essentially the same level of wave energy is applied to the

beach but at a faster rate. One such test

has been completed in the current season

from which a sand (littoral) drift of 2200

lbs. per hour (dry weight) has been measured.

In the 1 on 20 slope section, a series of

119
four tests have been completed during 1959- Beach length for these tests is approximately

100 feet. The first of these tests was run

for 75 hours using a variable wave period

consisting of three values : a median

(3.00 sec), high (3-75 sec.) and a low

(2.50 sec). The wave period was cycled in

15 minute intervals. Three follow-up tests were planned for a duration of 50 hours, to test in turn at a constant wave period the

median 3-00 sec, the high 3-75 sec, and

the low 2.50 sec wave period respectively.

Preliminary analysis of the variable-wave

period test, (75 hours) shows an approxi- mate average sand drift rate of 1^00 lbs. per hour (dry weight of sand). The two constant-wave-period tests which have been

completed show comparable sand drifts rates of 1150 lbs. per hour for the 3-00 sec. wave period, and 690 lbs. per hour for the

3.75 sec. wave period. Only 20 hours of

the 2.50 sec. constant-wave-period have

been completed for which a sand drift rate of 890 lbs. per hour is estimated,

(h) "Laboratory Study of the Effect of Groins

on the Rate of Littoral Transport . " Equip- ment Development and Initial Tests by R. P. Savage, June 1959j> Beach Erosion Board

Technical Memorandum No. Ilk.

(2192) REGIONAL STUDIES OF THE SOUTH SHORE OF LONG

ISLAND, NEW YORK; ATLANTIC COAST OF NEW

JERSEY, AND THE DELAWARE-MARYLAND-VIRGINIA

SHORE LINE FROM CAPE HENL0PEN TO CAPE

CHARLES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigations; basic research.

(e) To compile all existing factual data pertinent to shore processes on a regional scale. Report to consist of four chapters; geomor- phology and shore line histories, littoral

forces, littoral materials and summary and

conclusions. Subject matter to include

physiography, geological development of the

shore region, sources of littoral material,

waves, tides or water level fluctuations, current physical characteristics of the

littoral materials, interrelation of sedimentary properties, relation to properties

of littoral materials to position in the

littoral zone, and changes in shore line

configuration.

(g) All chapters for New Jersey completed ex- cept for editing. Geomorphology, shore

line history and littoral forces, of south

shore of Long Island essentially completed.

(2193) SHORE PROTECTION PLANNING AND DESIGN.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Design.

(e) The purpose of this project is to supple- ment and revise the Beach Erosion Board's

Technical Report No. k, "Shore Protection

Planning and Design" as new data and techniques are developed for use in the solution of coastal engineering problems.

(g) Second addenda sheets to this report are being prepared for publication early in

i960. A second edition of the entire

report, which will include the two addenda

to the first edition, is also being prepared. It will include recent data on

forces on piles, rubble breakwater design,

sand by-passing plants, beach fill design

and dune stabilization.

(2195) RE-EXAMINATION OF ARTIFICIALLY NOURISHED

AND CONSTRUCTED BEACHES.

(b) Laboratory project'.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To study the behavior of beach fills placed

to nourish and protect adjacent shores. A selected number of beach fills are being

re-examined.

(g) Comparative survey and sand sample data

taken at Virginia Beach, Virginia were ana- lyzed to determine the behavior of beach

fill placed to restore and nourish the

beach at this resort location. Initial

restoration was accomplished in 1952-53 and

sand nourishment added periodically thereafter. Conclusions are drawn that the re- stored beach has been virtually stabilized

by annual nourishment at the rate of about

2.5 cubic yards per lineal foot of shore. Periodic nourishment at this rate is con- cluded to be the most economical method of

maintaining required beach dimensions.

(h) "Behavior of Beach Fill at Virginia Beach,

Virginia," George M. Watts, June 1959> Beach Erosion Board, Technical Memorandum

No. 113.

(2659) LARGE SCALE TESTS OF WAVE FORCES ON PILING,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research, design.

( e ) To determine the nature and magnitude of

forces on piles caused by breaking and non- breaking waves.

(g) The maximum forces on a 12-inch pipe pile

are given in the report below for waves 2 to 7 feet high with periods from 3-75 to

16 seconds with water depths from 5 to l6

feet . The data cover both breaking and

non-breaking waves and the effect at adjacent piles. A study of the variation of

the wave force through complete wave cycles

is in progress.

(h) "Large-Scale Tests of Wave Forces on Piling

(Preliminary Report)," Beach Erosion Board,

Technical Memorandum No. Ill by Culbertson

Ross

.

(2660) WAVE TANK STUDY OF QUANTITY OF SAND IN SUS- PENSION IN THE SURF ZONE (INCLUDING TEMPERA

TURE EFFECTS).

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

( e ) A vacuum pump type suspended sediment sam- pler has been used to collect suspended

sand samples under various laboratory con- ditions of waves, water temperature and

sand. A large field sampler has been used

to obtain suspended samples in the prototype wave tank. The purpose of the study

is to determine the relationship between

wave, water, and sand characteristics and

the amount of material maintained in sus- pension and hence available for longshore

120
transport by currents.

(g) Data and some analysis on the quantity of

sediment placed in suspension by wave ac- tion are presented in the report named below. The data was obtained in laboratory

wave tanks- and concerns the collection and

analysis of wave-induced suspended sediment

using waves of both small scale (2 to 6 -inch

heights) and relatively large scale (2 to 6-foot heights). Quantitative analysis re- lates principally to the effect of water

temperature on concentration and size characteristics of suspended material. However, considerable discussion is devoted to procedures and techniques for sampling sus- pended material and the physical procedures

governing its behavior.

(h) "Suspended Sediment Sampling in Laboratory

Wave Action/' John C. Fairchild, June 1959,

Beach Erosion Board Technical Memo. No. 115-

(2661) WAVE RUN-UP ON SHORE STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Wave run-up is determined experimentally by

various waves for different types of shore structures. Effect of both structure rough- ness and permeability is being investigated.

(g) Relatively large scale data have been taken

on a 1 on 1-1/2 slope structure having a single layer of riprap, 3 layers of riprap,

and a permeable rubble mound structure. These results indicate the probable existence of a scale effect for rubble struc- tures (as has been previously indicated for

smooth slopes )

(2916) WAVE AND SURGE FORECASTING RELATIONSHIPS

AND TECHNIQUES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical, basic research.

(e) To determine methods of predicting wave and storm surge characteristics.

(g) Methods of developing surge predictions for

hurricanes have been reviewed, extended,

and summarized. Revision to previously

adopted wave forecasting relationships have

been determined to better account for additional wave data. Wave records from a wide

variety of locations have been utilized in

a statistical analysis of the probability

distribution of wave heights and wave

periods; and a family of wave spectra which

allows for arbitrary linear correlation

between wave height and wave period squared

is suggested. Additional wave records are being analyzed by the wave spectrum analyzer, in order to correlate the wave statistical distribution with the wave spectra

obtained by electronic means. Theoretical

investigations are being made for waves of

finite height, with particular emphasis on the design wave

(h) "Wave Spectra and Wave Variability for Wind

Generated Gravity Waves," Charles L. Bretschneider, Beach Erosion Board Tech.

Memo. No. 118. "Hurricane Surge Prediction for Chesapeake

Bay, " Charles L. Bretschneider, Beach Erosion Board, Misc. Paper No. 3-59

(3227) DEVELOPMENT OF INPLACE SEDIMENT DENSITY

GAGE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field, development.

(e) To develop an inplace gage to determine

density of material under water in shoal

areas (navigation channels, reservoirs, etc.). (g) The probe has been field-tested. These tests indicated that the enlargement of the

probe casing at the top made it unduly difficult to push the probe into the shoal

materials. The probe has been recased to a uniform diameter of 1-1/2 inches to overcome this fault. The draft of the final

report on the development of the probe is 95$ complete.

(3228) MODEL TESTS OF WAVE SET-UP ON BEACHES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental.

( e ) To relate increase in water level at the

shore due to wave action alone to the incident wave characteristics and shore hydrography.

(g) Additional tests on a 1 on 30 slope show a

wave set-up as great as 3 feet for a 30-

foot wave height. Small scale laboratory

data indicate addition of a submerged offshore barrier may radically increase the wave set-up at the shore. This finding has

been confirmed for short period waves of 2

to 3-foot height in the prototype wave tank.

(3574) PNEUMATIC BREAKWATER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) Air compressors were used to force air

through small holes in a pipe placed along

the bottom of the large wave tank and thence

into the flowing wave stream. The purpose

of the project was to investigate the ef- fectiveness of this method or mechanism in

reducing the height of a wave of given wave

height and wave period; also, to determine any possible scale effect between these

tests and those performed elsewhere on a smaller scale.

(f) Discontinued due to lack of funds.

(g) Tests were completed for wave of 3 to 5- feet with period of 2.6 to 5-3 seconds.

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS,

Portland, Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos . 4-05, 4-06, 4-07, 2662, 2665, 2666, 2919, 2921, 3229, and 3575 to

3578j inclusive, should be addressed to the District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer, District,

Walla Walla, Bldg. 602, City- County Airport, Walla

Walla, Washington, and Projects Nos. 1462, lk66,

3230, and 3231 should be addressed to the District

Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer, District, Portland,

628 Pittock Block, Portland 5, Oregon.

( 405 ) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF ICE HARBOR DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

551527 O - 60 - 9 121
(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:100-scale, undistorted, fixed-bed model

reproduced 2.7 miles of the Snake River at the dam site. The adopted structures include a 6-unit powerhouse ( 3-unit initial

construction), 10-bay (tainter-gate con- trolled) spillway, 86- by 675 -ft navigation

lock, and facilities for migrant fish. The

latter include two fish ladders, l6 ft wide

on north bank and 24 ft wide on south bank,

and a powerhouse collection system. Auxiliary flow for both ladders and collection

system will be provided by low-head pumps. Studies were made to determine flow con- ditions during various construction stages

and after structures have been installed.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Tests of first-step cofferdam indicated

that realignment of the steel-pile cells

would reduce backwater effect and lower

water-surface elevations along the cofferdam face. Movable bed studies were made to assist in estimating amount and location of

prototype channel erosion. Effect of rock

groins along river bank opposite cofferdam

was investigated as an aid to fish migration during first-stage construction.

Second- stage cofferdam tests showed that

realignment of downstream leg of cofferdam

improved conditions for fish passage and

reduced velocities along toe of downstream

fill. Conditions for fish passage at low

flows were further improved by additional

forebay excavation and use of powerhouse

skeleton units to pass a portion of river

flow. General flow conditions were ob- served with the proposed structures installed. Three tailrace alignments were

investigated, and tests were made to determine a better layout for the north fish

ladder. Two-foot sills installed in end

bays of spiUway provided downstream flow

at spillway entrances to fishways. Tests of final design structures were made to provide project operating data. Uniform

spillway operation produced the best overall conditions. Tests of several alternative designs of a river outlet for the

navigation lock were made to determine pro- bable wave heights and tailwater variations

during a typical lock emptying cycle.

(h) The final report is in preparation.

(h06) MODEL STUDY OF ICE HARBOR SPILLWAY, SNAKE

RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:40-scale model included a 3-bay section

of the 10-bay spillway. Tests were made to determine hydraulic performance of the pro- posed spillway and stilling basin and to develop revisions in design that would im- prove performance or reduce construction

and maintenance costs.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Satisfactory design of spillway and stilling

basin and determination of crest rating, pressure data, and method of gate operation

were accomplished,

(h) Final report is in preparation.

(1+07) MODEL STUDY OF ICE HARBOR NAVIGATION LOCK, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash.

(d) Experimental; for design.

( e ) Two models were used to test performance of

proposed designs for the hydraulic system

and to develop modifications for necessary

improvement. A l:25-scale model reproduced

the 86- by 675-ft lock chamber, culvert

systems, and portions of the upstream and

downstream approach channels. A l:l6-scale

model of a single lateral culvert of the

lock filling system was used to determine

designs that would produce uniform flow

distribution from the culvert ports.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Offsets in lateral culvert walls were re- vised to improve flow distribution. Final

design tests were completed. At maximum

initial head, 103 ft, the lock chamber fills

in approximately 11 min and empties in 13

mill with a 4.0-min filling valve schedule

and a 2.2-min emptying valve schedule.

Maximum hawser forces of 4 to 6 tons, de- pending upon resonance, have been observed

with an 11,040-ton barge tow at maximum

initial head. Positive pressures exist

downstream from the filling valves.

(h) Final report is in preparation.

(l462) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF THE DALLES DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland,

Corps of Engineers, Portland, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:80-scale, undistorted, fixed-bed model

reproduced 2.7 miles of the Columbia River

at the dam site. The original layout con- sisted of a circular-arc, 30-bay spillway,

a 22-unit powerhouse, and 86- x 675-ft navigation lock, a rock-fill nonoverflow sec- tion, and facilities for passing fish over

the dam. A straight 23-bay spillway is included in the final design. Purposes were

to study the structures alinement and flow

conditions affecting navigation, power

generation, cofferdam placement, rock- fill

dam construction, and fish passage.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Four major layout plans were tested and the most economical plan that effected satisfactory hydraulic conditions was selected.

The tests indicated that the number of

spillway bays could be reduced and forebay

excavation raised 30 ft in elevation. Data

relative to water-surface elevations and

velocities in the tailrace and the effects

of excess fill placed in the forebay were

obtained. Flow conditions during various

stages of construction and with the project

completed were observed; special attention, was given to fish and navigation problems. Tests were conducted to compare flow con- ditions In model and prototype when the

1957 peak discharge of 61+3,500 cfs was passed through the spillway. The test was

122
repeated with five powerhouse units operating - the expected installation at time of

1958 high water. Additional studies of

flow conditions in downstream approach to navigation lock were made with extensions

to contract plan guard wall of 200, kOO, and

600 ft. (h) Final report is in preparation.

(Ik66) MODEL STUDY OF THE DALLES DAM NAVIGATION

LOCK, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(h) U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland,

Corps of Engineers, Portland, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:25-scale model reproduced the 86- by

675-ft lock chamber, its culvert systems,

and portions of the upstream and downstream

approach channels. Studies were made of

various types of filling and emptying sys- tems to determine the most advantageous de- sign from the standpoints of rate of operations during a maximum lift of 90 ft, de- gree of turbulence, and economy. The pro- posed plans included lateral culverts within the lock chamber combined with several

locations of intake ports, longitudinal

culverts, and outlet ports.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Designs were selected for all features of

the lock. A valve-opening schedule of h

min resulted in a filling time of 12.5 min

and a maximum hawser force of 8 tons, without supplemental use of the upstream lock

tainter gate. The lock emptied in l6 min.

Studies have shown that staggered valve

operation will reduce maximum hawser forces

.

Operational tests of the final design were made with several heads and barge positions

using a U-min valve-opening schedule. One combination of head and barge position cor- responded to conditions existing during

prototype tests performed in December 1957-

(h) Final report is in preparation.

(2662) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF JOHN DAY LOCK AND

DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A fixed-bed model constructed to an undistorted scale of 1:80 reproduces the Columbia River bed from Mile 213-7 to 216.8. The dam axis is at Mile 215.6. The original structures layout consists of a straight, 20-bay, gravity-type spillway

controlled by 50- by 58. 5 -ft tainter gates,

a powerhouse for 20 Kaplan turbines (initial installation 10 units), an 86- by 675-

ft navigation lock having a maximum lift of

113 ft, a concrete nonover-flow section,

rock- fill abutments, and facilities for

passing anadromous fish over the dam. Cofferdams having steel cells in the river

legs and earth- and- rock shore connections

are designed to withstand river flows to 700,000 cfs during first- and second-stage

construction periods and 300,000 cfs during

third-stage diversion. Purposes of the

model study are to check the structures

alinement and flow conditions affecting

power generation, cofferdam placement, and

fish passage,

(g) After model construction and verification

were completed in 1958, various phases of

cofferdam construction were investigated,

several schemes for minimizing interference

with river navigation during the construc- tion period were studied, and base tests of

proposed elements for the project were made.

Results of the tests indicated that the

first-step cofferdam was satisfactory after

minor revisions, whereas numerous changes

in the alinement and height of cells for

the second-step cofferdam were necessary. Flow conditions adjacent to the proposed

structures were fairly satisfactory. Plans

to improve flow conditions in the downstream

lock approach and at the fishway entrances

are being investigated.

( 2665 ) MODEL STUDY OF ICE HARBOR POWERHOUSE INTAKE

GATES, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The l:25-scale model contained a test unit

that consisted of an intake, with emergency

closure gates and gate slots, and a scroll

case. The middle closure gate was repro- duced in plastic with a synchronous-motoroperated lifting mechanism to simulate pro- totype operating speed. Provision was made

to measure pressures on the gate lip with

several lip designs. Tests were made to determine the gate design that produced the

least downpull force during emergency

closure.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Tests have been made of one unit of Chief

Joseph powerhouse to correlate model downpull forces on an intake gage with tests made at Chief Joseph Dam during 1955- Cor- relation was made to obtain a basis for

evaluating tests of Ice Harbor powerhouse

intake gates. The powerhouse intake gate

for Ice Harbor Dam has been tested with 12-,

15-, l8-, and 20-inch lip extensions and

with 30-, 35-j h0-, and Vj-degree tapered

lips. Stationary gate openings and zero

seal clearances were used during studies

with an initial discharge of 24,500 cfs (intermediate between a maximum operating

discharge of approximately 16,000 cfs and

an estimated runaway speed discharge of

30,600 cfs). Maximum hydraulic downpull on

the entire gate varied from 328 kips (12-

in. extended lip) to 188 kips (V? -degree

tapered lip). Downpull on the bottom beam

and lip of each shape tested was approximately 9^- percent of the total downpull on the gate. All maximum downpulls occurred

at gate openings of 4.1 to1*. 2 ft. (h) Final report is in preparation.

(2666) MODEL STUDY OF ICE HARBOR DAM FISH LADDERS, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington,

(d) Experimental; for design,

(d) A l:10-scale model reproduced a 4l-pocl

123
tangent of the l-on-l6 slope, 24-ft-wide

south fish ladder and a 6-foot orificecontrol section of the south fish ladder.

Investigations were concerned with the

causes and remedies for self-induced surge within the fish ladder and the location of

orifices in nonoverflow weirs in the con- trol section to function with a 5 -ft change

in pool elevation without creating undesirahle flow conditions. Later the model was modified to include the orifice-control

section for the l-on-10-slope, l6-ft-wide

north fish ladder at Ice Harbor Dam.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Test results indicated that surge would

occur within operating range of both fish

ladders unless a weir crest approximating

a sharp edge was used. Surge was reduced

with a contracted weir. Uniformity of heads

in control sections was obtained by varying

the spacing of orifices in alternate baffles (2k- ft ladder), or by varying the

spacing of the two orifices in each baffle

(l6-ft ladder). A l6-ft-wide, l-on-10

slope fish ladder design was developed in

which flow conditions were comparable to the l6-ft-wide, l-on-l6 slope fish ladder.

This was accomplished by placing a 6-ftlong barrier in the center of the weir to reduce the overflow and fins extending 1.5

ft upstream from each end of the barrier to control the jet issuing from the submerged

orifices. Through j.se of the fins an orifice-control section was developed with

constant size and spacing of orifices. The tests led to adoption of structurally simple yet effective designs for the project.

(h) Final report is in preparation.

(2919) MODEL STUDY OF CHANNEL IMPROVEMENT PLANS, PALOUSE RIVER, COLFAX, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:l+0-scale flume model is being used to determine the extent of channel enlargement

and modification, levees, flood walls, and

revetments necessary to protect the town of

Colfax, Washington, from higher-than-record

discharges: 14,500 cfs in the South Fork,

16,800 cfs in the Palouse River above the

mouth of the South Fork, and 28,000 cfs in

Palouse River below the mouth of the South

Fork. Space limitations require sharply

curved channels of varying cross section

which are further restricted by existing

bridge piers at several locations. Owing

to the scale ratio used, the model surfaces

(enameled plywood) were too rough to reproduce the prototype concrete surfaces, "n" = O.OlU. Similitude was obtained through use of a slope correction factor in determining

model gradients.

(g) Design and construction of the original improvement plan were completed. Salient test

results to date show the need for revision

of several transitions and addition of

streamlined pier nose extensions to railroad and highway bridges on both North and

South Forks. Studies are being made to de- termine channel invert slopes and wall

(2920;

alinements that will create and maintain a hydraulic jump at desired locations in each

channel.

MODEL TESTS OF SERVICE GATE SEALS, EAGLE

GORGE DAM, GREEN RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Seattle, Corps

of Engineers, Seattle, Washington.

(c) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Seattle, 1519 South Alaskan Way, Seattle k, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A square-bulb, "J" rubber seal, with and

without a brass chafing strip cast into the

bulb, was tested to determine: (l) Maximum

satisfactory clearance between retainer bar

and sealing plate; (2) maximum seal and sup- port plate clearance that will be closed by

force of the top seal; and (3) friction fac- tors. Heads of 100, 150, and 200 ft were

tested.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) It was found that l/2-in. clearance could

be used between the retainer bar and seal

plate. To prevent leakage around the side

seal at its point of intersection with the

top seal, it was necessary to eliminate

clearance between the side seal and support

plate. Friction tests performed by the Los Angeles District Laboratory indicated that

friction factors for an unclad rectangular

seal were lower than for a seal having a brass chafing strip. A music note seal had

the least surface bearing against the seal

plate and showed the least frictional drag

on stainless and chrome-plated steel plates.

(h) Final report is in preparation.

(2921) MODEL STUDY OF ICE HARBOR SPILLWAY STOP LOG, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:20-scale model of a single bay of Ice Harbor spillway dam will be installed in an existing Laboratory flume. Structural fea- tures of stop log will be reproduced and

facilities will be provided for direct meas- urement of hydraulic load on a stop log as

it is lowered into place in high-velocity

flow.

(f) Inactive.

(g) Design is complete.

( 3229 ) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR JOHN DAY DAM,

COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:4l.l^-scale model of three bays of the

spillway dam was used to determine the hydraulic characteristics of the proposed

spillway and stilling basin and to develop

revisions in design that would improve per- formance or reduce construction costs.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Satisfactory design of spillway and stilling basin, and determination of pressure data and discharge rating curves for free

12k
and gated flows were accomplished. The tests led to selection of revised designs

for the crest pier noses, stop-log slots,

stilling basin, and end sill. Additional

tests were made to determine the best

height and location for: (l) a sill that

will be placed on the basin floor in Bay

1 in order to maintain downstream flow at adjacent fishway entrances; and (2) baffles adjacent to Pier 1 and the wall be- tween the spillway and powerhouse to prevent entry of fish into operating section

of spillway.

(3230) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CHANNEL IMPROVE- MENT AT BONNEVILLE DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland,

Corps of Engineers, Portland, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:130-scale, undistorted, fixed-bed

model reproduces 5-6 miles of the Columbia

River adjacent to the dam site. The original layout includes existing structures and river bed ( survey made in summer and

fall of 1958). The purpose of the model

is to study methods for improving navigation conditions in the approaches to Bonneville lock for seagoing vessels. A

remotely-controlled model of a C-2

freighter is used to assist evaluation of

flow conditions in the navigation channel.

(g) Model design and construction were com- pleted. After verification for existing

conditions (1958), tests were made to determine effects of 1959 dredge cuts in

the lock approach, together with alternative improvement plans (rock-fill or concrete groins, permeable guard walls or

dykes, and partial revision of the lock

approach). None of the preliminary plans

was satisfactory, and approximately 15 major channel revisions were tested singly

or in combinations in efforts to provide

the most practical and economical solution

to the problems involved. The most desirable plan will include approximately

900,000 cu yd of excavation along the

Washington shore, 86,000 cu yd of exca- vation at the downstream end of Bradford

Island, 180,000 cu yd along the Oregon

shore, and 100,000 cu yd of excavation at the north side of the lock approach.

(3231) MODEL STUDY OF COUGAR DAM OUTLET STILLING

BASIN, SOUTH FORK, McKENZIE RIVER, OREGON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland,

Corps of Engineers, Portland, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:25-scale model included 10i+5 ft of

13.5-fb-dia regulating tunnel, portal and

transition to 20-ft-wide open concrete

chute, transition from chute to stilling

basin through a 150-ft-radius bucket, and

1500 ft of downstream channel and overbank

topography. Tests were made to check the

adequacy of the original design and to develop modifications if required.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Flow conditions in tunnel and transition to 20-ft-wide chute were satisfactory for the

design flow of 6000 cfs. Although various

baffle sizes, arrangements, and positions

and designs of end sill were investigated,

the 30-ft-wide stilling basin was too small to prevent high velocities and excessive wave action on riprapped walls of the

downstream channel. Acceptable conditions were obtained with a longer transition into

a 50-ft-wide basin that contained five

baffles each k ft high and 5 ft wide and

ended at a stepped end sill 8 ft high. Al- though the design flow of 6000 cfs can be

expected to occur frequently, pressures on the baffles will remain above the range of

c ayit ati on. (h) Final report is in preparation.

(3575) MODEL STUDY OF JOHN DAY NAVIGATION LOCK, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:25-scale model reproduces the 86- by

675-ft lock chamber, culvert systems, and

portions of the upstream and downstream

approach channels. Filling and emptying

systems will be studied to determine the most advantageous design from the standpoints of rate of operation, degree of

turbulence, and economy. The lock will

have a maximum lift of 113 ft. (g) Design and construction of the model were

completed.

(3576) MODEL STUDY OF NORTH FISH LADDER DIFFUSERS, JOHN DAY DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND

WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:8-scale model will reproduce diffusers

3 through 6, ladder weirs 155 through l6l,

and a section of the auxiliary water- supply conduit. Water supply to the 214--ft- wide, l-on-10 sloped north fish ladder will

be a constant 100 cfs, but flow in the

water-supply conduit will vary from 600 cfs to 1300 cfs. Provision will be made in the

model for measurement of outflows from the

ladder, the water-supply conduit, and

individual diffusers. The model will be

constructed so that dimensions or other

details of the weirs, orifices, and diffuser wells can be altered to improve their

hydraulic characteristics if necessary.

(g) Model design and construction were begun.

(3577) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF LOWER MONUMENTAL

DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:100-scale, undistorted, fixed-bed model

reproduces approximately 2.h miles of Snake

River bed and overbank topography at the

dam site. The dam axis is at River Mile

125
ij-1.5, about 60 miles from the city of Pasco,

Washington. Studies will be made to determine flow conditions during various con- struction stages and after proposed struc- tures have "been installed,

(g) Design and construction of the model were

completed and verification tests begun.

(3578) MODEL STUDY OF FISH LADDERS FOR JOHN DAY

DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) An existing l:10-scale fish ladder model

was revised to reproduce 23 pools of the

fixed weir section of a l-on-10 slope, 2k- ft-wide fish ladder. Tests will be made

to develop a design which will provide

flow conditions comparable to a l-on-l6

slope, 24- ft -wide ladder.

(g) Construction was completed and tests begun.

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS,

St. Paul.

(194) A STUDY OF METHODS USED IN MEASUREMENT AND

'ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT LOADS IN STREAMS.

U. S. Army Engineer District, St. Paul and

U. S. Geological Survey, in cooperation

with St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. See St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, page 69.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS,

Waterways Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to The Director, Waterways Experiment

Station, Corps of Engineers, P. 0. Box 631,

Vicksburg, Mississippi.

(218) CONDUIT INTAKE MODEL TESTS.

(h) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Scale models are being used for a general

study of the hydraulic characteristics of entrance curves. Tests of (l) a gated

tunnel having a rectangular entrance with

floor at same elevation as approach channel

(entrance flared in three directions), and

(2) a rectangular conduit in which parallel

side walls are extended upstream from the entrance and only the roof is flared (en- trance floor at same elevation as approach

channel) were conducted to develop entrance

shapes that would not be damaged by cavitation and yet would be as small as possible in cross section. Pressure measurements were made on a transparent conduit,

O.283 foot wide by 0.500 foot high by 8.61+ feet long, connected to a steel pressure headbay tank.

(g) Test results indicate that pressure conditions probably acceptable for most installations can he obtained by the use of elliptical entrance curves with the minor axis

equal to one-third the major axis. For en- trances flared in three directions, the major

axes for the entrance curves should he equal

to the dimensions of the conduit proper in

the directions concerned. For an entrance

in which only the top is flared, the major

axis of the entrance curve should be equal

to at least 1.5 times the depth of the con- duit proper. At installations where high

heads and little back pressure result in

hydraulic conditions highly susceptihle to cavitation, an entrance formed by a compound

elliptical curve is desirable,

(h) "Entrances to Conduits of Rectangular Cross

Section; Investigation of Entrances Flared

in Three Directions and in One Direction,

Waterways Experiment Station Technical

Memorandum No. 2-1+28, Report 2, June 1959- (Available on loan.)

(236) MISSISSIPPI BASIN MODEL.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The project provides for construction and

operation of a model of the Mississippi

River Basin including the Mississippi, Ohio,

Missouri, White, Arkansas, and Red Rivers,

and their principal tributaries. All existing and proposed flood-control reservoirs,

dikes, floodwalls, and other pertinent

works will be reproduced. The model area comprises 200 acres, and measures 4,500 feet east and west, and 3>900 feet north and

south. Completed construction consists of

the Upper Mississippi River from Hannibal,

Missouri, to Helena, Arkansas; the Missouri

River from Sioux City, Iowa, to the mouth;

the Arkansas River from Blackburn Dam Site,

Oklahoma, to Pine Bluff, Arkansas; the Ohio

River from Louisville, Kentucky, to the

mouth; the Cumberland River from Old Hickory

Dam, Tennessee, to the mouth; and the Tennessee River from Pickwick Dam to the

mouth. The topography of the streams and

flood plains are being reproduced to a horizontal scale of 1:2,000 and vertical

scale of 1:100. Water- surface elevations

are measured by electrically operated stage

devices with the recorders located in

central control buildings. Stream flow is introduced and controlled by automatic in- struments called inflow controllers. The

model was designed to aid in the develop- ment of coordinated basin-wide plans for

flood control and operation of floodcontrol structures

.

(g) The extent of model operation each year is determined by the testing programs re- quested by Districts and Divisions that

have operable sections on the model. Tests were conducted during the current year for

the U. S. Army Engineer Divisions, Missouri

River, Ohio River, and Lower Mississippi

Valley. Verification tests of the Missouri,

Ohio, and Mississippi Rivers were conducted,

and special tests were made to determine:

126
the effects of installing a low head dam

in Chain of Rocks reach of the Mississippi

River near St. Louis, the effects of installing a levee in Columbia Bottoms area

in the vicinity of St. Louis, stage-discharge relations in the Kentucky Reservoir

on the Tennessee River for various flows

with various pool elevations, and the closeness with which the model could reproduce

the 19^5 and 1950 floods when using the

entire model for basin-wide studies,

(h) "Effects of Proposed Highway Fill Across Chouteau Island" and "Effects of Proposed

Chain of Rocks Dam, Mississippi River,

Mile 190.1," U. S. Army Engineer Waterways

Experiment Station Mississippi Basin Model

Reports 8l-l and 8l-2, issued in January

and September 1959j respectively.

"Distribution of Ungaged Flows for 19^9,

1950, and 1951 Floods, Van Buren-toLittle Rock Reach, Arkansas River and

Tributaries," U. S. Army Engineer Waterways

Experiment Station Miscellaneous Paper

Wo. 2-331, March 1959- (Available on loan.)

(U25) COMPREHENSIVE MODEL STUDY, DELAWARE RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Philadelphia, Corps of Engineers,

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) To develop and test plans for reduction of

shoaling in several ranges of the navigation channel, the entire Delaware River

estuary from the Atlantic Ocean to Trenton

is reproduced in the model which is of the

fixed-bed, silt-injection type, with scale

ratios of 1:1,000 horizontally and 1:100

vertically. Tides and tidal currents are reproduced by automatic tide generators.

Observed prototype salinities are repro- duced in the Delaware Bay portion of the

model, and provisions made for the injection of silt, and for measuring silt

deposits. Studies are also made of salinity intrusion and the dispersion and

dilution of wastes discharged into the

estuary.

(g) Proposed barriers across the Delaware in

the vicinity of New Castle, Delaware, were tested to determine the general type of

structure required to effectively halt

salt-water intrusion and create a source of fresh water. It was concluded that a barrier having an ungated navigation

opening would have no beneficial effects

on salinities upstream from the barrier.

Substitution of navigation locks for the

ungated opening would cause more extensive salinity intrusion than now exists;

however, the addition of an appropriate

scavenger system to the navigation-locktype barrier would probably provide effective control over the intrusion of sea water into the upper pool. The effects of

the barrier types tested on tides and

currents were also determined.

(h) "Effects of Salt-Water Barriers Across the

Delaware River; Preliminary Hydraulic Model

Investigation." U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Miscellaneous Paper

No. 2-358, September 1959- (Available on

loan.

)

(993) CAVITATION RESEARCH.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The cavitation characteristics of such

elements as baffle piers, steps in stilling

basins, spillway and conduit gate slots, and

offset joints are studied in either a vacuum

tank or a variable -pressure, closed-jet water tunnel. The investigation includes a review of literature to evaluate the many

variables that affect cavitation results.

(99IO EFFECTS OF MODEL DISTORTION.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This is a general study to determine the

hydraulic effects of various types and de- grees of model scale distortion on velocity

distribution and other hydraulic conditions,

with the ultimate aim of establishing

limits of permissible distortion for the

various types of models. Tests are in progress of a rectangular flume having a 90-degree bend with provisions for changing

the vertical scale to provide a distortion

of 0 to 10.

(g) Results indicate that the effects of distortion are due principally to the change

in the width-depth ratio of the channel

caused by the distortion of the linear

scales

(998) STUDY OF WAVE FORCE ON BREAKWATERS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A general investigation is planned of wave phenomena and resulting forces, to be con- ducted in a wave tank, to develop formulas,

supported by experimental data, from which

wave pressures on impervious surfaces,

vertical and inclined, can be determined.

(f) Suspended.

(999) STABILITY OF RUBBLE- MOUND BREAKWATERS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Rubble-mound structures are studied in a

5- by k- by 119-foot wave tank to develop

formulas, supported by experimental data,

from which the design of safe and economical

breakwaters can be determined. In addition

to quarrystone, tetrapods, tetrahedrons,

tribars, and other specially molded armor units are being studied.

(g) The results of stability tests in pell-mellplaced protective cover layers of quarrystone, tetrapods, tribars, and tetrahedrons

are represented with very good accuracy by

the formula

127
w

r

= H37 cot a

where Wr is weight of individual armor

units, y is the specific weight of the armor units, H is height of selected de- sign wave, Sr

is the specific gravity of armor units relative to the fluid in

which the structure is located {yr/yv ), a is the angle of the "breakwater face,

measured from the horizontal, and is a dimensionless coefficient,

(h) "Design of Tribar and Tetrapod Cover

Layers for Rubble-Mound Breakwaters," U.

S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station Miscellaneous Paper Wo. 2-296,

January 1959- (Available on loan.

)

(1002) EFFECTS OF SCALE AND OPERATING TECHNIQUES

ON HARBOR WAVE ACTION MODELS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Tests are conducted in flumes and harbor

model basins to obtain information that

will allow more accurate determination of

optimum scales for wave models, and the

effects of different scale and operating

techniques on the accuracy of model results. The efficiency of flexible-element wave

filters is being investigated to facilitate

continuous operation of wave flumes. Reso- nant chambers for harbor entrances and

attenuation of waves in a three-dimensional

model are being studied.

{100k) INSTRUMENTATION

.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C.

( d ) Experiment al ; development

.

( e ) Various types of measurement and control

equipment for use in hydraulic studies are being developed. These include equipment

for measuring subsurface currents and for

operation of a model boat by remote control. The development of miscellaneous

model and field measuring instruments was continued as the need arose.

(1207) INTAKE EMERGENCY GATES (MODEL STUDY OF PENSTOCK INTAKE AND SLUICE COASTER GATES).

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This is a general study of relative merits

of various penstock intake and sluice coaster gate lip shapes, seals, and recesses, and includes determination of

downpull effects of changes in gate lip

shape, length and shape of seals, size and

shape of the recess in the face of the dam,

and need for an air vent in the entrance. A 1:20 model of a sluice coaster gate was tested in combination with a typical sluice

which included a slide gate, standard en- trance curves conforming to the elliptical

equation

(x

2/D2

) + (y

2/(D/3 ) 2

) = 1. (f) Inactive.

(1211) MODEL STUDY OF H00SIC RIVER, NORTH ADAMS, MASSACHUSETTS.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, New York, Corps of Engineers, New York, New York.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:30 model was used to verify the hydraulic design for improvement of certain

sections of the North and South Branches of

Hoosic River in North Adams, Mass., and to determine whether changes should be made

for safety, increased efficiency, or economy. The flow in the major portion of these

channels will be below critical depth. The

model was used to check such design features

as channel alignment, transitions, super- elevation in bends, characteristics of

weirs, stilling basins, drop structures,

the treatment of intakes and outlets, wall

heights, and elevations of bridges.

(f) Final report in preparation.

(1212) MODEL STUDIES OF OUTLET WORKS, 0AHE DAM, MISSOURI RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha,

Nebraska.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Hydraulic performance of the outlet works

for Oahe Dam was studied on three models:

a 1:60 model reproducing the downstream

ends of the six l8.25-foot-diameter outlet

tunnels, the stilling basin, and portions

of the discharge and pilot channels; a 1:25 model of the portion of one tunnel up- stream of the central control shaft, including the intake; and a 1:25 model of

one of the control shafts, containing

tandem vertical-lift gates, and the tunnel

downstream therefrom.

(f) Final report in preparation.

(11+67) ANALYSIS OF HYDRAULIC EXPERIMENTAL DATA

(MODEL AND PROTOTYPE) AND DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN CRITERIA.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Analytical (model and prototype) and field

investigations; for design.

(e) A general study to develop, analyze, and

disseminate to Corps of Engineers establishments, hydraulic design criteria to

insure adequate capacity, economy of con- struction, and safe and satisfactory operation. Criteria are developed from model

and prototype tests relating to the design

of spillways, outlet works, gates and

valves, channels, and navigation structures. Program also includes prototype tests in

cooperation with other Corps of Engineers

establishments

.

(g) "Hydraulic Design Criteria" charts have

been prepared on the effects of latitude

and altitude on the acceleration of gravity,

bridge pier losses in open channel flow,

128
trash rack losses , spillway "bucket -type energy dissipators, loss coefficients for reverse talnter valves , and pressures in

culvert bends. Prototype measurements

were made of hoist loads for an emergency bulkhead at the entrance to a sluice at Hulah Dam. Hydraulic measurements of

velocities and pressures were made in a 22- foot -diameter tunnel at Fort Randall

Dam at discharges giving average velocities between about 5 and 50 feet per sec. (h) "Considerations of Various Factors Entering Into the Evaluation of Intake Losses From Experimental Measurements, " "Proto- type Hydraulic Tests of Flood-Control Conduit, Enid Dam, Yocona River, Mississippi, " and "Prototype Tests of Spillway Crest and

Flip Bucket, Pine Flat Dam, Kings River,

Calif.," U. S. Army Engineer Waterways

Experiment Station Miscellaneous Paper Wo. 2-320 and Tech. Reports Nos. 2-510 and

2-511, issued in Feb., June, and June 1959 , respectively. (Available on loan.)

"Hydraulic Design Criteria" Issue No. 9- (Available for purchase in limited quantities . )

( ik7h. ) OPERATING FORCES OF MITER-TYPE LOCK GATES.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A general study to collect basic data on operating forces of miter-type lock gates

and to determine the effect of various

elements upon these forces was conducted

in a 1:20 model. A lock chamber 110 feet

wide was reproduced with provisions for

varying the length up to 600 feet on each

side of the gate. Forces required for

operation of miter gates were measured for

variations of the following elements : gate

leaves, speeds and accelerations of operation, submerged depths, recess shapes,

bottom clearances, chamber lengths, and

nonsynchronous operation of gate leaves.

Variations in the type linkage driving the

gate were also investigated.

(f) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(llj-75) SIPHON ACTION AT PUMPING PLANTS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This study was conducted to aid in de- veloping design criteria for pumping

plants that depend on development of siphonic action in the discharge side of the pumps in order to yield the required discharge. Full-size models of a 6-inch and

12-inch plastic discharge line were tested.

Variables investigated during the tests

were: rates of flow, water levels in the

discharge side of the pumps, slope and

length of the riverward leg, and venting

conditions at the crown.

(g) The minimum initial priming velocity and

length of time required to prime the

siphons were determined for the following

variables: Rates of flow, water levels on

the discharge side of the pumps, slope and

length of the riverward leg, and venting

conditions at the crown. The equation de- veloped from model data to determine the

minimum initial velocity required to achieve

a full prime is:

O.362

0.l6l

where V^ = minimum initial priming

velocity, "feet per second, g = acceleration

of gravity, feet per second squared, D = diameter of siphon, feet, L = length of

sloping portion of riverward leg, feet, and

6 = angle of riverward leg with the horizontal.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(1738) MODEL STUDY OF GATES AND STILLING BASIN,

GREENUP LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Huntington, Corps of Engineers,

Huntington, West Virginia.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:25 section model reproducing 1+00 feet

of the approach area, a portion of the

spillway crest and stilling basins, and 800

feet of the exit area was used to examine

the hydraulic performance of the spillway

weir and stilling basin. Additional phases

of the study involved measurements of

hydraulic forces acting on a submergibletype spillway tainter gate and a girdertype emergency gate in the lock, both con- structed to a scale of 1:25- The emergency

gate for the lock consists of two, vertical,

upstream and downstream leaves.

(f) Final report in preparation.

(g) In the study of the emergency lock gate,

particular emphasis was placed on determining the vertical forces acting on the

downstream leaf of the gate and selecting

a crest shape for this leaf that would minimize downpull without causing uncontrollable

uplift of the gate. The gate as originally

designed was found to bounce (vertical displacement) violently under certain tail- water conditions. This was attributed primarily to negative pressures on the curved

gate crest and to the back roller from the

outflow nappe which tended to force the

gate upward. Venting of the gate crest eliminated bouncing at low tailwater but

not at high tailwater. No curved-surface

gate crest would ideally fit all flow con- ditions, so tests were made of a planesurface crest. After tests of eight gate

designs, a triangular-crest gate with

girder flanges turned down was found stable

for all conditions investigated and re- quired no aeration of the crest. Tests to

determine pressures on the upstream gate

leaf indicated satisfactory performance for

all conditions investigated.

(h) "Emergency Gate, Greenup Locks, Ohio River,

Kentucky; Hydraulic Model Investigation."

U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station Technical Report No. 2-527, Oct. 1959- Available on loan.

129
(1739) MODEL STUDY OF GATE AND STILLING BASIN, MARKLAND LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer District, Louisville, Corps of Engineers,

Louisville, Kentucky.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:25 section model reproducing kOO feet of the approach area, a portion of the

spillway crest and stilling basin, and 800

feet of the exit area was used to examine

the hydraulic performance of the spillway

weir and stilling basin. A second phase

of the study involved measurements of

hydraulic forces acting on a submergibletype spillway tainter gate.

(f) Final report In preparation.

(1982) MODEL STUDY OF OLD RIVER LOW-SILL CONTROL

STRUCTURE, OLD RIVER, LOUISIANA.

(b) President, Mississippi River Commission,

Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The Old River low-sill control structure will control flow into Old River, which

links the Mississippi and Atchafalaya

Rivers, so that Mississippi River flows

will be divided between the lower reaches

of the Mississippi and Atchafalaya. Flow

through the structure will be regulated by

eleven, multiple-leaf, vertical-lift gages discharging into a horizontal apron with

baffle piers and end sill. Upstream and

downstream training walls will guide flow

through the structure and protect adjacent

levees from high-velocity currents. Tests on two 1 : 36 section models and a 1 : 36 comprehensive model were concerned with

overall capacity of the structure, flow

conditions at the abutments, and effectiveness of the stilling basin for a wide range of hydraulic conditions.

(f) Completed.

(g) Tests showed no reduction in capacity of

the structure as a result of unsymmetrical

flow distribution in the approach channel

caused by flow from the Mississippi River.

Unusual care was used in developing satisfactory designs for the training walls up- stream and downstream of the abutments.

The stilling basin appeared to perform

adequately under all flow conditions.

Economies in apron construction (Increase

in elevation and reduction in length) were

found possible. A baffle pier arrangement

was evolved that provided adequate energy

dissipation of both high and low tailwaters.

(h) "Old River Low-Sill Control Structure; Re- port 3j Study of Over-all Performance; Hydraulic Model Investigation." U. S. Army

Engineer Waterways Expt. Sta. Tech. Report

No. 2-W7, June 1959- (Available on loan.)

(1986) SALT WATER INTRUSION AND RELATED PHENOMENA.

(b) Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, Corps of

Engineers ( correspondence should be ad- dressed to Mr. C.F. Wicker, Chairman, Com- mittee on Tidal Hydraulics, U. S. Army

Engineer District, Philadelphia, Corps of

Engineers, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) To determine the effects of salinity and

related phenomena on the vertical distribution of currents and shoaling characteristics in estuaries, tests are being made in

a lucite flume 327 feet long, 1.5 feet deep,

and 0.75 foot wide. One end of the flume is connected to a 25 -foot -square tidal basin

in which any desired tide may be produced

and in which the salinity may be controlled.

The opposite end is connected to a fresh- water source. Combinations of tidal range, tidal period, source salinity, mean depth,

and fresh-water inflow are studied. A

total of nine tests were made during the

year. The results are being analyzed; how- ever no conclusions have been reached at this time.

(1987) MODEL REPRODUCTION OF PROTOTYPE EROSION BELOW STILLING BASINS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Study will be made of erosion characteristics of various sizes of riprap and gravel

material with a view to securing adequate

protection at minimum cost. Measurements

of velocity and turbulence at which movement of material begins will be made.

(f) Inactive during 1959 hut will be resumed

under title "Riprap Protection at Hydraulic Structures .

(1988) WATER TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON BED FORMS AND

ROUGHNESS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A laboratory flume, in which water temperatures can be varied to simulate normally

experienced summer and winter temperatures,

is being used to investigate the effects of water temperature on stream-bed forms and

roughness of various types of bed materials.

(2^27) MODEL STUDY OF OUTLET WORKS, ABIQUIU DAM, RIO CHAMA, NEW MEXICO.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Albuquerque, Corps of Engineers,

Albuquerque, New Mexico.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:20 model was used to study flow conditions in the control section of a 12- foot

diameter flood-control tunnel, at the junction of this tunnel and an uncontrolled,

10-foot-diameter outlet, and in the energy

dissipator for the tunnels. Of particular

interest were the transitions between the

rectangular gate passages and the circular

tunnel and the junction of the two tunnels.

(f) Completed.

(g) From a hydraulic standpoint, completely

satisfactory designs were not developed

for the transition from the rectangular

gate passages to the 12- foot -diameter tun- nel and for the junction of the two tunnels. The design accepted for the transition included a steel lining throughout

130
the gate passages , transition, and into the

12-foot-diameter tunnel. It is planned

that this lining will retard likely cavitation damage to an acceptable degree. A

top-entry junction that will not interfere

with normal releases was adopted. Should

the uncontrolled outlet go into operation,

damage at the junction is likely hut, be- cause of the short duration of flows,

should not he critical. The flip bucket energy dissipator was considered an inexpensive means of obtaining desired dispersion of flow,

(h) "Outlet Works for Abiquiu Dam, Rio Chama, New Mexico; Hydraulic Model Investigation."

U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station Technical Report No. 2-513.> June

1959- (Available on loan.)

(2428) MODEL STUDY OF SAVANNAH HARBOR, GEORGIA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Savannah, Corps of Engineers,

Savannah, Georgia.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The investigation is being conducted in a model which reproduces the following:

(l) That portion of the Atlantic Ocean,

adjacent to the harbor entrance, from

Calibogue Sound on the north to Wassaw

Sound on the south; ( 2 ) the Savannah River

and its flood plain to the head of tide at Ebenezer Landing; and ( 3 ) that portion of

the Intracoastal Waterway which crosses the area included in the model. The model

is of fixed-bed construction with scale

ratios, model to prototype, of 1:800 horizontally and 1:80 vertically. Automatic

tide generators are used to reproduce tides

and tidal currents throughout the harbor,

and salt water is used in the model ocean

to reproduce the effects of density difference on current velocities and distributions. Shoaling studies are made by in- jecting finely ground gilsonlte into the

model to reproduce the patterns of shoaling as observed in the prototype, following which the effects of proposed improve- ment plans on shoaling patterns may be

observed and evaluated. Studies are also

made of the effects of proposed improvement

plans on dispersion and dilution of contami- nants discharged into the harbor. Refine- ments of plans for reducing and localizing

shoaling are being tested.

(2429) MODEL STUDIES OF THE CORNWALL ISLAND AND

EARNHART ISLAND-LAKE ST. FRANCIS REACHES,

ST. LAWRENCE RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, New

York.

(d) Experimental; for design.

( e ) Two fixed-bed models were used to study

plans for navigation improvement in the

lower portion of the International Rapids

section of the St. Lawrence River. A 1:100 model of the Cornwall Island Reach repro- duced all features of the river from just

below the tailrace of the proposed

Barnhart Island powerhouse to about

the mid-point of Cornwall Island, and included portions of both the north and south

Cornwall Island channels, Polly's Gut, and

the entrance to Grass River locks. A model

of the Barnhart Island-Lake St. Francis

Reach, built to scales of 1:300 horizontally

and 1:100 vertically, reproduced a greater

area upstream and downstream of Cornwall

Island. Both models were used to study

navigation conditions in the approach to the Grass River locks, proposed plans for

excavations in both Cornwall Island channels to effect navigation improvement in

South Channel, and to determine conditions

that will be encountered by navigation during the construction of the project features

in the Cornwall Island Reach,

(h) Preparation of final report in progress.

2673) MODEL STUDIES OF BARKLEY LOCK AND DAM, CUMBERLAND RIVER, TENNESSEE.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Nashville, Corps of Engineers, Nashville,

Tennessee.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:120 model, reproducing the Cumberland

River from mile 29.4 to 32.2, the lock, dam,

and powerhouse, is being used to investigate

flow characteristics in the approaches to the lock. A 1:36 model, reproducing the

riverward downstream lock wall including

the culvert manifold which discharges into

the spillway stilling basin, a discharge

manifold discharging through the stilling

basin, five spillway bays, 324 feet of ap- proach channel, and 596 feet of exit channel, was used to investigate flow characteristics in the stilling basin and exit channel. The proposed design for the lock filling and emptying system was tested in a

1 : 33 model simulating the upper approach

channel, intake manifolds in both walls

serving culverts l6 feet square, lateral

culvert diffusers in the lock chamber floor,

and port manifolds in the spillway stilling

basin for discharging flow from both cul- verts. The emergency lock gate is being

studied in a 1:25 model which reproduces

the gate, gate sill, and portions of the

upstream lock approach and the lock chamber downstream from the gate. This model

will be used to determine: (l) hydraulic

forces on and stability of the gate under

various flows including free flow over the

lock miter sill; (2) hydrostatic forces on the gate in various positions; (3) gate

wheel reactions and sill roller reactions

at given positions; and (4) head loss

through the bridge decking,

(g) Tests of the 1:25 emergency lock gate re- vealed that with the original design gate

uplift forces on the gate were greater than

the dry weight of the gate ( 360 kips )

.

This was corrected by the use of a 45- degree lip on the apex of the gate. For

this design the gate was stable throughout

its range of operation, and hydraulic

forces were in the range of 107 kips downpull and 207 kips uplift. Reaction data

revealed that the centroid of the gate was never above the upper support of the gate,

131
which eliminated any tendency for this gate to he rotated in a downstream direction. In the 1:120 general model, a satisfactory

alinement of the right hank downstream from

the powerhouse was developed.

(2675) MODEL STUDIES OF DARDANELLE LOCK AMD DAM, ARKANSAS RIVER, ARKANSAS.

(h) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Little Rock, Corps of Engineers, Little

Rock, Arkansas.

(d) Experimental; for design.

( e ) Three models were used for the investigation. A 1:120 model reproduced the struc- tures and ^,000 feet of approach channel

and 8,000 feet of exit channel. The ap- proach channel was molded in concrete to overburden contours while the exit channel

was molded in concrete to "bedrock contours with the overburden topography molded in

pea gravel to facilitate revision of the

channel configuration. Currents were meas- ured around the lock approaches for all

arrangements of structures. A 1:50 section

model reproducing one full and two adjacent

half hays of the spillway and stilling

basin was utilized for studies of the ade- quacy of the weir and stilling basin design.

This model had a glass side so that flow

patterns could be observed directly. This

section model was also used to test a re- vised crest pier design with wider gate

bays which will be incorporated. A 1:25

model reproducing 700 feet of upstream lock

approach channel, the guide wall, the lock

culvert intakes, the lock culverts through

the filling valves, and three adjacent

spillways bays (the downstream portions of

the lock culvert and lock chamber are re- produced schematically) was used to develop

a satisfactory lock intake system and ap- proach channel. Provisions were made for

mechanical operation of the culvert valves

and automatic recording of pertinent data.

(f) Tests completed.

(h) Preparation of final reports in progress.

(2678) MODEL STUDY OF LOCKS AND DAM NO. hi,

LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Louisville, Corps of Engineers, Louisville,

Kentucky.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A fixed-bed, 1:120 model reproduces a sixmile reach of the Ohio River including ad- jacent overbank areas, the locks and dam structures and all bridges and other struc- tures that might affect flow conditions.

Purposes of the model study are to: determine the effects of location, size, and

alinement of the dam on stages and currents

in the upper pool; determine the effects of

location, size, and alinement of a new ap- proach channel on navigation and surge con- ditions; determine the best location for a new navigable span on the Pennsylvania

Railroad bridge; determine a method of

operating the dam for optimum navigation

conditions; study navigation conditions in

the lower approach as affected by flow

through dam, powerhouse, and lock-emptying

system; and provide a means for navigation

interests to satisfy themselves as to the

acceptability of the proposed plan by ob- serving the model in operation,

(g) Preliminary tests are in progress.

(2680) MODEL STUDY OF HURRICANE TIDES IN NARRAGANSETT BAY, RHODE ISLAND.

(b) Division Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Div., New England, Corps of Engineers, Boston,

Massachusetts

.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A fixed-bed model, 1:1,000 horizontally and

1:100 vertically, reproduces all of Narra- gansett Bay and an adjacent portion of the

Atlantic Ocean. An automatic tide generator

reproduces normal tides throughout the model,

and a separate, manually operated generator

reproduces hurricane tides of the desired

characteristics at the bay entrance. Numerous barrier plans for prevention of hurricane-tide damage have been proposed. The

relative and absolute effectiveness of

these plans in reducing hurricane -tide

elevations throughout the bay system were determined and the effects of the best plan

on such important factors as tidal circulation, pollution, salinity, and shoaling for

normal conditions were investigated. Additional hydraulic, salinity, shoaling, and

pollution studies of a lower bay barrier

plan recommended by the Navy were made; however, analysis of the tests results is not

complete. Fresh water only was used in the

model during tests of the proposed barrier

plans, but both salt and fresh water are being used in the tests to determine the

effects of the best barrier plan on all

significant factors for normal conditions.

Model appurtenances consist of automatic

tide gages to record both hurricane-tide

and normal-tide elevations at critical

points, recording salinity meters, recording dye meters for observing pollution and/ or flushing characteristics, current ve- locity meters, and equipment for simulating

shoaling of the channels and other navigation facilities.

(g) Results of tests to determine the effects

of the authorized Fox Point barrier on water temperatures In the upper Providence

River, and on the temperature of cooling water for two generating stations in par- ticular, indicated that the Fox Point barrier would cause a significant increase in

average river water temperatures upstream

from the barrier, while temperatures down- stream from the barrier would be reduced

slightly. Further tests indicated that the

detrimental effects of the Fox Point barrier

on cooling-water temperature could be

eliminated by construction of a cooling- water intake channel along the west side

of the Providence River to supply cooling water from the downstream side of the barrier.

(h) Interim Report 2, "Effects of Lower Bay

Barriers on Salinities, Shoaling and Pollution in Narragansett Bay, " Interim Report

3, "Effects of Fox Point Barrier on Water

132
(268i;

Temperatures," and Interim Report h, "Ef- fects of Cooling-Water Channel on Temperatures of Cooling Water for Power Stations/

were published in January, September, and

September 1959) respectively.

SCALE-EFFECT TESTS OF RUBBLE- MOUND BREAKWATERS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Tests are being conducted by the Beach Erosion Board, under the supervision of the

Waterways Experiment Station, to investigate

the effects of model scale on the results

of experimentally determined criteria for

the design of rubble-mound breakwaters.

Stability tests are being made of a break- water slope of 1 on 1-1/2 using wave

periods of 2.6l, 3-75, 7-87, and 11-33

seconds. Tests in the Beach Erosion Board

wave flume (15 feet by 20 feet by 635 feet)

are being conducted using a linear scale of

7-5 to 1 based on the tests conducted in

the Waterways Experiment Station 5- by k- by 119-foot wave flume. Stability tests have also been conducted in the Waterways

Experiment Station small wave flume (l foot by 1.5 feet by 9k feet) using a scale of

0.5 to 1 based on tests conducted in the

5- by k- by 119-foot wave flume. Therefore,

data on the stability of rubble-mound break- waters will be available for three different linear scales, 0.5 to 1, 1 to 1, and

7-5 "to 1. Test data from the Beach Erosion

Board wave flume will be correlated with

data from the Waterways Experiment Station

flumes as soon as calibration of the flume

is completed.

;2682) SACRAMENTO BARGE CANAL LOCK MODEL STUDIES, SACRAMENTO RIVER, CALIFORNIA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer District, Sacramento, Corps of Engineers,

Sacramento, California.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The Sacramento Barge Canal Lock is part of

the proposed improvement for the Sacramento

River Deep Water Ship Canal. The project

plan consists of (l) a deep water channel

from Suisan Bay to Washington Lake, 30 feet

deep at mean low water, 200 feet wide in

tangents, and 300 feet wide in curves and

through existing channels, (2) a 70-acre,

30-foot-deep harbor at Lake Washington,

( 3 ) a connecting barge canal from Washing- ton Lake to Sacramento River, 13 feet deep

and 120 feet wide with a navigation lock

86 by 600 feet, and a combination highway

and railroad bascule bridge. The maximum

anticipated lock lift is 21.1 feet. A mini- mum depth of 13 feet is provided over the

upper and lower gate sills. Because of the

possibility of a reversal of head, sector

gates were selected for the lock and also

are to be used as the means of filling and

emptying the lock. Flow will pass directly

into or from the lock between the gate

leaves as they are opened. In addition the

gate leaves and recesses have been designed

so that flow will pass between the faces of

the leaves and the walls of the recesses, thereby providing three flow passages at each end of the lock. The immediate ap- proaches and entire lock were reproduced in

a 1:20 model. Provisions were made for

mechanical operation of the sector gates

and automatic recording of pertinent data,

(h) Final report in preparation.

( 2685 ) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE ACTION, SUPERIOR ENTRY, DULUTH-SUPERIOR HARBOR, LAKE SUPERIOR.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

St. Paul, Corps of Engineers, St. Paul,

Minnesota.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:150 fixed-bed model reproduces all the

navigation approach channel and harbor

breakwater structures as well as the inner

harbor dock area serving Superior, Wis.,

and includes adjacent lake and shore-line

areas to permit reproduction of storm waves

from all critical directions. Investigations are being made : to determine the

reasons for the wind-wave problems that

exist and cause ship damage in the vicinity

of the Superior Entry; and to develop the most effective remedy possible so that

navigation and docking hazards now prevailing will be adequately remedied.

(g) The optimum lengths of detached breakwaters

located in four positions have been determined based on a wave-action-in-docks criterion of 3-foot-hlgh waves occurring no more frequently than once in five years. The choice of plan will depend upon minimum

channel widths acceptable to ship captains.

(2925) ULTRASONIC FLOW MEASUREMENT.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; development.

(e) Various types of ultrasonic equipment will

be investigated in a 2k-inch by ik-inch

conduit, with full and partial flow, to determine the relative accuracy of each type. Tests to date have been concerned with the

adjustment and modification of test equip- ment .

(2927) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, TROY LOCK AND DAM, HUDSON RIVER, NEW YORK.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., New York, Corps of Engineers, New York, New York.

(d) Experimental; for design.

( e ) Navigation conditions at Troy Lock are ad- versely affected by the facts that the lock

and dam are the upper limit of tidewater in

Hudson River, and a branch of the Mohawk

River enters the Hudson in an upstream direction just above the lock. Tests to de- termine the most effective and economical

plan for eliminating the hazardous navigation conditions at the upper entrance to

the lock were conducted in a 1:100 model of

the pertinent reach of the Hudson and the

lower 1,800 feet of the Mohawk branch. The

model included the lock and dam, all bridge

133
piers within the model limits, and sufficient overbank area to reproduce flood

flows. A remote-controlled towhoat with

tow was used to determine the effect of currents on tows entering and leaving the

locks

.

(f) Completed.

(g) Tests indicated that navigation difficulties are due principally to (l) position of

lock and guard' wall which are not alined

with the project channel and the main cur-

- rents within the lock approach, and (2)

limited maneuver area availahle for tows attempting to overcome effects of the ad- verse currents in the approach. Conditions

are also somewhat affected "by flow from the

Mohawk River branch, the bend in the Hudson

upstream of the lock, the elevation of the

tops of the ports in the guard wall, and

the relatively large flow over the low sec- tion of the dam near the lock. The most

satisfactory improvement plan appeared to

be: (l) replacement of the existing guide

wall with a short wing wall angled toward

the near bank, (2) extension of the guard

wall, and (3) lowering of the elevation of

the guard wall ports.

(h) "Navigation Conditions at Troy Lock and Dam, Hudson River, New York; Hydraulic Model

Investigation." U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report

No. 2-517, July 1959. (Available on loan)

(2929) MODEL STUDY OF NEW RICHMOND LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Huntington, Corps of Engineers, Huntington, West Virginia.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:120 model reproducing three miles of

the Ohio River and the main and auxiliary

locks together with the dam structures was used to : determine the best arrangement of

the locks and appurtenant walls; study ap- proach conditions under various river flows

and methods of operation of dam control

gates; develop modifications required to

overcome any undesirable conditions ; and

demonstrate to navigation interests the

acceptability of the proposed design from

a navigation standpoint.

(f) Completed.

(g) The study revealed that no hazardous navigation conditions would exist in the upper

and lower lock approaches for any of the

flows and conditions investigated. With

the original design structures, tows might

experience some difficulty in approaching

the auxiliary lock and in pulling away from

the guard wall. Lowering the tops of the

ports in the upper guard wall 3 feet would

reduce appreciably the force required to

pull a tow away from the guard wall and

would also tend to reduce velocities in

the upper approach. Placing dredged spoil

along the right bank upstream of the locks

would decrease the overbank flow bypassing

the locks and increase the crosscurrents

at the upper end of the guard wall. Shifting the locks 50 feet landward would have

no appreciable effect on navigation conditions in the lock approaches. Emergency

navigation over the fixed- crest weir should

be feasible during flood stages if the weir

is at least 250 feet long,

(h) "Navigation Conditions at New Richmond

Locks and Dam, Ohio River; Hydraulic Model

Investigation," U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report is in publication. (Will be available on loan.)

(2930) MODEL STUDIES OF SPILLWAY AND STILLING

BASIN, LOCK, AND NAVIGATION CONDITIONS,

JACKSON LOCK AND DAM, TOMBIGBEE RIVER, ALA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,;

Mobile, Corps of Engineers, Mobile, Alabama.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Four models were used to develop profiles

and capacities of a fixed-crest and a gated

spillway, dimensions of the stilling basins

below each, to study currents and velocities

in the lock approaches, and to investigate

the lock filling and emptying system and

effect of lock operation on conditions in

the approaches. A 1:36 model of a section

of the approach area, fixed-crest spillway,

stilling basin, and exit area, and a 1:50

model of a like section of the gated spillway were tested. Navigation conditons at the locks were investigated in a 1:120

model of a 2.3-mile reach of the river including the lock and dam and approach

channels. Navigation conditions in the

upper and lower lock approaches and over the fixed-crest spillway were observed, and

modifications in lock or channel configurations were tested to modify any undesirable

conditions noted. A 1:25 model of the com- ( plete filling and emptying system with an outlet system discharging riverward of the

lock was used to study various locations,

designs, and numbers of lock chamber wall

ports. Filling and emptying times were

determined, and culvert pressures, surging,

hawser stresses, and vibration of the val'res were measured.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Tests on the 1:120 navigation model indicated that no serious difficulties should

be encountered by navigation in the lock

approaches and that tows with sufficient

power to navigate the reach during flood

stages should be capable of navigating

over the fixed-crest spillway. Dredging

to realign the riverbanks adjacent to the

upstream and downstream lock approach chan- : nels was found to appreciably improve navigation conditions for both upbound and

downbound tows . Tests on the 1 : 36 and

1 : 50 spillway models revealed that the

original designs of the gated and fixed- crest spillways were satisfactory. A horizontal stilling basin with sloped end sill was selected for the gated spillway. The

basin below the fixed-crest spillway will

consist of a small roller bucket.

(h) "Navi gat ion Conditions at Jackson Lock and

Dam, Tombigbee River; Hydraulic Model In- vestigation, " and "Spillways and Stilling

Basins, Jackson Dam, Tombigbee River, Ala.; | Hydraulic Model Investigation, " Waterways

Experiment Station Technical Reports are in j

13^
publication. (Will "be available on loan. )

(2931) MODEL STUDY OF SOUTHWEST PASS, MISSISSIPPI

RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., New Orleans, Corps of Engineers, New

Orleans, Louisiana.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) To determine the effectiveness of proposed

improvement works (jetty extensions, channel realignments, and contraction works)

in eliminating or reducing the periodic

maintenance now required in order for deepdraft vessels to navigate the jetty and bar

channels of Southwest Pass, the lower 12

miles of the Pass and the adjacent area of

the Gulf of Mexico were reproduced in a fixed-bed model to scale ratios of 1 : 500

horizontally and 1:100 vertically. Tides,

tidal currents, littoral currents, and wave action in the Gulf of Mexico, and

salt- and fresh-water flows in Southwest

Pass and the bar channel were reproduced in

the model. Shoaling studies were made by

introducing various mixtures of plastic

materials into the model to simulate pro- totype shoaling materials and thus repro- duced in the model the patterns and distribution of shoaling that occur in the

prototype

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Tests of proposed plans for reducing

shoaling in the jetty and bar channels indicated that plans involving a curved re- alinement to the jetty channel, and plans

involving relocating the bar upstream from

ends of the jetties would greatly reduce

shoaling for the authorized project depth

of -kO feet, as compared to a kO- foot -deep

channel on the alinement of the existing

channel. The tests indicated that reducing

the jetty channel width from 800 to 600

feet would also be beneficial in reducing

shoaling

(h) "Summary of Best Plans for Reducing Shoaling, Southwest Pass, Missississippi River;

Hydraulic Model Investigation." U.S. Army

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station

Miscellaneous Paper No. 2-3U9, July 1959- (Available on loan. )

(2932) MODEL STUDY OF HUDSON RIVER, NEW YORK.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., New York, Corps of Engineers, New York, New York.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A fixed-bed model constructed to linear

scales of 1:100 vertically and 1:1,000

horizontally, is being used to determine

the source of material shoaling the Hudson

River in the vicinity of Edgewater and

Weehawken piers and the most effective means of reducing or eliminating this

shoaling. The model reproduces Upper and

Lower New York Bays, Raritan Bay, Hudson

River to Hyde Park, East River to Throgs

Neck, and tributaries flowing into the

modeled bodies of water. Provisions are made to reproduce tides, fresh-water discharge, salinity intrusion, and shoaling.

(g) The results of model tests indicate that

shoaling of the Hudson River navigation

channels between the Battery and the George

Washington Bridge can be reduced appreciably

by (l) the provision of sediment traps in

critical locations, (2) enlargement of the

constricted cross-sectional area at the

George Washington Bridge, or (3) a combination of these two schemes.

(2933) STUDY OF HARBOR DESIGN.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A testing program is planned to determine

general criteria for designing harbors and

harbor works to obtain optimum protection

from wave action. Program will include

both wind waves and seiches, and wave re- fraction and diffraction as applied to harbor and break-water planning will be investigated.

(f) Suspended.

(2934) DESIGN OF RUBBLE WAVE ABSORBERS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

( e ) Rubble wave absorbers are to be studied in

a wave flume to determine criteria for the

design and construction of such structures. The study will include investigation of the

effects of slope and shape of face of the

structure, and size, shape, volume, and

porosity of materials on the wave-absorbing

characteristics of the structure.

(f) Suspended.

(2935) MODEL STUDY OF BUFFALO HARBOR, LAKE ERIE.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, N. Y. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:125 model was used to determine the

effects on wave action in the harbor of re- locating the navigation approach channel to the harbor, and since the new channel would

necessitate removal of a section of the

existing breakwater, to determine whether a new detached breakwater is necessary to re- duce storm-wave action at the proposed new

entrance . The fixed-bed model reproduced

about 13.2 square miles, including nearly

all of the harbor and sufficient adjacent

lake area to permit reproduction of storm waves from all critical directions. Cur- rents caused by discharge from Lake Erie

into Niagara River were simulated.

(f) Completed.

(g) Tests indicated that a detached breakwater

about 1,800 feet long located on the north

side of the proposed navigation approach

channel and about 2,500 feet lakeward of

the old breakwater, will provide adequate

protection to the harbor from storm-wave

action.

(h) "Effects on Wave Action of Proposed Relocation of North Entrance Channel, Buffalo

Harbor, New York; Hydraulic Model Investigation, " U. S. Army Engineer Waterways

135
Experiment Station Technical Report is in

publication. (Will "be available on loan.

)

(2936) MODEL STUDY OF BARCELONA HARBOR, LAKE ERIE.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, N. Y. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The site of the proposed harbor, located on

the south shore of Lake Erie, is exposed to waves from west -southwest clockwise to north-northeast. A fixed-bed, 1:68 scale

model was used to develop a system of break- waters to protect pleasure and fishing

craft from these wind-generated waves. The

model reproduced a sufficient area in the

harbor vicinity, upshore and downshore and

lakeward, to permit generation of waves. Various breakwater schemes were installed

in the model and wave heights measured.

(f) Completed.

(g) Tests showed that a simple arrowhead-type

breakwater system, consisting of two legs,

would protect the enclosed mooring basin

from storm waves, but would reduce wave

heights only moderately in the entrance

channel. Tests also indicated the desirability of narrowing the navigation opening

width from 200 feet to 15 0 feet and

straightening one breakwater leg, as well

as the feasibility of reducing the length

of the other leg by 200 feet.

(h) "Wave Action and Breakwater Location, Har- bor of Refuge for Light-Draft Vessels,

Barcelona, New York; Hydraulic Model In- vestigation. " U.S. Army Engineer Waterways

Experiment Station Technical Report No. 2-

523, September 1959. (Available on loan.)

(2937) MODEL TESTS OF CULVERT TAINTER VALVES FOR

NEW LOCK NO. 19, MISSISSIPPI RIVER, KEOKUK,

IOWA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Rock Island, Corps of Engineers, Rock

Island, Illinois.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Flow through the lU.5- by li+.5-foot longitudinal culverts in each lock wall is regu- lated by reverse tainter valves. Trial

operation in the prototype disclosed that

when the valves were operated at greater

than two-thirds angular opening, severe load pulsations occurred which resulted in

intermittent reversals in loading on the

valve hoist and a consequent clattering in

the operating machinery, which made opera- tion of the valves at large openings risky. A 1:12 model of one valve was used to study

causes of load reversals on the hoist and to develop valve modifications that would

eliminate clattering and permit normal

valve operation.

(f) Completed.

(g) A major cause of load reversals was found

to be hydraulic forces tending to raise the

valve, combined with fluctuating pressure

differentials across the web of the lower

horizontal girder. Valve modifications

which materially improved loadings included

removal of knee braces between the lower

girder and trunnion arms and installation

of a cover plate from the upstream flange

of the lower girder to the bottom of the

skin plate. Also, installation of a diaphragm in the bulkhead well downstream from

the valve reduced load pulsations at a par- ticular valve opening. On the basis of

these findings, one prototype valve was modified and observations of its operation

revealed that load reversals on the hoist were eliminated,

(h) "Culvert Tainter Valves, New Lock No. 19,

Mississippi River; Hydraulic Model Investigation," U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Ex- periment Station Tech. Report is in publication. (Will be available on loan.

)

(29Ul) MODEL STUDIES OF KEYSTONE DAM, ARKANSAS

RIVER, OKLAHOMA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Tulsa, Corps of Engineers, Tulsa, Oklahoma.

(d) Experimental; for design.

( e ) Several models were used to determine : the

adequacy of design of the stilling basin,

weir, and training walls; the best spacing

for the nine flood-control sluices; and the

alinement and outlet design of the sluices. A 1:100 general model was used to study

flow patterns in the approach and exit channels, develop a satisfactory alinement of

the right training walls, and determine the

required spacing of the flood-control

sluices. A 1:36 spillway section model was used for the stilling basin and sluice

alinement tests. Final refinements in the

sluice outlet design were tested in a con- duit model at a scale of 1:20.

(f) Tests completed. Preparation of final re- port in progress.

(g) The conduit model provided more detailed

data which established the desirability of

an alternate sluice design.

(291+2) OLD RIVER ROCK-FILL CLOSURE DAM MODEL

STUDIES

.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., New Orleans, Corps of Engineers, New

Orleans, Louisiana.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Initial closure of the present Old River

channel will be accomplished by dumping

rock, weighing more than two tons, into low

velocity water. A 1:10 section model re- producing 100 feet of the length of the fill was used to test the stability of the down- stream slope under critical flow conditions

and to determine the maximum amount of seepage that will occur. Carefully graded

limestone rock with a specific weight of

about l68 pounds per cubic foot was used

in the tests.

(f) Completed.

(g) Stability of the downstream slope of the

hand-placed and dumped fills was found to be adequate under overflow discharges for

all possible river stages. Seepage rates through the embankment were high but were reduced to tolerable levels by placing a well-graded seal blanket on the upstream

slope. It was found that steeper slopes

could be used for both upstream and

136
downstream faces of the dam, thereby reducing the volume of the fill "by about kO percent . (h) "Old River Project, Rock-Fill Initial

Closure Dam; Hydraulic Model Investigation."

U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station Tech. Report No. 2-1+96, March 1959. (Available on loan.)

(3232) MODEL STUDY OF FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEM, OLD RIVER LOCK, LOUISIANA.

(b) President, Mississippi River Commission,

Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Old River lock will be 1,250 by 75 feet

with a minimum depth of 13 feet over the

sills. Under normal operating conditions,

lifts are not expected to exceed 15 feet but provisions were made for a lift of 32 feet which could occur with the low-sill

control structure inoperative. Manifold

intakes in the approach walls lead to longitudinal wall culverts which discharge into

the lock chamber through side ports at the

bottom of the chamber. The discharge manifold consists of two floor laterals with

side ports from each of the two longitudinal

wall culverts . Reverse tainter valves are used for flow regulation. A 1:25 model was used to study the hydraulic characteristics

of the filling and emptying system.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(3233) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY BULKHEADS, GREENUP

DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineers, U.S. Army Engineer

Districts, Huntington and Louisville, Corps

of Engineers, Huntington, West Virginia,

and Louisville, Kentucky.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:25 model of a solid, girder-type bulkhead with upstream and downstream skin plate

and lifting beam vas used to determine the

vertical forces acting on the bulkhead and

lifting beam as they are lowered in flowing

water.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(323^) MODEL STUDY OF PASNY INTAKE, NIAGARA RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, N. Y. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The hydraulic investigation of the PASNY

intake structure was conducted on an existing model used previously to study the de- velopment of power and the preservation and

enhancement of the scenic spectacle at Niagara Falls. The model was constructed

to linear scale ratios, model to prototype,

of 1:360 horizontally and 1:60 vertically

and reproduced that portion of the Niagara

River from the Falls upstream to and including part of Lake Erie. Tests were con- ducted to determine the effect of the intake structure on flow conditions and distribution, water-surface elevations, and

velocities to insure that the flows diverted

to the structure would have no detrimental

effects from scenic and navigation stand551527 O - 60 - 10

points

(f) Completed.

(g) Tests showed that installation of the intake structure caused: (l) no significant ef- fects on flow distribution; (2) lower watersurface elevations in the American channel

upstream; and (3) slightly higher velocities

in the river flow in the American channel.

However, its over-all effect on hydraulic

conditions appeared to be satisfactory.

(h) "Effect of PASNY Intake Structure, Niagara

River; Hydraulic Model Investigation.

U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station Miscellaneous Paper No. 2-337,

April 1959- (Available on loan.)

(3235) MODEL STUDY OF PIKE ISLAND LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers, Pittsburgh,

Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:120, fixed-bed type, comprehensive

model, reproducing about 1+ miles of the

Ohio River and the locks and dam structures,

is being used to select the most favorable

site location by studying approach conditions under various river flows, and to develop modifications required to overcome any undesirable conditions at selected site.

(g) Ports in the lower guard wall would be ineffective in improving conditions in the

lower approach without some means of diverting flow through the ports. The effect of

filling along the left bank on the size of

the eddy in the lower approach would be

small.

(3236) MODEL STUDY OF MAXWELL LOCKS AND DAM,

MONONGAHELA RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers, Pittsburgh,

Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:120 fixed-bed type, comprehensive model,

reproducing about 2.5 miles of the Monongahela River and the locks and dam structures,

is being used to study approach conditions

under various river flows and methods of

operation of control gates; to determine

effects of design modifications; to develop

modifications required to overcome any un- desirable conditions; and to demonstrate

to navigation interests the acceptability

of the proposed design from a navigation

standpoint

(g) Tests indicated that the size of the eddy

in the lower approach could be reduced by

an arrangement of ports in the lower guard

wall and concrete cells extending at an angle of about 25 degrees from the wall.

(3237) MODEL STUDY OF OUTLET WORKS, BLACK BUTTE

DAM, STONY CREEK, CALIFORNIA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Sacramento, Corps of Engineers, Sacramento,

California.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:l6 model, which reproduced l60 feet of
the tunnel, the energy dissipator, irrigation diversion outlets, and 560 feet of the

exit channel, was used to determine: (l)

The most economical dimensions for the com-

"bination energy dissipator and irrigation

diversion structures; (2) the extent of armor plating required at the south side

canal intake slot for protection against

cavitation forces; ,(3) the inside dimensions and lip elevation of a flip "bucket that will give a satisfactory flow and ero- sion pattern in the downstream exit channel; (k) pressures on the irrigation outlet

gates; and (5) the effect of irrigation diversion schemes on flow conditions with and

without diversion

.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) The original design was improved by reducing the flare of the vertical side walls

from 1 on 6 to 1 on 8, lengthening the

basin from 110 to 155 feet, removing the

flip bucket with crest at elevation 387-5 and replacing it with an end sill with

crest at elevation 385-0 with a sloping up- stream face. The irrigation slots were placed in the right wall 9 feet upstream

of the toe of the sill.

(h) Final report in preparation.

( 3238 ) MODEL STUDY OF EUFAULA DAM, CANADIAN RIVER, OKLAHOMA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Tulsa, Corps of Engineers, Tulsa, Oklahoma.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:36 section model, reproducing one full

bay and two flanking half bays of the 520- foot-long, gated spillway, the horizontal

stilling basin, and approach and exit channels, was used to determine the adequacy (g)

of design of the stilling basin elements,

and to investigate pressure conditions on the spillway crest.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Model tests proved the feasibility of

shortening the stilling basin and raising

the apron elevation. In addition, proper

location of the baffle piers was established

and their height increased; a recommended

end-sill height was also determined.

(h) Preparation of final report in progress.

(3239) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY CREST GATE, STILLING BASIN, AND BULKHEAD, NEW CUMBERLAND

LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA. ( 32^1

)

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers, Pittsburgh, (b)

Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:25 section model reproducing hOO feet (d)

of the approach area, a portion of the (e)

gated spillway crest and stilling basin,

and 800 feet of the exit area was used to examine the hydraulic performance of the

spillway weir and stilling basin. A second

phase of this study involved measurements

of hydraulic forces acting on a suhmergibletype spillway tainter gate. A 1:25 model

of a truss-type bulkhead with an upstream (g)

skin plate and lifting beam was used to de- termine the vertical forces acting on the

(f)

(g)

(h)

(3240)

(b)

(a)

(e)

bulkhead and lifting beam as they are lowered in flowing water. A 1:25 section

model reproducing a 25-foot-wlde section of

the spillway and stilling basin was installed

in a glass-sided flume which permitted ob- servation of subsurface basin action. Tests completed.

Supplementary stilling basin tests indicated

that the unsatisfactory basin action pre- viously observed in the model could be eliminated if the ratio of head on the spillway

to drop from crest to stilling basin was 3-0 or greater. Tests also indicated that the

location of basin elements had no effect on basin action if the ratio of height of baffle to its distance downstream from the

spillway toe was 0.15 or less. Final report in preparation.

MODEL STUDY OF CANACADEA CREEK, H0RNELL, NEW YORK.

Department of Public Works, State of New

York.

Experimental; for design.

A highway bridge is proposed for construc- tion across Canacadea Creek just upstream

from the existing Seneca Street Bridge. In order to pass flood flows under the new

bridge, the existing Seneca Street weir,

located just upstream from the existing

bridge, should be removed and a similar structure constructed just upstream from

the proposed bridge. Principal problems to

be resolved by the model study are determination of the optimum crest elevation for the replacement weir and the need for super- elevation of the channel bottom in a bend

downstream of the bridge. Tests conducted to date indicate a weir at the proposed site with a laterally sloping

crest rather than a horizontal crest pro- duced a smoother water surface downstream

of the weir. A crest sloping from elevation

1159 at the side walls to a 20-foot-wide

low-flow notch at elevation II56.3 at the center of the channel produced freeboards

in the reach upstream of the weir about one

foot lower than obtained with the existing

weir. At the Seneca Street bridge, the

average water surface was 0.6 foot higher

than obtained with the existing weir, but

standing waves were not as pronounced.

MODEL STUDY OF SEICHE ACTION, DULUTH- SUPERI0R HARBOR, LAKE SUPERIOR.

District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

St. Paul, Corps of Engineers, St. Paul,

Minnesota.

Experimental; for design. To determine whether a practical plan can be developed for reducing the resonant re- sponse to lake seiches that occurs in

Duluth-Superior Harbor and entrance channels, tests will be made on a fixed-bed

model constructed to scales of 1:1,000 horizontally and 1:100 vertically. Waves and currents will be simulated.

Analysis of prototype stage records has

shown that troublesome current conditions

at harbor are due to Lake Superior seiches,

138
not Duluth-Superior Harbor seiches.

(32^2) MODEL STUDY OF CONNEAUT HARBOR, OHIO, ON LAKE ERIE.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Buffalo, Ccrps of Engineers, Buffalo, N. Y. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:125 fixed-bed model is "being used to determine the influence of seiche currents and short -period wind-wave action in caus- ing damage to ships navigating or berthed

in Conneaut Harbor (located on the south

shore of Lake Erie about 30 miles southwest

of Erie, Pa.). The model reproduces about

7.3 square miles including all the area within the harbor and sufficient adjacent

lake area to permit reproduction, of storm

waves from all critical directions. A circulating system installed in the model per- mits simulation of currents through and

past the harbor which result during periods

of seiche on the lake.

(g) Both wind waves and seiches cause currents dangerous to navigation. The currents can

be minimized by extending East Breakwater

to shore, and maintaining existing breakwaters at design elevations. Entrance to inner harbor can be widened, by shortening

and realigning East Pier and making 350- foot-wide entrance instead of one 200 feet

wide, without increasing wave action inside

harbor

(32^3) MODEL STUDY OF LOCKS AND DAM NO. h, M0N0NGAHELA RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers, Pittsburgh,

Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:120 fixed-bed, comprehensive model, re- producing about 2.5 miles of the Monongahela River and the locks and dam structures

is being used to determine the effects of

modifications to the existing locks and dam

on navigation conditions, and to develop

modifications required to overcome any undesirable conditions.

(g) Tests indicate that with the modified locks

and dam, velocities in the upper approach

would tend to be high. These velocities

could be reduced by dredging along the left

bank and filling within the approach chan- nel to the right of the dredge cut.

(32hk) MODEL STUDY OF COLUMBIA LOCK AND DAM, CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Mobile, Corps of Engineers, Mobile, Alabama.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:100 fixed-bed type, comprehensive model,

reproducing about 1.5 miles of the Chattahoochee River and the lock and dam structures was used to study navigation conditions within the lock approaches and the

head on lower lock gate during lock-emptying operations, and to develop modifications required to overcome any undesirable

conditions found. Two section models were

also used in the investigation to develop

final spillway profiles and stilling basin

dimensions : a 1 : 36 model of the fixedcrest spillway reproducing 250 feet of the

approach area, a 36-foot-wide portion of

the spillway and stilling basin, and 300

feet of the exit area; and a 1:27.2 model

of the gated spillway, 1+00 feet of the ap- proach area, a portion of the spillway

crest and stilling basin (one full gate bay

and two half piers), and 1+00 feet of the

exit area.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Tests of the spillway section models indicated that while the spillways performed

satisfactorily, the stilling basins pro- vided little or no energy dissipation. In the case of the gated spillway, flow passed

over the spillway along the surface of the

tailwater or dived over the stilling basin

into the exit channel. With the fixedcrest spillway, flow normally does not begin until the tailwater over the basin is fairly deep. In such cases there was no measurable velocity at the spillway toe. Based on these observations, both basins were eliminated from prototype construction. Pressures on the gated spillway were positive for all conditions and instantaneous pressure fluctuations were negligible.

(h) Final report in preparation.

( 3579 ) MODEL STUDY OF PIER SLIP SHOALING, NEW YORK

HARBOR.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., New York, Corps of Engineers, New York, New York.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The study will be conducted in a section

model reproducing that portion of the

Hudson River between the George Washington

Bridge and the Battery, constructed to scales of 1:100 vertically and 1:200 or 1:300 horizontally, in which the tides,

tidal currents, and shoaling of navigation

slips will be reproduced. The purpose of

the studies is to determine the causes of

shoaling in the pier slips in New York

Harbor and to develop plans for reduction

of such shoaling.

(3580) MODEL STUDY OF NIAGARA REMEDIAL WORKS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist,

Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, N. Y. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The hydraulic investigation of the Niagara

Remedial Works was conducted on an existing model, scales of 1:3^0 horizontally and

1:60 vertically, used previously to study

the preservation and enhancement of the

scenic spectacle of Niagara Falls. The

purpose of the study was to determine the

adequacy of the control dam as built to maintain desired water-surface elevations

in Chippawa-Grass Island pool under various

conditions of diversions for power.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) An additional length of control dam will

be required to satisfy all anticipated

conditions

(h) Preparation of report in progress.

139
(3581) MODEL STUDY OF LAKE PONTCHARTRAIN, LA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., New Orleans, Corps of Engineers, New

Orleans, Louisiana.

(d) Experimental; for design.

( e ) The investigation will be conducted in a fixed-bed model that will reproduce to

scales of 1:2,000 horizontally and 1:100

vertically, Mississippi Sound west of Grand

Island, and Lakes Borgne, Pontchartrain,

and Maurepas, together with significant

tributaries. The model will reproduce the

tides, tidal currents, salinities, and

fresh-water discharges of the prototype.

The purpose of the study is to determine

the effect of proposed hurricane structures

across the connections between Lake Borgne

and Lake Pontchartrain upon the hydraulic

and salinity regimens of the area landward

from the structures.

(3582) ARKANSAS RIVER CHANNEL MODEL.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

Little Rock, Arkansas.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The Arkansas River project has as one of

its major aims the development of river

navigation from the Mississippi River to the general area of Tulsa, Oklahoma. The

Arkansas River channel model is of the

movable-bed type with a horizontal scale of

1:150 and a vertical scale of 1:36 and re- produces the Arkansas River between miles

lkO.0 and 151.2. The model study consti- tutes an idealized experimental approach to

the solution of sedimentation problems involved in the canalization of the Arkansas

River and is designed to investigate problems typical of and to provide results

generally applicable to the various reaches

of the over-all length of the river to be

developed for navigation.

(3583) MODEL STUDIES OF CARLYLE DAM, KASKASKIA

RIVER, ILLINOIS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer District, St. Louis, Corps of Engineers, St. Louis, Missouri.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:36 comprehensive model is being used to verify the spillway and stilling basin performance; to determine the best alignment

for the approach channel and training walls,

the best schedule of gate operation, opti- mum stilling basin design, and an acceptable downstream training wall design; and

to furnish pressure profiles for stability

analysis. The model reproduces the struc- ture (less sluices), approximately 1,650

feet of approach channel, and 950 feet of

exit channel.

(g) Several designs have been tested in an ef- fort to obtain the optimum approach conditions. The ogee spillway crest design has

been established, and a recommended gate

operating schedule has been submitted which

includes a means of passing drift accumulations. The stilling basin is currently

ihO

under study to determine apron elevation and

baffle pier height. A revised design for the stilling basin training walls has been

established through the model tests.

(358U) MODEL STUDY OF RED ROCK DAM, DES MOINES

RIVER, IOWA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer District, Rock Island, Corps of Engineers,

Rock Island, Illinois.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:50 model, reproducing 900 feet of the

approach channel above the spillway, an

825 -foot-wide section along the dam, the

spillway, conduits, stilling basin, and 575 feet of the outlet channel is being used to verify stilling basin and training wall

design. The model reproduces the entire

spillway and stilling basin, sufficient ap- proach area to assure natural flow conditions over the spillway and at the abutments, and sufficient exit area to permit

formation of the natural flow pattern in

the exit channel.

(g) The spillway design discharge was passed

at a head of 57 feet with square abutments.

Rounding the abutments (radius 7-8 feet)

lowered the head to 55 feet at the spillway

design discharge, 331>500 cubic feet per

second. Bottom-velocity measurements in

the upper approach indicated that the em- bankment near the abutments will be exposed

to bottom velocities of about 9 feet per

second, thus indicating the need for riprap

protection.

(3585) MODEL STUDY OF NEW P0E LOCK, ST. MARYS

RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer District, Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, New York.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:25 preliminary culvert and single la- teral model was used to test flow distribution within the lateral under various

operating conditions. The major investigations are being conducted in a 1:25 compre- hensive model reproducing 600 feet of up- stream approach, intake manifolds, 1,000

feet of lock chamber, culverts, bottom

lateral outlet manifolds, and 300 feet of

downstream approach. This model includes

provision for changing the arrangement of

bottom laterals, lock length, culvert

height, and culvert valve operating schedules, and is being used to confirm the

suitability of the initial design hydraulic

filling and emptying system or to develop,

if possible, improvements in the system. A 1:12 culvert valve model is being used to study proposed valve design,

(g) Tests in the preliminary model established

the best lateral design. Tests in the

general model have established the best

lateral arrangement and valve schedules for

filling and emptying the lock. Satisfactory

flow distribution through the intakes has

been obtained in the general model, but vortex conditions in the approach channel

have not been completely eliminated. A
revised intake manifold with two additional

ports (total of eight ports in each wall)

is being investigated in an attempt to re- duce or eliminate vortex tendencies . A

satisfactory vertically framed culvert

tainter valve design was developed in the

valve model studies

(3586) MODEL STUDY OF HOPPER DRAGHEAD.

("b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer District, Philadelphia, Corps of Engineers,

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental ; for design.

( e ) To develop improved dragheads designed to attain a greater rate of intake of solids

when dredging mud and silt mixtures ( soft

materials ) and dredging densely packed,

fine sand (hard material), and investigation is being conducted in an 80- by 10-

foot flume containing various types of bed

material. The draghead and suction line,

constructed to a scale of 1:6, are con- nected to a suction pump mounted on a double carriage that provides travel, both

longitudinally and transversely, along the

top of the flume.

(3587) MODEL STUDIES OF JOHN REDMOND DAM, GRAND

RIVER, KANSAS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer District, Tulsa, Corps of Engineers, Tulsa,

Oklahoma.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:100 model, reproducing 2,900 feet of

the approach channel above the spillway,

stilling basin, and 2,^50 feet of the outlet

channel, and a 1:36 model, reproducing one

full bay and two half bays of the spillway

and the stilling basin, are being used to

study flow conditions in the shallow,

curved spillway approach channel; to verify

capacity of the structure and adequacy of

the stilling basin and exit channel; and to

determine minimum requirements for training

walls

(g) The spillway design discharge, 577*000

cubic feet per second, was passed at a head

of kk feet, 2.5 feet higher than the com- puted value . The upper pool elevation was lowered 0.5 foot at the design discharge

by rounding the abutments. A rock dike in

the right embankment reduced the upper port

another 0-5 foot by reducing the lateral

flow at the right abutment

(3588) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, BIG BEND RESERVOIR, MISSOURI RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer District, Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha,

Nebraska.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:60 model, reproducing 2,i+00 feet of the

approach channel, the spillway and stilling

basin, and 1,000 feet of the exit channel

will be used to determine: (l) velocity

and flow characteristics in the approach

channel; (2) spillway discharge rating data

with emphasis on the effects of weir sub- mergence; and (3) stilling basin behavior

and exit channel velocity and scour data.

(3589) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, PIKE ISLAND DAM, OHIO RIVER, WEST VIRGINIA, OHIO.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer District, Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha,

Nebraska.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:25 section model reproducing 300 feet of the approach area, a portion of the

spillway crest and stilling basin, and 600

feet of the exit area is being used to examine the hydraulic performance of the

spillway and stilling basin.

(g) Stilling basin tests revealed unsatisfactory

basin action for certain baffle pier locations. For satisfactory basin action with

6-foot baffles, the baffles had to be a minimum of k2 feet from the spillway toe. The use of k- foot baffles required a dis- tance of 37 feet from the spillway toe. Bottom velocities in the exit area below

the stilling basin did not exceed 7 feet

per second for normal tailwater conditions.

(3590) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE ACTION, EAST PASSAGE,

NARRAGANSETT BAY, RHODE ISLAND.

(b) Division Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Div., New England, Corps of Engineers, Waltham,

Massachusetts

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:150 model will be used to determine the

effects of hurricane surge currents, waves, and winds on the operation of an aircraft

carrier in East Passage. A barrier across

East Passage has been proposed to limit

quantity of water entering Narragansett

Bay from hurricane surge, and model study

will examine ship navigation conditions with

respect to barrier location and its navigation opening.

(3591) MODEL STUDY OF EVERETT DAM, PISCATAQUA

RIVER, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

(b) Division Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Div., New England, Corps of Engineers, Waltham,

Mas s achusett s

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The investigation is being conducted in a

1 : 36 model that reproduces 350 feet of the

approach channel above the spillway, entire

spillway width plus 125 feet of the dam on

each side, and 700 feet of the discharge

channel. The spillway is an uncontrolled

ogee weir with a crest length of 180 feet. To eliminate excessive rock excavation the

weir bucket inverts have been stepped down,

varying from elevation ^12 to elevation 385. The four different toe elevations below the

spillway and the various slopes in the up- stream portion of the channel make prediction of flow conditions uncertain.

(g) Very close agreement between model and com- puted rating curves was obtained. Tests

at the spillway design discharge indicate

the bridge abutment seats and bridge pier

on the crest may need raising. No objectionable waves formed in the discharge

channel

Ikl
(3592) MODEL STUDY OF TYPICAL NAVIGATION DAM, ARKANSAS RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

Little Rock, Arkansas

.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The Arkansas River multipurpose project

includes the development of river navigation

from the Mississippi River to the general area of Tulsa. Present plans for navigation include construction of several navigation locks and dams. The purposes of the

model study are to investigate various problems that occur in the vicinity of the

structures. The investigation is being

conducted initially on a movable-bed model

constructed to linear scales of 1:120 horizontally and l:k0 vertically, reproducing

a 15-mile reach of a typical stream having

characteristics generally similar to reaches of the Arkansas River, including a typical Arkansas River lock and dam structure. Provisions have been made for modifications to reproduce other selected

reaches of similar length but different

curvatures. The model of each reach

studied on the movable-bed model will be

converted to a fixed-bed, 1:120 model to study navigation conditions in the ap- proaches to the locks

.

(3593) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, MAXWELL DAM,

M0N0NGAHELA RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:25 section model reproducing 200 feet

of the approach channel, a portion of the

spillway crest and stilling basin, and 300

feet of the exit area was used to examine

the hydraulic performance of the spillway

weir and stilling basin. A second phase

of the study consisted of determining the most efficient and economical stilling

basin below Opekiska Dam, a structure similar to Maxwell.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Tests indicated that a stilling basin con- sisting of a horizontal apron 16.8 feet long

with a U-foot dentated end sill performed

the most satisfactorily for both Maxwell

and Opekiska structures. Maximum bottom

velocities in the exit below basin did not exceed 7 feet per second for normal tail- water conditions with all spillway gates

operating.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(359*0 MODEL STUDY OF RIPRAP REQUIREMENTS FOR R.R. RELOCATION FILLS, ICE HARBOR DAM AND JOHN

DAY DAM PROJECTS, WASHINGTON AND OREGON.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla, Corps of Engineers,

Walla Walla, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests are being conducted in a 5-foot-wide,

^-foot-deep, and 119-foot-long wave flume,

using a linear scale of 1:12, model to

prototype, to determine the stability of

graded riprap, gravel, and rock fill as cover-layer materials for protection of

railroad relocation fills. The stability

of the different types of cover-layer materials is being determined as a function of

depth below still-water level, slope of

fill, depth of water, and wave period,

(g) The results of stability tests on three

different gradations of riprap material are represented with very good accuracy by the

formula

7 H

3 W = ^ 50 K . (S - l) 3 cot a

A r

'

Where W is weight of riprap (50 percent

finer than), y^ is the specific weight of

riprap material, H is height of selected

design wave, S^ is the specific gravity

of riprap relative to the fluid in which

the structure is located (y /y ), a is

r' v

the angle of the fill slope, and is a dimensionless coefficient. The weights of

materials underlying the riprap should be

at least l/20 of the weights of the riprap.

(3595) MODEL STUDY OF RUBBLE-MOUND BREAKWATER, NAWILIWILI HARBOR, KAUAI, HAWAII.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu, Corps of Engineers,

Honolulu, Hawaii

.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests were conducted in a flume 119 feet long, 5 feet wide, and k feet deep using a linear scale of 1:55-5 to obtain data from

which competitive designs could be prepared

for repair of the damaged breakwater.

Models of proposed designs were constructed

of concrete, sized rock representing quarrystones, and molded tetrapods and tribars. Waves were generated by a plunger-type wave machine and measured and recorded electrically. The stability of the various de- signs was determined for the no-damage con- dition with overtopping of the structure,

and with waves breaking directly on the

breakwater slope and crown.

(f) Completed.

(g) Tests showed that it was not feasible to repair the damaged breakwater with quarry- stones available at Nawiliwili; sections

constructed of either tribars or tetrapods

would provide a stable breakwater. Sec- tions constructed of tribars would be more

economical than similar sections of tetrapods. Because the height of the breakwater

crown Is low compared with the design-wave

height, it will be necessary to protect the

crown from overtopping waves with a concrete

cap. The seaward face of the concrete cap should be vertical to prevent waves from

washing armor units over the crest of the

breakwater.

(h) "Designs for Rubble-Mound Breakwater Re- pairs, Nawiliwili Harbor, Nawiliwili,

Hawaii; Hydraulic Model Investigation,"

U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

lk2
Station Technical Report is in publication.

(Will be available on loan.

)

(3596) HYDRAULIC STUDIES FOR IMPACT ENERGY DISSI- PATOR DESIGN.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

( e ) A general investigation to determine the energy loss coefficient of an impact energy dissipator of variable height and diameter

for varying slopes, diameters, and energy

of flows of the upstream conduit will be

conducted on a 1 . 0- foot -diameter impact energy dissipator. The energy of the influx will be determined from measurements

of the discharge and the hydraulic gradient.

Velocity traverses across the exit of the

dissipator will be measured to determine

the energy content of the efflux. The

slope and size of the incoming pipe will be

varied to determine the effect of each upon

the energy dissipated. For a particular

slope and diameter of the incoming pipe and

a particular height and depth of the dissipator, the relative energy content of the

efflux to the influx will be determined, for

li a range of Reynolds numbers from 1 x 10 to

2 x 106 or greater to determine the effect

of Reynolds number upon the energy loss in

the dissipator.

(3597) CORRUGATED PIPE ROUGHNESS STUDY.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, and Bureau of Public

Roads, Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This is a general investigation to determine a resistance coefficient and the law

of velocity distribution for flow in struc- tural plate corrugated pipe. A fiber-glass

test section reproducing standard corruga- tions at a scale of 1:1* was tested in order

to obtain additional data on the resistance

coefficient and velocity distribution and

to correlate model work with full-scale

tests. Fiber-glass test sections reproducing structural plate corrugations at scales

of l:k, 1:8, and 1:16 will be tested to de- termine the effect of relative roughness upon the resistance coefficient and the

velocity distribution. Each of the four test sections will have a diameter between

the crests of the corrugations of 15 inches

and a length of 125 feet. The hydraulic

gradient and the energy loss through a 70-

foot length of the test section will be

established by piezometers located at 5- foot intervals. These piezometers will be

l/8-inch in diameter, on center of the

crests of the corrugations, and four in

number around the periphery of the pipe.

Vertical velocity traverses will be made by

means of calibrated pitot tubes at locations of 50, 75, and 100 feet below the

entry to the test section for determination

of the velocity distribution.

(g) Tests conducted on the model reproducing

standard corrugations at a scale of l: 1*

have been completed and the results of

tests for a range of Reynolds number from

1+ x 10^ to 2 x 10 agree favorably with re- sults of full-scale studies made at Bonne- ville Hydraulic Laboratory.

(3598) MODEL STUDIES OF CONTAMINATION DISPERSION

IN ESTUARIES.

(b) Nuclear Projects Office, Maritime Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The increasing use of nuclear reactors in

the production of automotive power, both on land and sea, presents new problems pertain

ing to the dispersal of radioactive waste released either accidentally or purposely

into rivers, estuaries, and harbors. The

Maritime Administration is concerned with

the probable dispersion patterns of radioactive matter that might be released in

accidents involving nuclear-powered ships. A series of tests was undertaken on several

existing models of important estuaries, including the Delaware River, Narragansett

Bay, New York Harbor, and Savannah Harbor,

in order to obtain data from which dispersion effects could be computed. Tides,

tidal currents, salinities, and fresh-water

flow were reproduced for all tests . Methylene blue chloride dye was used to simulate contamination, and the dye releases were generally made at the most adverse

time of tide in relation to the potential

upstream spread of the contaminant . Water

samples were obtained periodically throughout the contaminated area for spectropho- tometer analysis, and in addition, meters which automatically measured and recorded

dye concentrations were in continuous

operation at strategic locations . Results

obtained are expressed as percentages of

the initial concentration.

(g) Tests in the Delaware River, Narragansett

Bay, and New York Harbor models have been

completed, and the results of the Delaware

River and Narragansett Bay tests are pre- sented in reports listed below. The re- ports contain descriptions of test procedures and techniques, and tables and plates

presenting the data obtained. Analyses of

data will be made and conclusions drawn by

Dr. D.W. Pritchard of Johns Hopkins Univ.

(h) "Contamination Dispersion in Estuaries;

Report 1, Delaware River; Hydraulic Model

Investigation, " and "Contamination Dispersion in Estuaries; Report 2, Narragansett

Bay; Hydraulic Model Investigation," U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station

Miscellaneous Paper No. 2-332, April 1959. (Available on loan.)

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS

(856) HYDROLOGY OF STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN URBAN AREAS.

Cooperative with Johns Hopkins University.

See page 1+1.

1^3
(107*0 HYDRAULICS OF STILLING BASINS. (159) MODEL LAWS FOR DENSITY CURRENTS.

Cooperative with Colorado State University.

See page l6.

(1591) DETERMINATION OF WATERWAY AREAS.

Cooperative with University of Illinois.

See page 32.

( 19^5 ) ESTIMATING RAINFALL INTENSITY FROM TOPO- GRAPHIC PARAMETERS.

Cooperative with Stanford University.

See page 70.

(2066) STUDY OF OPEN CHANNEL CONSTRICTIONS IN A

SLOPING FLUME.

Cooperative with Colorado State University.

See page l6.

(2^35) HYDRAULICS OF PIPE CULVERTS.

Cooperative with National Bureau of

Standards. See page ikh.

(260k) FULL-SCALE TEST OF CONCRETE PIPE.

'Cooperative with St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. See page 66.

(2767) EDUCATIONAL FILMS ON OPEN CHANNEL FLOW.

Cooperative with Colorado State University.

See page 19.

(2839) HYDRAULICS OF RIVER FLOW UNDER ARCH

BRIDGES.

Cooperative with Purdue Univ. See page 62.

(30^0) STUDY OF SPUR DIKES FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGE

OPENINGS.

Cooperative with Colorado State University.

See page 21.

( 30^1 ) MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF FLOODS FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS IN ARID AND SEME -ARID AREAS.

Cooperative with Colorado State University.

See page 21.

(3166) HYDRODYNAMICS OF FLOW INTO CURB INLETS.

Cooperative with Stanford University. See page 71.

(3597) CORRUGATED PIPE ROUGHNESS STUDY.

Cooperative with the Waterways Experiment

Station. See page 1^3-

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Fluid Mechanics Section.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

he addressed to the Chief, Fluid Mechanics Section,

National Bureau of Standards, Washington 25, D. C.

(h) Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of

Engineers, Department of the Army.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; hasic and

applied research.

(e) To determine model laws for models involving the motion of stratified liquids. The

two major problems are (l) the motion of a heavy liquid initially confined in a "lock"

when released into a long channel containing a stationary lighter liquid, and (2)

the motion of a heavy liquid from a "sea" into a long channel with either still or flowing lighter liquid.

(h) "Mixing Effect of Wind Induced Waves," by

Garbis H. Keulegan, NBS Report No. 6638,

January 18, i960.

(1^78) WIND WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search.

(e) Includes mathematical and experimental studies of (l) wind tides (setup), (2) growth

of wind waves, and (3) surface traction of

wind on wavy surfaces

.

(2^4-35 ) HYDRAULICS OF PIPE CULVERTS.

(b) Bureau of Public Roads.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine hydraulic characteristics of

various types of culvert entrances and to develop inlets of improved design.

(2^36) FLOW OVER HYDROPHOBIC MATERIALS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine augmented dissipation of hydrophobic disks and plates oscillated in

various fluids . *

(h) "Energy Dissipation in Standing Waves in

Rectangular Basins," by G. H. Keulegan,

Jour, of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 6, No. 1, July 1959.

(3250) INERTIAL FORCES IN UNSTEADY FLOW.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Determination of inertia and drag coefficients of cylinders and plates when sub- jected to a varying monotonically varying

flow.

(h) "Separation and Scaling of Inertial and

Viscous Forces in Periodic Flows," by

Gershon Kulin. Paper presented July 1,

1959, Amer. Soc. of Civil Engineers, Colo. State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(3599) MOTION OF CYLINDERS IN STRATIFIED LAYERS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and

applied research.

(e) A study is made of the internal waves pro- duced by the horizontal motion of a cylinder through the liquid. Experiments are made with two liquid layers of different

Ikh
densities and with a liquid with linear

density gradient . In the latter case the

surface disturbance is also examined,

(h) "Disturbances Due to the Motion of a Cylinder in a Two^Layer Liquid System, " L. H. Carpenter and G.H. Keulegan, NBS Report

6622, January k, i960. (d)

(36OO) DAMPING OF PROGRESSIVE OSCILLATORY INTERNAL (e) WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental ; basic and

applied research.

(e) A study is being made of the velocity and

damping of internal progressive oscillatory

waves of a two-layer system.

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, U. S. WEATHER BUREAU.

Inquiries concerning the following projects, except

as indicated, should be addressed to Mr. Willian E. Hiatt, Chief, Hydrologic Services Division, U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington 25, D. C.

(1015) MEASUREMENT OF EVAPORATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; ap- plied research.

( e ) Studies are directed toward the derivations

of reliable procedures for estimating

evaporation from reservoirs (existing and

proposed) and land surfaces, utilizing

readily available meteorological data and

pan evaporation observations

(g) An evaporation atlas for the United States

has been published in Weather Bureau Tech. Paper No. 37, "Evaporation Maps for the

United States." The following series of

i maps with brief text are presented: Plate

1 - Average Annual Class A Pan Evaporation;

Plate 2 - Average Annual Lake Evaporation;

Plate 3 - Average Annual Class A Pan Coefficient; Plate k - Average May-October

Evaporation in Percent of Annual; Plate 5

- Standard Deviation of Annual Class A Pan

Evaporation.

Evaporation studies are being continued at the Silver Hill Observatory, Md. The data

are being analyzed for preparation of a report covering studies to date. An evapo-transpiration study is being con- ducted to test a basin accounting method

for estimating soil-moisture deficiency.

The soil-moisture deficiency in the studies

to date shows promise as an improved index

of antecedent soil condition for use in

rainfall-runoff relations.

(h) "Salton Sea Evaporation Study," by W. W. Lamoreux, U. S. Weather Bureau manuscript.

(17U4) DEVELOPMENT OF RIVER FORECASTING METHODS.

(b) River Forecast Centers for: Ohio River

Basin, Cincinnati, Ohio; Susquehanna and

Delaware River Basins, Harrisburg, Pa.; Lower Missouri River Basin, Kansas City,

Mo.; Columbia River Basin, Portland, Oregon; Middle and Upper Mississippi River

1^5

Basi-n, St. Louis, Mo.; Arkansas and Red

River Basins, Tulsa Okla.; New England and

Hudson River Basins, Hartford, Conn.; South

Atlantic and East Gulf River Basins, Augusta^

Ga.; and Middle Atlantic River Basins,

Washington, D. C. Theoretical and field investigation; opera- tion and applied research.

The purpose of these investigations is to develop modern river forecast procedures

for all ranges of flow for various streams of each basin. Procedures include: (l)

rainfall-runoff relations involving con- sideration of the physics of soil moisture,

vegetative reception, transpiration, evapo- ration and geological features of the basins; (2) snowmelt forecasting relations

involving consideration of the physics of

snow and heat transfer; (3) unit hydrographs; and (k) streamflow routing procedures, based upon adaptations of basic hydraulic principles, using electronic or mechanical analogues,

(g) Forecasting procedures have been developed

for key points; refinement of these procedures and development for other basins

are under way.

( 17^5 ) WATER SUPPLY FORECASTS FOR WESTERN UNITED

STATES.

(b) Work being conducted in following field

offices : River Forecast Center, Portland,

Oregon; Water Supply Forecast Unit, Salt

Lake City, Utah; River Forecast Center, Kansas City, Mo.; and Weather Bureau Office,

Sacramento, California.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; opera- tion and applied research.

( e ) The purpose of these investigations is the

development of precipitation-runoff relations for water supply forecasting utilizing statistical methods to correlate pre- cipitation during the winter with runoff

during the melting season.

(g) Water Supply Forecasts are prepared for

about 350 points in the Western United

States. These forecasts of water-year and

residual flow are released in Monthly Water Supply Forecast Bulletins, January through

May. This research program is of a continuing nature designed to improve and extend

the present forecasting service.

(h) "Evaluating the Utility of Water Supply

Forecasts," M. A. Kohler, Proceedings of

the Western Snow Conference, April 21-23,

1959, Reno, Nevada.

(1751) MAXIMUM STATION PRECIPITATION.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Dept. of the Army.

(d) Analysis of data.

(e) Tabulations of maximum recorded 1-, 2-, 3- > 6-, 12-, and 2k-hour precipitation, for

automatic recording rain-gage stations, by

states.

(h) Twenty-three states completed and published

as parts of Weather Bureau Tech. Paper No.

15; Arkansas and Oklahoma in process.

(21+37) UNITED STATES STORM CHARACTERISTICS PROJECT.
(t>) Soil Conservation Service, Department of

Agri culture

.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; ap- plied research and design.

(e) Studies to provide rainfall data for design

criteria in estimating required capacities

of hydraulic structures. . Work includes:

(1) development of a generalized relationship between depth, area, duration and fre- quency for areas up to kOO square miles,

durations of 20 minutes to 2k hours, and return periods from 1 to 100 years; (2) de- velopment of a generalized portrayal of the

prohable maximum precipitation for areas up

to kOO square miles, and durations up to 2k

hours in the United States west of longitude 105; and (3) combination of (l) and

(2) for Puerto Rico.

(h) "Generalized Estimates of Probable Maximum

Precipitation for the United States West

of 105th Meridian for Areas Up to kOO Square

Miles and for Durations Up to 2k Hours,"

U.S. Weather Bureau Tech. Paper No. 38.

(2438) STORM TIDE PREDICTIONS.

(b) Laboratory projects.

(c) Mr. D. Lee Harris, Scientific Services

Division, U.S. Weather Bureau, Washington

25, D. C. (d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic

and applied research.

(e) The differences between the observed and

predicted tides during storms are being

studied with the goal of improving the ac- curacy of storm tide forecasting.

(g) Empirical methods of forecasting these inundations are being developed and used in

the Weather Bureau's hurricane and storm warning service. Continued improvement in

these forecasts is expected to result from

this research.

(h) "Meteorological Aspects of Storm Surge

Generation," by D. Lee Harris, Journal of

the Hydraulics Div., Proceedings of the

American Society of Civil Engineers, Paper

1859, December 1958.

"An Interim Hurricane Storm Surge Forecasting Guide," by D. Lee Harris, National

Hurricane Research Project Report No. 32,

USWB, Washington 25, D. C.

(2kkl) HURRICANE RAINFALL AND ITS QUANTITATIVE

FORECASTING.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; ap- plied research and design.

(e) Collection, analysis, and effective pre- sentation of existing data on hurricane

rainfall and development of methods of

forecasting the intensity and quantity of

rainfall from future hurricanes for design

of protective works, planning of evacua- tion procedures, etc.

(2M+2) HURRICANE WIND ANALYSIS.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied

research and design.

(e) Development of methods for obtaining detailed wind speeds and directions in hurricanes just above the sea-surface indirectly from available data, which is mostly on

land. Also construction by indirect means

of detailed analyses of the winds over specific areas of the sea where the energy

of the wind develops waves and tides damaging to specific coastal areas,

(h) "Meteorological Considerations Pertinent to Standard Project Hurricane, Atlantic and

Gulf Coast of United States," U.S. Weather

Bureau - National Hurricane Research Project series No. 33-

(2kk3) RADAR-RAINFALL PROJECT.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with

Univ. of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida and Texas A and M College, College Station, Tex.

(d) Experimental operation.

(e) Integration of the instantaneous PPI scope image over time by photographic process to provide a pattern of accumulated rainfall over an area that can be calibrated with

key rainfall observations for the period of

integration. To be used in flood forecasting with other radar intelligence

.

(f) Completed.

(g) Various photographic processes developed

currently undergoing operational tests.

(29I+3) RADAR BEACON FOR REPORTING RAINFALL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) A compact device capable of being installed

in relatively remote areas within line of

sight of a radar. Activated by a tipping

bucket rain gage and pulse signal from the

radar, instrument transmits delayed pulse

which appears on radarscope indicating ac- cumulated amounts of precipitation. Additional investigations underway for applying

beacon principle to the reporting of river

and tide stage, and radioactive snow water

equivalent gage.

(g) Initial field installation now operational,

additional beacons being built.

(h) "The Use of a Radar Beacon for Telemetering

Precipitation Data," by D.R. Soltow and

R.D. Tarble, Journal of Geophysical Research, November 1959

(29MO PROBABLE MAXIMUM PRECIPITATION OVER CALIF. BASINS

.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army.

(d) Design and applied research.

(e) Estimate of probable maximum precipitation

over basins in California based on simple

model of wind flow up orographic slopes,

checked against December 1955 flood-producing storm, combined with non- orographic storm precipitation.

(g) Estimates furnished sponsor. Methods being

refined.

(29^5) MECHANICAL FLOOD ROUTING ANALOGUE,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; operation and applied

research.

Ik6
(e) A mechanical analogue has been developed

which will solve flood routing based on a variable lag and variable storage factor

(K). The analogue can be operated by one person and the size is such that it can be

placed on a desk.

(g) The pilot model has been constructed and

will be tested thoroughly in order to de- termine refinements necessary.

3251) RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION AS DETERMINED BY

RADAR.

(b) U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Using time-lapse film of the radar PPI

scope, various methods of determining the

areal distribution of rainfall intensity

are being tested. A 50- square-mile basin,

heavily instrumented with recording rain

gages, is used as a control basin. To be

used for flood forecasting and storm

studies

(f) Inactive, awaiting data from improved

weather search radar being installed in

test area.

3601) STUDY OF TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING RAINFALL

BY REFERENCE TO RADAR ATTENUATION.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with

Stanford Research Institute.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) By measuring the attenuation of short wave length radar energy over a fixed course and

relating it to the measured precipitation

along the path of the radar beam, it is hoped that a relationship can be established

which will enable a relatively simple in- strument to be developed which can monitor

areas above damsites and headwaters of

streams to alert downstream interests of

heavy rainfall

3602) EXTENSION OF RATING CURVES,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; opera- tion and applied research.

(e) The flood forecasting procedures used by

the Weather Bureau are primarily based on discharge. However, the flood warnings to

be of any value must be in terms of stage

(or elevation). This is accomplished by

use of U.S. Geological Survey rating curves relating discharge to stage. Rating curves

are defined only to the maximum observed

stage of record. Therefore, it is imperative to devise a reliable method of extending rating curves in order to issue accurate stage predictions for the record

breaking flood.

(g) This study has just been started.

•S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

(690) DISCHARGE THROUGH MULTIPLE OPENINGS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. H. J. Tracy, U.S. Geological Survey,

Atlanta, Georgia.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Laboratory studies to define the distribution of flow through multiple bridge openings with any given natural distribution

and varied number, size, and location of

openings

(g) Laboratory tests and analyses completed;

report in preparation.

(1221) STEADY STATE ELECTRIC FLOW NET MODELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R.R. Bennett, U.S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. (d) Applied research.

(e) Preparation of electric flow net models

using graphite paper, conductive paints,

etc. Includes design and construction of a variable resistor grid analogous plotter.

(1755) CHARACTERISTICS OF SAND CHANNEL STREAMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R.W. Carter, U.S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. (d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Compilation and analysis of the data col- lected in a 1,900-foot reach of the Elkhorn

River in Nebraska to evaluate bed roughness,

extent of scour and fill, and sediment movement . (h) Report in preparation.

(1764) COMBINED PHYSIOGRAPHIC AND HYDRAULIC STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Luna B. Leopold, U.S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, L. C. (d) Field and office research.

(e) Hydraulic and physiographic factors con- trolling overbank flow, slope, and pattern

of natural river channels and flood plains

(1995) COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOIL MOISTURE EQUIPMENT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Irwin Remson, U.S. Geological Survey,

Trenton, N.J.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A comparative study of all commercially

available instruments for measuring soil

moisture, possible design of new instruments.

(2kkh) REDESIGN OF PRICE CURRENT METER ( INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT )

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. E.G. Barron, U.S. Geological Survey,

Columbus 12, Ohio.

( d ) Development

(e) To design a vane-type rotor for the Price

current meter that can be mass-produced

with identical rating calibration and be

affected little or not at all by vertical

velocity components and proximity to the water surface.

(g) Fifty identical rotors are under test.

(2687) AQUIFER ANALYTICAL METHODS,

(b) Laboratory project.

1^7
(c) Mr. R. H. Brown, U. S. Geological Survey, ,. Washington, D. C. (d) Analytical; applied research.

( e ) To develop more versatile and comprehen - sive methods of determining and evaluating

aquifer and ground-water reservoir hydrologic characteristics.

(f) Suspended.

(2688) MECHANICS OF AQUIFERS,

(to) Latooratory project.

(c) Mr. J. F. Poland, U.S. Geological Survey,

Sacramento, California.

(d) Field investigation; "basic and applied re- search.

(e) To determine the principles and factors involved in the strain, deformation, and com- paction of water-toearing rocks resulting

chiefly from changes in hydrologic environ- ment .

(2689) DIFFUSIONAL PROCESSES AND HYDRODYNAMICS OF SALT-FRESH WATER INTERFACE IN AQUIFERS.

(b) Latooratory project.

(c) Mr. H. H. Cooper, U.S. Geological Survey,

Tallahassee, Florida.

(d) Field and laboratory investigation; "basic and applied research.

(e) To determine the factors affecting the distribution of salt water in coastal aquifers

subject to salt water encroachment.

(2690) MICROSCOPIC FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. E. S. Simpson, U.S. Geological Survey,

Mineola, Long Island, New York.

(d) Laboratory investigation; basic research.

(e) To determine the factors affecting the pat- tern of microscopic flow of water and other

liquids through porous media.

(h) Report being reviewed.

(2692) ANALOGUE COMPUTER FOR ANALYSIS OF GROUND- WATER FLOW SYSTEMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. H.E. Skibitzke, U.S. Geological Survey,

Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Theoretical study and instrument develop- ment . (e) Development of the physical and mathematical theory of ground-water flow systems

and construction of an analogue computer

for analyzing ground-water flow systems

under transient conditions

.

(g) Function generators being developed.

(269M FLOW OF WATER OVER WEIRS AND SPILLWAYS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. C. E. Kindsvater, Georgia Institute

of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.

(d) Library search, re-analysis and correlation of published data, plus some original

research.

(e) A comprehensive study of the discharge

characteristics of practical forms of

weirs and spillways. Objectives include

the publication, in generalized form, of

(h

(2695

(c

(a

(e

(f

(h

(2698

(a

(e

(h

[2699

(to (c

(a

(e

(h

;2700

(a

(e

(h

(2701

(t

(c

(a

(e

availatole experimental data. Final report in preparation.

CONTINUOUS DISCHARGE RECORDS IN TIDAL

STREAMS.

Latooratory project.

Mr. John Shen, U. S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. Theoretical and applied research.

The otojective of this study is to develop

methods of ototaining continuous discharge

records in tidal streams. Equations de- veloped from theoretical considerations

will toe checked toy field otoservations

.

Several sets of field data are now toeing

used to verify the theoretical results.

Report in preparation.

EVALUATION OF EFFECT OF CHANNEL STORAGE ON PEAK DISCHARGE.

Latooratory project.

Mr. W. D. Mitchell, U.S. Geological Survey,

Champaign, Illinois.

Analytical and experimental.

The otojective of the project is to develop

parameters that descritoe channel storage

effectively in an areal correlation of peak

flow. Report in preparation.

UNIFORM FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS.

Latooratory project.

Mr. H. J. Tracy, U.S. Geological Survey,

Atlanta, Georgia.

Theoretical and experimental; "basic re- search. A comprehensive latooratory study of uniform

flow in open channels

.

Initial report in preparation.

PARAMETERS CONTROLLING THE SHAPE AND PAT- TERN OF NATURAL STREAM CHANNELS.

Latooratory project.

Mr. M. G. Wolman, Dr. L.B. Brush, Jr., and

Dr. L. B. Leopold, U.S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. Basic research.

The effect of discharge, load, grain size,

slope, and channel curvature was studied in

a small channel free to adjust tooth toed and

side walls.

Reports toeing reviewed.

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT INVESTIGATIONS.

Field project (cooperative with Bureau of

Reclamation).

Mr. D. M. Culvertson, U.S. Geological Survey, Lincoln, Netoraska. Field otoservations and theoretical analysis.

Field and theoretical investigations of the

methods, equipment, and computations used

for determining sediment movement and the

theory of sediment transport. Specifically included are studies on sampling

techniques; the effect of water temperature

on sediment transport; the relationship of

roughness to sediment discharge, slope,

lk8
and width-to-depth ratio; the effect of

Kolk action on the vertical distribution of

velocity and sediment; the revaluation of Von Karman's Universal Constant of momentum

exchange for sediment -laden flow; the influence of suspended sediment on vertical

distribution of velocity; the influence of

ice cover on sediment transport; the influence of cobble-bed streams on total sedi- ment transport; and other related sediment

transport problems

(g) Evaluation of the equal-transit-rate (ETR)

method of measuring suspended-sediment discharge indicates the method is satisfactory

when properly used. Tests of a new (petrolatum-type) surface bed-material sampler

give results that compare favorably with

the core-type of sampler. The modified

Einstein procedure is adequate for computing total load when water temperature is near freezing. In general low values of

roughness are associated with low temperatures and high sediment loads on Middle

Loup River at Dunning, Nebraska.

(h) "Investigations of Some Sedimentation Characteristics of a Sand-bed Stream, " by D. W. Hubbell and others, open file release. One additional report completed, to be published in the near future, also ultrasonic

methods for measuring dune movement and

roughness

(2702) ROUGHNESS AND WATER-SEDIMENT MOVEMENT IN ALLUVIAL CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. D. B. Simons, Geological Survey, Colo. State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) A study of mechanics of flow in alluvial

channels using a large recirculating laboratory flume. Based upon a laboratory

study and field studies, relationships

which describe flow in alluvial channels

are being developed. The study has been

completed for three (3) bed materials.

Three additional sizes of material will be

investigated during the i960 fiscal year. Regimes of flow, forms of bed roughness,

resistance to flow relations, and sediment

transport relations have been developed for

the three sizes of sand investigated.

(h) "A Study of Resistance to Flow in Alluvial

Channels - Flume Studies Using 0.45 mm

Sand," by D. B. Simons, E. V. Richardson,

and M.L. Albertson, U.S. Geological Survey,

Water-Supply Paper 1498-A (in process of

publication)

"Theory and Design of Stable Channels," by

D. B. Simons and M. L. Albertson. Paper

presented at ASCE Hydraulics Division Con- ference, Atlanta, Georgia, August 1958.

"A Study of Resistance to Flow in Alluvial

Channels," by D. B. Simons and E. V. Richardson. Paper presented at American

Society of Civil Engineers Annual Convention, New York, N. Y. , October 1958. "Sediment Transport in Alluvial Channels,

D. B. Simons and E. V. Richardson. Paper

presented at ASCE Hydraulics Division Conference, Fort Collins, Colorado, July 1959-

(2703) EVAPORATION SUPPRESSION.

(b) Work coordinated with, and executed in co- operation with the Southwest Research Institute, Texas State Dept. of Agriculture, Texas A and M Research Foundation and U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(c) Mr. G. E. Koberg, U.S. Geological Survey,

Denver, Colorado.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) Evaporation from test reservoirs, both with

and without monomolecular surface films, is being measured. Laboratory tests will be

made to determine the effects of monomolecular films on emissivity and reflectivity and on the vertical humidity profile.

(29V7) STUDY OF AGGRADATION AND DEGRADATION IN ALLUVIAL CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Lucien M. Brush Jr., USGS, Wash. 25,D.C.

(d) Basic research.

(e) A study of channel and hydraulic parameters

associated with aggradation and degradation

in muddy Creek, near Baggs, Wyoming.

(2948) ANALOGUE MODEL ANALYZER FOR STEADY-STATE GROUND-WATER FLOW PROBLEMS

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R.W. Stallman, USGS, Washington 25, D.C.

(d) Theoretical study and instrument development.

(e) Design and development of a variable resistance grid analyzer for use in analyzing

steady-state ground-water flow problems in

which the transmissibility varies in space.

(g) Basic unit completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(29^9) ULTRASONIC FLOW METER.

(b) U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. R.W. Carter, USGS, Washington 25, D. C. (d) Experimental; equipment development.

(e) The objective is to measure the mean velocity in a natural channel by accoustic means.

(g) Initial instrument is undergoing tests.

(2950) SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND CHANNEL ROUGHNESS IN NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Thomas Maddock, Jr., U. S. Geological

Survey, Washington 25, D. C. (d) Basic research.

(e) Field and laboratory studies, original and

other investigations will be analyzed in terms of sediment movement, channel roughness, shear distribution in channel prism

and other effects on shape of natural channels . (h) Report in preparation.

( 3252 ) INTERRELATIONS OF LANDFORM MORPHOLOGY, DIRECT STREAM RUNOFF AND GROUND WATER

DRAINAGE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Charles W.D. Carlston, U.S. Geological

149
Survey, Washington 25, D. C. (d) Basic research.

(e) Evaluation on the effects of geology on drainage density and groundwater drainage;

the effects of relief on runoff characteristics; and the relations of drainage density to direct runoff and ground water

drainage

.

(h) Report in preparation.

CHANNEL STABILITY IN AN EPHEMERAL STREAM.

Laboratory project.

Dr. Luna B. Leopold, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C. (d) Field investigation; "basic research.

(e) In an ephemeral stream (arroyo), measurements are being made on the following:

stress on rocks during a flow, movement and

location of rocks after flow, extent of scour and fill, movement of bars, and

changes in cross sections at certain locations .

(325*0 DISPERSION IN NATURAL STREAMS.

(3253)

(c)

(h

(c

(a

(e

(3255

ft

(c

( 3256

(h

(c

(a

(e

(3257

(b

(c

(a

(e

(h;

Atomic Energy Commission.

Mr. R.G. Godfrey, U.S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. Field and analytical studies.

To measure and relate dispersal patterns to channel geometry, fluid properties, and

flow characteristics.

Initial field tests completed.

ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOW METER.

U.S. Geological Survey.

Mr. E.G. Barron, U.S. Geological Survey,

Columbus 12, Ohio.

Instrumentation.

To redesign, adapt, and repackage the

electromagnetic flow meter currently used

by the U.S. Navy to measure velocities in

an open channel.

First model is under construction.

EFFECT OF ROUGHNESS CONCENTRATION ON OPEN CHANNEL FLOW.

Laboratory project.

Mr. J.H. Koloseus, U.S. Geological Survey, Iowa City, Iowa. Analytical and experimental.

To investigate the effect of bed roughness

on open channel flow by increasing the con- centrations of 3/l6-inch cubes cemented on the flume floor. Laboratory tests in progress.

MEASUREMENT OF TOTAL SEDIMENT DISCHARGE OF COARSE SEDIMENTS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. D.W. Hubbell, U.S. Geological Survey,

Lincoln, Nebraska.

Analytical; applied research. A review of the types of equipment current- ly used to measure sediment moving as bed

load and the preparation of a report cover- ing criteria for sampler design and use. Progress report completed.

(3258) TRANSIENT FLOW IN A POROUS MEDIUM.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W.O. Smith, U.S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search.

(e) To determine validity of Darcy's law under

non-steady state conditions of flow.

(g) Laboratory apparatus completed. Measure- ment pbase in progress.

(3260) SOIL-MOISTURE EQUIPMENT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. A.I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Lab.,

U. S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado.

(d) Laboratory and field investigation; applied

research.

( e ) Laboratory model and field comparative

study of techniques and of various commer- cially available instruments for measuring

soil moisture. New equipment may also be

designed as result of study.

(g) Field and laboratory calibrations of neu- tron meter, tensiometers, moisture blocks

and sampling equipment. Evaluation of neu- tron meter. Design of small-diameter fast- response tensiometer. Library research.

(h) The following report is in the process of

review: "References on Soil-Moisture Meas- urement Under Field Conditions," by A. I. Johnson (mimeo . )

.

(3261) MODEL STUDY FOR SALT WATER DIFFUSION.

(b) Laboratory study.

(c) Mr. A.I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Lab.,

U. S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado,

or Mr. H.H. Cooper, Jr., Research Engineer,

U.S. Geological Survey, Tallahassee, Florida. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Model study is being used to study diffusion at the interface between fresh and

salt water. Variable movement of interface

simulates effects of various amplitudes and

periods of tidal action.

(g) Design and construct plastic model and con- ductivity-recording equipment; one test run with fine-sand size glass beads and one test run on medium-sand size glass beads

completed.

(3262) SMALL-DIAMETER OBSERVATION-WELL EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. A.I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Lab.,

U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado.

(d) Laboratory and field investigation; applied

research.

(e) Design and evaluate equipment for recording

depth-to-water in small-diameter wells; test in model well in laboratory and on ground-water wells under field conditions.

(g) Design and construct model well; construct small-diameter observation wells in field;

design and construct equipment to be

adapted to water-stage recorders on smalldiameter wells; evaluation on model well

in progress.

(h) "Powered Float for Recording Water Levels

150
in Wells of Small Diameter/' "by F. C. Koopman and W.N. Palmquist, Water Resources Bulletin ( Internal publ . )

(3263) SPECIFIC YIELD AND BELATED PBOPEBTIES.

(b) Cooperative with the State of California.

(c) Mr. A.I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Lab.,

USGS, Denver, Colorado.

(d) Laboratory and field investigation; basic

and applied research.

(e) Theoretical laboratory and field study of

specific yield, and related properties,

such as moisture equivalent, field capacity,

moisture tension, relative permeability and

time -drainage relationships, as related to ground-water storage. Evaluation of existing, and possible development of new, methods for determining these properties

(g) Library research; laboratory study in progress or completed of factors affecting

column drainage, centrifuge moisture equivalent, moisture tension and relative permeability.

(h) The following reports are in process of

review:

"Specific Yield and Related Properties - An Annotated Bibliography, Part I," A. I. Johnson, D.A. Morris and R.C. Prill.

"Specific Yield and Related Properties - Research Progress Report, July 1, 1957 - June 30, 1958," A.I. Johnson, R.C. Prill

and D.A. Morris.

(326*0 SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. A.I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Lab.,

USGS, Denver, Colorado.

(d) Laboratory and field investigation; applied

research.

( e ) Evaluate and adapt subsurface exploration

equipment and techniques, such as gamma

ray and electric loggers, fluid velocity

and conductivity loggers, temperature loggers, power augers and core samplers, for solving ground-water occurrence problems.

(g) Portable temperature logger nearly com- pleted; core samplers designed and commercial models procured and compared under

field conditions; power augering equipment

and techniques evaluated; evaluation in progress of gamma-ray, conductivity and

temperature logging equipment for salt- water encroachment problems. Library re- search in progress.

(h) The following report is in process of review:

"References on Laboratory and Field Methods

in Ground-Water Hydrology," by A.I. Johnson

(mimeo. )

^3265) INVESTIGATION OF VADOSE FLOW THROUGH HOMO- GENEOUS ISOTROPIC MEDIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. A.I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Lab.,

USGS, Denver, Colorado.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) Laboratory model study of infiltration of

fluids from surface pits into a thick

unsaturated zone above the water table.

(g) Model tank designed and constructed; several

test runs with beads of different particle

size completed; library research; test runs photographed by slide and movie.

(h) Progress report in review. Silent lapsetime movie on second and third phase of

model study completed.

(3603) SURFACE FOLLOWER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. E.G. Barron, USGS, Columbus 12, Ohio.

(d) Instrumentation.

(e) The surface follower is designed to operate

a recorder while following the level of the water in a 2-inch vertical pipe. A switch

in a "float" closes either the up or down

circuit which rotates a drum raising or lowering the float . A shaft input recorder

is coupled to the drum.

(g) Twenty- five units are undergoing field tests.

(3601+) TRANSPORT OF RADIONUCLIDES BY FLUVIAL SEDIMENT

(b) Atomic Energy Commission.

(c) Dr. A.R. Chamberlain, U.S. Geological Survey,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Study of dispersion, transportation, and

concentration of radionuclides by stream

sediments for representative hydrologic and

geologic environments.

(h) Report on present status of research in

preparation.

(3605) MINERALOGY OF FLUVIAL SEDIMENTS.

(b) Atomic Energy Commission.

(c) Mr. J.D. Hem, USGS, Denver, Colorado.

(d) Laboratory and field investigations.

( e ) Study of the mineralogy and cation-exchange

capacity of fluvial sediments for typical

hydrologic and geologic environments.

( 3606 ) STREAM CHANNEL GEOMETRY AS RELATED TO FLOOD

FREQUENCY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. F.A. Kilpatrick, USGS, Atlanta 8, Ga. (d) Field and analytical studies.

( e ) The study is pointed toward finding a relation between channel characteristics (bankfull stage, bed slope, etc.) and flood

frequency.

(g) Twenty reaches in the Piedmont have been

selected and surveyed. Floods have been

observed in several of the reaches.

(3607) BATTERY OPERATED DIGITAL RECORDER.

(b) U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. E.G. Barron, USGS, Columbus 12, Ohio.

(d) Instrumentation.

(e) The objective is to develop a battery op- erated digital punch to record streamflow

data. The punch accepts a shaft rotation

input. The output is in l6 channel parallel code on paper tape.

(g) Two prototype models have been extensively

tested in an environmental chamber. Eighty

151
production units will "be field tested this

year.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF RECLAMATION.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

he addressed to Mr. Grant Bloodgood, Assistant

Commissioner and Chief Engineer, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado.

(1502;

(f)

00

(a)

(e)

(s)

(2^55)

(f

(h

(21+57

(f

(h

(2705

(f

(h

(2719

(is (d

(e

STABLE CHANNEL STUDIES- -TRACTIVE FORCES REQUIRED TO MOVE N0NC0HESIVE MATERIALS

.

Completed.

Report in preparation.

(1777) SIPHON SPILLWAY STUDIES

.

Lahoratory project.

Combined field investigation and applied

research; for design.

Develop an improved design for lower

priming head and short priming time.

Attempts will he made to design a partialization device to regulate the discharge of

the siphon "by means of a self-regulating

air intake, therehy enabling the siphon to operate more or less continually at reduced

flow rather than intermittently at full

capacity.

The priming head for minimum operating discharge has been reduced to 25 percent of

the head required for the standard design;

minimum discharge is about 20 percent of

the minimum discharge for the standard

design. Shape and length of a bucket on

the downstream end of the barrel have been

proportioned for maximum discharge coefficient. Position and angle of a deflector

in the barrel has been determined.

CASA COLORADA CHANNEL ALINEMENT- -MIDDLE RIO GRANDE.

Completed.

Report in preparation.

EROSION AND TRACTIVE FORCE STUDY OF UNLINED

AND EARTH-LINED CANALS.

Field data and laboratory testing completed.

Report in preparation.

TRINITY DAM- -MORNING-GLORY SPILLWAY.

Both model studies completed.

Reports in review

GLEN CANYON DAM SPILLWAY.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; design.

The model, built to a scale of 1:63-5, includes the tunnel spillways on both sides

of the river, the curved arch dam, the

outlet works, the powerhouse and a section

of the Colorado River upstream and down- stream from the dam. The tunnel spillways

are modeled in transparent plastic so that

flow conditions can be thoroughly investigated. Other features being studied are the

approach channels to the spillway, the discharge capacity of the spillways, the pressures throughout the spillways, the flip

buckets and scour at the downstream portal

of the tunnels, and the effect in the river

when all structures are discharging.

(g) Alinements for the excavated spillway

approach channels, tunnel transitions be- tween the spillway crest and the inclined

tunnel, new type flip buckets in new lo- cations, and other recommended features and

procedures have resulted from the studies

.

(h) Report in preparation.

( 2721+

)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(b)

(a)

(e)

(g)

(h)

FRICTION FACTOR TEST IN LARGE PRESSURE CON- DUITS--WEBER-COULEE SIPHON.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report in preparation. (Combined with

Project No. 3275-

)

(2952) W00DST0N DIVERSION DAM—GENERAL STUDIES OF HEADWORKS AND SLUICEWAY STRUCTURES.

Completed. A satisfactory arrangement consisting of a combination of curved guide walls and an overhanging sill have been developed to minimize the amount of sediment entering

the canal. Report in review.

(2953) STUDIES OF WIND WAVES ON CANALS.

Laboratory and field project.

Experimental; for design.

Laboratory and field studies are being con- ducted to develop relationships to predict

erosion produced by surface waves on canal

banks

.

Waves have been measured on field canals,

and wave characteristics have been correlated

with channel characteristics, and wind

velocity and direction. Tests on earth

material from one canal have been completed

in the laboratory flume, and the data have

been analyzed. Plans are being made to install wave and wind recording equipment

on a field canal. Progress report in review.

(2954) GLEN CANYON TUNNEL PLUG OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Air and hydraulic model studies are being

made to develop the rectangular bellmouth

entrance, the alinement of the 3 conduits

containing 7- by 10.5-foot regulating

slide gates, and the shape of the flip

bucket at the end of the Ul-foot-diameter

tunnel.

(g) The bellmouth entrance shape and the con- duit alinement have been established. Per- formance is good with symmetrical or un- symmetrical gate operation at heads up to

the maximum of 1+10 feet. Tests on the flipbucket are continuing.

(h) Report in preparation.

152
(2955) CAVITATION IN SUDDEN ENLARGEMENTS DOWNSTREM

FROM ORIFICES AND GATE VALVES.

("b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

( e ) Tests are "being made at heads from 200 to kOO feet to determine the critical cavitation indexes for gate valves operating

at partial openings and discharging into

pipe sections 1.5> l-75> and 2.0 times the

nominal valve diameter. Cavitation potential and pressure fluctuation in pipelines

downstream from orifices of different sizes

will he investigated.

(h) Report to he prepared.

(2957) PAONIA DAM SPILLWAY AND OUTLET WORKS.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Paonia Dam Spillway and Outlet Works/' Report Hyi-kkk,

G. L. Beichley.

(2958) HOLLOW-JET VALVE STILLING BASINS FOR OUTLET

WORKS.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(2959) STILLING BASINS FOR SLIDE GATE CONTROLLED

OUTLET WORKS.

(f) Tests in progress.

(h) Report to he prepared.

(2960) FLAMING GORGE DAM SPILLWAY.

(h) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:36 scale model has been constructed to develop a satisfactory spillway and outlet

works

(g) A satisfactory approach channel has been

developed, and good flow conditions through

the crest section., transition and throughout the spillway tunnel have been obtained

by the use of an unusual center pier. A

new type of flip bucket has been developed

permitting the height of one sidewall to

be reduced without causing adverse flow

conditions . The extent of riprap pro- tection in the powerplant afterbay neces- sary during diversion through the outlet

works has been determined.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3267) CANAL INLET AND OUTLET TRANSITION STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests are in progress to determine the

angle of divergence between the pipe and

canal, and the effects of the slope and

elevation of the pipe with respect to the

canal.

(h) Report to be prepared.

(3268) PRINEVILLE SPILLWAY AND OUTLET WORKS.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Spillway

and Outlet Works for Prineville Dam,

551527 O-60-11 153

Crooked River Project, Oregon," Report

Hyd-U52 by W. P. Simmons, Jr.

(3269) EFFECT OF SHADE PRODUCED BY SUSPENDED SEDI- MENTS ON THE GROWTH OF AQUATIC WEEDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for operation and maintenance.

(e) Three types of aquatic weeds have been grown in eight 55-gallon drums containing

varying concentrations of two types of sedi- ment . Weeds were grown in two drums con- taining clear water for control and comparison purposes.

(f) Tests are completed and results are being

analyzed.

(g) Results indicate a dark colored field sedi- ment has an effect on reducing growth of

the aquatic weeds tested.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3270) SAN ACACIA DIVERSION- -HEADWORKS AND SLUICEWAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design and rehabilitation.

(e) A 1:20 undistorted scale, movable bed,

hydraulic model has been constructed to study the headworks and sluiceway. Tests

are being made to determine a modification

that will reduce sediment inflow into the

canal to a minimum.

(g) Results of completed tests indicate stream- bed guide vanes are effective in decreasing

the amount of coarse bed sediment entering

the canal.

(h) A report will be prepared.

( 3271 ) CHANNELIZATION IN ALLUVIAL RIVERS USING STEEL JACKS AND JETTIES.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

( 3272 ) NAVAJO DAM SPILLWAY AND AUXILIARY OUTLET

WORKS.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3273) NAVAJO DAM DIVERSION AND OUTLET WORKS

STILLING BASIN.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(327I+) CONSTANT HEAD ORIFICE TURNOUT,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research for design.

(e) A 2*4— inch slide gate turnout is being calibrated by means of a 1:2 scale model.

Design changes resulting from use of the turnout have necessitated an analysis and

calibration of the variables affecting the

discharge capacity.

(g) Results show that submergence of the orifice

or of the upstream gate of the two-gate

turnout has a major effect on the discharge

coefficient. A calibration curve for a 9-

cfs standard turnout and several comparative

calibrations of modified turnouts have been
obtained

(h) Report in preparation.

(3275) FRICTION FACTOR TESTS IN LARGE PRESSURE

CONDUITS EKLUTNA TUNNEL, ALASKA.

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

Laboratory project.

Field investigation; design.

Extension of data to provide information

on friction factors for smooth interior

finishes of concrete that can he consistently produced with present day construc- tion methods. Tests have been completed

on a 9-foot-inside-diameter concrete-lined

tunnel. Head losses were measured over a length of 2,53^- diameters. Average velocities of flow were determined from calibrated pressure taps in two turbine scrollcases. Tests and data analyses completed. Data were obtained for seven test discharges over a Reynolds Number range of

7.1 by 105 to k.6 by 10°. Friction factors

computed from the Darcy-Weisbach equation

ranged from 0.017 to Q.Olk, respectively.

Report in preparation. (Combined with

Project No. 2721+ . )

(3276) FOSS DAM OUTLET WORKS.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3278) CAVITATION OF CONCRETE SURFACE IRREGULARITIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental ; for research.

(e) The cavitation producing potential of con- crete surface irregularities such as abrupt

offsets, protruding filler material, bug

holes, etc., is being investigated. The test apparatus employs full-scale velocities and pressures.

(h) "Importance of Smooth Surfaces on Flow

Boundaries Downstream from Outlet Works

Control Gates," Report Hyd-UU8 by J. W. Ball.

( 3280 ) GLENDO DAM OUTLET WORKS

.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3281) ISLAND BEND CONTROL GATES.

(g) Satisfactory flow conditions exist in the

circular conduits, the gatehouse and horseshoe conduits. Tests are being continued

to develop piers to reduce a large water

plume that forms at the contact of adjacent

jets issuing from the horseshoe conduits,

and to determine the most economical stilling basin arrangement

.

(h) Report to be prepared.

(3609) TWIN BUTTES OUTLET WORKS INTAKE STRUCTURE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:23-25 scale model of the intake struc- ture has been installed for air tests. The

outlet works consists of three paralled 15-

foot, 6-inch conduits at the same elevation

and on 20-foot centers. The proper entrance

shapes for the three conduits will be de- signed from this study.

(f) Tests in progress.

(g) For one study, circular bellmouth entrances were installed. Adverse pressure conditions

i.e., cavitation pressures, existed on the

walls of the entrances and downstream from

the stoplog slots, 8 feet, 6 inches down- stream from the entrances . Tests are con- tinuing with rectangular bellmouth en- trances and transitions to the 15-foot, 6- inch circular conduits

.

(h) Report to be prepared.

(3610) HYDRAULIC DOWNPULL ON HIGH HEAD SLIDE GATES,

(b) Laboratory study.

(d) Compiling laboratory and prototype data for

design purposes.

(e) Laboratory studies have been completed

using the pressure-area computation method

to determine hydraulic downpull on a recently developed slide gate with narrow

slots with offset downstream corners. Pro- totype downpull data have been obtained

from two large gates and the results ana- lyzed in terms of forces on the operating

hoists. Loads due to friction and the

weight of moving parts of the gate have

been isolated to determine the true hydraulic downpull. Model-prototype comparisons

of downpull will be presented in the report.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3611) ADJUSTABLE WEIR.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3608) TWIN BUTTES OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:30 scale model has been constructed to investigate the flow from the three 15- foot,

6-Inch-diameter circular conduits. The

gatehouse structure contains three 12- by

15 -foot top seal radial gates and three

12- by 15-foot fixed-wheel emergency gates.

Three 17-foot horseshoe conduits extend

from the radial control gates to a common hydraulic stilling basin.

(f) Tests in progress.

(b)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

00

Laboratory project.

Combined laboratory and field research.

Weirs having an adjustable crest height are used for checking water surface levels for

upstream water delivery and for water meas- urement beyond the weir. An investigation

of the head discharge capacity of a single

2-foot-crest-length weir was recently com- pleted. Extension of the study to include

combinations of weirs and those having

adjustable crest length is contemplated.

Single weir investigation completed.

Capacity of weir for crest heights greater

than 0.1 foot above fixed blade compare very favorably with standard 2 -foot Cipolletti weir.

Report In preparation.

15^
(3612) DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS FOR RADIAL GATES.

(Id) Laboratory project.

(d) 001111)1116(1 laboratory and field research.

(e) Radial gates are used extensively in irrigation systems for discharge and water sur- face level control. Intelligent operation

of the systems requires that the rate of

flow passing the gated structure he known.

Literature research resulted in an analytical approach and adjusted equation for the

gate capacity with unsuhmerged flow. A

model gate was designed and will he installed in the laboratory to obtain data

for checking the proposed formula and ex- tending the scope of presently available

information.

(f) Model to be constructed.

(h) "Problems Encountered in the Use of Low

Head Radial Gates/' T. J. Rhone, Journal

of Proceedings, Hydraulic Division, ASCE,

Vol. 85, HY2, February 1959-

(3613) COMPOUND WEIR STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Applied research; for design.

(e) Develop relationships for flows through

combined V-notch and rectangular contracted

weirs, particularly in the transition range

of discharges. Several sizes to be tested.

(f) Tests in progress.

(h) Report to be prepared.

(3614) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SUBCRITICAL FLOW IN CURVED CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project

.

(d) Experimental; for design and maintenance.

(e) A fixed bed, hydraulic model is being built

to determine the possibility of reduction

in scour and deposition in unlined channels

due to secondary currents. Preliminary

investigations will be conducted by varying

the radius of curvature and the central

angle

.

(f) Model being constructed.

(3615) TUNNEL SPILLWAY FLIP BUCKETS,

(b) Laboratory study.

(d) Compiling available data; for paper.

(f) Completed.

(g) Several new types of flip buckets developed

from hydraulic model studies are described.

Using data from these tests, dimensionless

charts are presented to aid in determining

the jet trajectory length, the spreading

of the jet, the tailwater drawn down at the

bucket, and the pressures on the floor and

sidewalls of the bucket.

(h) "Improved Tunnel Spillway Flip Buckets," by

T. J. Rhone and A. J. Peterka. Paper pre- sented at the ASCE Hydraulics Conference,

Fort Collins, Colo., July 1959- Reprints

are available.

(3616) SLOTTED SPILLWAY BUCKETS

.

(b) Laboratory study.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Laboratory tests on 6-, 9-, 12- and l8-inch

radius buckets were made to develop dimensionless curves for the design of prototype

buckets over large ranges of discharge,

height of fall, and bucket radius,

(f) Completed.

(h) "Hydraulic Design of Slotted Spillway

Buckets," by G. L. Beichley and A. J. Peterka, Journal of the Hydraulics Division,

ASCE, October 1959

.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, DAVID TAYLOR MODEL

BASIN.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to the Commanding Officer and Director,

David Taylor Model Basin, Washington 7, D. C.

(709) THEORY OF WAVE RESISTANCE.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) A mathematical study of the theory of wave

resistance for the purpose of establishing

methods for extending the theory to the

analysis of ship resistance. Studies will

include the general theory of waves in

liquids and will encompass a review of ex- isting theory and comparisons with existing

experimental data.

(g) A synopsis has been written on the application of the theory to the calculations of

wave resistance.

Calculations were made to obtain general information about wave resistance of submerged

bodies of revolution. The forms considered

are ellipsoids, Rankine ovoids, and a simple

family of streamlined bodies. A report of

this work is to be published.

(h) "The Wave Resistance of a Floating Slender

Body", by W. E. Cummins, dissertation pre- sented to American University, May 1956.

(710) RESEARCH ON MAIN INJECTION SCOOPS AND OVER- BOARD DISCHARGES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied re- search.

(e) Investigations to determine the characteristics of a broad series of injection scoops and discharges to provide design data for use in design of future high-speed ships.

(g) An improved method for estimating the velocity profile and thickness of a ship's

boundary layer is being developed.

(h) "Boundary Layer Investigation on the USS TIMMERMAN EAG152 (ex-DD828)," by C. L. Sayre, Jr. and R. J. Duerr, TMB Report 1170, to be published.

"Estimating the Thickness of the Boundary

Layer on the Hull of a Ship," by C. L. Sayre, in preparation.

(711) CAVITATION RESEARCH.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

(e) Research on the mechanism and effects of

cavitation phenomena including the physics

155
and analytical description of steady-state

cavities in real and ideal fluids and investigations of the inception of cavitation,

and growth and collapse processes of transient cavities, and the effects of cavitation on the forces on underwater hodies.

Studies will be made on the application of

linearized theory to problems in cavitation.

Additional studies will be made on the

effects of roughness elements on cavitation

inception and of body form on cavitation

and degassing. Cavitating vortex cores as produced by shear flows will be investigated. Such cavitating sources have been ob- served on appendages to ships and may be

responsible for flow noise excitation at high speeds.

(g) In one case the excitation of vibration of

a ship has been traced to cavitation on rudder. (See DTMB Report 1188).

(h) "Rudder-Excited Hull Vibration on USS FORREST SHERMAN (DD931) - A Problem in

Hydroelasticity, " by R.T. McGoldrick, pre- sented at the annual meeting of the Society

of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, New York, N.Y., November 12-13, 1959- "Linearized Theory for Flows About Lifting

Foils at Zero Cavitation Number," by M. P. Tulln and M. P. Burkart, TMB Report C-638

(Declassified) of February 1955 •

(1506) STIMULATION OF TURBULENCE ON SHIP MODELS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Frictional resistance research.

(e) Development of a turbulence stimulating de- vice which will insure adequate turbulence

in the boundary layer over the entire

length of any ship model. Empirical and

theoretical studies will be conducted to

evaluate the relative effectiveness of tur- bulence rods, trip wires, sand roughness,

isolated stubs, noise makers and vibrators.

Their relative effectiveness will be cal- culated by studying the model resistance

and the character of the boundary layer

flow around ship models as determined by

the dye-method, the chemical compound, and

the hot-wire survey method.

(f) Suspended.

(g) The work of the previous year was devoted

to the study of the stimulating effect of

studs and the development of the technique

of the chemical compound. The effect of

various stimulators on the BSRA model has

been established and the evaluations work

will compare the results for each stimulator with the results obtained by the

English tanks. The evaluation of the

stimulators used is still continuing.

(151*0 MANEUVERING CHARACTERISTICS OF SINGLE

SCREW VESSELS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental testing.

(e) Measurements of side forces on propeller,

rudder, and hull of a single-screw ship

model during successive phases of starting,

stopping, and backing maneuvers.

(f) Inactive.

(g) A test program has been formulated. A

side- force dynamometer has been designed and

completed. Testing is expected to begin

when priority considerations permit

.

(1521) 36-INCH VARIABLE PRESSURE WATER TUNNEL.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) New facility.

(e) Design and construction of a 36-inch variable pressure water tunnel for investigation

of propulsion, cavitation, and noise characteristics of propellers as well as tests

on sub-surface bodies. Interchangeable

test sections of open and closed jet type

will be provided. The maximum design speed

is 85 f.p.s.

(g) Estimated completion is spring of i960.

(1778) HYDRODYNAMIC NOISE.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) Investigations of the characteristics of

underwater noise associated with various

hydrodynamic phenomena such as cavitation,

bubble oscillation, turbulence and splashing.

(g) Experimental and theoretical studies have

been made of noise produced by cavitation,

splashing, oscillating air bubbles, and

turbulence

.

(h) "Splashes as Sources of Sound in Liquids,"

by G.J. Franz, Journal of the Acoustical

Society of America, August 1959-

"The Near-Sound Field of Turbulence," by

G.J. Franz, TMB Report 982, October 1959- "Survey of Thermal, Radiation, and Viscous

Damping of Pulsating Air Bubbles in Water,"

by C. Devin, Jr., Journal of the Acoustical

Society of America, December 1959-

(1779) TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search.

(e) A theoretical and experimental investigation of the velocity profile and wall

shearing stresses in turbulent boundary

layer. In order to provide a simple and

accurate determination of shear stress at the wall, the use of surface tube technique

for measuring this characteristic has been

investigated in both zero and adverse pressure gradients.

(h) "The Determination of the Local Skin Friction and the Thickness of Turbulent Boundary Layers from the Velocity Similarity Laws," P.S. Granville, TMB Report 13^0, Oct. 1959-

(1780) BUBBLE FLOW STUDIES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied re- search.

(e) Theoretical computations of bubble paths

for various shapes to determine points of

collision and conditions for non-collision

will be made. The validity of the theory

will be checked experimentally in a few

cases

.

(h) "Motion of Rigid and Fluid Spheres in

156
Stationary and Moving Liquids Inside Cylin- (b)

drical Tubes," by W. L. Ha"berman and R. M. (d)

Sayre, TMB Report lbl+3, October 1958. (e)

(1781) ROTATING-ARM AND MANEUVERING BASIN.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. (f)

(a) New facility. (g)

( e ) Design and construction of a circular basin

of 260-foot diameter with a rotating arm whose radius can be varied from 18 to 120

feet. To be used for towing tests of sur- face and sub-surface models. Also, design

and construction of a maneuvering basin

350 feet long and 230 feet wide, equipped

with traveling bridge and towing carriages,

and wavemakers for the purpose of making

maneuvering tests on ship models,

(g) Construction contract awarded in May 1956

with a completion date in early i960.

(1783) MATHEMATICAL SHIP LINES.

(h)

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical research.

(e) Development of a suitable method for the

mathematical determination of ship lines

which can be applied to a wide variety of

ship forms especially to those of modern

design.

(g) A method has been developed for the mathematical fairing of graphical lines. This

is a first step toward the development of

a flexible system of mathematical ship

lines. Future work is directed toward the

development of a system of mathematical

lines which will permit the derivation of

a hull form for a given set of parameters.

(h) A partial result of this project has been (2019)

reported in a paper entitled, "The Use of

Digital Computers for Ship Design and Data (b)

Reduction at David Taylor Model Basin, " by

P. C. Pien and J. B. Hadler. This paper (d) was presented at the ATTC meeting at (e)

Berkeley, Calif., September 1959.

(1786) STUDIES OF THE SLAMMING OF SHIPS. (g)

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search.

(e) Computations and measurements of the maxi- mum pressure and impact forces on the

bottoms of slamming ships for the purpose

of developing design criteria to effect

their reduction.

(g) Studies with ship models were made to de- termine hydrodynamic impact forces on ships . Regular and confused seas were

studied to determine conditions favorable

for slamming.

(h) "A Theoretical Consideration of Impact Pressure at Ship Slamming, " by K. Ochi and

M. D. Bledsoe, TMB Report 1321. (To be

published.

)

"Hydrodynamic Impact Measurements," by

V. G. Szebehely and E. E. Zarnick, First (h)

Conference on Coastal Engineering Instruments, 1955-

(1788) WAX DEVELOPMENT. (2229)

David Taylor Model Basin.

Experimental testing.

Development of a wax composition and manufacturing techniques for the manufacture of

ship models up to 30 ft. on water-line

length.

Completed.

The blend developed is entirely suited to the climatic conditions existing in Wash.

,

D.C. The strength of this material is such

that all types of models, including submarines, may be constructed and handled with

no greater care than is given to corresponding wood models. Ninety-one models, varying

in length between 19 and 2h ft. and in

weight between 1,000 and ^-,500 lbs., and

four 30 ft. models have been successfully

manufactured and tested since the develop- ment of this new wax blend. The introduction of wax model construction technique has

resulted in a substantial saving in time and

cost of ship model manufacturing at TMB. The following reports are being reviewed

prior to publication:

"The Development of a N-Butyl Methacrylate Wax Blend for Manufacturing Wax Models at TMB," by W. Hinterthan.

"Development and Application of a Wax Com- position for the Manufacture of Experimental

Ship Models," W. Hinterthan.

"Methods to be Followed in the Blending of Wax for TMB Wax Model Production, " Memorandum, by W. Hinterthan.

"Wax Model Construction for Shallow Draft

and Light Displacement Ships at the David

Taylor Model Basin," W.B. Hinterthan, TMB

Report 135^-

SERIES 60 - PROPELLER EXCITED VIBRATION.

David Taylor Model Basin and Society of

Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

Experimental basic research. Measurement of propeller induced vibratory

forces on a series of models with variations

in stern shape.

The instrumentation and test techniques for

measuring the propeller induced vibratory

forces on a single screw ship model has

been developed sufficiently to obtain re- petitive results. Although there is insufficient information available to permit ex- trapolation to full scale forces, comparison

of test results of models of similar type and

dimensions appears valid. During the past

year tests were conducted of a series of 3 models, based on the 0-70 Cg Series 60

parent form, with variations in stern sec- tion shape from U to V. Measurement of instantaneous pressure have

been made on the hull of the USS TIMMERMAN

and on the hull of a 30 foot model of that

vessel. Preliminary data indicates that the

model measurements when similarly extra- polated also produce higher values than were

measured on board ship.

"The Measurement of Propeller Induced Vibratory Forces on Scale Ship Models," P.C. Pien

and N.L. Ficken, American Towing Tank Con- ference Paper, September 1959- NEAR SURFACE EFFECTS.

157
(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) A mathematical study of the forces and mo- ments acting on bodies due to the proximity

of a free surface. The studies will include both the case in which the surface is initially undisturbed and the case in which

there are disturbances originating at a distance

.

(g) Methods have been developed for computing

the forces and moments acting on bodies of

revolution, both due to waves generated by

the body itself and to regular trains of

waves. Experiments have been carried out using a spheroid moving under waves. The

experimental results largely confirmed the

theory except in following seas.

(h) "The Moment Acting on a Rankine Ovoid Mov- ing Under a Free Surface," H'.L. Pond, Jour,

of Ship Research, Vol. 2, No. k, March 1959-

"A Comparison of the Experimental and Theoretical Hydrodynamic Forces and Moments

Acting on a Spheroid Moving Under a Regular

Train of Waves," by S.S. Hagara, TMB Report

1213, Report in review.

(2230) THEORY OF SEAWORTHINESS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) A theoretical and experimental study of

factors affecting the seaworthiness of

ships, for the purpose of developing procedures for predicting their motion.

(g) Tests have been completed on two geometrically similar ship models of different

lengths. The analysis of these tests will

aid in estimating the validity of model

tests for predicting full scale "behavior

.

A ship model has been oscillated in heave

and pitch to determine the dependency of

the damping and added mass forces on speed,

frequency and amplitude of oscillation.

Comparisons will be made with theoretical

methods currently used to compute these

forces

.

(h) "On Ship Model Testing for the Prediction

of Extreme Conditions in Confused Seas,"

W.E. Cummins, Proceedings of the Symposium

on the Behavior of Ships in a Seaway, Sept.

1957-

"On the Prediction of Full Scale Ship Mo- tions from Model Tests," W. Marks, Proceedings of the Symposium on the Behavior of

Ships in a Seaway, September 1957-

''On the Reduction of Motion Data from Model

Tests in Confused Seas," by M. St. Denis,

Proceedings of the Symposium on the Behavior of Ships in a Seaway, September 1957- "Reduction of Seakeeping Data at the Taylor

Model Basin," TMB Report I363, Sept. 1959.

"A Study of the Transient Pitching Oscillations of a Ship," by P. Golovato, Jour,

of Ship Research, March 1959.

(2231) HYDRAULIC ROUGHNESS STUDIES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search.

(e) Theoretical and experimental research on methods for analyzing and predicting the

frictional resistance of arbitrary rough

surfaces, especially the painted surfaces

of ship hulls. The geometrical characteristics of arbitrary rough surfaces are to

be analyzed by amplitude- frequency spectra

while the hydrodynamic characteristics are to be analyzed by similarity laws.

(g) The low frequency characteristics of the

roughness records necessitate the develop- ment of a low frequency spectrum analyzer.

The analytical procedures for predicting

the frictional resistance of arbitrary rough

surfaces from similarity laws have been com- pleted. A method has been derived for pre- dicting full scale resistance of arbitrary

rough surfaces from tests of model plates

.

Relations for the local skin friction and

shape parameter have been derived for use

in calculating the development of turbulent

boundary layers in pressure gradients for rough surfaces . Boundary layer measurements

are being made in a wind tunnel on randomly

rough surfaces using a floating element dy- namometer.

(h) "The Frictional Resistance and Turbulent

Boundary of Rough Surfaces," P.S. Granville,

Journal of Ship Research, Vol. 2, No. 3> December 1958.

(2232) PRESSURE AND VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS ON TWO- DIMENSIONAL AND AXI- SYMMETRIC THREE- DIMENSIONAL FORMS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Investigate analytic techniques for determining the pressure and velocity distribution on two-dimensional" and axi- symmetric

three-dimensional forms. The solution is to be amenable to coding for a high speed

computor

.

(g) An iterative solution was developed and

coded for the UNIVAC. The pressure distribution for a number of bodies whose pressure distribution is known were completed

and verified. Some difficulty was expe- rienced, however, with convergence in cer- tain portions of the calculations. In the

future a superior method developed by Smith

at Douglas Aircraft (TMB external research

contract ) will be employed on the 70k High

Speed Computor.

(h) "The Axially Symmetric Potential Flow About

Elongated Bodies of Revolution," by L. Landweber, TMB Report 761, August 1951.

(2233) THE STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE IN BOUNDARY LAYERS AND WAKES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A study to investigate the behavior of basic

turbulence quantities in boundary layer and

wake flows. Investigations of the effect

of background turbulence level on the tur- bulence characteristics of the wake behind

two-dimensional forms and circular disks

will be continued. Systematic measurements

of a turbulent boundary layer in adverse

pressure gradients will be undertaken.

(g) Experimental results indicate that the intensity decay and width increase of the

158
turbulent wake in its downstream course behind three-dimensional bluff bodies

(discs and plates) are in agreement with

those theoretically predicted. Future

tests will be extended to include practical

configurations which will be investigated

in both unpowered and powered conditions. Measurements of a turbulent boundary layer

in adverse pressure gradients include precise velocity profiles, local skin- friction measurements with surface tubes, and hotwire anemometry.

(h) "Measurement of the Fluctuating Pressure

and Velocity in the Wake Behind a Cylinder,"

by M. Strasberg and R. D. Cooper, 9th In- ternational Congress of Applied Mechanics,

Brussels, pp. 3&V393, Vol. II, (1956).

"Time Constant and Frequency Response of

Coated Hot Wires Used as Turbulence Sensing

Elements," by Avis Borden, TMB Report 952, June 1957-

(2235) LIBERTY SHIP SEAWORTHINESS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Thorough seaworthiness investigations of a Liberty Ship and a modified Liberty Ship

hull. Full scale trials were conducted

during hind crossings of the North Atlantic.

Speed reduction, ship motions and slamming pressures were investigated.

(2236) OSCILLATING PRESSURES IN THE VICINITY OF PROPELLERS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied re- search.

(e) Studies of the oscillating pressures on boundaries and in the free space produced

by propeller operation. The purpose of the

work is to determine the magnitude of the

hydrodynamic propeller excited vibratory

forces acting on ship ' s hulls and the effect of operating parameters.

(f) Completed.

(g) Experimental results have been completed.

(h) "The Measurement of Thrust Fluctuation and

Free-Space Oscillating Pressures for a Propeller," by A. J. Tachmindji and M. C. Dickerson, DTMB Report 1107, January 1957.

"The Measurement of Oscillating Pressures

in the Vicinity of a Propeller, " by A. J. Tachmindji and M. C. Dickerson, DTMB Re- port 1130, April 1957-

(2237) LIFTING SURFACE THEORY OF PROPELLERS.

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Studies of the corrections on lifting line

theory which arise from the finite extent of the blades

(f) Application of an approximate lifting surface theory is completed. Development of

a rigorous theory currently in progress.

(g) The available results are being applied to propeller design methods

(h) "Propeller Induction Factors," by W. B. Morgan, TMB Report II83.

(2i+62) PITCH REDUCTION STUDIES.

(b) Bureau of Ships.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) To investigate the effect of horizontal fin

appendages on the motion of surface ships

in a seaway. A motion prediction theory is being developed and experimental investigations will be conducted.

(h) "Model Experiments with Fixed Bow AntiPit ching Fins, " by G.P. Stefun, TMB Report

1118, submitted to the Journal of Ship Research.

"Hull Vibrations Due to Bow Anti-Pitching

Fins," by G.P. Stefun and F.N. Schwartz, TMB Report in preparation.

(2^63) STUDIES OF LOW ASPECT-RATIO CONTROL

SURFACES

(b) David Taylor Model Basin; Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental investigation; basic research.

(e) Determine the aerodynamic characteristics

of a family of low aspect-ratio control sur- faces which can be used by the designer of

submarines and surface ships.

Phase I is an investigation of a family of

all-movable control surfaces. Phase II is an investigation of the same family with

plain flaps of different chord length.

(f) Phase I, completed; Phase II, active.

(g) The results of Phase I indicate that many

of the aerodynamic characteristics of low

aspect-ratio surfaces can be accurately

predicted from lifting surface theory.

(h) The results of Phase I and comparisons with

lifting surface theory are presented in DTMB Report No. 933.

(2V70) CAVITY RESONANCE.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical investigation

of the excitations of cavity resonance by

fluid flow.

(e) Studies to determine the mechanism of ex- citation of the cavity resonance by fluid

flow. past orifice will be undertaken. The

experimental investigation will employ the

low turbulence wind tunnel and circulating water channel. The amplitude of pressure

fluctuations in the cavity will be investigated as function of the size, shape and

number of orifices, as well as the turbulence characteristics in the boundary layer

flow.

(2V71) THEORY OF CONTRA-ROTATING PROPELLERS.

(b) Cooperative with the Bureau of Ships.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Studies of the theory of contra-rotating

propellers without assumptions regarding

the orientation of the resultant induced

velocity.

(g) Application to open water and wake adapted

propellers

(h) "Effect of Propeller Pitch Changes on Torque Unbalance of Contra-Rotating Pro- pellers," W.B. Morgan, DTMB Report 112k,

159
March 1957

.

"The Axial Velocity Field of an Optimum

Infinitely Bladed Propeller," by A. J. Tachmindji, TMB Report 129k, January 1959-

(2V72) COOPERATIVE TESTS ON A VICTORY SHIP DESIGN.

(h) David Taylor Model Basin: Skin Friction

Committee of the International Towing Tank

Conference

.

(d) Experimental testing; basic research.

(e) The investigation was authorized by the

International Committee on "Scale Effect on

Propellers," and on "Self-Propulsion Fac- tors," as part of the international coopera- tive test program in ship basins. The In- ternational Committee will compare the re- sults from the various basins and present

a report to the coming International Con- ference. The tests will be carried out with a wax model of scale 1:23 equipped

with different kinds of stimulators. The friction corrections will be calculated by

the various basins according to their

methods

.

(g) The specified program of model testing has

been completed. The required calculation

for the power predictions have to be done

before the evaluation work can proceed.

(h) Results have been reported to the Interna- tional Towing Conference. A TMB Report is being prepared comparing TMB results with

those of other basins.

(2727) THE EFFECT OF HUB DIAMETER ON THE OPTIMUM

DISTRIBUTION OF CIRCULATION OF PROPELLERS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Studies of the effect of hub diameters on the optimum distribution of circulation.

(~f) Inactive.

(g) Calculations have been completed.

(h) The Calculation of the Circulation Distribution for Propellers with Finite Hub

Having Three, Four, Five and Six Blades,"

A. J. Tachmindji and A. B. Milan, DTMB

Report llUl, July 1957 and International

Shipbuilding Progress, September 1957-

"The Ideal Efficiency of Optimum Propellers

Having Finite Hubs and Finite Number of

Blades," by J.W. Shultz, Jr., DTMB Report

111*8, July 1957-

(2729) HULL FORM RESEARCH WITH A FLEXIBLE MODEL.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Development and experimental work.

(e) A flexible model which can be quickly

changed to have any fullness and any shape

of section area curve is to be developed

first. The effect of section area curve parameters, such as t^, tA, Cpp, CpA, L^,

Xp, X , etc., upon resistance will be sys- tematically investigated by using this

flexible model,

(g) The flexible model has been built and ex- perimental test work begun. Thirty resistance tests have been conducted during the

past fiscal year. Preliminary work with

this flexible model indicates its adaptability for this work is satisfactory. An analysis of the test results has not been

completed.

(h) The results of the first phase of this project has been reported in TMB Report 13,hh entitled, "Hull Form Research With a Flexible Model," by P.C. Pien, November 1959.

(2730) MOLECULAR - PHYSICAL SKIN EFFECT.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental applied research.

(e) The frictional resistance of a "new" plate

consisting of a special molecular coating

will be compared with the frictional re- sistance of a hydraulically smooth brass

plate and of a mirror smooth glass plate.

The test equipment will be designed and con- structed to study wave and spray formation

for the determination of the true wetted

surface. The plate will be tested with

maximum speed of 15-0 knots and with various stimulation devices.

(g) The Nikuradse coated plates have been

tested. Significant resistance differences

between coated and non-coated plates have

been measured on a coated brass plate and

an uncoated aluminum plate. Since the con- tours of the leading and trailing edges of

the two plates vary considerably a doubt is raised at whether the coating or the difference in the contours caused the resistance

differences. A stainless steel plate having the same contours as the coated brass

plate has been constructed and tested. The

resistance of this plate has been obtained

and the relation between the coated and un- coated plate will be the subject of an additional report.

(2962) SHIP MOTION.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Field investigation (full scale trials).

(e) An account of seakeeping trials carried out jointly by the Royal Netherlands Navy and

the United States Navy with three destroyers . (g) Measurements were made of motions, slamming pressures and stresses. These were ana- lyzed to determine the effect of the seaway, of speed and of relative course. A data

report is currently in preparation.

(2966) STUDY OF BOUNDARY LAYERS OF SUBMERGED

BODIES OF REVOLUTION.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental basic research.

(e) Experiments have been carried out on an elongated body of revolution in 8 x 10 ft

.

subsonic wind tunnel. The model consists

of a basic body of revolution with removable model deck, conning tower, and tail

control surfaces, to simulate the geometrical form of a submarine. The measurements

consisted of boundary layer survey and

local skin friction measurements by surface I pitot tubes at various angular locations

throughout a range of speeds. Comparison

is being made with full scale results.

(h) "Measurement of Transition on a Sphere at

160
High Reynolds Numbers," "by M.S. Macovsky

and E.Y. Hus, TMB Report 1110, June 1957. the Society of Naval Architects and Marine

Engineers is projected.

(2967) CONTROL SURFACE FLUTTER.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic investigation.

(e) Experiments are being conducted with a flutter apparatus to determine flutter

speeds as a function of inertias, spring

and damping constants. The results will be

compared with a simplified rudder flutter

analysis which can then be applied to design

procedures

(g) Control- surface flutter action (sub-critical)

has been demonstrated with TMB flutter ap- paratus, (See TMB Report 1222). The appa- ratus is being modified so as to extend the range of variation of parameters to include

those producing critically unstable flutter

action.

(h) "A Control Surface Flutter Study in the

Field of Naval Architecture," by R. T. McGoldrick, and D.A. Jewell, DTMB Report

1222, September 1959.

(2969) FLOW STUDIES ON THREE-DIMENSIONAL FORMS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic research.

(e) Pressure distributions and flow studies

have been made in a wind tunnel on several

shapes similar to those of certain sonar

domes. Data will be used in predicting

those conditions of ship speed, yaw and

pitch which are conducive -to cavitation on

sonar domes. "Pressure Distribution About Four Sonar

Domes," R.D. Cahn (report in preparation).

STUDIES OF HYDRODYNAMIC LOADING ON BARE AND

FAIRED CABLES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental investigation; basic research.

(e) Measure the tangential and normal hydrodynamic forces acting on a long cylinder

towed at various angles to the stream over

a range of Reynolds numbers. Tests will be

made with various degrees of roughness

simulating stranded cable, and various

trailing-type fairing designs.

(2971) FULL SCALE TRIAL AND MODEL PREDICTION

CORRELATION.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental testing and re-evaluation of

existing test data.

(e) The accuracy of full scale power predictions

from model test results depends upon the

selection of the proper correlation allowance (A Cf) to be used in model calculations. Model tests have been conducted and

past correlations have been re-analyzed

such that a total of 'yk correlations have

been completed. An analysis of this data

has begun.

(g) Analysis of the completed correlations has

begun and is scheduled for completion by

July i960. The presentation of a paper to

(3282)

(h)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

RADIAL DISTRIBUTION OF PROPELLER THRUST FROM MODEL WAKE MEASUREMENTS.

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Experimental; applied research.

Information concerning the radial distribution of thrust is needed for a propeller

operating behind a submerged body of revolution. The results of theory and experiment

are compared. The experimental thrust distribution was obtained from the axial momen- tum equation by applying appropriate correc- tions for slip stream rotation and contraction. The theoretical thrust distribution

was obtained from the circulation distribution of the propeller with a finite hub. Completed.

The radial distribution of propeller thrustload coefficient is calculated from experimental wake data obtained from towed and

self-propulsion tests on a body of revolution. The experimentally obtained thrust

distribution is in excellent agreement with

a theoretically calculated distribution.

Numerical integration yields a total thrustload coefficient which is in^good agreement

with propulsion test results.

"The Radial Distribution of Propeller Thrust

from Model Wake Measurements," by John L. Beveridge, DTMB Report No. 1136, Nov. 1958.

(3283) FUNDAMENTAL HYDROMECHANICS RESEARCH.

(h)

(a)

(e)

(g)

(h)

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Applied research.

Survey of work carried out under Bureau of

Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics Research

Program.

Survey includes results obtained during the

period of 195 2 "to present.

To be published in Journal of Ship Research,

SNAME, beginning August 1959-

(328*0 HYDROFOIL SUPPORTED CRAFT.

(b) Bureau of Ships, David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical applied re- search.

(e) Obtain hydrofoil craft design criteria by

determining steady and unsteady forces on and motions of single and multiple hydrofoil configurations under the influence of

waves, ventilation, cavitation and mutual

interference.

(g) Hydrofoil configurations in regular waves have been studied.

(h) "Experimental and Theoretical Studies of

Hydrofoil Configurations in Regular Waves,"

CDR Patrick Leehey, USN and John M. Steele,

Jr., TMB Report llkO of October 1957.

"The Theoretical Prediction of the Longitudinal Motions of Hydrofoil Craft," T.F. Ogilvie, TMB Report 1138 of November 1958.

(3285) HYDROELASTIC PROBLEMS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) Theoretical and experimental investigations

161
will be made of the interaction of fluctuating flows and the elastic motion of "bodies. Experiments will include; correlation of

shedding frequency and geometrical parameters of struts; span-wise correlation of

fluctuations in flow as a function of

Reynolds number and examination of the

parameters affecting the elastic response

of rudder-like forms,

(h) "A Control-Surface Flutter Study in the

Field of Naval Architecture," by R. T. McGoldrick and D. A. Jewell, TMB Report

1222, September 1959- "Rudder-Excited Hull Vibration on USS FORREST SHERMAN (DD931), A Problem in Hydroelasticity, " by R.T. McGoldrick, pre- sented at the annual meeting of the Society

of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, New York, N.Y., November 12-13, 1959-

(3286) THEORY OF SUPERCAVTTATING PROPELLERS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search.

(e) Studies and design of propellers designed

to operate at high speeds

.

(g) The prediction and experimental confirmation of the performance of such propellers

have been completed.

(h) "The Design and Performance of Supercavitating Propellers," by A.J. Tachmindji et al, TMB Report C-807 (Unclassified).

"Supercavitating Flow Past Bodies with

Finite Edge Thickness," by J. N. Newman, TMB Report 108l. "Centroid and Moments of Inertia of SC Sec- tions," by W.B. Morgan, TMB Report 1193

.

"Optimum SC Section," by W.B. Morgan, TMB

Report C-856.

"The Design and Estimated Performance of a Series of Supercavitating Propellers," by

A.J. Tachmindji and W.B. Morgan, paper to Second Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics,

August 1958. "TMB 3-Bladed Supercavitating Propeller

Series," by E.B. Caster, TMB Report 12^5,

August 1959.

(3287) EFFECT OF STERN MODIFICATION TO A SERIES

60 VESSEL, RESISTANCE POWERING, WAKE DIS- TRIBUTION AND PROPELLER INDUCE VIBRATION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin; Maritime Administration.

(d) Experimental testing and evaluation of

data for basic research.

(e) Models representing specific variations in stern shapes and designed for special instrumentation installation will be built.

The basic design will be the Series 60,

0.70 Block Coefficient Parent. Six other

forms will be derived having systematic

changes in section shapes (from extreme V

to extreme U) and for variation in waterline endings (from fine to blunt). An attempt will be made to develop formulation

to mathematically express the stern variations from the parent.

(g) The basic model has been constructed and

powering data has been obtained.

(h) "Effect of Hull Modifications on Resistance

and Propulsion Characteristics of a Series

60 Stern C = 0.70," by W.B. Hinterthan and

E.E. West, TMB Report 13^5, being reviewed

prior to publication.

(3288) SHIP STABILIZATION.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) The roll response of an AK cargo vessel con- verted for use as a missile tracking station

has been simulated on an analog computer to evaluate the stabilization accomplished by

passive anti-rolling tanks. A description

of the simulation, the ship responses to regular wave action and some comparison with

experimental values will be presented in the

report of the study.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Analog Simulation of a Passive Anti-Rolling

Tank System for a Missile-Range Ship, " by

J.W. Church, TMB Report 1322, May 1959.

( 3292 ) EXPLORATORY STUDIES AND PLANS AT DTMB FOR MODEL TESTS IN 3-DIMENSIONS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) A rectangular ship model testing facility

is described. Advantages over existing

methods are discussed and new problems in

analysis of data are revealed.

(g) Segmented wave generators provide the

ability to produce oblique waves. Programming to individual wavemakers results in

generation of confused seas of almost any

nature. The rectangular basin offers

opportunity to test in any relative heading

to the waves and even in cross seas. Prob- » lems in analysis involve determination of

the seaway (in the tank) as a function of

frequency and direction. Ship motions in

confused seas may be random in nature and

may be analyzed by spectrum methods

.

(h) "On the Status of Complex Wave Generation

in Model Tanks," by W. Marks, Trans, of the

Eleventh General Meeting of the American

Towing Tank Conference, September 1956,

also TMB Report IO69. "Wave Propagation in the Tenth-Scale Model

of the Seakeeping Basin, Part II - Genera- tion of Oblique Waves," W. Marks, TMB Re- port in review.

"The Determination of Directional Wave Spectra in the TMB Maneuvering-Seakeeping

Basin," by W.E. Cummins, TMB Report I362,

July 1959-

(3293) INFLUENCE OF HULL FORM ON SEAWORTHINESS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search.

( e ) Various hull forms will be investigated

with respect to their seakeeping character- h istics in order to determine the effects of

hull variations on pitch and heave amplitudes, speed in waves, wetness, etc. An attempt will be made to correlate sea behavior with basic ship parameters such as beam-draft ratio, block coefficient, water-

' plane area or displacement-length ratio.

162

1
(g) A preliminary study of results obtained

from various model tests in waves indicates

that variations in pitch and heave amplitudes among the different models can be

attributed to variations of the average beam-draft ratios in the case of heave, and

to variations of the modified displacementlength ratios in the case of pitch.

(h) "The Influence of Ship Form on Pitch and Heave Amplitudes, " by G. P. St e fun, TMB

Report 1235, September 1958.

(329!+) SEAWORTHINESS OF HYDROFOIL CRAFT.

(b) Bureau of Ships, David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical research.

(e) A theoretical study of the vertical plane

motions of a hydrofoil craft in sinusoidal

waves

(g) An earlier theoretical development of the

equations of motion for hydrofoil craft has

been extended to include unsteadiness and

non-linearities . Computer solutions have

been obtained for the pitching and heaving

motions in sinusoidal waves . Good agree- ment with an available set of experimental

results have been obtained.

(h) "The Theoretical Prediction of the Longitudinal Motions of Hydrofoil Craft," by

T.F. Ogilvie, TMB Report II38, Nov. 1958.

(3617) VENTILATED PROPELLER DEVELOPMENT.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research.

(e) Studies and design of ventilated propellers

for operation at intermediate speeds.

(g) Experiments have been completed on the

first ventilated propeller.

(h) "Performance of a Ventilated Propeller,"

W.B. Morgan, Paper presented at American

Towing Tank Conference, Berkeley, Calif.,

August 1959

(3618) PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON BLADES OF MARINE PROPELLERS UNDER OPERATING CONDITIONS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Experimental determination of the pressure distribution on the blades of marine pro- pellers under operating conditions and

comparison with theoretical values obtained

from two-dimensional airfoil theory.

(g) Experimentation on one propeller completed.

(h) "Measurement of Pressure Distribution on Blades of Marine Propellers," J. Auslaender. Paper presented at American Towing Tank

Conference, Berkeley, California, Aug. 1959-

(3619) VERTICAL AXIS PROPELLER.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied re- search.

(e) Theoretical and experimental studies of

performance characteristics of various

types of vertical axis propellers.

(g) First phase of experimental work has been

completed.

(3620) PROPELLER PERFORMANCE IN UNSTEADY FLOW.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied re- search.

(e) Experimentation to evaluate the effect of

various dimensional characteristics on the

time dependent propeller forces while oper- ating in waves. Correlation of results with

wave theory.

(g) A l6" diameter bronze propeller has been

tested in various waves . The thrust and

torque coefficients were calculated for the wave crests and wave troughs. The wave velocity from the trochoidal wave theory

was applied the advance coefficients.

(h) "Propeller Performance in Unsteady Flow."

W. H. Norley, Paper presented at the Am. Towing Tank Conference, Berkeley, Calif.,

August 1959-

(3621) STUDY OF BENDING MOMENTS OF A SHIP MODEL MOVING IN WAVES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental basic research.

(e) To provide ship designers with more exact information concerning the magnitude of

bending moment and shear forces in a ship

moving in waves

(g) Bending moment about the transverse axis

and vertical shear forces were measured

experimentally in regular head seas and re- sults compared with analytical calculations

of motions bending moments and shear forces.

(3622) FLUCTUATING FLOWS.

(b) Bureau of Ships, David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic research.

(e) The mechanism of the fluctuations in the

flow about a body in a moving stream will

be studied. Correlations of varying forces

and motions of the body will be sought. In one experiment a cylinder while being towed

will be oscillated at frequencies above and

below the frequency of vortex shedding with

a view toward an explanation of the lack of

span-wise correlation of vortex shedding

from rigid cylinders.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, NAVAL BOILER AND TURBINE LABORATORY.

(2731) EFFECT OF PIPE ROUGHNESS ON ORIFICE METER

ACCURACY.

(b) American Gas Association.

(c) American Gas Association, k20 Lexington

Avenue, New York 17, New York.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This project is under the cognizance of the

AGA Supervisory Committee to Study Pipe

Roughness. Its objective is to determine

the effect of meter tube roughness on the

discharge coefficient of orifice meters for

tube surfaces varying in roughness from

that of run-of-the-mill pipe to that of

bored and honed tubes. Tests have been

163
made with two-inch diameter meter runs using water as the media and with four-inch

diameter meter runs using natural gas.

(g) Experimental work completed; report being

prepared.

(3623) HIGH PRESSURE- TEMPERATURE WATER FLOW METER

CALIBRATION.

(h) Bureau of Ships; U. S. Naval Boiler and

Turbine Laboratory.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A facility has been constructed at the U.S. Naval Eoiler and Turbine Laboratory for calibrating water flow meters at pressures

and temperatures up to 25OO psi and 600 F, respectively. The facility has a capacity

of 100 gpm at the maximum temperature and pressure and a greater capacity at lower

pressures and temperatures. After flowing

through the metering section the water is cooled and can be weighed at rates up to

1+5,000 pounds per hour. In addition to the

calibration function, the facility will be

used to investigate and verify orifice meter coefficients at pressures and tem- peratures above those at which the coefficients in use were established.

(362U) INVESTIGATION OF ELBOW FLOW METERS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; U. S. Naval Boiler and

Turbine Laboratory.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The objective of this test program is the

development of a flow meter for shipboard

use that can be installed without alteration to existing piping configurations.

The elbow meter is attractive because an existing elbow could be used, and no additional pressure drop would be imposed on

the system. The relationship between flow

and pressure differential, however, has not been established well enough for reliable measurements. Testing will be confined to the long turn 90 degree, type A elbows of

specificiation MIL-F-II83 to establish criteria for their installation and use.

U. S. DEPT. OF THE NAVY, OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH.

For sponsored projects see the following:

Project Page

(15I+8) Special Problems in Hydrodynamics . 2 (3377) Theoretical Studies in Hydrodynamics. 3

( 3009 ) Cavitation Similitude . 3 (3378) Cavitation in Cascades. 1+ (2753) Hydraulic Breakwater. 10

(3387) Pressure Distribution About Oscillating

Bodies. Ik

(3388) Ships of Minimum Wave Resistance. Ik

( 3389 ) Monograph on the Theory of Water Waves . ik

(2537) Water Exit Hydroballistics . 35 (73) Measurement of Turbulence in Flowing

Water. 35 (79) Cavitation. 36 (8l) Mathematical Analysis of Pressure

Distribution. 36

(85*0 Boundary-Layer Development in Smooth

and Rough Surfaces . 36 (1875) Characteristics of Stable Eddies. 36 (2091) Research on Ship Theory. 36 (25^1) Development of Instruments for Use in

Analyzing Aperiodic Signals. 37 (2792) The Decay of Turbulence in a Zero- Momentum Wake. 37 (3074) Wake of Zero Momentum Flux. 38 (3075) Annular Jets in Ground Proximity. 38 (3^29) Jet with Transverse Pressure Gradient. 39 (3^30) Axisymmetric Gravity Waves. 39 (1355) Cavitation Inception for Steady Motion, kk

( 2801 ) Interaction of Waves with Floating

Bodies. 1+6 (2802) Experimental Study of Wake Mechanics. 1+6 (3^1+^) Effects of Basin Geometry and Viscous

Damping on the Amplitude of Resonant Oscillations in Harbors. 1+7 (31+1+5) Characteristics of Cross Waves. 1+7 (2807) The Hydraulic Analogy Applied to Com- pressible Flow in the Partial Admission

Turbine . 1+7 (3^5*0 Skewed Turbulent Boundary Layer and

Separation. 50 (3120) Office of Naval Research Ocean Atmos- phere Interaction and Wave Project. 57

(237I+) The Mechanism of Two Phase Flow of

Annular Liquid Films in a Vertical Tube. 6k

(211+3) Experimental Studies of Surface Wave

Absorption. 65

(211+1+) Experimental and Analytical Studies of

Hydrofoils. 65 (3153) Flow About Bodies at Small Cavitation

Numbers . 67 (3505) Directional Spectrum of Ocean Waves. 69 (3506) Impulsively Generated Waves. 69

(340) Hydrofoils and Hydroskis. 71

(215I+) Investigation of Ship Motions. 72 (3174) Supercavitating Hydrofoils with Generalized Oscillatory Motions. 76 (3517) Ships of Minimum Wave Resistance. 78 (2870) Model Study of Surge Action in a Port. 80

(3179) Mooring of Ships Exposed to Waves. 80

(11+78) Wind Waves. lM+

(2i+36) Flow Over Hydrophobic Materials. 11+1+ (3250) Inertial Forces in Unsteady Flow. ihk

( 3599 ) Motion of Cylinders in Stratified

Layers . ihk

(3600) Damping of Progressive Oscillatory

Internal Waves . ll+5

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY, Hydraulic Data Branch.

Inquiries concerning all TVA projects should be

addressed to Mr. Albert S. Fry, Hydraulic Data

Branch, Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville, Tennessee

.

Hydraulic Operations and Tests Section .

(731) SOUTH H0LST0N DAM, SURGE TANK MODEL STUDY.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:50 model of the penstock and surge chamber was used to determine (l) the orifice size and characteristic shape to produce favorable pressure and water surface

elevations to be expected in the surge

chamber; and (2) the operational
characteristics or the selected design.

(f) Model studies completed.

(g) With the proper orifice between the riser

and the surge chamber as satisfactory re- sults can he obtained as with the differential riser type of surge tank.

(h) Report in preparation.

(739) CHEROKEE DAM, SLUICE RATING.

(d) Field investigation; operation.

(e) Measurement of discharges and differential

pressures in the sluices have been used to establish the discharge ratings for the

eight sluices. Tables of discharge for any headwater elevation within the operating

range have been prepared for the wide open

gate positions

(7^5) FONTANA DAM, SLUICE RATING.

(d) Field investigation; operation.

(e) Model tests, checked by field measurements,

are to be used in determining the discharge

ratings for all anticipated operating con- ditions. Discharge tables for the fully

opened gate positions have been prepared

for operating purposes.

(f) Model studies completed.

(758) CHEROKEE DAM, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Periodic checks and observations will be

made on the various hydraulic appurtenances

to determine the operating characteristics

of the structures and the effect of opera- tion on the structures

(g) Measurement of pressures in the sluice barrel have been obtained and will be compared

with pressures obtained in model tests.

The apron and sluice barrels were inspected

in 1953 to determine the effect of intermittent operation during the past eleven

years

(h) Report in preparation.

(759) DOUGLAS DAM, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Periodic checks and observations will be

made on the various hydraulic appurtenances

to determine the operating characteristics

of the structures and the effect of opera- tion on the structure.

(g) Measurement of pressures in the sluice barrel have been obtained and will be compared

with pressures obtained in model tests. The apron and sluice barrels were inspected

in 1953 to determine the effect of intermittent operation during the past ten years.

(h) Report in preparation.

(762) SOUTH HOLSTON DAM, SURGE TANK PROTOTYPE

CHECK TESTS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The prototype installation was equipped to allow testing in a manner similar to that

used in the model studies which established

the design. A check on the model accuracy

can thus be obtained.

(g) Tests made in February 1951, July and Oct. 1958 at headwater elevations 1630, 1719,

and I69O, respectively.

(1038) HALES BAR DAM, SPILLWAY APPROACH STUDIES.

(b) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests are made on a 1:65 model to determine

effect of the remains of cofferdam struc- tures upstream of the spillway on the spillway discharge and to determine amount of

the obstructions which should be removed.

(g) Removal of the obstructions upstream from

the dam increased the discharge of individual spillway bays from 1 to 7 percent. The

total spillway discharge was increased

approximately 3-5 percent.

(h) Report completed.

(153*0 FORT PATRICK HENRY DAM, SPILLWAY MODEL

STUDIES

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

Experimental; for design. Tests were conducted on a 1:50 scale and

1:112.5 scale model to determine the apron

design, training wall dimensions, and other

related data. Model studies completed.

An apron using a single row of rectangular

baffle blocks was developed on the 1:50

scale model. This apron was then used in

the 1:112.5 scale model and the necessary

appurtenant structures developed. Of main

interest in the developed design was the

lack of training walls. Studies to determine the effect of vegetative growth on the island areas below the spillway showed

which areas must be kept free of growth and

which may be allowed to grow up. Installation completed and instruction manual par- tially completed and issued.

Report in preparation.

(179*0 WATTS BAR LOCK PROTOTYPE TESTS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The prototype installation was equipped

with piezometers to allow checking of cul- vert and port pressures and discharges.

The culverts and ports were designed from

model studies. Thus, measurement on the

prototype would provide model-prototype

verification data.

(f) Complete field tests were conducted in

1952.

(h) Reduction of data is being completed.

( 22kl ) KINGSTON STEAM PLANT - CONDENSER COOLING WATER CONDUIT LOSS.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Longitudinal interior support was required

for 96-inch concrete pipe conduit . A study was made of the relative loss for a sixinch thick vertical concrete wall, I beams

separated by 4-l/2-inch pipe columns and I beams separated by streamlined k-l/2 inch

pipe columns

(f) Laboratory studies completed; partial field

tests performed.

(2Vf9) WILSON LOCK HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES.

165
(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The new Wilson lock is 110 feet wide, 675

feet center -to-center pintles with a 100-

foot maximum lift. A 1:36 scale model of

a single transverse lateral with 12 ports

was used to determine the proper lateral

and port designs. A l:l6 scale model of the lock chamber, intake, culverts, gates and

other details was used to determine the

overall designs.

(f ) Laboratory model studies completed.

(g) The basic design for the filling and emptying systems was determined from the model

studies. Filling will be achieved through

the use of 6 lateral culverts each containing 12 equally spaced ports 3.5 ft high by

1.5 ft wide. The upper three laterals will

be fed from the landward main culvert and

the lower three laterals by the riverward

culvert. At minimum tailwater elevation

only 23 ft of water cushion is available at the bottom of the controlling reverse-flow

tainter valves. Dangerously low pressures

were eliminated by use of a fast initial

opening rate followed by a slow rate for the major portion of the opening and by

modifications of the valve shape and of the

upper seal nose design. A stepped lateral

design was found necessary to produce stable

flow conditions.

(h) Report on lock filling and emptying system

in preparation.

(2973) REVISION TO PRESENT WILSON NAVIGATION LOCK.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Upon completion of the new Wilson Lock con- struction, the tailwater in the navigation

canal at the dam will be lowered 10 feet. To make the present two-lift lock operable

under the new conditions, the lower chamber

floor will be lowered 10 feet and a new

filling and emptying system provided.

(f) Model studies have been completed to determine the exact hydraulic design to be used

in the renovations.

(g) The new filling system consists of a single

culvert located on the longitudinal center- line of the lock with ports located near

the bottom along both sides . The old

valves are much above tailwater elevations;

therefore, the culverts above tailwater

were reduced in cross-sectional area to minimize the air entrainment problems.

(h) Report in preparation.

(297IO DEVELOPMENT OF IMPACT TUBE-PRESSURE TRANSDUCER TURBULENCE PROBE.

(d) Experimental; applied research in field

investigations

.

( e ) Development of a turbulence probe and aux- iliary analog computer for field use.

(f) Development active.

(g) Based on project (578) of Mass. Inst, of

Tech., a turbulence probe for use in

natural streams is to be developed. An analog computer which will produce auto- correlation factors directly from the pressure cell data is also under development.

(3299) WILSON POWERHOUSE EXTENSION, HYDRAULIC

MODEL STUDIES.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) A 1:28.5 scale model of two turbine intakes

and one spillway bay was constructed to determine (l) if there is a possibility of

air being drawn into the intakes; (2) if

changes will be required in the shape of

the Intake mouths and trash rack arrange- ment to improve flow conditions; and (3) if the flow through the adjacent spillway bay

will effect the flow into the intake.

(f) Model studies completed.

(g) Design requirements in renovating an existing structure made it necessary to locate

the turbine intakes closer to the water

surface than is normally desirable. The

model tests indicated that vortices would

form at the intakes and air might be drawn

into the units . The vortex action was essentially eliminated by installing a specially designed vortex eliminating struc- ture above the intakes to the units.

(h) Report to be preapred.

(3300). HIWASSEE, PUMP TURBINE RATING.

(d) Field investigation; operation.

(e) Measurements of the discharge and differential pressures in the pump turbine scroll

case have been used to establish the discharge rating for the pump turbine over all operating conditions. The discharge was measured by using Apalachia reservoir as a volumetric tank. Water was both pumped

from the reservoir and discharged into the

reservoir for a period of 12 hours. The

reservoir area was obtained from aerial

photographs taken at the beginning and end

of each test. Five recording gages were used to measure the reservoir level. From

these measurements the volume and corre- sponding discharge was computed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3302) WIDOWS CREEK STEAM PLANT, AIR AND GAS DUCT

TESTS.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Model studies were conducted to improve

flow conditions and reduce pressure losses

in the gas duct which will carry gases from

the furnace to the smoke stack for a 500- mw unit. Calibration of the air foil

metering section in the forced-draft fan inlet ducts was also made by model

studies

.

(f) Model studies completed.

(g) Flow conditions were improved by use of

flow straighteners and vanes

.

(h) Report in preparation.

( 3303 ) WIDOWS CREEK STEAM PLANT, CONDENSER WATER

PUMP TESTS.

(d) Field investigations; operation.

(e) Condenser water pump acceptance tests on four pumps for a 500-mw steam turbine will |

be conducted to determine the flow, head,

and power requirements in accordance with

the latest ASME test codes for centrifugal I pump and hydraulic prime movers modified

166
to use pitometer traverses. Velocity measurements will "be made in the 9-foot 6-inch

square concrete pump discharge conduit,

(f) Tests to he conducted in i960.

3625) 96-INCH HOWELL-BUNGER VALVE RATING.

(d) Field investigation; operation.

(e) Discharge ratings for four 96-inch Howell

Bunger valves installed at the Watauga and

South Holston projects were determined hy

correlating field discharge measurements with differential pressures obtained in the

valve. Discharge tables were prepared from

this rating.

3626) WHEELER LOCK, HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) The proposed lock will be 600 feet long by

110 feet wide with a maximum lift of 52 ft. Initial tests to develop a satisfactory

filling system were conducted utilizing a 1:50 scale model which simulated the basic

details of one-half of the lock filling

system. A l:l6 scale model of the lock

chamber, intake, gates, culverts and other

details will be used to determine the final

design.

(f) 1:50 scale model tests completed. 1:16

scale model under construction.

(g) The filling system developed from the 1:50

scale model tests and which is to be

checked in the l:l6 scale model uses ap- proximately 1200 eight-inch pipes for discharge. These pipes feed the water directly from the longitudinal culverts into the

lock chamber. 1:2.25 and 1:5-78 scale

models of one of the 8-inch discharge pipes

indicated that cavitation effects in the

pipe can be eliminated by installing a flared entrance constructed from a standard

12 x 8 inch reducer.

3627) MELTON HILL DAM, HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The proposed projects include three spillway bays, a powerhouse with 3 units and a 75 x kOO ft navigation lock with a maximum

lift of 60 feet. A 1:75 scale fixed bed

model reproducing the general area, spillway, lock, and powerhouse and a 1:31 scale

model reproducing two spillway bays and the

powerhouse have been constructed to determine the apron design, training wall dimensions, lock wall designs, method of opera- tion necessary to provide satisfactory

navigation conditions at the lock approaches,

spillway capacity and other related hydraulic data. An additional model will be con- structed to develop the lock design.

(f) Model studies started.

3628) KINGSTON, GAS DUCT MODEL STUDIES.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A comprehensive 1:16 scale model study of

the gas duct system which carries gases to the stacks has been conducted to (l) reduce pressure losses in the duct system; (2) de- termine the effect of the flow distribution

within the existing duct on the operation

of the mechanical fly ash collector; and

(3) determine a means of obtaining a uniform velocity distribution through the pro- posed electrostatic precipitators.

(f) Model studies completed.

(g) Flow conditions were improved and pressure

losses reduced in the ducts by use of flow

straighteners and vanes. The mechanical

collector was found to be an efficient flow

distributor and any non-uniformity in the

flow approaching it would be removed. A

uniform velocity distribution through the

electrostatic precipitator was obtained by

the use of perforated plates, suitable

vaning and flow straighteners in the ap- proach duct

(h) Report in preparation.

(3629) LOW POWER VHF RADIO GAGES FOR REPORTING RAINFALL AND STREAM LEVEL DATA.

( d ) Development

(e) Transistorized radio components operating

from nickel cadmium batteries charged by

solar cells will be used. Data in binary

coded decimal form will be transmitted by

audio tone pulses. Long-term, unattended

operation is a primary consideration in

design.

Hydraulic Investigations Section.

(764; DETERMINATION OF SEDIMENT CARRIED IN SUS- PENSION BY TENNESSEE RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) To provide data for estimating effective

life of storage reservoirs, and loss of

soil from the land. Samples of water were

collected periodically at stream gaging

stations in the watershed, analyzed to determine the sediment content, and correlated

with river discharge to determine the sus- pended sediment load at each station.

(h) Report in preparation.

(765) EVAPORATION IN THE TENNESSEE BASIN.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To provide data for estimating reservoir

losses and derive a general rule, applicable to the Basin, permitting computation of

evaporation from pans at six locations in

Basin, together with standard meteorological readings.

(h) "Precipitation in Tennessee River Basin,"

published in monthly and annual bulletins

(768) PRECIPITATION IN TENNESSEE RIVER BASIN.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

( e ) A comprehensive study of rainfall and other

weather phenomena for purposes of water

dispatching and improvements in water control; storm studies as related to maximum

precipitation, rainfall-runoff, spillway

design and operation, etc.

(h) Monthly bulletin, "Precipitation in Tenn. River Basin." Also annual summary.

(769) RESERVOIR AND STREAM TEMPERATURES.

167
(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Study of water utilization and water movement as concerns industrial plant locations

and stream pollution. Variations in tem- perature from surface to "bottom in reservoirs throughout the year are determined

by soundings, and by continuous recording

gages in natural streams.

(771) GALLERY DRAINAGE IN LARGE DAMS.

(d) Field investigations; design.

( e ) Weirs are placed in main galleries and

drainage measured as check on tightness and

stability.

(785) SEDIMENTATION OF EXISTING RESERVOIRS.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

( e ) Selected ranges in reservoirs are probed

and sounded, volumetric samples are collected and analyzed, quantity and distribution

of sediment are computed to determine de- position by stream, probable life of reservoir, effect of sediment storage on navigation channels and sedimentation of downstream, reservoirs, and probable sedimentation in future reservoirs.

(786) WATER TRAVEL IN NATURAL STREAMS.

(d) Field investigations; applied research.

(e) Sanitary and chemical changes in water

during passage downstream are determined. A given mass of water is identified by

electrical conductivity or chemical titration.

(f) No work done in recent years.

(787) MOVEMENT OF WATER THROUGH LARGE RESERVOIRS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Because of slow water travel, samples are collected by traverse through lake.

(f) No work done in recent years.

(g) Water entering a reservoir does not intermix with the rest of the reservoir, but

remains as a density current as a result of

the difference in temperature between the

inflowing water and that in the reservoir.

During certain seasons of the year, in Watts Bar Reservoir the cold water released

from Norris Reservoir passes upstream along

the bottom of the Emory River arm of the

former reservoir.

Hydrology Section .

( 779 ) MAXIMUM POSSIBLE PRECIPITATION IN TENNESSEE

VALLEY.

(b) Cooperative with U. S. Weather Bureau.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Hydrometeorological analysis of large

storms with upward adjustments of controlling factors to maximum limits as applied

to the Tennessee Valley and subdivisions.

(g) Results to be published as one of current

series of hydrometeorological reports by

the U.S.W.B. and cooperating agencies.

(780) PERIODIC EVALUATION OF GROUND-WATER STORAGE.

(d) Theoretical; operation.

(e) By analysis of current records of stream

discharge, the volumes of runoff in ground- water and channel storage are determined

for use in operation of multi-purpose res- ervoirs . (g) Results reported monthly and weekly within

the organization.

(2975) SUPPLY AND UTILIZATION OF WATER IN THE TENNESSEE VALLEY.

(c) Mr. Reed A. Elliot, Chief Water Control

Planning Engineer, Tennessee Valley

Authority, Knoxville, Tennessee.

(d) Assembly and analysis of basic information

on water resources and uses, including

field investigation of water uses for irrigation, mining operations, industry, and

other purposes

.

( e ) All available data are being analyzed to present a comparison of the water resource

of the area with the present and expected

1975 demand upon that resource. Problems

of shortage and conflict are being developed and possible solutions suggested.

(g) No widespread shortages exist now or are expected by 1975 > although some local

shortages on smaller streams are anticipated.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3306) COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROJECT IN WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA.

(b) Project conducted in cooperation with North

Carolina State College of Agriculture and

Engineering.

(d) To determine water-land relationships for some of the principal soils used for agricultural purposes in western North Carolina

under important vegetative covers. Observations include rainfall, runoff, soilmoisture, potential evapotranspiration, and

actual evapotranspiration.

(e) A statistically designed rotation of four

covers on four small watersheds and a sepa- rate evaluation of deep-rooted crop on a fifth watershed.

(g) Results to date are summarized in annual

reports on the project.

(h) "Soil Moisture Relations of Some Cultivated

Mountain Soils of North Carolina," by M.J. Gilbert. Master's Thesis, North Carolina

State College, Raleigh, 1953-

"A Simple Field Installation for Measuring

Maximum Evapotranspiration," by M. J. Gilbert and C.H.M. van Bavel; Trans. AGU,

December 195^

( 3307 ) PARKER BRANCH PILOT WATERSHED RESEARCH

PROJECT.

(b) Project conducted in cooperation with

North Carolina State College of Agriculture 1 and Engineering.

(d) To determine the effects upon the hydrology

of the watershed of an intensive farm de- velopment program designed to give the

optimum economic well-being of the people

using the land. Rainfall, runoff, sus- pended and deposited sediment are observed, I

168
periodic soils -land-use inventories are made, and records of income summaries and

public and private investments are maintained.

(e) Project activities are divided into calibration, action, and evaluation phases.

(g) Results to date are summarized in annual

report on the project.

(h) "Economic Use of Agricultural Resources in

Relation to Watershed Hydrology," by E. H. Lesesne and A. J. Coutu. Duplimat, TVA, June 1956. "Economic and Hydrologic Developments in

the Parker Branch Pilot Tributary Watershed

Research Project," by E. L. Baum. Duplimat, TVA, October 1958.

"The Parker Branch Story. " A sound motion

picture prepared by North Carolina State College and Tennessee Valley Authority.

(3308) WHITE HOLLOW WATERSHED

(d) To study the effect of changes in the

vegetal cover on a watershed taken out of

cultivation on the hydrologic factors of

runoff and soil erosion.

(e) Continuous record from 1935 of rainfall,

runoff, and suspended sediment, and periodic determination of vegetal cover indexes.

(g) During the 21-year period 1935-1955 3 the

forest cover improvement in the watershed

resulted in greater watershed protection

with- no measurable decrease in water yield, no change in volume of either surface run- off or ground-water runoff, marked reductions in summer peak rates of discharge

with lesser reductions in winter rates, a prolongation of the period of draining of

surface runoff from the channel system, and

a 96 percent reduction in the sediment load,

(h) Report in preparation covering the vegetal

cover inprovement influences upon hydrologic characteristics since 1935-

(3309) PINE TREE BRANCH WATERSHED.

(d) To determine the effects upon the hydrology

of the watershed by reforestation and ero- sion control measures

(e) Continuous record from 19^1 of rainfall,

runoff, ground water, and sediment loads.

(g) During the 10-year period 19^1-1950, the cover improvement and erosion control in

the watershed resulted in a decrease in

surface runoff volumes and an increase in

ground-water discharges, marked reductions

in summer and winter peak flood discharges,

a reduction in overland surface velocities,

a prolongation of the period of draining of

surface runoff from the channel system,

and a 90 percent reduction in the sediment

load.

551527 O - 60 - 12 169
H. G. ACRES AND COMPANY LIMITED, Hydraulic Laboratory.

(3632) INTAKE FOR CHUTE-DES-PASSES HYDRO-ELECTRIC

DEVELOPMENT.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. I. W. McCaig, Hydraulic Engineer, H.G. Acres and Company Limited, Consulting

Engineers, Niagara Falls, Canada.

(3312) THIRD MODEL OF INTAKE FOR CHUTE-DES-PASSES HYDRO-ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Aluminum Company of Canada Limited.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Hydraulic model tests on intake to determine size of floating grid required above entrance to intake tunnel to prevent vor- tex formation and drawdown of ice.

(f) Tests on series of floating grids com- pleted.

(g) Model gave grid arrangements that would

prevent vortex formation and drawdown of

ice. Area of floating grid actually re- quired will depend on model -prototype cor- relation.

(3316) TURBULENCE STUDY.

(b) Laboratory project.

( d ) Experimental

.

(e) Hydraulic model tests on conduit to determine pressure fluctuations at a U5 -degree wye with the horizontal section flowing

partly full and water entering from an inclined branch.

(f) Tests in progress.

(3630) FRICTION FACTOR TESTS IN LARGE PRESSURE

CONDUITS, BERSIMES NO. 1 DEVELOPMENT,

QUEBEC, CANADA.

(b) Quebec Hydro-Electric Commission.

(d) Field investigation; design.

(e) Extension of data on friction factors in

large diameter conduits. Tests were com- pleted on a 31 '-0" inside diameter con- crete-lined supply tunnel. Head losses were measured over a length of 39 > 205 feet. Average velocities of flow were determined

from efficiency tests on the turbines.

(f) Preliminary tests completed.

(g) Data were obtained for seven test discharges over a Reynolds Number range from

1.21 x 107 to 2.76 x 10?. Friction factors

computed from Darcy-Wiesbach equation

ranged from 0.0111 to 0.0108, respectively.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor and paper de- livered to the American Society of Civil

Engineers

.

(3631) BYPASS GATE FOR BERSIMIS NO. 1 DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Canadian Vickers Limited.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Model tests on gate bottom to prevent vibration and cavitation.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Tested, showed that at part gate openings

control shifted from the gate bottom to the upstream face. Vibration associated

with these unstable flow conditions could

be cured by an inexpensive modification.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(b) Aluminum Company of Canada Limited.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Prototype observations of vortex formation

to determine model prototype correlation.

(f) Tests in progress.

UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA, Hydraulics Laboratory.

(3633) STATISTICAL INTERPRETATION OF CANADIAN HYDROMETRIC DATA.

(b) Statistical investigation.

(c) Prof. T. Blench, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search; master's thesis.

(e) Examine the statistical validity of pre- diction of flood frequencies from field

data, with special reference to the logarithmic normal distribution, and prepare

routine instructions

.

(f) Completed.

(g) Confidence bands show no basic reason for

preferring any of several common statistical fitting curves accepted in practice.

The log normal has the practical advantages

of simplicity in calculation and applicability to gauges referred to a mean bed

level as datum.

(h) "Statistical Interpretation of Canadian

Hydrometric Data," by R.W. Ansley. Part requirement for degree of M. Sc. from Univ.

of Alberta, 1959-

( 363U ) SMALL RIVER MODELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. T. Blench, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search; master's thesis.

(e) Examine possibility of improved quantitative use of small river models; record

data and chronology of river phenomena for

future analysis; describe development of

an assisted cut-off and of certain scour patterns at spurs and attempt to reproduce

a bridge scour problem for prediction.

(f) Completed.

(g) Information useful to model makers con- templating quantitative predictions.

(h) "Small River Models," by R. Deeprose. Part requirement for degree of M.Sc. from Univ.

of Alberta, 1959-

UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, Hydraulics

Laboratory.

(10M0 FRASER RIVER MODEL.

(b) Hydraulic model studies cooperative with

the Department of Public Works of Canada,

Vancouver, B.C.

(c) Prof. E.S. Pretious, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia,

170
Vancouver , Canada.

(d) Experimental project to aid engineering

studies of navigation requirements involving river regulation and control.

(e) An outdoor erodible-"bed tidal river model

to study methods for improving and maintaining the navigation channels of the Fraser River estuary. Horizontal scale

1:600, vertical scale 1:70. The model

occupies approximately k acres of the cam- pus and represents the tide-water reaches

of the lower Fraser River extending from

its seaward end at the Strait of Georgia

to the head of tide water at Sumas, a dis- tance of approximately 60 miles. Pitt

River and Pitt Lake ( 30 square miles in

area) are subject to tidal influence and

are included in the model. Natural tides

and river discharges can he snychronized

and simulated on the model and are con- trolled automatically by electronic servosystems. Sand injection can be controlled

automatically as a function of river discharge. Instantaneous water surface slopes

can be obtained over the whole model by

automatic electrically-recording point

gauges situated at controlling points.

Natural river sand of appropriate grain

size is used for the bed material.

(h) Progress and technical reports submitted

periodically to the Department of Public

Works of Canada.

(2737) CURVED CHANNEL FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project financed by a National

Research Council grant.

(c) Dr. A.W. Marris, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

Univ. of British Columbia, Canada.

(d) Basic research.

(e) To investigate the effect of thickening

and possible separation of the stable con- vex (inner wall) boundary layer on the

radial distributions of temporal -me an pe- ripheral velocity and static pressure for

two-dimensional mean turbulent flow in

curved channels.

(g) Initial experiments with two channels of

widely differing width to mean radius

ratios showed the following: (l) For the narrower channel the results approximated

closely to the constant angular momentum

distribution of potential flow cyclic irrotational motion, except in the immediate

vicinity of the channel walls. (2) For the

wide channel an anomaly in the velocity

profile in the form of a superimposed jet

of faster moving water was obtained and a corresponding low pressure trough. The

latter phenomenon was ascribed to a con- vergence of the main stream due to thickening and perhaps separation of the convex

(inner wall) boundary layer.

The investigation of the phenomenon was continued with a further series of channels.

The boundary layers were studied with dye tracers. It appears that the degree of

the anomaly is reduced when the radius of

curvature of the channel is decreased

owing to the greater stability of the

inner wall boundary layer at the sharper curvature

(h) "Radial Distributions of Temporal Mean Peripheral Velocity and Pressure for Fully

Developed Turbulent Flow in Curved Channels," A.W. Marris: American Society of

Mechanical Engineers: Paper No. 59 A-51.

(3635) HARBOUR BREAKWATER, WESTVTEW, B.C.

(b) Hydraulic model studies cooperative with

the Dept. of Public Works of Canada,

Vancouver, B.C.

(c) Prof. E.S. Pretious, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia,

Vancouver, Canada.

(d) Experimental project to determine the best

breakwater location for a new boat harbour

and Government wharf at Westview, B. C. (e) An undistorted fixed-bed model of the harbour and offshore ocean bed was constructed

to a scale of 1:100. The area represented

by the model measured 1,000 feet by 2,^00

feet in the prototype. The model was installed in an outdoor testing basin kO feet long and 20 feet wide. The wave generator

consisted merely of a wood plank 12 inches

wide, 2 inches thick and 15 feet long,

hinged and thus free to rotate about its

lower edge. The rocking movement producing

the waves was facilitated by a long handle

attached to the plank. Templates for con- trolling wave height and length were in- stalled close to the generator and the

generator was oriented to conform to the

direction of the prevailing storm-wave

trains. Prototype data on wave heights and

lengths were rather limited and time was

not available for a complete prototype investigation. Wave reflections in the model

were eliminated by absorbing the wave

trains in loose gravel placed strategically

along the edges.

(f) Completed.

(g) The study was successful in directing the

engineers towards a suitable breakwater

alinement

(h) A report will be prepared by the Department

of Public Works, Canada.

(3636) FLOW OF WATER DOWN INCLINED SCREENS.

(b) Laboratory studies cooperative with the

Department of Fisheries, Canada.

(c) Prof. E.S. Pretious, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of British Columbia,

Vancouver, Canada.

(d) Experimental project to determine the cut- off point of water flowing down inclined

screens for various heads, angles of inclination and screen openings.

(e) Two sizes of screens were tested, designated as 3/16 - 21 and 1/2 - 19 by the

manufacturers, (Pedlar People Ltd.)- Both

of these screens are flattened expanded

metal mesh with diamond- shaped openings.

These screens are under consideration for use as inclined-plane screens for collecting downstream migrant juvenile fish at the Robertson Creek Test Flume. The tests were made on a full-scale model representing a longitudinal section of the flume

and inclined screen.

(f) Completed.

171
(g) The information obtained from the laboratory tests is to he supplemented with

further data from additional field tests

to give more conclusive results regarding

the cut-off point and also the suitability

of the screens from a biological point of

view.

(h) A report will he prepared by the Dept. of

Fisheries, Canada.

(3637) FISH LADDER MODEL STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Eugen Ruus, Asst. Prof. Dept. of Civil

Engineering, University of British

Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

(d) Experimental ; applied research,

'e) To design an obstruction-free fish ladder

at a steep slope. In the models tested

the primary flow down a sloping plane was retarded by a secondary flow through

nozzles directed up the plane,

(f) Completed as preliminary study.

Suitable flow conditions were reached at a certain discharge from the nozzles and at a ladder slope of 1:5.

(h) A report is being prepared for the President's Committee on Research at U. B. C.

STUDIES OF THE WATER TEMPERATURE AND

VELOCITY CHANGES DUE TO PROPOSED LOW HEAD

DAMS ACROSS THE FRASER RIVER BETWEEN HOPE AND LYTTON.

General study.

Dr. Eugen Ruus, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

University of British Columbia, Vancouver,

Canada.

Investigation; applied research.

To find the influence of reservoirs created

by these dams on water temperature and

velocities during the period of upstream

and downstream migration of fish.

Preliminary study completed. (Further

studies require extensive field data which

is not yet available.)

(a) A small or negligible change in the water temperature will result, (h) Mini- mum water velocities in the range of 0.5 - 0.7 ft/sec will occur in reservoirs during

the upstream migration period, (c) A mini- mum velocity of 3 ft/sec will occur in res- ervoirs during the downstream migration

period.

(h) A report is being prepared for the President's Committee on Research at U. B. C.

(3639) LARGE WATER LEVEL DISPLACEMENTS IN THE SIMPLE SURGE TANK.

(b) Laboratory project financed by a National

Research Council grant.

(c) Dr. A. W. Marris, Asst. Prof., Dept. of

Civil Engineering, University of British

Columbia, Vancouver, B. C. (d) Basic research.

(e) To investigate by means of a model the

criteria for perpetual oscillations of

constant amplitude, and for drainage, for

a simple surge tank. The tank operates in

conjunction with a turbine accepting con-

(f)

(g)

(3638;

0>)

(c;

(a)

(e;

(f)

stant hydraulic power for the case of sud- den acceptance of full load from an initial

zero flow condition.

Completed.

The theo •etical results obtained from the

complete non-linear equation of motion,

indicating that the classical Thoma con- dition gives instability for non-infinitesimal load changes, were experimentally verified. The theoretical predictions of

drainage at low conduit friction were also

experimentally verified.

"Large Water Level Displacements in the

Simple Surge Tank," A. W. Marris, A.S.M.E. paper 58-A-29, to appear shortly in Basic

Engineering Journal of the Trans, of the

American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

(3640) PASSAGE OF YOUNG FISH THROUGH TURBINES.

(h)

(c

(a

(e

(f

(36M

(c

(a

(e

(f

(36U2

(c

(a

Laboratory project.

Prof. J. F. Muir, Head, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Univ. of British Columbia,

Vancouver, Canada.

Theoretical and applied research to develop

the hypothesis that mortality among young

fish passing through turbines is caused

mainly by exposure to cavitation.

Cohoe fingerlings were subjected to pressures above and below atmospheric and to cavitation in special apparatus con- structed in the laboratory.

Project completed.

"Passage of Young Fish Through Turbines,"

J. F. Muir, Journal of the Power Division,

A.S.C.E. Vol. P01, pages 23-k6, Feb. 1959.

A HYDRAULIC ANALOGUE FOR PIPE NETWORK FLOW

STUDIES.

Laboratory project.

Prof. J. F. Muir, Head, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Univ. of British Columbia,

Vancouver, Canada.

Theoretical and applied research.

The apparatus consists of a network of Saran tubes representing the water distribution pipes of the first portion of the

townsite developed by the Aluminum Co. of

Canada, at Kitimat, B. C. Length and

diameter scale ratios are 400:1 and 32:1

respectively.

Project completed.

Theoretical and experimental prototypemodel rate of flow and friction loss re- lationships are discussed in a report being

prepared.

THE EFFECT OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT IN A

STREAM IN THE PERMEABILITY OF THE STREAM

BED.

Laboratory flume studies cooperative with

the International Pacific Salmon Fisheries

Commission.

Prof. E. S. Pretious, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of British Columbia,

Vancouver, Canada.

Experimental project to evaluate the effect

of suspended sediments in natural streams

on the permeability of the stream bed and

172
to assess the effect of variable stream

velocity, bed roughness and gravel composition. One of the gravels tested was repre- sentative of gravels found in salmon-spawning stream beds.

( e ) The gravel to be tested was placed in a laboratory flume and sediment laden water

was circulated over the gravel for an arbitrary period of time. A fixed concentra- tion of suspended sediment finer than 7^- microns was maintained artificially. Five

different gravel compositions were tested,

each one being tested for three different

surface configurations: (l) a relatively

smooth flat bed; (2) a rough flat bed; and

(3) a simulated salmon- spawning redd. Each

surface configuration was tested under four

different water velocities varying from 1 to k feet per second, representative of

field condition. The concentration of sus- pended sediment was checked by measurements with a photoelectric cell and photolometer,

previously calibrated for known concentrations. The permeability of the gravel bed

was measured before and after each test by

measuring the slope of the hydraulic grade

line for the flow through the gravel.

(f) Completed.

(g) Suspended sediments which would not be

deposited on the surface of the stream bed,

reduce the permeability of the bed as a result of deposition within the gravel pores

.

(h) A report will be prepared by the Interna- tional Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission.

THE HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER COMMISSION OF ONTARIO,

Hydraulic Model Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning projects Nos. 332^- to 3326,

incl., 3330, 3333, 3335 and 36^3 to 36^6 inclusive

should be addressed to Mr. J.B. Bryce, Hydraulic

Engineer, Hydraulic Generation Dept., 620 Univ.

Ave., Toronto 2, Ontario, Canada.

(332k) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - OGDENSBURG TO IRISHMAN'S POINT.

(b) Ontario Hydro and the Power Authority of

the State of New York.

(d) Experimental; for design, development and

operation.

(e) A 1:500 x 1:100 scale model of the St. Lawrence River between Ogdensburg and

Leishman's Point, a distance of l6.1 miles,

was constructed to determine the design of

channel enlargements, the location of the

Iroquois Control Dam and a plan of river

control during construction of the St. Lawrence Power Project.

(f) Work is essentially completed but model is still active.

(g) Channel enlargements were developed which

met the criteria stipulated by the Inter- national Joint Commission with respect to navigation and ice-forming velocities and

the seaway navigation channel was located.

The optimum arrangement and location for

the Iroquois Control Dam was determined. A plan of river control during construction

was developed.

(3325) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - 0GDEN ISLAND

REACH.

(b) Ontario Hydro and Power Authority of the State of New York.

(d) Experimental; for design, development and

operation.

(e) A 1:500 x 1:100 scale model of the St. Lawrence River reproducing 7-9 miles of the

river between the towns of Iroquois and

Morrisburg, was constructed to determine

the design of channel enlargements and a plan of river control during construction

of the St. Lawrence Power Project.

(f) Work is essentially completed but model is

still active.- (g) Channel enlargements were developed which

met the ice-forming criteria stipulated by

the International Joint Commission and a satisfactory Seaway Navigation channel was

located. A plan of river control during

construction was developed.

(3326) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - DEWATERING AND

CLOSURE AREA.

(b) Ontario Hydro and Power Authority of the

State of New York.

(d) Experimental; for design, development and

operation.

(e) A 1:500 x 1:100 scale model of the St. Lawrence River reproducing 13.8 miles from

Cat Island to below the powerhouses was constructed to develop plans for dewatering

the Long Sault Dam and the powerhouse and to investigate conditions during the various

stages of their construction.

(f) Work is completed but model is still active.

(g) Dewatering diversion channels were designed

in detail and a plan of construction de- veloped to preserve the necessary water

levels for existing navigation and ensure adequate discharge capacity in the various

stages of construction. Velocities in the

Seaway Channel were also investigated. The Power Pool filling operation was investigated in detail.

(3330) ST. LAWRENCE POWER PROJECT - COMPREHENSIVE MODEL OF IROQUOIS CONTROL DAM.

(b) Ontario Hydro and the Power Authority of

the State of New York.

(d) Experimental; for design, development and

operation.

(e) A comprehensive 1:80 scale model, size 130

feet x 5^ feet, of the complete Iroquois

Control Dam was constructed including 1-1/2

miles of river channel and the downstream

approach to the Iroquois lock. Its purpose

was to determine a plan of river control

during construction, a plan of dewatering,

the velocities at the cofferdams during

their construction, verification of the

performance of energy-dissipating works,

and the discharge calibration of the

sluiceways

.

(g) The dewatering plans were tested in the

model, and the velocities and currents that

would occur during construction of the

173
cofferdam were determined. A plan of river

control was developed to maintain satisfactory levels and navigation conditions

during the construction of the dam. The

performance of the energy-dissipating

works, which had "been developed in a sec- tional model, was verified. A discharge

calibration of the dam was obtained for the

construction period and gate opening pat- terns developed. Performance data for

operational use is still being obtained.

(3333) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - TAILRACE AREA.

(b) Ontario Hydro and Power Authority of the State of New York.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:l60 x 1:80 scale model reproducing 2.5 miles of the St. Lawrence River from above

the powerhouses to below Polly's Gut, has

been constructed to develop the design of

an economic tailrace improvement and a suitable dewatering scheme.

(f) Work essentially completed but model still

active

.

(g) An economic tailrace enlargement was de- veloped in the model. A cofferdamming plan

to dewater much of the enlargement area was devised and the velocities at various

stages observed.

(3335) RED ROCK GENERATING STATION MODEL.

(b) Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:60 scale comprehensive model of the

sluiceways, powerhouse and upstream and

downstream river channel has been con- structed to determine the dewatering ar- rangements for construction, velocities

along cofferdams, energy-dissipating works

at the sluices, the rating of the diversion

sluices, ports and sluiceways, the tailrace

excavation, and location of log slide.

(f) Work is essentially completed but model is still active.

(g) Hydraulic design is completed but model is

active for problems during construction.

(3336) NIAGARA POWER PROJECT - NIAGARA RIVER MODEL.

(c)

id)

e)

(g)

Power Authority of the State of New York.

Mr. Asa George, Assistant Chief Engineer, Power Authority of the State of New York,

The Coliseum Tower, 10 Columbus Circle, New York 19, New York.

Experimental; for design and operation. An existing 1:250 x 1:50 scale model re- producing five miles of the Niagara River

from Buckhorn Island to below the Cataracts

is being used to determine the location in

detail of the intakes for the Lewiston

Generating Station, and to determine the

necessary river excavation and improvement.

This model was previously used by Ontario

Hydro in the investigation of remedial

works necessary for the preservation and

enhancement of Niagara Falls and for the

location of the Intake for the Sir Adam

Beck Generating Station No. 2 and the

necessary river improvement.

Work is largely completed but still in

progress

.

(3337) NIAGARA POWER PROJECT - MODEL OF INTAKES.

(b) Power Authority of the State of New York.

(c) Mr. Asa George, Assistant Chief Engineer, Power Authority of the State of New York,

The Coliseum Tower, 10 Columbus Circle, New York 19, New York.

(d) Experimental; for design, development and

operation.

(e) A 1:60 scale model of a portion of the

Niagara River and the two large submerged

gathering tube intakes for the Niagara

Power Project has been constructed to de- velop the detailed hydraulic design of the

intakes and to determine their operating

performance.

(f) Work is completed and model removed.

(g) A design has been developed which will

provide a minimum economic head loss and a minimum attraction for river ice.

(3643) HEADGATE MODEL.

(b) Ontario Hydro - Electric Power Commission.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A 1:2k scale model of a St. Lawrence power- house headgate and inlet water passage was

built to investigate the hydraulic forces on gates with upstream and downstream skin

plates under conditions of horizontal and

sloping floors and submerged and free discharge conditions

.

(36I4I+) OTTER RAPIDS GENERATING STATION MODEL.

(b) Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:72 -scale comprehensive model of the

sluiceways, powerhouse and upstream and

downstream river channels has been con- structed to determine the dewatering

arrangement for construction, velocities

at and along cofferdams, height location

and slope of high water channel sluiceway

training walls, the rating of the diversion

ports and the sluiceways and the tailrace

channel enlargement

.

(36U5) DISTORTION MODEL OF NIAGARA CONTROL STRUCTURE.

(b) Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A sectional model of three of the 100-foot

sluices in the Niagara River Control Struc- ture were built of plexiglas so that the

effects of distortion of a model structure might be investigated at distortion scales

of 5:1, 2-1/2:1 and undistorted.

(3646) PENSTOCK WATER PASSAGES MODEL.

(b) Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission.

(d) Experimental.

(e) A 1:2k scale model of the water passages

from the dam face to the circular penstock

of an existing unit was built and variations of inlet width, pier length, roof

slope, bed height and transition shape were investigated in order to reduce hydraulic

17k
losses and to improve performance characteristics .

LASALLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. E. Pariset, LaSalle Hydraulic

Laboratory, 0250 St. Patrick Street, LaSalle, P. Q., Canada.

(2989) GENERAL STUDY OF THE LACHINE POWER PROJECT.

(b) Quebec Hydro -Electric Commission.

(d) Model tests to study the general hydraulic

problems of the Lachine Power Project.

(e) A 1:125 vertical and 1:200 horizontal scale

model is used to study different problems

brought up by the construction of the project. Main tests are made to determine

the velocities in the upstream part and

the dredgings in order to have a good opera- tion of the Power during the winter period.

(33^1) FORMATION OF AN ICE-COVER IN FRONT OF A DAM.

(b) Quebec Hydro-Electric Commission.

(d) Basic ' research both theoretically and ex- perimentally.

(e) Research of the basic laws governing the

formation of an ice cover in front of a

dam. Systematic tests were made in a flume

with blocks of paraffin and polyethylene.

Comparison of the results with those of ice covers in rivers in view of introducing the

effect of ice cohesion.

(h) Some preliminary reports issued to sponsor. Publications in "Eight Congress 1959? Montreal, International Association for Hydraulic Research."

(33^2) STUDY OF ICE SPILLWAYS FOR THE LACHINE POWER PROJECT.

(b) Quebec Hydro -Electric Commission.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research.

(e) A model at a scale of l:h0 was built. Three

types of spillways specially designed were tested for the passage of ice, a surface

converging sluice, a vortex type spillway

and a semi -circular shaft spillway. The vortex spillway was tested in a flume built

in nature, at a scale of 1:5) on the St. Lawrence River.

(f) Completed.

(g) The semi-circular shaft spillway has out- standing characteristics.

(h) "Ice Spillways for Run-of-River Power

Plants," E. Pariset and B. Michel, Inter- national Association for Hydraulic Research, Eight Congress, Montreal 1959- Report submitted to sponsor.

(33^6) MODEL STUDY OF THE CARILLON POWER PROJECT.

(b) Quebec Hydro-Electric Commission.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The model of the Ottawa River at the

Carillon Site was built at a scale of 1:110

to study the hydraulic problems pertaining

to the construction and operation of the

Carillon Project. Studies have been con- centrated on: economical study of tailrace

excavations, effect of surges caused by

sudden load acceptance and rejection on navigation conditions at locks, protection

of navigation dyke from waves caused by

spillway in operation.

(33V7) CARILLON LOCK MODEL STUDY.

(b) Quebec Hydro-Electric Commission.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A model at a scale of 1:20 has been used to obtain a final hydraulic design of the 200

feet by 45 feet lock operation with a 53 feet lift. A longitudinal culvert feeds a central T- shape culvert at the bottom cen- tral part of the lock which is surrounded

by rectangular ports. All hydraulic pro- blems pertaining to the operation of this

lock were studied on the model.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Hydraulic study of the Carillon Lock,"

E. Pariset, G. Galiana, International As- sociation for Hydraulic Research, 8th

Congress, Montreal 1959- Report submitted

to sponsor.

(33I+8) MODEL OF THE HART-JAUNE DEVELOPMENT IN- TERMEDIATE SITE.

(b) Montreal Engineering Co. Ltd.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The model at a scale of 1:25 represents the

bottom tunnel through the earth dam that

will also be used as temporary diversion

for the project. The model was used to determine the capacity of the outlet, to study problems of cavitation, vibration

and ventilation at the gate and to design

a lip at the end of the tunnel that would

give satisfactory jet operation.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(361+7) MODEL STUDY OF THE U0,000 C.F.S. DIVERSION

STRUCTURE.

(b) Quebec Hydro-Electric Commission.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The hydraulic structure is mainly a spillway that will enable to divert, when re- quired, 40,000 cfs from the St. Lawrence River by the St. Lawrence Seaway, thus bypassing the future Lachine Power Development. Operating curves, energy dissipation, design of downstream channel, passage of ice were studied on the 1:60 model.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(36^8) WHITEH0RSE RAPIDS MODEL STUDIES.

(b) Montreal Engineering Co. Ltd.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The model was used to study fish facilities

at the Power Project. A general model at a scale of 1:36 was used to study mainly

the best arrangements of the entrance to

175
the fish transportation channel and for the

fish-ladder. A smaller model at a scale of

1:16 was built in a laboratory flume to obtain the best hydraulic characteristics

of rest pools for the fish,

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(3649) SNARE FALLS DEVELOPMENT MODEL STUDIES.

(b) Montreal Engineering Company, Ltd.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) The model built at a scale of l:hO represents the Snare Falls Storage Dam and its

hydraulic structures. The operation of the

upstream and downstream rock excavated

canals, diversion tunnel, spillway, and

intake structure were studied on the model.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(3650) MONT LOUIS BREAKWATER .

(b) National Research Council.

(d) Experimental research.

(e) Study in a wave flume at a scale of 1:30 of

the protective facing to be used for the

repair of Mt. Louis Breakwater. Two solutions were submitted, one with ik to 16 tons quarry stones and the other one with 8 tons tetrapods

.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(3651) THE DECARIE RAIMBAULT SEWAGE COLLECTOR.

(b) City of Montreal.

(d) Experimental research.

(e) Study on a model at a scale of 1:15 of so- lutions to Increase the discharge -of domestic water towards the interceptor. Study

on the same model of a discharge meter for

domestic and flood water.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(3652) ROCKFLELD AUTOMATIC SEWAGE REGULATOR.

(b) City of Montreal.

(d) Experimental research.

(e) Study on a 1:2k scale model of the maximum

curing discharge to be introduced at all

times in this collector that would be com- patible with its flow conditions. The so- lution being studied consists of automatic

sewage regulators with downstream control,

patented by the Laboratory (publications

in IARR, Eight Congress Montreal 1959).

(3653) WATER INTAKES AT THE MONTREAL FILTRATION

PLANT.

(b) City of Montreal.

(d) Experimental research.

(e) Study on a 1:24 scale model of the elimination of vortices at these intakes.

(365^) RATE OF ICE PRODUCTION ON AN OPEN WATER

SURFACE.

(b) Quebec Hydro-Electric Commission,

(d) Experimental research.

(e) Studies were made by means of an isothermic

container of water whose surface was ex- posed to atmospheric conditions.

(g) First results are, on the average, in good

agreement with the empirical formula of

MacLachlan, but they give the effect of the

wind, which is not always negligible.

(h) "Rate of ice production on an open water

surface," R. Hausser and R. Beauchemin,

Eighth Congress, International Association

for Hydraulic Research, Montreal 1959- Preliminary report issued to sponsor.

(3655) CARILLON SPILLWAY.

(b) Quebec Hydro -Electric Commission.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The model built at a scale of 1:48 represents four of the fourteen bays of the

Carillon Spillway and part of the Powerhouse. The model is used for spillway

calibration and mainly to obtain an eco- nomic design of the downstream apron and

lip that will prevent scouring at the lip

caused by transverse currents produced by

the low trajectory jet.

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, Division of Mechanical

Engineering.

Inquiries concerning projects Nos. 20kl, 3352,

3355, 3356, 3361, 3656, 3657 inclusive, should be

addressed to Dr. D.C. MacPhail, Director, Division

of Mechanical Engineering, National Research Council, Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

(204l) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - CORNWALL ISLAND

REACH.

(b) St. Lawrence Seaway Authority.

(d) Experimental project for design and de- velopment . (e) A 1:480 by 1:96 scale model of five miles

of the St. Lawrence River in the vicinity

of Cornwall, Ontario, was constructed to study navigation and power developments in

the area.

(g) The model was used to study dredging procedures and, in particular, to determine

the quantity of dredging required to maintain natureal discharge distribution about

Cornwall Island. In addition, the effect

of navigation improvements and channel

modifications on the level of the tailwater

at the powerhouse were studied.

(h) The project is complete and a final report

is being prepared.

(3352) SAINT JOHN HARBOUR, NEW BRUNSWICK.

(b) Department of Public Works, Canada.

(d) Experimental; for harbour improvement.

(e) A hydrographic survey of the harbour was undertaken during the summer of 1958 and a partial survey during the spring of 1959

to determine the effect of the high discharge from the Saint John River. Auto- matic wave recorders were installedat two

locations. On the basis of data obtained

from these surveys, harbour improvements

176
will ."be recommended.

(f) The survey work has "been completed and the

data partly analyzed and plotted.

(g) The data show that a strong density cur- rent due to the river is the principal

cause of shoaling in various parts of the

harbour. Data are "being analyzed in pre- paration for a final report

(3355) PORT CARTIER HARBOUR. 00

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

C. D. Howe Company, Montreal.

Experimental; for design. A 1:120 scale model of a proposed harbour, to he constructed on the north shore of

the St. Lawrence River, ahout 15 miles

southwest of Seven Islands, was made to study the shape of the entrance and ship

basin which would offer the best protection from waves. Project completed. An entrance channel and wave absorbing

beaches have been designed to provide

satisfactory conditions within the harbour.

A report has been issued to the sponsor.

(3356) CHANDLER HARBOUR, QUEBEC.

(b) Department of Public Works, Canada.

(d) Experimental; for harbour improvement.

(e) A 1:100 scale model was constructed to de- termine the best arrangement of additional

breakwaters required for harbour improve- ments . (f) Project completed.

(g) Three different breakwaters were designed

which would provide adequate protection to

the harbour and allow for expansion of the

harbour facilities.

(h) A final report has been issued to the

sponsor.

(336l) RESEARCH ON THE DESIGN OF FISHING BOATS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical to improve

design.

(e) This project is being undertaken in coop- eration with the Department of Fisheries,

Canada, to obtain data for improving the

design and operation of fishing boats.

(g) Tests on models and full scale craft indicate that many improvements to both boats

and fishing gear are possible. A model

incorporating a number of advanced fea- tures has shown promising results.

(h) Papers were presented at the Second World

Fishing Boat Congress, Rome, 1959j and

memoranda have been issued to the Depart- ment of Fisheries.

(3656) LOG CHUTE.

(b) Shawinigan Engineering Company, Limited,

Montreal

(d) Experimental; for improvements.

(e) A 1/12 scale model of a log chute having a crest width of 35 ft. and a chute width of

Ik ft. was constructed to determine the

changes required to the downstream end

which has a slope of 1 3/^:1 "to prevent

damage from logs

(f) Project completed.

(g) A reduced slope and shorter horizontal

floor at the extreme end were sufficient to prevent logs from hitting the floor violently.

(h) A final report has been issued to the sponsor.

(3657) LUNENBURG HARBOUR, NOVA SCOTIA.

(b) Department of Public Works, Canada.

(d) Theoretical; for harbour improvement.

(e) Harbour Improvements, consisting of two- rubble-mound breakwaters, were suggested on the basis of wave refraction diagrams.

(f) Completed.

(g) A report has been issued to the sponsor.

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

(2^92) RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. D.F. Witherspoon, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

( e ) Relationship of precipitation and snow melt to runoff characteristics on four watersheds of twenty acres each, under various

land use practices is being evaluated.

(g) Winter surface runoff from watersheds with

good grass-legume cover is greater than

from watersheds plowed during the winter

season.

(21+98) THE USE OF INFILTRATION DETERMINATIONS FOR RUNOFF ESTIMATES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. H.D. Ayers, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Experimental; basic research, for masters

thesis

(e) The purpose of the project is to evaluate

the separate factors affecting infiltration and to develop a technique for runoff

estimation on a watershed utilizing infiltration data.

(f) Suspended.

(g) Laboratory studies have indicated that the

available storage in the sand media was a highly significant factor in the initial

infiltration process. Regression equa- tions have been developed in which mass infiltration is given as a function of

time and particle dimension.

(h) "The Relationship of Mass Infiltration to Water Storage Capacity in Sand Media, " by

S. Redman, Thesis, on file Massey Library,

Ontario Agricultural College.

(2739) PERMEABILITY OF THE SOIL IN THE FROZEN

STATE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. H.D. Ayers, Ontario Agrigultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Experimental; basic research, for masters

thesis

(e) Air permeabilities will be obtained of

177
soils at various moisture content in the

frozen state. The results will he used to determine if there is a correlation of mois- ture content and permeahillty of frozen

soils on experimental watersheds

.

(f) Suspended.

(g) Air permeahilities were determined on pre- pared samples. Regression equations ex- pressing the permeability in Darcys as a function of the particle size and percent

moisture saturation have been derived.

(h) "Relationship of Permeability to Percent Moisture Saturation in Sand Media in Frozen State," by N.G. Vered, Thesis on file

Massey Library, Ontario Agricultural

College.

(27I+O) MAIN TILE DRAIN SIZES FOR COMPOSITE DRAINAGE OF BROOKSTON CLAY SOIL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. F.R. Hore, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Discharge measurements from lateral tile

drains in Brookston clay soil are being

made to determine the proper drainage coefficient to use in the design of main tile

drains and to determine the effect of

lateral tile drain spacing on the drainage

rate.

(g) Observations to date indicate that drainage

rates in excess of one-half inch per day

are fairly common. This is higher than the

present design drainage coefficient. Tile

drain outflow has been shown to occur at times when the soil moisture content was below field capacity.

(3363) HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIC SOIL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. R.W. Irwin, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The study is being carried out to establish

criteria to be used in the development and

operation of the water control program for

organic soils. In the investigation, an attempt will be made to establish a hydrologic water balance for the field area by measuring, recording and analyzing so far as possible evaporation, seepage, transpiration, precipitation, water table

elevation and ground water discharge

through tile drains.

(3658) THE RESISTIVITY METHOD FOR GROUND WATER

EXPLORATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. D.F. Witherspoon, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Resistivity traverses are to be carried out adjacent to existing wells and borings, for

which logs are available. An attempt will

be made to evaluate the resolution of

changes in subsurface material by resistivity measurements in the glaciated area

of the province.

(3659) DROUGHT FREQUENCY ANALYSIS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. H.D. Ayers, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) The objective of this analysis is to determine the frequency of droughts in south- western Ontario. The information is to be

used in determining the irrigation require- ments for specific crops on various soil

types. Water budget techniques are to be

used and applied to actual meteorological

observations in order to calculate the

frequency and magnitude of irrigation re- quirements. Irrigation needs are to be

supplied in the water budget computations

at predetermined levels of soil moisture

deficiency. Water budgets have been com- puted by the Thornthwaite method and it is anticipated that computations will also be

carried out using the Penman method.

(g) Calculated irrigation needs are in excess of calculated moisture deficits because of

the necessity for starting irrigation prior

to the occurrence of the moisture deficit

of a magnitude creating a drought condition.

It is expected that this information will

enable a determination of the economic

feasibility of irrigation in various

regions of Ontario.

(3660) RAINFALL DEPTH-AREA- INTENSITY RELATIONSHIPS

IN CENTRAL ONTARIO.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. D.F. Witherspoon, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. • (d) Field investigation; applied research.

( e ) A dense network of standard and recording

rain gauges has been established in the

Guelph area with the cooperation of the

Meteorological Branch, Department of Transport. The network is over an area of ap- proximately 12 square miles with an aver- age gauge density of 1 per square mile.

The purpose of this study is to obtain more detailed information on precipitation

characteristics from some summer thunder

storms for use in the hydrologic design for

small drainage basins

.

(g) Data have been collected for one summer

only. Several thunder storms occurred most

of which were highly variable in their

areal distribution patterns.

(3661) HYDROLOGIC FACTORS AFFECTING BRIDGE DESIGN.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with

Ontario Dept. of Highways and University

of Toronto.

(c) Prof. F.R. Hore, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Experimental; masters thesis.

(e) The purpose of this project is to develop

satisfactory design criteria for bridges

and culverts based on watershed runoff

relationships for Ontario. Frequency

analyses of existing stream flow data for the province are being carried out. An attempt is being made to correlate watershed

178
characteristics with peak discharge rela- tionships . (g) A master's thesis will be completed in

i960 and the report will be published at that time.

(3662) POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND CONSUMP- TIVE USE OF WATER BY CROPS. 00

(c)

(a)

(e)

(s)

Laboratory project.

Dr. K. M. King., Dept. of Soils , Ontario

Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario,

Canada.

Field investigation; basic research.

The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the factors influencing evapo- transpiration by the use of a specially

designed floating lysimeter. Temperature

and air velocity gradients in addition to radiation measurements are taken over a growing crop where a satisfactory moisture

supply is maintained by the use of irrigation.

The correlation coefficient between evapo- transpiration calculated by the vertical

heat budget and as measured by the floating

lysimeter was O.98. The percentage of net radiation used for evapotranspiration was

80 to 90 percent on a daylight basis and

about 100 percent on a 24-hour day basis.

These values apply to a corn crop grown

during 1958.

QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY, Hydraulic Laboratory.

(2044

(b

(c

(a

(e

(3364

(c

(a

(e

(h

ECONOMICAL CONSTRUCTION OF SAFE PULPW00D

HOLDING GROUNDS.

Pulp and Paper Institute of Canada Ltd.,

3420 University Street, Montreal, Quebec,

Canada.

Prof. R. J. Kennedy, Department of Civil

Engineering, Queen's Univ. at Kingston,

Ontario, Canada.

Applied research; experimental, field and

laboratory investigation.

Field measurements of forces acting on various holding grounds.

LITTORAL DRIFT AND ITS EFFECT ON THE HAR- BOURS ON THE NORTH SHORE OF LAKE ONTARIO.

The National Research Council of Canada.

Dr. Arthur Brebner, Department of Civil

Engineering, Queen's Univ. at Kingston,

Ontario, Canada.

Experimental and field; basic and applied

research.

Field and laboratory examination of silting

due to littoral drift.

"Littoral Drift in Lake Ontario Harbours,"

Brebner and Kennedy, Journal of the Engi-

(3365

(b

(c

(a

(f

(h

(3663

(c

(a

(e

(3664

(a

(e

(3665

(a

(e

(3666

(c

(a

(e

neering Institute of Canada, Vol. 42, No. 9,

September 1959-

THE HYDRAULIC EFFICIENCY OF NEW AND USED ALUMINUM PIPE AND TUBING.

Aluminum Laboratories Limited, P.O. Box 84,

Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

Dr. A. Brebner, Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's University at Kingston,

Ontario, Canada.

Field investigation of friction factor up

6 to N„ 2 x 10 R

Suspended.

"The Prediction of Flow-Rates in Aluminum

Pipe," Brebner and Campbell, Transactions

of the Engineering Institute of Canada,

Vol. 3, No. 1, April 1959 (Reprints available from (b)).

SECONDARY FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS.

Prof. R. J. Kennedy, Department of Civil

Engineering, Queen's Univ. at Kingston,

Ontario, Canada.

Laboratory investigation for doctoral

thesis

An investigation into the mechanism of

secondary flow.

PERIODICAL GRAVITY WAVE MOTION ON DISCON- TINUITIES AS APPLIED TO HARBOUR ENGINEERING.

Dr. Bernard LeMehaute, Department of Civil

Engineering, Queen's Univ. at Kingston,

Ontario, Canada.

Theoretical analysis of gravity waves on a discontinuity.

Experimental verification of empirical

relations

THE EFFECT OF AIR-BUBBLING BREAKWATERS ON WAVE MASS TRANSPORT.

The National Research Council of Canada.

Dr. A. Brebner, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

Queen's University at Kingston, Ontario,

Canada.

Experimental laboratory investigation.

To establish the relation between wave at- tenuation and mass transport attenuation

across an air-bubble curtain.

CRITICAL MASS-TRANSPORT VELOCITIES FOR PARTICLES OF VARIOUS SIZES.

The National Research Council of Canada.

Dr. A. Brebner, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

Queen's Univ. at Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

Experimental laboratory investigation.

To establish the critical velocities of

particles found in Lake Ontario harbours.

179
SUBJECT INDEX

Accelerated motion

cylinders (2265) 9 spheres (3432) 39 Air entrainment

mechanics of ( 3405 ) 23 pipes (1303) 6 Air-water flow (183I+) 15 Apparatus

observation well (3262) 150

precipitation gage (2080).. 27 rainfall similator (2596) 6l

rotating arm (1781) 157

sediment sampler (194) 69 ship models (1788) 157

soil, measurement of hydraulic

conductivity (3213) 100 spray formation (2730) l60

surface follower (3603) 151

turbulence probe (2974) 166 water tunnel (79) 36 water tunnel (1521) 156 wave formation (2730) l60 wave gages (977) 119 wave profile recorder (26l0) 66 Baffle piers

basic research (993) 127

cavitation (993) 127

Beach fills (2195) 120

Beaches

artificial (976) 119

by-passing sand, inlets (975) 119

equilibrium profile (l8l) 118 wave action (l8l) 118 wave action ( 529 ) 7 wave action (660) 118 wave action (1609) 44 Bibliographies , water measurement (l643) • 60

Boundary layer

laminar, unsteady (3465) 52 rectangular ducts (3455) 50 skewed (3454) 50 skin friction (3020) 12 submerged bodies ( 2966 ) l60

surface (854) 36 turbulent (1779) 156

Boundary layer flow, submerged bodies (348l).. 59 Boundary shear stress (2770) 19 Breakwaters

floating (3022) 12 floating type (3158) 67

hydraulic (2753) 10

Mt. Louis (365O) 176

movable (2801) 46 pervious and impervious (998) 127 pneumatic ( 357i+ ) 121

rubble -mound (999) 127 rubble -mound (268l) 133

rubble-mound, Nawiliwili Harbor (3595) 142 Bridge piers, scour (1707).. 89 Bubbles

diffusion (1780) 156

drag and shape (1780) 156 vapor (1548) 2 Canals

irrigation

linings (151) 95 linings (1966) 92

linings (151) 97

linings (1837) l6 linings (1859) 27

Canals

linings

seepage (1859) 27 seepage (3110) 55 sand deposits (2507) 10

Cavitation (3153) 67

baffle piers (993) 127

basic research (993) 127 basic research

Calif. Inst, of Technology (1548) 2 David Taylor Model Basin (711) 155 Iowa State University (79) 36 Waterways Experiment Station (993) 127 cascades (3378) 4 effect thermal properties ( 3009 ) 3 gate slots (993) 127

gate valves (2955) 153

inception (1355 ) 44 mechanics of (2502) 3 noise (1778) 156

offset joints (993) 127 offsets (3278) 154

outlet works, Glendo Dam (3280) 154

pipe bends (993) 127 sluice gates (79) 36 stilling basin steps (993) 127 turbines, models (1133) 56 turbines, propeller (271) 1 water tunnel (79) 36 Waterways Experiment Station (993) 126

Cavities, design criteria (2l+70) 159

Cavity resonance (2833) 6l

Channel improvement

Bonneville Dam (3230) 125 flood control (2919) 124

flood control

Hoosic River, Mass. (1211) 128

Middle Mississippi River (236) 126

jetties (2455) 152

navigation

Delaware River, Pa. (425) 127 Eraser River (1044) 170

St. Lawrence River- (2429) 131

Ogden Island Reach, St. Lawrence River (3325)173

St. Lawrence River (3324) 173

Channels ( see Open Channels

)

advance of liquid front (3192) 87 alluvial (2505) 9 alluvial

aggradation (29U7) 1^9

bed roughness (25l4) 18

degradation (2947) 149

flow velocities (3013) 11 hydraulics of (3034) 19 roughness (2702) 149

conservation linings (1723) 93 constricted flow (1855) 26 effect 90° bends (2797) 37 film of flow (2767) 19 flood control (2747) 4 sediment concnetration (2737) 171

side flow (2073) 23 subcritical flows (3400) 22 tidal flow (2758) 14

velocity distribution (1343) 34 velocity distribution (2737) 171 water-sediment movement (2702) l49

Channels, curved, subcritical flow (36l4) 155 Climatology, Upper Colo. River Basin (3399) 22 Coefficients, hydrophotic disks (2436) l44

180
Cofferdams, Dalles Dam, Ore. (l462) 122 Concrete surface, irregularities (3278) 154

Conduits

circular, exit transitions (2345) 43 condenser cooling water loss (224l). 165

exit pressure distributions (2543) 43 flow in bend (3103) 53 inlets (218) 126 pressure fluctuation (33l6) 170 pressure surges (3203) 15 pressure, friction factors (2724) 152

pressure, friction factors (3275) 154

Contamination dispersion, rivers, harbors,

and estuaries (3598) 1^3

Corrosion, plumbing (4-9) 14 Culverts

design criteria (3661) 178

discharge characteristics (2435) l44

drop inlet (ill) 64

flow in (3542) 90

full-scale tests (26o4) 66 nature of flow (3376) 2 Cylinders, accelerated motion (2265) 9 Cylinders, rotating, flow ( 3^39 ) 4-2 Dams , gallery drainage ( 771 ) l68

Density currents model laws (159) 1^

salt water intrusion, Delaware River (425). 127 sedimentation (307) 44 tidal estuaries (1986) 130

Diffusers

turbulent boundary layer (2320) 34 vaneless (3460) 51 vaneless (3462) 51 Diffusion (3479) 59 Diffusion

atmospheric (3398) 22

jets (3081) 42 particles in fluid (1331) 25 salt water (3261) 150 waste water (254-8) 45 Dissipators, design (3596) 14-3 Distillation, sea water (1554) 8 Drag

skin friction (3143) 6l

unsteady flow (3440) k2 Drag coefficients (2803) 46 Drag coefficient, cylinders (2265) 9 Drag forces ( 3115 ) 56 Drag resistance, piers (2396).. 82

Drain tile

depth and spacing (2330) 39 discharge measurements (2740) 178

flow characteristics (3490) 62 junction losses (1929) 65 sediment deposition (3490) 62

sediment movement (3490) 62 Drainage

alluvial flood plains (3557)- • 102

by pumping (2350) 54 Coachella Valley, Calif. (26) 6 Florida (1966) 92

galleries, dams (771) l68

Illinois soils (2317) 32 improvement surface (2333) 40 irrigated lands (l8l9) 6 irrigated lands (1966) 92

irrigated lands (3401) 22 subsurface (2126) 52 surface (2126) 52 surface (3V75) 58 Drainage basin studies ( 3421 ).............. 31

Drainage improvement surface (2333) • • 40

Drainage installations, subsurface (3216 )...... 101

Drainage systems, design (2504) 6 Drains, filter

operational characteristics (3060) 33 Drains, subsurface

durability (2127) 52 plastic (3555) 102

stability (2127) 52 Drains, tile, flow patterns (3064).... 33 Eddies, effect of boundary geometry (1875) 36 Embankments ( 291 ) 25 Energy losses, bends (344l) 44 Erosion, wave action (3409) 2h Erosion research

Baker's Haulover Inlet (3050) 25 Boca Raton Inlet (3410) 25 canals, ditch linings (1966) 92

canals, earth lined (2457) 152

canals, unlined (24-57) • 152

Casey Key (3046) 24 conservation farming (150) 93 conservation farming ( 2187 ) 109

curved open channels ( 3089 ) 46 effect logging (2912) 109 effects tillage (2597) 6l

effect vegetation ( 26l ) . 110

effect vegetation ( 376) 112 forest influences (380) 117

forest influences (657) 113

forest influences (2904) 106

Florida inlets (3413) 25 Lake Michigan (1863) 31 Lido Key ( 3047 ) 24 mountain watersheds (26l) 110

mountain watersheds ( 376 ) . . . 112 Oregon (3221) 110

Ragged Keys (3048) 24 range management ( 27 ) 6 semi-desert vegetation (657) 113

soil (3424) 32 Evaporation

evapo-transpiration (1996 ) • • 92 evapo-transpiration (2188) 114 evapo-transpiration (3662) , 179

Illinois (555) 28

lakes (1944) 70 measurement ( 1015 ) 145 measurement ( 2179 ) • 97

moving surfaces (3393) • 15 reduction (2828) 60

reduction (3508) 71 reservoirs ( 765 )

. . ; 167

reservoirs (2180) 97

soils (2277) 17 suppression, reservoirs (2703) •••• l49

urban areas ( 564 ) 32 watersheds, Tennessee Basin (765) l67

Filtering (274l) 1 Filtering, sediments (3554) 102

Filters (2535) 30 Filters (2837) 62 Fish ladders

dams

Dalles Dam, Oregon (l462) 122

Ice Harbor ( 2666 ) 123

John Day (3578) 126

Fish screens, flow of water (3636) 171

Fishway model study

Brownlee Reservoir (2876) 87 John Day Dam, ladder diffusers (3576) 125 Mayfield Dam ( 3536 ) 88

181
Fish-way model study

Rocky Reach Hydroelectric Development (2877) 87 Wanapum facilities (3*+97) 68 Flashboards, dynamic forces (3068) 37 Flood control

crop rotation (1966) 92 discharge rates (3108) 55 electric flood model (3385) 13 rivers (3*4-71) 5*+ rivers , Mississippi Basin (236) 126

Flood control systems

design (3380) 12 design and operation ( 3019 ) 12 Flood forecasting, rating curves (3602) ll+7 Flood frequency (3606) 151

Flood frequency

arid areas (3C4l) 21 semi-arid areas (30*+l) 21 Flood plain zoning (3375) 2 Flood routing (29I+5) l*+6 Flood routing ( 3*+76 ) 59 Flow behavior, annulus (3093) *+8 Flow, fibre suspensions (25*+6) 1+5 Flow

fluctuating (3622) 163

free surface, disturbed (3*+l*+) 26 non-Newtonian (3390) 15 non-Newtonian (3*+82) 59 nonsteady (2509) 10

river under arch bridges ( 2839 ) 62 single and two-phase in tube (237*0 6k

turbulent ( 3165 ) 68

two-phase in venturi (3*1-03) 23 viscous, cylinders (3^73) 57 Flow measurement (2925) 133

Flow patterns

cascaded miter bends and vaned dividers

(3159) 67 Flow in porous media (2771) 19 Flow in porous media (318I+) 8k

Flow in porous media (3188) 85 Flow stability (3*+68) 53 Flow studies, 3 -tHmensi°nal forms (2969) l6l

Flow, unsteady, inertial forces (3250) 1 ^It- Flumes

flow measurement ( 2513 ) 18 Parshall (2902) 100

trapezoidal (2902) 100

venturi ( 3I+O8 ) 2*+ Forces, wind-tunnel measurement (2832) 60

Gas -liquid, flow (1829) 8 Gatescavitation (993) 127 drum type (3500) 68 lock {~Lk7k) 129

sluice" (1207) 128

Gates, control. Island Bend (328l) I5I+ Gates, service, Eagle Gorge Dam (2920) 12k

Gates, slide, hydraulic downpull (3610) 15*+ Geohydraulic theory ( 31^7 ) 63 Ground water

aquifers (318I+) 8k

aquifers (3188) 85 aquifers, mechanics of (2688) lk8

aquifer potential (2687) lVf

aquifers, recharge of (3210) 100

aquifers, salt water encroachment (2689).-.- l*+8 Arkansas (2255) 1 artificial recharge (559) 28 artificial recharge (1966) 92

artificial recharge (2255) 1 artificial recharge (2315) 30

Ground water

artificial recharge (339*0 21 Chicago area (1335 ) *+*+ Coachella Valley, Calif. (26) 6 drawdown condition (3*+92) 63 East St. Louis area ( 561 ) 29 effect forests (656) 108

electric flow net (1221) 1V7

electrical analogue (2692) 148

exploration (3658) 178

flow problems (29k8) 1I+9 flow in sediments (352*0 83 fluctuations (821) 15 hydrologic cycle (1092) 29 inflow (3018) 11

irrigation (1966) 92 Lower Bijou Basin, Colo. (2761) 18

non-homogeneous anistropic flow (3186) 8k

occurrence problems (326*+) 151

Peoria Area, 111. (560) 29 Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) 35 Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) 35 Red River Valley, No. Dak. (3217) 101 root zone (2172) 92 stream flow (2063) 9 Tennessee Valley (780) 168 tracer (3017) 11 water table control (2835) 62

Ground-water drainage (3252) ll+9 Ground-water flow, aquifers (3538) 90

Ground-water storage (3263) 151

Gutters, side flow (2073) 23

Harbor design (2933) 135 Harbor improvement

Chandler Harbour (3356) 177

Lunenburg, Nova Scotia (3657) 177

St. John Harbour (3352) 176

Savannah, Ga. (21+28) 131

Harbor model, scale effects (1002) 128

Heat and mass transfer, spheres (3122) 59 Heat transfer

fluidized beds (3*+7*+) 57 packed beds (3*+7*+) 57 Highway drainage

culverts (ill) 6k

culverts (1591) 32 culverts (2318) 33 embankments (291) 25 energy dissipator (2318) 33 subway grating design (2087) 33 Hydraulic control systems, valves (2335) *+0 Hydraulic cyclone ( 35*+5 ) 91 Hydraulic jump (2l6l) 82 Hydraulic jump, circular (25*+7) *+5 Hydrodynamic forces, underwater bodies (27*+6)... 3 Hydrodynamics, flow studies (3377) 3 Hydrofoil craft, seaworthiness (329I+) 163

Hydrofoils

cavitating flow (3010) *+ design criteria (3281+) 161

flutter (351*+) 78

forces on (350*+) 69 longitudinal stability (3*^99) 68

study of (1816) 2 study (2lkk) 65 Hydrofoils, supercavitating

hydroelastic instabilities (3173) 75 forces on (317*+) 76 Hydrofoil systems, motion, stability (2156) 72 Hydrologic data, telemetering (3056) 28 Hydrologic studies

Florida (150) 93

182
Hydrologic studies

frequency (2319) 33 organic soil (3363) 178

Southeastern Ohio (3566) 106

Waller Creek Watershed (2162) 82 Hydromechanics problems

numberical solution (3^91) 63 Infiltration

effect vegetation (376) 112

effect vegetation (1966) 92 granular media (3062) 33 soil (25) 5 soil (IO58) 6 soil (2879) 87

soil (3265) 151

Infiltration rates, LaCrosse, Wis. (3077) *+0 Infiltration studies (3507) 71 Inlets

canal (3267) 153

culverts (ill) 6*4 gutters (2085) 32 hydrodynamics of flow (3166) 71 theory (2088) 33 Instruments precipitation gage (2080) 27 pressure cells (100*4) 128 pressure fluctuation ( 25*41 ) 37 radar raingage (29*43) 1^6

radio gages, rainfall (3629) 167

radio gages, stream (3629) 167

river, stage measuring (l86l) 27 sediment density gage ( 3227 ) 121

soil moisture (1995) 1^7

soil moisture (3260) 150

streambed analyzer (3*402) 23 turbulence indicators (2629) 83 turbulence measuring ( 3*4-85 ) 6l

velocity meter (100*4) 128 water level recorder (3527) 85 wave gage ( 660 ) 118 wave gage (977) 119 wave gage (100*0 128

Intakes

Chute-des-Passes (3312) (36 32) 170

conduit, design (2l8)> 126

Ice Harbor model (2665) 123

Montreal Filtration Plant (3653) 176

Niagara River Power Project (3337) 17*4 Pasny, Niagara River (323*0 137

Twin Buttes (3609) 15^

Wilson Powerhouse ( 3299 ) 166

Irrigation

application rates (310*0 53 canals

bentonite sealing (3558) 103

linings (1966) 92

linings ( 3121 )..._. 58 seepage (1966) 92

concrete pipe (2*4) 5 control systems, mechanized (3553) 102

control of water ( 1966 ) 92

drainage design ( 26*4-9 ) 98

drainage design (3211) 100

drainage studies (1723) 9*4 drainage studies ( 1819 ) 6 drainage studies (1966) 92

drainage studies ( 2651 ) 99 drainage studies ( 3218 ) 101

efficiencies (2786) 27 efficiencies (3550) 101

efficiency studies (3109) 55 farm structures (2*+) 5

Irrigation

farm structures (3556) 102

infiltration (1966) 92 percolation (1966) 92

pipe friction (2*+) 5 precision ( 3102) 53 radial gates (3612) 155 snow surveys (55) 15 snow surveys ( 1966 ) 92 soil moisture (26) 6 soil permeability (1966) 92

sprinklers ( 3*470 ) 5*4 sprinklers, hydraulics of (3187) 85 sprinkling systems (21) 5 sprinkling systems (1966) 92 sprinkling systems ( 2185 ) 98 structures (2*4) 5 surface ( 3185 ) 8*4 surface, hydraulics of (3552) 102 systems, basin, design of (321*4) 100 water application (1966) 92 water consumption ( 3209 ) 100 water control (3*4l8) 28 water measurement (2*4-) 5 water measurement (265O) 99 water measurement ( 3209 ) 100 water supply (23) 5 water supply (27) 6 water supply (55) 15 water supply (1966) 92 water supply Santa Barbara. Co., Calif. (2653) 99 well drilling (2*4-) 5 Jetsaxisymmetrical flow (3395) 21 dispersion into moving fluid (3155) 67 mean pressure distributions ( 3075 ) 38 mixing (3*^29) 39 mixing (3**77) 59 submerged diffusion (9*48) 82 Jets, annular mean velocity distributions (3075) 38 Jetties

effect littoral drift (2190) 119

effect wave action (529) 7 effectiveness (3271) 153

Laminar boundary, separated (3*466) 52 Liquids, thermodynamics (957) 89 Locks

approaches (1738) 129 approaches (1739) 130

filling, emptying systems

Barkley Dam (2673) 131

Carillon ( 33*+7) 175 Dalles Dam, Ore. (1*4-66) 123

Dardanelle Dam (2675) 132

Ice Harbor Dam (*407) 122 John Day (3575) 125 Louisville, Ky. (2678) 132

Maxwell Dam (3236) 137

Miss. River, Keokuk, Iowa (2937) 136

Monogahela River (32*43) 139 New Poe, St. Marys River (3585) 1*40 New Richmond, Ohio River (2929) 13*4 Old River Lock, La. (3232) 137 Sacramento Barge Canal (2682) 133

Troy Dam (2927) 133 Watts Bar (179*4) 165 Wilson (2973) 166

John Day (2662) 123

miter gates (l*+7*4) 129 navigation conditions (2927) 133

I83
Locks

Pike Island (3235) 137

Manifolds (2633) 86 Meanders (176U) 147 Meteorology (2533) 30 Meteorological observations (2760) 18 Meters (see Nozzles, Orifice meters, Venturi

)

calibration (12*0 55 calibration (1963) 90

calibration (24ll)(2638) 90

calibration (34o6) 24 current, redesign Price (2444) 147 elbow (1602) ^3 elbow (362k) l64

flow (1963) 90

flow, electromagnetic (3255) 150

flow, performance characteristics (2769 .)•••• 19

flow, ultrasonic (2949) 149

high pressure-temperature (3623) l64

irrigation (24) 5 open channel ( 1589 ) 32 water, irrigation (3529) — • 86 Model distortion (994) 127 Model distortion (2897) 90

Model laws

density currents (159) 144

scale effects, harbors (1002) 128

Model studies

Arkansas River- Navigation dam (3592) 142 Arkansas River Channel ( 3583 ) 140

Bancroft Dam (3381) 12 Barcelona Harbor, Lake Erie (2936) 136

Buffalo Harbor, Lake Erie (2935) • 135 Canacadea Creek (3240) 138

Carillon Power Project (3346) . 175 Chattahoochee River (3244) 139

complex seaway (2278) ' 17 Conneaut Harbor, Ohio (3242) 139

dams

Albenie Falls (3532) '. . 87 Melton Hill (3627) 167

riprap requirements, Ice Harbor .( 3594 . l42

Snake River (3577) > 125 diversion structure ( 36V7 ) 175 diversion tunnel intake, Guadalupe R. (3547) 91 Duluth-Superior Harbor ( 324l ) I38

emptying, filling systems,

Wheeler Lock (3626) 167

Eufaula Dam (3238) I38

fish ladders ( 3637 ) 172

flow patterns, delaware River (3546) 91 generating station, Otter Rapids (3644) 174 Hart-jHune Development (3348) 175 head gates (3643) 174 head losses in bends ( 344l ) • • • • • 44 Hudson River, N. Y. (2932) 135 hurricane structures

Lake Pontchartrain, La. (3581) 140

inlet structures Uttarbnag Pumping Station (3540) 90

Iroquois Control Dam (3320) 173

Karadj. re -regulating dam (3152) 67 Kingston, gas duct (3628).... 167

Lachine Power Project (2989) 175 New Cumberland Dam (3239) I38

Niagara Control structure ( 3645 ) 174 Niagara Power Project (3543) 91 Niagara Remedial Works (3580) 139

Niagara River (3336) 174 Niagara River Power Project (3202) 91 Noxon flume (3533) 87 penstock water passages (3646) 174

Model studies

pier slip shoaling, New York Harbor ( 3579 ) . 139 Port Cartier Harbour (3355) 177

small rivers ( 363U ) 170 Snare Falls ( 36U9 ) 176

Model -studies, harbors, breakwaters ( 3^35 ) • ••• 171 Model studies, pumping plant

Charles River Basin (Boston) (3090) 46 Model studies

Red Rock Generating Station (3335) I'jk St. Lawrence River dewatering and closure area (3326) 173

small scale deltas (3053)... 26

tailrace improvement, St. Lawrence R. (3333) 17*+ Wanapum Project, Columbia River (3531) 87

Whitehorse Rapids (3648) 175 Model tests bypass gate, Bersimis No. 1. (3631) 170

Model verification

pressure measurement

penstocks, South Holston Dam (762) 165 sluices, Cherokee Dam (758) 165 sluices, Douglas Dam (759) 165

prototype confirmation (1467) 128

Rocky Reach Site, Columbia River (2631) 86 Southwest Pass, Miss. River (2931) 135 spillway piers and baffles

Ice Harbor Dam (405) 121 Wilson Lock (2479) 165

Noise, hydrodynamic (1778) 156

Nozzles, mixing (40) 7 Open channels

artificial, velocity profile (3063) 33 constricted flow (1855) 26 constricted flow (2066) 16 eddy diffusion ( 3015 ) 11 effect discharge (2700) l48

effect grain size (2700) 148

effect load (2700) l48

effect roughness (3256) 150

effect slope (2700) 148

film of flow (2767) 19

flow, right angle bends (3407) 24 friction losses (2140) 64

intermittent flow (2773) 24 roughness (3183) 84

secondary flow (3663) 179

stability (3253) 150

tidal flow (2758) 14 turbulence distribution (3446) 47 uniform flow (2529) 23 uniform flow (2699) l48

velocity distribution (1343) 34 velocity distribution (2083) 34 velocity distribution (3433) 39 velocity distribution (3446) 47 Orifice meters

effect pipe roughness (2731) 163

Orifices

basic research (l49) 88

constant head turnout (3274) 153

control valve (3448) 49 design criteria (2470) 159

discharge measurements (2285) 23 vortex flow (ll8l) 89 Outlet works

dams

Abiquiu (2427) 130

Bhumiphol (3397) 22 Black Butte (3237) 137

Foss (3276) 154

Oahe, S. D. (1212) 128

184
Outlet works, dams, Paonia (2957) 144

Outlet works

diversion dam, Navajo (3273) 153

Glen Canyon Tunnel (2954) 152

Prineville (3268) 144

Twin Buttes (3608) 154

Outlets canal (3267) 144

pipe, cantilevered (ll68) 65 Penstocks, Priest Rapids (2632) 86 Percolation studies (1966) 92

Percolation studies, California (2l8l) 98

Pipe fittings

tends, elbows (l602) 43 cavitation (993) 127

Pipe flow (2759) 15 Pipe systems, air movement (3070) 38 Pipes

aluminum, deterioration ( 3365 ) 179

cavitation (993) 127

couplings (3526) 85 energy losses (3066) 34 flow measurement ( 3525 ) 86

Pipes, corrugated

roughness study (3597) 143

Pipes, flow of mixtures

liquid-solid (2275) 15 solid-gas (hO) 7 Pipes, friction

concrete (24) 5 high pressure (956) 89 roughness (2619) 79 steady and unsteady states (26l4) 71

Pipes, heat transfer (2+0) 7 Pipes, inclined

liquid-solid-mixtures (3205) 15 Pipes

laminar flow (3116) 56 manifold ports (2150) 70

network flow studies (364l) 172 networks (1689) 86 pressure losses

Widows Creek Steam Plant (3302) 166

resistance (3523) 83

surges (1303) 6 Plumbing, hackflow prevention (49) (2270) 14 Plumbing

corrosion ( 49 ) 14 cross-connections (49) 14 fixtures (49) 14

Porous media

dispersion of fluid (2586) 58 flow (2863) 71 flow (3212) 100

flow (3258) 150

flow (3386) 13 fluid collector systems (3146) 63 microscopic flow (2690) l48

Pressure distribution

basic research (79) 36 basic research (8l) 36 oscillating bodies (3387) 14

tube entrances ( 3480 ) 59 two-phase flow (3404) 23 Pressure drop, fluidized bed (3117) 57 Pressure measurement

sluices

Cherokee Dam (758) 165 Douglas Dam (759) 165

Pressures, cavity collapse (3379) 4 Propellers

blade frequency pressure (3512) 77

551527 O - 60 - 13

Propellers

circulation (2727) \\ . 160

flow distortion (3487) 6l incipient cavitation (3489) 6l

model tests (3373) 2 performance, unsteady flow (3620) 163 pressure distribution, blades (3618) 163

rotating, hydrodynamic pressure (2391) 73 sound pressure (35U) 77 supercavitating ( 3286 ) 162

theoretical thrust distribution (3282) l6l

theory, lifting (2237) 159

thrust deduction (2153) 71 thrust deduction (3509) 76 thrust deduction study (3171) 75 transient forces (26l6) 74 velocity field (3510) 77 ventilated (3617) 163

vibratory pressure field (3513) 77 vibratory thrust (2617) 74 wake fraction (2153) 71 Propellers, vertical axis

performance characteristics ( 3619 ) 163

Prototype check tests penstocks (762) 165

sluices (758) (759) 165 Pulpwood holding grounds (2044) 179

Pumps

axial flow (2500) 1 centrifugal, radial flow (3012) 10 condenser water (3303) 166

flow patterns (3007) 2 dredge (3084) 43 impeller design (3442) 44 research (1548) 2 tests (1132) , 56 tests (3111) 56 turbine model tests (2050) 1 turbine model tests (3300) 166

Pumps, dredging

hopper draghead ( 3586 ) l4l

Rainfall

depth-area-intensity (3660).. 178

effect canopy cover (3472) 55 effect forest cover (2911) 109

hydrologic cycle (1092) 29 intensity (1945) v 70

intensity (3058) 30 intensity (3424) 32 intensity hurricane (244l) l46

Lake Michigan (3423) 31 maximum (779) 168 \ maximum (1751) l45 radar research ( 2443 ) 146

rainfall-runoff (68) 35 rainfall-runoff (564) 32 rainfall-runoff (768) 167

rainfall -runoff (856) 4l rainfall-runoff (1078) 23 rainfall-runoff (2l62) 82 rainfall-runoff (2561) 52 rainfall-runoff relations (368) 88 rainfall-runoff relations (2397) 82 records (1636) 58 records (2534) 30 Tennessee River Basin (768) 167 Tennessee River Basin (779) l68

Rainfall measurements, radar (36DI )..... 147 Rainfall, research

intensity (3251) 147 intensity (3419) 30 Southern California (26l) 110

185
Rainfall, research

United States (2437) 145 Range management practices (27) 6 Reservoirs, dams, Fraser River (3638) 172 Reservoirs

evaporation ( 765 ) 1°7 evaporation (2l8o) 97 evaporation, retardation (2532) 30 linings (1837) 16 sedimentation (307) 44 sedimentation (2175) 95 sedimentation, measurements (233M 36 silting

Illinois (552) 28 temperature gaging (769) 167 Tennessee River (764) 167 Tennessee River (785) l68 Texas (1966) 92 water travel (787) • l68

River "basin systems ( 3054 ) 26 River control structures, Old River, La. (1982) 130

River flow (2698) 148

River flow pattern (2890)(2891) 90

Rock fill, closure dam (2942) 136

Roughness, artificial channels (2950) 149 Roughness

artificial

flow of water (3383) 12 surfaces (2328) 37 surfaces, drag (854) 36 effect of water temperature (1988) . 130

surface (3071) 38 Runoff

control of (2908) 107

denudation effects (23) 5 denudation effects ( 27 ) . . . 6 effect of forest (376) 112

effect of forest (377) 112 effect of forest (656) 108

effects tillage (2597) 6l

floods (2795) 37 hydrologic cycle (1092) 29 infiltration determinations (2498) 177 infiltration determinations (2795) 37 rainfall-runoff (564) 32 rainfall-runoff (856) 41 rainfall-runoff (959) 89 rainfall-runoff (1078) 23 rainfall -runoff (1723) 92 rainfall-runoff (1744)(1745) 145 rainfall-runoff (2162) 82 rainfall-runoff (2165) 86 rainfall-runoff (2331) 40 rainfall-runoff (2334) 40 rainfall-runoff (2795) 37 rainfall-runoff relations (2397) 82

retardation (3426) 34 small areas (1946) 70

small areas (2316) 31 small watersheds (2492) 177 small watersheds (2841) 59 stream (3252) 149

streams (3522) 83 surface, hydraulic characteristics ( 3559 ) • - 103

urban areas ( 564 ) 32 urban areas ( 856 ) 41 watersheds

Idaho (1862) 27 Lafayette, Ind. (1966) 92

Ohio (1966) 92

Ohio and Great Plains (150) 93 Pennsylvania (656) 108

Runoff

watersheds

Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) 35 Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) 35 Tennessee River Valley (780) 168

Salt water intrusion

Delaware River (425) 127 Florida (1966) 92 Sand traps

design (2279) 98

design (3384) 13 Sand-water mixtures, shear (2062) 9 Scourbridge piers (1707) 89 bridge piers (3164) 68 culvert outlets (3038) 20

culverts (1707) 89 protection abutments ( 3069 ) 37 protection piers ( 3069 ) 37 relief bridges (3072) 38 riprap protection (3^9^) 64

Seaway, St. Lawrence (2041) 176

Sediment

bed load formulas (2506) 9 bed load measurement ( 3257 ) • • • • 150

bed load motion (2059) 8 Sediment, cohesive scour resistance (2874) 83 Sediments, organic (3021) 12 Sediment, particle size

distribution (3431) 39 Sediment studies, Arkansas River (3503) 69 Sediments, tagged by radioactive minerals ( 2755 ) 10 Sediment transport ( 3479 ) 59 Sediment transport

artificial channels (2950) 149

estuarial (3382) 12 meandering channels ( 3073 ) 38 natural channels (2950) 149

natural streams (3392) 15 Sediment transportation (2748) 4 Sediment transportation

analysis (2701) 148

beaches (529) 7 bed load

Delaware River (425) 127 wave action, effect (1823) 8 critical tractive force (1502) 152

density currents (307) 44 forces on particles (280) 7 measurement ( 194 ) 69 measurement ( 2125 ) 52 reservoirs (1966) 92 resistance to flow (3105) 53 roughness elements ( 3105 ) 53 suspended load (3642) 172 suspended load

measurement (194) 69 measurement ( 1966 ) 92 Tennessee River (764) 167

Sedimentation (3528) 86 Sedimentation (3604)(3605) 151

Sedimentation

basins (2258) 2 basins (3541) 90

reservoirs (552) 28

reservoirs (785) l68

reservoirs (2175) 95 rivers (2175) 95 velocity of particles (2583) 56 waves (2660) 120

Seepage, canal linings (l859) 27

186
Seepage

canals (1966) 92

sheeted excavation ( 3^+93 ) 63

soil sediments (1859) 27 streams (3428) 39 Servomechanisms (3207) 40 Servomechanisms ( 3^35 )( 3^36 ) 4l Servomechanisms, hydraulic (3494) 63 Sewerage systems, design criteria (3438) 42 Ships

"bending moment (2387) 73 tending moment (2393) 73 tending moments (2865) 74 tending moments (35l6) 78 tending moments (3621) 163

control surfaces (2463) 159

damping, three-dimensional (3168) 74 design (2472) 160

fishing, design (3361) 177

forces (2091) 36 forces (3036) 20

forces, on bodies (2229) 157

hull form research (2729) l60

hydrodynamic characteristics (3177) 76 injection scoops (710) 155 lateral motions in waves ( 3176 ) 76 lines (-1783) 157

lines (2262) 9 maneuvering (1514) 156

model testing facility (3292) l62

models

towing test maneuvering tasin (1781) 157

turbulence stimulation (1506) 156 moments (3036) 20 moorings (3179) 80

moorings ( 3519 ) 8l

motion (2091) 36 motion (2154) (215 5) 72 motion (2356) 57 motion (2462) 159

motion (2962) l60

motion (3179) 80

motions, restraint of (3035) 20 pitching (2390) 73 planing surfaces (340) 71 pressure distribution (2232) 158

propellers

contra-rotating (2471) 159

counter-rotating (2866) 74 oscillating pressures (2236) 159

resistance (3026) 13 resistance (3515) 78

resistance (3517) 78

resistance, frictional (2231) 158

resistance, models (901) 55 resistance, theory (709) 155 seaworthiness (2230) 158

seaworthiness (2235) 159

seaworthiness (3293) l62

slamming (1786) 157

stability (1907) 70

stability ( 3024 )( 3025 ) 13 stability (3518) 78

stabilization (3288) 162

velocity distribution (2232) 150

vibration (2019) 157 wave resistance (3388) 14 wave tests (1907) 70

Shore processes (2192) 120

Shore protection

methods, techniques (2193) 120

structures (529) 7

Silting

harbors north shore of Lake Ontario (336k).. 179

reservoirs, Illinois (552) 28 reservoirs, Tennessee Valley (785) l68

Siphons, irrigation (24) 5 Siphons, pumping plants ( 1*4-75) 129

Sluice gates

cavitation (79) 36 Lockport (3425) 34 Sluiceways

damsSan Acacia (3270) 153

Woodston (2952) 152

dams, discharge ratings

Cherokee Dam (739) 165 Fontana Dam (745) 165

dams, pressure measurement

Cherokee (758) 165 Douglas Dam (759) 165 Snow, forecast melting (3219) 110 Snow surveys Colorado (55) 15 runoff forecasting (55) 15 runoff forecasting (1966) 92

Soil moisture

effect denudation (23) 5 effect timber cutting (377) 112 evaporation (2173) 92

evaporation (2277) 17 forest influences (380) 117

forest influences (657) 113

forest influences (2188) 114

forest influences (2420) 115 measurement ( 26l ) 110 measurement (3564) 105 movement ( IO58 ) 6 movement (2055) 6 movement (2173) 92

permeability (2739) 177 prediction method (3226) 118

semi-desert vegetation (657) 113

Southern California (26l) 110

Soil salinity (2648) 92

Spheres

accelerated motion (3432) 39 motion, viscous fluid (3113) 56 Spillways

barrel type (2751) 10

basic research (1584) 26 Big Bend Reservoir (3586) l4l bulkhead, Greenup Dam (3233) 137

Carillon (3655) 176

dams

Carlyle, Kaskaskia River (3583) 140

Chief Joseph ( 3085 ) 43 Dez River (3052) 26 Dillon Dam (3396) 21 Everett, Plscataqua River (3591) l4l

Flaming Gorge (2960) 153

Fort Patrick Henry (1534) 16

5

Glen Canyon (2719) 152

Hales Bar Dam (IO38) 165

Ice Harbor, Oregon (406) 122 Jackson (2930) 134

John Day (3229) 124 John Redmond (3587) l4l

Mangla, Pakistan (3502) 68

Maxwell (3593) 142

Markland, Ohio River (1739) 130

Mission (3160) 67 Otesco (3548) 91

Paonia (2957) 153

187
Spillways

damsPeters (2151) 71 Pike Island, Ohio River (3589) l4l

Red Rock, Des Moines River (3584) l40

Rio Grande River, Brazil (3549) 91 Tolt River (2881+) 88

Trinity (2705) 152

Wells (353*0 87 design

Priest Rapids (2606) 66 discharge characteristics (2694) 148

discharge coefficients (2159) 78 drop design (1865) 29 energy dissipator (2339) 43 energy dissipator (2878) 87

ice, Lachine Power Project (3342) 175 Ice Harbor, stop log (2921) 12k

Prineville (3268)... 153

Rend Lake (306l) 33 reservoirs, Pearl River (3501) 68

side channel study (2790) 33 siphon (1777) 152

slotted huckets (3616) 155 tunnel, flip buckets ( 3615 ) 155 Wanapum Power Project (3156) 67 Wilson Powerhouse ( 3299 ) l66

Sprinkling systems, irrigation (2185) 98

Sprinkling systems, jets, distribution (21).... 5 Spur dikes, design criteria (3086) 43 Spur dikes, design of (3040) 21 Stilling basins

Big Bend Reservoir (3588) l4l

dams

Cougar (3231) 125 John Redmond (3587) l4l Keystone (294l) 136

Markland, Ohio River (1739) 130

Maxwell (3593) 142 Navajo (3272) 153

Pike Island, Ohio River (3589) l4l design (1074) l6

dimensions (2959) 153

diversion dam, Navajo (3273) 153

erosion below ( 1987 ) 130

hollow- jet valve (2958) 153

Stratified flow, mixing (2791) 37 Stream gaging, bridges (69O) 147 Stream gaging, Tennessee Valley (769) l67

Streamflow, low flow characteristics (3078).... 40

Streamflow forecasts ( I'jkk )

( 1745 ) 145 Streamflow forecasts

Colorado (55) 15 snow surveys (55) 15 snow surveys ( 1966 ) 92

Streamflow, low flows, duration (3420) 31 Streamflow, low flows, frequency (3420) 31 Streams discharge records (2695) 148

dispersal patterns (3254) 150

effect logging (969) 109

effect logging (3535) 88

sand channel (1755) lVf

stage discharge, Iowa (67) 35 water quality (786) l68

Structures conservation (1723) 93 conservation (2789) 32 conservation ( 30U9 ) 24 drainage (2789) 32 sewer, drop (3161) 68

Submerged bodies, forces (2615) 73

Submerged bodies moments (2615) 73 pressure distribution

theoretical analyses (8l) 36 Surge tanks (3639) 172

Surge tanks, South Holston Dam (731) 164

Surges New England South Shore (2868) 79 pipes (1303) 6 elastic tube, dissipation rate (3080) h2 elastic tube, propagation speed (3080) k2 Thrust deduction research ( 3167 ) 74 Tidal estuaries, diffusion (28l8) 59 Tidal flow (3521) 8l

Tidal flow, channels, Delaware River, Pa. (425) 127

Tides, Narragansett Bay (2680) 132

Tidesstorm (2873) 80 storm and hurricane (3412) 25 storm prediction (2438) 146

Tornado model ( 3065 ) 34 Transition

supercritical velocities (2386) 66 Tunnels, water air content (2603) 66 Turbines

cavitation (1133) 56 fish passage (3640) 172 model tests (123) 55 model tests (2582) 56 model tests (337*0 2 partial-admission ( 3095 ) 48 performance (123) 55 propeller

cavitation (271) 1 performance ( 271 ) 1 tests (3111) 56 unsteady tw<3- dimensional flow ( 2807 ) kj vane moments (896) 55 Turbulence

boundary layer (2233) 158

created by fish (3537) 88

decay (2792) 37 low level (2510) 17 measurement apparatus ( 73 ) 35 mechanism (2536) 35 mechanism of (2840) 62 rough surfaces (3427) 35 stimulation (1506) 156

wakes (2233) 158 water measurements (3486) 6l Turbulence control, screens ( 3*+95 ) 64 Turbulence levels, measurement of (3539) 90

Unsteady flow (1786) 157

Valves

butterfly (1603) 43 check (3544) 91

Howell-Bunger (3625) 167

jet -pipe (3092) 47 Velocities, mass -transport (3666) 179 Velocities, low, measurement of (3082) 42 Velocity distribution

effect roughness (3539) 90

tube entrances (3480) 59 Velocity measurement ( 3074 ) 38 Velocity measurement

electro-magnetic (73) 35 hot-wire (73) 35 Virtual mass (2064) 15 Viscosity, oils (957) 89 Vortex flow (3434) 39 Vortex flow, cyclone separators (3094) 48 Vortex formation (3498) 68

188
Vortex motion ( 3391 ) ; 15 Vortex shedding (2802) k6 Wake shapes, surface contours ( 3169 ) 75 Water conservation (3057) 28

Water, consumptive use (1966) 92

Water, consumptive use irrigated crops (2177) 97

ground-water vegetation (3551) 101

residential (3^37) San Francisco Bay Area (2179) 97 vegetation (3560) 103 Water control facilities, design (1723) 9k Water distrihution systems, rate of flow ( 3*+22) 31 Water entry (2900) 93 Water exit, ellipsoidal "bodies (2537) 35 Water levels, storm induced (2869) 79 Water management, subsoil (3563) 105 Water measurement

irrigation (23) 5 irrigation (2k) 5 irrigation ( 26 ) 6 stream flow (67) 35 technique development (312*0 60 Water resources, Tennessee Valley (2975) l68

Watershed management

Albuquerque, N. M. (3570) (3571) Il6

Arizona (657) 113 Arkansas (3225) Il8

Baltimore, Md. (3567) 106 Beaver Creek (2913) 115 Colorado (1971) 11*+ Continental Divide (377) 112 Grand Junction, Colo. (2657) 115 Idaho (2907) 107

infiltrometer development ( 2905 ) 106

Laramie, Wyo. (3569) 116 Leesville, Ohio (3565) 105 Newark, N. J. (3568) 109 New Mexico (1969) Ilk

Northern California (2U15) Ill Pennsylvania (656) 108

Pennsylvania (2910) 109

research (2658) 115 Rocky Mountain Front Range (376) 112 Southeastern United States (380) 117

Southern California (261) 110

Tallahatchee Research Center (291^) 118 Trout Creek, Colo. (3223) Il6

Utah (1971) 11^

Wayne County, Pa. (966) 108

White Mountains, N. H. (2^19) 108

Wyoming ( 1971 ) Ilk

Watershed-range management

Albuquerque, N. M. ( 3572 )( 3573) Il6

Watershed studies

Arizona (150) 93 Beaver Creek ( 3222 ) Il6

Central Utah (2903) 106

Colorado (1971) H*+

effects logging (969) 109 effects logging (265k) 103 Florida (150) 93

forest influences (376) 112

florest influences (377) 112

florest influences (380) 117

forest influences (656)(966)(ll88) 108

hydrologic cycle (176*0 1U7

hydrologic cycle (2l62) 82 Idaho (2903) 106

Illinois (150) 93 Illinois (552) 28 Illinois (657) 113

Watershed studies

Illinois (2316) 31 Iowa (150) 93 Lafayette, Ind. (1966) 92 Maine (150) 93 Management ( 26l ) 110

Maryland (150) 93 Michigan (150) 93 Nebraska (150) 93 New Jersey (150) 93 Northern Utah (2909) 108 Oklahoma ( 2365 ) - 60

Parker Branch (3307) 168

Pine Tree (3309) 169 prediction methods (356l) 10k

Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) 35 Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) 35 rehabilitation depleted slopes (3562) 10k Tennessee River Valley (768) 167 Tennessee River Valley (780) 168 Texas (150) 93 Virginia (150) 93 White Hollow (3308) 169 White Mountains, N. H. (2kl9) 108

Wisconsin (150) 93 Water supplies

Colo. River Basin of Nevada (2652) 99 Water utilization (769) 167 Waters, surface, characteristics (3059) 30 Wave absorbers, design of (293*0 • 135 Wave action

beaches (l8l) Il8

beaches (529) 7 beaches (660) 118 beaches (1609) kk beaches (1631) 70

breakwaters

harbors, Duluth-Superior (2685) 133 pervious, impervious (998) 127 rubble -mound (999) 127 East Passage, Narragansett Bay (3590) ikl

harbor (2870) 80

harbors (3*+69) 53 shore protection works (529) 7 Wave forces

harbors (3kkk) V7 inlets (3kkk) kl Wave forecasting

methods (2916) 121 methods (3520) 8l Wave research (2357) 57 Wave setup, beaches (3228) 121

Wave, shock (3096) k8 Wave studies (3120) 57 Waves

directional spectrum ( 3505 ) 69 forces, submerged structures (2659) 120

gravity- capillary (3181) 8l

impulsively generated (3506) 70

measuring techniques (226l) 9 pressure generated (3023) 12 reproduction of (3029) Ik run-up, shore structures (2661) 121 standing (3*A5) kl three-dimensional (3^5) *+7 ultrasonic (3528) 86 Waves, gravity

axisymmetric (3*+30) 39 diffraction of (2871) 80

motion (366*0 179 theory (3389) 1^ Waves, internal, motion of cylinders ( 3599 )

• • • • ikk

189
Waves, internal progressive oscillatory

damping (36OO) lU5

Waves, surface

absorption (211+3) 65 characteristics, observed (660) 118 contours (3^0) 71 energy losses (2298) 2h gages (977) 119

generation (k) 70

generation ( 1U78 ) - ihh

resistance (709) 155 solitary (159) 1^

Weirs (3613) 155 Weirs

basic research (ll+9) 88

basic research (319) 5^ basic research (158^) 26 basic research (2578) 5I+ calibration (2860) 66

Weirs

discharge characteristics (269*0 1^8

rectangular (1852) 26 sharp crested (232U) 36 side (1912) 57 V-notch (1709) 89 Weirs, adjustable

discharge capacity ( 36II ) 15^

Wells

construction (2576) 5^ drilling (2*0 5 Wells, irrigation

construction (3033). 19 filter design (2901) 99 sediment retention (3215) 100

Wind, velocity (2^2) lk6

Wind and water behavior ( 3051 ) 25 Wind tides, research (2kk2) lk6

Wind waves, canals (2953) 152

190

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1960 O - 551527
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its major laboratories in Washington, D.C, and Boulder. Colorado, is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work. In general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by its title. A brief description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of the front cover. WASHINGTON, D.C.

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Measurements. Dielectrics. Engineering Electronics. Electronic Instrumentation. Electrochemistry.

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Physics.

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• Office of Basic Instrumentation. • Office of Weights and Measures BOULDER, COLORADO

Cryogenic Engineering. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Processes. Properties of Materials. Gas Liquefaction.

Radio Propagation Physics. Upper Atmosphere Research. Ionosphere Research. Regular Prediction Services. Sun-Earth Relationships. VHF Research. Radio Warning Services. Airglow and Aurora. Radio Astronomy and

Arctic Propagation.

Radio Propagation Engineering. Data Reduction Instrumentation. Radio Noise. Tropospheric Measurements.

Tropospheric Analysis. Propagation-Terrain Effects. Radio-Meteorology. Lower Atmosphere Physics.

Radio Standards. High-Frequency Electrical Standards. Radio Broadcast Service. Radio and Microwave Materials. Atomic Frequency and Time Standards. Electronic Calibration Center. Microwave Circuit Standards. Radio Communication and Systems. Low Frequency and Very Low Frequency Research. High Frequency and

Very High Frequency Research. Modulation Systems. Antenna Research. Navigation Systems. Systems Analysis.

Field Operations.
Hydraulic Research in the United States

Guides to projects conducted by various hydraulic and hydrologic laboratories

in the United States and Canada during 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956,

1957, 1958, and 1959. Project reports cover work done at 72 private or State

laboratories in the United States, 22 Federal laboratories, and 8 Canadian

laboratories. These publications outline individual projects on nearly 200

subjects in the field.

Order:NBS Miscellaneous Publication 201, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1951, 190 pages. Price $1.25.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 205, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1952, 200 pages. Price $1.00.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 208, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1953,

215 pages. Price $1.25.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 210, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1954,

207 pages. Price $1.25.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 218, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1956,

216 pages. Price $1.50

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 221, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1957, 220 pages. Price $1.50.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 224, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1958, 168 pages. Price $1.25.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 227, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1959, 188 pages. Price $1.25.