SIBSIR 87-3606

Research Information. v_.cn ter .National bureau of Standards

Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899

NOV 2 1987

ricVif aDd i'bo

Interim Survey of Selected

Military Building

Research Approach

Arthur I. Rubin

Belinda L Collins

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Building Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

August 1987

Prepared for: U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command

U.S. Army

Arlington Hall, VA 22212-5000

NBSIR 87-3606

INTERIM SURVEY OF SELECTED

MILITARY BUILDING ENVIRONMENTS: A

RESEARCH APPROACH

Arthur I. Rubin

Belinda L. Collins

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Building Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

August 1987

Prepared for: U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command

U.S. Army

Arlington Hall, VA 22212-5000

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Clarence J. Brown, Acting Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

ABSTRACT

Because many military and civilian employees of the U.S. Army are

required to work in environments unlike those experienced by most

civilian workers, a project involving a comprehensive assessment

of such workplaces was initiated. This assessment involves a two-phase effort in which the first phase consisted of a literature search, interviews with experts, site visits, and

limited field environmental measurements. The second phase will

include a comprehensive assessment of environmental conditions

including lighting at selected military facilities. The present

report documents findings from phase 1, including a detailed

bibliography of target areas: lighting, stress, and shiftwork.

It also includes preliminary results from a visit to two military

field stations. During each visit, selected individuals,

including supervisory, operational, analytical, and maintenance

personnel, were interviewed to determine their view of the

environmental conditions. At the same time, limited field

measurements were made, including lighting, noise, temperature,

humidity, and particle counts (at site 2 only). Preliminary data

and recommendations are presented.

Keywords

Automation, contrast, environmental assessment, indoor air

quality, lighting, luminance, noise, p o s t - o c cup ancy evaluation,

temperature, VDT's.

i i i
FOREWORD

This report is the first in a series documenting National Bureau

of Standards (NBS) research and analyses efforts in support of

the Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM) program on field station environmental assessment. This report is a deliverable product for Phase 1.

The report summarizes research conducted from August 1986 to

19 8 7.

We wish to acknowledge with special thanks, the interest,

cooperation, and encouragement of the sponsor and the field

station personnel during all aspects of the project.

iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pa ge

ABSTRACT iii

FOREWARD iv

LIST OF TABLES vii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY viii

1. BACKGROUND 1

1 . 1 Ob j ec tives 1 1.2 Technical Approach 2

1 . 3 Phase 1 2

1 . 4 Phase 2 2

1.5 Short Term Recommendations 3

1.5.1 Lighting 3

1.5.2 Air Quality 3

1.5.3 Noise 4

1.5.4 Maintenance 4

1.5.5 Furniture 4

2. INTRODUCTION .5

3. EVALUATION OF SITE 1 5

3 . 1 General Comments 5 3.2 Lighting Systems 6

3.3 Acoustic Conditions 6

3.4 Workstation Issues 7

3.5 Other Issues 7

3.6 Environment Measures at Site 1 8

3.6.1 lighting Measurements 8

3.6.2 Acoustic Measurements 13

4. EVALUATION OF SITE 2 14

4.1 General Comments 14

4.1.1 Air Conditioning System 14

4.1.2 Air Quality 15

4.1.3 Space Issues 15

4.1.4 Lighting 16

4.1.5 Noise Issues 17

4.1.6 Shortages and Shortfalls 17

4.1.7 Equipment 18

4.1.8 Break Areas 18

4.1.9 Other Issues 18

v
4.2 Environmental Measures at Site 2 19

4.2.1 Lighting Measures 19

4. 2. 1.1 Comparison of LightingSite 1 and Site 2. . . . 26

4. 2. 1.2 Background Information

Concerning Lighting Needs

for VDT Tasks . i ........ . .27

4.3 Acoustic Measures. 29

4.4 Thermal Environmental Measures 31

4.5 Indoor Air Quality 31

4.5.1 Background Information on Indoor Air

Quality 37

5 . CONCLUSIONS 39

6. REFERENCES 41

APPENDIX A - GLOSSARY 43

APPENDIX B - PROTOCOL FOR FURTHER ASSESSMENT AT SITE 2.46

B.l Additional In-Depth Interviews. 46

B.2 Additional Physical Measurements. 46

B. 3 Questionnaire Administration 46

APPENDIX C - DETAILED INTERVIEWS AT SITE 2 47

C . 1 Army 47

C.1.1 Analytical Supervisory Personnel 47

C.1.2 Army Analysts. ...50

C.1.3 Army Operations Supervisors 51

C. 1.3.1 Lighting 51

C . 1 . 3 . 2 Noise 52

C.1.3.Break Areas/Air Quality 52

C.1.3.Individual Army Operator s ..... 5

C . 2 Navy 5 5

C.2.1 Operations Supervisors 5 5 C . 2 . 2 Analysts 5 6

C. 3 Air Force Supervisor 59

C-.4 Facilities Personnel 61

C.4.1 Army Facilities Engineer 61

C.4.2 Additional Site Management P e r s onne 1 . . . 6

C.5 Supervisory Civilian Analyst 67

C.6 Conservations with Individual Operators 68

(During Environmental Measurements)

C. 7 General Observations 69

APPENDIX D - RELATED BIBLIOGRAPHIES

D. l Stress... 71

D.2 Shiftwork 79

D . 3 Lighting 84

vi
LIST OF TABLES

1. Lighting Measurements at Site 1 9

2. Lighting Measurement at Site 2 20

3. Calculated Measures of Contrast and Contrast

Rendition 2 3

4. Measured Noise Levels at Site 2 30

5. Particle Concentration at Selected Locations 33

vi i
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Many military and civilian employees of the U.S. Army are

required to work in environments unlike those experienced by most

civilian workers. A project involving a comprehensive assessment

of such environments was therefore initiated. This assessment

involves a two-phase effort in which the first phase consisted of

a literature search, interviews with experts, site visits, and

limited field environmental measurements. The second phase will

include a comprehensive assessment of environmental conditions

including lighting at selected military facilities.

During the first phase, a literature search was initiated in

three target areas - lighting, stress, and shiftwork. All are

thought to influence job performance. The references listed at

the end of the present report were identified and obtained as

part of this effort.

In addition, in the first phase of the project, two military

field stations were visited to gain an understanding of the types

of environments typical in such facilities. Both were

windowless, housing extensive automated equipment, including

Video Display Terminals (VDT's) typically in an open-office

arrangement. Site 1 consisted of two small buildings, while site

2 consisted of a large underground facility. During each visit,

selected individuals, including supervisory, operational,

analytical, and maintenance personnel were interviewed to

determine their view of the environmental conditions. At the

same time, limited field measurements were made, including

lighting, noise, temperature, humidity, and air particle counts

(at site 2 only).

Conversations during the interviews indicated problems with

lighting (particularly in the VDT areas), temperature, air

quality (particularly at site 2), furniture condition

(particularly chairs), condition and maintenance of HVAC

equipment, overall quality of the space, and need for break areas

for non-smokers and improved spaces for smokers.

Preliminary environmental measurement data from the site visits

are presented. Initial results suggest that lighting is a major

problem at both sites, partially because of the mix of VDT and

paper tasks, although the problems are more pronounced at site 2.

Here, light levels in the areas where VDT's are used are very low

- around 70 lux (7 fc) - well below IES (Illuminating Engineering

Society) recommendations of 200 to 1000 lux for reading printed

material in offices. Yet, problems of lowered contrast, specular

reflections, and glare on the VDT screen due to the light sources

themselves are common, particularly when the light levels are

raised to about 200 lux. At this level, paper tasks can easily

be read - but VDT tasks become more difficult. Yet, people

vi i i
)

reading paper copy complain that they cannot see at the lower

levels

.

Further research will document the extent of problems with screen

contrast, luminaire placement, and diffuser type. Other

environmental problems included noise, particularly from printers

and air handlers, HVAC outages at site 1, high humidities and low

temperatures which were outside the American Society of Heating,

Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) comfort

recommendations at site 2, and problems with dust and mold at

site 2 . Based on the interviews and preliminary data, recommendations for

some immediate changes are presented. In addition, a research

plan for determining the magnitude and relative importance of

different environmental features is presented. In the final

report, guidelines for designing or altering military office

spaces such as these will be presented, based on the results of

the detailed environmental assessment.

ix
4 i .
1 . BACKGROUND

Many military and civilian employees of the U.S. Army are

required to work in environments unlike those experienced by most

workers. These are characterized by windowless spaces, highly

automated equipment, and work tasks that require utmost

concentration. These conditions have led to employee complaints

concerning lighting, air quality, thermal environmental

conditions, lack of view to the outside and rotating work

schedules that add stress to an already complex work situation.

The working conditions described are thought to detract from the

job performance of the staff, and guidelines are sought for

environmental changes to ameliorate the problems identified.

Noise, lighting, temperature, humidity and indoor air quality

constitute important measures of the indoor environment. Noise

guidelines have been set generally by the Environmental

Protection Agency (EPA) and the Occupational Safety and Health

Administration (OSHA). Typically, these refer to the amount of

time a person can be exposed to a noise source without suffering

hearing damage but do not deal with the stressful effects of

lower levels of noise.

Lighting levels are. not covered by regulations such as the OSHA

noise levels. Nonetheless, the Illuminating Engineering Society

of North America (IESNA) and the Commission Internationale de

l'Eclairage (CIE) have made recommendations about lighting levels

for tasks based on research into visual performance. Similarly

ASHRAE has developed guidelines for indoor temperature and

humidity based on research into human comfort, and is developing

guidelines for indoor air quality. EPA and others are working on

regulating indoor air quality, as well. (Certain aspects of

indoor air quality have been covered for years under mining and

industrial regulations limiting exposure to harmful chemicals,

e tc . )

1 . 1 OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the study are:

1. To determine the specific nature of the general problems

cited by the U.S. Army.

2. To plan and conduct a research investigation to gather

quantitative data concerning the problems.

3. To propose design guidelines and/or other means of

implementing the findings of the study.

1
1 . 2 TECHNICAL APPROACH

The study is being performed in two phases. The first phase,

reported here, consisted of a literature search, interviews with

experts, and planning and conducting a pilot study at a limited

number of field sites. The second phase will be a comprehensive

field investigation at a sample of additional sites, including

field measurements of lighting, air quality, noise etc.

1 . 3 PHASE 1 The primary purposes of phase 1 were to gain a better

understanding of existing environmental problems, develop, test,

and refine data collection methods, and plan for the major study

in phase 2. The specific tasks accomplished were:

1. Conduct a literature search of relevant research.

2. Plan, test, and refine data collection methodologies for

initial field studies.

3. Conduct pilot studies at two field locations.

4. Evaluate findings of above and submit a detailed

research plan for phase 2.

1 . 4 PHASE 2

The environmental assessment of phase 2 will consist of a comprehensive evaluation of physical conditions such as lighting,

noise, temperature, humidity, space and (limited) air quality,

and the user responses to these conditions. An analysis of the

tasks performed at the site will also be undertaken to determine

the effect of environmental and other design factors on work

performance. User response data will be obtained in two ways:

in-depth personal interviews with key people; and a detailed

environmental questionnaire of a representative sample of site

personnel. The phase 2 tasks are to:

1. Conduct a "full fledged" field study (physical and

performance measures) at a sample of field sites. The

specific study design will be based upon the findings

obtained during phase 1

2. Complete the general literature search initiated in

phase 1, including evaluations of environmental and duty

cycle conditions on job performance.

3. Complete a design guideline, and suggest other means of

upgrading work conditions; e.g. demonstration studies.

2
1 . 5 SHORT TERM RECOMMENDATIONS ( IMMEDIATE ACTIONS POSSIBLE)

During phase 1, two field stations were visited. Site 1 consisted of two windowless buildings above ground. Site 2 was

an underground facility reached by a long tunnel (approximately

1/4 mile long). At the two sites, several general types of

problems were identified: lighting, air quality, noise, furniture

condition, space, and maintenance. For some of the issues

identified, preliminary recommendations follow. Data collected

during phase 2 will be used as a basis for more extensive

recommendations

.

1.5.1 Lighting

Problem: Many different types of lamps and fixtures are in the

facility, soften several in the same space.

Recommendation: Lamp and fixture uniformity will improve general

office appearance and greatly simplify inventory requirements.

Problem: The resolution of many CRT screens is a source of

concern because they are hard to read; some are quite old.

Recommendation: Replace obsolete equipment.

Problem: Lighting Conditions are inadequate to support VDT and

paper tasks in some locations.

Recommendation: In the operations and analysis areas, task

lighting, (a small lamp used to light the paper copy) might be

useful, leaving the ambient lighting at a relatively low level.

On the operations floor, another possibility is the use of

supplementary up-lighting to light the ceiling but not prodance

glare on the VDT screens. This would allow the overall levels to

remain low yet provide some visual interest to the space. Still

another solution is greater use of parabolic fixtures to direct

the light on the task while minimizing glare.

Problem: Glare on the VDT screens.

Recommendation: The desks ought to be located so no lamps are

directly in front of the occupants or directly behind them if

they are using VDT ' s

.

1.5.2 Air Quality

Problem: Diesel fumes are in enclosed areas, caused by truck

travel in the tunnel.

Recommendation: One approach would be to ban all trucks from

idling their motors while in the tunnel, and to ban vehicular

movement in the tunnel during shift change. A more permanent

3
solution would probably involve exhausting the air from the

tunnel as part of the overall air handling system design. This

capability should be included in any air conditioning upgrade.

Problem: Break areas are filled with smoke.

Recommendation: Air cleaners should be placed in the break

areas

1.5.3 Noise

Problem: Noise interference with tasks.

Recommendation: For printers, covers would provide some

protection from noise.

Problem: Noise produced from air handlers

Recommendation: Limit the number of personnel located near them.

1.5.4 Maintenance

Problem: Much of the facility could stand painting.

Recommendation: Painting the walls using a variety of colors,

and murals, borders, or pictures, is likely to improve the

appearance of the overall work environment.

1.5.5 Furniture

Problem: Many chairs are unsuitable for the tasks being

performed

Recommendation: Durable, ergonomic chairs should be employed.

They should be similar to those used by FAA controllers. A

limited number of them could be tested to determine whether they

will overcome the deficiencies noted in the chairs presently used

by military personnel.

4
2 . INTRODUCTION

Two facilities staffed by the U.S. Army and other armed services

were studied as the first phase of a research effort. Both are

windowless and house considerable amounts of electronic and

automated office equipment. At the first site (Site 1), two

buildings in an above-ground location were visited briefly to

gain some understanding of the types of tasks, equipment, and

general conditions typical of such facilities. At the second

site (Site 2), an underground facility, a more detailed

evaluation was made.

Phase 2 of this study will consist of a more detailed

investigation of Site 2, including a questionnaire survey, and

investigations at two more sites, where similar activities are

performed.

These preliminary data are discussed in the following sections.

3. EVALUATION OF SITE 1 The two buildings at Site 1 suggest warehouses converted for new

uses. The original structure and building systems such as ducts,

wiring, etc. , are very much in evidence. As a result, the work

setting appears to be somewhat makeshift, with equipment,

furniture, and people placed wherever there is room to

accommodate them. This is particularly true in the first

building, currently under reconstruction, yet operational.

3 . 1 GENERAL COMMENTS

The heating, air conditioning, and electrical power systems were

modified (generally downsized) from the original design. Because

the equipment and personnel loading are much higher than the

modified design, environmental problems are common. For example,

work is frequently halted when the temperature exceeds the level

required for equipment to operate properly. In other cases,

large fans added to circulate air contribute considerably to the

overall noise level.

Uniform temperature and air movement conditions in the buildings

are difficult to achieve, since the original systems were

designed for warehouse operations. As a result, temperatures in

many spaces vary from being too hot or too cold, while stagnant

air was mentioned as a problem by several respondents. These

latter problems were more severe in office areas, where

administrative functions are separated by space dividers or

located in private offices. The appropriate balancing of

heating, air conditioning and air flow systems was said to be an

ever-present problem.

5
3 . 2 LIGHTING SYSTEMS

The lighting system consisted of fluorescent 2x4 fixtures with

only two 40 watt lamps operational. Although light sources were

generally daylight fluorescent, some had been occasionally

replaced with cool white lamps, giving the ceiling a checkerboard

appearance. In the first building, eggcrate diffusers were used

in a recessed housing. During the study many lamps were nonfunctional due to outages or the desire to reduce screen glare.

In the first building, several lamps were flickering, indicating

the need for lamp or ballast replacement. Diffusers were also

quite dirty, probably because of the construction occurring at

one end of the building.

Timely relamping appeared to be a major problem in the first

building, exacerbated perhaps by the on - going renovations.

While lamp replacement is regularly scheduled, interview findings

indicated this procedure was not effective. When lamps burn out,

affected workers inform maintenance personnel responsible for

replacing lamps. Considerable time often elapses between the

notification of a burnt-out lamp, and its replacement.

In the newly renovated space, special non-glare luminaires using

parabolic diffusers were being installed. Each lamp in a fixture

can be controlled by individual operators. Without equipment or

people in the space, these fixtures appeared to reduce problems

of glare and unevenly lit areas. On initial examination, this

lighting system appeared to be effective for most VDT based

tasks

In the second building, a pendant-mounted 2-lamp fixture with no

diffuser was employed. The general impression was of higher

light levels with a harsh, glaring appearance. The daylight

fluorescent lamps added to the starkness of the environment,

since the desks and equipment were mostly gray. The use of cool

white replacement lamps for daylight fluorescent was particularly

obvious here. Since there were fewer VDT screens, no screen

glare problems were observed. (Detailed measures of selected

lighting installations are presented in section 2.2)

3 .ACOUSTIC CONDITIONS

Many key activities performed at workstations at both sites were

extremely noise sensitive. They are based on aural

communications of various types, with the information received

often embedded in electronic noise. Significant environmental

noise sources made the task much more difficult; the signal-tonoise ratios were often significantly degraded. Under these

circumstances, there are three likely outcomes:

1. It takes longer to perform the task.

2. There are likely to be more operator errors.

6
3. Performing work under these conditions is very

difficult, stressful and demanding for the worker.

The noise problem was intensified by the "hard" surfaces of the

walls and metal equipment racks, and the lack of soft surfaces

(such as fabric dividers or curtains) that might absorb sound.

The equipment, walls, and floors all reflect sound, resulting in

a workspace that in many ways acts as a reverberation room. As a result, overall sound levels approached those produced by the

major noise sources within the space. In short, instead of

minimizing the detrimental effects of noise, the space design

maximizes them.

Another problem was that the noise producing equipment do not

have acoustical treatment (such as printer covers) which could

significantly reduce the sound level locally, and in the general

environment

.

3 . 4 WORKSTATION ISSUES

All activities other than administrative and some supervisory

functions were conducted in open space areas. Panels or other

dividers were not used between operators or analysts. Working

conditions appeared to be quite crowded, particularly in the

first building.

The size and configuration of the individual workstations were

largely dictated by the equipment used by operators. They were

abutted together, with minimal room for anything but materials

being worked on at a given time. Operators work side-by-side in

several rows. There was no place for personal items, which

intensifies the factory-like appearance of the setting.

The analysts also worked in an open setting, with no separation

between people. The analysts had private desks, not surrounded

by electronic equipment thereby enjoying more immediate work area

space than operators, but space remained at a premium. The

nature of their tasks, requiring considerable thought and

concentration, suggests the need for more privacy and acoustic

separation

.

3 . 5 OTHER ISSUES

The quality of the break areas was a frequently raised concern.

The current break area in the first building is a small room

shared by smokers and non-smokers which houses soda and candy

machines. In the second building the break area is located on a renovated loading dock and is quite uncomfortable in the rain or

cold. While perhaps adequate for a quick break, these areas are

not suitable for meals, although used for this purpose when the

main dining facility is closed. Operators expressed the desire

7
for an attractive break area to get away from their work, if only

briefly

Corridors in the facility, particularly building 1, were quite

narrow, barely permitting passage for two people walking in

opposite directions. They offered little opportunity for casual

conversation without severely disrupting traffic.

Still another issue is the nondescript appearance of the

facility. The walls are painted in pastel colors (often yell,ow

or buff); much of the furniture is gray metal; no dividers are

used; and there are no windows. The lighting is daylight

fluorescent which contributes to the "cold" appearance of the

facility. In one area, however, murals had been painted on two

walls in general view of the operators. Several people commented

favorably on this touch of interest and color and expressed a desire for more

3 . 6 ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES AT SITE 1 During the visit to Site 1 a limited number of lighting and noise

measurements was made to characterize some of the physical

conditions in the two buildings, and to test procedures and

instrumentation to be used in the later study.

3.6.1 Lighting Measurements

Lighting measures consisted of measures of illuminance and

luminance for both a paper task and VDT screen. These measures

are given in table 1. In addition, contrast, or the ratio

between the task and surround luminance, was also calculated.

As noted earlier, in the first building at Site 1, two

fluorescent lamps were used in a 4 lamp recessed fixture with

eggcrate diffusers. (In many areas, dirt was visible on the

louvers.) In this area, 40-watt daylight lamps were used.

Fixtures were located about every 5 to 6 ft. Most of the VDT

screens had anti - ref lective screens on them. Despite these

screens, in a number of cases, the luminaire could be seen imaged

on the VDT screen. In the second building, 2 40-watt daylight

fluorescent lamps were again used, this time in a pendant mounted

fixture with no diffusers. Here, the lamps were suspended

directly below a curved reflector.

8
1

Table 1. Lighting Measurements at Site 1

iTable 1 A. Measured Illuminance and Luminance

Operations 1

Ilium. Luminance in cd/m2 VDT VDT VDT

Area Type Lux Rhite Task Desk Keybrd Screen Char Lamp Ceiling

Paper

1 DESK 107. b 30. 5 3. 0

2 DESK 182. 9 53. 4 5. 8 1911.

7

7. 5

1 VDT 53. 8 5. 1 0. 5 3. 0 3. 0 10. 0

2 VDT 1 bl . 4 28. 8 25. 4 0. 5 4. 2 589. 3 8. 7

3 DESK 193. 7

4 VDT 129. 1 2. 0 9. b 582. 4 5. 0

5 VDT b4. b 0. 7 10. 1 b VDT 129. 1 27. 7 5. 8 1. 8 1. b 11. 9 2b27.

7

4. 2

7 VDT 9b. 8 27. 0 5. 2 1. 1 0. b 14. 3 5b. 2 1 . 1 8 VDT 129. 1 13. 8 5. 1 1.

0

1. 4 9. 7 579. 0 4. 9

9 DESK 2b9. 0 b5. 1 b. 0 48. b 0. 0 0. 0 • 0. 0 b74. 9 11.2

MEAN 137. 9 31. 4 3. 2 12. 3 b. 5 1.

4

10. 0 1003. 0 5. 4

STD 58. 9 18. 3 2. 8 1b. 3 9. 5 0. 8 2. 8 844. 9 3. 4

Analysis 1

Ilium. Luminance in cd/m2 VDT VDT VDT

Area Type Lux Rhite Task Desk Keybrd Screen Char Lamp Ceiling

Paper

1 DESK 2b9. 0 79. 8 10. 1 0. 0 5. 9

2 DESK 441. 2 144. 2 12. 5 19. 3 b88. b 25. 1 3 DESK 548. 8 12b. 8 100. 4 5. 0 27. 2 b8l . 8 23. 9

4 DESK 559. 5 143. 2 27. 8 10. 3 2b48.

3

27. 4

5 DESK 247. 5 75. 7 5. 1 51.

7

b71 .

5

13. b

b DESK 193. 7 53. 1 4. 8 b. 8 558. 4 10. 1 7 DESK 107. b 2b. 5 1. 1 17. b b37. 2 7. 1 MEAN 338. 2 92. 8 10. 3 30. 9 5. 0 27. 2 981. 0 1b. 2

STD 1b5. 2 42. 7 9. 5 31 . b 74b. 9 8. 4

Redesigned Area Kith Parabolic Fixtures

Ilium. Luminance in cd/m2 VDT VDT VDT

Area Type Lux Rhite Task Desk Keybrd Screen Char Lamp Ceiling

Paper

1 DESK 37b. b 108. 9 8. 7 b5. 8 37b. 9 32. 0

2 DESK 333. b 108. b 11. b 1 bb. 8 158b. 2 19. 7

MEAN 355. 1 108. 8 10. 2 11b. 3 981. 5 25. 8

STD 21.

5

0. 2 1.5 50. 5 b04. 7 b. 1

9
Table 1. Continued

Analysis 2

Ilium. Luminance in cd/m2 VDT VDT VDT

Area Type Luz Jfhite Task Desk Keybrd Screen Char Lamp

Paper

1 DESK 22b. 0 bb. 1 4. 9 11.8 bb4. b

2 DESK 22b. 0 b4. 1 b. 2 b. 0

t 5b1. 9

3 DESK 312. 0 89. 8 b. 3 12. 5 544. 7

4 DESK 301.

3

73. 7 5. 2 11.5 f 72. 1 5 VDT 312. 0 9b. b 8. 3 9. 1 58. b 2. 4 18. 5 0. 0

MEAN 275. 5 78. 0 b. 2 10. 2 58. b 2. 4 18. 5 585. 8

STD 40. b 13. 0 1. 2 2. 4 4b. 5

Operations 2

Ilium. Luminance in <sd/m2 VDT VDT VDT

• Area Type Luz Rhite Task Desk Keybrd Screen Char Lamp

Paper

1 DESK 139. 9 37. 3 2. 2 12. 8 493. 3

2 DESK 193. 7 54. 1 2. b 14. 1 1010. 7

3 DESK Ibl. 4 4b. b 2. 1 14. 5 507. 0

4 DESK 118. 4 33. 5 1. 5 17. 8 5b8. 7

5 DESK 193. 7 37. 3 1. 8 14. 7 5. 1 b23. 5

MEAN Ibl. 4 41. 8 2. 0 14. 8 5. 1 b40. 7

STD 29. 7 7. 5 0. 4 1. b 190. 8

Table IB. Calculated1 Contrast and Contrast Ratios at Site 1 Operations 1 Area Luz Contrast Contrast Contrast Contrast

Ratio Ratio

1 107. b

2 182. 9

1 53. 8 10. b 0. 91 3. 4 0. 70

2 Ibl. 4 8. 2 0. 88

3 193. 7

4 129. 1 4. 8 0. 79

5 b4. b 15. b 0. 94

b 129. 1 7. 4 0. 8b

7 9b. 8 23. 2 0. 9b

8 129. 1 b. 9 0. 8b

9 2b9. 0 10. 9 0. 91

137. 9 9. 7 0. 90 0. 8b

58. 9 b. b 0. 85 3. 4 0. 70

Ceiling

14 . 8

1 4. 1 19 . 2

19 . 0

0 . 0

1b. 8

2. 3

Ceiling

7. b

8. 5

b. 7

4. 3

b, 0

b. b

1. 4

10
Table 1. Continued

Analysis 1 Area Luz Contrast Contrast Contrast Contrast

Ratio Ratio

1 269. 0

2 441. 2 11.5 0. 91

3 548. 8 0. 82

4 559. 5 5. 1 0. 81

5 247. 5 14. 9 0. 93

6 193. 7 11.2 0. 91

7 107. 6 23. 5 0. 96

338. 2 9. 0 0. 89 0. 2 0. 82

165. 2 4. 5 0. 78

Redesigned Area irith Parabolic Fiztures

Area Luz Contrast Contrast Contrast Contrast

Ratio Ratio

1 376. 6 12. 6 0. 92

'2 333. 6 9. 3 0. 89

355. 1 10. 7 0. 91

21.

5

0. 1 6. 50

Analysis 2

Area Luz Contrast Contrast Contrast Contrast

Ratio Ratio

226. 0 13. 4 0. 93

2 226. 0 10. 3 0. 90

3 312. 0 0. 93

4 301.

3

14. 1 0. 93

5 312. 0 11.6 0. 91 7. 8 0. 87

275. 5 12. 6 0. 92 7. 8 0. 87

40. 6 10. 9 0. 91

Operations 2

Area Luz Contrast Contrast Contrast Contrast

Ratio Ratio

1 139. 9 17. 0 0. 94

2 193. 7 21. 1 0. 95

3 161.

4

0. 9b

4 118. 4 22. 3 0. 96

5 193. 7 20. 6 0. 95

161. 4 20. 5 0. 95

29. 7 21.

0

0. 95

11
Inspection of table 1 reveals that for the operations area in the

first building at Site 1, the mean illuminance was 138 lux (12.8

fc). Screen contrast was calculated to be 0.86. The mean lamp

luminance was 1003 cd/m^ . In the first analysis area at Site 1,

mean illuminance was 338 lux (31.4 fc). Only one VDT was

measured in this location, so only the paper task contrasts could

be calculated as shown at the bottom of table 1. Mean lamp

luminance was 981 cd/m^ for this area.

One area at Site 1 had been redesigned with parabolic fixtures,

and individual dimming switches (as well as with raised floors

and improved air conditioning.) Parabolic fixtures are designed

to direct the light directly down, with relatively little spill

into adjacent areas. Since this area had not yet been occupied,

no data are available on VDT luminances. Data taken for a paper

task indicate that both illuminance and contrast were relatively

high, 335 lux (33 fc) and 0.90, respectively. In this area lamp

luminance (and illuminance on the task) varied considerably

depending on the position of the light meter relative to the

diffuser

Additional lighting measurements were taken at both operator and

analyst stations in the second building at Site 1. As noted

earlier, the lighting here was from pendant -mounted bare

fixtures, with a reflector mounted behind the two fluorescent

lamps and no diffuser.

In the second building, the mean illuminance was somewhat lower

than in the first building for the analytical areas, 276 lux

(35.6 fc); but higher for the operational areas, 161 lux (15 fc).

Mean luminances for the white paper were 78 cd/m^ and 41.8 cd/m , respectively. Calculated contrasts for both areas were slightly

higher than in the first building. Data were obtained for only

one VDT unit (since they were infrequently used in this

building), making it impossible to draw any conclusions about the

effect of room lighting on VDT ' s . Mean lamp luminances were

quite low. The standard deviations of lamp luminance were also

much smaller, since measurements did not have to be taken through

diffusers. Ceiling luminances were actually higher than in the

first building.

The overall lighting in the second building appeared very harsh

and glaring, perhaps because of the bare fluorescent lamps. The

combination of daylight fluorescent, a very blue-white light,

with the gray metal furniture increased the overall sensation of

harsh, bright lighting.

During informal discussion with operations staff and analysts, no

complaints about the lighting or the general environmental

conditions emerged. The only complaints noted were the frequent

air conditioning outages, which resulted in work stoppages. As

for lighting, levels appeared to be low but comfortable on the

12
operations floor. The use of generally low light levels, antireflective screens, and reasonably effective positioning of light

sources relative to the operator's tasks may have contributed to

this outcome. The brevity of discussions with operators may have

also contributed to a lack of complaints, however.

3.6.2 Acoustic Measurements

A limited set of measurements was made to determine the noise

levels in and around the building. This was not a formal survey,

but a pilot investigation to determine if noise problems are

likely at other sites. The measurements indicated that in the

major task area, the general environment was quite noisy (between

64 and 72 dBA) with many noise sources such as printers and air

handlers concentrated in confined areas. These levels are likely

to interfere with many key tasks, but do not pose any medical

threat such as permanent hearing impairment.

13
4. EVALUATION OF SITE 2

4 . 1 GENERAL COMMENTS

The facility at Site 2 is a 40-year old building located 60 ft

underground. Personnel work in eight hour shifts around the

clock. The HVAC system is old and unreliable, as is the standby

power system. Planned upgrades have been delayed due to

excessively high cost estimates. Lighting is a major concernit is dark at the VDT consoles, Lamps have been removed to

respond to complaints about glare, yet printed copy must also be

read at these locations.

At present, major alterations are being planned for the air

conditioning and power systems, and for about half of the offices

(including raised flooring, dropped ceilings, more space, etc.

This latter modification is at the 35% design stage). Another

area of 9000 sq ft has recently been refurbished with raised

flooring, new lighting, fresh paint and wall graphics.

Extensive tape recorded interviews were made with operational and

building management personnel. (Summaries are in Appendix C.)

These interviews dealt with environmental problem areas, design

issues, ergonomics and work performance. The goal was to

determine key problem areas to be addressed in detail during

phase 2 , which will employ physical measurement techniques and

questionnaire survey instruments.

Based on the taped in-depth interviews, informal discussions,

accompanied "walk- thru' s" , environmental measurements, and direct

observations, a number of problem areas emerged at Site 2. In

this report suggestions have been made to alleviate particular

problems where available information appears sufficient to deal

with them; i.e. issues not requiring extensive data collection

during phase 2. Many of these recommendations were presented in

section 1.5.

4.1.1 Air Conditioning System

Perhaps one of most important problems cited at Site 2 is that of

the air conditioning/air handling system. Its poor performance

in dehumidi f y ing and cleaning the air suggests it might be

responsible for some heal th- re lated problems at the site.

Problems of mold and mildew abound; black dirt is evident on

desks and light surfaces; and complaints about illness

(particularly on arrival at the site) are fairly frequent. The

source of the black dirt is not known, although the frequent

burning of fields outside is a conceivable contributor. Failure

to maintain and operate the air handling equipment properly

before and during its transition to its current use may also have

contributed to the problems.

14
Conversations with the personnel responsible for the system

suggest that maintenance - or the lack thereof - might be at the

root of some problems. The air is not properly conditioned

before being brought into the tunnel, making humidity control

much more difficult. The failure to perform routine monthly,

quarterly, or yearly maintenance (due apparently to inadequate

staffing) results in dirt, poor equipment performance, and

premature equipment failure. The "quick fix" proposed solutions

such as adding individual room conditioning equipment have not

solved the overall problem of inadequate air conditioning and ma)

be responsible for many complaints about cold temperatures on the

operations floor. It is anticipated that the planned air

conditioning upgrade will overcome these difficulties.

4.1.2 Air Quality

Problems with the HVAC equipment have also led to complaints

about overall air quality. The smoking ban has improved the

overall air quality, although existing smoking areas provoked

many unfavorable comments. Many people cited the improved

conditions since smoking was banned on the operations floor.

Another problem raised was that of diesel exhaust from trucks in

the tunne 1

Recommendations

* One solution to the exhaust problem would be to ban all trucks

from idling their motors while in the tunnel, and to ban

vehicular movement in the tunnel during shift change. More

permanent solution of the -problem of diesel fumes would probably

involve exhausting the air from the tunnel as part of the overall

air handling system design. This capability should be included

in any air conditioning upgrade.

4.1.3 Space Issues

Another major cause for concern was space limitations,- said to

adversely affect the work of analysts in particular. Regardless

of the service branch, analysts commented on the number of

distractions, overall noise levels, and difficulty performing

some of their work. They reported being able to perform routine

tasks, but having difficulty performing tasks requiring greater

attention and concentration. Analysts sit side-by-side with a standard (about 30" by 60") desk as their work surface. Often,

if they back up too quickly from their desk, they encounter

another person. Their jobs sometimes requires consultation with

colleagues creating distractions for those not directly involved

in the activity. Finally, people walk through their offices,

routinely carrying on conversations, causing further

distractions. They have no separate conference rooms or training

facilities

15
4.1.4 Lighting

Lighting emerged as a major problem, particularly on the

operations floor. The light levels achieved when the room lights

are all on - 19 to 20 fc (190 - 200 lux) - led to extensive

complaints about glare. As a result room lights are routinely

turned off - resulting in a light level of about 7 fc (70 lux).

Current IES recommendations for areas with VDT screens range from

50 to 100 lux. (IESNA, 1987) This level is so low that some

supervisors complain about personnel falling asleep and

difficulty in determining whether the facility is clean. The

lower light levels also make it difficult to see paper copy

properly (although relatively few personnel complained).

Nevertheless, The lighting measurements indicated that the

overall screen contrast was measurably higher with lower ambient

light levels, reinforcing the contention that seeing was more

difficult with lights on. Also, poor placement of some light

sources resulted in lamps being imaged on the VDT screenreducing the contrast to virtually zero - or forcing operators to

stare at a bright light when looking up from the console. The

latter causes havoc with the operator's adaptation to the VDT

screen

The opposite problem appears in some analytical areas where

people must read hard copy, sometimes printed with worn out

ribbons. The light levels, approximately 230 lux (23 fc) are too

low for this visual task. Current IES recommendations for

offices with paper tasks range from 200 to 1000 lux, depending on

the print quality with levels of 500 to 1000 lux. recommended for

copy made with poor ribbons or pencil (IESNA, 1987). Lighting

the analytical areas, however, is complicated by the alternating

need to read both VDT's and hard copy. Raising the overall light

levels may make it more difficult to read VDT screens unless

luminaires are positioned properly and effective diffusers

emp loyed

Other lighting problems concern the lamps and fixtures. Lamps

are replaced seemingly at random so that cool white, daylight,

and warm white bulbs appear on the same ceiling plane. The color

temperature of these three bulbs are quite different; the effect

of mixing lamp types is an unpleasant checkerboard appearance.

Adding to the visual clutter, parabolic diffusers are used

adjacent to eggcrate, prismatic diffusers and bare reflectors.

Recommendations

* Lamp and fixture uniformity would improve the general office

appearance and greatly simplify inventory requirements.

16
* In the operations and analysis areas, task lighting (a small

lamp used to light the paper copy) might be useful, leaving the

ambient lighting at a relatively low level. On the operations

floor, another possibility is the use of supplementary up

lighting to light the ceiling but not provide glare on the VDT

screens. This would allow the overall levels to remain low, yet

provide some visual interest to the space. Still another

solution is greater use of parabolic fixtures to direct the light

on the task while minimizing glare.

* The desks should be located so that there are no lamps directly

in front of or directly behind the occupants if they are using

VDT ' s

4.1.5 Noise Issues

While environmental noise is not a major problem at either site,

individual sources, primarily air handlers and printers sometimes

produce unacceptable noise levels.

Another major noise problem was hinted at during the field

measurement phase. Preliminary indications were that sound

levels at the headsets are often above permissable OSHA limits

for permanent hearing damage. Further research should document

the levels that personnel actually listen to, and the period of

this exposure

Recommendations

* Use printer covers to provide protection.

* Limit the number of personnel located near air handlers and

other noisy equipment.

4.1.6 Shortages and Shortfalls

Conversations with the analysts, operators, and supervisors

indicated major problems with furniture quality and durability

(desks, chairs, cabinets, etc ). Perhaps due to the 24-hour a day use, furniture is often broken - chairs have defective or

missing arms, broken tilt mechanisms, desks have broken or

missing drawers, missing locks, scratches, dents, etc. The

atmosphere created is unpleasant, and sometimes (in the case of

chairs) can be a potential hazard. Exposure to other areas in

the facility with better furnishings increases the sense of

frustration and second class citizenship.

Contributing to these problems is uncertainty - people know they

are going to move - sometime. As a result, repairs are not

made, equipment not refurbished, needed painting not done,

carpets remain wrinkled and dirty, and maintenance and cleaning

are not performed. Layouts and offices are not planned and

17
furniture not positioned effectively. The uncertainty increases

the unpleasantness of the environment, while adding to personnel

stress and unhappiness. Failure to perform needed maintenance

and cleaning contributes to the drab overall atmosphere. Other

problems include the lack of windows; the depressing tunnel; the

dim and ineffective lighting; bland and dirty walls and

furniture; colorless cement/c inderb lock walls; moldy walls;

rumpled, dirty carpets; and overcrowded rooms.

Recommendations

* Much of the facility could stand painting. If accomplished,

with a variety of colors, and murals, borders, or pictures, as in

the new area, the overall atmosphere would be improved. The

planned rehabilitation is a logical starting place for such

modification

* Ergonomic chairs such as those used by FAA controllers should

be tested to determine whether they will overcome the severe

deficiencies noted in the chairs presently used by the military

personnel

4.1.7 Equipment

A major problem identified with the equipment is the shortage of

terminals in a number of analytical areas. This is thought to

interfere with productivity, and requires further examination in

phase 2. It also increases employee frustration since they

believe they could perform their jobs better with improved tools.

While moving terminals from operations to 'analysis eases the

problem for analysts, it is only a stopgap measure. It does not

allow sufficient flexibility for the possibility of breakdown or

emergency

4.1.8 Break Areas

There are two major problems with the current break areas: there

are none for non-smokers; and the air quality in smoking areas is

terrible. Non-smokers must break in place, walk the halls or

work floors (creating noise), or go to the snack bar two floors

above. Smokers sit in a converted latrine with other smokers

breathing incredibly smoky air. For them, air cleaners in the

smoking areas appear to be a partial solution.

Recommendations

* Air cleaners should be placed in the break areas.

4.1.9 Other Issues

The tunnel itself creates a morale problem, partly because its

ambience is depressing, and partly because it serves as a

18
i

reminder that one is going underground for at least 8 hours.

Exhaust fumes only add to the problem by making it harder to

breathe and by increasing the dirt. Cleaning the tunnel is a problem as well.

4 . 2 ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES AT SITE 2

During the initial visit, preliminary environmental measures were

taken to describe the physical conditions. Three types of

measures were involved, lighting, noise, and general environment

(temperature, relative humidity, and particle counts) on the

operations floor, the analysis area, and the main administrative

ar ea . 4.2.1 Lighting Measures

Lighting measures were taken at several locations. The measures

included: overall illuminance (light level) on a white paper

task; overall luminance (brightness) from the white paper and

from a dark area located on it; luminance of the desk and

keyboard; luminance of the screen without text; luminance of text

on the screen; luminance of the brightest area of lamp visible;

and luminance of the darkest area of the ceiling. Contrast

between task luminance and surround luminance was then calculated

from the luminance measures

A number of observations are possible concerning the effects of

lighting on task contrast. Table 2 presents the lighting

measurement data for 33 locations in operations, 5 locations in

the administrative area, and 18 locations in the analytical

areas. The findings are separated into 2 categories "dimly lit

areas” (table 2a) and "brightly lit areas" (table 2b). As a limited experiment, the last 4 entries for operations in table 2a

were taken with the room lights dimmed (normal), while the first

four entries in table 2b were taken at the same four stations

with all the room lights on. This procedure was employed to

address concerns about the effects of room lighting on task

visibility.

The data from the four locations indicate that turning on the

overhead lights noticeably reduced the contrast on the VDT screen

(see table 3). The mean calculated contrast between the screen

and screen character for these locations (given in Table 3)

dropped from 0.90 to 0.48. The data for screen luminance show

that the screen was "brighter" relative to the character, going

from a luminance ratio of 10:1 to about 2:1, making characters

much harder to see. With the same lighting changes, contrast for

the paper task was also reduced slightly for the higher lighting

levels. Thus, increasing light levels (illuminance) reduced task

contrast for both hard copy and VDT tasks at the four locations

examined. The increase in overall illuminance, 54 to 215 lux (5

to 18 fc) - was sufficient to diminish screen contrasts at the

19
Table 2. Lighting Measurements at Site 2

Table 2A. Dimly Lit Areas

Army Operations

Ilium. Luminance in CD/ M2

Rhi te Black VDT VDT

Area Type Lux Paper Task Screen Char Lamp Ceiling Desk Keybrd

1 B&R DBL 43. 0 7. 9 0. 5 1 . 1 4. 8 29. 0 1.

1 . 1 2. 4

RT 1. 5 4. b

2 B&R DBL 53o 8 17. 0 0. 8 2. 7 b. 8 31. b 2. 4 1. 3 3. RT 2. 7 5. 2

3 G&B 107. b 25. 9 1 . 8 0. 4 1. b 4590. 8 3. 2 22. 3 2. b

4 B&R DBL 53. 8 14. 7 1. 7 1.

1. 4 73. 7 1.

4. 5 1.

RT 1 . 0 3. 3

5 G&B 21.

4. 4 0. 4 0. 1 0. 5 229. 5 1. 9 3. 2 0. 4

b G&B 10. 8 12. 2 1. 4 0. 1 0. 8 883. 9 2. 3 17. 2 0. 3

MN 48. 4 13. 7 1 . 1 1 . 2 .3- 2 973. 1 2. 0 8. 3 1. 9

SD 30. 9 b. 9 0. b 0. 9 2. 1 1645. 0 0 . 7 8. 3 1. 3

Operations

Ilium. Luminance in CD/M2

Rhi te Black VDT VDT

Area Type LUX Paper Task Screen Char Lamp Ceiling Desk Keybrd

1 DESK 8b. 1 20. 1 4. 5 483. 1 2. 5 1.

2 G&B 64. b b. 9 0. 3 0. 3 3. 8 1771.

2. 5 4. 9 14. 0

3 B&R DBL 21. 5 5. 4 0. 8 1 . 1 1b. 1 75. 4 1 . 0 1. 1 1.

RT 1.5 4. 5

4 B&R DBL 53. 8 7. 8 0. 8 0. 2 2. b 3871.

5. 5 1.

2. 7

RT 0. 3 4. 0

S B&R DBL 107. b 24. 9 1.5 1.

1b. 8 750. 3 3. 2 4. 1 3. 9

RT 3. 2 10. 2

MN bb. 7 13. 0 1.5 0. 8 7. 9 1390. 3 3. 0 2. b 5. 6

SD 29. 2 8. 0 1.5 0. b b. 0 1361.

1.5 1. b 4. 9

Air Force Operations

Ilium. Luminance in cd/m2

Rhite Black VDT VDT

Area Type LUX Paper Task Screen Char Lamp Ceiling Desk Keybrd

1 G&B 21.

1.5 0. 1 0. 1 1.

503. 6 0. 9 1 . 2 0 . 2

2 B&R DBL 10. 8 1. 9 0. 2 0. 2 10. 4 239. 8 1 . 1 0 . 2

RT 0. 2 5. 3

3 B&R DBL 1b. 1 1.

0. 2 0. 3 1 . 1 1 . 1 0. 8 0. 1 0. 4

RT 0. 3 1. 9

4 B&R 322. 8 84. 3 5. 0 2. 1 3. 3 527b. 0 25. 4 5. 5 11.5

5 DESK 161.4 49. 7 3. b 3124. 5 5. 9 4. 5

b IBM 193. 7 2. 3 7. 2 3244. 4 8. 3 36. 0

1 IBM COL 8b. 1 19. 5 1. 7 0. 7 1. 9 3032. 0 5. 2 4. 4

2 IBM COL 1 . 0 1'. 7 332b.

5. 3 17. 2

3 IBM COL 1b. 1 2. 1 0. 3 0. 2 1.7 15. 3 0. 9 1 . 2 2. 4

20
%

Table 2. Conti sued

Air Force Operations Continued

Illua. Luainance in cd/a2

White Black 7DT 7DT

Area Type LUX Paper Task Screen Char Lamp Ceiling Desk Keybrd

4 37. 7 3. 6 0. 5 0. 2 1.

2435.

1.3 2. 2 0. 7

5 B&W DBL 1b. 1 0. 5 2. 9 257. 0 2. 3 2. 4

RT 0. 3 9. 0

6 G&W 64. q 21.

2. 7 0. 5 3. 7 3076. 5 6. 6 3. 1 8. 9

MN 86. 6 20. 6 1. 6 0. 6 3. 7 2044. 4 5. 3 2. 8 8. 0

SO 95.5 27. 2 1. 7 0. 7 3. 0 1683. 4 6. 6 1. 8 10. 8

Operations Without Rooa Lights

Illua. Luainance in cd/a2

White Black 7DT 7DT

Area Type LUX Paper Task Screen Char Laap Ceiling Desk Keybrd

1 G&B 8b. 1 23. 7 1.7 0. 1 1. 4 3186. 2 . 0 22. 4 4. 5

2 G&B 64. b 15. 1 1.0. 1 1. 4 4649. 1 3. 7 12. 3 2. 4

3 G&B 53. 8 7. 3 0. 5 0. 1 0. 8 2083.

1.5 5. 4 1.5

4 G&B 10. 8 2. 7 0. 2 0. 1 0. 6 877. 1 0. 9 0. 6 1.

MN 53. 8 12. 2 0. 9 0. 1 1. 1 2698.

1.5 10. 2 2. 3

SO 27. 4 8. 0 0. 6 . 0 0. 4 1391.1. 4 8. 2 1.3

GMN DIM 68. 9 15. 89 1. 34 0. 76 4. 04 1782. 2 3. 6 5. 5 5. 1 GSD DIM 68. 0 18. 04 1. 33 0. 77 3. 95 1679. 1 4. 7 6. 5 7. 8 Table 2B. More Brightly Lit Areas

Operations Withi Rooa Lights On

Illua. Luainance in cd/a2

White Black 7DT 7DT

Area Type LUX Paper Task Screen Char Laap Ceiling Desk Keybrd

1 G&B 193. 7 69. 9 13. 7 1. 6 2. 7 801.

5. 6 1.

7. 6

2 G&B 215. 2 68. 5 4. 8 1. 3 2. 2 1853. 5 4. 4 64. 8 6. 6

3 G&B 150. 6 37. 3 5. 8 1. 0 2. 3 4933. 4 8. 1 32. 1 5. 9

4 G&B 215. 2 66. 1 12. 7 1.3 2. 9 3597. 3 8. 3 9. 5

MN 193. 7 60. 5 9. 2 1. 3 2. 5 2796.

6. 6 32. 8 7. 4

SO 26. 4 13. 4 4. 0 0. 2 0. 3 1587. 2 1. 6 25. 9 1. 4

Navy Operations

Illua. Luainance in cd/a2

White Black 7DT 7DT

Area Type LUX Paper Task Screen Char Laap Ceiling Desk Keybrd

1 B&R 53. 8 7. 2 0. 9 0. 3 1. 8 48. 0 3. 0 6. 5 1. 1 2 B&R 107. 6 18. 3 2. 3 0. 4 2. 4 4248.

3. 3 12. 0 1.

3 B&R DBL 86. 1 259. 0 29. 8 1.

3. 6

RT 11.3 13. 1

21
Table 2. Continued

Navy Operations Continued

4 DESK 322. 8 53. 1 5. 8 5721.

8. 1 31.

5 B&H DBL 53. 8 23. 1 1.3 0. 7 3. 4 2703. 1 3. 3 0. 3 3. 8

RT 0. 7 0. 0

b STATION 75. 3 1b. 5 1.9 342b.

24. 7 3. 8

MN 11b. b b2. 9 7. 0 2. 5 4. 0 3229. 3 7. 8 24. 3 2. b

SD 94. 1 88. 9 10. 3 3. 9 4. 2 1880. 7 7. 8 31. 8 1. 4

Administrative Area

Ilium. Luminance in cd/m2

Hhite Black VDT VDT

Area Type LUX Paper Task Screen Char Lamp Ceiling Desk Keybrd

1 SEC DESK 3b5. 8 8b. 7 15. 8 b. 9 39. 4 4351.

55. 8 9. b 38. 7

2 OFCR DESK b45. b 181. 9 19. 2 4864. 9 31.

25. 4

3 SEC DESK 247. 5 70. 2 b. 5 4179. 7 1b. 2 5. 8 4 G&B b24. 1 179. 2 19. 5 8. 0 20. 3 6440. 9 27. 8 24. 0 63. 0

H/CARDBD 3. 7 18. 1 5 OFCR DESK 37b. b 105. 9 8. 2 3837. 1 61.

b. 9

MN 451. 9 124. 8 13. 8 b. 2 25. 9 4734. 7 38. 7 14. 3 50. 9

SD 15b. 2 4b. 9 5. 5 1. 8 9. b 915. 3 17. 3 8. 5 12. 2

Army Analytical Areas

Ilium. Luminance in cd/m2

Hhite Black VDT VDT

Area Type LUX Paper Task Screen Char Lamp Ceiling Desk Keybrd

1 SUP7 DESK 23b. 7 b3. 4 5. 5 1880. 9 22. 1 4. 8 2 SUPV DESK 322. 8 79. 1 8. 2 2. 4 3. 7 3563. 0 23. 4 31. 2 35. b

3 DESK 322. 8 89. 8 7. 9 1531.

18. b

4 IBM GRN 322. 8 8b. 0 9. 3 5. 3 11. 3 2100. 1 23. 9 8. b 3b. 0

5 IBM G&H 322. 8 b8. 2 9. 4 3. b 25. 8 2569. 5 21.

7. 3 37. 7

b IBM G&H 23b. 7 58. 9 4. 9 4. 4 29. 2 2829. 9 17. 8 44. 2 31. 5

7 DESK 2b9. 0 99. 4 8. b 259b. 9 18. 5 12. 2

8 IBM G&H 107. b 2b. 1 2. 7 2. 4 4. b 1151.

9. 3 0. 7 21.

9 USI G&H 247. 5 68. 2 b. 2 3. 7 51. 4 1291.

18. 1 74. 0 33. 2

10 HALL DESK 129. 1 29. 7 3. 9 2. 2 18. 1 2100. 1 12. 5 15. 9 17. 0

1

USI G&H 2b9. 0 63. 7 5. 7 3. 8 17. 8 2189. 2 25. 7 50. 0 28. 1 12 HALL DESK 8b. 1 2b. 8 1. b 1480. 0 9. 1 23. 5

13 DESK 290. 5 81.

1b. 1 2322. 8 20. 3 58. b

14 DESK 172. 2 43. 2 b. 4 2288.

9. b 4. 7

15 USI G&H 129. 1 3b. 7 4. 2 3. 1 11.

2271.

10. b 3. 6 15. 5

1b DESK 408. 9 104. 8 11.3 3001.

33. 2 12. 7

17 DESK 215. 2 53. 8 0

18 IBM G&H 107. b 20. 3 2 1.3 5. 4 5550. 1 b. 1 28. b 10. 5

19 IBM COL 1 bl . 4 43. 9 5. 1 1.

5. 1 5344. b b. 8 3. 1 25. 8

MN 229. 4 60. 18 b. 27 3. 05 1b. 70 2559.

17. 1 22. b 2b. 5

STD 89. 7 25. 11 3. 69 1.18 13. 75 1179. 0 7. 3 21. 4 8. 9

GMN 238. 0 70. 19 7. 8b 3. 02 12. 33 3033. 4 5. 07 22. b 20. 7

GSTD 139. 0 51. 05 b. 30 2. 60 12. 94 1540. 2 3. 97 23. 4 1b. 0

22
Table 3. Calculated Measures of Contrast and Contrast Ratios at Site 2

Paper Tasks 7DT’ S

111 Uft Contrast Contrast

Area Type LUX Contrast Ratio Contrast Ratio

1 B&H DBL 43. 0 0. 94 1b. 4 0. 77 ' 4. 3

RT 0. 68 3. 1 2 B&H DBL 53. 8 0. 95 21. b 0. 60 2. 5

RT 0. 48 1.9

3 G&B 107. 6 0. 93 14. 2 0. 74 3. 9

4 B&H DBL 53. 8 0. 89 8. 7 0. 28 1. 4

RT 0. 71 3. 5

5 G&B 21. 5 0. 91 11.7 0. 75 4. 0

6 G&B 10. 8 0. 88 8. 7 0. 83 b. 0

MN 48. 4 0. 92 12. 5 0. 65 2. 7

SD 30. 9 0. 03 12. 1 0. 1b 2. 3

Operations

Ilium Contrast Contrast

Area Type LUX Contrast Ratio Contrast Ratio

1 DESS 8b. 1 0. 78 4. 5

2 G&B 64. b 0. 9b 22. 2 0. 93 13. 8

3 B&H DBL 21. 5 0. 8b 7. 1 0. 93 14. 7

RT 0. 67 3. 0

4 B&H DBL 53. 8 0. 90 10. 4 0. 92 12. 5

RT 0. 93 14. 7

5 B&H DBL 107. b 0. 94 1b. 9 0. 90 10. 0

RT 0. 69 3. 2

MN bb. 7 0. 89 8. 4 0. 85 9. 5

SD 29. 2 0. Ob 5. 3 0. 11 9. 9

Air Force Operations

Ilium Contrast Contrast

Area Type LUX Contrast Ratio Contrast Ratio

1 G&B 21.

0. 93 14. 7 0. 94 17. 5

2 B&H DBL 10. 8 0. 13 9. 2 0. 98 43. b

RT 0. 95 22. 0

3 B&H DBL 1b. 1 0. 83 5. 8 0. 70 3. 3

RT 0. 84 b. 1 4 B&H 322. 8 0. 94 17. 0 0. 35 1.5

5 DESK 1 bl . 4 0. 93 13. 7

6 IBM 193. 7 0. 68 3. 2

1 IBM COL 8b. 1 0. 91 11.4 0. 62 2. b

2 IBM COL 0. 41 1.7

3 IBM COL 1b. 1 0. 85 b. 7 0. 88 8. 2

23
Table 3 Cont. Air Force Operations Continued

Paper Tasks VDT' S

4 37. 7 0. 86 7. 1 0. 86 7. 2

5 B&R OBL 16. 1 0. 84 6. 1 RT 0. 97 29. 2

6 G&R 69. 9 0. 87 8. 0 0. 86 7. 2

MN 86. 6 0. 81 12. 9 0. 78 5. 8

SO 95. 5 0. 24 16. 0 0. 19 4. 4

Operations - Dimly Lit Areas

Ilium Contrast Contrast

Area Type LUX Contrast Ratio Contrast Ratio

1 G&B 86. 1 0. 93 13. 6 0. 90 10. 2

2 G&B 64. 6 0. 93 14. 7 0. 93 13. 7

3 G&B 53. 8 0. 93 15. 1 0. 88 8. 0

4 G&B 10. 8 0. 93 13. 3 0. 89 9. 0

MN 53. 8 0. 93 14. 1 0. 90 10. 3

SO 27. 4 . 00 13. 5 0. 02 14. 5

GMN 68. 9 0. 87 11.9 0. 78 5. 3

GSD 68. 0 0. 16 13. 6 0. 18 5. 1

More Brightly Lit Areas

Operations

Ilium Contrast Contrast

Area Type LUX Contrast Ratio Contrast Ratio

1 G&B 193. 7 0. 80 5. 1 0. 41 1.7

2 G&B 215. 2 0. 93 14. 4 0. 40 1.

3 G&B 150. 6 0. 84 6. 4 0. 56 2. 3

4 G&B 215. 2 0. 81 5. 2 0. 55 2. 2

MN 193. 7 0. 85 6. 5 0. 48 1. 9

SO 26. 4 0. 05 3. 4 0. 08 1.5

NAVY OPERATIONS

Ilium Contrast Contrast

Area Type LUX Contrast Ratio Contrast Ratio

1 B&R 53. 8 0. 88 8. 4 0. 81 5. 3

2 B&R 107. 6 0. 87 8. 0 0. 85 6. 5

3 B&R DBLE 86. 1 0. 88 8. 7 0. 52 2. 1 RT 0. 14 1.

4 DESK 322. 8 0. 89 9. 2

5 B&R DBLE 53. 8 0. 94 17. 8 0. 79 4. 8 RT 0. 0

6 STATION 75. 3 0. 89 8. 9

MN 116. 6 0. 89 9. 0 0. 62 1.

SD 94. 1 0. 02 8. 6 0. 27 1 . 1

24
VDT' S

Table 3 Cont. Administrative Area

Paper Tasks

111 ue Contrast Contrast

Area Type LUX Contrast Ratio Contrast Ratio

1 SEC DESK 365. 8 0. 82 5. 5 0. 83 5. 7

2 OFCR DESK 645. 6 0. 89 9. 5

3 SEC DESK 247. 5 0. 91 10. 8

4 G&6 624. 1 0. 89 9. 2 0. 61 2. 5

H/CARDBD 0. 80 4. 9

5 OFCR DESK 376. 6 0. 92 12. 9

HN 451.0. 89 9. 0 0. 74 4. 2

SD 156. 2 0. 04 8. 6 0. 10 5. 2

Analytical Areas - Army

Illua Contrast Contrast

Area Type LUX Contrast Ratio Contrast Ratio

1 SUPV DESK 236. 7 0. 91 11.6

2 SUPV DESK 322. 8 6 cr o 9. 6 0. 35 l‘. 5

3 DESK 322. 8 0. 91 11.4

4 IBM CRN 322. 8 0. 89 9. 3 0. 53 2. 1 5 IBM G&H 322. 8 0. 86 7. 2 0. 86 7. 2

6 IBM G&H 236. 7 0. 92 11. 9 0. 85 6. 6

7 DESK 269. 0 0. 91 11. 6

8 IBM G&H 107. 6 0. 90 9. 6 0. 49 2. 0

9 USI G&H 247. 5 0. 91 11.1 0. 93 13. 9

10 HALL DESK 129. 1 0. 87 7. 5 0. 88 8. 1 11 USI G&H 269. 0 0. 91 11.1 0. 79 4. 7

12 HALL DESK 86. 1 0. 94 16. 6

13 DESK 290. 5 0. 80 5. 1 14 DESK 172. 2 0. 85 6. 7

15 USI G&H 129. 1 0. 89 8. 7 0. 73 3. 7

16 DESK 408. 9 0. 89 9. 3

17 DESK 215. 2 1 18 IBM G&H 107. 6 0. 9 10. 2 0. 76 4. 2

19 IBM COL 161. 4 0. 88 8. 6 0. 73 3. 6

MM 229. 4 0. 90 9. 6 0. 72 5. 5

STD 89. 7 0. 04 6. 8 0. 17 11. 6

GMM 238. 0 0. 89 8. 9 0. 66 4. 1 GSTD 139. 0 0. 04 8. 1 0. 20 5. 0

25
four measuring stations. (The phase 2 work will provide much

more comprehensive information on this issue.) In the

administrative area, mean illuminance was much higher, 452 lux

(42 fc). This is an area where paper tasks predominate and human

interaction occurs regularly; use of VDT's is less frequent.

Illuminance was lower, 229 lux (21.3 fc) in the analysis area,

where a mix of paper and VDT tasks occur.

Mean luminance for paper tasks followed the pattern for overall

illuminance - ranging from 4-6 cd/m^ for different operations

areas without overhead lights or task lighting, to about 18 cd/m^

for areas with extra lighting (including the analytical areas).

Mean luminances for paper tasks in the administrative area were

about 36 cd/m^ . Mean screen luminances ranged from 0.1 to 1.2

cd/m^ without room lighting and 1.3 to 6.2 cd/m^ for more

brightly lighted areas. For dimly lighted areas mean screen

character luminances ranged from 1.1 to 7.9 cd/m^, and 2.5 to

25.9 cd/m^ for more brighter areas. Further measurements will

be taken for the VDT screens with and without overhead (and task)

lights in phase 2.

The luminances of the lamps varied widely depending on the

visibility of the light bulb itself. Where the lamp was directly

in the field of view, luminance was as high as 6440 cd/m^ . Where

the lamp was shielded by diffusers, or offset from the direct

field of view of the operator, luminance was as low as about 48

cd/m^. Ceiling luminances ranged from a low of about 0.75 cd/m^

to a high of about 55.8 cd/m^. Mean lamp luminances were 1775

cd/m^ for dim areas and 3193 cd/m^ for bright areas, while mean

ceiling luminances ranged from 2.95 cd/m^ for dim areas to 17.5

cd/m^ for bright areas

Several analysts said they often worked with copy made with

printer ribbons needing replacement. Inspection of such copy

suggested the contrast between the pale grey type and the paper

was very low. The 269 lux (25 fc) available for reading the copy

did not appear to be adequate for the task and is below the IES

recommendations of 500 to 1000 lux for such tasks. Phase 2 will

include more such measurements for paper tasks of low, moderate

and high contrasts.

4 . 2 . 1 .

Comparison of Lighting - Site 1 and Site 2

Inspection of tables 1, 2, and 3 reveals that at the operations

area in the main building of Site 1, illuminance levels were

higher than at comparable areas at Site 2. The mean illuminance

was 138 lux (12.8 fc), as compared with 69 lux (6.4 fc).

Calculated screen contrasts were also slightly higher at Site 1,

0.86 compared with 0.78 at Site 2. Yet, the mean lamp luminance

was higher at Site 2. There it was 1782 cd/m^ compared with 1003

cd/m^ at Site 1. This difference suggests that at Site 1, the

26
diffusers were more effective in shielding the lamp from direct

view, while allowing more illuminance to reach the task.

In the first analysis area at Site 1, mean illuminance was also

higher - 338 vs 229 lux. Only one VDT was measured at this

location, so only the paper task contrasts can be compared.

These were quite similar. Mean lamp luminance was much lower

than at Site 2 - 981 cd/m^ versus 2559 cd/m^ , suggesting that the

diffusers were more effective in shielding the lamp from direct

view

Contrast ratios were also calculated for the two sites.

Inspection of these data (Tables 1 and 3) indicate that for VDT

tasks at Site 2, 31% of the stations failed to meet the minimum

3:1 ratio, and another 33% failed to meet the preferred 7:1 ratio

recommended by National Academy of Science (NAS) (1983) and

American National Standards Institute (ANSI) (1986). Of the 9 workstations at Site 1, only 14% failed to meet the 7:1 goal.

(In phase 2, the effects of other variables will be explored

using a much increased sample size. Among the parameters to be

explored are: the effects of variations in luminaire and diffuser

type, and luminaire position with respect to workstation, on

contrast and contrast ratios.)

4 . 2 . 1 . 2 Background Information Concerning Lighting Needs for VDT

Tasks

Contrast ratio is a measure of character visibility on a VDT

screen or on paper. It compares the maximum luminance with the

minimum luminance. The proposed ANSI standard (1986) and the NAS

report on VDT's (1983) both recommend a minimum contrast ratio of

3:1 and a preferred ratio of 7:1.

Contrast is another generally accepted measure of task

visibility. It relates the brightness of a task to its surround,

based on the premise that maximum visibility occurs when a task

is as dark as possible, and its surround as light as possible.

For a VDT screen, the situation is reversed - the characters are

typically light and the background dark. To estimate task

visibility, contrast for the paper and black area was calculated,

as was contrast for the screen and screen character, using the

following formula:

L min - L max

C

L min

where L min = background luminance (Minimum luminance)

and L max = task luminance (Maximum luminance).

27
Use of this formula means that calculated contrasts can vary from

0 to 1. (When contrast is calculated for a VDT screen, the

background screen is treated as the task and the lettering is

treated as the background, so contrasts can be compared.) Rea

(1981) demonstrated that contrasts below 0.3 resulted in serious

degradation of visual task performance.

Calculations of both contrasts and contrast ratios for

workstations at sites 1 and 2 are given in Tables 1 and 3. These

calculations provide a measure of the relative visibility of

different types of tasks. They are subject to a number of

cautions, however. First, the luminance of a very black area was

employed as the paper task instead of standard printed text.

This would enhance these contrast values. Secondly, luminance

measurement of VDT screen characters often contained some amount

of background screen. This could tend to lessen measured screen

contrasts. Nonetheless, these measures indicate wide variation

in both contrast and contrast ratio with noticeable reductions in

contrast due to overhead illumination.

In a similar study, Shahnavaz (1982) measured illuminances and

luminances for 28 VDT operators in a telephone information

center. The operators were permitted to set lighting levels

preferred for their task. Shahnavaz found that measured levels

were well below values recommended by European researchers. His

measured mean illuminance to be about 258 lux (24 fc) during day

shift and 194 lux (18 fc) for the night shift - below the

European recommended range of 215 to 753 lux (20-70 fc).

Luminance of screen characters was 1.3 cd/m^ at night and 2.4

cd/m^ during days, while mean background luminance of the screen

was 1.3-2 cd/m^ . The values are closer to the readings taken at

Site 2 than are the European recommended levels, (although the

contrast between screen and screen character was higher in the

present study than in the cited investigation).

The data collected by Shahnavaz and the present study support the

argument for lower illumination levels for VDT tasks, and, in

fact, come closer to current North American recommendations.

Values recommended by the IESNA for VDT - type screens range

range from 200 to 1000 lux (20 to 100 fc) depending on the task;

that copy from a worn out printer ribbon requiring more lighting.

It is interesting to note that reaction was more favorable to the

lighting at Site 1 than Site 2. The use of generally low light

levels, anti - ref lective screens, different types of VDT screens

and lighting fixtures, and possible better positioning of light

sources relative to the task at Site 1 may have been responsible

for this difference. In addition, mean calculated contrast for

VDT screens tended to be higher at Site 1, further indicating a more effective lighting system.

28
4 . 3 ACOUSTIC MEASURES

The measured noise levels for operations are given in Table 4.

The range for environmentally measured noise was from 64 dBA to

about 80-81 dBA near printers and an air handler. Printers and

conversations typically drove the noise level above the ambient

64-68 dBA on the operations floor. Ambient noise levels were

similar for the analysis area, although analysts stated that

measurements had been made at a quiet time. High sound levels

(85-98 dBA) were recorded at several headsets. These measures

were made with a microphone located at the outer edge of the

headset, near the ear's customary position. These levels are

high enough to damage the operators' hearing. In fact, many

reported measurable hearing loss, but believed that the high

noise levels were needed to perform their jobs. Further

measurements will be taken during phase 2 to determine if these

levels are typical.

29
Table 4. Noise Levels at Site 2

Operations Area

Environmental Noise Measurements

Location Level in DBA

1 66 SUPV. DESK

2 81 PRINTER

3 66 GENERAL AREA

4 64 71 W/PRINTER; 74 N/CONVERSTATION

5 80 AIR HANDLER

71 PRINTER

64 AMBIENT

6 70 H/ CONVERSATION

64-68 ARMY OPERATIONS GENERALLY

Preliminary Noise Measurements At Headphones

Location Level in DBA

1 82

2 90-•94 SEARCH

3 71

4 78 CLEAR SIGNAL

5 98 OP SET

6 74 OP SET

7 86 FAINT SIGNAL PRINTER 76-82

8 77 PRINTER 80-90

9 70

10 88 REPORTED HEARING LOSS

11 85 OLDER PERSON

12 70 YOUNGER PERSON

13 90 IN HEADSET — REPORTED HEARING

14 85 IN HEADSET

30
4 . 4 THERMAL ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES

The third set of measures involved temperature, relative humidity

and particle counts. All were taken with a particle counter.

Mean temperatures tended to be low - between 66° F and 71° F with

high relative humidities - 58% to 63%. The lowest temperatures

were obtained during the evenings on the operations floor - 66° F

with a relative humidity of 61-63%. These humidity levels are

quite high relative to levels normally found in office buildings.

They are as much as 2 to 2.5 times those measured at two office

buildings in the Washington D.C. area. The mean relative

humidity in an office at the National Bureau of Standards for a twelve hour period was 28.2% at a mean temperature of 73.6° F,

for example. Meyer (1983) points out (p.27) that "extensive

experimentation has shown that for an average, sedentary, lightly

clothed person, this (thermal comfort) occurs most readily when

the air in a standard room has a temperature of 24.5° C, a relative humidity of 40%, and an air velocity of 0.25 m/sec.

According to thermal comfort standards currently valid in the US

(ASHRAE standard 55-1981), "80% of all adults dressed for winter

indoor conditions find temperatures acceptable between 68° F and

74.5° F (20-23.5° C), a relative humidity of 30-60%, and the air

velocity at 0.15-0.25 m/sec. Acceptable summer indoor

temperature is between 73 and 79° F (20-26.5° C ) . " Thus, the

spaces at this site tend to be outside the ASHRAE comfort

standards for both humidity and temperature for winter and summer

conditions. Frequent complaints from personnel about the cold

temperatures, particularly on the operations floor, reinforce

this conclusion.

4 . 5 INDOOR AIR QUALITY

The third measure of indoor air quality was particle counts. The

particle counter used counts the number of particles in six size

ranges for pre-set time intervals. Particle size ranges include:

0.3-0. 5 microns; 0.5-0. 7 microns; 0.7-1 microns; 1-5 microns

5-10 microns; and greater than 10 microns. This range covers

respirable aerosol particles with oil and tobacco smoke being

below 1 micron, atmospheric fine particles below 1 micron; and

cotton and insecticide dust above 1 micron.

In terms of human health, Meyer (1983) notes that particulates

between 1-100 millimicrons are retained in the nose and throat

passages, particles between 0.01 and 10 are retained in the lungs

and tracheobronchial passages, while particles smaller than 0.05

are often exhaled (unless they dissolve and react with surface

tissues). While many particles are absorbed fairly rapidly in

the body, others, such as asbestos, are retained in the pulmonary

tissue and not passed out of the body.

31
Measurements of particle size were taken in three different

locations - a vacant office in the Commanding Officer's (CO's)

office (sampling interval of 15 minutes) from 2 pm to 9 am; at

the supervisory area on the operations floor from 11 am to 3 pm

(sampling interval of 10 minutes) and again from 3:30 pm to 9:42

am (sampling interval of 20 min); and toward the rear of the

operations floor from 10:30 am to 2:30 am, (sampling intervals of

15 minutes). To facilitate comparing particle counts from

different areas, the mean values at each location and sampling

interval were standardized in cubic meters, while factoring out

the sampling interval, according to the following formula:

Number of Particles/Sampling Interval x 0.0283

where 0.0283 is the conversion factor from ft^ to meter^. The

converted values for the mean particle counts in each . location

are given in table 5. Summary statistics (means and standard

deviations) are given for each size range for each location as

well as for the whole site. Although the general size range of

the particles at a limited number of locations at site 2 is

known, it is difficult to compare these findings with other air

quality data because until recently, sampling for particles was

performed by weight rather than size.

Nevertheless inspection of Table 5 reveals that some marked

changes occurred in particle distribution over time. The most

marked change was in the CO's office area where the number of

large particles (above 5 microns) dropped to zero at night when

the office was vacant. Conversely, during the occupied hours,

the number of very small particles (0.3 to 0.7) was often larger

than the meter could report, going off scale several times

between 13:57 and 16:37. Increases in the number of large

particles which coincided with shift changes at 06:30, 14:30, and

22:30 were apparent on the operations floor. At the site labeled

0PS1 (a supervisory area at the center of the floor), the number

of particles of all sizes increased noticeably near shift change.

Inspection of table 5 reveals that more large particles (greater

than 0.5) were found at 0PS1 during the day - by a factor of

almost 4 - while the concentration of small particles, below 1 micron, was greatest in the CO's office area. The relative

increase in the CO's office was substantial compared to other

sites. The reasons for this increase are not apparent, although

the administrative area is served only through the central air

conditioning, with no supplementary floor units. The operations

floor, on the other hand, is served by both. Comparison of the

particle counts with those taken in a private office at NBS

indicated that the mean concentration of particles was very

similar. Particle counts were generally slightly lower at Site 2

than at NBS for small particles, but somewhat higher for larger

particles

32
Table 5. Particle Concentration at Selected Locations

CO' s Office

.OCATION

TIME VOL VOL VOL

late 12/2 >10 5-10 1-5

10' S OFFICE

=15 13: 57 4. 57E+Q2 2. 41E+03 2. 30E+0b

14: 29 1. 93E+02 1 . 24E+03 1. 57E+0b

15: 01 b. b0E+01 8. 34E+02 1. 57E+0b

15: 33 b. b9E+02 2. 18E+03 2. lOE+Ob

1b: 05 1. 88E+02 1. 22E+03 1. 93E+0b

1b: 37 1. 04E+02 9. 09E+02 1. 82E+Ob

1b: 53 2. 3bE+02 1. 51E+03 2. 04E+0b

17: 25 1. b0E+02 1. 28E+03 1. 75E+0b

17: 57 b. 83E+01 4. 52E+02 1. 52E+0b

18: 29 7. 07E+00 1. 9bE+02 1. 43E+0b

19: 01 2. 3bE+00 7. 07E+01 1. 39E+0b

19: 33 0. OOE+OO 9. 42E+00 1. 47E+0b

20: 05 0. OOE+OO 4. 71E+00 1. 48E+0b

20: 37 0. OOE+OO 7. 07E+00 1. 47E+0b

20: 53 2. 3bE+00 2. 3bE+00 1. 35E+Ob

21: 25 0. OOE+OO 9. 42E+00 1. 23E+Ob

21: 57 0. OOE+OO 4. 71E+00 1. 29E+0b

22: 29 0. OOE+OO 7. 07E+00 1. 2bE+0b

23: 01 0. OOE+OO 2. 3bE+00 8. bl E+05

23: 33 0. OOE+OO 2. 3bE+00 5. 27E+05

00: 05 4. 71E+00 7. 07E+00 3. b7E+05

00: 37 0. OOE+OO 4. 71E+00 2. 97E+05

00: 53 2. 3bE+00 0 . OOE+OO 2. 97E+05

01: 25 0. OOE+OO 9. 42E+00 2. 67E+05

01: 57 0. OOE+OO 1 . 1 8E+01 2. 45E+05

02: 29 0. OOE+OO 0 . OOE+OO 2. 41 E+05

03: 01 2. 3bE+00 4. 71 E+00 2. 30E+05

03: 33 0. OOE+OO 4. 71 E+00 2. 15E+05

04: 05 4. 71E+00 1 . 18E+01 2. 11 E+05

04: 37 0. OOE+OO 2. 3bE+00 2. 12E+05

04: 53 0. OOE+OO 2. 3bE+00 1. 98E+05

05: 25 2. 3bE+00 1. 18E+01 1. 93E+05

05: 57 b. 3bE+01 1. 74E+02 2. 25E+05

Ob: 29 9. 42E+00 7. 54E+01 2. 30E+05

07: 01 4. 71E+00 4. 00E+01 2. 2bE+05

07: 33 2. 3bE+01 2. 97E+02 3. 05E+05

08: 05 1. 11 E+02 7. 28E+02 5. b4E+05

08: 37 b. 12E+01 9. 9bE+02 b. b7E+05

09: 09 b. 3bE+02 2. 27E+03 1. 1 3E+0b

Mean 7. 89E+01 4. 3bE+02 9. 40E+05

St. Dev 1. bl E+02 b. 91 E+02 b. 77E+05

- Sampling Interval =15 minutes

VOL VOL VOL %

0. 7-1 0. 5-0. 7

t 0. 3-0. 5 TEMP REL. I

9. 04E+0b OFFSCALE 1. 37E+0b 70. 8 bl. 2

8. 79E+0b OFFSCALE 2. 97E+0b 70. 8 bl. 2

9. OOE+Ob OFFSCALE 1. 8bE+0b 70. 8 bO. 8 9. 85E+Ob OFFSCALE 1. 84E+05 70. 8 bO. 4

9. blE+Ob OFFSCALE OFFSCALE 70. 8 bO. 8

9. 28E+0b OFFSCALE OFFSCALE 70. 8 bO. 0

9. 28E+0b 1. 95E+07 1. 3bE+07 70. 8 bO. 0

8. 09E+0b 1. 80E+07 1. 30E+07 70. 8 59. b

7. 75E+0b 1. 75E+07 1. 25E+07 71.

58. 8

7. 70E+0b 1. 75E+07 1. 25E+07 70. 8 59. b

7. bbE+Ob 1. 74E+07 1. 22E+07 70. 0 58. 8

8. OOE+Ob 1. 75E+07 1. 18E+07 70. 8 58. 8

8. 08E+0b 1. 7bE+07 1 . 1 7E+07 70. 8 59. 2

8. 08E+0b 1. 77E+07 1. 19E+07 70. 8 58. 4

7. 75E+0b 1. 75E+07 1. 22E+07 70. 8 58. 4

7. 39E+01. 73E+07 1. 23E+07 70. 4 58. 0

7. 5bE+0b 1. 73E+07 1. 20E+07 70. 8 58. 4

7. 35E+Ob 1. 70E+07 1. 18E+07 70. 8 58. 4

5. 48E+0b 1. 45E+07 1. 54E+07 70. 8 58. 4

3. 4bE+0b 1. 07E+07 1. 38E+07 70. 8 58. 0

2. 1 7E+0b 7. 35E+Ob 1. 1 3E+07 70. 8 58. 4

1. 50E+0b 5. 1 2E+0b 8. 9bE+0b 70. 4 58. 4

1. 38E+Ob 4. 50E+0b 8 . 1 5E+0b 70. 4 58. 4

1 . 1 1 E+Ob 3. 55E+Ob b. 85E+06 70. 4 58. 0

9. 52E+05 2. 95E+0b 5. 90E+06 70. 4 58. 4

8. 84E+05 2. bbE+Ob 5. 43E+06 70. 4 53. 4

8. 39E+05 2. 50E+0b 5. 1 5E+0b 70. 4 57. b

7. 83E+05 2. 33E+Ob 4. 89E+Ob 70. 4 58. 0

7. b0E+05 2. 23E+Ob 4. b7E+0b 70. 4 57. b

7. b2E+05 2. 23E+Ob 4. 7bE+0b 70. 4 57. b

7. 18E+05 2. IbE+Ob 4. b9E+0b 70. 4 57. b

7. 02E+05 2. 1 2E+0b 4. b7E+0b 70. 4 57. b

7. 22E+05 2. 1 3E+0b 4. b2E+0b 70. 0 57. 2

9. 77E+05 4. 78E+0b 1. 57E+07 70. 0 57. b

1. OIE+Ob 5. 27E+0b 1. b4E+07 70. 4 57. b

1. 08E+0b 5. 1 8E+0b 1. 58E+07 70. 0 58. 0

3. OIE+Ob 1. 57E+07 0. OOE+OO 70. 0 58. 0

3. 7bE+0b 1. 80E+07 0. OOE+OO 70. 4 58. 8

5. 91 E+Ob of f scale 5. 39E+0b 70. 4 59. 2

4. 83E+Ob 8. 40E+0b 8. 11 E+Ob 70. b 58. 7

3. 49E+0b 7. 37E+0b 5. 1 4E+0b 0. 3 1. 1
'1

Table

OPS

S=10

OPS 1

S-20

5. Continued

Operations - Sampling Interval = 10 min

VOL VOL VOL VOL VOL VOL X

TIME >10 5-10 1-5 0. 7-1 0. 5-0. 7 0, 3-0. 5 TEMP REL.

11: 01 3. 51E+03 2. 73E+03 3. 00E+05 2. 85E+05 9o 29E+05 4. 46E+06 70. 0 58. 4

11: 34 1. 74E+03 1. 29E+03 1. 54E+05 2. 02E+05 8. 30E+05 4. 43E+06 69. 2 60. 0

11: 56 2. 15E+03 1. 49E+03 1. 85E+05 2. 1 7E+05 8. 23E+05 4. 28E+06 69. 2 60. 0

12: 29 6. 44E+03 3. 12E+03 4. 07E+05 3. 44E+05 9. 26E+05 4. 09E+06 70. 0 60. 4

13: 02 1. 81E+03 1. 68E+03 1. 32E+05 2. 01 E+05 8. 59E+05 4. 36E+06 69. 6 60. 8 13: 35 1. 43E+03 1. 03E+03 1. 02E+05 1. 77E+05 8. 39E+05 4. 65E+06 69. 6 60. 4

13: 57 1. 14E+03 8. 87E+02 1. 41 E+05 2. 15E+05 9. 08E+05 4. 74E+06 69. 6 60. 4

14: 30 3. 76E+03 2. 72E+03 4. 02E+05 3. 96E+05 1. 08E+06 4. 78E+06 70. 0 60. 4

15: 03 2. 17E+03 1. 66E+03 2. 57E+05 2. 93E+05 9. 44E+05 4. 59E+06 69. 6 60. 8 Mean 2. 68E+03 1. 84E+03 2. 31 E+05 2. 59E+05 9. 05E+05 4. 49E+06 69. 6 60. 2

St. Dev 1. 57E+03 7. 62E+02 1. 10E+05 7. 07E+04 7. 68E+04 2. 1 3E+05 0. 3 0. 7

Operations 1 - Sampling Interval * 20 min

TIME VOL VOL VOL VOL VOL VOL X

12/2 >10 5-10 1-5 0. 7-1 0. 5-0. 7 0. 3-0. 5 TEMP REL.

15 30 1. 33E+03 1. 36E+03 1. 60E+05 2. 54E+05 9. 74E+05 4. 70E+06 71. 6 59. 6

15 51 1. 17E+03 1. 20E+03 1. 38E+05 2. 27E+05 9. 14E+05 4. 66E+06 71. 6 58. 8 16 12 1. 06E+03 1. 27E+03 1. 62E+05 2. 92E+05 1. 18E+06 5. 82E+06 71.

2

58. 8

16 33 1. 31E+03 1. 34E+03 1. 41E+05 2. 36E+05 9. 54E+05 4. 99E+06 71. 6 58. 4

16 54 8. 25E+02 1

.

00E+03 1. 1 1 E+05 1. 82E+05 8. 16E+05 4. 53E+06 71. 6 58. 4

17 15 8. 36E+02 8. 96E+02 9. 22E+04 1. 61 E+05 7. 20E+05 3. 97E+06 71. 6 58. 4

17 36 8. 73E+02 9. 93E+02 1. 07E+05 1. 74E+05 7. 16E+05 3. 75E+06 71. 2 58. 0

17 57 9. 79E+02 9. 28E+02 1. 01 E+05 1. 61 E+05 6. 39E+05 3. 31 E+06 71. 6 58. 0

18 18 1. 33B+03 1. 28E+03 1. 25E+05 1. 86E+05 6. 61 E+05 3. 06E+06 71. 2 57. 6

18 39 4. 88E+02 5. 35E+02 8. 06E+04 1. 43E+05 5. 67E+05 2. 73E+06 71. 2 57. 6

19 00 7. 16E+02 7. 35E+02 1. 27E+05 1. 74E+05 5. 80E+05 2. 54E+06 71. 2 58. 0

19 21 1. 30E+03 1. 02E+03 1. 08E+05 1. 61 E+05 5. 45E+05 2. 28E+06 71. 2 58. 0

19 42 1. 07E+03 1. 07E+03 1. 15E+05 1. 65E+05 5. 49E+05 2. 19E+06 71. 2 58. 4

20 03 1. 27E+03 1. 23E+03 1. 27E+05 1. 86E+05 5. 84E+05 2. 10E+06 71.

6

58. 0

20 24 7. 95E+02 6. 75E+02 8. 42E+04 1. 46E+05 5. 11 E+05 1. 92E+06 71. 2 58. 0

20 45 1. 89E+03 1. 58E+03 1. 34E+05 2. 04E+05 6. 29E+G5 2. 15E+06 71. 2 58. 4

21 06 1. 20E+03 1. 09E+03 1. 03E+05 1. 63E+05 5. 38E+05 1. 89E+06 71. 6 58. 0

21 27 1. 70E+03 1. 35E+03 1. 28E+05 2. 04E+05 6. 37E+05 2. 43E+06 71. 6 58. 4

21 48 1. 04E+03 1. 13E+03 1. 1 4E*05 1. 90E+05 6. 14E+05 2. 31 E+06 71.

6

58. 0

22 09 1. 17E+03 1. 20E+03 1. 08E+05 1. 64E+05 5. 21 E+05 1. 83E+06 71.

6

58. 4

22 30 2. 84E+03 2. 34E+03 2. 56E+05 2. 82E+05 6. 63E+05 1. 85E+06 71. 6 58. 8 22 51 1. 93E+03 1. 62E+03 2. 62E+05 2. 71 E+05 6. 23E+05 1. 80E+06 71. 6 58. 4

23 12 1. 45E+03 1. 12E+03 1. 46E+05 2. 30E+05 6. 80E+05 2. 13E+06 71.

6

58. 0

23 33 1. 72E+03 1. 1 8E+03 1. 10E-MD5 1. 74E+05 5. 40E+05 1. 82E+06 72. 0 58. 4

23 54 1. 40E+03 1. 01E+03 1. 01 E+05 1. 70E+05 5. 58E+05 1. 89E+06 72. 0 57. 2

00 15 1. 20E+03 9. 98E+02 1. 07E+05 1. 92E+05 6. 47E+05 1. 86E+06 72. 4 61. 2

00 36 1. 02E+03 8. 00E+02 9. 79E+04 1. 79E+05 6. 31 E+05 2. 00E+06 71. 6 57. 6

00 57 2. 18E+03 1. 51 E-*-03 1. 23E+05 1. 83E+05 6. 11 E+05 1. 95E+06 72. 4 58. 0

01 18 1. 49E+03 9. 45E+02 9. 02E+04 1. 71 E+05 5. 85E+05 1. 85E+06 71. 6 58. 0

01 39 8. 09E+02 5. 71E+02 8. 03E+04 1. 54E+05 5. 47E+05 1. 88E+06 71.

6

58. 0

02 00 1. 05E+03 9. 59E+02 9. 92E+04 1. 68E+05 5. 43E+05 1. 79E+06 71.

6

58. 0

02 21 1. 06E+03 9. 68E+02 8. 52E+04 1. 54E+05 5. 15E+05 1. 64E+06 71.

6

58. 0

02 42 4. 35E+02 3. 59E+02 5. 63E+04 1. 27E+05 4. 63E+05 1. 52E+06 71. 6 58. 0

3: 03 1. 06E+03 7. 74E+02 7. 67E+04 1. 37E+05 4. 58E+05 1. 43E+06 71. 6 58. 4

3: 24 8. 62E+02 7. 17E+02 7. 78E+04 1. 43E+05 4. 69E+05 1. 51 E+06 71.

6

58. 0

34
able 5. Continued

Operations Continued

3: 45 4. 51E+02 3. 96E+02 6. 43E+04 1. 44E+05 4. 94E+05 1. 57E+06 71. 6 58. 0

04: 06 1. 72E+03 1. 09E+03 1. 37E+05 2. 75E+05 7. 65E+05 1. 92E+06 71.

6

58. 0

04: 27 8. 37E+02 6. 71E+02 7. 65E+04 1. 54E+05 5. 00E+05 1. 49E+06 71.

6

57. 6

04: 48 4. 72E+02 4. 06E+02 5. 38E+04 1. 36E+05 4. 76E+05 1. 58E+06 71.

6

57. 6

05: 09 6. 73E+02 to CM CO M OCM 5. 65E+04 1. 26E+05 4. 52E+05 1. 47E+06 71.

58. 0

05: 30 1. 11E+03 7. 88E+02 8. 96E+04 1. 62E+05 5. 06E+05 1. 56E+06 71. 6 58. 0

Mean 1. 17E+03 1. 02E+03 1. 12E+05 1. 83E+05 6. 24E+05 2. 43E+06 ERR ERR

St. Dev 4. 81E+02 3. 75E+02 4. 25E+04 4. 25E+04 1. 53E+05 1. 10E+06 ERR ERR

Operations 1 - Sampling Interval s 20 min

VOL VOL VOL VOL VOL VOL X

12/2 >10 5-10 1-5 0. 7-1 0. 5-0. 7 0. 3-0. 5 TEMP REL. HUM.

05: 51 8. 00 cr (4 +OCM 6. 06E+02 8. 73E+04 1. 61E+05 5. 15E+05 1. 68E+06 71. 6 58. 4

06: 12 1. 99E+03 1. 50E+03 1. 95E+05 2. 41E+05 6. 14E+05 1. 91E+06 71.

6

58. 0

06: 33 3. 72E+03 2. 17E+03 3. 12E+05 3. 15E+05 6. 63E+05 1. 72E+06 72. 0 58. 8 06: 54 3. 36E+03 1. 93E+03 3. 49E+05 3. 82E+05 8. 14E+05 2. 22E+06 72. 0 59. 2

07: 15 1. 91E+03 1. 62E+03 2. 50E+05 2. 97E+05 7. 01E+05 2. 1 4E+06 71. 6 58. 8 07: 36 1. 21E+03 1. 1 1 E+03 1. 25E+05 1. 94E+05 6. 35E+05 2. 49E+06 71. 6 58. 4

07: 57 9. 82E+02 8. 07E+02 1. 04E+05 1. 69E+05 6. 31E+05 2. 76E+06 71. 6 58. 0

08: 18 1. 33E+03 8. 48E+02 1. 27E+05 1. 91E+05 7. 29E+05 3. 34E+06 71.

6

58. 8 08: 39 8. 36E+02 6. 91E+02 1. 09E+05 1. 88E+05 7. 69E+05 3. 74E-M36 71.

6

58. 4

09: 00 8. 64E+02 8. 23E+02 1. 16E+05 1. 98E+05 8. 30E+05 4. 08E+06 71.

6

58. 8 09: 21 9. 73E+02 8. 62E+02 1. 10E+05 1. 85E+05 8. 47E+05 4. 57E+06 71.

58. 0

09: 42 1. 08E+03 8. 73E+02 1. 16E+05 1. 89E+05 8. 68E+05 4. 82E+06 71.

6

58. 8

AVG 1. 27E+03 1. 05E+03 1. 25E+05 1. 93E+05 6. 45E+05 2. 55E+06 71.

6

58. 3

STD 6 . 43E+02 4. 1 0E+02 5. 96E+04 5. 20E+04 1. 49E+05 1. 1 2E+06 0. 3 0. 6

Operations 2 - Sampling Interval * 15 min

LACE TIME VOL VOL VOL VOL VOL VOL %

12/4 >10 5-10 1-5 0. 7-1 0. 5-0. 7 0. 3-0. 5 TEMP REL.

PS 2 10 29 1. 66E+03 8. 32E+02 8. 21E+04 1. 45E+05 6. 22E+05 3. 18E+06 67. 6 60. 8

1

01 1. 20E+03 4. 71E+02 4. 94E+04 1. 12E+05 5. 64E+05 3. 09E+06 66. 4 62. 0

-1

5

1

33 5. 37E+02 2. 29E+02 3. 15E+04 9. 70E+04 5. 73E+05 3. 39E+06 64. 0 64. 0

12 05 9. 23E+02 4. 24E+02 5. 05E+04 1. 09E+05 6. 04E+05 3. 60E+06 64. 6 65. 6

12 37 6. 62E+02 3. 82E+02 4. 00E+04 9. 75E+04 5. 65E+05 3. 44E+06 65. 2 62. 8 13 09 1. 53E+03 7. 80E+02 6. 34E+04 1. 19E+05 5. 74E+05 3. 27E+06 64. 0 66. 0

13 25 1. 47E+03 7. 23E+02 6. 38E+04 1. 23E+05 6. 10E+05 3. 50E+06 66. 4 63. 6

13 57 6. 1 7E+02 3. 58E+02 3. 64E+04 1. 03E+05 6. 64E+05 4. 62E+06 67. 2 61. 2

14 29 9. 87E+02 5. 80E+02 5. 19E+04 1. 12E+05 6. 43E+05 4. 32E+06 67. 2 61. 6

15 01 1. 22B+03 7. 02E+02 9. 74E+04 1. 75E+05 8. 25E+05 4. 88E+0b 66. 8 62. 4

15 33 6. 76E+02 3. 65E+02 5. 01E+04 1, 74E+05 1. 04E+06 5. 55E+06 67. 2 62. 8

16 05 7. 28E+02 4. 10E+02 9. 36E+04 4. 78E+05 2. 41E+06 7. 82E+06 67. 2 62. 4

1b 37 1. 77E+03 7. 94E+02 5. 79E+04 1. 50E+05 9. 36E+05 4. 95E+06 66. 8 62. 4

17 09 1. 17E+03 6. 38E+02 5. 07E+04 1. 25E+05 6. 97E+05 3. 96E+06 oo >o S3 62. 0

17 25 1. 48E+03 9. 66E+02 6. 11E+04 1. 31E+05 6. 78E+05 3. 78E+06 66. 8 62. 0

17 57 1. 45E+03 6. 27E+02 7. 39E+04 1. 71E+05 6. 54E+05 3. 20E+06 67. 2 62. 4

18 29 9. 28E+02 3. 98E+02 4. 08E+04 1. 08E+05 5. 24E+05 2. 76E+06 66. 8 62. 8 19 01 2. 57E+02 1. 58E+02 2. 60E+04 8. 41E+04 4. 31E+05 2. 27E+06 66. 4 63. 6

19 33 1. 08E+03 5. 56E+02 6. 24E+04 1. 46E+05 5. 25E+05 2. 21E+06 66. 4 64. 0

20 05 7. 77E+02 4. 22E+02 6. 01E+04 2. 42E+05 1. 23E+06 4. 27E+06 cr cr CO 62. 8 35
Table 5. Continued

Operations Continued

20: 37 6. 24E+02 2. 83E+02 4. 1 3E+04 1. 25E+05 5. b0E+05 2. 40E+0b bb. 8 b3. 2

21: 09 4< 66E+02 2. 52E+02 5. 09E+04 3. 52E+05 2. 20E+0b 5. IbE+Ob bb. 8 b3. b

21: 25 3* 75E+02 2. 10E+02 4. 42E+04 5. 77E+05 4. b3E+0b 1. 04E+07 bb. 4 b3. 2

21: 57 9. 80E+02 5. 14E+02 b. 03E+04 1. 77E+05 1. 41 E+Ob 4. 93E+Ob bb. 8 b2. 8 22: 29 9. 12E+02 5. 11 E+02 4. 75E+04 I. 31E+05 8. 05E+05 3. 22E+0b bb. 8 b3. b

23: 01 7. 33E+02 7c 68E+02 9. b9E+04 I. 83E+05 b. 87E+05 2. 57E+Ob bb. 8 b3. b

23: 33 8. 01 E+02 4. 99E+02 5. 97E+04 1. 25E+05 5. 3bE+05 2. 52E+Ob bb. 8 63. b

00: 05 1. 22E+03 b. 29E+02 b. 21E+04 1. 32E+05 7. 35E+05 4. b7E+0b bb. 8 b3. b

00: 37 5. 70E+02 4. 22E+02 4. 23E+04 1. 14E+05 9. 11 E+05 b. 84E+0b bb. 8 b4. 4

00: 53 8. 76B+02 4. 90E+02 4. 03E+04 9. 89E+04 b. b9E+05 5. 38E+Ob bb. 8 b4. 4

01: 25 2. 97E+02 2. 83E+02 3. 0bE+04 9. 34E+04 5. 23E+05 3. b2E+0b bb. 4 b4. 0

01: 57 7. 1 1 E+02 4. 83E+02 4. 08E+04 1.11 E+05 b. 32E+05 3. 80E+0b bb. 8 b4. 4

02: 29 9. 38E+02 5. 51 E+02 4. 31 E+04 1. 14E+05 8. 79E+05 5. 95E+Ob bb. 4 64. 0

Mean 9. 28E+02 5. 06E+02 5. 4bE+04 1. b2E+05 9. 25E+05 4. 23E+0b bb. 5 63. 2 St. Dev 3. 87E+02 1. 94E+02 1 . 78E+04 1. 0bE+05 7. 85E+05 1. b9E+0b 0. 8 1 . 1

Summary Concentration Data

CO’ S Office 70L 70L 70L 70L 70L 70L %

S-15 min >10 5-10 1-5 0. 7-1 0. 5-0. 7 0. 3-0. 5 TEMP REL. HUM’ Mean 7. 89E+01 4. 36E+02 9. 40E+05 4. 83E+06 8. 40E+06 8. 1 1 E+Ob 70. b 58. 7

St. Dev 1 . 61E+02 b. 91 E+02 b. 77E+05 3. 49E+06 7, 37E+06 5. 1 4E+06 0. 3 1 . 1 Operations 7QL 70L 70L 70L 70L 70L %

S — 1 0 min > 1 0 5-10 1-5 0. 7-1 0. 5-0. 7 0. 3-0. 5 TEMP REL. HUM!

Mean 2. 68E+03 1 . 84E+03 2. 31 E+05 2. 59E+05 9. 05E+05 4. 49E+06 69. 6 60. 2 St. Dev 1 . 57E+03 7. 62E+02 1 . 10E+05 7. 07E+04 7. 68 E+04 2. 1 3E+05 0. 3 0. 7

Operations 1 70L 70L 70L 70L 70L 70L %

S-20 min >10 5-10 1-5 0. 7-1 0. 5-0. 7 0. 3-0. 5 TEMP REL. HUM.

Mean 1. 17E+03 1. 02E+03 1. 12E+05 1. 83E+05 b. 24E+05 2. 43E+06 71. 6 58. 2

St. Dev 4. 81 E+02 3. 75E+02 4. 25E+04 4. 25E+04 1. 53E+05 1. 10E+06 0. 3 0. 6

Operations 1 70L 70L 70L 70L 70L 70L %

S=20 min >10 5-10 1-5 0. 7-1 0. 5-0. 7 0. 3-0. 5 TEMP REL. HUM.

Mean 1. 27E+03 1. 05E+03 1. 25E+05 1. 93E+05 b. 45E+05 2. 55E+06 71. 6 58. 3

St. Dev 6 . 43E+02 4. 10E+02 5. 96E+04 5. 20E+04 1. 49E+05 1. 12E+06 0. 3 0. 6

Operations 2 70L 70L 70L 70L 70L 70L %

S~ 1 5 min >10 5-10 1 "5 0. 7-1 Oc 5-0. 7 0. 3-0. 5 TEMP REL. HUM.

Mean 9. 28E+02 5. 06E+02 5. 46E+04 1. 62E+05 9. 25E+05 4. 23E+06 6b. 5 63- 2

St. Dev 3. 87E+02 1. 94E+02 1 . 78E+04 1. 06E+05 7. 85E+05 1. 69E+06 0. 8 1 . 1

36
4.5.1 Background Information on Indoor Air Quality

In terms of indoor air quality, the NAS (1981) identified a number of pollutants including the following: radioactivity,

aldehydes, consumer products, asbestos and other fibers,

combustion products (such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,

nitrogen dioxides, and particles), tobacco smoke contaminants

(including particles, nicotine, carbon monoxide, chemicals (such

as ozone, hydrocarbons, sulfur dioxide), particulates, allergens

(such ar fungi, algae, actinomycetes , arthropod fragments, dust,

pollen), airborne microorganisms (such as bacteria and viruses).

To this list, Meyer (1983) added contaminants such as water, skin

scales, perspiration, and other human byproducts. Meyer (1983,

p. 95) suggest "the worst problem in confined spaces is posed by

particulates. Particulates will reach a level of 0.4 mg/m^ after

100 hours in submarines. This is twice the level found in a smoggy day in Los Angeles". The effect of particulates depends

on how deeply they penetrate into the respiratory system; those

in the range of 0.5 to 5 millimicrons are the most dangerous

because they are retained deep in the lungs. "Particles act

synergis t ical ly with other pollutants because these small solids

have enormous surface areas on which chemical reactions can be

catalyzed by a variety of effects. Sulfur dioxide is an example

of a substance with a greater toxic effect in the presence of

sulfate particles, soot, coal dust, tobacco smoke and asbestos"

(p.99). Still, other problems are posed by tobacco smoke because

carbon monoxide levels due to smoking can build up over 10 ppm

(the EPA ambient 8 hour level) in indoor unventilated spaces

(Meyer , 1983).

Although interior dust is so common and ubiquitous as to be

unremarkable, it can carry microbes, allergens, radioactive

particles, pesticides, pollens, molds, dust mites, insect and

animal debris, human debris (such as skinscales), etc. Meyer

noted that "the most common allergens are house dust, animal

products, molds, bacteria, chemicals and pollen" (p. 256).

Numerous reports have also pointed out that air conditioning and

humidifying systems can be major sources of bacteria, virus, and

molds or fungi (Meyer, 1983; NAS, 1981; Morris, 1986). These

airborne biological contaminants are responsible for diseases

transmitted through the air such as influenza, legionnaire's

disease, smallpox, measles, pneumococcal pneumonia, rhinovirus

,

adenovirus, respiratory virus infections, and others. Morris

(1986, p. 61) pointed out that "Respiratory infections are

responsible for more lost time from work than any other causes,

and it has been estimated by the federal government to cost over

$100 billion per year in lost productivity and medical costs".

NAS notes that "the incidence of respiratory conditions is just

under one per person per year, and on an average, each person's

activity is restricted for 4.5 days. If one grants that these

illnesses are mostly due to indoor airborne contagion, the

problem is seen to be enormous" (p. vii- 86 - 87 ). The NAS further

37
indicates that allergens such as dus t mites require temperatures

of around 25° C and relative humidities of at least 45%, while

damp walls may harbor different types of harmful fungi. Meyer

notes that although "water is not normally considered a pollutant, moisture is an excellent solvent for many pollutants

and thus influences their concentration; moreover, moisture acts

as an important ingredient in the corrosive action of many

pollutants (p. 165) . Morris ( 1986) concludes that the air flow

exchange rate has a direct impact on the concentration of viruses

and bacteria.

With regard to Site 2, the above discussion has several important

implications. First, the relative humidity levels can support

bacteria and mold growth, which could result in lost time due to

respiratory infections, illness, and allergic reactions.

Secondly, the smoking areas might have excessively high levels of

carbon monoxide since they are not on a separate air exchange

system. Thirdly, the particle counts, although "in the same

ballpark" as those for Washington, D.C. area buildings, pose

potential dust problems, which could interact with the high

humidity to allow airborne biological contamination.

38
5 . CONCLUSIONS

At the two sites visited, a number of building and environmental

design issues were identified as potential problem areas. In

addition, a measurement protocol was developed for further

detailed analysis of these areas.

One of the most important potential problems is that of lighting,

particularly for areas where a mix of VDT and paper tasks occur.

In many instances on the operations floor, the room illumination

reduced contrasts on the VDT screens to unacceptably low levels.

Yet, lowering the lighting levels to make more effective use of

the VDT ' s resulted in a dim, gloomy appearance to the room, and

made it more difficult to read paper copy. Coversely, in the

analytical area, light levels were generally higher, but

contrasts for VDT tasks also tended to be in the acceptable

range. Here the problem was that of paper copy printed with poor

quality ribbons. For this task, light levels were too low.

Further research will concentrate on more detailed measurements

of the interaction of VDT and paper tasks with different, types of

luminaires, lighting geometries, and light levels. The

feasibility of solutions such as task lighting, uplighting, and

specialized diffusers will also be explored.

Another problem area at both sites was that of unacceptable

fluctuations in temperature and humidity. Site-wide air

conditioning outages were common at the first site, while

unacceptably cold temperatures and high humidities were common at

the second site. Mold, mildew, and dust were also problems at

the second site. In addition, smoking areas at this site clearly

required a separate air-cleaning or exhaust system to deal with

the build-up of smoke in the space. Further research will

concentrate on a more complete characterization of the

distribution of temperatures and humidities throughout the site.

While overall noise levels were not a particular health problem,

individual noise sources such as printers and air handlers often

created excessive noise. Greater use of printer covers would

reduce the noise to more acceptable levels. Other noise problems

involve distractions due to conversations in crowded areas.

Here, the problem is the information content of the "noise".

Yet, because many of the conversations are wo rk - r e 1 a t e d , there is

no easy solution. Still another potential noise problem is the

level at which individual operators are listening in their

headsets. Preliminary measures indicated that some levels were

unacceptably high. Further research will concentrate on defining

the general levels and duration of headset noise to determine if

in fact a problem exists.

Other potential problem areas included space limitations,

furniture condition and quality, maintenance, and general

appearance, particularly at site 2. Because it is underground,

39
and does not have windows, personnel are cut off from the outside

world. As a result, they may be more conscious of environmental

defects. Nonetheless, in the analytical areas, severe crowding

problems were identified, with individual analysts unable to

backup from their desks in some cases without hitting someone

behind them. Conversations and people movement were major

distractions in the cramped rooms. Further research will

concentrate on precise measurements of the space available, as

well as on noise and lighting measurements for this area and the

operations floor.

Furniture condition was a major issue also, with many chairs,

desks, and cabinets in poor repair. One possible solution is to

evaluate the effectiveness and durability of a set of ergonomic

chairs, and inventory furniture conditions. The feasibility of

modular furniture will also be explored as a potential 'solution

in the next phase. Finally, developing and implementing a regularly scheduled maintenance program for the HVAC equipment,

lighting systems, and general environment would be useful in

increasing system durability and improving the functioning of the

overall facility.

In the next phase of the research, detailed physical measurement

and behavioral data will be collected to determine the impacts of

lighting, temperature and air quality, noise, and the general

environment on work performance. Such data are needed to

determine the relative magnitude and extent of the potential

problem areas identified above. During the initial phase

measurement procedures and protocols were developed for this

detailed evaluation. Based on the Phase 2 evaluation, a set of

recommendations and design guidelines for improving the

environmental quality will be developed for use in renovating

existing facilities and designing new ones.

40
REFERENCES

American National Standard for Human Factors Engineering of

Visual Display Terminals - Revised Review Draft. July 1986.

Kaufman, J. (Ed.) Illuminating Engineering Society Handbook:

Reference Volume. New York, N.Y: IESNA, 1984 AND 1987.

Meyer, B. Indoor Air Quality. Reading, MA : Addison-Wes ley

Pub . Co. , 1983

Morris, R.H. Indoor Air Pollution: Airborne Viruses and

Bacteria. Heating. Pining and Air Conditioning. Feb. 1986,

pp . 5 9- 68.

National Research Council. Indoor Pollutants. Washington,

D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1981.

National Research Council, Committee on Vision. Video

Displays. Work. and Vision. Washington, D.C.National

Academy of Sciences, 1983.

Rea, M. Visual Performance with Realistic Methods of

Changing Contrast. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering

Society. 1981, .10., pp . 164- 177.

Shahnavaz , H. Lighting Conditions and Workplace Dimensions

of VDT Operators. Ergonomic s . 1982. .25., pp . 1 165 - 1 173.

41
App endi c e s

A. Glossary

B. Protocol for Further Assessment of Site 2 and Other Field

Stations

C. Edited Transcript of Interviews

D. Bibliographies

(1) Stress

(2) Shiftwork

(3) Lighting

42
Appendix A. Glossary of Terms Used in the Text

The lighting definitions are taken from the IES Reference

Handbook (1984).

Ambient Lighting - Lighting throughout an area that produces

general illumination.

ANSI - American National Standards Institute

ASHRAE - American Society of Heating, Regr igerat ing , and Air

Conditioning Engineers

Ballast - A device used with electric discharge lamp to obtain

the necessary circuit conditions (voltage, current, and

wave form) for starting and operating.

CFM - Cubic Feet Per Minute

Color Rendering Index - Measure of the degree of color shift

objects undergo when illuminated by the light source as

compared with the color of those same objects when

illuminated by a reference source of comparable color

temperature

dBA - A logarithmic measure of sound pressure level,

expressed as a ratio between two sound pressures, and

weighted by the A weighting factor which adjusts the

sound level measurements for variations in the response

of the human ear to different frequencies.

Diffuser -A device to redirect or scatter the light from a source, primarily by the process of diffuse

transmission.

Direct Glare - Glare resulting from high luminances or

insufficiently shielded light sources in the field of

view.

Disability Glare - Glare resulting in reduced visual performance

and visibility. It is often accompanied by discomfort.

Discomfort Glare - Glare producing discomfort. It does not

necessarily interfere with visual performance or

visibility.

EPA - Environmental Protection Agency

FC - Footcandles

43
Glare - The sensation produced by luminance within the visual

field that is sufficiently greater than the luminance

to which the eyes are adapted to cause annoyance,

discomfort, or loss in visual performance and

visibility.

HVAC - Heating, ventilating and air conditioning system.

IESNA - Illuminating Engineering Society of North America

Illuminance - Density of the luminous flux incident on a surface

it is the quotient of the luminous flux by the area of

the surface when the latter is uniformly illuminated.

In lay terms illuminance is the amount of light

falling on a surface. It is measured in Lux or foot

candles. A foot candle = 10.76 lux.

INSCOM - U.S. Army Inteligence and Security Command

Louver - A series of baffles used to shield a source from view

at certain angles or absorb unwanted light. The

baffles usually are arranged in a geometric pattern.

Luminaire A complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp or

lamps together with the parts designed to distribute

the light, to position and protect the lamps and to

connect the loops to the power supply.

Luminance The quotient of the luminous flux at an element of

the surface surrounding the point and propagated in

directions defined by an elementary cone containing the

given direction; by the product of the solid angle of

the cone and the area of the orthogonal projection of

the element of the surface on a plane perpendicular to

the given direction. In lay terms, it is the amount of

light reflected from a surface. It is measured in

candelas/meter squared - (cd/m^) or f oo tlamber ts . A

footlambert = 3.426 cd/m^

Luminance Contrast; Contrast - Relationship between the luminance

of an object and its immediate background. It is equal

to (L^-L2 )/l 1 where L^ and L 2 are the luminaire of the

background and object, respectively.

Luminance Ratio - Ratio between the luminances of any two areas

in the visual field.

NAS - National Academy of Sciences

NBS - National Bureau of Standards

OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration

44
Quality of Lighting - Pertains to the distribution of luminance

in a visual environment. The term is used in a positive sense and implies that all luminances

contribute favorably to visual performance, visual

comfort, ease of seeing, safety and esthetics for the

specific visual tasks involved.

Task Ambient Lighting - A combination of task lighting and

ambient lighting within an area ; such that the general

level of ambient lighting is lower than and

complementary to the task lighting.

Task Lighting - Lighting directed to a specific surface or area

that provides illumination for visual tasks.

TMJ - The Temporal Mandibular Joint is a socket on the lower jaw

which can slip as a result of grinding or clenching

teeth, causing neck aches, ear aches, or facial pain.

It is often associated with stress or tension and

results in a condition known as TMJ syndrome.

VDT - Video Display Terminals

45
Appendix B. Protocol for Further Assessment at Site 2 and other

Field Stations.

B.l Additional In-Depth Interviews

a. Environmental specialist

b. Information management specialist

c. Group(s) of 4-7 operators

d. Group(s) of 4-7 analysts

e. Civilian support personnel (also military

administrative personnel)

f. Facilities personnel

g. Administrative personnel

B.2 Additional Physical Measurements

a. Lighting

(1) Illuminance on horizontal and vertical surfaces

(2) Luminance of white paper, black task, grey task,

screen, screen character, lamp, ceiling

(3) Position of luminaire with respect to task

(4) Lighting contrasts in operational and analytical

areas

b. Noise levels in same areas including headphone

measurements . c. Space and layout - detailed measurements of amounts of

space available to analysts, operators, supervisors and

support staff. Include desk size, room for moving

chairs, number of file cabinets, number of tables,

total size of space, total number of personnel/shift,

overall cleanliness.

d. Color of lamps, walls, desks, chairs, carpets,

dividers

e. Lights - wattage, type, number, diffuser, task lamps

(wattage, size, color), cleanliness.

f. Air quality - radon, CO, temperature, humidity, air

f low . B.3 Questionnaire Administration

Administer questionnaire to selected staff picking at least 5-10

people from each operational area (such as Army, Navy, AF

operations, Army, Navy, AF analysis, administrative people,

computer support personnel, and headquarters) to determine the

relative importance of different environmental factors to

personnel at two or more field stations.

46
Appendix C Detailed interviews at Site 2

The following summarizes the views, comments, suggestions and

reactions of people working at various jobs in selected areas at

Site 2

C . 1 . Army

C.1.1 Analytical Supervisory Personnel

In response to questions concerning environmental problems none

were immediately identified at the outset of the interview.

Personnel indicated that when a problem exists, it is readily

attended to. The lighting is fine. There is some noise

pollution; too many printers in a small area. No one's

complained, but management is planning to order boxes to put

around them. Space is a major issue. Over the last four months

personnel has almost tripled, they are crowded in some areas.

People are too close together, constantly bumping chairs, and

must share computer terminals. There are about 34 terminals per

branch, which operate on a 24 hour day schedule. As for chairs,

they have plenty but have ordered some to upgrade their stock.

Unlike operators, the analysts are mobile; they can walk around.

When frustrated, they can go to a smoking area, or to the snack

bar

Analysts generally work individually, but sometimes must talk to

each other to perform their jobs. They talk from their desks, or

go to a colleagues desk and intrude into the other's activity

(whether convenient or not). There is no place for conferring,

so conversations sometimes cause problems for others. The mission

takes precedence but . this activity can be disturbing. When asked

for a solution such as a small room. The response was yes, but. . better would be individual workstations, where everyone wears

headsets and boom mikes. Depending on the task, one can signal

not to be disturbed. If necessary, the do - no t - di s turb message

could be overridden. People could exchange information and ideas

on the screen and talk about it over the mikes. It would reduce

walking around carrying paper. With respect to office design,

the walls do not reach the ceiling - for proper air circulation.

"We all listen to what's going on around us and then make

decisions about whether to get involved even when not invited."

If a conversation starts two desks away about a matter of

interest, a person will attend to it, at the sacrifice of the

task at hand. When sharing an office, one estimate was a 50%

work degradation because of interruptions. Each person

participates in a conversation, even when originally directed

toward one individual. It is difficult to maintain a coherent

train of logical, analytical thought. Work requiring great

concentration is therefore often performed before or after

regular hours
Although it might appear to be desirable to distribute personnel

evenly over the three shifts to reduce crowding and distractions

contributed to by the open office design, (to minimize

interruptions from people walking through, conversations, etc),

the workload is heaviest on days. Supervisory personnel and the

best workers are required then. As a result environmental needs

must be balanced against supervisory control requirements. People

must be available on days to resolve problems occurring during

the preceding 24 hours. Some shiftwork assignments result in

simple tasks taking 24 hours to complete. Passing information by

notes from one shift to another is inefficient. The alternative

is to work long hours. Because most questions get resolved in the

daytime, more people are needed, so the office is crowded.

Dividers have been tried but were ineffective for reducing noise

problems. Dividers helped only with an old Wang printer, which

was so noisy that four dividers about 5' high were placed around

it. One was hinged to serve as a door so the sound went straight

to the ceiling or into the divider material. This printer was

the biggest distraction; when something was printed, it affected

everyone. It has since been replaced by another quieter printer

(which has no sound shield, and so continues to be distracting).

Modular furniture was examined as a potential space saver to

reduce the number of square feet required per person. At the

field station space is tighter than at headquarters with only

about 30 64sq. ft. per individual. When the aisles for movement

are considered, space is very tight. Yet analytical jobs require

thought and solitude and relative freedom from distractions. In

some ways the operator's jobs are easier; they respond to a stimulus but don't have to analyze it. A particular problem

occurs for the analysts at shift changes. An operator can fill

in a replacement quite readily, but it is very difficult for an

analyst to condense 8 hours of effort into 10 minutes.

Some interruptions are definitely attention- getters , e.g. where's

the lost report? or the Army Times says "we're not going to be

paid next month". These things can disrupt the entire office

because everyone is so close. One must then sit down and

recapture one's thoughts. Distractions make it difficult to

integrate information. When trying to work on an idea, if someone

bothers you, the idea could be gone forever.

One solution suggested was to make space available for

conversations. Another was to employ headsets to allow the

individual to determine whether to attend to information from the

outside world. The headsets could be controlled to accept or

reject input (unless a superior overrode the setting). A simpler

solution is to have an area for each section, where material and

work could be moved if quiet were needed. It could be set aside

for work requiring concentration. It would have a terminal, and a place for laying out material if one had to move elsewhere

temporarily. The volume of paper needed would not preclude this

approach; much information is electronic.

48
As for other environmental impacts on the people; no sensory

break is available after entering the tunnel. "There are no

windows. Most buildings have places where it's easy to get

outside. It's a quarter mile walk to the outside. Being under

fluorescent lights all day with brick walls is annoying." Even

after three years, without expecting it to be annoying, I feel

the need to get outside at least once a day. If not, my family

knows that I've not had a good day."

A major problem is the tunnel itself. It's the first thing seen

in the morning and the last at night. "Whatever is done to the

interior space, you're still faced with the drab and dreary

tunnel." When asked about the feasibility of a break area above,

the response was favorable; many people run the fields, often at

lunch. A problem is the distance from tunnel to the fields .* The

tradeoff is a rapid office lunch. The analysts have more time for

lunch. Their time is not monitored by computer as is the

operators', where productivity is a major concern.

A nine-hour day is not feasible because there's no place for

people to overlap. The operations people work an 8-hour day.

Their time away from the desk is monitored, but they don't have

to work overtime. The supervisory personnel work long hours and

must overlap schedules to catch nuances of information.

With respect to terminal usage, some are networked, while others

are individual. Often two to three analysts share a terminal,

since policy is that a terminal must be used by at least two

people. Yet because of intense terminal use, it - is often

desirable to have one terminal per person. The situation is most

acute on days, when more people work, and deadlines come due.

It's difficult to determine whether productivity is greater on

mid and swing shifts, even with greater terminal availability,

because the mix of work and personnel is different.

Lighting was not identified as a problem. (Ed note: I didn't

either until I saw someone trying to read copy printed with a very bad ribbon under about 25 fc. It was very difficult to see

the copy, and the person commented that this was a typical

situation since ribbons get constant use and wear out quickly.)

With respect to temperature, it is often cold. The air

distribution system is not efficient. There are far more

complaints about cold than hot temperatures; most from the

operations floor, where it's so cold that many people wear long

underwear. The need for more fresh air and moving air was cited.

Life in the facility was compared to a submarine, where people

always feel better on the surface. More information is needed

about the effects on people of working underground.

To a question about what could be done to improve conditions, one

suggestion was that holographic walls might be helpful. The

fluorescent skylight in the cafeteria feels "very outdoorsy" when

one first arrives, but later, it's apparent "that sucker's got

40' of dirt on top of it". Curtains on walls would provide

texture. Lowering overall noise levels would also be useful. One
can hear the printer even though it's supposed to be quiet. A

cover would help but it would have to be bought or made, which is

difficult to do. (Ed comment: At this point a video training

tape started running in the background, which was very

distracting .

)

Training films are run during the day so troops can attend them.

The only available viewing place is outside a supervisors office.

They have lost classroom space so office space is used for

instruction. They have also lost conference space due to staff

increases. Losing the planned operational support facility

outside has been a great blow. It meant that people on the

second floor couldn't move, thereby cramping operations and

analysis (particularly the latter) severely.

In terms of immediate "fixes", upgrading the bseak areas is

needed since it's at least a 10 minute walk to the tunnel mouth.

The current smoking area is a reconverted latrine which does not

work as a break area for non-smokers. Concerning the terminals;

the feeling was that many are terrible and need replacement.

They are blurry and cheap, and the printers, slow and noisy. The

primary need in the analysis area is to reduce noise

distractions. White noise was suggested as a possibility. Now

they have music, selected by the MP ' s at the gate and piped

through the sound system. They have no control over the station

selection or level.

The impact of sharing terminals is to reduce productivity. At

times another person in a private office using the terminal

(that's why he has two chairs behind his desk), yet when the door

is closed, people can't get to this terminal. Sharing can lead to

problems in meeting deadlines and ensuring that information is as

recent and accurate as possible. Having physical training

formations in the mornings also poses problems with the

de ad 1 ine s

C.1.2 Army Analysts

An individual analyst was then questioned. When asked if noise

were a problem, the response was that on days it was. He works

straight swings (evenings with weekends off). It is particularly

noisy from 0700 to 1400, being very distracting at times. As for

lighting, he and two colleagues are located in a reconverted

hallway where lighting poses some difficulty. One light is

centered at the end of the hallway; one desk gets sufficient

light, the second gets less, and the third very little. There is

no planned relationship between the desk position and the lights.

It is a temporary position which isn't too bad. The advantage of

the lighting is they constantly view monitors and the subdued

light reduces glare. Over an 8 hour day he spends about 6+ hours

at the terminal. While monitoring the terminal, paper copy is

used, and the job requires going back and forth between the two.

50
Host time is spent on the scopes. (Ed comment: The noise is very

ins i stent .

)

In response to a question about break areas, he commented it was

more like "break in place" since neither he nor his colleagues

smoke. With respect to temperature, it is comfortable, although

cooler with fewer people at night and in the afternoon. By days

it is back to normal. It is so cool that some (usually females/

wear sweaters. He has always worn the uniform he has on (khakis).

Everybody can choose the uniform to wear except on days with

required formations. As for storage space, he has enough. Air

quality is much improved since the smoking ban. Before that it

was poor. At home his family would notice the smell of smoke and

ask him to shower first. He doesn't notice much problem with

mold or dust in the analyst area, although in other places one

notices a musty smell when entering an office. He feels that

generally the environment works well. (Ed :At this point, the

place sort of shut down, with rock music coming over the PA

accompanying the film on the danger of cocaine. It was also shift

change time .

)

C.1.3 Army Operations Supervisors

C . 1 . 3 .

Lighting

Lighting is a major issue with the soldiers on the operations

floor. It is difficult to determine whether their concerns and

frustrations are real or not. They claim eyestrain is an issue.

The supervisors preference is for more lighting because:

a) it'

s

easier to keep the building clean

b) it keeps the soldiers more alert.

As soon as the lights are turned up, the soldiers complain and

mention eyestrain.

What is the nature of their complaints? They claim that their

eyes hurt, that there is glare. Operators spend 8 hours a day in

front of the CRT listening to hard- to - dec ipher information. The

burden is harder on them than on traditional VDT operators

because of the need for intense concentration. The 8-hour day is

interrupted by 3-10 minute scheduled breaks plus a 40-minute

lunch break. At times operators must eat on position with food

being brought in. Operators can't get up and leave when eyes are

tired. (Ed note: Unlike the Army, the Navy provides task

lighting on the desk so that operators could see paper tasks

while still keeping the overall lighting levels low for the

screens.) To an inquiry about the need for glasses, there was

no awareness of changes over time. (Ed note: Conversations with

troops on the operations floor suggested that some had recently

gotten glasses, and some attributed it on work with the CRT's.)

51
C . 1 . 3 . 2 Noise

Two sources of noise were identified on the operations floor:

a) Headsets: The soldiers listening through headsets to hard-tohear stuff (he gave job series) are covered by the Army's hearing

ability tests which require at least annual, if not more frequent

testing of hearing. Hearing loss is an occupational hazard with

this job classification. (Ed note: Conversations with individual

operators revealed that many had measurable hearing loss.) With

respect to headsets, they are large ones (like 10-year old Bose

headsets); and not individually fitted, but standard issue to

each operator. They are good sets which muffle outside noise.

People have individual headsets which they carry in and out. Some

keep them in the lockers.

b) Engineering generated noise through air handlers which depend

on floor location. Several specific areas lead to complaints of

headaches. One is being used as a break area. (Ed: the noise

could defeat the idea of break area for rest and relaxation and

taking deep breath. Noise is a stressor, so that if the area is

very noisy, thereby negating the idea of a break.)

To a question about other noise issues, locations near the

printers were mentioned.

C . 1 . 3 . 3 Break Areas/Air Quality

The need for break areas is a major problem. There is no place

for non-smokers. For smokers, several latrines were converted

into smoking areas , but no such arrangement was made for nonsmokers. The air quality in the smoking areas might be a health

hazard. The army went to a rigid no-smoking policy which the CO

has enforced, with smoking only in designated areas. Before,

smoking was allowed on position. In a traditional building one

can just walk outside and smoke. At the station, the walk to the

outside takes 15-minutes, while the break is 10-minutes. The

non-smokers use the area near the noisy air handler if they work

nearby, but this used by only about seven people. The others

don't have any place to go. Smoking is allowed only in theofficial break areas; people cannot smoke in the hallway.

In response to a question about what is needed in break areas:

"Magazines, soft music, soda machines, and candy bar machine (so

that troops don't have to walk all the way to the snack bar).

Juke boxes or video games would not be appropriate. The Air

Force brings in candy and has a table set up where troops can buy

things. Army regulations would prohibit this. It is against the

rules to have coffee funds or Christmas funds." The equipment is

not user friendly because of its slow response. The speaker went

into great detail about how the equipment works and what is wrong

with it. Previous controls were analog, while now they are

digital, requiring constant activation by tapping to make

necessary adjustments.

52
C . 1 . 3 . 4 Individual Army Operators

"People complain about the lights; many of them are out. There

are frequent complaints of headaches. One problem is that the

air handlers move air, while cooling; it gets very cold in

midshifts. When it's cold upstairs, it's very cold down here. As

you can see, I'm wearing a sweater." (Ed Comment: it was quite

cool during our visit.)

The chairs are extremely uncomfortable particularly for 6-7 hours

a day. • The speaker wants more lower back support and feels the

back of the chairs is too high. He feels that he doesn't need

arms on his chair. "On some chairs you can adjust the back, but

it's like lying backwards. The back is not firm enough. The

chairs need to be height adjustable. Some people are 6-7 ft tall

while others are shorter. Some want their feet to just touch the

floor while others want their feet firmly on the ground, still

others are in the middle." A footrest could be helpful, or maybe

an ergonomic chair with the feet under the seat. The chair needs

wheels to move on the carpet. Some are fine on linoleum, but

won't slide on carpet. They must be durable; they receive 24

hours a day use

As for headsets, he would prefer one that permits walking; such

as a telephone extension cord. All it would take is a patch cord

and a phone cord. (Ed comment: We may have seen something like

this at Site 1.)

The speaker commented that shiftwork is a major problem.. It

takes 6 days to get adjusted, and then you are disrupted again.

"It messes up your eating habits and your sleeping habits. The

6-2, 6-2 schedule isn't the best. A better scheme is to have a month of midshifts, and a month of swingshifts. There's got to

be a better way." (Ed comment: When taking lighting measurements

on the operations floor, 6-8 troops said that current shift

schedules were very hard on them; they would prefer a longer time

so their bodies can properly adjust.)

When chairs were mentioned the speaker responded there has been

some improvement. But, many don't have arms. A good chair should

be easy to adjust. Ambient noise is not a problem, because the

headsets screen it out. He turns up the volume and gets lost in

his work. The headsets are all right, although sometimes his ear

becomes irritated because "the hard plastic is wearing out". Pads

are used to cover up the worn area. He can hear quite a bit of

background noise. The operators can determine when to

concentrate and when not to.

The light bothers the speaker because of screen glare

reflections. To a question about whether it is difficult to read

papers in the low light, he said "no, not once you're used to the

light level". He can readily go back and forth between the paper

53
and VDT. The paper serves as a reference to remind him of

things

The temperature can get quite cold particularly at night. If you

want to wear a field jacket, you must be in regulation uniform.

It is a problem going back and forth to outside (where it's much

warmer). Clothing regulations prevent him from wearing a sweater

or field jacket. As for space, no personal articles can be kept

at the workstation. Smoking areas are a problem. When asked

about desirable features for a break area, the following were

cited:

* Separate area for non-smokers

* Soft cushioned chairs

* Vending machines for soda and candy

* Reading materials

* No piped-in music

Air quality is an issue. It is musty and moldy at the site. He

has no problem with the temperature or with colds, and feels

viruses will spread easily with so many people . As for the new

barracks in A quad, "it's OK but not great. It has mold, and on

weekends, they turn off the AC so it gets hot. The cafeteria has

good food, but it is crowded."

The only thing that bothers him much about a windowless

environment is the surprise about the weather when leaving. He

would like the MP ' s to describe the weather every so often,

particularly whether it's rainy or nice.

The speaker sees no real problem reading the VDT screens. He has

been here since July, while another speaker has been there for 13

months. One speaker had been to Korea, which he preferred. He

felt the equipment was better here but the work environment was

better there. "They let you do your job with few regulations. It

is more GI here. For example, there were visitors yesterday and

we had to clean up for them; then somebody else was upset because

we weren't doing our job." He feels pulled in conflicting

directions

With respect to the drab walls, there was little reaction. They

get used to the environment and tolerate it. "It's like being a machine, you know you have to do it, so you do it". Several

operators felt that the dark room is easier on the eyes and

allows better control of screen contrast; better than the

brightness adjustment on the screen itself. They use the

brightness control sometimes. When asked about equipment needs,

the only thing mentioned were headsets. In response to an inquiry

about being "tied to" headsets; not being able to move around,

one speaker commented on the desire to get up at least once an

hour, stretch and walk around. He takes a smoke break, gets a

54
drink of water or walks around the bay. Everybody needed to do

tha t

Relationships with the analysts were then explored; do they talk

to them much or have much social interaction? The speaker said

he thinks they understand what analysts do, "we do our thing and

they do their thing. It shouldn't really be like that; we should

be working together bat certain attitudes can't be overcome."

When asked for suggestions, they indicated operators and analysts

should get together and "dig out. the information needed. New

information would help with the task. Many case folders are

outdated but nothing is done to make information more current."

Specific tasks should be the topic of conversation between

operators and analysts. The lack of such information makes it

"almost impossible to do the job because they lose contact when a change occurs." The analyst may also lose continuity because the

operator doesn't understand requirements sufficiently. (Ed

comment: That doesn't seem surprising in view of the universal

complaints about interruptions, noise, and space limitations from

every analyst interviewed.)

Lighting is a real problem. "When the light here is turned on,

the glare comes directly on the screen. The alternative is that

a light comes directly on your eyes." The lights are too bright,

and in the wrong direction. "Most of the lights have little

squares, like those there. They break down the glare a lot."

(Ed: The speaker referred to diffusers.) "Because the CRT is

back lit, even if it were pitch dark, you can still see. The

location of the lights is also a problem".

The temperature fluctuates and is often very cold. It is seldom

comfortable. The noise comes and goes. As they add more

equipment, you expect more noise. The noise doesn't have any

effect on the job unless it's very loud and constant. The

speaker has been here for three years and is an experienced

operator. When asked if it bothered him to work underground, it

did, sometimes especially coming up and down the tunnel bothers

him. "If they would keep trucks out of the tunnel that would be

great. Sometimes when you walk out the smell is worse than LA.

As far as the tunnel itself (the facility) underground, it's a bummer. Stopping smoking has helped the air." The lack of a separate break area wasn't a problem because he prefers to break

on position. It allows him to finish up work. Shift work is a problem. You've got to reverse your clock. A lot of people can't

handle it, but he's been doing it for so long (3 years) that it

is OK. Still, it takes a lot out of him and he's tired a lot.

C . 2 Navy

C.2.1 Operations Supervisors

55
Space is a complex issue; they don't use what they have very well

and yet need more. Because they have old equipment in a side-byside configuration, they lose space. It would be more efficient

to stack the equipment vertically. There is a desire to get rid

of old printers, which take up too much space. Present

technology is to use stackable components, occupying less floor

space. Nonetheless, given the current mission load (which

increases daily), operator space is not a real issue. Operators

feel they don't have enough space, but this is disputed. (Ed

comment: operators have more space than in Site 1.)

C . 2 .

Analysts

A speaker commented on the temporary nature of the facilities,

noting the frequent changes. He knows he's going to move across

the hall sometime, but doesn't know when. He's been in his

present office for four years, but a move was always imminent. He

can't set up permanently; e.g. put charts and maps on the walls.

Any addons are not taken seriously. They need new equipment such

as desks and safes etc. Another speaker commented that they

desperately need new carpeting, but nothing is done because of

the "impending" move. There is no date for this move. With

respect to the carpet, "the appearance is crummy". The floor has

no carpeting in one area; "holes in the walls, holes in the

ceiling it's horrible". Other comments were that it's too

crowded, no privacy, too much movement and not enough space. For

example people can't back up from their desk without bumping into

someone

The major problems are noise and crowded conditions, for people

doing "brainwork" . Too many telephones and terminals and

equipment are in the space. There are lots of auditory

distractions and people moving about and no privacy.

In response to a question about what temporary improvements might

help, they mentioned a plan to free space, which might help some.

The aesthetics of the space should be improved. Spreading out

desks would help; they take up so much room. Smaller desks would

not help; everyone requires one of the current size. The female

in charge countered that wa tchs t ande r s deal with great volumes of

paper which must be spread out. More space would enhance

e f f i c i ency

In terms of files and stored items, certain things must be

accessed regularly, but intermittently. Thus, material needed by

one person is often stored on the edge of someone else's desk,

because it's the only place available. For example they have

stored a huge printer between two desks which cramps the space

(nothing was said about noise from it.) Computers are not

supposed to be on top of safes but there's no other place for

them. "If we have one single problem, it is space. It is so

cramped and so crowded."

56
When asked what would be the characteristics of a more desirable

space, other than greater size; the response was more storage

room. The furniture provoked strong reactions. It is second hand,

hand-me-down. Most people have desks that don't lock, they have

missing drawers or drawers that don't work. " I t is just terrible

to ask people to work under conditions like this. The general

appearance is so awful, but there's nothing that we can do about

it. The whole area is dirty. No amount of cleaning will change

that. It's just really depressing to walk in here and look at

the place and know you have to stay there for 8 hours."

As for changes recommended; painting, new carpet, and new chairs

that worked. Perhaps more chairs like the one she has (one of

the newer ones). People seem to like hers. Some people prefer

chairs with a straight back while others don't. Some sit on

chairs without wheels. In terms of desirable attributes for a chair, the speaker observed that personal preferences differ.

Another speaker commented that some should have arms while others

would not. Most important is that they be in good condition.

Some adjustable chairs are needed. One person commented that he

has a back problem, and is fussy about chairs. A common

perception is that the number of square feet per person is low.

People in this space are increasingly compacted since the move

across the hall was canceled. "There are operating spaces in the

building where you walk through and see oceans of space with few

bodies working in them." Yet in their space, the bodies continue

to squeeze together.' The respondent suggested a comparative

study of average square feet of floor space/person to see if

space can be more evenly distributed. "On the second floor, there

are offices with fewer people like 5-6 in a space the size of

this one. We can see a great big empty room across the hall;

that room is empty, yet they won't let us move until something

else happens

One speaker commented on the shortage of computers. When asked

how that affects them, the response was "very much so". Six

people are constantly fighting for one terminal. They can't do a good job. As a result much time is wasted. They can't access

files when required. As mission priorities change, people bump

people for time. Another speaker commented that to support

analytical work, more terminals are needed. There are periods

when some analysts just cannot function. As a result, two

computers are being moved from the operational to the analysis

area to alleviate the problems. This will cut the operations

capability from 5 to 3 terminals and severely restrict emergency

back-up of operational functions. The impact of too few terminals

in the analytical areas is not information loss, but long-term

analysis and support work is delayed. They have to wait in line

for a terminal, resulting in inefficient man hour use. Time is

spent waiting, rather than doing analysis. It is hoped that

moving the terminals from operations will not create problems. If

an emergency arises, it has the potential of a possible loss of

57
information, particularly if one or more of the remaining

terminals go down.

When asked about the feasibility having one terminal per person,

they thought a more reasonable solution is for a 50% increase in

terminals. The benefits of an increase from 16 to 24 terminals

is more efficient use of man hours; more work could be done; and

the backlog would be removed. "It is very frustrating to stand in

line to do something that needs doing. Eliminating that

frustration, may well increase work output. Work often gets

sloughed aside when no terminal is available. Also, more indepth work such as writing would be completed. Doing a lengthy

writing task severely ties up terminals which means it usually

isn't done .

In response to a question about training areas, the speaker noted

that they use "that desk over there with a big white board over

it" (his desk) for training. He has to go to the library to get

a VCR. People have to find VCR's from the library or training

office. There is no place in the immediate area to listen to the

VCR. (Ed comment: It clearly an approach which differs from the

Army analysis area where training is in the same space and

creates noise .

)

When questioned about break areas, they commented unfavorably

about the smoking areas, with one person saying that smokers were

put in a hole together "until they die", another described it as

an "antiseptic butt hole". When asked what characteristics a break area should have, they cited the need to separate smokers

and non-smokers into two areas. "It should have soda and snack

machines and something on the wall other than concrete and tiles

to carry on a conversation because you can't talk in the current

smoking areas. It needs something more pleasing to the eye such

as murals, paintings or graphics on the bulkheads, subdued

lighting, one or two plants, and magazines definitely."

When questioned about lighting, the desirability of glare screens

was mentioned. They were ordered over a year ago but still

haven't come. The following comment summarized the reaction of

several people "why are we always on the bottom of the totem

pole?" People are suffering from eye problems and severe

headaches attributed to the lack of glare screens, which they

have had difficulty getting. The set up is the standard

workstation with a USI monitor. A potential glare problem was

cited, since every light was on in the area. A great deal of

paper work is performed, much in pencil, requiring all the

lights. They expressed interest in the fixtures in the new

space (parabolic fixtures). Dimmer switches were also requested.

Excess sound causes difficulty in conversing. (ED comment: the

complaints about noise were different from those expressed in the

Army analytical area.)

58
Air quality is a major problem. People "coming on board" often

get sick within the first week; headaches, head colds and chest

colds are common. The sickness seems to be continuous and

appears to have a cumulative effect. Odors are less of a problem

since the smoking ban. Diesel fumes from trucks are apparent in

the tunnel. The temperature is OK where they are, although it

varies. It is cold on the operations floor in the evenings and

it is often very humid in the building.

With regard to the tunnel: "The tunnel should have murals or

photographs; perhaps historical information. There are military

artists in each of the services. They could each do something

about their services, ships, tanks, whatever they wanted, Semper

Fi. Perhaps they could have a contest to fix up the tunnel. It

is very depressing in the tunnel; a long walk, and an ugly one."

To a question about windowless environments, one response was

that after experiencing it for a long time, it is no longer

annoying; others however, do get a claustrophobic reaction.

Another speaker expressed a desire for a scene of sky and trees;

similar to that in the cafeteria. The space for decorations such

as nature screens is limited in operations because of the need to

display information and training materials. Decorations could be

a hazard in certain areas. Curtains could be used as sound

absorbers and provide variety. Perhaps they could put up

designs, cartoons or still lifes to enliven the space.

In mentioning the new 9000 sq ft facility, the comment was made

that "people upstairs got new furniture, new safes, new

carpeting, etc., when moving in, while we're left with all the

old junk. The furniture is literally junk. It comes from junk

yards all over the island. The situation becomes very, very

depressing, and very hard to live with."

The conversation then turned to the trucks in the tunnel which

belch diesel smoke. The speaker noted that the MP ' s strictly

enforce no smoking in the tunnel while walking through, yet allow

trucks and contractors to sit with large trucks and vehicles

idling at the inner end of the tunnel. One day the fumes "got so

bad in this very office that I could not see the end of the room

from the desk."

C.3 Air Force Supervisor

The speaker has been at the field station for about 6 months. He

was bemused by a recent article discussing the detriments of

working shiftwork from a physiological and psychological point of

view and mentioning the health hazards of 24 hour shiftwork,

which he believes affects the troops adversely. He noted they

talked about this 20 years ago when he worked shifts. Metabolism

is thrown off by shiftwork. When you do it for 365 days a year,

it has an impact on the body. He has seen nothing positive about

24 hour shift work. He pointed out that civilians working shifts

get a pay differential after a given evening hour. Yet, in the

59
military it is the norm to work these hours. He pointed out that

years ago they only had one headset per position. He suffered a severe ear irritation using a headset shared by another soldier,

and had to ensure that the sets didn't touch his face. Now, each

individual has a personal headset which can be modified as

needed; this suggests that changes can occur. He believes that

something might eventually be done to alleviate the problems

associated with shiftwork.

He commented that a female operator kept getting headaches. It

turned out that she had TMJ (Temporal Mandibular Joint), which

was causing them. He observed that some operators go to the

"shrink’' because of stomach aches and pains and headaches. They

can't cope with the work and have psychosomatic reactions.

Sometimes this is associated with walking through the . tunnel,

coming into a dark room with no windows and sitting there for 8

hours a day on position. Others get nausea, and dizziness,

attributed to the job. He thinks some of these symptoms are

attributable to TMJ. Perhaps a screening profile could be

developed for operators; to detect things like TMJ and

potentially serious psychosomatic reactions. Then operators

could receive attention for their medical problems as required.

With respect to noise; a humming from the AC on the operations

floor was cited, also equipment with whirring fans. It is

quieter on the operations floor as a result of equipment

modification over the years. When asked about background music,

the speaker answered that there is none in the Air Force or Navy

area. As for human engineering, there is room for improvement,

and the younger operators should be surveyed for their creative

ideas

As for space in the analytical area; people are back to-back with

no spare room. Space is a critical issue. More people are

crowded into less space. His commanding officer suggested that

spacesaver desks might be useful; there is a need to think

vertically rather than horizontally. Using workstations might

well be a better way of using space. They need typewriters,

desks, and disk packs but some materials can be stored over the

desk.

A major shiftwork issue is that of meals. Troops are on midshifts

from 10:30 pm to 6:30 am and typically they go to bed after a normal day's work. The midnight meal should be a breakfast meal

(with eggs, bacon, fruit, and all that) rather than a full dinner

with starches and meat. If the operators ate that, they could go

home and go to bed at 6:30. (He noted that troops don't operate

that way. They eat potatoes at 10:30 and then at 6:30 want to

eat again .

)

The conversation then turned to vacuum cleaners. The field

station had gone hi-tech as much as possible. It is a

60
computerized area where dust is a problem because of equipment

sensitivity . "So, what do they do? They buy commercial vacuum

cleaners that sound like a deuce and a half truck and don't do

the job. They break frequently." It might be due to frustration.

To use one vacuum cleaner you had to be 6' tall. If you were any

shorter, you couldn't use it because the handle was too long and

had to be held at a weird angle.

As for chairs, he's had no feedback about them, but he is aware

that it can get uncomfortable to sit at a terminal or station for

8 hours. Operators are given numerous chances to get away from

their workstations. They have meal times, break details, and

operator relief (OR) - they can sign off their machine for OR and

go to the bathroom or to the smoking area. There are allowed

periods (5-15 minutes) to log off and indicate they've gone on

OR.. While this cannot happen at will, (the aisle controller must

ensure that coverage is maintained) sometimes the supervisor will

fill in, rather than sign OR (particularly for a short break).

With respect to lighting, studies have shown that productivity

increases when anything is done to the lights. (Ed: The Hawthorne

Studies) On the operations floor lighting is subdued, and

sometimes dark. This is for operator comfort while working with

CRT's. Although the intensity of the screen image is changed,

lights reflect on the screen obscuring the characters. He

suggests examining CRT positions and see if paper has been

placed behind and/or above to cut down glare.

The speaker suggested dividing the operations floor into people

who are mobile (like analysts), not tied to head-sets, and those

non-mobile, and compare reactions. While not all analysts are

mobile (he came up with an example of an analyst who is "tied to

a position"), the majority are. Most are "floor walkers" whose

job is to deal with problems.

C.4 Facilities Personnel

C.4.1 Army Facilities Engineer

The engineer discussed the planned HVAC upgrade which was

estimated to cost $9 million overall. All individual air handler

units would be replaced with eight large high, capacity units,

and a chilled water loop. The HVAC is now provided by means of a mass of ducts which require repair and modernization. The air

should be preconditioned before being brought inside. Now raw air

is dumped directly onto the floor, and then conditioned.

Preconditioning is more efficient,; it's less moist and cleaner.

Final conditioning should be done later.

To a question about the ducts, he commented that they are often

messy, but not a major problem. The coils in the unit need

cleaning. The basic system is 40 years old but some parts are

newer, 3-5 years old. The variable air volume system planned as

61
part of the upgrade is too expensive but the system still needs

to be redone. The facility never had to shut down due to HVAC

failure. There is a problem since air handlers are in the

ceiling and floor. An upgrade would facilitate repairs and

maintenance. The HVAC and plant power need improvement.

The quality of public power is very poor. The line must be

conditioned for spikes. Backup generators take time to stabilize.

Any power interruption causes major equipment problems. A

comprehensive system design is required for the new AC system.

When asked about raised floors, he responded that the raised

floor, dropped ceiling technology allows flexibility for

utilities

The loss of the planned 50,000 sq ft outside facility creates

space problems and affects the timing of the planned

# rehabilitation. The sequence of events had to be choreographed

carefully, and depended on moving some administrative functions

outside. Thus, the change in timing of the utilities upgrade has

created a domino effect; all the synchrony is gone. The second

floor rehabilitation is now in jeopardy. Although trailers might

seem to be a solution to the space problems, temporaries have a way of becoming permanent.

Another critical problem in any rehabilitation scheme is to

standardize equipment to ease the problem of different sized

replacement parts and filters. This would ease both a stocking

and reordering problem. The facility is a maintenance nightmare.

It is very difficult to maintain an inventory. There are two

different types of raised flooring. The ceiling tile vary in

size, so that when repairs are needed, tiles often have to be cut

to fit. The place has grown like topsy. As for relamping, there

is no scheduled program. If a lamp burns out, people go to the

shop for the part and replace it themselves. People on the floor

turn off the lamps intentionally. Relamping is done very

casually, with lots of minor things done by users. There is

little help. As a result, much is left undone. Being a member of

the Engineering Corps is an asset; .it enabled him to get the

parking lot graveled, for example.

A major problem is getting maintenance and repairs done, since

everyone doing it must be cleared. That was a major problem in

planning for the HVAC upgrade and a significant contributor to

the overall expense. Another problem is the difficulty making

changes in an existing operational facility. Mantech has an HVAC

mechanic and an electrical engineer. They also supply a site

manager

C.4.2 Additional Site Management Personnel

One speaker began by commenting on the asbestos results from a consulting engineering firm concerning the proposed renovation.

"They measured asbestos levels on all three floors, although they

62
concentrated on old storage rooms. They found asbestos on August

22, 1985. They cleaned it out in this area. The Corps of

Engineers cleaned it up again by putting up wood frames with hard

plastic and did the cleanup inside. They found asbestos in two

other areas, the repair and utility shop ceiling and the

transformer vault. In these areas they sealed the asbestos. As

long as the surface seal is not broken, the asbestos is inert.

Removing asbestos in these areas was part of the HVAC upgrade,

but they won't tackle it now until another contract or the need

to break apart walls. Asbestos is also on the hot water boilers

storage tank in the HVAC plant. That has been treated and

coated, not removed. When anybody works in the facility, the

contractor must have a license to remove asbestos, and the work

is later reviewed."

He monitors all ceiling work, whether putting in a nail, putting

up a board, electrical, or conduit work. Consulting engineers are

brought in when tests are needed. He knows that very small levels

of asbestos affects humans and once asbestos is touched, it

begins to deteriorate. "In a building like this, it can enter the

ventilation system, particularly if someone tampers with an open

duct. If some did get inside, it would be hard to track down.

Everything would have to be ripped up and cleaned out." His

procedure is to keep close touch with work in the ceiling areas.

He worries about it, because so many changes and additions are

being made. A pipe could be ripped out of the wall or a hanger

from the ceiling, disturbing the asbestos.

He had an environmental test performed in association with the

consulting engineering firm in 1983. His primary concern was a boiler inside the power plant putting out 100% carbon monoxide.

They had a 200' flue with no vertical rise (a rise is required

every 25'). Additional work was needed so he contacted the Army

Environmental Health Agency. They visited in August 1985 and

looked at the chemicals in the stack including nitrous oxide

(NOX) from the diesels. There were many respiratory complaints

from the electronic maintenance area on the third floor. The

Army group looked for NOX and aldehydes. They didn't find much

(except for the above-mentioned flue.) The purpose of the NOX

test was to test for recirculation of gases from the power plant

back into the fresh air supply system. This test was negative

indicating chemicals were not recirculated into the secure area.

The complaints involved carbon monoxide which "people could feel

in their lungs". Evidently some flue gases from the hot water

boiler were circulating in the HVAC system. The hallway from the

HVAC area leads to the mess hall and when the doors were opened,

these gases entered the third floor space. The gas boiler is

only used as a backup and it is to be replaced by an electric

boiler

"Tests were made for dust and other chemicals in the fresh air

ventilation system since fields are overhead. There's also smoke

63
from the fields above. They tested for pesticides using lists of

chemicals employed for the past ten years. The question remains

of what was used 20-30 years ago, and the accuracy of the list

employed. In the environmental study they found nothing in

individual rooms, but black soot was carried from the HVAC plant

to the diffusers, which could result in carbon monoxide (CO).

The tests results were negative for aldehydes, CO, and NOX.

With respect to cleaning procedures for the HVAC system, they are

supposed to have monthly, quarterly, and yearly inspections:

monthly, they clean the filter, oil the system, and generally

check the operation; quarterly, they clean the unit and check the

bearings; annually, they do a total cleanup, ducts, HVAC units,

everything. They are years behind on all maintenance; about 6 on

annual, 5 on quarterly, and 2 on monthly. A very small staff

responsible for working with the HVAC. It is the facility

engineer's responsibility to maintain all HVAC and electrical

equipment, including cleaning. He supports the engineering

officer. He keeps current by doing building walkthroughs 2-3

times a week, including the HVAC. He handles personnel

complaints and equipment problems and tries to keep up with

maintenance . "

In response to a question about ventilation, tests are performed

4-5 times a year and in response to trouble calls. He uses an

Alnore hood to test the total CFM coming out of each air handler

and duct. The system was designed 20-40 years ago for a machine

room environment. He has the initial system design for the total

intended CFM, and current floor plans. As for the present

condition, he would have to examine plans for the HVAC upgrade.

He has everything available, but not readily accessible. With

the raised flooring and floor air handlers, they are left with

the old system. A good deal must be done just to maintain

operations. There was a bad mold and mildew problem last year on

the walls of one room. The room was dried out once, but still

had bad odors. The maintenance staff cleaned the coil and the

ducts. With 1-2 men, they could only spray it, but that wasn't

good enough. After another cleaning, the odor from the coil was

still noticeable. The third time, he and another person climbed

in the space and found the evaporator coil was badly

deteriorated. It was from lack of maintenance. The record

indicated no annual maintenance since 1952 according to the

latest inspection sticker. The building had been long empty so

the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers wasn't required to act until the

move in, about 1978.

Annual maintenance is needed, particularly on the ceiling type

air handlers. They need to clean the ducts, replace deteriorated

coils, and if it's cheaper to replace the unit than the coils,

that should be done. In that room (with mold on the walls) , conditions were unbearable for people. A 34 year old unit was

not cleaned in 15 years. The coil was so rotted it was obvious

that no maintenance had been done. Chunks of metal tubes and

64
fins were rotted. He's fortunate to be able to get filters

changed. Another problem is inexperienced operators. For

example, people threw away an ice machine unit which could have

been saved for $80; it was turned in for salvage. Replacement

cost is between $500 and $3000. This was due to an inexperienced

crew. Qualified, experienced people are not available. DFE

personnel have odd jobs as experience; a painter or routine

maintenance. They can train them to operate the machine room and

chillers, but they don't have the HVAC experience that required

of a mechanic. Only one person qualifies as a mechanic.

The conversation then turned to staffing. He had a very small

staff. He's entitled to have 10 men, 5 on shiftwork. He has 8 people now. It requires 2 people to look at trouble areas, for

safety reasons. One person alone might fall through the ceiling

because of deterioration. Five staff members are on shift work

now. When the other 3 come off shift work, they take leave on

days. The shift workers just operate the central plant office

and machinery. They keep the chillers going, etc. This leaves

one person available for maintenance. Even at 10, the manning is

not enough to do the job.

When the interviewee arrived, they had no thermostat control of

the air handlers. He had Honeywell thermostats installed on all

three floors. His first goal was to control' the building

temperatures. They did that, although not as well as he would

have liked. They had to centrally locate thermostats within an

area so each one could take care of 5-6 offices. A sensor or

temperature control is needed for individual rooms.

His second priority on arrival was to get the building under

positive pressure. The building operated under negative

pressure, pulling the fresh air through the access tunnel rather

than the fresh air intake; they weren't getting any fresh air.

Three years of the wrong type of operations led to algae buildup.

Since they weren't properly filtering fresh air, they were

getting moisture buildup, and exhaust fumes from vehicles using

the tunnel over a period of three years. To deal with the

problem, a baffling system was built for the exhaust. The

building was initially designed for 60,000 CFM intake with 55,000

exhaust but when the galley exhaust was designed for the mess

hall, they designed it for 30,000 CFM. He compensated for that

with a fan and restricting the CFM. They finally started pulling

air through the proper intake. As a result of the pressure

problems, unfiltered dirt entered the building during the

improper operation. This has never been cleaned out. It's still

being recirculated.

There is a problem with mold. Once corrected in one place, it

goes somewhere else; it jumps from floor to floor. His solution

is to dry the area and reduce the fresh air supply. One problem

is the system is designed for 80-100% fresh air through the fresh

65
air intake, whereas safe levels can be as low as 12%. (Ed

comment: The implication is that the fresh air is bringing in a lot of humidity.) Whenever he deals with adjusting the pressure,

he involves the headquarters engineers.

With respect to improvements in the HVAC system, "more systems

are crammed into spaces as equipment is added. Typically

individual, stand-alone air handlers are added as retrofits. The

problem is they are added to an existing central system. They

work, but it is unclear why central HVAC and supplemental air

handlers are needed. When raised floor space was employed, air

handlers were added. They work perfectly for computer room

environments. The new system will eliminate ceiling air handler

units; this is expected to improve the situation. Some

individual air handlers need repair but nobody wants to spend

money on repairs because of the planned HVAC upgrade.

Two things are needed to help the building, and improve the

overall health and environment. First, a reliable maintenance

organization is required to track paperwork such as requests.

Second, a filter conditioning system with an evaporator should be

installed. It needs a huge coil, placed on the inside of the

fresh air intake tunnel. This would condition the outside air

before passing through the building. Currently, they don't

condition the air. They filter it out, but the filters are very

poor. They seldom are replaced; frequently remaining more than 6 months. A major problem is the fresh air intake tunnel. If the

air were conditioned first, then the temperature level and

relative humidity of the fresh air could be controlled. Now, they

can't control the relative humidity. A major problem with any

system as large as this one is moisture control.

With respect to balancing, air balancing equipment is not

available. "With proper equipment it could be done, but it's

hard to get, as are parts. It took more than one year to get an

Alnore to measure CFM. It is possible is to try to get a reading

close to the design level. A hood must be placed in the duct and

actual CFM measured at each vent. This has never been done. No

balancing has ever been performed with the air handlers. A

maintenance crew is needed, the system should be balanced, and a conditioning coil is needed in the tunnel; then the current

system could survive." When asked about the expense; "a $250

Alnore hood tester is required. To adjust the CFM properly two

testers would be needed, then the air in every room could be

balanced. I can't get the needed equipment unless there's a major

emergency.

Air circulation problems were cited, attributed to open plan

offices. Another recent problem involved a back-up in the sewage

system onto the operations floor, with raw sewage in the floor

drains (below the raised floor, fortunately). An environmental

evaluation was performed, and a thorough area cleaning was

66
recommended, but no additional actions were taken. Air

conditioning is a problem, the plumbing is old, the electrical

systems unreliable (although the technical power is all right

since there are five generators on station).

The planned air conditioning upgrade is badly needed, but went $4

million over budget. With limited floor space, over 9000 sq ft

are used for air handlers. Egress is a concern, with fire exits

too far away from the nearest safe hallway. In the morning one

frequently finds black specks on the ceiling tiles and desks

located near the air handlers.

C.5 Supervisory Civilian Analyst

"There are a variety of problems in the facility. There are long

reaches of space to get to equipment. Cost weighs against

significant human engineering features and changes. It is more

economical to rack and stack equipment to save space, yet this is

harder on the operator because he must get up and down 20 times

or more to reach something on the top shelf. With respect to the

timing of human factors input, when performed late, as a retrofit

or after thought it is very expensive. We are not an equipment

manufacturer but will put together a prototype system.

Occasionally, as a result of general constraints the human

engineering gets lost in the shuffle. As an example, at one of

the old consoles it is very difficult to sit squarely in front, of

it; the operators tire quickly. The screen can't be moved to try

to fix the offset problem. While this console is scheduled to be

replaced, the new terminal also has problems.

It is a sad fact that we tend to temper the environment to

accommodate equipment, rather than people. The collection floor

is flooded with HVAC at a temperature often too low for comfort

for the type of job done (namely, sitting behind a console).

People are often cold; on evening and midshifts you see them

wearing extra sweaters, etc."

The conversation switched to problems related to lighting and

glare. The speaker noted that the new lights (with parabolic

diffusers) are superb. There is a need to be able to turn off or

mute the lighting system to meet equipment needs. Frequently

they have had to damage the design to meet equipment needs. (The

renovations are fine.) Because the lights were throwing too much

light on the consoles, a number of lamps have been unplugged.

Consequently someone who has to read material is adversely

affected. Terminals may have glare problems created by fixtures;

better fixture design might solve this problem, but the answer

isn't clear yet. There are lighting problems in other areas; the

major problems are the air conditioning and lighting systems.

There are unexpected psychological impacts of design decisions.

For example, during the energy crisis two or three years ago,

they dimmed or disconnected lights to save energy. The

67
psychological impact was adverse. Too many people had underground

tunnel syndrome from the dark, so they brightened the hallways.

Good things could be done with colors to provide variety, etc.

An underlying problem is that the facility was constructed and

renovated in segments over many years. It was done piecemeal

with little continuity. In the operations area there is a growing problem of crowding. There is yelling back and forth.

Charts on the walls with acetate covering increase noise and

reverberation making the noise/crowding problem more acute.

Analysts need quiet, impossible 'to achieve with the floor

configuration as is. There is a space crunch resulting in gripes

from the analysts. Because of current space requirements, there

is little expansion room. Conversations add to the overall noise

and are further distracting because of their information content.

Barriers are also created because th analysts are too far from

the operations floor. The advantage of an open plan is its

flexibility and economy of space.

One plan was to implement modular furniture so logical work areas

could be sectioned off. There are many high dollar items waiting

to be done. Many renovations are needed such as raised floors,

dropped ceilings, etc. , to make it a practical space. These are

recognized problems. In addition there is a barrier between

operations and analysis, as though they are two separate worlds.

The facility is confronted with many problems. The tunnel itself

is a major headache. It is a vehicular throughway - a traffic

umbilical cord, used by trucks which belch diesel fuel. It can't

be swept because it creates a 1/4 mile long dust cloud.

Vacuumings are needed, but they can't get cleaners of proper size

and power. A major requirement is .a vacuum cleaner for the

tunnel, an industrial size, to remove the dirt. If the tunnel is

wet down, it takes three days to dry and you can smell the mold.

The Fire Department wets it down every three months but it stays

wet, and dirty, because of the vehicles.

In response to a question about putting a break area outside the

facility. This is a given. People want to get out during the

day, but many work 10-12 hours a day. It is difficult to get

out. Some run or jog sometimes. A better jogging facility would

be good. There is a need for a road or a jogging/bike path.

C.6 Conversations with individual operators (During

Environmental measurements)

* The light levels are OK (at the low levels).

* The equipment is often slow.

* The noise levels are high.

* People asked for sound levels measurements at their headphones.

* It is cold, especially at night and people must wear sweaters.

* The chairs dirty the boots; they don't roll easily and then

roll over the boots. They are also tippy, and lean backwards

entirely too easy.

68
* There have been wet floors due to broken pipes. This shuts down

operations and could damage equipment.

* Sniffles are common. Operators feel the air is bad, not enough

oxygen

* They would like to have a window or a simulated window to

relieve the monotony.

* There are many broken chairs, with tape on the seats or broken

arms or inadequate springs

* The parabolic louvers are very effective in the few places

where used. The operators and supervisors want more of them,

because it is easier to see the terminals.

* Lighting is a major issue. The troops repeatedly reported they

cannot see the terminals when overhead lights are fully on. They

even wore sun glasses to cut down on excess light. * The indoor

air quality is much better since the smoking ban went into

effect

C.7 General Observations

* The Navy uses many fluorescent desk lamps which supplement the

dim overhead lighting and are used for paper and pencil tasks.

They are a bit large (about 12 in.) for the area and sometimes

shine on the edge of the terminals. This approach (perhaps with

a smaller luminaire) is quite effective, allowing the operator to

see both the terminal and the paper task, while brightening up

the overall space.

* Maintenance and regular cleaning are major problems in the

analytical area, largely due to personnel increases and the

subsequent need to rearrange furniture. This has resulted in

rumpled and dirty carpets and a crowded office arrangement.

Noise is a problem, much due to conversations. There are two

major sources: people walking through the office areas carrying

on conversations, and mis s ion- dr iven consultation between

individual analysts who have no place to go for their

discussions. Printer noise is a major problem in some areas, as

is noise- from training films. Lighting levels are sometimes a problem for paper tasks with very low contrast. Analysts look at

computer printouts, often printed with ribbons needing replacing

(yet that is expensive and time consuming). Some workstations

are very poorly lit. The overall light levels are higher,

however, because both VDT and paper tasks are performed side by

side.

* The desks on the operations floor are not placed sensibly with

respect to light positions. Overhead lights are frequently

behind the operator and display; images of the sources are

visible on the displays. Lights are sometimes directly in front

of operators so the bulb shines right into their eyes. This

causes problems with adaptation and discomfort glare. Most bulbs

do not have effective diffusers. The lighting appears to be very

hit or miss, with many different types of diffusers and bulb

used. Eggcrate, prismatic, parabolic, home made acrylic, and

69
bare bulbs appear side-by-side, as are a combination of

white, warm white, and daylight bulbs, all in the same area.

cool

70
APPENDIX D. Related Bibliographies

D.l Stress Bibliograghy

1. Abdel-Halim, A, "Social Support and Managerial Affective Responses to

Job Stress", Journal of Occupational Behavior . Vol. 3, No. 4, Oct. 1982,

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Control, PHS . Nov. 13, 1978.

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Savings and Loan News . Vol. 102, No. 8, Aug. 1981, 106-107.

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45, No. 10, Oct. 1983, 93-94.

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Sci", NIOSH, HHS , Cincinnati, OH, NIOSH, Apr 16, 1984.

8. Arsenault, Andre, Dolan, S, "The role of personality, occupation and

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71
14. Boyd, Robert, "Job-Stress Illness Up", Report Sys , Washington Post, Oct.

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369-376.

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72
30. Davies, C, McDonahg, M, "Effect of Laterality on the contractile

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1982, 312-329.

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33. Ford, David, "Facets of Work Support and Employee Work Outcomes: An

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Stress: A Critique", Personnel Psychology . Vol. 37, No. 4, Win. 1984,

583-615.

36. Gardell, B, "Scandinavian Research on Stress and Working Life",

International Journal of Health Services . Vol. 12, No. 1, 1882, 31-41.

37.. Gardner, Donald, "Activation theory and task design: development of a conceptual model and an empirical test" , Dissertation Abstracts

International . Vol. 42, No. 8, B, 1982, 3477.

38. Glaser, Martha, "The Building Blocks of Good Employee Morale", Drug

Tonics . Vol. 126, No. 2, Jan. 18, 1982, 34-38.

39. Glicken, Morley, "A Counseling Approach to Employee Burnout", Personnel

Journal . Vol. 62, No. 3, Mar. 1983, 222-228.

40. Glogow, Eli, "Burnout and Locus of Control", Public Personnel

Management . Vol. 15, No. 1, Spr. 1986, 79-83.

41. Golembiewski , R, Munzenrider, R, "Phases of Progressive Burnout and

Their Work Site Covariants: Critical Issues", Journal of An-plied

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42. Gray, Kenneth, "Administrative stress: An application of the

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43. Greenhaus , J, Seidel, C, "The Impact of Expectations and Values on Job

Attitudes", Organizational Behavior and Human Performance . Vol. 31, No.

3, Jun. 1983, 394-417.

73
44. Grimaldi, Joseph, Schnepper, B, "Managing Employee Stress", Management

Review . 70, Aug. 1981, 23-28.

45. Gunnarsson, E, Soderberg, I, "Eye Strain Resulting from VDT Work at the

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46. Gupta, Nina, Beehr, Terry, "Job stress and employee behaviors",

Organizational Behavior and Human Performance . Vol. 23, No. 3, Jun.

1979, 373-387.

47. Hancock, P, Meshkati, N, "Physiological Reflections of Mental Workload",

Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine . Vol. 56, No. 11, Nov. 1985,

1110-14.

48. Hendrix, William, Ovalle, N, "Behavioral and Physiological Consequences

of Stress and its Antecedent Factors", Journal of Applied Psychology . Vol. 70, No. 1, Feb. 1985, 188-201.

49. Herdman, Patricia, "High Tech Anxiety", Management Focus . Vol. 30, No.

1, Jan. 1983, 29-31.

50. Herzberg, Frederick, "Up the Staircase to Productivity Burnout",

Industry Week . Vol. 216, No. 1, Jan. 10, 1983, 65-70.

51. Herzberg, Frederick, "Abstraction Revolution: Up the Staircase to

Productivity Burnout", Industry Week. Vol. 216, Jan. 10, 1983, 65, 68,

70.

52. Heyer, Cliff; "Job Burnout: Is Management to Blame?", Computerwor Id . Vol. 16, No. 6, Feb. 8, 1982, 84, 90.

53. Huber, Vandra, "Managing Stress for Increased Productivity", Supervisory

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54. Hurrell, J, Colligan, M, "Psychological Job Stress", Environmental and

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55. Hurrell, J, Smith, M, "Job Stress and Information Processing: Some

Research Needs", Division of Biomed & Behav Science, NIOSH, Cin OH.

56. Ivancevich, John, Matteson, M, "Who's Liable for Stress on the Job?",

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57. Jackson, Susan, "Participation in Decision Making as a Strategy for

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58. Jackson, Susan, Schuler, R, "Preventing Job Burnout", Personnel . Vol.

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59. Jamal, Muhammad, "Relationship of Job Stress to Job Performance: A Study

74
of Managers and Blue-Collar Workers", Human Relations . Vol. 38, No. 5,

May 1985, 409-425.

60. Karger, Howard, "Burnout as Alienation", Social Science Review . Vol. 55,

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61. Karvonen, M, "Ergonomic Criteria for Occupational and Public Health

Surveys", Ergonomics . Vol. 22, No. 4, Jun. 1979, 641-650.

62. Kaufman, Gary, Beehr, T, "Interactions Between Job Stressors and Social

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63. King, Lorraine, "Users are people too", Datamation . 1987, 104.

64. Knight, Evelyn, "Perceived control and coping on the job", Dissertation

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65. Koch, James, Tung, R, "Job Stress Among School Administrators: Factorial

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66. Koffler, Richard, "Ergonomics - The Mental Strain", Comnuterworld . Vol.

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67. Roller, M, "Health Risks Related to Shift Work. An Example of

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73. Love, Kevin, Beehr, T, "Social Stressors on the Job: Recommendations for

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75
74. MacKay, C, Cox, T, Occupational Stress Associated with Visual Display

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78. Martin, Thomas, "Role Stress and Inability to Leave as Predictors of

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79. Maslach, C, Jackson, C, "The Measurement of Experienced Burnout",

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80. Matteson, Michael, Ivancevich, J, "Straining under too much stress?",

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82. McDermott, D, "Professional Burnout and its relation to Job

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84. McKinley, Elizabeth, "The interaction of organization type, locus of

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87. Moch, Michael, Bartunek, "Structure, Task Characteristics, and

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76
89. Murphy, Lawrence, "Occupational Stress Measurement: A Review and

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77
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78
D.2 Shiftwork Bibliography 1.

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79
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80
Participation and Withdrawal Behavior: Nurses", Ind Wkrs . Personnel

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82
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84
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6

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^

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86
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' ' ^ ~~~

87
NB3-114A (FLEV. 2 -80 ) U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. 1. PUBLICATION OR 2. Performing Organ. Report No. 3. Publication Date BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET (See instructions) REPORT NO.

NBSIR—87—3606

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Interim Survey of Selected Military Building Environments: A Research Approach

5. AUTHOR(S)

Arthur I. Rubin, Belinda T,. Collins

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS, see instructions)

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

7 . Contract/Grant No. 742-4411

So Type of Report & Period Cover Interim - Sept. 86-

March 87

9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS ( Street, City . State, ZIP)

U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command

U«S. Army

Arlington Hall, VA 22212-5000

10.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

| | Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached. I

11. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here)

Because many military and civilian employees of the U.S. Army are

required to work in environments unlike those experienced by most

civilian workers, a project involving a comprehensive assessment

of such environments was initiated. This assessment involves a two-phase effort in which the first phase consisted of a literature search, interviews with experts, site visits, and

limited field environmental measurements. The second phase will

include a comprehensive assessment of environmental conditions

including lighting at selected military facilities. The present

report documents findings from phase 1 including a detailed

bibliography of target areas; lighting, stress and productivity,

and shiftwork. It also includes preliminary results from a visit

to two military field stations. During each visit, selected

individuals, including supervisory, operational, analytical, and

maintenance personnel, were interviewed to determine their view

of the environmental conditions. At the same time, limited field

measurements were made, including lighting, noise, temperature,

humidity, and particle counts (at site 2 only). Preliminary data

and recommendations are presented,

12. KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by semicolon s) automation; contrast; environmental assessment; indoor air quality; lighting;

luminance; noise; post-occupancy evaluation; temperature; VDT’s

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