NBSIR 75-649

Computer Applications at tlie

Ecuadorian Institute of Standardization

(INEN): Observations and

Recommendations

Joseph Hilsenrath

Office of Standard Reference Data

National Bureau of Standards

Washington. D. C. 20234

April 1975

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

NBSIR 75-649

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS AT THE

ECUADORIAN INSTITUTE OF STANDARDIZATION

(INEN): OBSERVATIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

Joseph Hilsenrath

Office of Standard Reference Data

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

This study was conducted as part of a cooperative program between the U. S. National Bureau of Standards and the

Office of Science and Technology, Technical

Assistance Bureau, Agency for International

Development, RSSA COM/NBS 1-75

April 1975

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Richard W. Roberts. Director

Contents

1. Introduction 1

2. Computer Power in Quito 2

3. General Areas of Application 2

3.1 Automation in the INEN Library 2

3.1.1 The Card Catalogue 2

3.2 l^ere Can Automation .Assist in Preparing INEN Standards 3

3.2.1 Gleaning Source Material for IMFN Standards 4

3.2.2 Preparation of Normas Tecnicas Pciiatorianas 4

3.2.3 Current INEN Standards on Comj^uter Tape 5

3.2.4 Magnetic-card versus Magnetic-tape Typewriters 6

4. System Analysis and Evaluation 6

4.1 System Evaluation Tasks 7

5. >!umerical and Statistical Analysis Programs — 7

5.1 Omnitab II 8

5.2 Mini tab 8

6. Programs for Text and Data Manipulation 9

7. Equipment Considerations 9

7.1 Keypunch 9

7.2 Conmunicating Magnetic-Card-Selectric-TypewTiter 01C/ST) 10

8. Epilogue 10

9. References 11

i
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS AT TIE INSTITUTO ECUATORIANO DE >fORMALIZACION:

OBSERVATIONS AND RECONtODATIONS

JOSEPH fllLSBNRATH

OFFICE OF STANDARD REFERENCE DATA

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

Tliis report contains specific suggestions for computer applications

at the Ecuadorian Bureau of Standards (INEN). Tlie suggestions,

based on observations and discussion during a 10 -day visit by the

author in Quito, Ecuador, cover editing and typesetting of

Ecuadorian standards, data storage and retrieval, and statistical

analysis of experimental data.

i i
1. Introduction

During the week of October 7, 1974 this author had the privilege of

visiting with the Director General and the staff of the Institute

Ecuatoriano de Normalizacion (IMTNO . This visit was part of an on-going

program of cooperation and consultation between NBS and INEN under the

USAID program . The NBS work is funded as a follow-up of the Survey of

Standardization and Measurement Services in Ecuador ^ carried out under the

direction of Ing. Raul Estrada A. Visits were also made to the Escuela

Politecnica Nacional and the office of IBM del Ecuador, the Data Processing

Center of the Mobilization Department.

The discussions with Ing. Raul Estrada, Director General of INEN and

his staff served as an indoctrination into the present activities and

expanding mission and responsibilities of INEN. It is in the latter

connection (the authorized expansion of the staff and corresponding

workload) that consideration of computer utilization is both pertinent and

timely.

Discussions during the week covered not only problems internal to INEN,

but a number of problems of more general concern to the government of

Ecuador. These relate to the utilization of computers in all of Ecuador.

This problem was brought into focus by Dr. Soto of the Junta de

Planificacion who discussed, at some length, his comprehensive survey of

computer installations and usage - both in the government and the private

sectors. The survey shows a surprisingly low level of usage, a fact which

is of considerable concern to the Junta de Planificacion. Since the full

report will be published soon, it would be best to defer comment on that

subject until that report is in hand.

A number of general questions were raised regarding quality control of

measurements within the TNTN and of products outside of INEN. These

subjects are beyond the scope of this report as solutions to these problems

are to be found primarily in precise measurement practices in the former

case; and in the application of sound sampling techniques in the latter.

Two relate(^ aspects can however be dealt with here. The first is to

recommend suitable statistical and mathematical analysis programs, which we

do in a later section. The second is to recoimend for translation into

Spanish, a number of U.S. publications in the area of precision of

measurement and related statistical topics. Such a program of translation

and publication, already under consideration at INEN, would provide an

important supplement to the existing INTN program of diffusion of standards

and precise measurement techniques in Ecuador as well as other Latin

American Countries.

We suggest as a first candidate for translation, a small booklet of 125

pages by the late W.J. Youden entitled Fjqx?rimentat ion and Measurement . This engaging booklet was prepared 13 or so years ago by Dr. Youden. Tt

has been widely distributed by the National Science Teachers Association in

their Vistas of Science 5>eries, and its reprinting is currently under

consideration at NBS. The present and previoiLS Chief of our Statistical

Engineering Laboratory concur in this recommendation. A sample copy has

been forwarded under separate cover.

1
2 . Conputer Power in Quito

Until now INEN has not used digital computers in its work. In fact,

until recently computer facilities in Quito were quite limited. Soon there

will be two organizations in Quito tliat have modem digital computers with

disc storage facilities and telecoirmunications of sufficient capacity to

contemplate a program of automation of text processing, data storage and

retrieval, and numerical and statistical data analysis. Time on both of

the machines (IBM 370/125) can be made available to INEN. It is now

readily evident from our meetings with Captain Manuel Yepez Moriera of the

Direcion de Mobilizacion and with Dean Konti Hori of the Faculty of

Electrical Engineering at the Escuela Politecnica Nacional that the

computer facilities at these organizations will be available for use by

INEN.

It was equally evident that in mid 1975 INEN will be able to access the

computer at the Polytechnic from a terminal (2740) over telephone lines.

This will enable INEN to enter jobs remotely but not to carry on on-line

text editing. The degree to which the system at the Polytechnic can be

made to support on-line interactive editing and retrieval will not be clear

until more information is available here on the operating system and the

software which will run on the 370/125. This subject is under

investigation here and will be reported on in due course.

3. General Areas of Application

.^mong the activities internal to INEK where computer systems or techniques might well be applied, are the following:

a. Operation of the INEN Library; especially in creation and

maintenance of the catalogue of holdings of books and technical

journals

.

b. The production of the Normas Tecnicas Ecuatorianas (Ecuadorian

Standards)

.

t. Creation of a (iata file for information retrieval on INEN

standards and sources referenced therein.

d. Mathematical and statistical analysis of measurements made within

IN^EN and in industrial establishments under INEN guidance.

e. Techniques for collection and analysis of data in various programs

to be undertaken by INT.N, as for example, the industrial accident

reporting and prevention program.

We shall now take these topics up in turn.

3.1 Automation in the INT'N Library

3.1.1 The Card Catalogue . At the present time the INEN Library

maintains a 3x5 card file prepared by hand and cross referenced by author

and subject. There will come a time when INEN will have had enough on-line

experience to conclude that the library should also have a computer

terminal. Until that time, it is possible for the library to build up a computerized file of its holdings (exclusive of standards) using either an MT/ST or a Key Punch.

2
Use of dual -cartridge NfT/ST will permit the preparation of cross- referenced index cards for the card catalogue and provide also for the

accunulation of a computer-based list of holdings. A paper by Robert I. Hirst^ in Special Libraries describes how, with a single typing on an

Nfr/ST, it IS possible to produce all of the cards in a cross-referenced

card catalogue. There are two added bonuses that accrue from this system:

a. a duplicate set of cards can be made to be used in the annex

recently rented by INEN:

b. if a converter is purchased, the N^T/ST tapes can be converted to

magnetic tapes that can be used on the 370/125 computer. This

will permit the gradual building up of a computerized catalogue of

INEN library accessions.

The above scheme- takes care of the new accessions only. When that

portion of the job is well in hand, it will be time to decide whether an additional effort should be put forth to catch up with the earlier

holdings. I believe that the use of the NfT/ST to prepare a duplicate set

of cards for the card index is labor saving even if there is no time to

catch up with the older material or even if a converter is not available

iirmediately.

A coTTiputerized catalogue of library holdings could, of course, be

produced on a keypunch or on the terminal which will be connected to the

computer at Polytechnic Institute. The technique described in the paper by

Robert I. Hirst should be considered seriously for preparing library

catalogue cards of new accessions because it will yield immediate results,

and can be handled quite adequately by the existing library staff or at

most with a little clerical help.

3.2. IVhere Can Automation Assist in Preparing INT.N Standards?

When a decision is reached that a particular standard is needed, the

appropriate advisory panel is selected, and an INEN staff member is

assigned to prepare the standard, the ensuing activities are possible

candidates for automation.

Among the activities that might be automated are the following:

a. Cleaning from the librar>' of thousands of existing ISO standards

and from other countries, the dozen or so applicable standards

which will provide guidance for the preparation of an INEN draft.

b. Preparation of the draft standards for circulation, revision, and

ultimate publication.

c. Creation of a computerized data base of current INT:N standards.

d. Creation of a cross-reference file of IN'EN standards referred to

in other related INEN standards.

e. Creation of an index to current IN'EN standards on the basis of

content and/or index terms or classification symbols.

We address ourselves now to each of these areas in turn.

3
3.2.1. Gleaning Source Material for INEN Standards . This problem is

disposed of easily. Burdensome as it may be, the problem of finding, among

thousands of existing standards, the dozen or so standards that are pertinent to the problem at hand, cannot be solved easily or quickly

without diverting the staff from its major objective. The information in

the standards library cannot be automated adequately without a large

intellectual effort out of proportion to the benefits it will bring.

A preliminary automation is possible without a great deal of

professional involvement if we restrict ourselves to listing only the

titles and sources of the standards. This has been done in the World Index

of Plastics Standards (NBS Special Publication 3S2)^ and in An Index of U.

S. Voluntary Igigineering Standards (NBS Special Publication 329 an? its

supplement)^. They show the format of a KK'IC (keyword in content) index of

the titles. In this system each important word in the title is displayed

in the center of the page so as to be readily listed in alphabetic order.

The words on either side are retained within the limits of the width of the

page to display the context in which the indexed word appears.

Programs are available for preparing KWIC indexes from a file of

titles. But even this minimal effort would be a_^ diversion from more

important work at this stage when INEN is gaining experience with new

computer techniques. In the other areas enumerated above and discussed

below, computerization should yield faster dividends.

3.2.2. Preparation of the Normas Tecnicas Ecuatorianas . In this

section we suggest a number of modifications to the existing system at INEN

for producing the INEN standards so as to reduce the "bottlenecks" in the

present system. A major drawback to the present system is that the single

station NTT/ST does not allow for the numerous and heavy revisions and

editing entailed in bringing a standard from the first draft to the final

approved document

.

Director Estrada recognizes this problem and has ordered a typewriter

that records on magnetic cards (NC/ST). That machine will make it much

easier to handle draft revisions. It does not, however, interface with the

MT/SC Composer which produces the camera -ready pages of the published

standard.

In view of the fact that INT-N now owns two single station ^T^/ST's as well as a composer f^^/SC) and has had considerable experience with these

machines, it seems wise to build on that experience in upgrading the

facility.

Thus if INEN were to acquire a dual -station NTI/ST to supplement the

single station machines, the text revisions could be handled more

expeditiously via the present system. In addition, these machines can provide input to a more modem photot>'pesetter discussed below. Were it

not for the fact that INEN anticipates an increased workload in this area, we would have suggested that one of the single-station NfT/ST's be traded in

for a dual -station machine. Another alternative is to trade both machines

in for dual-station versions, thereby making them both self-sufficient

editing devices. The price of these machines has been reduced recently in

4
the U.S. It is therefore worthwhile to open discussions with Nfr. Alfonso

Falcony concerning a trade-in arrangement.

Another drawback to the present system is the requirement to change

type balls during the "typesetting" process. This problem can be avoided

by the purchase of one of a number of modem phototypesetters ranging in

cost from $15,000 to $25,000. The addition of a modem photocc»Tiposer in

the $25,000 class would not only speed up the production of INEN standards,

but would provide sufficient reserve capacity to undertake a major

publication program for technical tracts related to the INEN mission.

One of the new phototypesetters can be obtained with a device to read

MT/ST tapes. The selection of such a system would allow for a more or less

painless conversion in which the existing equipment and experience can be

carried over easily to the more modem technology. In addition, as long as INEN retains the NTF/SC composer, there will be a good backup system. At a later stage, when the new system is well established, the older system

could be passed on to another governmental organization whose workload is

more comensurate with the capabilities of that equipment.

It is important to note that the newer phototypesetters can be fed not

only from MT/ST cartridges but from a variety of paper and magnetic tape

produced on a computer. While this feature is of no immediate advantage

to IN'EN at its present state of computer sophistication, it will be useful

later. Nevertheless, the mode of production of INEN standards recommended

above will make it possible to accumulate a computer file of text and

related information concerning the INEN standards.

In a recent visit to Washington, Director Estrada had an opportunity to

observe, first hand, the operation of a system described above in a competitive coirmercial environment. As he is now in possession of the

pertinent technical specifications, there is little need for us to do much

more on this problem.

;5 . 2 . 3 . Current INEN Standards on Conputer Tape . In the previous

section we suggested that a more modem~phototypesetter can operate from

NTT/ST cartridges. Here we suggest that the very same cartridge (containing

the complete and final text of a standard) can be converted to computer

readable magnetic tape via a commercial device costing in the neighborhood

of $7000. If such a converter were available at INEN, it would be a fairly

painless process to accumulate a computerized data base of published INEN

standards to facilitate:

a. subsequent revisions of individual standards

b. preparation of subject indexes

c. generation of cross references lists.

Since the preparation of indexes and cross reference lists would be

needed long before the newer standards will be subjected to revisions,

considerations should be given to automate these indexes and cross- reference lists in an independent operation. That operation can be carried

out either via a keypunch or via the remote conputer terminal. Which

method is chosen initially should be govemed by the experience the INEN

staff develops and by the priorities assigned to various tasks requiring

the use of the particular terminals. It is fortunate that a practical

5
1

system can be developed using either machine. Further suggestions on this

topic must wait until access to the computer by IN'EN has become a reality

and we know more about the software systems that are available for the

machine. In the next section (Section 4) we outline the steps being taken

at NBS to assess the capabilities of the computer to be installed at the

Escuela Politecnica Nacional , with specific reference to the needs of INEN.

3.2.4. Magnetic Card vs Magnetic Tape Typewriters . The previous

discussion was predicated on tHe assumption that tor tHe short term it

would be wise to rely upon existing equipment and practices in upgrading

the typesetting facility. Mention has already been made that INEN will

shortly acquire an MC/ST which uses magnetic cards instead of magnetic

tapes. NBS makes extensive iLse of such mag card machines as they are more

convenient to manipulate than the earlier MT/ST's. Furthermore there is a communicating version of the mag card machine which can be used as a computer terminal as well as a stand-alone off-line editing device.

Further still, the on-line text editing system (ATS) used extensively at

NBS accepts input from the communicating mag card machine as well as a variety of other terminals. It is therefore to the point to inquire how

the machine to be installed at the Escuela Politecnica Nacional can be made

to accept input from 'C/ST's as well as from the 2740 terminals. It is

questions of this sort as well as many others which must be raised and

answered before a long range firm plan of action can be recommended. Some

of the steps NBS has taken to acquaint itself with the capabilities and

potentialities of the Escuela 's ccmputer configurations are discussed

below.

4.0 System Analysis and Evaluation

As indicated in section 2, INEN can have access to two conputers (IBM

370/125) - one at the Mobilizations Office in the Army and the other at the

Polytechnic Institute. The latter can be accessed via a remote terminal

over telephone lines, and we understand that INFJ^ has made arrangements to

acquire a terminal and the requisite telephone interface. Since the

computer is new to the Polytechnic as well as to INEN, (and even to IW

Ecuador) , INEN must rely upon NBS or a similarly experienced institution

for advice. Furthermore such advice is needed as soon as possible so to

mesh with the plans of the Polytechnic and with the current expansion

program undertaken by INEN. The advice cannot be given without a careful

detailed functional analysis of the exact conputer configuration in

question and the software which the hardware can utilize.

In view of the situation described above, NBS has obtained a complete

set of manuals for the 370/125 and has established contact with local

organizations utilizing this machine. We have also arranged for the

services of Dr. Blanton C. IXincan, a former NRS staff member and a leading

exponent of text processing in a standards environment , to carry out a detailed system analysis as outlined below.

6
4.1 System Evaluation Tasks

Prepare a functional analysis of the operational capabilities and of

the potential application areas of the IBN! 370/125 computer configuration

as installed at the Fscuela Politecnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador with

special reference to:

a. Remote batch job entry and teleprocessing

b. Interactive processing via Time Sharing Option fTSO)

c. Feasibility of supporting the Administrative Terminal System (ATS)

and/or the Advanced Text ^lanagement System (ATMS)

d. Assemblers and compilers (BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, PL/1, etc.)

delivered with the computer or that can be leased for operation on

the computer configuration in question.

e. Capabilities, for extended print capability including printing

scientific text taking into account the range of capabilities of

conpatible printers available for installation in the system.

f. Range of input/output media needed to be considered in data

capture and data interchange.

g. Formal and de-facto standards relevant to current and projected

system applications with specific reference to standards developed

for computers and information processing by the International

Organization for Standardization (ISO)

S . Numerical and Statistical Analysis Programs

Reliable and efficient computer programs for mathematical and

statistical Hiita analysis are essential tools for carrying forward

scientific and technical as well as administrative projects in any modem

scientific organization. In a standards organization special attention

must be paid to the reliability and accuracy of the computed results. The

above sentence would seem uncalled for, were it not for the unhappy fact

that many existing computer programs for statistical analysis have failed

to measure irp to the accuracy they report, when subjected to rigorous

tests. This state of affairs has been documented in two separate studies

by James W. Longley in the Journal of the American Statistical

Association^ and by Roy H. Wampler in tTTe NBS Journal of Research^ . In

large measure, the programs that fail to measure up to gooH" standards of

accuracy make use of techniques that are quite adequate for hand

computation on a desk calculator but suffer seriously from round-off errors on a digital computer. The problem is further aggravated by the fact that even modem school texts on statistical techniques still feature

calculation methods better suited to desk calculators than computers.

A more general but less critical survey of statistical packages was published by W. R. Schucany and Paul D. Minton in 1972 in Conputing

Reviews ^. Another view of problems associated witli handling data

(especially large census data files) is contained in a paper published in

1970 by Rudolph C. Mendelssohn in The American Statistician^.

7
5.1 OMNTTAB IT

It is no accident that the OWITAB^.IO system for numerical and

statistical analysis developed at NBS receives prominent mention in each of

the above cited works. Although statistics was only a small part of the

original OMNITAB implementation, we were careful to employ methods most

appropriate for computer operations. The result is one of the more

accurate systems in existance. Another important advantage of OMNITAB is

that its use requires no programming experience, as the instructions to the

computer are given by simple comanands consisting largely of declarative

English sentences. This feature of the system allows it to accept commands

in other languages just as readily.

The system has been rewritten completely in standard ANSI FORTRAN by

the staff of the NBS Statistical Engineering Laboratory and is available

under the name CMNITAB IT-'--'^. That version has been made jultilingual and

will accept commands in either English, Spanish, Italian, French, Swedish,

German, etc. It would therefore be natural for us to recoiimend that

system, except for the fact that it is too large for the computers

presently available in Quito.

We understand that plans call for increasing the core size of both

machines as their use increases. When this is achieved the CMNITAB II

system will probably fit. Until that time, good use can be made of two of

its modules. These are the PLOT and STATIS modules. The former will allow

for the generation and maintenance of control charts, while the latter will

provide a comprehensive statistical analysis of the type described by Dr.

H. n. Ku in NBS Technical Note 756^^.

The plot routines are available as a separate FORTRAN package. They

are described in an informal programming document (PAC 11) prepared by the

N'BS Statistical Engineering I^boratory^^. The STATIS program is available

as a separate BASIC program. Copies of these programs v^ill be forwarded as required later.

5 . 2 Mini tab

Minitab is a smaller statistical analysis system patterned after

OMNITAB. It was written at the Pennsylvania State University. Although it

does not have any facility for finite difference operations or many higher

mathematical functions, it is richer in statistical methods. Furthermore

it is more likely to fit on the Quito computers as they are presently

configured.

The Minitab system is specialized for students and statistical

researchers and is therefore quite suited for the Escuela Politecnica

Nacional as well as for INEN. A brief description of the Minitab system

was published by T. A. Ryan and Brian L. Joiner in 1973 in The American

Statistician^^.

8
I

After two years experience in using Mini tab in the instruction program

at the Pennsylvania State University, the system was rewritten and a second

larger version is now available as Mini tab II. The preliminary manual for

the first version has been revised extensively and is now available from

the University book store. The latter is especially well written and may

well be a candidate for translation into Spanish if the Mini tab II system

can be made to run on one of the computers in Quito. Copies of the users manuals for Minitab^^ and Minitab IP" will be sent along later.

The authors of Minitab - Professor Thomas A. Ryan of Penn State and

Professor Brian L. Joiner (now at the University of Wisconsin) have

gracioiisly made their systems (hoth Minitab and Minitab II) available to

NBS for transmittal to INEN. Their system tape is now at hand. It will be

studied here briefly to ascertain which problems, if any, could arise in

getting it running on the conputers in Quito.

6. Programs for Text and Data Manipulation

Any utilization of computers for accumulating bibliographies, text

material, indexes, etc., requires programs for editing, searching, sorting,

and other manipulative chores. The Data Systems Design Group in the NBS

Office of Standard Reference Data has built, up over the years, a package

of general purpose programs to assist in such operations. Some of these

programs have run successfully with little or no modification on a number

of computers of different manufacture, and others can be made to do so with

only moderate effort.

These programs liave been described in the following NRS Technical

Notes: 444, 470, 500, 700 and 820. These publications are already

available at INEN. Additional copies will be sent to the Polytechnic. In

addition we will endeavor to run these programs on a 370/125 locally. When

they have run successfully here, we will send them to the INEN to pass on

to the Polytechnic and/or the Army computer facility.

7. Fxquipment Considerations

7.1 Keypunch

Even though INEN will have access to the computer at the Polytechnic

from a remote terminal (2740), it is not realistic to rely solely upon that

device. For some time to come, the facilities available via the 2740

terminal will be limited in comparison with those available via

conventional punched card input in the batch mode. It is important to

recognize that programs for batch mode operations will be required, and

that a keypunch machine will be essential for the efficient utilizations of

these programs.

9
7 . 2 Communicating Magnetic Card Selectric Terminal (MC/ST)

From a preliminary appraisal of the features of the 370/125 and from a discussion with the original designer of I^!'s Administrative Terminal

System (ATS) , we are reasonably confident that ATS will run on the machine

at the Polytechnic. Should this be the case, it will be necessary to use either a 2741 Terminal or a comminicating MC/ST. The former is less

expensive, but the latter allows for typing and editing off-line as well as on-line. Both of these terminals are being used effectively at NBS, where

the ATS system has been in use for the last seven years with excellent

results. Unlike other software packages, ATS can be obtained from IBM

without cost as it is a type 2 program and is considered to be in the

public domain.

8. Epilogue

In the foregoing, we have touched upon irost, but not all, of the areas of current INEN concern in adopting modern computer techniques in

furtherance of its mission. It is recognized that the precise pace and

direction in which computerization will progress depends upon sundry

variables - staffing levels, funding, delay in delivery of equipment,

institutional cooperation, administrative priorities, etc. It is quite

possible that rapid advances in one area would argue for modifying plans in

another

.

We have been careful, in our reconmendations , in three ways. First, we

have suggested tecliniques that take advantage of existing experience and

talent at INEN. Secondly, we have reconmended terminal equipment and

computer software with which NBS has itself had considerable experience.

Finally we have recommended and will supply software packages of utility to

the Polytechnic as well as to INEN.

After the computer is installed at the Polytechnic and it has had its

"shakedown cruise'' it would be appropriate to consider one or two workshops

for INT:N staff and for the teclinical staff of the industrial organizations

that make up the INEN constituancy . Such a workshop might well be planned

as a prototype for a series of workshops and seminars under the sponsorship

of the Andean Development Organization or other regional organizations.

10
9. References

1. Sanford R. Xewman and U. Steffen Peiser, editors

A Report of a Survey in Ecuador on Standardization and Measurement

Services in Support of Industrialization Goals

National Bureau of Standards Report NBSIR 10881 (1972)

2. Robert I. Hirst

Adapting the IBM >n'/ST for Librar>' Applications

A Manual for Planning

Special Libraries, pp626-633 (Oct. 1968)

3. Leslie H. Breden, editor

World Index of Plastics Standards

National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 3S2 (Dec. 1971)

4. William J. Slattery, editor

An Index of U.S. Voluntary Engineering Standards

National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 329 vSupplement 1 (Dec. 1972)

5. James W. Longley

An appraisal of Least Squares Programs for the Electronic Computer

from the Point of View of the User

Journal of the American Statistical Associations, Vol. 62 pp819-841 (Sept. 1967)

6. Roy H. Wampler

.An Evaluation of Linear Least Squares Computer Programs

National Bureau of Standards Journal of Research

B-Mathematical Sciences, Vol. 73B, pp59-90 (April -June 1969)

7. W. R. Schucany and Paul D. Minton

A Survey of Statistical Packages

Computing Surveys, Vol 4, pp65-79 (June 1972)

8. Rudolph C. Mendelssohn

The Principles of Processing Statistical Data

The American Statistician (October 1970)

9. Joseph Hilsenrath, Guy G. Ziegler, Carla G. Messina, Philip J. Walsh,

and Robert J. Herbold

ONNITAB - A Computer Program for Statistical and Numerical Analysis

National Bureau of Standards Handbook 101

issued March 4, 1966, reissued Jan 1968

10. Joseph M. Cameron and Joseph Hilsenrath

Use of General -Purpose Coding Systems for Statistical Calculations

in Proceedings of the IBM Scientific Computing Symposium on

Statistics October 21-23, 1963 pp281-299 published 1964

11
11. David Hogben, Sally T. Peavy and Ruth Vamer

OMNITAB II - User's Reference Manual

National Bureau of Standards Technical Note 552

264 pages (Oct. 1971)

12. H. H. Ku

A Users Guide to the OMNITAB conrnand

"STATISTICAL ANALYSIS"

National Bureau of Standards Technical Note 756

44 pages (Mar. 1973)

13. B. L. Joiner and S. T. Peavy

Plotting Subroutines

PAC 11 dated 1969 from the NT^S Statistical Engineering Laboratory

14. T. A. Ryan, Jr. and Brian L. Joiner

Mini tab: A Statistical Conputing System for Students and Researchers

The American Statistician, Vol. 27 pp22-225 (Dec 1973)

USCOMM NBS-OC 12
NBS-114A (REV, 7-73)

U.S. DfcH 1 . uf- LUMM. I_ pilHi.lC ATION OK KhHOKT NO. 2. dov t Accession

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA No. SHEET NBSIR 75-649

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUfH ITl.F

Computer Applications at the Institute

Ecuatoriano de Normal izac ion : Observations and Recommendations

5. Publication Date April 1975

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AI'TflOKiS) 8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PKKKORMIN(. ORC.ANIZAITON NAMF AND ADDRKSS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

^

10. Pro)ect/Task/Work Unit No.

11. f-ontract /Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and ' omplctc Address (Street, City, Stale, ZIP)

AID

Washington, D.C.

13. Type of Report & Period

C overed Final

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPl.KMKNTAHY NOThS

16. ABSTRAC T (A 200-word or less factual summary of most si^idcant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.)

This report contains specific suggestions for computer applications at the

Ecuadorian Bureau of Standards (INEN). The suggestions, based on observations

and discussion during a 10-day visit by the author in Quito, Ecuador, cover

editing and typesetting of Ecuadorian standards, data storage and retrieval,

and statistical analysis of experimental data.

17. KEY WORDS (sik to twelve entries; alphabetical order, capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons

)

Computer applications; OMNITAB II: Mini tab; statistical computing; text editing

18. AVAll.AHII.ITY [ Unlimited

[_~] For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

r y 1 Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Ciovcrnment Printing Office Washington. D.( . 20402. SD Cat. No. C.U

Order F'rom National Technical Information Service CNTIS)

Springficlil, Virginia 22151

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCL ASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

15

20. SE( URITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

22. Price

USCOMM-DC 29042-P74