I 

118TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION H. R. 10537 

To support and promote the human rights of Southern Mongolians in the 

People’s Republic of China, and for other purposes. 

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

DECEMBER 19, 2024 

Mr. MCGOVERN introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and in addition to the Committees on the Judiciary, Financial Services, and House Administration, for a period to be 

subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration 

of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned 

A BILL 

To support and promote the human rights of Southern Mongolians in the People’s Republic of China, and for other 

purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

4 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Southern Mongolian 

5 Human Rights Policy Act’’. 

6 SEC. 2. FINDINGS. 

7 Congress makes the following findings: 


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1 (1) According to the China Statistical Yearbook 

2 for 2021, more than 6,000,000 ethnic Mongolians 

3 live in the People’s Republic of China, of which some 

4 two-thirds live in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous 

5 Region, and many others in three prefectures and 

6 eight counties designated as autonomous for Mongo7 lians by the Government of the People’s Republic of 

8 China. 

9 (2) Over the centuries, successive central Chi10 nese governments have promoted the migration of 

11 Chinese people into the area currently administered 

12 as the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and 

13 today only about 18 percent of the population of the 

14 Region is counted as ethnically Mongolian. 

15 (3) The Constitution and 1984 Regional Ethnic 

16 Autonomy Law of the People’s Republic of China 

17 guarantee numerous rights to Mongolian and other 

18 designated minorities, including autonomous govern19 ment, protection for religions and cultures, control 

20 over local economic development, and management 

21 of local natural resources, and the right ‘‘to use and 

22 develop their own spoken and written languages and 

23 their freedom to preserve or reform their own folk24 ways and customs,’’ including to ‘‘use textbooks in 


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1 their own languages and use these languages as the 

2 media of instruction’’. 

3 (4) In 2020, officials in the Inner Mongolia Au4 tonomous Region announced a new policy to effec5 tively replace Mongolian as the principal language of 

6 instruction with Chinese, in the subjects of history, 

7 politics, and literature, and shut down Bainu, the 

8 only Mongolian-language-based social media website 

9 based in the country. Beginning in September 2023, 

10 schools across the region largely removed Mongolian11 language instruction from elementary and secondary 

12 schools throughout the region. Reports indicate that 

13 high school and college entrance exams will be con14 ducted in Chinese exclusively starting in 2025 and 

15 2028, respectively. The People’s Republic of China 

16 authorities have banned Mongolian language books 

17 from bookstores and removed signs in the unique, 

18 vertically-written Mongolian script from schools, 

19 buildings, streets, and parks. 

20 (5) The People’s Republic of China officials 

21 launched ‘‘patriotic education’’ campaigns at schools 

22 and universities throughout the Inner Mongolia Au23 tonomous Region, designed to suppress manifesta24 tions of Mongolian identity in favor of the common 

25 Chinese national identity’’ and encourage ‘‘all ethnic 


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1 groups to accept the great mother country, Chinese 

2 nationality, Chinese culture, [and the] Chinese Com3 munist Party.’’ In response to the new education 

4 policy, tens of thousands of Southern Mongolians in 

5 the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region launched 

6 protests, in which some 300,000 Southern Mongo7 lian students boycotted school and teachers went on 

8 strike, and some individuals reportedly committed 

9 suicide in protest. Security authorities responded 

10 harshly by arresting, beating, detaining, jailing, and 

11 placing under home confinement some estimated 

12 8,000 to 10,000 Southern Mongolians. 

13 (6) Chinese authorities now fully control all ac14 tivities of the Chinggis Khan Mausoleum in the 

15 Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, including the 

16 schedule, scale, and ticketing of ritual ceremonies 

17 and approval and monitoring of gatherings, denying 

18 Southern Mongolians the ability to carry out tradi19 tional rituals and observances free of government in20 terference and profiteering. This has broken an 

21 eight-century-long memorial tradition at the site, 

22 which has served as an historical and cultural rep23 resentation of the Mongolian identity. 

24 (7) The People’s Republic of China policies 

25 have undermined the religious heritage of Southern 


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1 Mongolians, many of whom follow Tibetan Bud2 dhism, including through the destruction of mon3 asteries and temples during the Cultural Revolution, 

4 and interference in the ability to choose their own 

5 religious leaders. Restrictions on travel and freedom 

6 of religion or belief inhibit the ability of Southern 

7 Mongolians to affiliate, engage, and communicate 

8 with Mongol communities around the world, espe9 cially those with cultural, linguistic and religious 

10 links to people in the country of Mongolia and the 

11 Buryatia, Kamykia, and Tuvan regions of the Rus12 sian Federation, resulting in a diminution of their 

13 common cultural heritage. 

14 (8) The People’s Republic of China policies 

15 have effectively ended the traditional Southern Mon16 golian economic livelihood of pastoralism, a key 

17 marker of Mongol identity, by forcibly resettling 

18 more than 246,000 nomadic households to urban 

19 and agricultural areas where Mandarin language 

20 and Chinese cultural elements dominate. These poli21 cies have cut off Southern Mongolians from their an22 cestral lands and increased their economic depend23 ence on the state, eroding their social cohesion. This 

24 has led to severe social and psychological impacts, 

25 including mental illness and economic deprivation. 


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1 (9) The environment of the Inner Mongolia Au2 tonomous Region has degraded under the People’s 

3 Republic of China policies that have removed no4 mads, ending traditional stewardship of grazing 

5 lands, and exploited natural resources through min6 ing and heavy industry without sufficient stake7 holder input from local inhabitants, resulting in air 

8 and water pollution and severe health problems 

9 among local Southern Mongolians. Bayan Obo, the 

10 largest rare earth mine in the world, is the source 

11 of toxic waste, including radioactive thorium that 

12 has been seeping into groundwater. 

13 (10) Southern Mongolian dissidents, activists, 

14 writers, bloggers, lawyers, and their family members 

15 who have attempted to exercise their freedom of ex16 pression and defend their legal rights have been de17 tained, arrested, imprisoned, and placed under home 

18 confinement by the People’s Republic of China au19 thorities. Activist Yanjindulam remains under home 

20 confinement after being released from prison, artist 

21 Ashidaa is still under home confinement, lawyer 

22 Huhbulag has been detained multiple times, and dis23 sident Almaz has been frequently harassed and de24 tained by the authorities. 


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1 (11) Authorities detained rights activist Hada, 

2 who promoted self-determination and democracy for 

3 Southern Mongolians, in 1995 and sentenced him to 

4 15 years in 1996. He was held without legal basis 

5 for an additional four years following the expiration 

6 of his sentence. Hada was subsequently placed under 

7 home confinement until his disappearance in Sep8 tember 2020. In 2011, Hada’s wife Xinna, an out9 spoken critic of human rights violations in Southern 

10 Mongolia, was arrested before being sentenced to 

11 three years in prison, suspended for five years. Their 

12 son Uiles was sentenced at the age of 17 to two 

13 years in prison on the basis of multiple fabricated 

14 charges. The family’s welfare and whereabouts have 

15 been unknown since September 2020. 

16 (12) Chinese authorities have subjected South17 ern Mongolians to transnational repression. Since 

18 2009, at least five Southern Mongolian dissidents in 

19 exile have been forcibly returned to China, including 

20 from Mongolia. On May 3, 2023, Chinese police offi21 cers detained Lhamjab Borjigin, a long-time dis22 sident writer and historian, in Ulaanbaatar, Mon23 golia, and forcibly returned him to China on the 

24 same day. Lhamjab Borjigin had escaped from home 

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1 tenced to one year in prison, suspended for two 

2 years, for writing a book entitled ‘‘China’s Cultural 

3 Revolution’’. 

4 (13) The Congressional-Executive Commission 

5 on China reported that ‘‘[d]uring the Commission’s 

6 2023 reporting year, Chinese Communist Party and 

7 government authorities implemented policies that 

8 limited the freedom of ethnic minority groups to ex9 press their cultural and religious identities in con10 travention of the PRC Regional Ethnic Autonomy 

11 Law and international human rights treaties, includ12 ing the International Covenant on Civil and Political 

13 Rights’’. 

14 (14) The Government of the People’s Republic 

15 of China’s policies have undermined the ability of 

16 Southern Mongolians to exercise their rights under 

17 the People’s Republic of China’s constitution and 

18 law, and under international law, to safeguard and 

19 develop their own language, culture, religion or be20 lief, and economic livelihoods, as part of a deliberate 

21 effort to erase their distinct Mongolian culture and 

22 Sinicize the Southern Mongolian people, which some 

23 observers have called a form of cultural genocide. 

24 SEC. 3. STATEMENT OF POLICY. 

25 It is the policy of the United States— 


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1 (1) to support and promote human rights of 

2 Southern Mongolians in the People’s Republic of 

3 China, including the fundamental freedoms of ex4 pression, peaceful assembly, and religion or belief 

5 and rights related to arbitrary detention, discrimina6 tion and other abuses; 

7 (2) to support the aspirations of the Southern 

8 Mongolian people to safeguard their cultural and lin9 guistic heritage, including the ability to use and pro10 mote their own spoken and written language, and 

11 protect their traditional pastoralist way of life that 

12 they have maintained for thousands of years; and 

13 (3) to press the Government of the People’s Re14 public of China to allow the Southern Mongolian 

15 people the ability to enjoy the autonomy guaranteed 

16 to them by the Constitution and 1984 Regional Eth17 nic Autonomy Law, including in education. 

18 SEC. 4. SENSE OF CONGRESS. 

19 It is the sense of Congress that— 

20 (1) the United States supports the legitimate 

21 aspirations of the Southern Mongolian people to 

22 safeguard their cultural and linguistic heritage and 

23 practice their traditional way of life without threat 

24 of forced assimilation policies of the Government of 


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1 the People’s Republic of China and the Chinese 

2 Communist Party; 

3 (2) the President should— 

4 (A) condemn human rights abuses against 

5 Southern Mongolians by authorities of the Peo6 ple’s Republic of China; and 

7 (B) call on such authorities to allow South8 ern Mongolians the ability to exercise the au9 tonomy guaranteed under the constitution and 

10 law of the People’s Republic of China, including 

11 to conduct their affairs and receive education in 

12 their own spoken and written language; 

13 (3) the Secretary of State should— 

14 (A) work with United States allies and 

15 partners and through multilateral institutions 

16 to advocate for the human rights of Southern 

17 Mongolians; 

18 (B) urge the United Nations Human 

19 Rights Council to prioritize assessment of the 

20 human rights of Southern Mongolians in its re21 views of the People’s Republic of China compli22 ance with international human rights law, in23 cluding through the Universal Periodic Review 

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1 tions officials to assess conditions of Southern 

2 Mongolians in the People’s Republic of China; 

3 (C) promote the right of Southern Mongo4 lians to protect their spoken and written lan5 guage; 

6 (D) promote the freedom of religion or be7 lief Southern Mongolians; 

8 (E) work with the United Nations Edu9 cational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 

10 (UNESCO) to identify and protect world herit11 age sites in areas of traditional Mongolian cul12 ture in the People’s Republic of China; and 

13 (F) coordinate closely with the inter14 national community on targeted sanctions and 

15 visa restrictions; 

16 (4) the United States companies and individ17 uals operating in areas designated as autonomous 

18 for Mongolians in the People’s Republic of China 

19 should take steps to ensure that their commercial 

20 activities do not contribute to human rights viola21 tions, undermine the autonomous rights of Southern 

22 Mongolians, or contribute to the environmental deg23 radation or resettlement of nomads in those areas, 

24 and are consistent with the United Nations Guiding 

25 Principles on Business and Human Rights; and 


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1 (5) the United States Ambassador to the Peo2 ple’s Republic of China should expeditiously seek to 

3 meet with Hada and his family members, as well as 

4 other Southern Mongolian dissidents, activists, writ5 ers, and lawyers who are either in prison or under 

6 detention or home confinement. 

7 SEC. 5. DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR MATTERS. 

8 (a) INNER MONGOLIA SECTION IN UNITED STATES

9 EMBASSY IN BEIJING, CHINA.— 

10 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of State 

11 should consider establishing an Inner Mongolian 

12 team within the United States Embassy in Beijing, 

13 China, to follow political, economic, and social devel14 opments in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 

15 and other areas designated by the People’s Republic 

16 of China as autonomous for Mongolians, with due 

17 consideration given to hiring Southern Mongolians 

18 as Locally Employed Staff. 

19 (2) DUTIES.—The responsibilities of the team 

20 described in paragraph (1) should include reporting 

21 on human rights issues and access to areas des22 ignated as autonomous for Mongolians by United 

23 States Government officials, journalists, nongovern24 mental organizations, and the Southern Mongolian 

25 diaspora. 


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1 (3) LANGUAGE REQUIREMENTS.—The Sec2 retary of State should ensure that the Department 

3 has sufficient proficiency in Mongolian language in 

4 order to carry out paragraph (1), and that the 

5 United States Embassy in Beijing, China, has suffi6 cient resources to hire Local Employed Staff pro7 ficient in the Mongolian language, as appropriate. 

8 (b) REPORT.—Not later than 180 days after the date 

9 of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of State shall 

10 submit to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Sen11 ate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House 

12 of Representatives a report on staffing described in sub13 section (a). 

14 SEC. 6. RELIGIOUS FREEDOM. 

15 (a) HUMAN RIGHTS REPORTS.—The Ambassador at 

16 Large for International Religious Freedom shall, con17 sistent with the duties under sections 101(c) and 102(a) 

18 of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 (22 

19 U.S.C. 6411(c), 6412(a)), assist the Secretary of State to 

20 assess the impact of the restrictions on Tibetan Buddhism 

21 by the Government of the People’s Republic of China on 

22 the religious freedom of— 

23 (1) practitioners of Tibetan Buddhism in the 

24 People’s Republic of China who are not Tibetan; and 


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1 (2) practitioners of Tibetan Buddhism outside 

2 the People’s Republic of China, including their abil3 ity to travel to and share information with practi4 tioners inside the People’s Republic of China. 

5 (b) ANNUAL REPORT ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS

6 FREEDOM.—The Secretary of State, with the assistance 

7 of the Ambassador at Large for International Religious 

8 Freedom, shall ensure that the report required under sec9 tions 102(b) of the International Religious Freedom Act 

10 of 1998 (22 U.S.C. 6411(c), 6412(b)) assesses, as appro11 priate, the impact of the restrictions on Tibetan Buddhism 

12 by the Government of the People’s Republic of China on 

13 the religious freedom of — 

14 (1) practitioners of Tibetan Buddhism in the 

15 People’s Republic of China who are not Tibetan; and 

16 (2) practitioners of Tibetan Buddhism outside 

17 the People’s Republic of China, including their abil18 ity to travel to and share information with practi19 tioners inside the People’s Republic of China. 

20 SEC. 7. IDENTIFICATION OF PERSONS RESPONSIBLE FOR 

21 HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES AGAINST SOUTHERN 

22 MONGOLIANS IN THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF 

23 CHINA; IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS. 

24 (a) REPORT REQUIRED.— 


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1 (1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days 

2 after the date of the enactment of this Act, and an3 nually thereafter, the President shall submit to the 

4 appropriate congressional committees a report that 

5 identifies each foreign person, including any official 

6 of the Government of the People’s Republic of 

7 China, that the President determines is responsible 

8 for any of the following with respect to Southern 

9 Mongolians in the People’s Republic of China: 

10 (A) Torture. 

11 (B) Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treat12 ment or punishment. 

13 (C) Prolonged or arbitrary detention with14 out charges and trial. 

15 (D) Causing the disappearance of persons 

16 by the abduction and clandestine detention of 

17 those persons. 

18 (E) Other flagrant denial of the right to 

19 life, liberty, or the security of persons. 

20 (F) Other gross violations of human rights 

21 committed against Southern Mongolians. 

22 (2) FORM.—The report required by paragraph 

23 (1) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may 

24 include a classified annex. 


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1 (b) IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS.—The President 

2 should impose sanctions pursuant to one or more of the 

3 following authorities with respect to each foreign person 

4 identified in the report required by subsection (a): 

5 (1) The Global Magnitsky Human Rights Ac6 countability Act (22 U.S.C. 10101 et seq.). 

7 (2) Section 7031(c)(1)(A) of the Department of 

8 State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs 

9 Appropriations Act, 2024 (division F of Public Law 

10 118–47; 8 U.S.C. 1182 note). 

11 (3) Section 212(a)(2)(G) of the Immigration 

12 and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(2)(G)). 

13 (c) SUNSET.—This section, and any sanctions im14 posed under this section, shall terminate on the date that 

15 is 5 years after the date of the enactment of this Act. 

16 (d) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

17 (1) APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMIT18 TEES.—The term ‘‘appropriate congressional com19 mittees’’ means— 

20 (A) the Committee on Foreign Relations 

21 and the Committee on Banking, Housing, and 

22 Urban Affairs of the Senate; and 

23 (B) the Committee on Foreign Affairs and 

24 the Committee on Financial Services of the 

25 House of Representatives. 


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1 (2) FOREIGN PERSON.—The term ‘‘foreign per2 son’’ means an individual or entity that is not a 

3 United States person. 

4 (3) UNITED STATES PERSON.—The term 

5 ‘‘United States person’’ means— 

6 (A) a United States citizen or an alien law7 fully admitted for permanent residence to the 

8 United States; 

9 (B) an entity organized under the laws of 

10 the United States or of any jurisdiction within 

11 the United States, including a foreign branch of 

12 such an entity; or 

13 (C) any person in the United States. 

14 SEC. 8. VOICE OF AMERICA BROADCASTS IN THE MONGO15 LIAN LANGUAGE. 

16 (a) ESTABLISHMENT OF SERVICE.—Not later than 

17 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the 

18 Chief Executive Officer of the United States Agency for 

19 Global Media shall establish, through the Voice of Amer20 ica, a service to provide Voice of America Mongolian lan21 guage programming to Mongolian language speakers in 

22 Mongolia, the People’s Republic of China, and the Russian 

23 Federation. 

24 (b) REPORT.—Not later than 270 days after the date 

25 of the enactment of this Act, the Chief Executive Officer 


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1 of the United States Agency for Global Media shall submit 

2 to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and 

3 the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Rep4 resentatives a report detailing the implementation of this 

5 section, including a description of programming and 

6 broadcast hours. 

7 (c) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There is 

8 authorized to be appropriated to the Voice of America for 

9 purposes of carrying out this section $2,000,000 for each 

10 of fiscal years 2025 and 2026. 

11 SEC. 9. SUPPORT FOR SOUTHERN MONGOLIAN CULTURE. 

12 (a) REPRESSED CULTURES PRESERVATION.— 

13 (1) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of 

14 Congress that the Smithsonian Institution should 

15 fund activities to help preserve cultures endangered 

16 by the repressive policies of the People’s Republic of 

17 China, including those of Southern Mongolians, Ti18 betans, Uyghurs, and Hong Kongers, through the 

19 World Cultures Center and other programs designed 

20 to promote preservation efforts, as well as research, 

21 exhibitions, and education programming. 

22 (2) REPORT.—Not later than 180 days after 

23 the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary 

24 of the Smithsonian Institution shall submit to the 

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1 ate and the Committee on House Administration of 

2 the House of Representatives a report on its plans 

3 to help preserve cultures endangered by the policies 

4 of the People’s Republic of China, including those of 

5 Southern Mongolians, Tibetans, Uyghurs, and Hong 

6 Kongers. 

7 (b) ASSISTANCE FOR CULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS, 

8 MUSEUMS, AND LIBRARIES.— 

9 (1) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of 

10 Congress that the Director of the Institute for Mu11 seum and Library Sciences should establish a grant 

12 program, or make available grants through an exist13 ing program, to support efforts by diaspora commu14 nities in the United States to preserve their cultural 

15 heritage that is threatened by the repressive policies 

16 of the People’s Republic of China, including the ef17 forts of Southern Mongolians, Tibetans, Uyghurs, 

18 and Hong Kongers. 

19 (2) REPORT.—Not later than 180 days after 

20 the date of the enactment of this Act, the Director 

21 of the Institute for Museum and Library Sciences 

22 shall submit to the Committee on Health, Edu23 cation, Labor and Pensions of the Senate and the 

24 Committee on Education and the Workforce of the 

25 House of Representatives a report on the feasibility 


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1 of establishing a grant program, or to otherwise 

2 make available grants through an existing program, 

3 to support efforts by diaspora communities in the 

4 United States to preserve their cultural heritage that 

5 is threatened by the repressive policies of the Peo6 ple’s Republic of China, including those of Southern 

7 Mongolians, Tibetans, Uyghurs, and Hong Kongers, 

8 including efforts to engage with such diaspora com9 munities. 

10 SEC. 10. SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS IN SOUTHERN MON11 GOLIA. 

12 (a) DECLARATION OF POLICY.—It is the policy of the 

13 United States to support the right of Southern Mongolians 

14 to make decisions in accordance with principles of auton15 omy regarding their economic development, including the 

16 ability to maintain traditional livelihoods, such as pas17 toralism, as well as cultural preservation, environmental 

18 sustainability, and resource extraction, in areas designated 

19 as autonomous for Southern Mongolians in the People’s 

20 Republic of China. 

21 (b) INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS.— 

22 The Secretary of the Treasury should instruct the United 

23 States executive director of each international financial in24 stitution to use the voice and vote of the United States 

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1 tonomous for Mongolians in the People’s Republic of 

2 China if such projects do not provide incentives for the 

3 migration and settlement of non-Mongolians into Southern 

4 Mongolian areas or facilitate the transfer of ownership of 

5 Southern Mongolian land and natural resources to non6 Mongolians, are based on a thorough needs-assessment, 

7 foster self-sufficiency of the Southern Mongolian people, 

8 respect Mongolian culture, traditions, and traditional live9 lihoods, and are subject to effective monitoring. 

10 (c) PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT.—The Secretary 

11 of State, in coordination with the Secretary of Commerce, 

12 should encourage United States businesses and individuals 

13 that are engaged in commerce or investing in enterprises 

14 in areas designated as autonomous for Mongolians in the 

15 People’s Republic of China to be guided by the United 

16 Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human 

17 Rights, including the creation, in consultation with other 

18 relevant Departments, of a business advisory covering 

19 such areas, with particular focus on the mining and ex20 tractive industries sector, that provides strict guidelines 

21 not to directly or indirectly contribute to the violation of 

22 the human rights of local Mongolians, harm to their com23 munities, or destruction of the natural environment and 

24 traditional Mongolian way of life. 

Æ 


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