ffiFERENCE NBSIR 82-2468

Technical Activities 1981

Center for Radiation Research

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Measurement Laboratory

Center for Radiation Research

Washington, DC 20234

I

November 1981

February 1 982

IflO

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

NBSIR 82-2468

TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES 1981

CENTER FOR RADIATION RESEARCH

Chris E. Kuyatt, Director

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Measurement Laboratory

Center for Radiation Research

Washington, DC 20234

November 1 981

February 1 982

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

ABSTRACT

This report summarizes research projects, measurement method development, testing and data evaluation activities, carried out during Fiscal Year

1981 in the NBS Center for Radiation Research. These activities fall in the areas of radiation measurements, atomic and plasma radiation, nuclear radiation,

radiation physics, radiometric physics, and radiation sources and instrumentation.

Key Words: Atomic radiation; nuclear radiation; plasma radiation; radiation

instrumentation; radiation measurements; radiation physics;

radiation sources; radiometric physics.

i
INTRODUCTION

This report is a summary of the technical activities of the NBS

Center for Radiation Research (CRR) for the period October 1, 1980 to

September 30, 1981. The Center is one of five Centers in the National

Measurement Laboratory.

The Center for Radiation Research develops and maintains the scientific competences and experimental facilities necessary to provide the

nation with a central basis for uniform physical measurements, measurements

methodology, and measurement services in the areas of optical radiation,

ultraviolet radiation, and ionizing radiation (x rays, gamma rays, electrons,

neutrons, and radioactivity); provides government, industry, and the private

sector with essential calibrations for field radiation measurements needed

in such applied areas as nuclear power, health care, radiation processing,

advanced laser development, and radiation protection for public safety;

carries out research in order to develop improved radiation standards, new radiation measurement technology, and improved understanding of atomic,

molecular, and nuclear radiation processes; collects, compiles, critically

evaluates and supplements the existing atomic, molecular, and nuclear data

base in order to meet the major demands of the nation for such data; and

participates in collaborative efforts with other NBS Centers in the interdisciplinary applications of radiation.

The summary of activities is organized in six parts, one for the Office

of Radiation Measurement, and one for each of the five Divisions in the

Center: Atomic and Plasma Radiation, Nuclear Radiation, Radiation Physics,

Radiometric Physics, and Radiation Sources and Instrumentation. Each Division

tells its own story in its own way. In general there is an introduction

followed by a series of short reports on current activities, publications

during the year, talks given, committee participation, and professional

interactions.

A detailed table of contents has been provided to permit the reader

to find those activities of greatest interest. To obtain more information

about particular work, the reader should address the individual scientists

or their division, c/o Center for Radiation Research, Radiation Physics

Building, C229, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234.
Table of Contents

ABSTRACT . i INTRODUCTION

OFFICE OF RADIATION MEASUREMENT - 530 1

Publications 6

Technical & Professional Committee Participation & Leadership ... 7

Major Consulting and Advisory Services 8

ATOMIC AND PLASMA RADIATION - Division 531 9

Atomic Spectroscopy Group 10

Vacuum UV Spectra of Atomic Ions--Measurements for the

Prediction of Forbidden Lines

Vacuum UV Spectra of Atomic Ions--Heavy Elements Strontium

to Tungsten (Z = 38-74)

Resonant Laser- vapor Interactions

Atomic Energy Levels Data Center

Atomic Radiation Data Group 12

Theoretical Studies of Atomic Processes

Critical Data Compilations

Plasma Radiation Group 14

Colli si onal Rate Coefficient Studies with the 50 kj

Theta Pinch

Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiometry with Plasmas

Stark Broadening, Shifts and Asymmetries of Hydrogenic

Ion Lines Field Induced Autoionization

Radiation Scattering

Collisional Redistribution of Radiation

Sponsored Conferences 18

Invited Talks 19

Publications 21

Technical & Professional Committee Participation & Leadership ... 25

Major Consulting and Advisory Services 26

iii
Journal Editorship 27

Trips Sponsored by Others 28

NUCLEAR RADIATION - Division 532 29

Nuclear Materials Safeguards Studies 30

Dosimetry Standards for Neutron Radiation Theory

Nuclear Theory Group 31

Elementary Particle Theory

Nuclear Theory

Photonuclear Theory

Theoretical Neutron Dosimetry

Neutron Personnel Monitoring

Civil Defense

Nuclear Research Group 34

Neutron Measurements and Research Group 36

Neutron Field Standards Group 39

Radioactivity Group 41

Standard Reference Materials and Calibration Services

Basic Activity and Nuclear Data Measurements

Other Agency Programs

International Activities

Sponsored Conferences 45

Invited Talks 46

Publications 49

Technical & Professional Committee Participation & Leadership ... 56

Major Consulting and Advisory Services 62

Journal Editorships 65

Trips Sponsored by Others 66

Standard Reference Materials 69

Calibration Services Performed 71

iv
RADIATION PHYSICS - Division 533 73

Radiation Theory Group 74

Photon Cross Sections

Electron Dosimetry

Dosimetry Data

Civil Defense Shielding

Molecular Ionization Fragmentation

Microdosimetry

Germanium- Detector Spectrometry

Dosimetry Group 79

Calibration and Measurement Assurance Services

Calorimetry

Thermo luminescence Dosimetry

Radiation Protection

Fricke Chemical Dosimetry

X-Ray Physics Group 84

Medical Radiography

Industrial Radiology

Dosimetry for Industry and Defense

Radiation Chemistry

Plasma X-Ray Calibration Facility

Far Ultraviolet Physics Group 89

Molecular Kinetics

Surface Science

New High Energy Capability at SURF

High Resolution Atomic Studies

Lithography

Solid State Studies

Laser Prepared States

Double Ionization of Barium

Fluorescence in Barium

Improved Radiometric Accuracy

Spectrometer Calibration Chamber Activated

Transfer Standard Detector

Calibration Workshops

Electron Physics Group 93

Surface Magnetism and Electron Diffraction

High Energy Resolution Electron Scattering

Electron Optics

Theory

Electron-Atom Collisions

V
Physical and Chemical Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Matter ... 96

Sponsored Conferences 104

Invited Talks 105

Publications Ill

Technical & Professional Committee Participation & Leadership ... 120

Major Consulting and Advisory Services 126

Journal Editorships 133

Trips Sponsored by Others 134

Calibration Services Performed 136

RADIOMETRIC PHYSICS - Division 534 137

Spectroradiometry and Optical Pyrometry 140

Instrumentation and Techniques

Studies of the Basis of Accurate Radiometry

Other Agency Projects

Spectrophotometry and Map 144

Retroreflection

Diffuse Reflection

Specular Reflection

Directional Reflection

Transmission

Densitometry

Electro-Optical and Quantum Radiometry 148

Silicon Junction Photodiode Physics

Photometric- Radiometric Calibrations and Map 153

Sponsored Conferences 155

Invited Talks 156

Publications 158

Technical & Professional Committee Participation & Leadership ... 160

Major Consulting and Advisory Services 163
Trips Sponsored by Others 165

Standard Reference Material 166

Calibration Services Performed 167

RADIATION SOURCE AND INSTRUMENTATION - Division 535

Accelerator Research 168

CW Microtron Project

Linac Improvements

Induction Accelerator Research and Intense Relativistic

Electron Beam Propagation Studies

Consulting and Advisory Services

Linac Operations 171

SURF Operations 176

SURF Operations Statistics

SURF Users During FY-81

Instrumentation Services 179

Electronic Instrumentation Maintenance and Construction

Control Instrumentation Design and Construction

Instrumentation Support for Physics and Chemistry Projects

Mechanical Instrumentation Services

Radiation Instrumentation Standards

Sponsored Conferences 183

Invited Talks 184

Publications 185

Technical & Professional Committee Participation & Leadership ... 186

Major Consulting and Advisory Services 188

Trips Sponsored by Others 189

SPONSORED SEMINARS AND COLLOQUIA 190
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TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

530, Office of Radiation Measurement

The Office of Radiation Measurement promotes the dissemination to

federal, state, and local regulatory bodies, and to the medical, industrial, and defense communities, of the measurement standards and

technology required for reliable measurement of all types of radiation

that may be biologically hazardous. The Office assists the technical

organizational components of NBS in monitoring the radiation measurement

needs of these national user groups, and in activities undertaken to

meet national needs. It maintains liaison with other organizations

concerned with related environmental, energy, health, or safety programs. Examples are the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Bureau of

Radiological Health, Environmental Protection Agency, Occupational

Safety and Health Administration, National Institute for Occupational

Safety and Health, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, and the Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors.

In response to increasing concern about public exposure to hazards

presented by ionizing radiation, NBS is making progress in providing new services essential for assuring the adequacy of measurements which are relied upon to protect workers and the general public from radiation

hazards. It is important that such measurements be made with adequate

accuracy and reliability to ensure public safety without unnecessary impediments to beneficial applications of ionizing radiation. Since

national responsibility for actions based on radiation measurements is

assumed by federal agencies, state and local governments, and industries

which utilize radiation, it is convenient to consider office activities

in terms of these three sectors.

In the state sector, the primary interaction organization is the

Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors, specifically its

Committee on Radiation Measurements. This Committee is sponsored by

the Office, and represents the measurement interests of 58 state and

local radiation control programs. As the result of a cooperative effort

between NBS and the Committee, a comprehensive directory providing

‘detailed information on the availability of commercial services for

calibrating ionizing radiation survey instruments was published in April

1981. Previous to its publication there had been no single source of

information on where appropriate calibrations could be obtained. For

each company that provides instrument calibration services, the directory indicates the radiation type, energy and intensity ranges, calibration method, and estimated accuracy. Eighty-three companies which

provide instrument calibration services are listed in the directory,

along with 27 companies that sell calibrated radioactive sources.

1
Office of Radiation Measurement, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

The CRCPD Committee on Radiation Measurements has made significant

progress on revision of its 1979 publication entitled "Ionizing Radiation Measurement Criteria for Regulatory Purposes". The revised material includes more specific references to measurement requirements

stated in regulations, information on the use of radioactive check

sources, and terminology for measurement of ionizing radiation.

The pilot project with the State of Illinois for development of a state-operated regional calibration laboratory has made significant

progress. This laboratory is presently going through a verification

process with its own instruments before offering its services to other

state and local agencies. To enable calibrations at higher photon

energies, two cesium-137 sources have been ordered.

Similar projects are well under way in South Carolina and the State

of Washington. An x-ray machine has been delivered to South Carolina

along with the necessary equipment to set up a calibration laboratory.

Due to delays in space renovation being done by the state at the laboratory site, it is anticipated that the laboratory will not become operational until mid-1982. The Washington laboratory is being developed in

cooperation with both the University of Washington and the state radiation control program. Cesium-137 gamma-ray sources and sufficient

equipment to allow limited operation have been ordered and should be

delivered by January 1982. It is planned to obtain the remainder of the

equipment during fiscal year 1982. Preliminary discussions have been

held with representatives of the State of California regarding the

possibility of developing a regional laboratory in that state.

To ensure competent operation of the state regional calibration

laboratories, a training program is being developed for the personnel

operating them. This program will consist of two phases - a classroom

review of the basic principles involved in radiation measurements and

actual experience calibrating instruments at NBS and selected other

institutions. Quality control procedures are also being developed to

help ensure that the calibration process remains in statistical control.

It is particularly important for the regional laboratories to develop as many control procedures as possible using existing equipment since they

do not have redundant monitors to ensure that the calibration procedures

are in control.

During the past year, the CRCPD Committee on Radiation Measurements,

in cooperation with NBS, prepared criteria for the location of state

regional calibration laboratories. In addition, the Committee has

developed draft general criteria for the operation of such laboratories.

Various radon-related projects have continued to occupy an increasing part of the Office's activities during the past year. The EPAsponsored project on radon transport in building materials is expected

2
Office of Radiation Measurement, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

to be terminated at the end of fiscal year 1981 due to lack of funds.

This project has been conducted by a multidisciplinary team of staff

members from the Office, Division 532 (Nuclear Radiation, Radioactivity

Group), the Center for Materials Science, and the Center for Building

Technology. One of the major phases of the project consisted of an extensive review and assessment of radon transport through and exhalation from building materials. Preparation of the resulting report,

issued as Technical Note 1139, was coordinated by the Office. In

addition, the Office assisted staff members of Division 532 in designing

a radon chamber which can serve the dual purpose of measurement of radon

exhalation rates from building materials and of providing an atmosphere

with calibrated radon concentration. The Office has also participated

in efforts to establish an ad hoc interlaboratory radon measurement

comparison program with two EPA and several DOE national laboratories.

The CRCPD established a new subcommittee on radon measurements

which is sponsored by the Office. The preliminary charge to the group

is to (1) evaluate the types of radon and radon progeny measurements

required in state programs; (2) assess the availability of instruments

to perform those measurements; (3) assess the availability of calibration services in regard to accuracy, uniformity and agreement with

national standards; (4) consider possible measurement intercomparisons

or periodic testing programs; and (5) provide a statement of problems,

needs, and possible solutions. As part of its first task, the subcommittee in collaboration with the Office conducted a survey of the

state radiation control program directors to determine the radon measurement needs and present activities in the state programs. Forty- six

program directors responded to the questionnaire, and a summary of the

survey findings is in preparation. The subcommittee has also initiated

a survey of commercially available instruments.

The Office has also begun to study the feasibility and design of a model intermediate calibration laboratory facility for radon measurements. This effort is of great interest to the CRCPD radon subcommittee,

and the State of Wisconsin has already expressed an interest in possibly

serving as a pilot regional calibration facility.

Under an interagency agreement with the Nuclear Regulatory

Commission the Center for Radiation Research is conducting a 3-year

program generally directed toward quality assurance for radiation mea- surements made by the NRC. Major tasks include (1) characterization and

evaluation of the thermoluminescence dosimetry system used to monitor

power reactors; (2) development of radiation fields and evaluation of

the performance of selected radiation survey instruments; and (3) development of a measurement quality assurance (MQA) service for laboratories

that calibrate survey instruments for NRC inspectors. The Office

coordinates this program and has specific responsibility for conducting

3
Office of Radiation Measurement, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

a preliminary study relating to task 3, development of an MQA service.

To determine the need for, and interest in, such interactive services

those laboratories which presently calibrate instruments for the NRC were

contacted. They include Argonne National Laboratory, Brookhaven National

Laboratory, Eberline Instrument Corporation, and Lawrence Livermore

National Laboratory. Each laboratory was visited, with the exception of

Brookhaven, during the past year. Although the Battel le Pacific Northwest Laboratory does not presently calibrate instruments for the NRC, it was also contacted and visited. It is encouraging that all five of these

laboratories expressed an interest in participating with NBS in an interactive MQA program, and that several of them have a strong desire for a wide range of interactions of this type. The initial service will be

limited to photon radiation.

As it has done for the past 35 years, NBS served during 1981 as the

secretariat of American National Standards Committee N43, Equipment for

Non-Medical Radiation Applications. With leadership, coordination, and

assistance from the Office, a new standard on gamma radiography equipment

was published in January as NBS Handbook 136. Of the 13 active projects

that constitute Committee N43, nine have resulted in published standards

and four made significant progress last year.

The Office provided the NBS delegate to a working group of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) on reporting measure- ment uncertainties. This group prepared recommendations for use by

international standardizing laboratories, and they will be submitted to

the International Committee on Weights and Measures (CIPM) for ratification.

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission has officially requested that the

National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP) procedures be

used by NBS to develop an accreditation program for processors of personnel dosimeters. It is anticipated that the NRC will issue regulations

which require its licensees to use only those processors who have been

accredited under this program. Technical support for the NVLAP program

will be provided by several elements of the Center for Radiation Research,

including the Office. During the past year, initial planning for the

program was done, and a successful proposal for funding was submitted to

the NRC. The criteria for operating the laboratory that will periodically test the proficiency of individual processors are under development, including quality assurance procedures and monitoring of the

testing laboratory by NBS. This program is expected to serve as a model

for application in other areas of concern.

Other accomplishments during the past year include: publication of

a report prepared for the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and

Transportation; chairmanship of the Interagency Policy Committee for

4
Office of Radiation Measurement, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

Personnel Dosimetry; provision of financial support to the NCRP for pre

paration of a report on neutrons produced by medical accelerators; and

assistance with the conduct of the 1981 Particle Accelerator Conference

5
PUBLICATIONS

530, Center for Radiation Research

A Eisenhart, C. and Colle, R., Postscript to Expressions of Imprecision, Systematic Error, and Uncertainty Associated with a Reported Value, NBS Communications

Manual for Scientific, Technical, and Public Information, p 2-30, NBS (November

19^1

Colle, R., Rubin, R.J., Knab, L.I., and Hutchinson, J.M.R., Radon Transport

Through and Exhalation From Building Materials : A Review and Assessment . NBS

technical Note 1139, 104 pages (1981).

Colle, R., BOOK REVIEW of Nuclear Chemistry: Theory and Applications by

G.R. Choppin and J. Rydberg, International Journal of Applied Radiation and

Isotopes, in press (1981).

Eisenhower, E.H., Traceability - A View From the NBS Center for Radiation

Research, in Proceedings of a Seminar on Traceability of Ionizing Radiation

Measurements , NBS Special Publication 609 (1981).

Heaton, II., H.T., (editor). Proceedings of a Seminar on Traceability of

Ionizing Radiation Measurements , NBS Special Publication 609 (1981).

Heaton, II, H.T., NBS Services for Ionizing Radiation Measurements, NBS Special

Publication 609 (1981).

Heaton, II, H.T., Review of Commercial Calibration Services for Ionizing Radiation Survey Instruments, Proceedings of the 12th National Conference on Radiation Control, to be published by the Department of Health and Human Services

(in press).

6
TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP

530, Office of Radiation Measurement

Ronald Colle

Delegate, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) Working

Group on the Statement of Uncertainties.

Resource Person, Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors,

Subcommittee on Radon Measurements.

Resource Person, Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors,

Task Force on the Clean Air Act.

Member, Ad Hoc Committee on Interlaboratory Calibration of Radon and

Radon Daughter Instruments.

Elmer H. Eisenhower

Alternate Representative, ANSI N44, Equipment and Materials for

Medical Radiation Applications.

Chairman, ANSI N43, Equipment for Non-Medical Radiation Applications.

Member, ANSI Nuclear Technical Advisory Group for ISO TC85.

Member, Food and Drug Administration, Technical Electronic Product

Radiation Safety Standards Committee.

Chairman, Interagency Policy Committee on Personnel Dosimetry Performance Testing.

Resource Person, Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors.

Committee on Radiation Measurements.

H. Thompson Heaton, II

Secretary, ANSI N43, Equipment for Non-Medical Radiation Applications.

Member, ANSI N43-3.4, Subcommittee for Gamma Irradiators.

Member, ANSI N43-8, Subcommittee for Electron Microscopes.

Member, Arrangements Committee, 1981 Particle Accelerator Conference.

7
MAJOR CONSULTING AND ADVISORY SERVICES

530, Center for Radiation Research

1. R. Colle advised Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory on the treatment

of measurement uncertainties and reporting of environmental radiation

data.

2. R. Colle consulted with Bechtel Power Corp. on instrument calibration

procedures and interpretation of environmental exposure rate measurement

data.

3. R. Colle advised Geomet Technologies in establishing a survey of radon

in water.

4. R. Colle advised and assisted staff members in various NBS divisions on the treatment and reporting of measurement uncertainties.

5. R. Colle advised the Interagency Research Group on Indoor Air Quality in

formulating the Interagency Indoor Air Quality Research Plan.

6. H.T. Heaton, II, advised ANSI Subcommittee N43-3.5 on the appropriate

value of the exposure rate constant for iridium-192.

8
TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

Division 531, Atomic and Plasma Radiation

The Atomic and Plasma Radiation Division carries out a broad range

of experimental and theoretical research on atomic structure, primarily

to generate atomic radiation and collision data. The division determines a large variety of such data, encompassing wavelengths of spectral

lines; atomic energy levels; ionization potentials; atomic transition

probabilities; plasma line broadening parameters; ionization cross sections and rate coefficients, and dielectronic rate coefficients. Two

data centers located in the division critically evaluate and compile

atomic energy levels and transition probabilities. The division is also

engaged in research on the interaction of atomic radiation with plasma

environments, and it explores such effects for the development of new measurement techniques. Furthermore, well-defined atomic radiation

sources are developed as radiometric standards or wavelength standards.

These activities support several important areas of science and

technology. For example, a good deal of our work ties into magnetic

fusion research, where atomic data are needed for studies of the effects

of heavy ion impurities and where atomic radiation processes are utilized as non-interfering plasma probes. Two other areas of direct

applications are space physics and vacuum ultraviolet laser development,

where atomic radiation data are one of the basic inputs. In the former

area our vacuum ultraviolet radiometry work is now, for the first time,

providing small calibrated source packages to allow radiometric calibrations on board spacecraft, which are used, for example, for accurate

monitoring of the solar ultraviolet radiation.

The division consists of three technical groups: Atomic Spectroscopy, Atomic Radiation Data, and the Plasma Radiation Groups. The

division has currently 18 professional physicists, among them 16 Ph.D.s,

plus 3 postdocs and guest workers from France (2), China, Ireland,

Poland, and Germany.

On the whole, the division has had a very productive year. In the

following three sections, the principal work of the three technical

groups during the last year is briefly described.

9
Division 531, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

I. Atomic Spectroscopy Group

(a) Vacuum UV Spectra of Atomic Ions--Measurements for the Prediction

of Forbidden Lines --The ground configurations of carbon-like, oxygenlike and nitrogen-like ions are of the type 2s^2p^ (with N = 2, 3, and

4), and the low excited configurations are 2s2pl^‘*‘^ and 2p^‘*'2. Transitions between levels of these configurations having different total spin are weak (LS coupling) and have not previously been observed or identified in many ions of importance for high-temperature plasma diagnostics

(CTR), solar-flare spectra, etc. Such observations are particularly

needed to allow accurate predictions of the wavelengths of basic parityforbidden transitions between levels of the 2s^2pf^ ground configurations.

We have used laser-generated plasma sources and the NBS 10.7-m grazingincidence spectrograph to excite and measure the parity-allowed but

spin-forbidden lines for the ions of each of the above 3 types for the

elements Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, and V. The identifications of these intersystem lines 90-200 A) are new in all cases. Unified energy-level

schemes have been derived for the 18 ions (ionization stages Cl^'*' to

We also identified and measured intersystem lines of boron-like

Sc^®''', which provides better predictions in this isoelectronic sequence.

We have also extended the fluorine isoelectronic sequence (2s^2p^

ground term) to This extension is significant for diagnostics

of plasmas in new-generation tokamaks, which are expected to contain

components using Zr, Nb, or Mo. The data will permit accurate predictions of the magnetic-dipole transition 2s^2p^ - ^Pi/a in the

F-like ions of these elements.

(b) Vacuum UV Spectra of Atomic Ions--Heavy Elements Strontium

to Tungsten (Z = 38-74) --0ur analyses of the spectra of copper-like ions

as obtained with the Los Alamos Nd/glass laser were completed. Wavelengths,

energy levels, and ionization energies were obtained for ten Cu-like

ions from Ba^^+ to W'*^"'". Our data for intermediate ions in the Cusequence (Ru^^”^ - Cs^^+) have been greatly extended through new observations

with the (improved) NBS Nd/glass laser. Analysis of these data is in

progress. Data reductions for the spectra of Na- and Mg-like ions made

with the Los Alamos laser have been completed.

We have completed and have in the publication process work giving

wavelengths and energy levels for Sr IX-XIII, Y IV, Y X-XIV, Zr XI-XV,

Nb XII-XVI, Mo XIII-XVII, I VII through Ho XXI, and W XXVIII.

10
Division 531, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

(c) Resonant Laser-vapor Interactions --Absorption spectra of

(Xe-like) have been obtained by use of laser-produced ionization techniques developed at NBS. The spectrum of doubly ionized Ba vapor in the

105-400 A region is broadly divided into excitations from the 4d and 5p

shells. Interpretation of the 4d spectrum and comparisons with Ba'*’ and

neutral Ba results show striking effects of progressive collapse of the

4f shell in the Ba, Ba"*", Ba^^ sequence. We are analyzing the 5p absorption in Ba^"*" using multichannel quantum-defect theory; a Lu-Fano plot

showing the 5p^ns and 5p^nd channels has been developed. An experiment

to explore these effects in Cs'*' with high resolution is under way.

Assembly of a heat-pipe and optics suitable for use in conjunction with

our 10.7-m grazing-incidence spectrograph is almost complete.

(d) Atomic Energy Levels Data Center--The recent publications of our compilations of the energy levels for the 28 Ni spectra and for the

27 Co spectra completed our element-by-element project of new critical

compilations for the entire iron group, K through Ni (Z = 19-28).

Revisions and additions to these compilations have now been undertaken

and their integration into a single volume covering all 235 spectra is

prepared. The just-completed revision of our 1975 compilation for the

26 spectra of iron, now in press, represents significant progress on this major iron-group volume. Since our earlier Fe compilation was outof-date for most of the spectra, the revised tables for this important

element are also being published separately.

Our compilation of the levels for the sodium spectra (Na I-XI) was completed and published. In addition to critical evaluation and theoretical eigenvector percentages, the tables for several of these spectra

include unpublished data; the Na I and Na X tables give levels based on series predictions, for example. We have critically evaluated and

compiled the energy-level data for the first seven Si spectra and

expect to complete similar compilations for the remaining spectra

(through Si XIV) during the next year. The new Si tables, especially

Si I, include extensive recent experimental and theoretical results

(some unpublished) assembled for the first time. The Si compilations

are part of a project covering the Na-through-Ar group (Z = 11-18), new compilations for all the Na, Mg, and A1 spectra having been published so far.

We derived series formulae (equivalent to energy levels or wavelengths) for the He-like spectra Na X through Ar XVII (Z = 11-18). Most

of these spectra are of interest for line identifications in spectra of

high-temperature plasma or solar-flare spectra, and the predicted wave- lengths are more complete and accurate than those generally available

previously.

11
Division 531, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

A volume of wavelength tables compiled under the coordination of

the AEL Data Center was published in the NSRDS-NBS series last year.

These tables are unique in their coverage of the first five spectra of

all elements; wavelengths for about 47,000 lines (40 to 40,000 A) are arranged both by element and in a finding list.

We continuously monitor the literature for all research papers on atomic energy levels, wavelengths, wavefunctions , etc., the resulting

reference files and published bibliographies being available to a wide

clientele. A report giving bibliographic and other information on laboratory atomic spectroscopy of interest for astronomy is being

prepared for publication next year.

II . Atomic Radiation Data Group

(a) Theoretical Studies of Atomic Processes --0ur theoretical work

is concerned with producing data on basic atomic processes and with

developing new theoretical methods for doing so. The important pro- cesses being studied are radiative transitions, electron impact ionization and dielectronic recombination. On the whole, this effort is

directed toward atomic data important in plasmas, especially fusion

plasma research.

Our research on electron impact ionization, after cross sections

and rates were calculated for the H, He, Li, Be, Ne and Na sequences,

has shifted its emphasis toward heavier ions and atoms for the purpose

of assessing the effects of more complex target ion structure on the cross sections. Distorted wave calculations have been done on such ions as Ar"^^, Sb’^3 and Hg’^. We also made a systematic study of the argon

isoelectronic sequence and found that, as with photoionization, the cross section is sensitive to the details of the ejected electron partial wave. Term dependent effects are strong, especially in the channel,

leading to cross sections differing by more than a factor of 2 over those computed in the conventional way. These term dependent effects

decrease as one moves to higher ionization stages along the isolectronic

sequence.

Another series of calculations has been performed on the photoabsorption spectrum of Ba III to assist in the interpretation of experiments currently being done by members of the Far Ultraviolet Group at

NBS. It was found that the effects of intermediate coupling and intrachannel interaction combined lead to an unusual distribution of oscillator

strengths for the 4d^nf levels.

The emphasis of our work on dielectronic recombination has recently

centered around a systematic study of approximation methods. Calculations

12
Division 531, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

have been performed on the lowest doubly excited complexes of berylliumlike iron, Fe+22^ including the effects of configuration interaction on both the radiative and autoionizing rates. While configuration interaction is found to have a significant effect on individual processes,

there are indications that the net effect on the overall recombination

rate is not too significant. We have also studied the recombination of

helium-like ions, and our results suggest that the dominant correction

here is due to the intersystem radiative stabilizing transition. Our

results indicate furthermore that the widely used Burgess-Merts formula

is substantially in error.

The effort to upgrade our atomic structure codes is continuing and we should soon be in the position to make routine production calculations,

non-relativistically, utilizing 10^ terms in the multiconfiguration

expansion. The configuration interaction studies of dielectronic

recombination drew on interim versions of these programs.

Our group hosted a workshop on electron impact ionization on November 5-7, 1980. This very productive meeting concentrated on assessing the current state of electron-ion ionization calculations and

identifying promising future directions. A summary report will appear

soon in Comments on Atomic and Molecular Physics.

(b) Critical Data Compilations --In the Data Center on Atomic

Transition Probabilities and Line Shapes and Shifts, the comprehensive

evaluation of all the elements in all stages of ionization from scandium

through nickel is continuing. The last major separate part of this

compilation comprising the elements Fe, Co, Ni was completed during the

year and is in press. Revisions and updates of the earlier compiled

data on Sc, Ti, V, Cr and Mn are now under way in preparation of a single volume covering all Fe-group spectra. For the first time these

data are being keyboarded onto computer mass storage files, rather than

being typewritten. This has resulted in the elimination of normal

typesetting procedures, and has made possible the automatic generation

of some auxiliary tables, which had previously been generated manually

by data center personnel. A collaboration was started with computer

scientists at Vanderbilt University to explore the possibility of developing a data base system for atomic spectroscopic data, and we are working on the preliminary design of files of atomic transition probability and energy level data and bibliographic information. We have

also continued to co-edit, in collaboration with Oak Ridge National

Laboratory, the bimonthly newsletter, "Atomic Data for Fusion."

Since one of our data center staff positions had to be abolished during the

past year, we have ceased all activities of the data center on line

shapes and shifts, i.e., we discontinued the searching and cataloguing

of literature references on these subjects and the preparation of future

bibl iographies.

13
Division 531, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

III. Plasma Radiation Group

(a) Collisional Rate Coefficient Studies with the 50 kj Theta

Pinch- -Temporal histories of Ti VII through XII have been observed, and

the diagnostic measurements of plasma electron temperature and density

are under way. We thus expect to obtain very soon ionization rates for

a selected number of these titanium ions. The temporal histories were obtained using a coaxial plasma gun fabricated of titanium electrodes.

Besides the normal ionization phenomena that were observed for the Ti

ions a yet unexplained reappearance of Ti X and }(I at late times in the

discharge was also observed. Preliminary investigations suggest that

this may be a recombination phase of the plasma, and if so, will allow

the determination of recombination rate coefficients of these Ti ions.

In a related plasma experiment, the Texas Experimental Tokamak

(TEXT), a national users facility, is used to study magnetic dipole

transitions in highly stripped ions of some important metals. Preparations of the instrumentation at NBS have been completed, and the

experimental apparatus has been installed at TEXT. Observations of Fe

and Ti in the B, C, N, 0, and F isoelectronic sequences are under way.

These new observations should yield data mainly for Doppler ion temperature diagnostics on fusion research plasmas. All of this experimental work is supported by the Department of Energy.

(b) Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiometry with Plasmas --We have completed

all calibrations required for two types of VUV sources to be flown on the space shuttle. Both are intended to serve as on-board calibration

sources for VUV spectrometers, which will be used to measure solar or stellar spectral radiation over long time intervals. The first project

is the evaluation and calibration of several deuterium lamps for the NRL

SUSIM (solar ultraviolet spectral irradiance monitor) experiment. We

first constructed a test chamber in which the lamps could be tested in a "clean" vacuum environment. The spectral irradiance output in the vacuum ultraviolet region was repeatedly measured for all lamps.

Measurements of stability, reproducibility, sensitivity to vibration,

warm-up characteristics, all as a function of wavelength, were carried

out. The results of these tests has been the selection of one lamp to

be flown on the shuttle experiment. The second project is the evaluation

of RF-excited dimer lamps, planned for use on the HRST (High resolution

space telescope) shuttle experiment. Various properties of these lamps

have been measured to determine their suitability as standard sources of

radiance. Our measurements have revealed some limitations of this

source, and further development is required before an entirely suitable

radiance standard is realized.

A new type of radiometric source for the laboratory has been also

investigated and has shown great promise. This source could greatly

14
Division 531, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

extend the range of calibrations to much shorter wavelengths. It is a laser-produced plasma, created by a ruby laser hitting a rare earth

(e.g., gadolinium) target. The spectral irradiance output of this

pulsed source was found to be very strong and quite reproducible, making

this source an excellent candidate for a new irradiance standard. The

principal continuum emission of the plasma extends from 10 to 220 nm, of

which the range from 10 to 115 nm is not covered by any other transfer

source standard. It is just this wavelength range which is important

in many high temperature plasma physics experiments. Since a ruby laser

system is often in use for diagnostic measurements at many plasma laboratories, e.g., tokamaks or other machines for fusion research, far VUV

calibrations could be performed in-situ. We intend to continue development of this very promising radiation source.

(c) Stark Broadening, Shifts and As.ymmetries of Hydrogenic Ion

Lines- - Investigations of hydrogenic ion line profiles emitted from a medium temperature (4 eV) and electron density (10^^ cm'^) pulsed plasma source are continuing. The sensitivity of the Stark broadened line

profiles to the plasma conditions makes them very attractive as non- perturbing plasma measurement and diagnostic probes. The widths at

half-maximum intensity, shifts and asymmetries of the He II P , P^, and

Py lines have been observed and compared with theoretical predictions.

The electron density of the source was independently determined using a He - Ne laser interferometer. Plasma boundary layers near the electrodes

were found to be non-negl igible in these observations, particularly for

the interferometric measurements. Redesign of the electrodes is under

way to reduce and minimize these end effects, in order to obtain improved

line shapes and a more accurate density determination. In a new phase

of this work, the pulsed arc source will be mounted on a 10.7 m normal

incidence VUV spectrometer for detailed studies of the He II H^ line at

1640 A. Recently there has been considerable theoretical effort to

describe its line shape. For instance, new line broadening calculations

based on the unified theory include, for the first time, ion dynamical

corrections, and these were found to be significant for the He II H^^ line. Furthermore, a new line shift mechanism involving strong electron

impacts has been proposed. Its relationship with other line shift

mechanisms due to profile asymmetries and plasma polarization effects

could be sensitively determined through a systematic study of this line.

(d) Field Induced Autoionization --In the past year we have observed

for the first time electric-field induced autoionization. The effect

was observed by measuring the increase in the spectral width of an autoionizing level of strontium as the electric field strength was increased. The experiment was performed in an atomic beam apparatus

with ion detection. The first observable broadening in the Sr 3d4d

line occurred at a field strength of 50 KV/cm, and by 100 KV/cm the line

reached a width of about one angstrom. This field-induced width is more

15
Division 531, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

than an order of magnitude larger than any previously obtained in a uniform field, and represents the first observation of a monotonic field

dependence. The width was observed to increase with the field F as W

= Wq + a where Wq 1s the zero field width, a is a constant, and X - 1.8 + 0.2. Work on the theoretical interpretation of our results is

still in progress. Also, we have recently found in the literature the

reported observation of an autoionization line that is very narrow in zero field, and accessible to laser excitation. We plan to study this

line which should allow us to measure the field-induced width over a much broader range of width, obtain a significantly more precise value

for the exponent in the field dependence, and observe a saturation of

the effect at high fields.

(e) Radiation Scattering --We have investigated the effect of laser

temporal pulse duration on Rayleigh scattering, which is commonly used

as an absolute calibration to Thomson scattering systems to determine

electron densities in plasma diagnostics. An experiment was set up by

using a coaxial -flashl amp-pumped tunable dye laser, together with a Pockels cell, to deliver pulses from 3 ns to 110 ns duration and at a typical power of 1 MW. The incident beam monitor and the scattered

signal were recorded photoelectrical ly by a fast phototube and photomultiplier. These two detecting channels are mutually independent, each

having an effective time constant less than 600 ps. Relative Rayleigh

scattering cross sections of nitrogen at filling pressure 40 - 140 kPa were measured as the laser pulse duration was varied from 5 ns to 110

ns. The experiment was carried out at several scattering angles, using

two incident laser wavelengths at 590 nm and 486 nm. No dependence of

the Rayleigh scattering on pulse duration was found for laser pulses

ranging from 5 ns to 110 ns. We further found that the classical Rayleigh scattering cross section is still valid in this pulse width

region by measuring the scattered dipole radiation pattern and its

wavelength dependence and both were found to be in agreement with

theory to within 20 percent. This observation presents a significant

contradiction to previous experimental results where the claim was made

that the Rayleigh scattering cross section drastically deviates from the

classical values when probing laser is shorter than 50 ns.

(f) Collisional Redistribution of Radiation --The colli sional redistribution of radiation in a plasma was observed for the first time.

Polarized radiation from a Nd-YAG pumped dye laser, tuned near the first

Balmer spectral line of hydrogen (A = 656 nm), was incident on a positive

column discharge containing hydrogen. Light incident in the wing of the

line was redistributed by collisions in the plasma and emitted in the

line core. The intensity of this fluorescent radiation was observed as

a function of laser wavelength. A study of this spectral profile and of

the polarization of the fluorescent radiation will yield information

concerning the collisions in the plasma.

16
Division 531, Technical Activities Ccont'd.)

After completion of the hydrogen experiment and analysis of the

data, we expect to study a spectral line of helium {2 - 3 ^P; A

= 502 nm). This line has two advantages; i.e., no fine structure and a metastable lower level. Both of these features simplify the interpretation of the data considerably.

17
SPONSORED CONFERENCES

Division 531, Atomic and Plasma Radiation

NBS Workshop on Electron Impact Ionization Theory, NBS, Gaithersburg,

Maryland, S. M. Younger, November 5-7, 1980.

Third International NBS Workshop on Line Broadening in Plasmas, NBS,

Gaithersburg, Maryland, Larry Roszman and W. L. Wiese, April 15-17,

1981.

18
INVITED TALKS

Division 531, Atomic and Plasma Radiation

Martin, W. C., Introductory remarks for A. G. Shenstone Memorial Symposium on High Rydberg States and Fano Interferences, Annual Meeting of

Optical Society of America, Chicago, October 1980.

Martin, W. C., "Energy Levels of Highly Ionized Atoms," Workshop on Foundations of the Relativistic Theory of Atomic Structure, Argonne

National Laboratory, December 1980.

Ott, W. R., "Ultraviolet Radiometry: Measurements and Applications,"

Technical University, Wroclaw, Poland, September 6, 1980.

Reader, J., "Spectroscopy of Highly Ionized Heavy Atoms with Laserproduced Plasmas," Division of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Canadian

Association of Physicists, St. Johns, Newfoundland, October 23-24, 1981.

Roszman, L. J., "An Approach to the Calculation of Detailed Atomic

Structure and Spectra in Moderately Dense Plasmas," Lawrence Livermore

Laboratory, Livermore, California, June 1, 1981.

Roszman, L. J., "Dielectronic Recombination in Collisions of Electrons

with Multicharged Ions," XII International Conference on Physics of

Electronic and Atomic Collisions in Gatlinburg, Tennessee, July 17,

1981.

Weiss, A. W., "Review of Atomic Structure Calculations," Workshop on Foundations of the Relativistic Theory of Atomic Structure, Argonne

National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, December 1980.

Wiese, W. L., "Overview of Production of Atomic Data for Fusion in the

U.S.," US-Japan Workshop on Atomic Collision Data for Fusion, JILA,

Boulder, October 27, 1980.

Wiese, W. L., "Atomic Structure and Oscillator Strengths," US-Japan

Workshop at Atomic Collision Data for Fusion, JILA, Boulder, October 27,

1980.

Wiese, W. L., "Spectroscopy of Highly Ionized Atoms," University of

Hannover, Institute for Plasma Physics, June 18, 1981.

Wiese, W. L., "Spectroscopy of Very High Temperature Plasmas," Technical

University, Wroclaw, June 24, 1981.

Wiese, W. L., "Vacuum UV Radiometry with Plasma Sources," Physics

Department, Jagellonian University, Krakow, June 26, 1981.

19
Division 531, Invited Talks (cont'd.)

Wiese, W. L., "Atomic Physics Data for Magnetic Fusion Research," Physics

Colloquium, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany, July 23, 1981.

Wiese, W. L., "Cascading Problems in Beam Foil Spectroscopy,", Physics

Department, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, October 16, 1981.

Wiese, W. L., "The Transition Probabilities of Argon--A Continuing

Problem," Department of Engineering Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto,

Japan, October 16, 1981.

Wiese, W. L., "Spectroscopy of Highly Ionized Atoms," Japanese Physical

Society, Tokyo, Japan, October 3, 1981.

Younger, S. M., "Electron Impact Ionization of Positive Ions," 3rd

Topical Conference on Atomic Processes in High Temperature Plasmas, APS,

Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, February 27, 1981.

Younger, S. M. , "Theory of Electron Impact Ionization of Atoms and Ions,"

Physics Department, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, March 26, 1981.

Younger, S. M. , "Calculations of Electron Impact Ionization Cross

Sections in a Distorted Wave Approximation," ICPEAC Satellite Symposium,

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD, July 23,

1981.

20
PUBLICATIONS

Division 531, Atomic and Plasma Radiation

Acquista, N. and Reader, J., Spectrum and energy levels of nine-times

ionized strontium (Sr X), J. Opt. Soc. Am. 569 (1981 ).

Artru, M.-C. and Kaufman, V., Additions to the analysis of A£ VI, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 7^, 9 (1980).

Burkhalter, P.G., Reader, J., and Cowan, R. D., Spectra of Mo XIIIXVIII from a laser-produced plasma and a low-inductance vacuum spark,

J. Opt. Soc. Am. 70, 912 (1980).

Corliss, C. and Sugar, J., Energy Levels of Nickel, Ni I through

Ni XXVIII, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data TO, 197-289 (1981).

Corliss, C. and Sugar, J., Energy Levels of Iron, Fe I through Fe XXVI,

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data H, (1982) (in press, September 1981).

Fuhr, J. R., Martin, G. A., Wiese, W. L., and Younger, S. M., Atomic

Transition Probabilities for Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel (A Critical Data

Compilation of Allowed Lines), J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1£, 305-565

(1 981 )

Fuhr, J. R. and Holys, A., Absolute Transition Probabilities of Neutral

Titanium Lines, Astron. and Astrophys. %, 14-17 (1980).

Greene, R. L., A Relaxation Theory of Stark Broadening by Ions, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer (in press, September 1981).

Greene, R. L., Comments on the Requirements for a General Stark Broadening Theory, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer (in press, September

1981).

Kaufman, V. and Artru, M.-C., Wavelengths and energy levels of quadruply ionized magnesium (Mg V), J. Opt. Soc. Am. 70^, 1135-1139 (1980).

Kaufman, V. and Sugar, J., Ag I Isoelectronic Sequence: Wavelengths

and Energy Levels for I VII through La XI, Physica Scripta (in press,

September 1981).

Kelleher, D. E., Stark Broadening of Visible Neutral Helium Lines in a Plasma, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer^, 191-220 (1981 ).

Kelleher, D. E., The Effect of Electric Fields on Autoionization

Resonances, Proc. of 5th International Conference on Spectral Line

Shapes, Berlin, Germany (1981).

21
Division 531, Publications (cont'd.)

Lucatorto, T. B., Mcllrath, T. J., Sugar, J., and Younger, S. M.

,

Radical redistribution of the 4d-oscillator strength observed in the

photoabsorption of the Ba, Ba"'', and Ba'*"*’ Sequence, Phys. Rev. Lett.

(in press, September 1981).

Martin, W. C. and Zalubas, R., Energy Levels of Sodium, Na I through

Na XI, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 10,, 153-195 (1981 ).

Martin, W. C., Report on Structure of Atomic Spectra (1979-1981) for

Commission 14 of the International Astronomical Union, Trans. lAU

XVIII A, Part 1 (in press).

Martin, W. C., Series Formulae for the He I-like Spectra Na X through

Ar XVII (Z = 11-18), Physica Scripta (1981) (in press, September

1981).

Martin, W. C., Energy Levels of Highly Ionized Atoms, Proc. of Workshop on Foundations of Relativistic Theory of Atomic Structures, ANL80-126, 195-213 (1981 ).

O'Sullivan, G. , Roberts, J. R., Ott, W. R., Bridges, J. M., Pittman,

T. L., Ginter, M. , Spectral Irradiance Calibration of Continuum

Emitted from Rare-Earth Plasmas, Opt. Lett, (accepted for publication,

September 1981 )

.

Pittman, T. L. and Kelleher, D. E., Some Comments on Hydrogenic Lines

in a Plasma--Shifts, Asymmetries and Widths, Proc. of 5th International

Conference on Spectral Line Shapes, Berlin, Germany (1981).

Reader, J., Corliss, C. H., Wiese, W. L., and Martin, G. A., Wavelengths and Transition Probabilities for Atoms and Atomic Ions, Part I (Wavelengths) and Part II (Transition Probabilities), NSRDS-NBS 68

(December 1980).

Reader, J. and Luther, G., Spectra of Very Highly Charged Cu- and Znlike Ions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 609 (1980).

Reader, J., Luther, G., and Acquista, N., Revised 6p ^Pi /2 level of

Mo XIV, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 71, 204 (1981). '

Reader, J. and Acquista, N., 4s^4p3 - 4s4p^ and 4s^4p^ - 4s^4p25s

transitions in Y VII, Zr VIII, Nb IX, and Mo X, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 1}_,

434 (1981).

Reader, J. and Ryabtsev, A., 3p^3d® - 3p^3d^ transitions in Sr XIII,

Y XIV, Zr )(V, Nb XVI, and Mo XVII, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 231 (1981 ).

22
Division 531, Publications (cont'd.)

Reader, J., What is Dynamic Dispersion?, Appl . Optics 2171 (1981).

Reader, J. and Luther, G., The Copper Isoelectronic Sequence: Ba^^'*' - Physica Scripta (in press).

Sugar, J. and Corliss, C., Energy Levels of Cobalt, Co I through

Co XXVII, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data ^0, No. 4 (1981).

Sugar, J. and Kaufman, V., Ag I Isoelectronic Sequence: Wavelengths

and Energy Levels for Ce XII through Ho XXI and for W XXVIII, Physica

Scripta (in press, September 1981).

Weiss, A. W., Review of Atomic Structure Calculations, Proc. of Workshop on Foundations of Relativistic Theory of Atomic Structures, ANL80-126, 195-213 (1981).

Wiese, W. L. and Martin, G. A., Atomic Transition Probabilities

(revised)in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , E335-E370, 62nd Ed.

(CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla., 1981 )

Wiese, W. L., Experimental and Theoretical Research on Atomic Data for

Highly Ionized Species at the NBS, Physica Scripta 194-196 (1981 ).

Wiese, W. L. and Martin, G. A., Atomic Spectrsocopy, Chapter in AIP

Physics Vade Mecum (in press, September 1981).

Wyart, J.-F., Reader, J., and Ryabtsev, A., 3d-4p transitions in the

zinclike and copperlike ions Y X, XI; Zr XI, XII; Nb XII, XIII; and

Mo XIII, XIV, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 71, 692 (1981).

Wyart, J.-F., Kaufman, V., and Sugar, J., Analysis of the Spectrum of

Four-times Ionized Uranium (U V), Physica Scripta 389-396 (1980).

Wyart, J.-F. and Kaufman, V., Extended Analysis of Doubly Ionized

Thorium (Th III), Physica Scripta (in press, September 1981).

Wyart, J.-F., Kaufman, V., and Sugar, J., The Af^^Sf configuration in

the isoelectronic sequence of Yb III, Physica Scripta (in press,

September 1981).

Younger, S. M., Distorted-wave electron-impact-ionization cross sections for highly ionized neonlike atoms, Phys. Rev. A 1138-1146

(1981).

Younger, S. M. , Electron-impact-ionization cross sections for highly

ionized heliumlike atoms, Phys. Rev. A 2^, 1425-1428 (1980).

23
Division 531, Publications (cont'd.)

Younger, S. M. , Theoretical line strengths for the 15 _ 4d54f ^P° resonance transition in the palladium isoelectronic sequence, Phys.

Rev. A n, 2682-2689 (1980).

Younger, S. M. , Cross sections and rates for direct electron-impact

ionization of sodiumlike ions, Phys. Rev. A 1272-1277 (1981 ).

Younger, S. M. , Electron Impact Ionization Cross Sections and Rates

for Highly Ionized Atoms, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer (in

press, September 1981).

Younger, S. M. , Electron impact ionization cross sections and rates

for highly ionized beryl 1 iuml i ke ions, Phys. Rev. A 1278-1285

(1981).

Younger, S. M. , Electron Impact Ionization Rate Coefficients and Cross

Sections for Highly Ionized Iron, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer

(in press, September 1981).

Younger, S. M. , Current Theoretical Problems in the Electron Impact

Ionization of Positive Ions, Comments in Atomic and Molecular Physics

(accepted for publication, August 1981).

Younger, S. M. Electron Impact Ionization of Lithium, NBS JRES,

(accepted for publication, September 1981).

Zalubas, R. , and Albright, A., Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels

and Spectra (July 1975 through June 1979), NBS Spec. Publ . 363,

Suppl. 2 Cl 980).

24
TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP

Division 531, Atomic and Plasma Radiation Division

Charles H. Corliss

Member, Commission 14 of the International Astronomical Union.

Victor Kaufman

Member, 1982 William F. Meggers Award Committee, Optical Society

of America.

Georgia A. Martin

Member, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council

Committee on Line Spectra of the Elements--Atomic Spectroscopy.

William C. Martin

Chairman, Working Group on Structure of Atomic Spectra, Commission 14 of International Astronomical Union.

Member, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council

Committee on Line Spectra of the Elements--Atomic Spectroscopy.

Member, IAEA Network of Atomic Data Centers for Fusion.

Wolfgang L. Wiese

North-American Coordinator, Program Committee for the series of

International Conferences on Spectral Line Shapes.

Member of Organizing Committee, International Astronomical Union,

Commission 14.

Chairman, International Astronomical Union, Commission 14, Working

Group on Atomic Transition Probabilities.

Member, IAEA Network of Atomic Data Centers for Fusion.

Member, Steering Coimiittee of the TEXT users organization (TEXT = Texas Experimental Tokamak, a national plasma research facility).

25
MAJOR CONSULTING AND ADVISORY SERVICES

Division 531, Atomic and Plasma Radiation

1. Numerous evaluation tests and calibrations of eight deuterium

lamps were performed throughout the year as part of contract work for

Naval Research Laboratory. This work involved close consultations with

NRL personnel concerning the results of each test and plans for successive tests and calibrations.

2. The Data Centers on Atomic Energy Levels and Transitions

Probabilities routinely fill requests for atomic data or literature

information submitted by scientists in a wide range of research areas. The requests average about 15 per week. On occasion, special reports

are prepared for particular user groups. Recently, W. C. Martin and

W. L. Wiese have been asked by the International Astronomical Union to

write updates on atomic data of interest for the astrophysical community

for the 1982 lAU Transactions.

3. W. L. Wiese serves on the steering committee for the TEXT users organization (TUO). TEXT stands for Texas Experimental Tokamak and is a national plasma users facility. The TUO steering conmittee has in

several recent meetings considered the special needs of off-site user groups and has then provided advice and perspective on the users program

to the TEXT managers and the Office of Fusion Energy at DOE.

26
JOURNAL EDITORSHIP

Division 531, Atomic and Plasma Radiation

W. C. Martin, Editorial Board, Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data.

W. L. Wiese, Associate Editor, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and

Radiative Transfer.

W. L. Wiese, Co-Editor of newsletter, "Atomic Data for Fusion,"

published by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

27
TRIPS SPONSORED BY OTHERS

Division 531, Atomic and Plasma Radiation

D. E. Kelleher, meeting at the Unizersity of Zagreb and Institute of

Applied Physics in Yugoslavia, May 13-28, 1981. Sponsored by the

Yugoslav Contract NBS-G-253 and NBS-G-258.

J. Reader, meeting of Division of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Canadian

Association of Physicists, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St.

Johns, Newfoundland, October 23-24, 1981.

W. L. Wiese, sponsored by Yugoslavian and Polish grants, visited Belgrade

and Zagreb, Yugoslavia to review progress of two NBS cooperative programs.

He also visited Wroclaw, Opole and Krakow, Poland to monitor scientific

work being done under a grant from the Maria Sklodowska-Curie Foundation.

(June 9-28, 1981)

W. L. Wiese, sponsored by The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research

in Tokyo, will visit the Thermonuclear Fusion Laboratory in Tokyo and

attend a Symposium on Atomic Spectroscopy. He will also visit Kyoto and

Nagoya and give invited talks. (September 23-October 23, 1981)

S. M. Younger, traveled to Oak Ridge, Tennessee, to present a seminar

entitled "Theory of Electron Impact Ionization of Atoms and Ions," at

the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This trip was paid for by ORNL.

(March 25-27, 1981)

28
TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

Division 532, Nuclear Radiation

The Nuclear Radiation Division encompasses a broad range of activities

including both fundamental and applied research. It includes five groups

designated as Nuclear Theory, Nuclear Research, Neutron Measurements and

Research, Neutron Field Standards, and Radioactivity. Of these the first

two are mostly basic nuclear research, and the last three are mostly

applied research. In addition a Safeguards Studies project and a project

on Dosimetry Standards for Neutron Radiation Therapy are attached to the

Division Office. Photonuclear data collection is located in the Nuclear

Research group.

Activities of the Division support important national areas of concern: medicine (e.g. radioactivity standards for nuclear medicine)

,

fission and fusion nuclear power (neutron cross sections, fission rate

measurements in power reactors, environmental radioactivity standards,

nuclear materials safeguards), environment (environmental radioactivity

in natural matrices), occupational safety (neutron personnel monitoring),

and science (nuclear structure and dynamics through electromagnetic

interactions)

We continue to attract many guest workers. Some of our scientific

colleagues who have come to NBS for extended stays are: Hall Crannell

and William Stapor, Catholic University of America; Elisa Wolynec,

University of SaoPaulo, Brazil; Li Linpei, National Institute of Metrology,

Peking, China; Mauro Dias, Institute de Pesquises Energdticas e Nucleares,

Sao Paulo, Brazil; Johan Broerse and Hans Zoetelief, Radiobiological

Institute TNO, Rijswijk, Netherlands; Hans-Georg Menzel , University of

Saarlandes, Hamburg, West Germany; Bernd Siebert, Physikal isch-Technische

Bundesanstal t, Braunschweig, West Germany; Daniela Zanon, University of

Rome, Italy; Bruno Chauvenet, LMRI, Saclay, France; Nancy Trahey, New

Brunswick Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; Joseph C. McDonald, SloanKettering Institute, New York, New York.

Members of Nuclear Radiation Division staff on extended stays elsewhere include Henry Gerstenberg, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry,

Mainz, Germany; Leonard Maximon and Michael Danos , Centre d' Etudes

Nucleaires de Saclay, France; Evans Hayward and W. R. Dodge, University

of Sao Paulo, Brazil; and Sydney Meshkov, California Institute of

Technology and University of California, Irvine.

29
Division 532, Technical Activities (Cont'd)

Nuclear Materials Safeguards Studies (attached to the Division

Office. These studies provide sound technical input for design, development and operation of safeguards programs directed by the DoE Office of

Safeguards and Security (DoE/SS) and the US Initiative Program. Task

activities addressed completion of the Concepts for Safeguards Information

Systems (CSIS) study, modification of Diversion Path Analysis (DPA)

Computer Program 2, and adaptation of DPA concepts to evaluation of

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards.

It has been decided by NBS management to terminate this program

effective the end of fiscal year 1981, essentially because the program,

although extremely valuable to the Department of Energy, is more of the

nature of operations research than of traditional NBS measurement standards and supporting research. The program has produced several major

outputs: a set of handbooks on Diversion Path Analysis , a report on Concepts for Safeguards Information Systems , and a report for IAEA,

ISPO-153, Guide for Conducting Safeguards Approach Effectiveness

Evaluations (in 4 volumes), 1981.

Dosimetry Standards for Neutron Radiation Therapy . This program,

supported by the National Institutes of Health, has been continued to

improve the accuracy and consistency of absorbed dose measurements for

neutron therapy through provision of national dosimetry standards and

improved theoretical information on neutron interactions with tissue

and tissue-equivalent materials. A longer term goal is to develop a calibration facility at NBS where neutron dosimeters can be calibrated

and their energy dependence studied.

Studies of the radiation responses of the six tissue-equivalent

plastic ionization chambers, the two magnesium-walled chambers, and the

Geiger-Mull er (GM) dosimeter have been performed using ^^^Cs and ^*^80

calibrated photon fields and a field available at CRR. These

studies included radiation sensitivity, wall attenuation and scattering,

stem scattering, gas flow characteristics, ionization current saturation,

collecting potential polarity effects, and resolving time for the GM

dosimeter. A special electronic readout module was constructed for use with the digital electrometer to facilitate precision measurements of

ionization charges.

Work has begun on the construction of a new charged particle beam

line into the shielded room of the CRR's 3 MV Van de Graaff accelerator

for use in producing moderately intense fields of monoenergetic neutrons.

Three target holders and a target storage rack have been constructed and

a number of target blanks have been fabricated. Several of these blanks

have been sent to the Oak Ridge National Laboratory for tritiation and

deuteration for use as water-cooled, neutron-producing targets. A target

30
Division 532, Technical Activities CCont'd)

service module has also been constructed for incorporation into the new beam line to direct and guide the high-power beam safely onto the target.

A quadrupole doublet beam focusing magnet and its power supplies, two

beam steering magnets and a turbomol ecular vacuum pump have been acquired

for the new beam line.

In support of the goals of this project, two reports titled "Comparison of Experimental and Theoretical Ionization Yield Spectra for Neutrons"

and "Detailed Intercomparison of Calculated and Measured Ionization Yield

Spectra for 20 MeV Neutrons and the Implication for High Energy Dosimetry"

were given at the Fourth Symposium on Neutron Dosimetry, Munich.

I . Nuclear Theory Group

This group works on high energy theory, nuclear theory. Coulomb

interactions, neutron standards theory, and theoretical neutron dosimetry,

relating particularly to the experimental nuclear research and neutron

standards research programs in the Division.

Elementary Particle Theory . Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), our present theory of the strong interactions, describes hadrons as being

composed of colored quarks and antiquarks. The strong force between

quarks and between quarks and antiquarks is mediated by the exchange of

massless colored gluons, just as the electrical force between electrons

and between electrons and positrons is mediated by the exchange of

massless photons. Convincing manifestations of the existence of the

gluon have been displayed in recent e'*'e“ annihilation experiments at 27

and 31.6 GeV. QCD implies that glueballs (gluonia) should exist. These

are mesons which are composed entirely of gluons; they contain no quarks

and have no color.

A current activity of the NBS Elementary Particle Program is the

study of gluonium, i.e., to set criteria for its existence, and to try

to understand how to distinguish gluonic states from the usual quark

states experimentally. Understanding the formation, structure, and

decay of gluonic systems requires a full knowledge of the spectroscopy

of "quarkful" mesons, i.e., those described in the usual way as quarks

and antiquarks moving with a relative orbital angular momentum L. Fortunately, the latter is a major component of high energy activity

of NBS as manifested by work on charmonium and other "onium" spectroscopy.

Following on the initial studies carried out in the previous year,

a more detailed study of composite gluon states was carried out in

collaboration with P. Fishbane of the University of Virginia and

C. Carlson and F. Gross of the College of William and Mary. In a series

31
Division 532, Technical Activities (Cont'd)

of papers, it was shown that Tow-lying glueball states had extremely

narrow widths of several MeV and that the oddball glueballs (those

states not possible in a quark-antiquark coupling) have even narrower

widths of less than 1 MeV. Using the flavor content of their decay

products as a test of the presence of glueballs it was concluded that

the E(1440) meson was not a glueball but more probably a simple com- posite of quark-antiquark. Finally, a detailed study was made of all

possible hadronic decays of all low-lying glueball states. A rather

long paper which spells out all the possible coupling for the various

spin states has been written and a method has been devised to insure

that all possible linearly independent couplings have been included.

This paper will soon be submitted for publication.

Nuclear Theory . In the past, nuclear forces have been treated in

terms of meson exchanges between point nucleons, although it was realized that these nucleons were not point particles but in fact occupied

a large part of the volume of nuclei. Now the origin of nuclear forces

must be rethought in terms of the underlying quark structure. The model

available for this treatment is the bag model. However, two-nucleon

interactions in this model have six quarks in the bag, and if an exchanged

meson is included then there are seven quarks and an antiquark. There

are many-body correlations among the quarks. A program to investigate

these forces has been started, but due to the unique confining properties

of the quark-quark forces the correlation problem is not easily solved.

The extension of the formulation of relativistic nuclear physics to

include the spin 3/2 field, a representation of the A33, into the formalism developed earlier has been completed.

The elementary 3/2-field has up until now been used only in a non- relativistic approximation. The relativistic Rarita-Schwinger model,

underlying the present semi -relativistic treatments, suffers from the

well-known problems of a-causality. The Hayward 3/2 field allows a consistent formulation, which has to be developed beginning with NBS

Monograph 154. This has been accomplished. However, the extension to

QCD has not yet been completed.

A manuscript for a book on relativistic nuclear physics, in collaboration with Vincent Gillet of Saclay, has been completed.

Photonuclear Theory . A very important source of the high energy

photons used in photonuclear research is the bremsstrahlung radiation

produced when accelerated electrons collide with a suitable target. The

availability of electron accelerators with high duty cycle, such as the

racetrack microtron currently under construction at the National Bureau

32
Division 532, Technical Activities (Cont'd)

of Standards, makes it possible to determine the energy of the photon

causing a nuclear event by measuring the inelastically scattered electron

in time-coincidence with the nuclear event. These photons are called

"tagged." A detailed report has been prepared for the explicit use of

the experimenters who are designing and using tagged photon systems as a means of doing experiments with monoenergetic photons.

A second report on polarization effects in "tagged" photon experiments is being prepared. In addition, theoretical work continues on the

photodisintegration of the few body system. This work is in collaboration with physicists from George Washington University. The effects of

the Coulomb forces on the correlation of reaction products in the photodisintegration of ^He has recently been investigated. A method has been

developed for the numerical evaluation of integrals containing a spherical

Bessel function and this technique will be used in studies of high

momentum transfer effects in the photodisintegration of ®Li.

Theoretical Neutron Dosimetry . A theoretical program on Neutron

Interactions with Biological Tissue is carried out with joint support

from NBS and the Office of Health and Environmental Research, Department

of Energy. The objective of this program is to obtain information about

neutron interactions with tissue through secondary charged particles

using theoretical calculations whose input includes neutron cross section data; range, stopping power, and straggling information; and

geometrical properties. This information is basic to radiological

physics, radiation biology, radiation protection of workers, and standards

for neutron dose measurement.

The quality of various radiation fields is studied by looking at

the distribution of events of various energy loss within a small spherical cavity usually of 1 or 2 ym in diameter. A code which calculates

these energy deposition distributions for neutrons has been modified to

also calculate ion yield distributions. It is the ion yield distribution

which is actually measured, but the energy deposition is what is desired.

The differences between these two spectra have enabled us to better

understand some of the differences between the measured ion yield spectra

and the calculated energy deposition spectra. This work has been reported

in two papers given at the recent international meeting on Neutron

Dosimetry held in Munich in June. In addition, a Monte Carlo code is

being developed to duplicate the calculation previously done by analytical means. The Monte Carlo code will then be modified to include effects

(straggling and delta rays) which were not included in the analytic

approach

33
Division 532, Technical Activities (Cont'd)

Neutron Personnel Monitoring . Under contracts with the NRC and DOE we have studied the problem of calibrating neutron monitoring instruments

used in neutron fields of interest to these two agencies. In a paper

accepted for publication in Health Physics we showed that the calculated

dose equivalent in maintenance areas of nuclear power plants can vary by

as much as 30%, depending on the type of interpolation used on the

fl uence-to-dose equivalent conversion factors.

In another paper accepted for publication in Health Physics we have treated the effect of neutrons reflected from the walls of a calibration room on the determination of calibration factors for various

instruments. We have recommended an experimental procedure for determining a correction factor to account for the effect of reflected neutrons

on the calibration of an instrument. We also have suggested a simple

analytic expression for predicting this effect in an arbitrary calibration

situation. The expression requires only simple parameters relating to

the spectrum of the neutron source, the type of detector, and the size

and composition of the walls of the calibration room. These recommended

procedures were presented at a recent DOE workshop on neutron personnel

dosimetry and are being incorporated into an ISO standard for calibration

of neutron instruments.

Civil Defense . We have received final reports from the MAGI

Corporation, under contract to NBS, concerning Monte Carlo calculations

of shielding from neutrons from nuclear weapons. Calculations were made

for benchmark structures specified by earlier agreements between NBS

and the Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA). These

calculations will be used to test approximate procedures devised at NBS

for calculating protection from neutrons.

II . Nuclear Research Group

The study of the interactions of high energy photons and electrons

with nuclei is leading to new understandings of how nucleons behave inside

of complex nuclei, i.e. in what form they exist and how they interact

with each other. Activities of the Nuclear Research Group cover experimental and theoretical investigations of many different el ectromagnetically induced nuclear reactions. This includes high energy electron and

photon scattering from nuclei, electrodisintegration experiments in which

nuclear reaction products are studied, and electroactivation studies in

which integrated reaction cross sections are studied via induced radioactivities .

The photon scattering work was terminated in August 1981 to make

room for construction of the NBS microtron. Before this time, however,

work was completed on the scattering of high energy photons from at

34
Division 532, Technical Activities (Cont'd)

angles of 45°, 60°, and 135°. From both the angular distribution data

and data taken at different energies we are able to extract an integrated

E2 absorption strength. As in the case of studied in FY80, we have

found significantly more E2 strength than current nuclear models would

predict. More work needs to be done in this area.

Electron scattering experiments are now carried out with the new CAMAC/HARRIS data acquisition system. This new system has been developed

into an almost totally hands-off operation which is extremely useful for

this group considering manpower limitations. Our main activity during

FY81 has been in data collection for precision measurement of the '^He charge radius. In this effort we profited immensely from the help of

visiting scientists from area universities including Catholic University

and Montgomery College. The data taking operation is now almost complete.

We have engaged in several electron scattering experiments at the MIT/

Bates accelerator, a higher energy machine than the NBS linac. This

work includes studies of high spin magnetic excitations, convection

current transitions, and electron scattering sum rules. The high spin

state work is yielding new spectroscopic information for medium A nuclei

and the character of residual nuclear forces. The convection current

work is aimed at understanding nucleon currents within nuclei, a subject

about which we know very little. The sum rule work was done in collaboration with a group from the Lund Institute of Technology in Sweden.

In this latter work, we have measured the Coulomb response functions of

a variety of nuclei in the giant multi pole resonance region and seek to

answer the question, "Does the Coulomb sum rule work?" If it, as presently

understood, does not work, our ideas concerning nucleonic properties

within nuclear matter may have to be modified. We are now involved in a theoretical interpretation of the results.

Electrodisintegration as a tool for the study of the giant multipole

resonances has the advantage over photodisintegration in that the virtual

photon spectrum of the electron, in contrast to the real photon bremsstrahlung spectrum, is a strong function of the multipolarity of the induced

nuclear reaction. Thus by measuring the yields of protons and alphas as

a function of the incident electron energy, we have been able to locate

and measure the strength of the proton and alpha decay channels of the

giant El and E2 resonances. Thus far we have completed studies of ^®Ni,

eof^i, 62 ^-j^ 5^Fe, ^^Co, and ®^Zn with the results published or in press.

We have begun a study of the proton and alpha decay channels of ^'^Zr and

^^Zr. An analogue state at 7.8 MeV in ^®Zr has been studied in both

electrodisintegration and photodisintegration to verify the shape of the

El virtual photon spectrum and the ratio of the real and virtual photon

spectra. This work has benefitted tremendously from a collaboration with

the University of Sao Paulo in Brazil sponsored by the NSF.

35
Division 532, Technical Activities (Cont'd)

Complementary to the electrodisintegration experiment, measurements

of electron-induced radioactivity are being done at the NBS linac. Measurements of ^^CuCe,n)^2cu in collaboration with a group from the University of Sao Paulo and ^iv(e ,a)'+'^Sc with a group from the Massachusetts

Institute of Technology are presently being conducted. The resources of

the Radioactivity Group of this division are utilized in these investigations .

During FY81 , considerable work on our part has gone into the national

effort to define future needs in electromagnetic nuclear physics.

Members of this group participated in the year-long workshop held at

various, universities' sites on the east coast entitled "Future Directions

ill Electromagnetic Nuclear Physics." A book has been published containing

(among others) our proposals for research with high duty factor electron

beams in the next decade. We have participated in developing the nuclear

physics justification of proposals for new electron accelerators in the

1-2 GeV range. We have also developed plans to use the NBS microtron in

support of national goals in nuclear research. This accelerator is

under construction and will provide a 100% duty factor beam of electrons,

at several hundred MeV, with currents of several hundred yA. With this

facility we anticipate doing coincidence measurements of scattered electrons and nuclear reaction products. This will provide new dimensions

of understanding to many nuclear physics problems. A competence initiative to utilize this facility is being developed.

Ill . Neutron Measurements and Research Group

This group is concerned with measurements of neutron interactions

which depend strongly on the neutron's energy. The interactions include

both nuclear and molecular effects and require neutron spectrocopic

capability from 0.005 eV to 50 MeV--over ten decades of energy. The

largest program is devoted to a continuing international effort to push

the accuracy of reference neutron cross section into the +1% (1 SD)

range. Other programs are concerned with the development and exploration

of analytical techniques based on the unique features of the neutron's

interaction with matter. Both the standards and analytical studies

require a significant component of fundamental neutron research.

Probably the most important standards measurement of the past year

was the determination of the fission cross section of at 14 MeV.

The fusion process is a monoenergetic source of 14 MeV neutrons. Progress in fusion research and concern about effects of the tactical neu- tron warheads are driving the current interest in this standard. A

careful evaluation of measurements at NBS and elsewhere was completed

with a resulting accuracy of + 0.7% at 14.1 .1 MeV. The 1% accuracy

request for this cross section has existed for 20 years and it is a real

boost to the NBS staff to see this objective realized. This cross sec- tion is now nearly as well known at 14 MeV as at thermal energy.

36
Division 532, Technical Activities (Cont'd)

Upon completion of the 14-MeV measurement, our attention

returned to the 200-1200 keV region. Two efforts were made in this area. First, our two earlier sets of data taken with the NBS Van de

Graaff were reanalyzed in an attempt to understand the basis for a 1 %

difference in the absolute scale for these measurements. A thorough

review of the experiments revealed two subtle corrections which enabled

the data to be reconciled. These two data sets have now been prepared

for final publication in a single paper submitted to Nuclear Science and

Engineering.

The other effort is a second linac measurement of ^^^U(n,f) in this

energy range using a new measurement system. The data collection is

expected to be completed in FY81 . Upon completing the analysis of this

data, the NBS will have completed four measurement efforts in this

energy range on ^^^U. It appears that the long existing objective of 1%

for the cross section may also be within reach when the NBS data is

combined with other data in the final evaluation. Thus, another longstanding request for high accuracy standards of great importance to the

breeder reactor programs will be satisfied.

The search for possible molecular binding effects on the standard

cross sections ^°B, ®Li, ^He, and ^^^U continued in FY81 . The most

conclusive result of the FY80 effort was the discovery of a 2% variation

in the (n,a) cross section ratio of ^Li glass and solid ^*^B found

between 1 and 10 eV. This surprising result is being studied in further

experiments including possible molecular and atomic binding effects on nuclear reaction cross sections.

These studies have led us to consider vibrations, rotations, and

electronic excitations induced by neutron collisions in the eV and lower

keV region. Experiments were devised and successfully completed on benzene and liquid N 2 targets. The expected vibrations and rotations were observed, and some evidence has been found for electronic excitations. These are the world's first measurements in this much discussed

and promising field of inelastic scattering of eV neutrons . The experiments open up a wide range of studies with not only practical implications for standards measurement and other aspects of nuclear technology,

but they represent a breakthrough into materials properties studies with

the neutron probe extended into a new energy range.

Considerable effort was expended in FY81 in reviewing possible

implications of the effect for the various branches of nuclear energy

technology. It was found that calculated neutron spectra in critical

assemblies and reactors are always significantly harder than measured

spectra. Our discovery of new inelastic channels for neutron energy

loss below the inelastic nuclear threshold provides an additional mechanism for neutron energy loss not presently taken into account.

37
Division 532, Technical Activities (Cont'd)

Our study of new physical phenomena of importance to the standards

program has helped reduce measurement uncertainties, but also has yielded

another new technique for materials studies. We conducted a careful

study of Bragg edges to understand better the highly anisotropic scattering from fission foil backings. The resolution on the Bragg edges

was thirty times better than previous measurements. Where previously

only two edges had been seen in iron, more than sixty were found in

these experiments. It was immediately obvious that these steps were in

every sense equivalent to the peaks observed in a neutron or x-ray

powder diffraction experiment. Yet the method permits greatly improved

resolution and statistical accuracy. It is projected that a run of

typical length on the NBS linac would allow statistically significant

powder diffraction data with a resolution of 0.05%--an order of magnitude better than the typical reactor-based crystal diffractometer. In simple terms, this means a capability for interpreting a unit cell con- taining ten times as many atoms as current techniques allow one to

study.

The transfer of NBS neutron measurement results to the outside

community has been a significant part of our program during the past

year. The DoE Cross Section Evaluation Working Group (CSEWG) continues

to be an effective means of implementing our data improvements quickly

in industrial and government programs. Dr. Allan Carlson is now chairman

of the standards subcommittee of CSEWG. The NM&R group continues an active program of communication of new neutron measurement methods and

related technology to the U.S. national laboratories. The new analytical

methods for spent fuel analysis, fuel reprocessing material accounting,

and breeding ratio measurement have been discussed closely with staff

members at HEDL, BNL, ORNL, and Battel 1 e-Col umbus . The group has provided consulting services to LLNL and LANE on new neutron measurement

methods, on the development of new methods for materials science studies

using neutrons, and on y-ray laser studies. Extensive consultation on preparation of large area deposits of fissile materials was provided to

the ORNL for the Clinch River Breeder Reactor Program.

We continue to maintain strong international relationships through

the BIPM, the IAEA, and the European Nuclear Energy Agency Nuclear Data

Committee and participate in planning internationally coordinated mea- surement programs. The latest measurement example is a round robin on 14-MeV flux measurements.

The continued availability of suitable accelerator sources of

neutrons for NBS has been carefully studied this year. A report was prepared reviewing the future needs for accelerator-produced neutrons at

NBS and the capabilities of the various accelerator systems to meet NBS

needs. Several different accelerator possibilities were evaluated.

Although in a draft status this report has been abstracted and a copy of

this abstract is included in Appendix I.

38
Division 532, Technical Activities CCont'd)

While no attempt was made in the study to select or prepare the case for

any type, the injector of the PIGMI accelerator offers many attractive

features. The PIGMI accelerator is designed by LANL for cancer therapy

in a hospital using mesons. The accelerator has the attractive features

of simplicity in operation, low maintenance and power costs, and probably could be fitted into existing NBS space without major building

modifications. Its neutron production capabilities appear to be an excellent match to the prospective NBS program.

IV. Neutron Field Standards Group

The objectives of this group are to provide neutron dosimetry

standardization and neutron source and detector calibration for energy

generation technology and radiation exposure monitoring. Activities are divided between response to calibration and measurement service requests

and applying existing standard neutron fields and related capabilities

to neutron reaction rate measurement standardization. Strong interactions

with outside organizations, both federal and private sector, continue to

be the main programmatic characteristics of this group.

Concern for neutron field measurements is on the increase as was noted last year. More neutron field calibration and related measurements

were undertaken this year than last in order to improve the level of

standardization for personnel neutron dosimetry, for materials performance

under stress of radiation, and for advanced power reactor development.

Even the list of unusual and unpredictable places where the NBS double

fission chamber has been employed for measurement saw another entry.

This year it was the inside of the Army's new XM-1 battle tank!

Neutron personnel dosimetry activities involved hundreds of dosimeter

and dosimetry instrumentation calibrations and were carried out during

the year at NBS with five different standard neutron fields. Clients

ranged from nuclear utilities and dosimetry vendors to DoE laboratories

participating in dosimetry improvement programs. Dosimetry for materials

performance focused on preparing and evaluating the massive documentation

describing reactor pressure vessel (RPV) mock-up measurements at ORNL.

Experimental characterization of the neutron field in the RPV mock-up

rests largely upon neutron reaction rate measurements that were referenced

to fission neutron standard fields at NBS. The industry problem behind

this effort, steel embrittlement under stress of radiation in a reactor

vessel, continues to be an important program component. New impetus, in

fact, appeared this year with the recognition of thermal shock potential

in certain pressure vessels as a result of post-TMI changes in emergency

reactor-shutdown procedures. In this latter regard a paper will be presented at the Ninth Water Reactor Safety Information Meeting examining

39
Division 532, Technical Activities (Cont'd)

the effectiveness of making supplementary, on-demand dosimetry measurements in the so-called RPV cavity of older power reactors where the

thermal shock question is of most consequence. Power reactor development

activities were a highlight this year. The long prepared-for fission

rate measurements during start-up of DoE's Fast Test Reactor (FTR) at

Hanford were completed. The challenge of this experiment was successfully

met, with many firsts for a laboratory instrument adjusted to operate in

the monumental and hostile surroundings of a 400 megawatt, sodium-cooled

test reactor, the largest of its kind in the world. It was an exhilarating

experience for our small staff, and not soon to be forgotten.

Less dramatic activities went their necessary way but they seemed

less dominating after the FTR effort: 0) the new 252 Qf irradiation

facility became operational and was immediately employed for the start

of new isotopic fission cross section measurements; (2) absolute measurement of the neutron flux density at the center of the IntermediateEnergy Standard Neutron Field (ISNF) were initiated and completed; (3) typetesting of commercial neutron dosimetry got underway in earnest; (4) the

dosimetry activation cross section, ^ for ^^^Cf spontaneous

fission neutrons was published; (5) intercomparison of solid-state track

recorder (SSTR) technique for fission rate measurements with the NBS

fission chamber was completed after much delay; (6) neutron source calibrations at the Manganese Bath Facility continued. The last item,

neutron source calibrations, created special problems this year because

of the abrupt retirement of the staff person in charge of this facility.

Specific reference is made here to last year's narrative of technical

activities (Annual Report 1980; Div. 532, p. 37-40). Most of the information provided there is applicable to this year's activities. Thirteen

publications and reports were part of the Group's activities this year;

the total for FY80 and FY81 is twenty-eight--see Publications Section.

Meetings and committee work continue to occupy a prominent place in

our program. We provide a secretary for the ASTM Subcommittee on Radiation

Metrology which presently is heavily engaged in the parallel development

of nineteen standards for reactor pressure vessel irradiation surveillance

and steel embrittlement interpretation. Participation at three symposia

in radiation personnel dosimetry for specialists led in one case to a commitment to share in the drafting of a new IAEA Manual on Neutron

Dosimetry Calibrations. Preparations for the Fourth ASTM/EURATOM

Symposium Reactor Dosimetry, to be held at NBS next year, moved into

mid-gear as we try to cope with playing host, under legislated limitations,

to an international group of government and private sector experts

accustomed to European levels of conference facilities (e.g. simultaneous

translation) and hospitality (e.g. a noteworthy banquet). Formal program

review meetings (a total of four, one held at NBS) for the NRC-sponsored

40
Division 532, Technical Activities (Cont'd)

LWR-Pressure Vessel Dosimetry Irradiation Surveillance Program and the

DoE-sponsored Personnel Dosimetry Upgrading Program require active participation spread out among five staff members. The NCRP Symposium on the Control of Radiation Exposure in the Event of Accident or Attack

took place in April 1981 and was characterized by multi -discipl ine participation and a strong exchange of ideas. The Session on Public

Information, organized and mustered by a member of the Neutron Field

Standards Group was successful far beyond expectation in view of the

unknowns regarding speakers and the outreach of subject matter. A proposal for establishing an Environmental Radiation Index, akin to the Air

Quality Index was given an excellent airing by a university participant

and enjoyed the expected criticism but also some unexpected support.

The implementation of such an index for general dissemination--the idea

for which originated here at CRR--hinges on the development of a set of

understandable radiation exposure benchmarks. A candidate for identifying

and explaining such benchmarks would be NBS/CRR.

V. Radioactivity Group

A. Standard Reference Materials and Calibration Services

From August 1 , 1980 to August 1 , 1981 , 1288 standards and calibrated

sources were issued to the public and government agencies, many in connection with various quality control or traceability programs. Details of

the numbers of sources and the dollar value of these standards and calibrations are given in Table 1.

Table 1

Standards and Calibration Services No. of Units K$

Standard Reference Materials 1109 183.3

Atomic Industrial Forum,

traceability tests of radiopharmaceutical manufacturers

11 4.5

College of American Pathologists 66 3.3

NRC (15) and EPA (8)

Traceability Programs

23 —

Reports of Calibration (NBS 94) 46 28.2

Scheduled Calibrations (QMS) 33 12.3

41
Division 532, Technical Activities CCont'd)

A new booklet has been prepared describing radioactivity calibration

services at NBS. This has been a great aid in explaining our services to

the public. A reevaluation was also made of the time spent on calibrations, and the fees charged since June 1, 1981 are adequate to recover

NBS' costs.

Special calibrations included (1) an iron-55 electroplated line

source for use in calibrating a position-sensitive x-ray detector at

Los Alamos, (2) filter-paper disk sources of ^°Sr-^°Y and ^^’^Cs for calibration of beta-particle detectors at Three Mile Island, and (3) millicurie sources of ^^Na and ^^^Cs in steel capsules for use in calibrating

detectors for short-half-life cyclotron-produced positron-emitting radionucl ides

Special cal bi rations also included continued testing of commercial

mixed-radionuclide gamma-ray standards. During this period four com- panies submitted mixed standards in the form of solutions, point sources,

and mixed gaseous sources.

The catalog describing SRM's was extensively revised and sent to an updated and enlarged mailing list.

Details of a new cost-recovery program were worked out with the

Atomic Industrial Forum (AIF) for the radiopharmaceutical SRM's (4400

series). The goal is for the program to be self sustaining in two to

three years. Prices on these SRM's have been increased about 70%, while

sales have increased slightly due to better publicity.

A new long-lived mixed-radionuclide gamma-ray SRM was issued in both

point source and solution form following almost two years of development

work. The new standard is a mixture of ^ 25513 ^ and ^^^Eu, and is

intended for use in calibrating the efficiency of germanium spectrometers

used in x-ray and gamma-ray spectrometry. Over 150 of these standards

have been sold in three months. A booklet is provided with these SRM's

describing the precautions to be observed in quantitative nuclear spectrometry .

Four natural -matrix radioactivity standards were prepared and

calibrated. Rocky Flats Soil Number 1, Columbia River Sediment (re-issue)

and Human Liver will be issued as SRM's, and Human Lung will be issued

as a Research Material. Several laboratories were involved in the calibrations .

A new low-energy photon SRM, was developed. This electroncapture radionuclide has K x-rays of about 5 keV and a half life of about

300 days

42
Division 532, Technical Activities (.Cont'd)

B. Basic Activity and Nuclear Data Measurements

Chemical techniques were tested for (1) separating ^^Fe from a manganese cyclotron target and (.2) separating 58-day tellurium-1 25m

daughter from 2.77-year antimony-125. Activity measurements were made

of immediately after separation, and with in equilibrium,

but the results were not consistent. Further investigations are planned.

An activity calibration was carried out for europium-154, using a 4ir(PPC)-Y anticoincidence technique.

An anticoincidence measurement of ^^Cr also tested two techniques

for thin-source preparation. El ectros prayed ion-exchange resins will

be investigated further, although initial results showed less improvement than that measured in other laboratories.

Half-life measurements made over the past several years in the

Group were evaluated for 50 radionuclides and prepared for publication.

Probabilities per decay of gamma rays measured for 7 radionuclides are

incl uded

C. Other Agency Programs

A chamber has been constructed which can be used both for measuring

radon exhalation rates from building materials and for providing a gaseous radioactive atmosphere in which monitoring instruments can be

cal ibrated.

The literature concerned with the radon exhalation of, and diffusion

through, building materials has been reviewed and a summary will be

published shortly.

The following traceability test sources were provided to the EPALas Vegas: ^^Cr, ®^Zn, "^^Se, ^°Sr, and 226 ^^^ Samples of ^°Co,

iiomAg, and 230jh submitted by EPA were checked for correct activity

cal i bration

The following traceability test sources were provided to RESL (NRC),

Idaho Falls: ^H, ^^Cr, ®^Sr and ^'^Sr, ^^Tc, ^^'^Xe, ^^^Xe,

201t1, 2073-j^ 2i0po^ and NBS tested a spiked soil and a mixedgamma-ray solution supplied by RESL.

Activity calibrations were developed for ^^°Pb, and 200 ampoules of

calibrated solution were prepared for EPA.

43
Division 532, Technical Activities (.Cont'd)

A pitchblende standard issued by the New Brunswick Laboratory was checked to see if the ^^^Ra was in equilibrium with the 234y^

NBS found that the standard was in equilibrium to well within the 1 %

uncertainty associated with the measurement.

D. International Activities

Ampoules of six radionuclides were sent to BIPM and the International Atomic Energy Agency for comparison in their ionization chambers

with calibrations of other national and international laboratories.

The following bilateral intercomparisons were initiated or completed

Nickel -63 was i ntercompared with IBJ (Poland).

Solutions of ^*^^Cd were exchanged with LMRI (France) for

comparative measurements of gamma-ray-emission rate.

Antimony-125 and iodine-125 were intercompared with OMH

(Hungary) as a part of a scientific exchange program

involving working visits. Quantitative gamma-ray

spectrometry is also being investigated cooperatively.

In addition, long-lived mixed-gamma-ray standards have been

sent to OMH (Hungary), PTB (Germany), and LMRI (France)

for comparative emission-rate measurements, and a carbon-14

solution has been received from the USSR.

A conference entitled Low Activities '80, cosponsored by NBS through

the ICRM, was held in the High Tatras, Czechoslovakia, and was attended

by approximately 190 scientists from around the world. The proceedings

will be published in early calendar 1982.

44
SPONSORED CONFERENCES

Division 532, Nuclear Radiation

Eighth Annual Water Reactor Safety Information Meeting, NBS, Gaithersburg,

Maryland. Liaison with Nuclear Regulatory Commission, James A. Grundl

,

October 1980.

International Program Review Meeting on Reactor Pressure Vessel

Irradiation Surveillance, NBS, Gaithersburg, Maryland. E. Dale McGarry,

October 27-31 , 1980.

"Low-Level Radioactivity Measurements" High Tatras, Czechoslovakia.

Cosponsored by NBS through the International Committee for Radionuclide

Metrology (ICRM), J. M. R. Hutchinson, November 24-27, 1980.

International Forum on V. Cosponsored with the Department of Energy

Cross Section Evaluation Working Group, A. D. Carlson, April 20, 1981.

45
INVITED TALKS

Division 532, Nuclear Radiation

Ayres, Robert L., "Radiation and Radioactivity Measurements for Biology

and Medicine," Nuclear Energy Mini-Plenary Sessions of the 1981 American

Nuclear Society Annual Meeting, Miami Beach, Florida, June 1981.

9 9m 9 9 Ayres, Robert L., "Radioactivity Standardization of Tc and Mo,

Nuclear Energy Mini-Plenary Sessions of the 1981 American Nuclear Society

Annual Meeting, Miami Beach, Florida, June 1981.

Behrens, J. W., "Preparation of Accelerator Targets by Painting," Ninth

International Conference of Nuclear Target Development Society, Gatl inburg,

Tennessee, October 14, 1980.

Bowman, C. D., "Efficient Neutron Production Using 12 MeV Electrons,"

Sixth Conference on the Application of Accelerators in Research and

Industry, North Texas State University, Denton, Texas, November 4, 1980.

Bowman, C. D., "Elastic and Inelastic Scattering of eV Neutrons," University

of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, September 25, 1981 .

Caswell, R. S., "Some Problems in Neutron Microdosimetry Calculations,"

Radiobiological Institute TNO, Rijswijk, The Netherlands, June 11, 1981.

Caswell, R. S., Rapporteur of Poster Session on "Basic Data," Fourth

Symposium on Neutron Dosimetry, Munich, Germany, June 1, 1981.

Coyne, J. J., "Proportional Counter Measurements of Energy Deposition

Spectra for Neutrons in the Energy Region from 14 to 20 MeV," Institute

fur Biophysik, Hamburg/Saar, W. Germany, November 1980.

Coyne, J. J., "Neutron Cross-Sections in Carbon and Oxygen in the Energy

Region from 14 to 20 MeV," Physikal isch-Technische Bundesanstal t

,

Braunschweig, W. Germany, November 1980.

Danos, Michael, "Quarks in Nuclei", University of Maryland, January 14,

1981 .

Danos, Michael, "Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions," Colloquium at

Sad ay, France, May 1981.

Danos, Michael, "Nuclear Forces from Quark Dynamics," Workshop on Nuclear

Physics with Real and Virtual Photons sponsored by the Italian Nuclear

Energy Committee, Bologna, Italy, November 1980.

46
Division 532, Invited Talks (Cont'd)

Danos, Michael, "Nuclear Forces and Quark Dynamics," University of Milano,

Italy, December 1980.

Duvall, K. C., "The NBS 14 MeV Absolute Neutron Beam Facility," Sixth

Conference on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry,

North Texas State University, Denton, Texas, November 4, 1980.

Gilliam, D., "Absolute Fission Rates in FFTF," American Nuclear Society,

San Francisco, California, 1981.

Grundl , J., "Summary of Session on Public Information and Training," NCRP

Symposium on Radiation Exposure Control in an Emergency, Reston,

Virginia, April 1981.

Lightbody, J. W., Jr., "Electronuclear Reactions," Workshop on Nuclear

Physics with Electromagnetic Probes, 1980 and Beyond, in the Canadian

Context, University de Montreal, P.Q.* Canada, January 16, 1981.

Mann, W. B., "Standards, Traceability and Regulation," Nuclear Energy

Mini-Plenary Sessions of the 1981 American Nuclear Society Annual Meeting,

Miami Beach, Florida, June 1981.

Maruyama, X. K., "Radiative Tails and Distortion Effects in the Coulomb

Sum Rule Experiment," University of Massachusetts, June 17, 1981.

Meshkov, S., "Glueballs and Oddballs," University of Florida, Gainesville,

Florida, October 23, 1980.

Meshkov, S., "Glueballs and Oddballs," University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,

Michigan, February 2, 1981.

Meshkov, S., "Glueballs and Oddballs," Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana, February 4, 1981.

Meshkov, S., "Glueballs and Oddballs," Duke University, Durham, North

Carolina, April 29, 1981 .

Meshkov, S., "Glueballs and Oddballs," University of North Carolina,

Chapel Hill, N.C., April 30, 1981.

O'Connell, J. S., "Coincidence Measurements with High Energy Electrons,"

Workshop on Nuclear Physics with Real and Virtual Photons, Bologna,

Italy, November 25-28, 1980.

O'Connell, J. S., "Coincidence Measurements with High Energy Electrons,"

Lund Institute of Technology, Lund, Sweden, December 2, 1980.

47
Division 532, Invited Talks (Cont'd)

O'Connell, J. S., "Unsolved Problems in Electromagnetic Nuclear Reactions,"

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.Y., March 26, 1981.

O'Connell, J. S., "Unsolved Problems in Electromagnetic Nuclear Reactions,"

Nuclear Laboratory, Triangle Universities, Durham, N.C., April 10, 1981.

O'Connell, J. S., "Photonucl ear Reactions Above the Pion Threshold," three

lectures at the International School of Nuclear Physics at Intermediate

Energies, Verona, Italy, July 16-26, 1981 .

Schrack, R. A., "Resonance Neutron Radiography Using an Electron Linac,"

Sixth Conference on The Application of Accelerators in Research and

Industry, North Texas State University, Denton, Texas, November 4, 1980.

Schwartz, R. B., "Effects of Room-Scattered Neutrons on the Calibration

of Radiation Protection Instruments," Fourth Symposium on Neutron Dosimetry,

Munich, Germany, May 1981.

48
PUBLICATIONS

Division 532, Nuclear Radiation

Ayres, R. L., Radiation and Radioactivity Measurements for Biology and

Medicine, 27th Annual Meeting of the American Nuclear Society, Miami

Beach, Florida, ANS Abstracts COune 1981).

Behrens, J. W., Schrack, R. A., and Bowman, C. D., Nondestructive Examination of a Defective Silver Braze Using Resonance-Neutron Radiography,

Nuclear Technology^, No. 1 , 78-82 (Nov. 1980).

Behrens, J. W., Browne, J. C., and Walden, J. C., Measurement of the

Neutron-Induced Fission Cross Section of ^^^Np Relative to ^^^U from

20 keV to 30 MeV, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report

UCRL 86397 (July 1981).

Behrens, J. W. and Browne, J. C. (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory),

Measurement of the Neutron-Induced Fission Cross Sections of Americium-241

and Americium-243 Relative to Uranium-235 from 0.2 and 30 MeV. Nucl . Sci

Eng. 77, 444-453 (1981).

Behrens, J. W., Preparation of Accelerator Targets by Painting, 9th World

Conf. of International Nuclear Target Development Society, Gatl inburg,

Tenn., October 12-16, 1980 (proceedings to be published in Nucl. Instrum.

Methods)

Bowman, C. D., Carlson, A. D., Wasson, 0. A., Schrack, R. A., Behrens, J. W.,

Johnson, R. G., and Duvall, K. C., White Source Use in a Neutron Standards

Laboratory, Proceedings of the IAEA Sponsored Consultants' Meeting on "Neutron Source Properties ," Kossuth Lajon University, Debrecen, Hungary,

March 17-21, 1980 (in press)

Bowman, C. D., Efficient Neutron Production Using 12 MeV Electrons,

Proceedings of 1980 Conference on the Application of Accelerators in

Research and Industry held at North Texas State University, Denton,

Texas, Nov. 3-5, 1980, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science NS-28, No. 2,

1485-1487 (April 1981).

Bowman, C. D. and Johnson, R. G., Measurements of Inelastic Scattering of

eV Neutrons, Proceedings of the IPNS Symposium on Neutron Scattering , Argonne National Lab., Argonne, II., August 12-14, 1981 (in press).

Carlson, C. E., Coyne, J. J., Fishbane, P. M., Gross, F., and Meshkov, S.,

E(1440): Glueball or Quarkonium?, Phys . Letters 98B , 110-114 (1981).

49
Division 532, Publications (Cont'd)

Carlson, C. E., Coyne, J. J., Fishbane, P. M., Gross, F., and Meshkov, S.,

Glueballs: Their Experimental Signature, Phys . Letters 353-357 0981).

Carlson, C. E., Coyne, J. J., Fishbane, P. M., Gross, F., and Meshkov, S.,

Hadronic Decays of Low-Lying Glueballs Csubmitted to Phys. Review).

Carlson, C. E., Coyne, J. J., Fishbane, P. M., Gross, F., and Meshkov, S.,

Glueball Decay Widths and Glueball Dominance of Quarkonium Decays, Phys.

Rev. m, 2765 (1981 ).

Caswell, R. S. and Coyne, J. J., Microdosimetric Energy Deposition and

Their Averages for Bin-Averaged and Energy-Distributed Neutron Spectra,

Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium on Microdosimetry , Harwood Academic

Publishers, London, 689-696 (1981 ).

Caswell, R. S., Coyne, J. J., and Goodman, L. J., Comparison of Experimental and Theoretical Ionization Yield Spectra for Neutrons, Proceedings

of the 4th Symp. on Neutron Dosimetry , GSF, Munich-Neuherberg , Germany,

June 1-5, 1981 (in press).

Cavallo, L. M., National Standards for Radioactivity Measurements,

Proceedings of the Symposium on Traceability for Ionizing Radiation

Measurements , Gaithersburg, Maryland, May 1980 (in press).

Coursey, B. M., Hoppes, D. D., and Schima, F. J., Determination of the

Photon Emission Rates of the NBS Long-Lived Mixed-Radionuclide Standard,

Nuclear Instruments and Methods - Special Issue for the Fifth Symposium

on X-and Gamma-Ray Sources and Applications, Ann Arbor, Michigan. June

1981 (in press)

.

Coyne, J. J., McDonald, J. C., Menzel , H.-G., and Schuhmacher, H.,

Detailed Intercomparison of Calculated and Measured Ionization Yield

Spectra for 20 MeV Neutron and the Implication for High Energy Dosimetry,

Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Neutron Dosimetry , GSF, MunichNeuherberg, Germany, June 1-5, 1981 (in press).

Rafelski, J. and Danos, M., Importance of the Reaction Volume in Hadronic

Collisions, Phys. Letters 97B , 279 (1980).

Motz, J. W. and Danos, M., Towards Safer Medical X-ray Examinations, NBS

Dimensions 16 (August 1980).

Danos, M. , Nuclear Forces From Quark Dynamics, Proceedings of the

Workshop: From Collective States to Quarks in Nuclei , Bologna, Italy,

November 25-28, 1980, Contributed Papers, Ed. Anna Maria Saruis, Bologna,

Italy (1980).

50
Division 532, Publications (Cont'd)

Danos, M. and Zanon, D., Model for the Hadron-Hadron Vertex: Dynamic

Origin of the OZI Rule, Nuovo Cim. Lett. 61-64 (1981 ).

Cauvin, M., Gillet, V., Soulmagnion, F., and Danos, M., Mass Formula Based

on SU4, Nucl. Phys . A361 , 192 0981 ).

Motz, J. W., Dick, C. E., and Danos, M., Exposure Limits Imposed by ScreenFilm Systems on the Transfer of Image Information, Application of Optical

Instrumentation in Medicine Proc. Soc. Photo. Opt. Instr. 273 , 52 (1981 ).

Dodge, W. R., Hayward, E., Leight, R. G., and Wolynec, E., Electrodisintegration of ^®Ni, ^°Ni , and ^^Ni , Phys. Rev. C22 , No. 3, 1012-1024

(Sept. 1980).

Dodge, W. R. and Bertsch, D. L., Calibration of a Gamma-Ray Telescope

Using Tagged Positron Annihilation Photons, Nuclear Instruments and

Methods 1^, 439-448 ( June 1981).

Dodge, W. R., Hayward, E., Leicht, R. G., and Wolynec, E., Electrodisintegration of ^^Fe, ^^Co, and ^‘^Zn, to be published in Phys. Rev.

Duvall, K. C. and Wasson, 0. A., The NBS 15 MeV Absolute Neutron Beam

Facility, Proceedings of 1980 Conference on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry held at North Texas State University,

Denton, Texas, Nov. 3-5, 1980, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,

NS-28 , No. 2, 1488-1489 (April 1981).

Eisenhauer, C. M. and Grundl , J., Benchmark Referencing of Neutron

Dosimetry Measurements, LWR-PV Irradiation Surveillance Dosimetry, Prog.

Report, NUREG/CR-1240, Vol . II (January 1981).

Eisenhauer, C. M. and Schwartz, R. B., Difficulties in Calculating SpectrumAveraged Values of Neutron Dose Equivalent, Health Phys. (in press).

Eisenhauer, C. M., Schwartz, R. B., and Johnson, T., Measurement of Neutrons

Reflected from the Surfaces of a Calibration Room, Health Phys. (in press).

Eisenhauer, C. M. and Schwartz, R. B., Analysis of Room-Return Effects.

Proc. 8th DoE Workshop on Personnel Neutron Dosimetry , Louisville, Ky.,

June 18 and 19, 1981 (in press).

Eisenhauer, C. M. and Schwartz, R. B., The Effect of Room-Scattered Neutrons

on the Calibration of Radiation Protection Instruments, Proc. 4th Symp.

on Neutron Dosimetry , GSF, Munich-Neuherberg , Germany, June 1-5, 1981

(in press).

51
Division 532, Publications (Cont'd)

Fuller, E. G., Giant Resonance, Encyclopedia of Physics , 882-884 (January

1981).

Gilliam, D. M., Fuller, J. L., Grundl , J. A., and Daughtry, J. W.,

Absolute Fission Rates in the FFTF, Trans. Am. Nucl . Soc. 37^ (November

1 981 )

.

Gilliam, D. M. Fuller, J. L., Grundl, J. A., and Rawlins, J. A., FFTF

Reactor Characterization Program: Absolute Fission Rate Measurements,

TC-1963, Hanford Eng. Dev. Lab. (May 1981).

Gilliam, D. M. with Baun, M., Calibrating the FFTF, NBS Dimensions (March

1981).

Golas, D. B., Traceability Programs for Nuclear Medicine, Proceedings of

the Symposium on Traceability for Ionizing Radiation Measurements , Gaithersburg, Maryland, May 1980 (in press).

Grundl, J. A., Eisenhauer, C. M., McGarry, E. D., and Spiegel, V., with

McElroy, et al., LWR Pressure Vessel Surveillance Dosimetry Program,

Eighth Reactor Safety Research Information Meeting, NRC Annual Report,

NUREG/CR-1747 (April 1981).

Haight, R. C., Grimes, S. M., Johnson, R. G., and Barschall, H. H.,

Charged-particle Emission in Reactions of 15-MeV Neutrons with ^°Zr,

and 92,94, 95, 96|^o, Physical Review C23 , No. 2 (February 1981).

Hayward, E., Nuclear Excitations Using Real and Virtual Photons, Giant

Multipole Resonances, Bertrand, F. E., Ed., Harwood Academic Publishers,

N.Y., N.Y., 275-298 (1979).

Hayward, E., Photonuclear Reactions, Encyclopedia of Physics , 750-751

(January 1 981 )

.

Hayward, E., Photon Scattering Experiments, Future Directions in Electromagnetic Nuclear Physics (1 981 )

.

Hoppes, D. D. and Schima, F. J., Eds., Nuclear Data for the Efficiency

Calibration of Germanium Spectrometer Systems, NBS Special Publication

(in press).

Hoppes, D. D., Hutchinson, J. M. R., Schima, F. J., and Unterweger, M. P.,

Nuclear Data for X- or Gamma-Ray Spectrometer Efficiency Calibrations,

NBS Special Publication (in press).

Hutchinson, J. M. R. and Mullen, P. A., Calibration of K-x-Ray Emission

Rates in the Decay of Vanadium-49, Int. J. Appl . Rad. Isotopes (in press).

52
Division 532, Publications (_Cont*d)

Hutchinson, 0. M. R., and Mullen, P. A., "Pin-Well "-NalCTl ) Counting of

59.5-keV Gamma Rays in the Decay of Amertcium-241 , Int. J. Appl . Rad.

Isotopes (in press).

Johnson, R. G. and Bowman, C. D., High Resolution Powder Diffraction by

White Source Transmission Measurements, Proceedings of the IPNS Symposium

on Neutron Scattering , Argonne National Lab., Argonne, II., August 12-14,

1981 Cin press).

Johnson, R. G., Behrens, J. W., and Bowman, C. D., Source Imaging Using

Neutron Pinhole Cameras Based on Position-Sensitive Proportional Counters,

Nuclear Technology (in press).

Kopp, M. K. (ORNL), Behrens, J. W., Meacham, M. A. (ORNL), and Williams,

J. A. (TEC), Development of Proportional Counter Cameras for Neutron

Imaging with 1-mm Resolution, Rev. Sci . Instrum, (in press).

Lehman, D., Parke, W. C., and Maximon, L. C., Numerical Evaluation of

Integrals Containing a Spherical Bessel Function by Product Integration,

J. Math. Phys. n, 1399 (1981 ).

Lightbody, J. W., Jr., A(e,e'2-nucleon)A-2 Reaction Studies, Future Direc - tions in Electromagnetic Nuclear Physics (1 981 )

Mann, W. B., Hutchinson, J. M. R., and Edgerly, D. E., National and

International Traceability in Radioactivity Measurements, Proceedings of

the International Atomic Energy Agency Symposium on Low-Level Counting

and Spectrometry , West BerlinVW. Germany, April 1981 (in press).

Mann, W. B., Standards, Traceability and Regulation, 27th Annual Meeting

of the American Nuclear Society, Miami Beach, Florida, ANS Abstracts

(June 1 981 )

Mann, W. B., Unterweger, M. P., and Coursey, B. M., Comments on the NBS

Tritiated-Water Standards and Their Use, Int. J. Appl. Rad. Isotopes (in

press)

Maruyama, X. K., Lindgren, R. A., Flanz, J. B., Hicks, R. S., Parker, B.,

Peterson, G. A., Lawson, R. D., Teeters, W., Williamson, C. F., and

Kowalski, S., Comparison of Inelastic Electron Scattering with

[99/2®(f7/2‘^)j]8- Shell-Model Calculations for the T = 1 and T = 2,

8’ States in ^®Fe, Phys. Rev. Letters No. 11 , 706-709 (March 16, 1981).

Maruyama, X. K., Lindgren, R. A., Plum, M. A., Hicks, R. S., Parker, B.,

Peterson, G. A., and Williamson, C. F., Comparisons of M8 Transitions to

States in ^"^Fe, ^®Ni , and ^°Ni, Proceedings International

Conference on Nuclear Physics , Berkeley, California, 79 (1980).

53
Division 532, Publications (Cont'd)

Prats, F., Harper, E. P., and Maximon, L. C., Reaction 3He(Y,2p)n at

Intermediate Photon Energies, Phys . Rev. C^, 7 (1980).

Maximon, L. C., de Miniac, A., and Aniel , T., Tagged Photons, An Analysis

of the Bremsstrahlung Differential Cross Section in the Range of Interest

for a Tagged Photon System, NBSIR 81-2262 CApril 1981).

Eskandarian, A., Lehman, D. R., Gibson, B. F., and Maximon, L. C., MomentumSpace Solution of the Bound Three-Body Problem with Two Charged Particles,

Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. II CSession DG12) 566 (.1981).

McGarry, E. D., Fabry, A., Gold, R., Kellogg, L., and Kam, F., Current PCA

Specifications for Transport Theory Validation, LWR-PV Surv. Dos. Improvement Program, NUREG/CR-1861 , Section 8 0981).

McGarry, E. D., Fabry, A., and Grundl , J., Ej<perimental Program: Integral

Measurements in LWR Pressure Vessel Surveillance Dosimetry Improvement

Program, PCA Experiments and Blind Test, NUREG/CR-1861, Sections 2.0, 2.1,

2.3, and 4.0 0981).

McGarry, E. D., Tests of Radiation Exposure Calculations for Reactor

Pressure Vessels, NBS Dimensions (October 1980).

McGarry, E. D., Determination of the Effective Mass of U-235 in the Fission

Chamber Used for Absolute Core Power Measurements in PCA, LWR-PV Irr. Surv.

Program, Progress Report, NUREG/CR-1 241 , Vol . II (May 1981).

Motz, J. W. and Danos, M., Towards Safer Medical X-ray Examinations, NBS

Dimensions 64 , 16 (August 1980).

Noyce, J. R., Evaluation of Methods for the Assay of Radium-228 in Water,

NBS Technical Note 1137 (February 1981).

O'Connell, J. S., Coincidence Measurements with High Energy Electrons,

Proceedings of the Workshop on Nuclear Physics with Real and Virtual

Photons , Bologna, Italy, 286-295 (1981 ).

O'Connell, J., Coeditor, Report of the Workshop on Future Directions

in Electromagnetic Nuclear Physics (198TT1

O'Connell, J., Part I: Overview of Electromagnetic Nuclear Physics,

Workshop on Future Directions in Electromagnetic Nuclear Physics (1 981 )

.

O'Connell, J., Blomqvist, I., and Schoch, B., Part II: Measurements of

Photon Cross Sections in the Delta Region by Forward Angle Electron

Scattering, Workshop on Future Directions of Electromagnetic Nuclear

Physics (198T1T

54
Division 532, Publications (Cont'd)

Schleter, J. C. and Baloga, S. M., Guide for Conducting Safeguards Approach

Effectiveness Evaluations, ISPO-153, Vols. 1-IV (May 1981).

Schrack, R. A., Behrens, J. W., Johnson, R. G., and Bowman, C. D., Resonance

Neutron Radiography Using an Electron Linac, Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry, North

Texas State University, Denton, Texas, November 3-5, 1980; IEEE Trans,

on Nucl. Sci. NS-28 , No. 2, 1640-1643 (April 1981).

Schwartz, R. B., and Eisenhauer, C. M., Use of a D 2 O Moderated ^^^Cf

Source for Dosimetry Testing and Calibrations, Proceedings of the Eighth DoE

Workshop on Neutron Dosimetry , Louisville, Kentucky, June 1981 (in press).

Seidel, C. W. and Hutchinson, J. M. R., Procedural Standards for Radioactivity Measurements, Health Physics Society Winter Meeting Proceedings

(abstract only) (1980).

Spencer, L. V., Chilton, A. B., and Eisenhauer, C. M., Structure Shielding

Against Fallout Gamma Rays for Nuclear Detonation 967 p., NBS Special

Publication (September 1980).

Spiegel, V., Eisenhauer, C. M., Winkler, G., and Smith, D. L., Measurement

of the Average Activation Cross Section for the Reaction in

the Spontaneous Fission Neutron Field of Californium-252, Nucl. Sci. & Eng.

78, No. 4, 415 (1981).

Wasson, 0. A. and Meier, M. M., Measurement of the ^^^U Mass in a Large

Volume Multiplated Fission Ionization Chamber, Nucl. Instr. Methods (in

press)

Wasson, 0. A., Carlson, A. D., and Duvall, K. C., Measurement of the ^^^U

Neutron Induced Fission Cross Section at 14.1 MeV, Nucl. Sci. Engr. (in

press)

55
TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP

Division 532, Nuclear Radiation

Stephen M. Baloga

Member, American Nuclear Society, Isotopes & Radiation Division's

Technical Committee on Nuclear Safeguards.

James W. Behrens

Member, DoE Cross Section Evaluation Working Group (CSEWG), Standards

Subcommittee.

Charles D. Bowman

Member, DoE Nuclear Data Committee.

Technical Advisor, DoE Cross Section Evaluation Working Group (CSEWG)

Standards Committee.

Allan D. Carlson

Chairman, DoE Cross Section Evaluation Working Group (CSEWG),

Standards Committee.

Member, DoE CSEWG, Data Status and Requests Subcommittee.

Randall S. Caswell

Member, Program Committee, Fourth Symposium on Neutron Dosimetry,

Munich, Germany, June 1-5, 1981.

Delegate, Comitd Consul tatif pour les Etalons de Mesure des

Rayonnements lonisants CCCEMRI), Conference Gendrale des Poids et

Mesures, Paris, France.

Chairman, Section on Neutron Measurements (Section III), CCEMRI,

Conference General e des Poids et Mesures, Paris, France.

Member, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

(NCRP)

.

Member, NCRP Board of Directors.

Chairman, NCRP Ad Hoc Committee on SI Units.

56
Division 532, Technical and Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (Cont'd)

Randall S. Caswell (Cont'd)

Chairman, NCRP Ad Hoc Committee on Publications.

Member and Secretary, International Commission on Radiation Units

and Measurements (ICRU).

Member, Radiation Research Accelerator Facility (RARAF) Scientific

Advisory Committee, Columbia University.

Member, Subcommittee on Federal Strategy for Research into the

Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation.

Alternate Delegate, Committee on Federal Guidance for Occupational

Exposure to Ionizing Radiation (chaired by EPA).

Bert M. Coursey

Member, International Committee for Radionuclide Metrology (ICRM)

Life Sciences Working Group.

Member, ANSI Subcommittee N42.2 on Procedural Standards for Calibration of Detectors for Radioactive Materials.

Delegate, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), Consultative Committee for Standards of Ionizing Radiations Task Group on the

Feasibility of Liquid Scintillation Counting for the Standardization

of Radionuclides which Decay by Emitting Low-Energy Radiations.

J. Joseph Coyne

Chairman, National Nuclear Data Center (NNDC), Panel on Reference

Nuclear Data.

Member, International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements

(ICRU) Committee on Microdosimetry.

Michael Danos

Member, Program Review Committee for the Sad ay Electron Linac,

Sad ay, France.

Charles M. Eisenhauer

Member, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

(NCRP) Task Group on Atomic Bomb Survivor Dosimetry.

57
Division 532, Technical and Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (Cont'd)

Charles M. Eisenhauer

Member, President's Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island,

Dosimetry Task Group.

Member, ASTM Subcommittee E10.05 on Nuclear Radiation Metrology.

Everett G. Fuller

Member, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

(NCRP), Scientific Committee 60, Neutrons from Medical Accelerators.

Leon J. Goodman

Consultant, American Association of Physicists in Medicine, Task

Group 18: Fast Neutron Beam Dosimetry Physics.

Member, International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Committee on Clinical Dosimetry for Neutrons.

James A. Grundl

Member, Organizing Committee for Fourth ASTM-EURATOM Symposium on Reactor Dosimetry, NBS, March 1982.

Co-chairman, Steering Committee for Developing ASTM Standards for

Reactor Pressure Vessel Irradiation Surveillance.

Member, ASTM Subcommittee El 0.05 on Nuclear Radiation Metrology.

Member, Organizing Committee for National Council on Radiation

Protection and Measurements (NCRP) Symposium on Radiation Exposure

Control, April 1981.

Evans V. Hayward

Member, Maryland Governor's Science Advisory Council.

Member, Argonne Universities Association Special Committee for the

Medium Energy Electron Accelerator Facility.

Member, Board of Directors of the Southeastern Universities Research

Association

.

Member, The Nominating Committee of The American Physical Society.

58
Division 532, Technical and Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (Cont'd)

Dale D. Hoppes

Member, International Committee for Radionuclide Metrology (ICRM)

Work Group on Alpha-, Beta-, and Gamma-Ray Spectrometry Group.

Member, Atomic Industrial Forum (AIF)-NBS Standards Program Committee,

Standards Steering Committee.

Member, International Committee of Weights and Measures (BIPM),

Consultative Committee on Standards for Measuring Ionizing Radiations,

Subcommittee Section II: Radionuclide Measurements.

J. M. Robin Hutchinson

Chairman, International Committee for Radionuclide Metrology (ICRM)

Subcommittee on Low-Level Techniques.

Member, American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Committee on Nuclear Instruments and Detectors.

Secretary, ANSI Subcommittee N42.2 on Procedural Standards for Calibration of Detectors for Radioactivity Measurements.

Kenneth G. W. Inn

Member, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Committee

C26.05 Environmental Methods Task Group on Nuclear Fuel Cycle.

George Lamaze

Secretary, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM),

Subcommittee E10.05, Nuclear Radiation Metrology.

0. W. Lightbody, Jr.

Chairman, 1982 Gordon Research Conference on Photonuclear Reactions.

Member, Scientific Advisory Committee to Southeastern Universities

Research Association.

Wilfrid B. Mann

Member, Executive Board, International Committee for Radionuclide

Metrology

59
Division 532, Technical and Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (Cont'd)

Wilfrid B. Mann (Cont'd)

Consultant, International Commission on Radiation Units and

Measurements (ICRU).

Member, DoE Half-Life Evaluation Committee for Pu Isotopes Physical

Constants

.

Member, American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Institute of

Nuclear Materials Management (INMM) Committee on Methods of Nuclear

Material Control

.

Member, ANSI-INMM Subcommittee N15.8 on Calibration Techniques for

Nuclear Material Control.

Member, ANSI-INMM Work Group INMM8.04 on Calibration Techniques for

Calorimetric Assay of Plutonium-Bearing Solids.

Chairman, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

(NCRP) Committee 18A on Standards and Measurement of Radioactivity

for Radiological Use.

Emmert D. Me Garry

Member, Organizing Committee for the Fourth ASTM-EURATOM Symposium

on Reactor Dosimetry, NBS, March 1982.

Member, Steering Committee for Developing ASTM Standards for Reactor

Pressure Vessel Irradiation Surveillance.

Member, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Committee

on Nuclear Applications and Measurement of Radiation Effects.

Member, Review Committee on Energy Deposition in Fuel Rods During

Power Facility RIA Testing.

Member, ASTM Subcommittee El 0.05 on Nuclear Radiation Metrology.

Sydney Meshkov

Trustee and General Consultant, Aspen Center for Physics. Actively

participated in running the center during the summer months.

Organized the Program for the High Energy Conference at the Center

for Theoretical Studies at the University of Miami.

60
Division 532, Technical and Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership, (Cont'd)

Sydney Meshkov (Cont'd)

Member, Advisory Board for the Summer Physics Center to be established

by the University of Delaware at Lewes, Delaware.

J. S. O'Connell

Member, Nuclear Science Advisory Committee to NSF and DoE.

Francis J. Schima

Vice-Chairman, Washington Area Data General Computer Users Group.

Robert B. Schwartz

Member, International Standards Organization (ISO) Technical

Committee on Nuclear Energy (ISO/TC 85).

Member, ISO Subcommittee 2 on Radiation Protection.

Member, ISO Work Group 3 on Neutron Reference Radiations.

Michael P. Unterweger

Member, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Committee

D-22 on Methods for Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres.

61
MAJOR CONSULTING AND ADVISORY SERVICES

Division, 532, Nuclear Radiation

1. J. W. Behrens advised the Oak Ridge National Laboratory on the

preparation of large fission deposits for the Clinch River

Breeder Reactor Program.

2. C. D. Bowman advised the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory on Y-ray laser devices and on neutron measurement methods.

3. C. D. Bowman reviewed laser concepts for the Los Alamos

National Laboratory and advised on the implementation of neutrons

for materials science studies using the WNR.

4. C. D. Bowman consulted with the Hanford Engineering Development

Laboratory, Richland, Washington, on the nondestructive analysis

of spent fuel from the FFTF.

5. C. D. Bowman advised the Electric Power Research Institute on the

nondestructive assay of spent power reactor fuel

.

6. A. D. Carlson organized the national Department of Energy effort

for evaluation of measurements on neutron cross section standards.

7. J. J. Coyne advised the ICRU Report Committee on Microdosimetry and

prepared and completed a final draft of the report for submission

to the Commission.

8. M. Danos served as advisor and scientific consultant to the Chief

of Nuclear Physics at Saclay, France.

9. C. M. Eisenhauer acted as a consultant to John Auxier of ORNL

concerning calculations of the T65 neutron and gamma doses assigned

to survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

10. C. M. Eisenhauer is participating in an American Nuclear Society

Standards Committee that is reviewing published and unpublished

gamma ray buildup factors, including those generated at NBS, in

order to publish a set of recommended values for the nuclear

engineering community.

11. D. M. Gilliam oversaw performance characteristics for on-line,

one-shot fission rate experiments at the Fast Test Reactor,

Hanford Engineering Development Laboratory.

62
Division 532, Major Consulting and Advisory Services (Cont'd)

12. D. M. Gilliam and E. D. McGarry established blind test procedures

for SSTR fission detector test at Hanford Engineering Development

Laboratory.

13. D. M. Gilliam provided essential follow-up consultation for the

reduction of fission rate data taken during the Fast Test Reactor

experiments by Hanford Engineering Development Laboratory.

14. D. M. Gilliam consulted with U.S. Army Proving Ground, Aberdeen,

Maryland, to maintain operation of NBS fission chamber at the

Pulsed Reactor Facility.

15. D. M. Gilliam and R. Dallotore provided fission chamber operation

information for pilot effort to calibrate ^^^Cf/D20 Dosimeter

Calibrated Source at the University of Arkansas.

16. J. Grundl served as an advisor in program information for NCRP

Symposium on Radiation Exposure and Control in an Emergency.

17. G. Lamaze and D. M. Gilliam provided a neutron beam flux for the

Small -Angle Neutron Scattering Facility (SANS) at the NBS Reactor.

18. J. W. Lightbody, Jr. and X. K. Maruyama performed electron

scattering measurements to determine target composition for UCLA

Particle Physics Group.

19. L. C. Maximon is consultant to two groups in the Department of

Nuclear Physics at CEN, Saclay: The High Energy Nuclear Physics

Group which does electron nuclear scattering and the Metrology

and Fundamental Neutron Physics Group which does photo-nuclear

physics

20. E. D. McGarry served on a management group for a dosimetry

characterization program at the NRC pressure-vessel mock-up

facil ity

21. J. S. O'Connell performed neutrino-nucleus reaction cross section

calculations for the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Physics

Division.

22. R. A. Schrack advised the Brookhaven National Laboratory Safeguards staff on the nondestructive assay of spent commercial

reactor fuel .

23. I. G. Schroder tested track-etch thermometers applicable to thinfilm semi-conductor technology for Pennsylvania State University.

63
Division 532, Major Consulting and Advisory Services (Cont'd)

24. I. G. Schroder consulted on the design of the neutron beam system

for NBS depth-profiling initiative.

25. R. Schwartz is a primary program consultant for the DoE Personnel

Neutron Dosimeter Improvement Program.

26. R. Schwartz is consultant to ISO Committee TC85 concerned with a new Draft Standard on calibration of neutron dose equivalent meters,

ratemeters, and monitors.

27. W. Slater and D. M. Gilliam evaluated isotope mass of Np deposit

for Phoenix Memorial Laboratory, University of Michigan.

64
JOURNAL EDITORSHIPS

Division 532, Nuclear Radiation

B. M. Coursey, Editor, International Journal of Applied Radiation and

Isotopes

W. B. Mann, Editor, Environment International.

W. B. Mann, Editor, International Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Biology.

W. B. Mann, Editor-in-Chief for North America, International Journal of

Applied Radiation and Isotopes.
TRIPS SPONSORED BY OTHERS

Division 532 - Nuclear Radiation

C. D. Bowman, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, N.M. to

consult with staff on physics of neutron scattering, gamma-ray laser

development, neutron production with advanced accelerator technology,

September 14-19, 1981.

C. D. Bowman, University of Kentucky, to give a talk to Dept, of Physics

and Astronomy on inelastic scattering of eV neutrons, September 24-27,

1981

R. S. Caswell, Standards Laboratories in the People's Republic of China,

sponsored by NBS Director's Office, October 21 -November 11, 1980.

R. S. Caswell, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements,

Meeting of the Board of Directors, Provincetown, Massachusetts,

September 24-26, 1980.

R. S. Caswell, Symposium on Neutron Dosimetry, Munich, Germany sponsored

by the Commission of the European Communities, June 1-5, 1981; also

Annual Meeting of the International Commission on Radiation Units and

Measurements, Brussels, Belgium sponsored by ICRU, June 1 5-23, 1 981 .

R. S. Caswell, Consultative Committee for Measurement Standards for

Ionizing Radiations (CCEMRI), Paris, France sponsored by NBS Director's

Office, August 27-29, 1981.

R. S. Caswell, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements,

Meeting of the Board of Directors, Burlington, Vermont, August 19-20, 1981.

J. J. Coyne, Physikal isch-Technische Bundesanstal t (PTB) to give a talk

on "Kerma Factors for Neutrons in the Energy Region, 14 to 20 MeV,"

November 24, 1980; and Homburg/Saar Institut fur Biophysik, University

of Saarlands to give a talk on "Quality of Neutrons from Energy

Deposition Spectra," November 26, 1980. His expenses were paid in

part by the two institutions visited.

J. J. Coyne, Stockholm, Sweden to complete the first draft of a report

for the ICRU Report Committee on Microdosimetry , November 15-30, 1980.

M. Danos, Duke University, to give a lecture, "How do We Describe Nuclear

Forces in the Presence of Quarks?", October 1980.
Division 532, Trips Sponsored by Others (Cont'd)

M. Danos, Center for Nuclear Studies CCEN), Paris CSaclay), France, to

continue collaboration with Dr. V. Gillet and staff on relativistic

nuclear physics and discussions with experimentalists concerning medium

energy physics, February and May-July , 1 981

M. Danos, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Erlangen, W. Germany, to

have discussions on medium energy nuclear physics and on questions of

finite relativistic quantum field theory, November 1980.

M. Danos, Bologna, Italy, to act as a session chairman at the Workshop

on Nuclear Physics with Real and Virtual Photons, November 1980.

M. Danos, Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Frankfurt, W.

Germany, to discuss theory of weak interactions, heavy ion collisions

and field theory with Drs. Greiner, Rafelski, et. al . , December 1980.

C. Eisenhauer, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, to act as a consultant

to John Auxier regarding the T65 neutron and gamma doses assigned to

survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, May 10-12, 1981.

E. V. Hayward, LEP, Geneva, Switzerland, to attend workshop to discuss

the research possibilities of a photon beam at the large electron storage

ring, December 8-9, 1980.

E. V. Hayward, American Physical Society Nomination Committee Meeting,

Phoenix, Arizona, March 14-16, 1981.

E. V. Hayward, American Physical Society Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland,

April 20-23, 1981.

E. V. Hayward, SURA Search Committee, Blacksburg, Virginia, June 5-6,

1981 .

E. V. Hayward, Argonne Universities Association Special Committee for

the Medium Energy Electron Accelerator, Argonne, Illinois, July 27-29,

1981

D. D. Hoppes, scientific exchange program with Orszcigos M(^r^sdgyi

Hivatal , Budapest, Hungary, April 19-May 2, 1981.

G. Lamaze, ASTM Subcommittee E10.05 Meeting, Myrtle Beach, South

Carol ina, June 1981 .

J. W. Lightbody, Jr., Gordon Research Conferences Chairperson's

Orientation Meeting, New York, N.Y., February 28, 1981.

67
Division 532, Trips Sponsored by Others (Cont'd)

J. W. Lightbody, Jr., University de Montrdal , Montrdal , P.Q., Canada,

to attend Workshop on "Nuclear Physics with Electromagnetic Probes, 1980

and Beyond, in the Canadian Context," January 16-17, 1981.

W. B. Mann, at the invitation of the International Atomic Energy Agency,

Vienna, Austria, for consultations on the authorship by W. B. Mann of a proposed manual for use by the Network of Secondary Standard Dosimetry

Laboratories. This group of laboratories is sponsored by the IAEA and

the World Health Organization, May 5-10, 1981.

X. K. Maruyama, Bates Laboratory, Middleton, Mass., and the University

of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass., to work on collaborative research,

June 15-23 and September 11-21, 1981.

L. C. Maximon, Center for Nuclear Studies (CEN), Paris (Saclay), France,

to act as consultant to the High Energy Nuclear Physics Group and the

Metrology and Fundamental Neutron Physics Group, July 1-August 3, 1981.

J. S. O'Connell, Triangle Universities, Durham, N.C., to give invited

talk, April 10, 1981 .

J. S. O'Connell, MIT, Cambridge, Mass., for meeting and writing session

of the editorial board and writers panel on the report, "Future Directions

of Electromagnetic Nuclear Physics," to be submitted to DoE/NSF,

November 1-4, 1980.

J. S. O'Connell, Workshop on Neutrino Physics, Los Alamos Scientific

Laboratory, Los Alamos, N.M., June 7-10, 1981.

J. S. O'Connell, International School of Nuclear Physics at Intermediate

Energies, Verona, Italy, to give invited lectures, July 16-26, 1981.

J. S. O'Connell, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund, Sweden, to lecture

on Electron Scattering Coincidence Experiments at the Department of

Nuclear Physics, December 1-4, 1980.

J. S. O'Connell, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.Y., to give

invited talk, March 26, 1981.

R. B. Schwartz, Fourth Symposium on Neutron Dosimetry, Munich, Germany,

June 1 981

68
STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS

Division 532, Nuclear Radiation

Standards Issued -- 1 September 1980 through 31 August 1981

SRM Radionucl ide Principal Use

4410H-F Technetium-99m Calibration of instruments for

the activity of radiopharmaceuti

4402L-C Tin-113 cals

4407L-F Iodine-1 25 II

4408L-C Cobalt-57 II

4401 L-G Iodine-1 31 It

4412L-F Molybdenum-99 II

441 5L-E Xenon-1 33 II

4404L-D Thai lium-201 II

4400L-D Chromi urn- 51 II

4409L-D Seleni um-75 II

4309-E Xenon-1 27 Calibration of instruments

monitoring reactor off-gases

4307-F Xenon-133 II

4275 Mixed radionuclide Calibration of the efficiency of

germanium gamma-ray or x-ray

4276 ii II spectrometry systems as a function

of energy

4266 Vanadi um-49 II

4206-C Thorium-228/Thallium-208 II

4209-C Yttri um-88 II

4999-F Ceri um-1 39 II

69
Division 532, Technical Activities (Cont'd)

SRM

4338

4361

Radionucl ide Principal Use

Plutonium- 240 Calibration of instruments

measuring the activity of

plutonium-240 in the nuclear

power cycle

Hydrogen3

Standard for monitoring tritium

in water

I

70
CALIBRATION SERVICES PERFORMED

Division 532, Nuclear Radiation

Type of Service Customer SP 250

No. of

Cal i b

or Tests

Income

k$

Alpha-Particle Sources Military, nuclear

power

8.2 H,I,J 25 9.5

Beta-Particle Sources Commercial standards suppliers,

nuclear power

8.2 P,Q,R 4 2.2

Gamma-Ray Sources Commercial standards suppliers,

medical users,

nuclear power

8.2 C,D 8 2.8

Gamma-Ray Sources Commercial standards suppliers,

medical users,

nuclear power

N.A. 42 23.6

Neutron Source Calib. DOE 8.1 B 3 1 .38

Neutron Source Calib. Univ. of Michigan 8.1 B 2 1 .36

Neutron Source Calib. Univ. of Cal if. 8.1 B 1 .68

Irradiation of dosimeters in thermal

neutron density std.

Dept, of Army 8.1 P 4 1 .1

Irradiation of sulfur

pellets at Cf-252

standard neutron

field

Dept, of Army 8.1 P 1 .34

Reactor pressure

vessel irradiation

surveillance dosimetry

improvement

NRC N.A. 44 .90

71
Division 532 Calibration Services Performed (Cont

Type of Service

Reactor Materials

Dosimetry

Standardization

Isotopic Fission Rate

Measurements

Remmeter Calibration

Dosimeter Calibration

Remmeter Calibration

Dosimeter Calibration

Dosimeter Calibration

Dosimeter Calibration

Remmeter Calibration

Dosimeter Calibration

Dosimeter Calibration

Remmeter Calibration

Remmeter Calibration

Fission Chamber Calib.

Customer SP 250

DOE N .A.

HEDL N./L

(DOE Contractor)

Balto. Gas & 8.1 A

El ectric

E6&G, Idaho Falls 8.1 H

Carolina Power 8.1 A

& Light

DOE N.i\.

Siemens 8.1 H Gammasonics

Univ . of Okl ahoma 8.1 H

Philadelphia Elec. 8.1 A

Metro pol i tan 8.1 H Edison

Philadelphia Elec. 8.1 H

Duquesne Electric 8.1 A

Triangle Resource 8.1 A

Industries

Gamma-Metrics 8.1 A

No . of

Cal i b

or Tests

Income

k$

18 .7

17 .3

15 1 .05

120 .40

3 .40

914 70.00

18 .80

3 .40

2 .20

80 .40

5 .20

1 .20

2 .40

1 .20

1 ,333 119.51

- August 1 , 1 981

Total

This summary is for the time period August 1, 1980

72
TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

Division 533, Radiation Physics

Introduction

The Radiation Physics Division consists of five groups,

• Radiation Theory (Non-Nuclear; M. J. Berger)

t Dosimetry (Photons, Electrons; R. Loevinger)

t X-Ray Physics (J. Motz)

• Vacuum Ultra-Violet Physics (includes the SURF II program;

R. Madden)

• Electron Physics (R. Celotta)

The first three groups are largely concerned with radiation energies

above about 10 keV, while the last two groups focus on lower, usually

much lower energies.

The functional statement for the Division identifies the following

types of activity:

f Provides the central national basis for the system of measure- ments of electron and photon radiation;

• develops advanced electron- and photon-based measurement

standards and techniques;

• studies and measures the fundamental mechanisms by which

electrons, photons, and other radiations transfer energy to

gaseous and solid materials, and are transported in them;

• develops, operates, and maintains well -characterized sources of electrons and photons;

• establishes, verifies, and disseminates ultraviolet, x-ray and

electron standards, calibrations and services for medical,

industrial, and government users for applications in fields

such as radiography, radiation protection and therapy, and

fusion plasma diagnostics;

• maintains and acquires new competence, such as the development

of new sources of positrons and polarized electrons for the

investigation and measurement of the electronic structure of

atoms, molecules, and solids.

As can be seen from the reports below, all of the groups in the

Division have been active and productive.

73
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

RADIATION THEORY GROUP

Photon Cross Sections

Photon attenuation and energy-absorption coefficients are required

in a wide variety of industrial, medical, and scientific applications.

An updated and improved tabulation has recently been completed that

contains pair, triplet, and total atomic cross sections for the elements

Z = 1 to 100, for photon energies from 1 MeV to 100 GeV. In this work,

pair and triplet production cross sections were obtained from Bornapproximation calculations, without the high-energy approximation, using

atomic form factors and incoherent scattering functions data recently

compiled by the NBS Theory Group. The new tables remove discrepancies

of as much as 4% between earlier calculations and recent high-precision

total absorption measurements in the photonuclear giant dipole resonance region (5 to 30 MeV). This work, by Hubbell, Gimm, and 0verb0, has

recently been published in the J. of Phys. Chem. Ref. Data.

An interim set of new low-energy attenuation coefficient tables for

the energy region 1 keV to 1 MeV has been compiled, using theoretical

photoeffect cross sections of Scofield (Livermore), in which the electrons are treated relativistically, with use of a Hartree-Slater central

potential, and with use of subshell renormalization factors (for Z = 1 to 54) from relativistic Hartree-Fock calculations. Cross sections for some low-Z elements (C,N,0,Ar) important in biomedical dosimetry applications, have been further adjusted below 10 keV using available measured

attenuation data.

Serious discrepancies (up to 5%) persist among the measured photon

attenuation coefficients below 10 keV. A task group of the International

Union of Crystallography, with Hubbell of NBS a key participant, is

engaged in an effort to resolve these discrepancies by further measure- ments and theoretical analysis.

The experimental data file on x-ray attenuation data, previously

kept on hand-written index cards, has been computerized. This involved

approximately 500 papers, 1500 data sets and 20,000 data points. The

data have been converted to a standard format and made available in a data-base stored locally in a microprocessor and on the NBS central

computing facility (Gerstenberg, Nguyen).

Electron Dosimetry

As a contribution to radiation treatment planning in cancer therapy,

a superposition method has been developed for calculating the spatial

distribution of absorbed dose in a water medium irradiated by highenergy electron beams. According to this method, the electron beam of

interest is treated as a superposition of narrow-pencil beams, and the

74
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

absorbed-dose distribution from the beam is obtained by a corresponding

summation over the elementary absorbed-dose distributions from narrowpencil beams. Extensive Monte Carlo calculations have been carried out

to obtain the required elementary three-dimensional absorbed dose distri

butions from monoenergetic narrow-pencil beams with energies between

60 MeV and 1 MeV. Such data have been obtained for a water target (with

a view toward biomedical applications) but also for aluminum and copper

media (with a view toward radiation damage analysis).

Preliminary applications of the superposition method have been made

to determine central -axis depth dose curves, radial dose distributions

and isodose patterns in water phantoms irradiated with electron beams

with circular cross sections, for various field sizes. These results

have been presented at an Electron Dosimetry and Arc Therapy Symposium,

U. of Wisconsin, Madison, September 1981 (Berger and Seltzer).

The measurement of absorbed-dose distributions with air-filled

ionization chambers requires ionization-to-dose conversion factors,

which are proportional to medium-to-air stopping-power ratios, suitably

averaged over the electron flux spectrum at the point of measurement.

These stopping-power ratios depend sensitively on the density-effect

correction to the stopping power for the dense medium (water, graphite,

polystyrene, PMMA, etc.). New and improved theoretical information on the density effect correction has led to revisions, which in turn result

in a modification of previously calculated stopping-power ratios, by

amounts ranging up to 1%. The result is that the calculated stoppingpower ratios no longer agree as well as earlier calculations with

experimental stopping-power ratios based on the intercomparison of

ionization chamber and calorimeter or ferrous sulfate dosimeter data,

for the case of irradiation by high-energy electron beams. It appears,

however, that there may be 1-2% uncertainties in the calibrations of the

detectors used in the experiments, so that the discrepancies are within

the combined limits of experimental and theoretical uncertainty (Berger)

Dosimetry Data

In biomedical and industrial radiation dosimetry, one must have

accurate information about the interaction of photons and charged

particles with a large number of compounds. In order to supply some of

the needed information, three contributions have been prepared by the

Radiation Theory Group for inclusion in a special issue of the International Journal of Isotopes and Applied Radiation, which will also be

issued separately in book form.

The first contribution pertains to the evaluation of the collision

stopping power for electrons, and gives tables of material properties

and auxiliary quantities from which the collision stopping power can be

evaluated quickly with only a minimal amount of further arithmetic. The

key quantity tabulated is the mean excitation energy, which has been

75
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

determined from a critical analysis of all available stopping-power

data, oscillator strength distributions and dielectric response functions.

Material data have been supplied for almost 200 compounds and mixtures,

and rules are given for estimating the data for other materials (Seltzer

and Berger).

The second contribution gives a procedure for calculating the

radiation stopping power of electrons. It is based on the latest theories

of bremsstrahlung production, and on a new interpolation procedure

connection available theories in the low-energy region (below 2 MeV),

and in the high-energy region (above 50 MeV). The radiation stopping

powers in the energy region from 1 keV to 10 GeV have been fitted by a nine-parameter approximation formula. These parameters depend on the

atomic number Z, are given for all Z from 1 to 100, and can readily

be applied to compounds via a Bragg additivity rule (Seltzer and Berger).

The third contribution pertains to mass attenuation and energy

absorption coefficients for photons in the energy region from 1 keV to

20 MeV, which have been tabulated for 40 elements and for 45 mixtures

and compounds of interest in dosimetry (Hubbell).

Civil Defense Shielding

A 967-page book, entitled "Structure Shielding Against Fallout

Gamma Rays from Nuclear Detonations" has been published by L. V. Spencer

A. B. Chilton, and C. M. Eisenhauer as NBS Special Publication 570

(1980). This book summarized the research and development carried out

at NBS and elsewhere during the past 20 years to evaluate protection

against gamma radiation from nuclear fallout by existing or planned

structures. Measurements and calculational procedures are described for

elementary as well as complex structures.

The book is written so as to serve several functions: 1 ) as a reference for engineering students, 2) as a reference and source book of

ideas for engineers engaged in research and development on radiation

protection, 3) as a basic reference for architects and engineers con- cerned with the design of buildings with protective features, and 4) as

a reference handbook for government officials responsible for protection

of the civilian population in nuclear emergencies.

The book is organized into twelve chapters, as follows: Historical

introduction; physical and biological aspects of the fallout phenomenon;

elementary concepts of photon transport; transport problems and shielding

concepts; penetration data for shielding applications; free-field experiments; shielding analysis for simple structures in an idealized field;

experimental data on simple blockhouses; shielding analysis for complex

situations; experimental data on complex structures; problems in the

application of the fallout shielding methodology; shelter programs and

systems. Appendices give mathematical background, penetration data for

cobalt-60 and cesium-137 gamma rays, and charts from the Office of Civil

Defense method of fallout gamma radiation shielding analysis.

76
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

Molecular Ionization and Fragmentation

An invited critical review w|s prepared covering all aspects of the

dynamic behavior of excited CeHe ions, including isomerization and

structural stability, location of excited electronic states, fragmentation mechanisms, kinetics and energetics, and radiative processes. It

turns out that this comprehensive discussion will be useful in understanding new experimental results on multiphoton ionization and fragmentation (Rosenstock, Dannacher, Liebman).

A new systematic approach to estimation of thermochemical properties

of gaseous neutral and ionized molecules was developed and applied to

acyclic strainless hydrocarbon and C,H,0, compounds. Ionization

energies of 31 compounds have been measured by threshold photoelectron

spectroscopy, and will be used in preparing a comprehensive review of

reference and estimated ion energetics of the classes of compounds

(Liebman, Rosenstock, Buff, Parr, Stockbauer).

A precise benchmark value of the absolute proton affinity of

propylene has been determined by threshold photoelectron-photoion coincidence mass spectrometry (Rosenstock, Buff, Parr, Ferreira, Lias, Stockbauer, Holmes).

A new class of slow fragmentation processes has been discovered in

normal and isopropyl bromide and iodide ions. The processes involve

slow decomposition of essentially vibrationless propyl halide ions

formed in the upper component of the ion spin-orbit doublet state.

A preliminary theoretical study of polyatomic Franck-Condon envelopes

has been carried out. With suitable approximations a number of interesting relationships between bandwidths, maximum quantum number and

adiabatic ionization energy can be derived.

The lowest energy fragmentation process of iodobenzene cation has

been carefully investigated using the two different versions of the

electron-ion coincidence experiment. The complementary character of the

NBS- and the Basel -experiment allows a detailed and accurate study of a dissociation process employing data from independent sources, which can serve as a reference point for related experimental and theoretical work

(Dannacher, Buff, Parr, Rosenstock).

Coincidence data have been obtained for two C 4 H 6 isomers (1,3-butadiene and the commercially nonavailable bicyclobutane), again with both

the NBS and Basel coincidence machines (Dannacher, Rosenstock).

77
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

Microdosimetry

A paper entitled "On the Spatial Correlation of Ionization Events

in Water" by M. 0. Berger has been presented at the Vllth Symposium on Microdosimetry and published in the proceedings (Harwood Academic

Publishers for the Commission of the European Communities, 1980).

This paper introduces the concept of a restricted ionization yield

which is defined as the number of ionizations per 100 eV which are preceded by another ionization on the track within a given distance s. For large values of s the restricted ionization yield goes over into

the usual total ionization yield. Restricted ionization yields have

been computed for a water-vapor medium irradiated with monoenergetic

electrons, beta particles, x rays and cobalt-60 gamma rays. Whereas

the total ionization yield is almost the same for various low-LET

radiations, the restricted yield is found to depend markedly on the

radiation quality. For small and moderate separation distances it can become almost 2 times larger for 1-keV electrons than for 1-MeV

electrons, and 1.5 times larger for low-energy x rays and tritium beta

rays than for cobalt-60 gamma rays. These yield ratios are consistent

with observed differences in radiobiological effectiveness between

various low-LET radiations.

The best available cross sections for the electron-impact

ionization, excitation, and dissociation of water molecules have been

used for the Monte Carlo simulation of ionization cascades in water

vapor. These calculations follow all generations of secondary electrons

in a water- vapor medium irradiated with electrons with energies

ranging from 1 MeV down to 12.6 eV (ionization threshold).

Three kinds of results have been obtained: (a) the mean number of

ionization events in the cascade, n(TQ), resulting from the release

of a single electron of initial kinetic energy Tq; (b) fluctuations of

the number of ionizations, expressed in terms of the Fano factor

f = n^ (TQ)/n(TQ) ; (c) the probability distribution P(n), i.e., the

probability that the release of a single electron of energy T will

give rise to 0,1 ,2, . . . ,n, . . . ionization events (Berger).

Germani um-Detector Spectrometry

Intrinsic Ge detectors are the most accurate devices currently

available for the measurement of x-ray spectra. The pulse-height distributions recorded by such detectors must be converted into actual photon

spectra, taking into account the detector efficiency and the escape of

energy from the detector. Based on extensive Monte Carlo calculations,

a semi -analytical method has been developed for generating response

functions for intrinsic Ge detectors of any size commonly used. This

work has been written up in a paper in Nuclear Instruments and Methods

(in press) by S. M. Seltzer.

78
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

Intrinsic Ge detectors are currently being used by the NBS Dosimetry

Group to measure the spectral output of the NBS x-ray machines whose

beams are used for the calibration of dosimeters and other detectors. A

large series of such spectral measurements has been converted from

pulse-height distributions to x-ray spectra.

DOSIMETRY GROUP

Use of ionizing radiation is becoming ever more widespread in

modern society. The intentional exposure of humans can be purposive

(medical) or incidental (occupational), but both require close control

in order to ensure that the radiation is efficacious in the one case,

and harmless in the other. Such control can only be achieved with

reliable measurement. With the increased use, and the improved knowledge of radiation effects, the need for more accurate and more precise

measurements is constantly increasing and taking new forms. The measurement of ionizing radiation for the purpose of controlling a radiation

effect falls in the field of radiation dosimetry. The Dosimetry Group

has then the responsibility of providing a reliable and up-to-date basis

for the radiation dosimetry of ionizing radiation, principally in medicine and radiation protection. This program involves establishment and

maintenance of the national primary dosimetry standards, dissemination

of the units established by those standards by means of calibration

services and measurement quality assurance programs, other measurement

assurance activities to test whether measurements by radiation users are

in adequate agreement with NBS standards, research and development of

measurement technology as necessary for any part of the program, and

participation in the relevant national and international activities of

the community of radiation users.

Calibration and Measurement Assurance Services

Overall calibration activity this year has been about the same as the preceding year. The Dosimetry Group issued approximately 190

calibration reports during FY 81. This number covers calibration of

instruments for measurement of exposure and absorbed dose, irradiation

of thermoluminescence dosimeters, calibration of gamma-ray brachytherapy

sources, and calibration of beta-particle sources and applicators. The

number cited is the number of formal, serially numbered reports issued.

These reports contain one or more, and sometimes many, calibration

points. Calibrations performed on other-agency contracts, for which

numbered reports were not issued, are not included.

Measurement quality assurance audits have been carried out for the

three regional calibration laboratories of the American Association of

Physicists in Medicine, for five Department of Defense radiation instrument calibration laboratories, and for the Bureau of Radiological Health.

79
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

Suitable instruments are calibrated at NBS, circulated for calibration

at the laboratory being audited, and then returned to NBS for a final

check. The audit consists of comparing the calibration reported by the

laboratory with the calibration established by NBS. A constancy-check

method for the instrument being circulated has been developed, whereby

redundant chambers are circulated along with sufficient information to

allow the laboratory to verify the constancy of the instrument. This

constancy check allows the instrument to be circulated to several

laboratories before being returned to NBS for remeasurement. This work

is part of a program to establish measurement traceability to NBS dosimetry standards in place of instrument traceability, for the intermediate-level dosimetry calibration laboratories.

A 300-kV x-ray generator has been purchased to replace the obsolete

250-kV generator that has provided NBS standard x-ray beams for more

than 30 years. The new generator will include circuits that allow

computer control. The facilities necessary for the new generator have

been provided, and delivery and installation are expected early in FY

82. Because the properties of the new standard photon beams must be

determined with great care, the changeover will require a downtime of

many months.

About a dozen radiation-protection survey instruments have been

calibrated and evaluated for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the

Navy, using photon beams with energies from about 40 to 660 keV. The

low radiation levels required development of some special measurement

techniques and made necessary some changes in the NBS standard photon

beams

.

The program to update the automatic acquisition and reduction of

calibration data has continued, with further improvement in the efficiency of operation. Calibration data are now stored in the floppy disk

memory of a dedicated minicomputer, edited as necessary, and transmitted

via a dedicated telephone line to the NBS central computer. The final

report is processed in the central computer and is printed out on a terminal in the Radiation Physics Building.

In collaboration with the 3M Company, work has been carried out to

provide an exposure calibration service for the radionuclide iodine-125.

3M has provided groups of sources in the form of titanium-clad seeds and

these have been measured using one of the NBS standard free-air chambers.

The calibration data is transferred to a re-entrant ionization chamber

for routine calibration. The initial group of seeds was found to exhibit

geotropic variability as great as 10 percent. A newly designed seed has

been developed by 3M, which minimizes the geotropic problem and appears

to make possible establishment of a standard with satisfactory accuracy

of a few percent.

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Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

Calorimetry

The NBS graphite calorimeter has served as a highly successful

standard of absorbed dose, and in previous fiscal years it has strongly

influenced absorbed dose calorimetry in national standards laboratories

and other institutions in Belgium, Canada, France, Holland, United

Kingdom, and South Africa. The interest has continued during FY 81.

The International Atomic Energy Agency, the Austrian standards laboratory in Vienna, and the Hungarian standards laboratory in Budapest, have

finished construction of graphite calorimeters using the NBS design, and

S. R. Domen has been invited to Vienna and Budapest early in FY 82 to

assist them in proper operation of their calorimeters as absorbed dose

standards. A representative of the South African standards laboratory

visited NBS to confer on details of construction and operation, and

another visitor from South Africa is expected early in FY 82. Detailed

drawings of the graphite calorimeter were sent to the standards laboratory of the Peoples Republic of China at Beijing, and their calorimeter

is already under construction. There have been expressions of similar

interest from the U.S.S.R. and the G.D.R.

During FY 81 the focus of NBS calorimetry activities in dosimetry

has been the water calorimeter. This instrument makes use of the low

thermal diffusivity of water and the electrical isolation provided by

thin polyethylene sheets to measure the temperature rise directly in

water with very small thermistors. The work has been performed using a cobalt-60 gamma-ray beam and a 30-cm cubical phantom. Thermal drifts in

the water are controlled by changing small currents between electrodes

on opposite sides of the water tank, which is thermally isolated.

Extensive theoretical and experimental studies have been carried out to

determine the reliability and precision of the instrument. At a dose

rate of about 1 Gy/mi n (100 rad/mi n) the standard deviation of a single

3-min measurement is about 0.6 percent. The measured, apparent absorbed

dose represents a temperature rise due to the energy imparted by the

beam plus the energy due to endothermic or exothermic reactions. The

absorbed dose rate measured in distilled water is independent of agitation by oxygen or very pure nitrogen, and is about 3.5 percent higher

than the rate calculated from measurements with the graphite calorimeter

at the same position in the cobalt-60 beam. Less pure water gives a rate about 0.5 percent lower. Measurements have been made as a function

of dose using various solutes, and in general the initial apparent dose

rate may be a few percent higher or lower than the stable dose rate

arrived at after a few tens of grays (kilorads). Some of these results

with solutes are influenced by agitation with oxygen or pure nitrogen.

The initial studies of the water calorimeter are considered completed,

and a manuscript has been prepared for submission to the NBS Journal of

Research. It is concluded that the water calorimeter is a stable and

reliable instrument with adequate sensitivity for many uses in radiation

therapy and radiation biology, but that it cannot be used as an NBS

standard until further studies either remove or explain the difference

that has been observed between the water calorimeter and the graphite

calorimeter in the NBS cobalt-60 gamma-ray beam.

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Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

There has been considerable interest outside NBS in the water calorimeter. Since it is considerably easier to construct and operate than

the graphite calorimeter, water calorimeters modeled on the NBS instrument are already in operation at the M. D. Anderson Hospital in Houston

and at the Yale University School of Medicine, and are under construction

at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston and at the University of

Edinburgh in Scotland. It is expected that an instrument will soon be

under construction at the Calgary Cancer Center in Canada. In addition

to other institutions in the U.S., interest has been expressed at standards laboratories and other research institutions in Austria, Egypt,

Hungary, Thailand, the U.K., and others. During FY 81 S. R. Domen has

been invited to talk on the water calorimeter at the National Research

Council in Ottawa, at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, and

at the University of Wi sons in Medical School in Madison.

Thermoluminescence Dosimetry

The study of the feasibility of a thermoluminescence dosimetry

(TLD) system to survey radiation therapy dosimetry of high-energy electron

beams was completed. Depth versus TL response was determined in water

and polystyrene phantoms in the NBS cobalt-60 gamma-ray beam, and in

electron beams with energies of 7, 11, 15, and 18 MeV, at the National

Cancer Institute and at Georgetown University Hospital. Absorbed dose was determined with a calibrated ionization chamber at the depth of peak

TLD response. Random uncertainty in the data was of the order of ±1

percent. In the water phantom, the ratio of TLD response per unit of

absorbed dose to water for high-energy electrons and for cobalt-60 gamma

radiation showed the usual trend with electron energy, a decrease from

about 0.99 to 0.97 for electron energies from 7 to 18 MeV. No trend was observed in the polystyrene phantom, where the ratio was about 0.95

±0.01 over the entire electron-energy range. It is concluded that the

proposed system is well suited for radiation therapy dosimetry surveys

for electron energies at least up to 18 MeV. Once the relationship

between the response to high-energy electrons and cobalt-60 gamma radiation has been established, a calibration of the system with the cobalt60 gamma radiation is sufficient.

Some progress has been made on the study of neutron dosimetry using

thermoluminescence. Preliminary irradiations were performed in the 144-

keV scanned neutron beam and a cobalt-60 gamma-ray beam, for both ^LiF

and ^LiF bare extruded thermoluminescence dosimeters. Glow curves were

then obtained with a hot-plate reader rather than a hot nitrogen reader,

because the hot-plate reader allows wide variations in heating rate and

maximum readout temperature, while it is difficult to vary these parameters in the hot nitrogen reader. The difference observed in the shape

of the resulting glow curves was marginally significant. A new power

supply was constructed for the heater to give a more nearly linear and

reproducible heating ramp. Operating parameters have been optimized,

and the neutron irradiation will be repeated.

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Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

Radiation Protection

Since most photon measurements for radiation protection are performed in terms of exposure in air, it is necessary to have agreed-on

conversion factors for obtaining absorbed dose to tissue. No recom- mendations for such factors exist at present. M. Ehrlich is chairman of

a working group of the Health Physics Society that is writing a standard

on performance testing of the suppliers of personnel dosimetry services.

In this capacity, she was invited to attend a seminar on radiation protection quantities (including conversion factors) organized by the

Commission of European Communities in collaboration with several European centers active in radiation protection, to report on the problems

encountered in her working group. Later, after the working group had

chosen a set of photon conversion factors for the standard, she prepared

a detailed summary of recent experimental and theoretical conversion

factors to explain and justify the choice of the working group. This

summary will appear as an appendix to the standard, and has been separately submitted elsewhere for publication.

Fricke Chemical Dosimetry

The chemical dosimeter service for comparing high-energy electron

dosimetry performance in medical therapy departments has been provided

twice during FY 81, each time with about 30 participants, including some from Canada. The inclusion of Canadian participants has resulted from

temporary suspension of a similar service by the National Research

Council of Canada. The new unit for automatic sealing of spectrophotometer cells and glass vials was found to be in need of some redesigning, and is now performing satisfactorily. A set of reusable spectrophotometer cells with graded quartz-to-glass seals is being procured for

the study of the deaerated Fricke dosimeter system. If the system turns

out to be sufficiently stable, it will be proposed for production as an SRM.

NBS participated in an international comparison of Fricke chemical

dosimetry conducted under the auspices of the BIPM by Section I of

CCEMRI. This comparison was in two phases, a spectrophotometry check

using NBS acid dichromate standard reference material, and preparation

of Fricke dosimeters for irradiation at the BIPM and subsequent readout

and dose interpretation at each national laboratory. In the first part,

NBS results indicated a correction of at most 0.001 at the optical

density (0.3) used for Fricke dosimetry, which is considered satisfactory.

For the second part, the NBS value of absorbed dose to water in the

cobalt-60 gamma-ray beam differed by 2.6 percent from that calculated,

again considered a satisfactory result in view of the quite different

irradiation geometries and methods of calculation used at different

national laboratories.

83
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

X-RAY PHYSICS GROUP

The X-Ray Physics program has been involved with problems arising

out of the utilization of x rays in technological applications including

medical and industrial radiology, radiation processing of materials and

food, hot plasma nuclear energy sources, and applications which are concerned with radiation protection.

Medical Radiography

In medical radiology, the X-Ray Physics Group program has been

concerned with a systematic examination of the transfer of image information through the individual components of an imaging system. This

program has provided an assessment of the image information transfer

efficiency for each component of a medical imaging system, and present

efforts are now being focused on the image recording media. Of particular

interest is the transfer of information from the intensifying screen to

the recording device. Since photographic film is at present the most

widely used image receptor, initial efforts are aimed at examining the

response and noise properties of a variety of film types to determine

whether significant improvements in image information transfer can be

achieved at lower exposures. In addition a program has been initiated

to develop a real-time imaging system for use in dental applications.

This system will provide multiple geometric views of the dentition and

surrounding tissue and will enable the diagnostician to detect caries

and septal bone deterioration using image processing techniques. It is

expected that this system will provide considerably enhanced diagnostic

ability at patient exposures less than those currently being delivered

in ordinary dental radiographs.

Industrial Radiology

In industrial radiography, the X-Ray Physics program is aimed at

improving and maintaining high quality industrial radiological systems

by developing suitable radiographic standards and standard procedures

for evaluating the performance of these systems for quality control. An

important part of this program is to carry out an analysis of existing

standards for measuring image quality and to help develop and recommend

an image quality indicator that can be used as an international standard.

Also, there is a continuing effort to provide standards for assessing x- ray equivalent penetrameter sensitivity. The ASTM standard E-746-80 for

evaluating image quality response of industrial x-ray film for 200 kV x- ray sources has been published, and studies are in progress to extend

this standard to higher energy x-ray sources. Round robin testing

demonstrated that previous test devices provided by NBS to cooperative

laboratories were unsuitable. New ones have been designed here and are now undergoing extensive testing around the country. In other activities,

contributions have been made to several ASTM documents, including a tutorial document on real-time radiography and drafts of proposed documents on x-ray film processing and storage. Also, studies are in progress

to provide suitable measurement standards for pipeline weld inspection.

84
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

In a parallel effort, measurements are underway to develop quasi-monoenergetic photon beams in the 100-300 keV range for the purpose of

evaluating the image information transfer properties of industrial

radiographic systems. Initial efforts will focus on the evaluation of

the transfer properties of the fluorescent, metallic, and fluoro-metall ic screens currently in use. In addition, a real-time radiography system

based on a state-of-the-art image processor is being developed to investigate the measurement difficulties associated with real-time imaging

which is becoming increasingly important in industrial evaluation. In a related quality assurance program for the Department of Defense, the

industrial radiological program provides an NBS staff member to monitor

and approve the procedures employed by industry to inspect the propulsion

units of large diameter missiles with high energy real-time radiological

systems.

Dosimetry for Industry and Defense

The high-dose calibration services have broadened considerably to

include the radiation-hardness testing industry and national laboratories.

These services have provided calibration of ^°Co irradiators and electron

beam accelerators used in the testing of electron devices and systems

employed in the missile systems of both DoD and NASA as well as other

systems used by national laboratories such as Sandia. Efforts continue

on the determination of complex photon spectra in various multilayer

materials irradiated by ^°Co and flash x-ray machines, and the effects

of these spectra on dose interpretations in multilayer semiconductor

devices. New dosimetry standards have been adopted within the American

Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) that should help the industrial

electronics facilities to maintain and improve their proficiency in

dosimetry measurements. These ASTM standards recently approved include

a method for calculation of absorbed dose in materials due to neutron

irradiation and measurement of electron beam fluence with a Faraday cup.

Nearing final approval is a calorimeter standard for use in flash x-ray

fields.

The standard service to radiation processing users has grown

considerably especially in the area of radiation sterilization of medical

suppliers. Some companies have reached 15 or 20 calibrations during the

four-year listing of this service and require regular calibration of

dosimeters as a means of quality control of the process and safe release

of medical products to the consumer. There is also the likelihood of an additional dimension to this service, with the recent disclosure in the

Federal Register, that there will be a relaxing of regulation in the use of ionizing radiation in the processing of foodstuffs. Dosimetry and

traceability of measurement to NBS standards will undoubtedly be the means of quality assurance in food irradiation as discussed by W.L.

McLaughlin at July 17 Workshop on Food Irradiation Processing at the

University of Maryland. Some of the most active participants in the

present high-dose calibration service are Isomedix, Inc., Ethicon, Inc.,

85
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

Neutron Products, Inc., Crown Zellerback, Buckeye Cellulose, Inc., Alza

Corp., Tremco, Inc., Monoject Division of Sherwood Medical, National

Semiconductor, Raychem Corp., Surigkos Division of Johnson and Johnson,

IBM Research Lab., Becton Dickinson Company, Energy Sciences, Inc.,

Lederle Laboratories, Baxter Travenol , Inc., Lawrence Livermore Labs.,

Sandia Corporation, Radiation Sterilizers, Inc., International Nutronics,

Inc. This NBS work was featured in the June 1981 issue of Medical

Device trade journal. Medical Device and Diagnostic Industry, in a 4-

page article entitled "Radiation Dosimetry" and written by Claude Anger.

Two new projects are being initiated relative to the high-dose

dosimetry research effort. One project supported by the Federal Emergency Management Agency began in FY81 , to investigate in detail the

response characteristics, kinetics, and mechanisms of some radiochromic

dyes in order to select a most stable, sensitive, and reproducible

chemical system, which can be developed into a suitable inexpensive

fiber optics dosimeter for use in civil defense and military operations.

The other project will begin in FY82 sponsored by Sandia Labs (DOE) to

make an experimental study of the response characteristics of several

key radiochromic film types, for electron and photon radiations.

Several areas of international cooperation have helped fertilize

development of the radiation measurement technology. McLaughlin supervised a Research Agreement with the IAEA on the measurement of dose

distribution in radiation processing, with results to be published as a part of proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Radiation

Processing of Plastics and Rubber. NBS-CRR continues to participate in an International Atomic Energy Agency Advisory Group on High Dose

Standardization. This involves dose intercomparison studies and roundrobin intercomparisons with 14 other national laboratories and industrial

radiation processing labs around the world (UK, Netherlands, Denmark,

Austria, India, France, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, Canada, Mexico,

Egypt, Argentina, West Germany). The result of the first phase of these

intercomparisons was published in 1981 by IAEA as a book (IAEA Technical

Report Series 205, edited by McLaughlin entitled "High Dose Measurements

in Industrial Radiation Processing." This international standardization

program with NBS particularly will continue until at least 1983 and

helps bring important measurement assurance on an international scale.

Another area of international cooperation during 1981 was a UNDP mission

by W.L. McLaughlin to the Egyptian National Center for Radiation Research

and Technology. The purpose of this technical mission was to assist

Egyptians in Cairo, in setting up a dosimetry program in their new 1.5

MeV electron beam industrial facility. There presently is a close

collaboration between NBS and NCRRT, with a plan for technical visits to

NBS from several of their scientists within the next three years, as NBS

guest workers. This cooperation involves also the visit (FY81) to NBS

of guest worker physicists from NCRRT of Egypt (Dr. Amin El-Behay and

Dr. Mustaffa Rageh). Another international collaboration of note was with the Institute of Physics and the Institute of Nuclear Energy of the

University of Mexico. Dosimetry developments include ESR techniques for

86
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

analyzing irradiated polymers and dye systems. Dr. Roberto M. Uribe of

NCRRT will visit NBS as a guest worker during 1982 to further develop

this method as a promising technique in practical radiation processing

applications. Some of the results of dosimetry collaboration were given

in the magazine R&D Mexico , July 1981, in an article entitled "Sterilizing

Pharmaceuticals with Errant Electrons."

An interesting new type of dosimeter has been developed in collaboration with the U.S. Army Electronics R&D Command, for use as an emergency

dosimeter. The new system is based on fibre optics and offers biological ly-relevant dose interpretations at dose levels encountered in

radiation accidents. U.S. patent has been applied for by McLaughlin

with an associated publication in press with Nuclear Instruments and

Methods. This work is generating much interest also in the areas of

environmental dosimetry, medical applications (diagnosis and therapy),

and personnel monitoring.

Another promising new dosimeter has been developed by McLaughlin

and Simic, involving solutions of blood by-products in the porphyrin

family (e.g., hemin). This is another biologically significant dosimeter

that should be expected to cover a broad range of radiation doses, with a response that does not vary with radiation energy or LET. A publication

is in press as part of the Proceedings of the International Symposium on Radiation Chemistry.

In the development of new systems for high-dose dosimetry, a collaboration of McLaughlin with Harry Levine, a chemist formerly with the

Bureau of Radiological Health, led to a promising new chemical dosimeter.

This new system is a tissue-equivalent (muscle, bone, fat, etc.) liquid

dosimeter for the measurement of doses in the range of 1 to 40,000 Gy.

This is the first broad-range chemical dosimeter having multi-uses in

radiation therapy, food preservation, radiation processing, etc., that

is capable of measuring absorbed doses in biological tissues from broad

photon and electron spectral radiations.

Radiation Chemistry

In a new NBS competence-building program, the X-Ray Physics Group

under the supervision of M. Simic, has developed new facilities for

radiation chemistry studies These facilities include:

1. A pulse radiolysis system has been designed and built in con- junction with the Febetron 705 pulsed electron accelerator. This provides

a new capability for kinetic absorption spectrophotometry with a time

resolution of 0.1 ys. The system is operational for analysis in the

220-700 nm region of the optical spectrum.

87
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

2. A pulsing conversion kit has been acquired for the 4 MeV van de

Graaff accelerator. This will permit pulse radiolysis to be performed

with single 4 to 5 MeV electron pulses, with a high degree of precision

and penetration in condensed matter.

3. An analytical lab consisting of a gas chromotograph, high

performance liquid chromatography and general instrumentation has been

established with the assistance of academic consultants and graduate

students (including Dr. Miral Dizdaroglu from the Univ. of MarylandBaltimore and Ewa Gajewski from American University).

Radiation effect studies in complex organic systems are underway

related to medical physics and chemistry, as well as food preservation.

The following specific radiation chemistry projects have begun:

1. Reactions of free radicals with vitamin E in micellar systems are leading to new theories of the physiological role of vitamin E in

nutrition and disease control.

2. General outlines of the radiation chemistry of DMSO were obtained indicating a major role of methyl radicals. Favorable conditions

were found for utilization of DMSO in fiber optics dosimetry.

Plasma X-Ray Calibration Facility

The low-energy x-ray calibration facility was developed to support

the radiometric measurement needs of the laboratories involved in the

development of nuclear energy fusion reactors. The facility presently

provides six steady state or pulsed x-ray line sources in the energy

range of from 0.3 to 8.0 keV which can be continously varied in flux

densities from 10^ x 10^° x rays per steradian per second. The estimated

accuracy of the x-ray line flux density measured by gas-flow proportional

counter is ± 1 %. The facility can and has been utilized for the calibration

of photoelectric diodes and other experimental detector systems. At the

present time, this facility will be maintained to provide the calibrations

described above as may be requested by the various laboratories involved

in nuclear fusion research.

88
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

FAR ULTRAVIOLET PHYSICS GROUP

Molecular Kinetics

The experimental program utilizing our high-flux normal-incidence

monochromator at SURF II continues to yield important results. This

instrument delivers up to 2 x 10^^ photons/s-A of monochromatic flux to

an experimental sample--higher than that reported by any other synchrotron radiation laboratory.

In the area of gas-phase photoionization, we have carried out

angle-resolved, vibrationally-resolved, variable-wavelength photoectron

spectroscopy on eight molecular systems. These studies investigate the

effects of resonance phenomena on the angular distribution parameters

and on the branching ratios in molecular photoionization. We have

found, for example, that in acetylene autoionization populates vibrational modes in the ground state of the ion that are not normally observed

in photoelectron spectroscopy. These modes are bending modes with

diminishingly small Franck-Condon probability for direct transition but

with significant intensity when populated via autoionization. A technique

called Constant Electron Energy Spectroscopy has been employed in the

acetylene study which involves analyzing electrons of a fixed kinetic

energy as a function of excitation wavelength. It will enable us to

obtain previously unavailable information about the photoionization

process: the effect of autoionization and the state of the remaining

ion as a function of electron excess energy. This area of study is

expected to be fruitful for the next several years. A new apparatus is

being constructed to carry out future gas phase photoionization experiments at higher resolution and efficiency. A photoelectron-photoion

coincidence experiment is being built which can also be used in this

apparatus. It will allow the measurement of breakdown curves for the

study of fragmentation of polyatomic molecules. This work is a collaboration between CCP, SURF staff, SURF fellows, Argonne National

Laboratory, and SURF guest workers. 10 papers, 3 invited talks.

Surface Science

We have also supported at SURF the establishment by the Surface

Science Division of CCP of an experimental capability to study adsorbed

molecules on surfaces. These studies use several SURF monochromators

and an ultrahigh vacuum system. Photon stimulated desorption of ions is

being studied to understand the desorption mechanism and energetics.

Variable wavelength ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy is also

utilized to characterize the surface species formed upon adsorption of

the molecules on a clean metal substrate. The adsorption of 0^, CO,

H^O, and methanol on niobium, titanium and gold has been studied over

tne 13-75 eV photon energy range. Both the high-flux normal-incidence

monochromator and a toroidal-grating monochromator were utilized. The

effort has led to one publication with six more on the way. The work of

SURF Fellow David Hanson has been chiefly responsible for the high

productivity. We also helped support guest worker, Anders Flodstrdm,

who assisted this project.

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Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

New High Energy Capability at SURF

The success of our programs utilizing the high-flux normal-incidence

monochromator has led us to proceed with the extension of our capabilities

to shorter wavelengths. We have designed and are in the process of

procuring a new high-throughput grazing-incidence monochromator for

SURF-II. This instrument will use SURF's orbiting electron beam as its

entrance slit--thus taking advantage of SURF's small vertical beam size

and high brightness. The grating will be placed as close as possible to

the orbit and will intercept 51 mrad of horizontal orbit and (for wave- lengths below 500A) the full vertical radiation output. Using three

independently optimized gratings, the monochromator will cover the 30-

600A spectral range. Its resolution is expected to be about 0.6 eV at

full intensity. This may be improved to, perhaps, 0.1 eV by stopping

down the grating in experiments where the full intensity is not required.

The new monochromator will allow us to extend our programs in surface

science, ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy, and gas-phase angleresolved photoelectron spectroscopy to higher photon energy. 1 paper, 1 invited talk.

High Resolution Atomic Studies

In other work, the absolute cross section of atomic lithium has

been measured between 110-175A. The autoionizing resonant structure

excitation between 160-176A has been measured and line profile parameters

obtained. The resonant structure for excitation associated with N = 3

and N = 4 inner quantum numbers is found to bear a close relationship to

the analogous excitations in helium. This work, a collaboration between

CAPQ, SURF staff, and a SURF guest worker was carried out on the SURF

high-resolution 3-m grazing-incidence monochromator. This instrument

was also used for a study of the Stark effect on the absorption spectra

of helium states near the ionization limit. Electric field strengths up

to 30KV/cm were applied to the helium atoms. In contrast to previous

work on the heavier noble gases, the results show a strong dependence on the polarization of the source. A simple theoretical model has been

developed to explain the results. 1 paper, 1 invited talk.

Lithography

In collaboration with researchers from the Naval Research Laboratory

(NRL) we have set up an experimental exposure system for studies of high

resolution photoresists for lithography. This is part of NRL's comparative study of various UV, XUV, and X-ray sources for lithography, particularly with regard to radiation damage. Preliminary exposures have been

made with PBS and COP resists. Test masks supported on thin polyimide

films have been replicated. The results extrapolate to quite reasonable

exposure times after the current upgrade of electron energy at SURF.

90
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

Solid State Studies

Our guests from NRL have also continued their studies of II-VI

compounds using laser and synchrotron radiation cooperatively. Their

program involves two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy, surface photovoltage spectroscopy, and surface photochemistry. This year's work

primarily involved photo-oxidation studies. They continue their ultraviolet reflectance studies and have confirmed in a reflectance spectroscopy study of Bep 2 and LiF that BeF£ has a wider band gap than any

other normal solid. The NRL group also extended their wide ranging

study of radiation damage in MOS capacitor structures to the XUV. This

study works from cobalt-60 X-rays on down. It tended to confirm theoretical predictions of the damage by demonstrating the reversal predicted by

the theory in the monotonic dependence of damage on photon energy in the

XUV. Other outside users have carried out extensive optical property

studies utilizing SURF's 2.2 m grazing incidence monochromator. 13

papers, 6 invited talks.

Laser Prepared States

We are planning to begin a new class of experiments at SURF--

studying photoionization from laser-excited atoms using synchrotron

radiation. Excited state photoionization studies have been carried out

by our group using laboratory light sources. The first such study using

synchrotron radiation was carried out this year by a staff member of the

Far UV Physics Group working with a group at LURE. We plan to begin

such studies at SURF next year. 1 invited talk.

Double Ionization of Barium

Off-SURF, resonant laser excitation-ionization of dense vapors,

previously discovered here and applied to the production of singly and

multiply charged ions, has been used in a quantitative fashion to observe

partial collapse of high angular momentum orbitals. The absorption

spectrum of the inner shell 4d^° electrons in Ba was observed as the

valence 6s^ electrons were sequentially removed. The data was quantitive,

giving absolute absorption cross sections. A dramatic change in character

of the spectrum from a continuum to a predominarjijly line spectrum was observed in going from neutral Ba to Xe-like Ba . With the help of

theoretical calculations done in collaboration with the Atomic and

Plasma Radiation Division, this change was interpreted in terms of

partial collapse of the 4f orbitals. This work is now being compared to

absorption by 4d^o electrons in solids, on surfaces or in molecular

vapor phase to see if information about electron distributions in these

states can be de^i^ced. Work has also progressed on analysis of 5p^

absorption in Ba in terms of Multichannel Quantum Defect Theory.

Preliminary experiments have been performed on the effect of electron

cooling by buffer gases on laser-driven ionization. This work is con- tinuing. 2 papers, 6 invited talks.

91
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

Fluorescence in Barium

We have completed the first study of a fluorescence spectrum of a metal vapor resonantly excited by VUV radiation. This study in Ba II identified seven fluorescent transitions when 584A excitation was used

to excite the Ba 5p inner-shell excitation. No detectable Ba II fluores- cence was observed when 736-742A excitation was used. Using a fluorescence monochromator radiometrical ly calibrated at SURF, it was determined

that the intensities of the observed fluorescent transitions are consistent with population distributions of excited Ba II obtained using

photoelectron spectroscopy. 1 paper.

Improved Radiometric Accuracy

The principal uncertainty in specifying the irradiance from SURF at

all but the shortest wavelengths comes from the determination of the

orbital electron current (previously known to about 2% by means of

visible radiometry). A new technique has been developed which reduces

this uncertainty to less than 0.5%. It combines single electron counting

which exactly counts the number of electrons orbiting at very low currents

with a silicon photodiode which is known to be linear to within 0.2%

over nine decades. When other planned improvements are completed, the

absolute uncertainty in the photon flux from SURF should be reducible to

a value of 1.0% or less over the wavelength range 10-200 nm. This work

is being carried out in collaboration with the Radiometric Physics

Di vision.

Spectrometer Calibration Chamber Activated

Until recently, all VUV spectrometer calibrations required the user

to supply a vacuum chamber with all the required motions to translate

his instrument and rotate it to obtain an efficiency map over its solid

angle of acceptance. This required a large duplication of effort. In connection with space shuttle missions, several spectrometers will have

to be calibrated. As a result, NASA supported the construction of a large spectrometer calibration facility at SURF. This facility is now operational. The chamber is all stainless steel and measures 1.2 m X 1.2 m X 2.5 m long. It is coupled to the beamline by a 40 cm ID welded

bellows which allows the chamber to travel about 40 cm in either X or Y direction perpendicular to the beam line. Spectrometers are mounted in

the chamber in a gimbal which permits the needed angular motions. All

motions take place under computer control. SURF compatible pumping

systems are provided to enable operation at 10"® torr. The chamber has

already been used for several calibrations including the prelaunch

calibration of the Space Shuttle's Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance

Monitor (SUSIM). Other users make use of our calibration beamline using

their own vacuum systems. Groups from Cal. Tech., NASA-GSFC, NRL, LANL,

Johns Hopkins University and University of Colorado-LASP have calibrated

instruments this year. Calibrations involved both space and plasma

diagnostic instruments. 9 papers.

92
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

Transfer Standard Detector

An important aspect of our VUV radiometric activity is the calibration and supply of transfer standard photodiodes. This activity takes

place both at SURF and off SURF. This year we completed 23 new outgoing

far-UV detector calibrations. These detectors and the large number in

service from the calibrations of previous years serve a broad constituency including solar physics, MFE, IGF, astrophysics/astronomy, aeronomy,

standards laboratories, space simulation facilities, and plasma and

solid state physics. 3 papers, 2 invited talks.

Calibration Workshops

We organized the fourth in our series of workshops on the use of

XUV and X-Ray radiometry for plasma diagnostics which met in April 1981.

This workshop provides a major communications channel within the plasma

diagnostic community as well as between NBS and the diagnosticians.

This meeting brought to NBS magnetic and inertial fusion diagnosticians

from ten institutions. Increased dependence on NBS radiometric capabilities was evidenced at this meeting. In addition, we shared in the

organization of the sixth in a series of workshops on the VUV Radiometric

Calibration of Space Experiments. This workshop is a major communications

channel between NBS and the atmospheric, solar and stellar physics

communities. It was well attended particularly with groups planning

space shuttle experiments. Continued dependence on NBS radiometric

standards and calibrations was demonstrated.

ELECTRON PHYSICS GROUP

The Electron Physics Group has ongoing research efforts in electron

collision physics including electron-atom and electron-molecule collisions,

electron-surface interactions, surface magnetism, electron interaction

theory, electron polarization phenomena, and electron optics and instrumentation. The wide applicability of electron based measurement

technologies allows us to contribute to the solution of many diverse

scientific and technological problems.

Surface Magnetism and Electron Diffraction

Our work on the scattering of spin polarized electrons from surfaces

continues with a high level of activity. As a consequence of our advancement of polarized electron source technology, almost every experiment we

do is breaking new ground and being done for the first time. This is

particularly true of our most recent work on surface magnetism. By

using our polarized electron gun to observe the effects of the exchange

interaction, we are able to sense the local net alignment of spins in

the surface of a ferromagnet. The short mean free paths for elastically

scattered electrons make this technique extremely surface-sensitive

unlike neutron scattering.

93
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

In our first experiments we observed surface hysteresis curves from

a nickel single crystal. We showed that there was an approximate linear

temperature dependence for the surface magnetization; this is a very

different variation than that for the bulk. We also have made measurements on the influence of adsorbates on surface magnetism. Future work

on nickel will test models of two-dimensional critical phenomena with

accurate measurements of the temperature dependence of the magnetization

in the region of the Curie temperature.

We were able to demonstrate that we could make the same sorts of

magnetic measurements on amorphous magnetic materials, thus greatly

expanding the applicability of the technique. We used a metallic glass,

Fe(40%) - Ni(40%) - B(20%), and in addition to measuring hysteresis

curves and the temperature dependence, we were able to observe the

effect of the exchange interaction for inelastic scattering as well. We

also found that these devices can be operated in a way to produce very

simple and effective spin polarization detectors by observing the net

current absorbed at an energy near that at which the net absorption is zero. Here, the small spin dependent effects dominate. We have made

measurements on W(llO), Au(lll), Au(llO) and Au polycrystalline films in an effort to optimize this device. Further, we have completed a detailed

analysis of the statistics of its operation to better facilitate its

appl i cation.

In our non-magnetic, polarized electron scattering from surfaces,

we completed an extensive study of the spin-orbit scattering from W(IOO)

and investigated TaS 2 , Au(llO) and Au(lll) in an attempt to find a favorable alternative to W(IOO) as a PLEED polarization detector. Our

study of W(IOO) included a demonstration of the application of Constant

Momentum Transfer Averaging to the analysis of PLEED data. We also

investigated, in depth, the formation of electron-surface resonance states in collaboration with E.G. McRae of Bell Labs. Our data have

been made available to LEED theorists and we look forward to seeing what

effect the polarization parameter has on surface structure determinations.

High Energy Resolution Electron Scattering

Our experiment on high-energy-resolution electron scattering from

surfaces has made significant progress during the past year. The apparatus has been partially converted from its previous use with gas phase

targets to accept a solid target. Pressures of 6x10"^^ Torr and an energy resolution of 8 meV have been obtained. We completed a study of

the adsorption of ethelyne and acetylene on W(IOO), The vibrational

energy losses were observed as a function of scattering angle and adsorbate coverage. The dissociation of the molecule was observable and our analysis of the momentum transfer occurring during the scattering process

permitted a fuller determination of the molecule-substrate geometry. We

began a study of the possible role of atomic hydrogen in the stabilization of the surface of diamonds against an energetically favorable

reconstruction. This work will continue interspersed with the planned

upgrading of this instrument.

94
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

Electron Optics

In our electron optical design program, Annija Galejs has completed

the design of a complex beam transport system for our electron-atom

scattering apparatus. In addition to this design, which was highly

successful, she took part in many other design and analysis programs,

e.g., secondary detector, Mott detector, etc. Work is now underway on a modular electron optics program which will greatly simplify the design

process. This program will allow a choice of the level of accuracy

required, include graphic output, be readily transported and upwardly

extensible.

Theory

The theoretical effort has been concentrated on the recently discovered quantum Hall effect, which offers the potential for a new precision determination of the fine structure constant and establishment

of a quantum standard of resistance. As a step toward understanding the

experimental limitations of the effect, a calculation of end effect

errors for MOSFET devices within a simple model of an inversion layer was carried out. It was found that the shorting effect of the source and drain introduces negligible error for the device geometries cur- rently in use. Also calculations of the photoabsorption and yield for

small metal spheres have been carried out. These calculations include

the effects of electron-hole excitations in the sphere which have

previously been neglected. The excitations are shown to result in very

large enhancements in both the photoyield and photoabsorption. The

optical properties of such spheres are of interest in a number of con- texts, particularly in atmospheric physics.

Electron-Atom Collisions

Last year we began a new experiment which we have had under con- sideration for a few years. We wish to study the electron-atom scattering

problem in an experiment where all of the parameters are determined so that we can make the step from measuring cross sections to the determination of quantum phases and amplitudes. For this purpose we are constructing a crossed-beam, polarized-atom, polarized-electron scattering

machine. Sodium atoms are polarized via optical pumping with a tunable,

cw-dye laser; even the nuclear spin will be aligned. The electron beam

comes from our second GaAs polarized electron source, and will have an energy resolution <.15 eV. The use of a laser to optically orient the

Na beam will also facilitate reading out the polarization of the beam

through laser fluorescence or Faraday rotation measurements. We could

also use the laser to study scattering from excited, oriented atomic

states. The apparatus construction phase has been successfully com- pleted and data taking will begin shortly.

95
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION ON MATTER

P. Ausloos*, H. Rosenstock, M. Simic, S.G, Lias*, M. Mautner*,

A. Parr, F. Schwarz*, E. Hunter*, E. Gajewski*, C. Lutz*

(8 staff years)

Long Term Goals

This is a joint competence building program of the Center for Chemical

Physics (CCP) and the Center for Radiation Research (CRR) to investigate

the fundamental mechanisms of chemical and physical processes induced by

the interaction of ionizing radiation with matter; to obtain experimental

and theoretical results which contribute to the understanding of the re- sponse of matter to ionizing radiation in sufficient detail for application

to radiation biology, radiation dosimetry, and radiation processing.

Introduction

The experimental program at CCP on the effects of ionizing radiation

on matter includes (a) the use of vacuum ultraviolet radiation to trace

the events resulting from activation (excitation and ionization) as a function of energy, and (b) an experimental effort aimed at a quantitative

exploration on the effects of solvation on the chemistry and thermochemistry

of radiation-generated reactive intermediates (i.e. an exploration of

the differences between systems irradiated in the gas and the liquid

phases). Work at CRR includes detailed examinations of the ionization

process (SURF), and work on the lifetimes, and mechanisms of fragmentation,

of excited ions. There is active collaboration between CRR and CCP

personnel on radiation effects in biochemical systems and the development

of radiation dosimeters. Details of these efforts are given below, along

with descriptions of some related activities in which competence personnel

are involved.

Recent Accomplishments and Future Plans

a) Molecular Ionization Processes (A. Parr, CRR, and R. Stockbauer,

Div. 541, in collaboration with J. Dehmer, Argonne Laboratories)

Photoionization at a given wavelength is a combination of direct

ionization and autoionization (formation of superexcited neutral states

which spontaneously eject an electron). One generally assumes that the

accompanying vibrational excitation is governed by the Franck-Condon

*CCP

96
principle, which is based on separability of electronic and nuclear

motions. A few years ago, it was pointed out that in some cases, this

separability does not occur when the outgoing photoelectron has to pass

through a centrifugal barrier. As a result, strong departures from

Franck-Condon intensity distributions might occur. The general phenomenon

is called shape resonance. To investigate this, an experiment was set

up on the NBS storage ring (SURF) to study the vibrational excitation

distribution as a function of photon energy and polarization angle. The

experiment consists, in essence, of a variable angle photoelectron

spectrometer coupled to polarized, monochromatic radiation from the NBS

storage ring.

Accompl ishments

Studies on the effects of autoionization and shape resonance upon

the angular distributions and branching ratios in molecular photoionization

have been performed on N

2

, O

2

, CO, CO

2

, C

2 H2

, C

2 N2

, CH^CN, HCN, BF^, and

SFg. There are approximately 10 papers in print describing this work,

and about another 12 papers in various stages of preparation.

Future Plans

Installation of new experimental apparatus, including a magnetically

shielded chamber, cryogenic and turbomol ecular pumps, a system of double

4"-mean-radius electron energy analyzers, and computer automation. After

updating, the chamber will support experiments in photoelectron-photoion

coincidence spectroscopy, angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy, and

laser-excited fluorescence.

Studies of the effects of inner valence shell and inner level

excitation on the fragmentation of organic molecules. For example,

extensive data on isomers has already been obtained at energies

less than 20 eV. An extension of this work to higher energies will

allow an investigation of the carbon-carbon bond rupture processes,

which do not occur at energies lower than 20 eV.

Many chemical species do not have sufficient vapor pressure to be

studied by normal photoelectron spectrometric techniques. A variety of

molecular beam sources will be developed for use at SURF to allow the

investigation of such compounds. This facility will include expansion

nozzl es

b) Fragmentation of Molecular Ions (H.M. Rosenstock, CRR, in

collaboration with R. Buff, IPA, and J. Dannacher, guest worker

from the University of Basel)

97
In the variable residence time photoelectron-photoion coincidence

technique, ions of known excitation energy can be sampled by selecting

ionization events producing near-zero energy photoelectrons at known

(variable) photon energy. The molecular or fragment ions produced in

the chosen event are analyzed by coincidence time-of-fl ight techniques.

The time available for ion fragmentation can be varied from about 0.7 to

7 microseconds. For ions with lifetimes in this microsecond range,

pronounced effects on fragmentation yields can be observed by this

variable residence time technique. A theoretical model has been developed

which can be used to extract kinetic parameters (activation energies and

entropies) for the non-thermal fragmentation processes. The parameters

can be used to predict ion lifetimes at various excitation energies, to

make quantiative comparisons of analogous thermal decomposition processes,

and to deduce whether or not internal conversion to the ion ground state

has taken place.

Accompl ishments

An invited critical review was prepared covering all aspects of the

dynamic behavior of excited CgHg"*" ions, including isomerization and

structural stability, location of excited electronic states, fragmentation

mechanisms, kinetics and energetics, and radiative processes. It turns

out that this comprehensive discussion will be useful in understanding

new experimental results on multiphoton ionization and fragmentation

(Rosenstock, Dannacher, Liebman).

A new systematic approach to estimation of thermochemical properties

of gaseous neutral and ionized molecules was developed and applied to

acyclic strainless hydrocarbon and C,H,0 compounds. Ionization energies

of 31 compounds have been measured by threshold photoelectron spectroscopy,

and will be used in preparing a comprehensive review of reference and

estimated ion energetics of the classes of compounds. (Liebman, Rosenstock,

Buff, Parr, Stockbauer)

.

A precise benchmark value of the absolute proton affinity of

propylene has been determined by threshold photoelectron-photoion

coincidence mass spectrometry (Rosenstock, Buff, Parr, Ferreira, Lias,

Stockbauer, Holmes).

A new class of slow fragmentation processes has been discovered in

normal and isopropyl bormide and iodide ions. The processes involve

slow decomposition of essentially vibrationless propyl halide ions

formed in the upper component of the ion spin-orbit doublet state.

A preliminary theoretical study of polyatomic Franck Condon envelopes

has been carried out. With suitable approximations a number of interesting

relationships between band widths, maximum quantum number and adiabatic

ionization energy can be derived.

98
Future Plans

Detailed coincidence study of iodobenzene fragmentation to

a) compare accuracy of rate-energy determination with those of other

techniques, b) develop a model for in-flight ion dissociation on the

coincidence machine.

Coincidence study of phenol and dimethyl ether to search for cases where electron impact and photon impact show different fragmentations

due to population of optically forbidden states.

Coincidence study of diazabenzene isomers, a case where isomers do

not freely interconvert prior to fragmentation.

Further development of estimation schemes for ion energetics of

cyclic and polyfunctional species.

Completion of study of photoelectron band envelope properties.

Initial study of feasibility of photoelectron spectroscopy of laserexcited mol ecul es

c) Excitation and Ionization in Organic Liquids Induced by High

Energy Photons (P. Ausloos, F. Schwarz, M. Mautner, C. Lutz,

CCP)

Measurements of ion currents, fluorescence quantum yields, and

yields of photo fragments in irradiated organic liquids provide information

about the nature of the excited state formed by direct excitation, and,

at energies above the ionization onset, about the nature of the excited

molecules resulting from ion-electron recombination. Such measurements,

carried out as a function of the energy of the irradiating light, lead

to a comprehensive picture of the photophysical and photochemical

phenomena occurring. This information can then be applied to the

interpretation of systems irradiated by electron beams or gamma rays.

Accompl ishments

Completion of a comprehensive study of the energy-dependence of

fluorescence quantum yields in liquid alkanes (n-hexane, n-decane) and

cyclic alkanes {cyclopentane, cyclohexane, bicyclohexyl, and transdecal in) at energies above and below the ionization threshold. For

cyclopentane and cyclohexane, these data were used in conjunction with

information about the energy dependence of the modes of photofragmentation

(photochemistry experiments carried out in collaboration with R. Rebbert

and S. Lias) to derive information about the ionization quantum yields

as a function of energy in the liquid phase. The study elucidated

details of the mechanism of charge neutralization in the liquid phase.

Completion of a study of the energy-dependence of fluorescence

quantum yields in alkyl benzenes, which provided insight into charge

recombination mechanisms in aromatic hydrocarbons.

99
Future Plans

Studies of the energy-dependence of fluorescence quantum yields in

ketones and cyclic ethers are in progress. Preliminary results indicate

that light emission occurs as a result of direct irradiation as well as charge recombination. In the case of para-dioxane liquid, there is a strong emission at 250 nm which shifts towards longer wavelengths upon

addition of water and alcohols. The emission which can be ascribed to an aggregate involving the boat form of para-dioxane, decreases sharply

with an increase in photon energy as a result of a shortening of the

dissociative lifetime of the excited molecule.

Determination of relative photoionization quantum yields in the

liquid phase can also be obtained from photoconductivity measurements. A

photoconductivity cell is presently being fabricated for this purpose. A

major research effort will be made next year in photoconductivity

studies of liquid alkanes, aromatics, and ethers exposed, to far ultraviolet

radiation

.

Efforts will be made to extend the energy range of the condensed

phase fluorescence measurements, which are currently restricted to the

energy range below 11.6 eV (because of the transmission characteristics

of the lithium fluoride window material). A cryostat will be interfaced

with a vacuum monochromator; thin films of sample compounds condensed on

a cold surface could then be exposed to vacuum ultraviolet radiation

through aluminum windows. Since, in the energy range 15-20 eV, the

photoionization efficiency is unity for most compounds, one would

observe fluorescence from charge recombination only. Under these

conditions, the longer-lived phosphorescence can also be observed, so information can be obtained about the ratio of triplet vs. singlet

states formed during the charge recombination process.

Absolute fluorescence yields of liquids exposed to 0.6 MeV 3

90 particles from a Sr source will be measured and interpreted in terms

of charge recombination.

d) Ion-Molecule Interactions; Ion Solvation (P. Ausloos, S.G. Lias,

M. Mautner, and E. Hunter, CCP, in collaboration with L.W. Sieck, CCP)

Radiation with energy above the ionization threshold produces

positive ions which may react with neutral molecules to form the ultimate

products of ionizing radiations. The reactivities of the ionic species

are determined by the structures of the ions and the thermochemistry

(stability) of the ionic reactants and products. The thermochemical

properties are affected both by intrinsic molecular parameters and by

the interactions of ions with solvent molecules which may substantially

alter the charge distribution on the ionic species.

100
Accompi ishments

The energies of ionization and the corresponding values of A$°

associated with the ionization process have been measured for a number

of alkyl cyclohexanes and other cyclic alkanes in the high pressure

photoionization mass spectrometer through charge transfer equilibrium

constant determinations. Certain consistent patterns observed in the

thermodynamic network found for the substituted cyclohexanes have permitted evaluation of the relationship between methyl substitution at

various skeletal sites and the entropy of ionization, and a predictive

scheme has emerged which should be applicable to branched alkanes as well.

Fundamental studies exploring the effect of temperature on ionmolecule reaction rate constants, and the effect of other thermochemical

parameters on ion-molecule reactions have been completed. Two manuscripts

have been submitted for publication.

A study has been carried out using the ion cyclotron resonance

spectrometer which uses changes in chemical reactivity as a function of

AH of reaction to estimate the proton affinities of various free radicals.

This study establishes a new primary standard, the benzyl radical, for

the proton affinity scale. A manuscript has been submitted for publication.

Studies elucidating the structures of and ions formed in

the fragmentation of various organic ions have been completed. The

different isomers were distinguished through differences in chemical

reactivity, as observed in the ion cyclotron resonance spectrometer.

The ion has been proposed to be an important precursor in the

mechanism leading to soot formation in fuel -rich flames. An outgrowth

of the study of the reactivities of the cyclic and linear ions was

a collaborative effort with Kermit Smyth of the Center for Fire Research

exploring the details of the proposed initiating steps in the sootformation mechanism. One publication has appeared and two are in press.

Future Plans

It is possible using pulsed high pressure (1-10 torr) mass spectrometry

to study quantitatively the kinetics and thermochemistry of the stepwise solvation of positively-charged ions. In this way, the gap between

gas phase and solution phase chemistry of ions can be bridged. The

concentration of a pulsed high pressure mass spectrometer which will

allow kinetic and equilibrium studies on ion solvation is now under way.

The new instrument will allow time-resolved kinetics measurements over

the temperature range 200-550 K. The reaction chamber will be equipped

with solid, liquid, and vapor introduction ports, and will be capable of

operation at pressures up to several torr. The temporal history of the

ions generated in the system will be monitored by a newly-acquired

101
digital detection system and multichannel scaler, which is directly interfaced to a dedicated computer. When operational, by the end of 1981, the new pulsed high pressure system will be the only instrument with these

combined capabilities in the U.S. and only the third instrument worldwide.

The new pulsed high pressure mass spectrometer will be used to

study the interactions of radical ions with solvent molecules, since

such solvation effects affect condensed phase ionization potentials and

the mobilities of positive holes in liquids. The interaction of benzene

and substituted benzene ions with solvent molecules will be examined to

identify the contributions of molecular geometry, polarizabil ity and

dipole moments on non-covalent ion-solvent bonding. Another initial

effort will involve an examination of the kinetics and thermochemistry

+ + of the formation of cluster ions such as and CoHo’C^Hq, in 2626 383 8

alkanes. Ion-neutral interactions of selected al kyl pyri dines will be

investigated to quantify the thermodynamic and kinetic consequences of

steric hindrance of the active sites in solvated ions.

Ion cyclotron resonance studies on the structures of ions are con- tinuing. A study in progress elucidates the details of the isomerization

mechanism involving benzyl ions and tropylium ions.

A new capacitance bridge detector has been constructed for the ion

cyclotron resonance instrument. This detector, which is currently being

installed and de-bugged, will permit the study of ions of molecular weight

as high as 1000 and as low as 2; current mass limitations are "^20 to

200 amu. A computerized data acquisition system is also being installed.

Investigations will be initiated to explore the role of FranckCondon restrictions on electron transfer processes in the gas, liquid,

and solid phases. These processes govern the mobility of positive holes

in irradiated matter. Current understanding of the action of FranckCondon restrictions in electron transfer phenomena is incomplete; while

theoretical predictions of lowered efficiencies appear to be fulfilled

for some reactant pairs, in other cases, effects of the restrictions

apparently can not be discerned, especially in the liquid phase. Gas

phase charge transfer rate constants for pairs predicted to have such

restrictions will be measured in the up-dated ion cyclotron resonance

instrument. The pulsed Van de Graaff generator will be used to carry

out time resolved studies of electron transfer processes in liquids and

glasses

e) V. Radiation-Induced Damage in Bio-Systems (M. Simic, CRR, E. Hunter, E. Gajewski, CCP, in collaboration with M. Dizdaroglu

and W. McLaughlin)

Since most living systems have water as a major component, it is

water which absorbs most of the energy when living cells are irradiated.

The irradiation of water leads to the formation of reactive transient

102
species, called "water radicals" such as O

2

', OH, or hydrated electrons,

e^q, which ultimately attack dissolved biochemical material to cause

radiation damage. Physiological radiation damage results in part from

such indirect effects of radiation. Direct effects, which result from

the direct interaction of the radiation with the biochemical molecules

themselves, can be studied using the approaches described above. Indirect

effects are best studied in situ using a high energy pulsed electron

beam coupled with time-resolved observation of both the water radicals

and the biochemical species activated by the attack of these reactive

transients. Transient species are observed by absorption spectroscopy

while the stable end-products formed in irradiated systems can be

identified by a variety of analytical techniques. Studies of indirect

effects are the major focus of that portion of the competence program

being carried out in the Radiation Physics Building.

Accompl ishments

A kinetic spectrophotometric system was assembled and combined with

a Febetron 705 Pulser to monitor transient species formed in pulse

radiolysis. Gating and timing circuits were fabricated so that optical

transmission changes of 1% can be detected.

Disodium-4,4 '-trithiobis(butane sulfinate) has been suggested as a radiation protective agent. The Febetron 705 and associated kinetic

spectrophotometric system has been used to measure the rate constants

for reduction of this compound by hydrated electrons, CO^, and CH

2

C( 0H)CH

2

Reactions of free radicals with vitamin E in micellar systems led

to a new understanding of the physiological role of vitamin E.

General outlines of the radiation chemistry of DMSO were obtained,

indicating a major role of methyl radicals. Favorable conditions were

found for utilization of DMSO in fiber optics dosimetry.

Future Plans

Radioprotectors. Various sulfur compounds (polysulfides and

thioles) will be subjected to pulse radiolytic investigations in order

to understand the parameters which govern their radiation protective

properties (inactivation and repair of free radicals).

Chemical dosimetry. Studies of DMSO will be extended to encompass

quantification of all radiation-generated species. DMSO solutions of

dyes and metal lo porphyrins will be investigated for their suitability

in fiber optics dosimetry.

Autoxidation processes. The chemistry of diverse peroxy radicals

with selected antioxidants will continue to be investiaged in order to

elucidate the nature of these reactions (electron vs H atom transfer).

103
SPONSORED CONFERENCES

Division 533, Radiation Physics

4th Workshop on the Use of XUV and X-Ray Radiometry in Plasma Diagnostics

5 eV to 10 KeV, Gaithersburg, MD, April 24, 1981.

6th Workshop on the VUV Radiometric Calibration of Space Experiments,

Boulder, CO, April 1-3, 1981.

International Symposium on Correlation and Polarization in Electron-Atom

Collisions, NBS, Gaithersburg, MD, July 13-14, 1981.

First National Workshop on Radiation Processing of Food, Chairman, M.G.

Simic, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, July 16, 1981.

104
INVITED TALKS

Division 533, Radiation Physics

Berger, M.J., "Theoretical Aspects of Electron Dosimetry," Electron

Dosimetry and Arc Therapy Symposium, University of Wisconsin-Madison,

September 10, 1981.

Celotta, R.J., "Electron Scattering in the NBS Electron Physics Group,"

The Institute of Physics, Belgrade, Yugoslavia, September 18, 1980.

Celotta, R.J., "Spin Polarization Effects in Electron Impact Spectroscopy," Symposium on Electron Impact Spectroscopy, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc.

438 (1981).

Celotta, R.J., "Polarized Electrons," Xllth Int. Conf. on Phys. of

Electronic and Atomic Collisions (ICPEAC), Gatlinburg, TN, July 21,

1981.

Dick, C.E., "Utilization of Monoenergetic X-Ray Beams to Examine the

Properties of Radiographic Intensifying Screens," 6th Conference on the Use of Small Accelerators in Business and Industry, North Texas

State University, Denton, TX., November 4, 1980.

Dick, C.E., Sparrow, J., Motz, J.W. "A proposal to develop a multiple

exposure geometry real-time radiographic imaging system for dentistry".

Advisory Group to the National Institute for Dental Research, December

15, 1981.

Domen, S. R., "The Remodeled NBS Absorbed Dose Water Calorimeter,"

National Research Council of Canada, October 1980.

Domen, S. R. , "Performance and Preliminary Results with the NBS Absorbed

Dose Water Calorimeter," Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,

November 1980.

Domen, S. R. , "Theory, Performance, and Measured Results with an Improved Absorbed Dose Water Calorimeter," Electron Dosimetry and Arc

Therapy Symposium, University of Wisconsin, Madison, September 1981.

Ederer, D., "The Franck-Condon Separation and New Insights in Molecular

Photoionization Dynamics", University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT,

April, 1981.

Ederer, D., "The Franck-Condon Separation and New Insights in Molecular

Photoionization Dynamics," Virginia Polytechnical Institute, Blacksburg,

VA, April, 1981.

105
Division 533, Invited Talks (cont'd.)

Ederer, D., "Photoionization of Laser Excited States in Sodium by

Synchrotron Radiation," Howard University, Washington, DC, June 1981.

Ederer, D., "Advance in Monochromator Designs for Synchrotron Radiation,"

National Conference on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation at

Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, July 1981.

Ehrlich, M., "Choice of Radiation Protection Quantities for a Personnel

Dosimetry Performance Standard," European Seminar on Radiation Protection

Quantities for External Exposures, Braunschweig, Germany, October

1980.

Hubbell, J.H., "Recent Tabulations (X-Ray Mass Attenuation Data)."

12th Congress & General Assembly of the International Union of Crystallography, Ottawa, Canada, August 16, 1981.

Humphreys, J.C., "Dye Film Dosimetry for Radiation Processing", 6th

Conf. on Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry, North

Texas State University, Denton, TX, November 3, 1980.

Kelley, M.H., "Polarized Electron-Polarized Atom Scattering," Seminar

on Collision Experiments in Their Theoretical Frame, University of

Chicago, May 1981.

Loevinger, R., "Calculation of Absorbed Dose in High-Energy Photon and

Electron Beams Using a Calibrated Ionization Chamber," International

Symposium on Biomedical Dosimetry, International Atomic Energy Agency,

Paris, France, October 1980.

Loevinger, R., "Radiation Quantities and Units," preparation course

for the American Board of Health Physics Certification Examination,

Gaithersburg, Maryland, January 1981.

Lucatorto, T., and Hill, W., "Laser Excitation and Ionization of Dense

Atomic Vapors-Absorption Spectroscopy of Ions the Easy Way," Howard

University, April, 24, 1981.

Lucatorto, T., and Mcllrath, T., "Quantitive Inner Shell Absorption

Spectroscopy Using Ionic Vapors," 5th International Conference on Laser Spectroscopy, Jasper Park, Canada, July 3, 1981.

Madden, R.P., "Resonance Phenomena in Molecular Photoionization - Impact of Synchrotron Radiation," John Strong Symposium, University of

Mass. Amberst, MA, March, 1981.

Madden, R.P., "Storage Rings as Sources for Soft X-Ray Emission,"

Topical Conference on Low Energy X-Ray Diagnostics, Monterey, CA,

June, 1981.

106
Division 533, Invited Talks (cont'd.)

Madden, R.P., Conference Summary, Second National Conference on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation, Cornell, NY, July 1981.

Madden, R.P., "Harnessing Luminous Electron For Science and Technology,

The Story of Synchrotron Light," A talk given to local sections of the

Optical Society of America in Ann Arbor, Chicago, Detroit, Minneapolis,

Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Rochester, Norwalk, and Schenectady in 1981.

Mcllrath, T., "Generation of VUV Radiation by Resonant Up-Conversion

in Noble Gases," U.S. -Japan Seminar on Production and Applications of

High Power Levels in the Extreme Ultraviolet, Sendai, Japan, October,

1981.

Mcllrath, T. "The BRV as a Light Source from lOOA to 600A," U.S. -Japan

Seminar on Production and Applications of High Power Levels in the

Extreme Ultraviolet, Sendai, Japan, October, 1981.

Mcllrath, T., "Generation of Intense Far UV Conttnua Using Laser Plasma

from High Z Target," U.S. -Japan Seminar on Production and Applications

of High Power Levels in the Extreme Ultraviolet, Sendai, Japan, October

1981.

McLaughlin, W.L., "The Gamma Ray Response of Radiochromic Dye Films at

Different Absorbed Dose Rates," 3rd International Meeting of Radiation

Processing, Science Council of Japan, Tokyo, Japan, October 27, 1980.

McLaughlin, W.L., "Radiation Sources for Industrial Processing," 3rd

International Meeting of Radiation Processing, Science Council of

Japan, Tokyo, Japan, October 27, 1980.

McLaughlin, W.L., "Liquid Radiochromic Dosimetry," 3rd International

Meeting on Radiation Processing, Science Council of Japan, Tokyo,

Japan, October 28, 1980.

McLaughlin, W.L., "Quality Control for Electron Beam Processing of

Polymeric Materials by End-Point Analysis," 3rd International Meeting

on Radiation Processing, Science Council of Japan, Tokyo, Japan,

October 29, 1981.

McLaughlin, W.L., "Use of Electron-Spin Resonance of Polymer Films

Containing Leucodyes for Dosimetry," 3rd International Meeting of

Radiation Processing, Science Council of Japan, Tokyo, Japan, October

30, 1980.

McLaughlin, W.L., "Radiochromic Dyes as 1-hit Detectors," Ris0

National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, November 14, 1980.

McLaughlin, W.L., "National High Dose Intercomparison," IAEA Advisory

Group Meeting in High Dose Standardization in Industrial Radiation

Processing, Vienna, Austria, November 17, 1980.

107
Division 533, Invited Talks (cont'd.)

McLaughlin, W.L., "Protocol for International Dosimetry Intercomparison

for Industrial Application," IAEA Advisory Group Meeting in High Dose

Standardization in Industrial Radiation Processing, Vienna, Austria,

November 21, 1980.

McLaughlin, W.L., "Dosimetry for Industrial Radiation Processing,"

Center for Nuclear Research, Mexico City, Mexico, December 11, 1980.

McLaughlin, W.L., "Fibre Optics Dosimetry," Institute of Physics,

Universidad Nacional de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico, December 11,

1980.

McLaughlin, W.L., "Chemical Dosimetry," International Sumposium on Nuclear Chemistry Radiochemistry, and Radiation Chemistry, Congress

Center, Mexico City, Mexico, December 10, 1980.

McLaughlin, W.L., "Radiation Chemistry of Tri phenyl methane Dyes,"

Faculty of Cairo, Giza, Cairo. March 16, 1981.

McLaughlin, W.L., "Electron Beam Dosimetry," National Center for

Radiation Research and Technology, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt, March 17,

1981

McLaughlin, W.L., "Chemical Dosimetry for Radiation Emergencies,"

Radiation Protection Department, Nuclear Research Centre, Atomic

Energy Establishment, Cairo, Egypt, March 18, 1981.

McLaughlin, W.L., "Radiation Dosimetry with Metal loporphyri ns," Department

of Nuclear Engineering, University of Alexandria, Egypt, March 21,

1981.

McLaughlin, W.L., "End Point Analysis for Quality Control in Radiation

Processing of Plastics," Chemistry Department, Ain Shams University,

Cairo, Egypt, March 23, 1981

McLaughlin, W.L., "X- and Gamma-Ray Dosimetry for Industrial Applications,

National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Nasr City,

Cairo, Egypt, March 24, 1981.

McLaughlin, W.L., "New Concepts in Chemical Dosimetry," Nuclear and

Radiological Physics Seminar, Radiation Physics Bldg., NBS, May 14,

1981.

McLaughlin, W.L., "Dosimetry," International Conf. on Radiation Processing

and Rubber, Brighton, England, June 15, 1981.

McLaughlin, W.L., "Electron Beam Diagnostics and Imaging," Division of

Radiation Science and Acoustics, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK., June 19, 1981.

108
Division 533, Invited Talks (cont'd.)

McLaughlin, W.L., "Fibre Optics System for Radiological Measurements,"

Radiation Physics Department, St. Bartholomews Hospital, Radiotherapy

Department, West Smithfield, London, UK, June 22, 1981.

McLaughlin, W.L., "Radiochromic Dye Dosimetry," Department of Biophysics

and Bio-Engineering, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK, June 23,

1981.

McLaughlin, W.L., "Dosimetry in Quality Control of Irradiated Foods,"

Workshop on Radiation Processing of Food, University of Maryland,

College Park, MD, July 16, 1981.

Penn, D.R., Chaired session on transition metals at Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Dallas, Texas, November 12, 1980.

Penn, D.R., "Resonant Satellites in Metals with Filled d-Bands," Xerox

Research Labs, Palo Alto, California, November 13, 1980.

Penn, D.R., "Enhanced Photoyield from Small Particles," Solid State

Seminar, LURE, O'rsay, France, March 31, 1981.

Pierce, D.T., "Spin Polarized Electron Scattering at Magnetic Surfaces,"

Naval Research Laboratory, Magnetics Branch Seminar, March 2, 1981.

Pierce, D.T., "Electron Scattering Studies of Surface Magnetism,"

Greater Washington Surface Science Seminar, November 17, 1980.

Rosenstock, H.M., "Fragmentation of Large Molecular Ions," City University

of New York, December 1980.

Rosenstock, H.M., "Chemistry at NBS," City University of New York,

December 1980.

Rosenstock, H.M., "Recent Coincidence Studies of Ion Fragmentation,"

Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, December 1980.

Rosenstock, H.M., "Coincidence Studies of Alkyl Iodide Ion Fragmentation,"

4th Annual Meeting of the Portuguese Chemical Society, Lisbon, Portugal

May 1981.

Rosenstock, H.M., "Formation of Ethyl and Propyl Ions From

C2HcI, 1-CoHyI, and 2-C2HyI," 29th Annual Conference on Mass Spectrometry and' Allied Topics, Minneapolis, Minnesota, May 1981.

Saloman, E., "Radiometry Using Synchrotron Radiation," Society of

Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers Technical Symposium East '81,

Seminar on Ultraviolet and Vacuum Ultraviolet Systems, Washington, DC,

April 1981.

109
Division 533, Invited Talks (cont'd.)

Saloman, E., "Far Ultraviolet Detector Calibration at the National

Bureau of Standards," 4th Workshop on the Use of XUV and X-Ray Radiometry

in Plasma Diagnostics 5 eV to 10 KeV, Gaithersburg, MD, April, 1981.

Simic, M.G., "Kinetics and Mechanism of Free Radical Reactions with

Vitamin E, Committee on Diet, Nutrition and Cancer," National Academy

of Sciences, Washington, DC, November 6, 1980.

Simic, M.G., "Vitamin E," Department of Nutrition and Food Science,

MIT, Cambridge, MA, November 17, 1980.

Simic, M.G., "Kinetics and Energetics of Autoxidation Reactions," MIT,

Cambridge, MA, November 25, 1980.

Simic, M.G., "Vitamin E and Antioxidants," Radiological Group, Case

Western University, Cleveland, OH, December 22, 1980.

Simic, M.G., "Radiation Chemistry A Base for Safety and Technological

Assessments," Workshop on Radiation Processing of Food, University of

Maryland, College Park, Maryland, July 16, 1981.

Soares, C. G., "A Thermoluminescence Dosimetry System for Use in a Survey of High-Energy Bremsstrahlung Dosimetry," Sixth Conference on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry, Denton, TX,

November 1980.

Sparrow, J.H.. "The NBS Low Energy X-Ray Calibration Program," Fourth

Workshop on the Use of XUV-X-Ray Radiometry. April 1981.

Sparrow, J.H., "General Details of Several Alternate Approaches to

Achieve a Dental Radiographic System Capable of Selective Geometry for

Dental Radiography," presented to the National Institute of Dental

Research Advisory Panel, held at NIH, April 1981.

Sparrow, J.H., "Details of the NBS Proposal to the National Institute

of Dental Research on a Selective Geometry Radiographic System for

Dental Radiograph," presented to the NIDR nationally selected project

evaluation panel, held at NBS, December 1980.

Spencer, L.V., "Future Plans Relative to Committee SC 63," Council

Meeting of the National Council on Radiation and Measurement, August

19, 1981.

Spencer, L.V., "Assumptions about the Characteristics and Environments

after Nuclear Accidents and Nuclear Attacks," The Control of Exposure

from Ionizing Radiation in the Event of Accident or Attack, Symposium

April 27, 1981.

no
PUBLICATIONS

Division 533, Radiation Physics

Berger, M. J., On the Spatial Correlation of Ionization Events in Water,

Proc. lt\\ Symp. on Microdosimetry, Oxford, Sept. 8-12, 1980, J. Booz, H.

6. Ebert, and H. D. Hartfiel, eds. (Harwood Academic Publishers, N.Y.,

N.Y.) Vol. I, p. 521.

Celotta, R.J. and Pierce, D.T., Sources of Polarized Electrons, Adv.

Atomic & Molecular Phys. 1^, 101 (1980).

Celotta, R.J., Felcher, G.P., Bader, S.D., Pierce, D.T., and Wang, G.-

C., Magnetic State at the Surface of a Ferromagnet by Polarized Electron

Diffraction, Proc. of the Int. Conf. in Two Dimensions, Elsevier North

Holland Inc., 107 (1980).

Celotta, R.J., Pierce, D.T., Wang. G.-C., Bader, S.D., and Felcher,

G.P., Surface Magnetization in Ni(llO) as Studied by Polarized Electron

Scattering, Proc. of the 4th Int. Conf. on Solid Surfaces, 1045 (1980).

Celotta, R.J., Pierce, D.T., Siegmann, H.C., and Unguris, J., An Electron

Spin Polarization Detector: Spin Dependent Absorption of a Polarized

Electron Beam, Appl . Phys. Lett. 577 (1981).

Dick, C.E. and Motz, J.W., Utilization of Monoenergetic X-Ray Beams to

Examine the Properties of Radiographic Intensifying Screens, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, NS-28 , 1554 (1981).

Dick, C.E. and Motz, J.W., Image Information Transfer Properties of XRay Ruorescent Screens, Medical Physics 8, 337 (1981).

Donnelly, S., Rife, J., Gilles, J., Lucas, A., Optical Measurements of

the Density of Helium in Small Bubbles in Aluminum Films, Journal of

Nuclear Materials, 93 & 94 767 (1980).

Ederer, D.L., Cole, R., Stockbauer, R., Codling, K., Parr, A., West, J.,

Poliakoff, E.D., Dehmer, J., Wavelength and Vibrational -State Dependence

of Photoelectron Angular Distributions. Resonance Effects in the 5a

Photoionization of CO. J. Chem. Phys. 7^, 6308 (1980).

Ederer, D.L., Parr, A., Rakowsky,. G. , Stockbauer, R., West, J.B.,

Dehmer, J.L., Current Research at NBS Using Synchrotron Radiation at

SURF-II, IEEE Trans. Nucl . Sci. NS-28 , 1208 (1981).

Ederer, D.L., West, J.B., Codling, K., Parr, A., Cole, B.E., Stockbauer,

R., Dehmer, J., Branching Ratios and Photoelectron Angular Distributions

Through the Hopfield Bands in N2 between 650 and 730A. J. Phys. B: 14,

1791 (1981). ~

111
Division 533, Publications (cont'd.)

Ederer, D.L., The Development of Far UV Spectrometers for Synchrotron

Radiation Facilities, to be published in Nucl . Inst, and Methods.

Ehrlich, M. , Choice of Radiation Protection Quantities for a Personnel

Dosimetry Performance Standard, Proceedings of European Seminar on Radiation Protection Quantities for External Exposure, Braunschweig,

Germany, 1980 (in press).

Hamilton, J.C., Swanson, N., Waclawski, B.J. and Celotta, R.J., Specular

and Off-Specular High Resolution Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy of

Acetylene and Ethylene on Tungsten (100), J. Chem. Phys. 4156 (1981).

Hamilton, J.C. and Jach, T., Structural Phase Transitions on Nickel at

the Curie Temperature, Phys. Rev. Lett. 745 (1981 ).

Holland, D.M.P., Parr, A., Ederer, D.L., Dehmer, J.L., West, J.B., The

Angular Distribution Parameter of Selected Rare Gases for Use in Calibration of Electron Spectrometers, to be published in Proceedings of 2nd

National Conference on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation, by NIM.

Hubbell, J., Gimm, H.A. and 0verb0, I., Pair, triplet and total atomic

cross sections (and mass attenuation coefficients) for 1 MeV 100 GeV

photons in elements Z = 1 to 100, J. Phys. & Chem. Ref. Data 1023-

1147 (1980).

Hubbell, J., Radiation gauging, in the Encyclopedia of Materials Science

and Engineering , M. B. Bever, ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford/New York,

Toronto (to be publ . 1982).

Hughey, L.R., Williams, R.T., Rife, J.C., Nagel, D.J., and Peckerar,

M.C., Instrumentation for XUV Lithography at SURF. To be published in

Proceedings of the 2nd National Conference of Synchrotron Radiation

Instrumentation.

Hughey, L.R., Shaefer, A.R., Reduced Absolute Uncertainty in the Irradiance

of SURF-II and Instrumentation for Measuring Linearity of X-Ray, XUV and

UV Detectors. To be published in the 2nd National Conference on Synchrotron

Radiation Instrumentation.

Loevinger, R. , A Formalism for Calculation of Absorbed Dose to a Medium

from Photon and Electron Beams, Med. Phys. 8, No. 1, 1-12 (1981).

Loevinger, R. , NBS Program for Electron Dosimetry, Proceedings of a Symposium on Electron Beam Therapy, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer

Center, New York (1981).

Lu, T.M. and Wang, G.-C., Reconstructed Domains on a Stepped W(IOO)

Surface, Surf. Sci. 107 , 139 (1981).

112
Division 533, Publications (cont'd.)

Lucatorto, T.B., and Mcllrath, T.J., "Laser Excitation and Ionization of

Dense Atomic Vapors", Proceedings of the Vlth International Conference

on the Physics of VUV Radiation; Applied Optics 19, 3948 (1980).

Lucatorto, T.B., and Mcllrath, T.J., Radical Redistribution of th^ AdOscillator Strength Observed in the Photoabsorption of the Ba, Ba , and

Ba Sequence, Phys. Rev. Lett., to be published.

Madden, R.P., Availability of NBS Radiometric Standards for Solar Irradiance

Studies, Proceedings of the Workshop on Solar UV Irradiance Monitors,

held July 31 - August 1, 1980, pp. 79-86.

Madden, R.P., Timothy, G., Photon Detectors for the Ultraviolet And XRay Regions, To be published Handbook on Synchrotron Radiation

Madden, R.P., and Parr, A. C., Resonance Phenomena in Molecular Photoionization - Impact of Synchrotron Radiation, to be published Applied Optics.

Madden, R.P., and Ebner, S.C., Storage Rings as Sources for Soft X-Ray

Emission, To be published Nucl . Inst. & Meth.

McLaughlin, W.L., Humphreys, J.C., and Miller, A., "Dosimetry for Industrial Radiation Processing," Proc. of Seminar on Traceability of Ionizing

Radiation Measurement NBS, Washington, D.C. May (1980), NBS Special

Publication 609 (in press).

McLaughlin, W.L., Humphreys, J.C., "Dye film Dosimetry for Radiation

Processing," Proc. of 6th Int. Conf. on Use of Small Accelerators in

Business and Industry, N. Texas State University, November 1980; IEEE

Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS28 (2), 1797-1801 (1981).

McLaughlin, W.L., and Miller, A., "On a Radiochromic Dye Dose Meter,"

Ris0 Report M2254, Risd National Laboratory, DK4000 Roskilde, Denmark,

(1980).

McLaughlin, W.L., Simic, M.G., and Miller, A., "Dosimetry by Means of

the Radiation Reduction of Hemin in Aprotic Solvents," Proceedings of

3rd Symposium on Nuclear Chemistry, Radiochemistry, and Radiation

Chemistry, Mexico, D.F., December 8-10, 1980 (in press).

McLaughlin, W.L., Jarrett, R.D., and Olejnik, T.A., "Dosimetry," Chapter

7 in Preservation of Food by Ionizing Radiation , Editors: E.S. Josephson

and M.S. Peterson, CRC Press (in press).

McLaughlin, W.L., "A National standardization programme for high-dose

measurements" High-Dose Measurements in Industrial Radiation Processing

Technical Report Series No. 205, International Atomic Energy Agency,

Vienna, 17-32 (1981).

113
Division 533, Publications (cont'd.)

McLaughlin, W.L., Uribe, R.M., Miller, A., Dunn, T.S., and Williams,

E.E., "Possible Use of Electron Spin Resonance of Polymer Films Containing Leucodyes for Dosimetry, 3rd International Meeting on Radiation

Processing, Tokyo, Oct. 1980 Radiat. Phys. Chem. (in press).

McLaughlin, W.L. and DeGraff, E., "Quality Control for Electron Beam

Processing of Polymeric Materials by End Point Analysis," 3rd International Meeting on Radiation Processing, Tokyo, October 1980 Radiat.

Phys. Chem. (in press).

McLaughlin, W.L., Humphreys, J.C., Levine, H., Miller, A., Radak, B.B.,

and Rativanich, N.,"ihe Gamma-Ray Response of Radiochromic Dye Films at

Different Absorbed Dose Rates," 3rd International Meeting on Radiation

Processing, Tokyo, Oct. 1980 Radiat. Phys. Chem. (in press).

McLaughlin, W.L., Rativanich, N., Radak, B.B., Miller, A., and Uribe,

R.M., "Liquid Radiochromic Dosimetry," 3rd International Meeting on Radiation Processing, Tokyo, Oct. 1980 Radiat. Phys. Chem. (in press).

McLaughlin, W.L. and Miller A., "Evaluation of Radiochromic Dye Films

and Other Plastic Dose Meters Under Radiation Processing Conditions,"

High Dose Measurements in Industrial Radiation Processing , International

Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, pp. 119-138 (1981).

McLaughlin, W.L., "Radiation Processing Dosimetry," 1st Int. Conf. Rad.

Proc. Plastics and Rubber, June 15-17, 1981, Brighton, England; Rad.

Phys. Chem. (in press).

Motz, J.W. and Dick, C.E., Exposure-Limits Imposed by Screen-Film Systems

on the Transfer of Image Information, Proc. SPIE/SPSE Proceedings, San

Francisco, CA, March 22-24, 1981.

Parr, A., West, J., Cole, R., Ederer, D., Stockbauer, R., Dehmer, J.,

Shape Resonance Induced Non Franck-Condon Vibrational Intensities in 3

3 Photoionization of Wo, J. Phys. B: Atom. Molec. Phys. 13, LIOJ

(19§0). ~

Parr, A., Jason, A., Stockbauer, R., and McCulloh, K., Photoionization

and Fragmentation Study of Cyclopropene, Adv. Mass Spectros., V. 8

(1980).

Parr, A., Rosenstock, H., Stockbauer, R., Photoelectron Photoion Coincidence Study of the Bromobenzene Ion, J. Chem. Phys. 7^» 773 (1980).

Parr, A. Rosenstock, H., Stockbauer, R., Photoelectron-Photoion Coincidence Study of Benzonitrile, Jour de Chim Phys. 77^, 745 (1980).

Parr, A, Codling, L., West, J., Dehmer, J., Stockbauer, R., Measurements

of 3 Values and Branching Ratios in the Region of the 3s3p^4piPi°

Resonance in Ar and the 5s5p^Sp^Pi° Resonance in Xe, J. Phys. B: Atoms & Molec. Phys. 13_, L693 (1980).

114
Division 533, Publications (cont'd.)

Parr, A. Ederer, D. Cole, B., West, J., Stockbauer, R., Codling, K.

,

Dehmer, J., Triply-differential Photo Electron Studies of Molecular

Autoionization Profiles - The 710-730A Region of the N2 Spectrum, Phys.

Rev. Lett. 46, 22 (1981).

Parr, A., Codling, K., Ederer, D., Stockbauer, R., West, J., Cole, B.,

Dehmer, J., The Effects of Autoionization or Vibrational Branching

Ratios and the Photoelectron Angular Distributions in Molecular Photoionization: The Formation of the Ground State of O2+ Between 574 and

600 A, J. Phys. B. At. Molec. Phys. 14, 657 (1981).

Parr, A., Poliakoff, E., Dehmer, J., Dill, D., Jackson, K. , Zare, R.,

Polarization of Fluorescence Following Molecular Photoionization, Phys.

Rev. Lett. 907 (1981).

Parr, A., Status Report on the SURF- I I Facility at NBS, to be published

in Proceedings of the 2nd National Conference on Synchrotron Radiation

Instrumentation. To be published in NIM.

Parr, A.C., West, J.B. Codling, K., Ederer, D.L., Cole, B.E., Stockbauer,

R.L., Dehmer, J.L., Partial Photoionization Cross Sections and Photoelectron Angular Distributions Through the Hopfield Bands in N2 Between

650 and 730A, J. Phys. B. 14, 1791 (1981).

Penn, D.R., The Mean Free Paths of Very Low Energy Electrons: the

Effects of Exchange and Correlation, Phys. Rev. B 2677 (1980).

Penn, D.R. and Girvin, S.M., Theory of Coherence Effects in Photoinduced

Auger Events: Resonant Satellites in Metals with Filled d-Bands, Phys.

Rev. B 4081 (1980).

Penn, D.R. and Girvin, S.M., Resonant Satellites in Photoemission and

Auger Spectra of d-band Metals, J. Appl . Phys. 1650 (1981 ).

Pierce, D.T., Celotta, R.J., and G.-C. Wang, Spin Polarized Electron

Scattering Studies of W(IOO), Proc. of the 4th Int. Conf. on Solid

Surfaces, 1060 (1980).

Pierce, D.T., Celotta, R.J., and Siegmann, H.C., Spin Dependent Absorption

of Electrons in a Ferromagnetic Metal, Phys. Rev. Lett. 452 (1981).

Pierce, D.T. and Celotta, R.J., Spin Polarization in Electron Scattering

from Surfaces, Adv. in Elec, and Elec. Phys. 219 (1981).

Pierce, D.T. Celotta, R.J. and Wang. G.-C., What Can Polarized LEED

Contribute to Surface Structure Determination?, Proc. Conf. on Determination of Surface Structure by LEED, Yorktown Hts., NY, ed. P. Marcus,

September 1980 (in press).

115
Division 533, Publications (cont'd.)

Pierce, D.T., Girvin, S.M., Unguris, J. and Celotta, R.J., An Absorbed

Current Electron Spin Polarization Detector, Rev. Sci . Instrum, (in

press)

Pierce, D.T. Celotta, R.J., Wang, G.-C., and McRae, E.G., Spin Dependence

of Electronic Surface Resonance Scattering from W(IOO), Solid State

Comm, (in press).

Pierce, D.T., Wang, G.-C., Celotta, R.J. and McRae, E.G., Polarized Low

Energy Diffraction Study of the Mechanism of Electron Reflection from

W(OOl) at Low Energies, Phys. Rev. B (in press).

Placious, R.C., Garrett, D., Kasen, B., and Berger, H., Dimensioning

Flaws in Pipeline Girth Welds by Radiographic Methods, ASNT, Materials

Evaluation (1981).

Placious, R.C., Radiographic Inspection of Pipeline Welds, Proceedings

of MFPG Symposium, April 1980, NBS Special Publication (1981).

Pruitt, J. S., Domen, S. R., and Loevinger, R., The Graphite Calorimeter

as a Standard of Absorbed Dose for Cobalt-60 Gamma Radiation, J. Res.

Nat. Bur. Stand. 86, Sept. -Oct. (1981).

Rendell, R.W. and Penn, D.R., Spin Dependence of the Electron Mean Free

Path in Fe, Co, and Ni, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2057 (1980).

Rendell, R.W. and Penn, D.R., Spin Dependent Attenuation Lengths for

Ferromagnets, J. Appl . Phys. 1620 (1981).

Rendell, R.W. and Girvin, S.M., Hall Voltage Dependence on Inversion

Layer Geometry in the Quantum Hall Effect Regime, Phys. Rev. B 6610

(1981).

Rendell, R.W. and Girvin, S.M., Quantum Hall Effect: Role of Inversion

Layer Geometry and Random Impurity Potential, 2nd Int. Conf. on Prec.

Meas. & Fund. Constants (in press).

Rife, J., Osantowski, J., Extreme Ultraviolet Properties of Two Si02

Based Low-Expansion Materials, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 7^, 1513 (1980).

Rife, J., Spiller, E., Segmuller, A., Haelbich, R.P., Controlled Fabrication of Multilayer Soft X-Ray Mirrors, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1048

(1980).

Rife, J., Donnelly, S. Lucas, A., Gillers, J., Ritsko, J., Optical

Absorption and Electron-Energy-Loss Spectra of Helium Microbubbles,

Phys. Rev. Lett. No. 18, (1981).

116
Division 533, Publications (cont'd.)

Rogers, W.T., Dunn, G.H., Ostgaard Olsen, J., Reading, M., and Stefan i,

G., Absolute emission cross sections for electron impact excitation of

In (4p ^P) and (5s ^S) terms, Phys. Rev. A, 1981 (in press).

Rogers, W.T., Stefani, G., Camilloni, R., Dunn,_j_G.H. , M^ezane, A.Z., and

Henry, R.J.W., Electron-impact ionization of Zn and Ga , Phys. Rev. A,

1981 (in press).

Rogers, W.T., Stefani, G., Camilloni, R., and^Dunn, G.H., Absolute

emission for electron impact excitation of Ga to the (4'P) level, to be

published in Phys. Rev. A (1981).

Rosenstock, H. M. , Stockbauer, R. L., and Parr, A. C., PhotoelectronPhotoion Coincidence Study of the Bromobenzene Ion, J. Chem. Phys. 7^,

773 (1980).

Rosenstock, H. M., Stockbauer, R. L., and Parr, A. C. Photoelectron

Photoion Coincidence Study of Chlorobenzene and Bromobenzene, Proc. VUV

Conference, Charlottesville, June 1980.

Rosenstock, H. M. , Stockbauer, R. L., and Parr, A. C., Photoelectron

Photoion Coincidence Study of Benzonitrite, J. Chimie Physique, 77_y 745

(1980).

Rosenstock, H. M., Stockbauer, R. L., and Parr, A. C., Unimolecular

Kinetics of Pyridine Ion Fragmentation, Int. J. Mass Spect. Ion Phys.,

323 (1981).

Rosenstock, H. M., Dannacher, J., and Liebman, J. F., The Role of Excited

Electronic States in Ion Fragmentation, Radiation Phys. and Chem.,

accepted for publication.

Rosenstock# H.M., Sims, D., Schroya, S. S., and Webb, W. J., Ion

Energetics . Measurements . Part I , 1971-1973 . NSRDS NBS-66, Part I. (1980), 370 pages.

Saloman, E.B., Nagel, D.J., Day, R.H., Lee, P., X-ray Diodes for Laser

Fusion Plasma Diagnostics, Los Alamos Scientific Lab Report #LA-7941-MS

(1981).

Saloman, E.B., LaVilla, R.E., Mehlman, G., Double Electron Excitation in

Sodium Above the 2s Threshold, J. Phys. B. 24, LI (1981).

Saloman, E.B., Day, R.H., Lee, P., Nagel, D.J., Photocathode Quantum

Efficiency and Filter Window Absorption Coefficients from 20 eV to 10

KeV, to be published in J. Appl . Phys.

117
Division 533, Publications (cont'd.)

Saloman, E.B., Ederer, D.L., Cole, B.E., Ba II Fluorescence from Ba

Atoms Resonantly Photoionized with 584A Radiation, to be published in J.

Opt. Soc. Am.

Saloman, E.B., Ebner, S.C., Hughey, L.R., Radiometry Using Synchrotron

Radiation, Proceedings of SPIE Symposiums 279 (1981).

Seltzer, S.M., Yin, Lo I, and Trombka, J.I., 3-D Imaging of X-ray and

Gamma-Ray Objects in Real Time, Applied Optics (in press).

Seltzer, S. M. and Berger, M. J., Evaluation of the Collision Stopping

Power of Elements and Compounds for Electrons and Positrons, Int. J.

Appl . Radiat. & Isotopes (in press).

Seltzer, S. M. and Berger, M. J., Procedure for Calculating the Radiation

Stopping Power for Electrons, Int. J. Appl. Radiat. & Isotopes (in

press)

.

Seltzer, S. , Calculated Response of Intrinsic Germanium Detectors to

Narrow X-Ray Beams with Energies up to 300 keV, Nucl . Instr. & Method,

(in press).

Simic, M.G., Vitamin-E Radicals, In Oxygen Radicals, Eds. M.A.J. Rodgers,

E.L. Powers, Academic Press (in press)

Simic, M.G., and Dizdaroglu, M. , Hydroxycyclohexadienyl Peroxy Radicals,

In Oxygen Radicals, Eds. M.A.J. Rodgers, E.L. Powers, Academic Press (in

press)

Simic, M.G., and Dizdaroglu, Separation of Dipeptides by High Resolution

GC on a Fused Silica Capillary Column after Trimethyl syl ilation, J.

Chromatog, 108 , 269 (1980).

Simic, M.G., Free Radical Mechanisms in Autoxidation Processes, J. Chem.

Ed, 125 (1981 ).

Simic, M.G., McLaughlin, W.L. and Miller, A., The Radiation Reduction of

Hemin in Aprotic Solvents , Proceedings of 3rd Symposium on Nuclear

Radiation and Radiochemistry, Mexico City, Mexico in 1980 (in press).

Simic, M.G., Chapter 9. Radiation Chemistry of Water-soluble Food Components, In Preservation of Food by Ionizing Radiations. Eds. E.S.

Josephson and M.S. Peterson, CRC Press (in press).

Soares, C. G. and Ehrlich, M., A Thermoluminescence Dosimetry System for

Use in a Survey of High-Energy Bremsstrahlung Dosimetry, IEEE Trans, on Nuc. Science, Vol. NS-28 , No. 2, 1614-1620 (1981).

118
Division 533, Publications (cont'd.)

Soares, C. G., Ehrlich, M., Padikal, T. N., and Gromadzki, Z. C., A

System for Electron Therapy Dosimetry Surveys with Thermoluminescence

Dosimeters, International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes (in

press)

Spencer, L. V., Chilton, A. B., and Eisenhauer, C. M., Structure Shielding

Against Fallout Gamma Rays for Nuclear Detonation, NBS Special Publication 570

(1980).

Sutherland, J., Keck, P., Griffin, K. , Takacs, P., Absorption Measurements

in a CD/MCD Synchrotron Spectrometer Using A Transparent Window Photomultiplier, to be published in the proceedings of the 2nd National

Conference on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation, (1981).

Wang, G.-C., Celotta, R.J. and Pierce, D.T., Polarized Low Energy Electron

Diffraction (PLEED) from W( 100), Phys. Rev. B 1761 (1981).

Wang, G.-C., Pierce, D.T. and Celotta, R.J., Summary Abstract: Study of

Temperature and Hydrogen Induced Reconstruction and Reordering of W(IOO)

by Polarized Electron Scattering, J. Vac. Sci . & Tech. 28, 647 (1981).

Williams, R., Rife, J., Royt, T., and Kabler, M. , Photoelectron Spectroscopy of II-IV Semiconductors Under Cooperative UV and Visible Excitation,

to be published in J. Vacuum Sci. & Tech. (Sept. -Oct. 1981).

Williams, R., Nagel, D., Klein, P., Vacuum Ultraviolet Properties of

Beryllium Fluoride Glass, to be published in J. Appl . Phys, (Oct. 1981).

Williams, R. , Nagel, D., Kabler, M., Reflectance Fluorescence Yield and

Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Cap2 in the 10 to 100 eV Range, Journal de

Physique, 42, C6 (1980).

Wuilleumier, F. , Larsen, P.K. , van Bers, W.A.M., Bizau, J.M., Schmidt,

V., Krummacher, S., Ederer, D.L., Design and Performance of a Toroidal

Grazing Incidence Monochromator for the 20-200 eV Photon Energy Range,

to be published in Nucl . Instrum, and Methods.

119
TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP

Division 533, Radiation Physics

Martin J. Berger

Chairman, International Commission on Radiation Units and

Measurements (ICRU), Committee on Stopping Power.

Member, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

(NCRP), Committee on Dose Calculations. (Chairman deceased:

committee in abeyance).

Member, NCRP Committee #55 on Experimental Verification of

Internal Dosimetry Calculations.

Member, NCRP Committee #52 on Conceptual Basis of Dosimetry.

Robert J. Celotta

Chairman, NBS Research Advisory Committee.

Charles E. Dick

Member of the Technical Program Committee for Biannual Conference on the

Industrial and Scientific Utilization of Small Conference (J. Duggan and

L. Morgan Co-Chairman).

David L. Ederer

Member, NSLS User Committee

Member, Optics News Editorial Committee

Margarete Ehrlich

Chairman, Health Physics Society Standards Committee, Work Group on Criteria for Testing Personnel Dosimetry Performance.

Member, ISO/TC 85/SC2, WG2, Photographic Dosimeters and Reference

Radiation.

Member, Health Physics Society Standards Committee, Work Group on Criteria for Testing Environmental Dosimetry Performance.

120
Division 533, Technical and Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (cont'd.)

John H. Hubbell

Secretary, Commission on Crystallographic Apparatus, International

Union of Crystal lography. Task Group on X-Ray Absorption

Coefficients.

Chairman, Health Physics Society, Intersociety Liaison Committee

(Assigned to Society of Nuclear Medicine).

Member, Cross Section Evaluation Working Group (CSEWG) Subcommittee

on Shielding.

Chairman, ANS Radiation Protection and Shielding Division ANS-6

Ad Hoc Committee on SI Units.

Member, ANS Isotopes and Radiation Division Committee on Radiography

and Gauging.

Jimmy C. Humphreys

Member, ASTM F-1.11 Subcommittee on Quality and Hardness Assurance

of the F-1 Electronics Committee.

Vice Chairman, ASTM Committee E.IO Nuclear Technology and Application

E10.07 Subcommittee on Radiation Effects on Electronic Materials

and Devices.

Robert Loevinger

Member, BIPM Consultative Committee for Standards for Measurement

of Ionizing Radiation, Section I, X and Gamma Rays and Electrons.

Member, OIML, SP.16-SR.1, Performance of Dosemeters.

Member, OIML, SP.16-SR.2, Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratories.

Member, lAEA-WHO Network of Secondary Standard Dosimetry

Laboratories, Advisory Council.

Member, lEC/TC 62/SC C/WG 3, Performance of Dosimeters.

Member, NCRP Scientific Committee 26, High Energy X-Ray Dosimetry.

Member, ANSI/N44 Equipment and Materials for Medical Radiation

Appl ications.

Member, ANSI/N44/SC2 Therapeutic Radiology.

121
Division 533, Technical and Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (cont'd.)

Robert Loevinger (cont'd.)

Member, Society of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Internal Radiation

Dose Committee.

Consultant, AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee.

Member, AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 3, Regional

Calibration Laboratories.

Member, AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 21, High-energy

Photon and Electron Dosimetry.

Member, AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 22, Brachytherapy.

Consultant, AAPM Radiation Therapy Conwiittee Task Group 24, Physical

Aspects of Quality Assurance in Radiation Therapy.

Member, AAPM Science Council ad hoc Task Group on Radiation

Quantities and Units in Medicine.

Thomas P. Loftus

Member, ANSI/N13, Radiation Protection.

Member, ANSI/N42, Working Group on Inspection and Test

Specifications for Direct and Indirect Reading Quartz Fiber

Pocket Dosimeters.

Robert P. Madden

Member, Advisory Committee for the Stoughton Storage Ring

(Tantalus) of the University of Wisconsin.

Member, Advisory Editorial Board of Optics Communications.

Member, International Committee for the International Conference

on VUV Radiation Physics.

Pres-Elect, Optical Society of America.

Member, Optical Society of America Committee on Finance and

Investment.

Member, Program Committee, Conference on Reflecting Optics for

Synchrotron Radiation, Brookhaven, November 1981.

122
Division 533, Technical and Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (cont'd.)

Robert P. Madden (cont'd.)

Visiting Lecturer, Local Sections of the Optical Society of

America.

Thomas J. Mcllrath

Member, Technical Council, Chairman Atomic Spectroscopy Technical

Group, Optical Society of America.

Co-Chairman, OSA Conference on Spectroscopy in Support of

Atmospheric Measurements.

Member, Program Committe, Optical Society of America, Annual

Meeting.

Member, Program Committee, Div. Atomic and Electron Physics,

Amer. Phys. Soc.

Chairman, Conference on Use of Lasers for High Resolution Spectroscopy

in the Vacuum Ultraviolet.

William L. McLaughlin

Chairman, American Nuclear Society (ANS) 9, Nuclear Terminology and

Units, Subcommittee 9.1, Health Physics and Dosimetry.

Member, ANS 6, Radiation Protection and Shielding, Subcommittee

6.5, Units and Terminology.

Member, ASTM E10.07, Radiation Effects on Electronic Materials and

Devices.

Member, Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation

Subcommittee on Radiation Sterilization of Medical Devices, Task on Radiation Dosimetry.

Member, ANS 9.2 Subcommittee on Shielding of the Nuclear Terminology

and Units Committee.

Technical Advisor, ISO WG-1, Nuclear Energy Terminology Task on the

ISO TC/85 Committee on Nuclear Energy.

Technical Advisor, Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Work Group

on Aerospace Physiology and Medicine.

123
Division 533, Technical and Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (cont'd)

William L. McLaughlin (cont'd.)

Technical Advisor, Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Work

Group on Space Biophysics.

Member, ANSI N12, General Administration and Standards for Nuclear

Energy.

Robert C. Placious

Chairman, ASTM E7.01.08, Subcommittee on Industrial Radiographic

Film Classification.

Member, ASTM E10.07, Nuclear Technology and Application Subcommittee

on Radiation Effects on Electronic Materials and Devices and Pulsed

Radiation Effects.

Member, ANSI PH 2.31, Committee on Photographic Sensitometry Subcommittee on X-Ray Film Standards

Member, ASTM F12:60, Controlled Access Security Search and Screening

Systems.

Member ASTM E7.01, Non Destructive Testing Committee on Radiographic

Practice and Penetrameters.

Daniel Polansky

Member, ASTM E07.01 Nondestructive Testing Committee on Radiographic

Practice and Penetrameters.

Member, ASTM E07.02 NDT Committee on Radiographic Standards

Member, ASTM E07.05 NDT Committee on Neutron Radiography

Member, ASTM E07.91 IS0/TC135

Member, ANSI PH2:31, Medical X-Ray Film Sensitometry

Henry M. Rosenstock

Member, American Society for Mass Spectrometry (ASTM), Committee

E-14 on Mass Spectrometry.

Member, Editorial Board of the International Journal of Mass

Spectrometry and Ion Physics.

124
Division 533, Technical and Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (cont'd.)

Edward B. Saloman

Chairman, 4th Workshop on the Use of XUV and X-Ray Radiometry for

Plasma Diagnostics 5 eV to 10 KeV.

Lewis V. Spencer

Consociate Member, National Council on Radiation Protection and

Measurements.

Member, American Nuclear Society (ANS) Standards Committee, Working

Group 6.5 on Shielding Glossary.

Member NCRP Committee #52 on Conceptual Basis of Dosimetry.

Acting Chairman, NCRP Subcommittee #63, Emergency Radiation

Exposure Control

125
MAJQR CONSUtTING AND ADVISORY SERVICES

Division 533, Radiation Physics

1. M. J. Berger and S. M. Seltzer, consulted on problems in electronbeam transport for the Chair Heritage Program administered by the

Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oak, Maryland.

2. M. J. Berger is a consultant to the AAPM Task Group on Photon and

Electron Dosimetry.

3. M. J. Berger is a consultant to the ICRU committee on High Energy

Electron Dosimetry.

4. R. J. Celotta and D. T. Pierce advised on construction and

provided drawings of a spin polarized electron source to Rice

University, Yale University, and Naval Research Lab., Arlington,

VA.

5. C. E. Dick serves as technical liaison and advisor to the members

of the Polymers Group who are utilizing the 500 keV electron

accelerator to investigate electron charge deposition in thin

polymeric films.

6. C. E. Dick serves as a technical consultant to members of the

Electron Devices Characterization Group on the development of

proportional counters designed to measure extremely small sulfuratom concentrations by photoionization.

7. C. E. Dick served as consultant with members of the National

Security Agency and the University of Maryland to develop a program to measure accurately the electron dose delivered by a time-dependent electron beam in electronic components.

8. C. E. Dick was consulted by members of the American University to

examine the utilization of the NBS low energy accelerators to

fundamental problems in weak electromagnetic interactions.

9. C. E. Dick served as a technical consultant to members of the

Quantum Metrology Group, which is utilizing the NBS Van de Graaff

for precision measurements of the K x-ray energies of high-Z

nuclei

.

10. C. E. Dick served as the technical consultant and liaison for the

planned pulsed conversion of the 4-MeV Van de Graaff accelerator

for use by members of the Center for Radiation Research and the

Center for Thermodynamics and Molecular Science. These modifications

will permit use of this facility for problems in chemical kinetics

and radiation chemistry.

126
Division 533, Consulting and Advisory Services (cont'd.)

11. C. E. Dick and J. W. Motz consulted with H.M. Cleare from Kodak

Laboratories on the transfer of a new method and installation of

equipment required for the measurement of the image information

transfer efficiency and light output properties of the medical x- ray screens developed and manufactured by Kodak.

12. J. H. Hubbell responded to inquiries to the X-Ray and Ionizing

Data Center on matters pertaining to photon cross sections from

approximately 250 scientists in the U.S. and abroad.

13. J. H. Hubbell collaborated on calculations of photon pair-production

with scientists at University of Mainz, W. Germany, and University

of Trondheim, Norway.

14. J. H. Hubbell is a consultant to the ICRU Task Group II-B-1

Radiation Dosimetry; X-rays from 5-150 keV. (Task Group Chairman:

Dr. John Greening, Department of Medical Physics, University of

Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 9YW, Scotland)

15. R. Loevinger has twice served as a member of a Special Review

Group of the National Cancer Institute to evaluate research

proposals.

16. T. P. Loftus consulted with the Naval Surface Weapons Center,

White Oak, MD, regarding construction of a new facility for

routine testing of the Navy TL Dosimetry System, and regarding

procedures for establishing traceability to NBS standards for the

dosimeters in routine use.

17. W. L. McLaughlin gave talks and demonstrations to NBS tour of

Tri -Service Clinical Medical Students from Bethesda Naval Hospital

as part of NBS Tour Program, December 1980.

18. W. L. McLaughlin gave advice to Greg Morgan, Becton Dickinson

Co., NJ, on proposed guidelines for evaluating polymeric materials

being processed by radiation sterilization, December 1980.

19. W. L. McLaughlin. Advice to Joel Mattsson of Brooks AF Base on accurate and precise methods of dosimetry and dose distribution

methods in high-intensity pulsed radiation fields, December 1980.

20. W. L. McLaughlin. Assisted Irving Seri in (Monsanto Research,

Indian Orchard, MA, in devising methods of producing radiographic

imaging materials with dye incorporated in plastics, January

1981.

127
Division 533, Consulting and Advisory Services (cont'd.)

21. W. L. McLaughlin. Assisted Russel Sacra to (ERA, College Park,

MD) with technology information on radiation sterilization industry,

methods, quality control, entire list of products, companies

engaged in the industry, and breakdown of types.

22. W. L. McLaughlin. Assisted Noel Spanggard of Crown Zellerbach,

San Leandro, CA, with dosimetry quality control advice for radiation

effects in plastics and solid state materials, January 1981.

23. W. L. McLaughlin. Assisted William Fitzgerald of Baxter-Travenol

(Chicago) with study of temperature dependence of response of

radiochromic dye systems, January 1981.

24. W. L. McLaughlin. Supervised Ph.D. Thesis of N.H. Ahmed Taher,

Cairo University, Prof. El Hussein Youssef, Physics Department,

Title: Radiation Modifications of Industrial Polymeric Materials."

January 1981.

25. W. L. McLaughlin. Supervised Ph.D. Thesis of Roberto Uribe,

University of Mexico, Department of Physics, Title: ESR Spectrometry

of Dyes. January 1981.

26. W. L. McLaughlin. Assisted AAMI (Association for Advancement of

Medical Instrumentation, Trade Association for Medical Device

manufacturers and processors) in establishing quality control in

radiation dosimetry by dose intercomparison studies. Participants:

Isomedix, Inc.; Ethicon Corp.; Surgikos, Inc.; American Hospital

and Supply Corp.; Baxter Travenol; Johnson and Johnson; Becton

Dickinson Company; Sherwood Medical; Radiation Dynamics, Inc.;

Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd.; University Hospital, London,

Ontario.

27. W. L. McLaughlin. Assisted IBM Research (Jane Shaw) in designing

an electronic lithographic material using radiochromic dyes to be

presented at Electron Lithography National Conference, January

1981.

28. W. L. McLaughlin. Assisted Art Lucas of Harshaw Chemical Company,

Solon, OH. in designing applications and improving accuracy and

reproducibil ity of color-center dosimeter consisting of optical

quality LiF chips as possible dosimeters.

29. W. L. McLaughlin. Assisted Prof. Walter Bremer, NYU, Department

of Chemical Engineering with design of radiation sensitive plastic

materials for high-resolution imaging. January 1981.

30. W. L. McLaughlin. Assisted George Gough, Pfizer Medical Systems,

with advice on radiation sterilization dosimetry for quality

assurance, January 1981.

128
Division 533, Consulting and Advisory Services (cont'd.)

31. W. L. McLaughlin. Advised Dr. Wasserman, Department of Agriculture,

Philadelphia, PA, on setting up new Interdepartment Committee on Food Irradiation. January 1981.

32. W. L. McLaughlin. Assisted Sydney Breshears of Space Science

Services, Inc., Laurel, Maryland, with calibration methods for

electron beam irradiated space vehicle components and provide

data for their paper to be given at IEEE meeting in July 1981.

February 1 981

33. W. L. McLaughlin. Assisted Laboratory for Radiation and Polymer

Science, U. of Maryland (Dr. Walter Chappas) with characterization

of ^°Co gamma-ray field and electron beam for 14 MeV Linac.

February 1981.

34. W. L. McLaughlin. Consultation with Van Gun ten (NSA) on dosimetry

and electron beam and spectrum for special test studies to develop

a program to measure accurately the electron dose delivered by a time-dependent electron beam in electronic components. February

1981.

35. W. L. McLaughlin. Assisted Lehigh University, Dr. Dale Zurawski

(Chem. Engineering Dept.) with mapping of 2.5 MeV electron field.

February 1981.

36. W. L. McLaughlin. Assisted Dr. Joseph Holland, Texas A&M University

with advice on high-dose dosimetry project there involving large

^^Co gamma ray source. February 1981.

37. W. L. McLaughlin. Advised Prof. J.F. Merklin, Department Nuclear

Engineering, Kansas State University in new LiF dosimetry methods

for high dose applications, February 1981.

38. W. L. McLaughlin. Advised Dr. Patrick Walsh (Union Electric Co.

in dosimetry for reactor cores very high neutron doses). February

1981.

39. W. L. McLaughlin. Assisted Mr. Jack Dempsey of Stieff R&D and

Taggant Inc. of Bethesda, Maryland with air infiltration radiation

monitors (using electrets). Radiation and Radar dosimeters, as well as Nuclear emulsion Nucclion track dosimeters. February

1981.

40. W. L. McLaughlin. Advised Dr. Sedgewick Berggren, Hughes Aircraft,

on methods of intense beam radiation dosimetry for radiation

effects studies. March 1981.

41. W. L. McLaughlin. Assisted Robert Wood of FAA (New Jersey) with

fast response data on emission of LaOBr radiographic screens. March 1981

129
Division 533, Consulting and Advisory Services (cont'd.)

42. W. L. McLaughlin. Advised Kim Butler, Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co.

Akron, OH on radiation dosimeters for dose distribution measurements

in radiation processing of rubbers. March 1981.

43. W. L. McLaughlin. Assisted Jeff Williams, Huttman Nuclear Co.,

Columbia, MD, on methods of analysis of high-density polyethylene

stored for long times in the presence of nuclear waste. March

1981.

44. W. L. McLaughlin. Assisted Mr. Bracco, Pierelli Cable Corp., New

York, NY, on high dose dosimetry for large insulating cable

applications using electron beams for industrial processing.

April 1981.

45. W. L. McLaughlin. Assisted Far West Technology Inc. with traceability of gamma-ray dose to primary NBS standards. April 1981.

46. W. L. McLaughlin. Assisted Mr. Dominique Gignoux (Industrial

Gauging and Control Inc., Gaithersburg, MD) with quality control

advice on radiation thickness gauges. May 1981.

47. W. L. McLaughlin. Assisted Carl Siebentritt Federal Emergency

Management Agency with design and testing of dosimeters for

radiation emergencies and environmental monitoring. May 1981.

48. W. L. McLaughlin. Advised Mr. Michael Noble, Wyle Laboratories,

Huntsville, Alabama, on details of radiation effects in PVC,

including toxicity data. May 1981.

49. W. L. McLaughlin. Consultation with Sandia Labs, (Mr. J. Plimpton)

on underground nuclear testing dosimetry results. May 1981.

50. W. L. McLaughlin. Assisted M>^. Randy Culp, Bicron Corp., Cleveland,

OH, with irradiations at NBS of Bicron dosimeters for DOE dose

data being compiled by Bicron. May 1981.

51. W. L. McLaughlin. Advised David Ciarlione (Pennsyl vannia State

University Reactor) on high-dose dosimetry and reactor field dose

mapping. July 1981.

52. W. L. McLaughlin. Assisted Doris Boesch of ALZA Corp. with a special irradiation to trouble shoot problematic dosimeters from

the UK-Harwell, that radiation sterilized product may be released

safely to the market. August 1981.

53. W. L. McLaughlin. Assisted Jeffrey Beck of Isomedix, Inc..

Whippany, NJ, with dosimetry for determination of dose distributions

in heterogeneous product, as well as to compute gamma-ray source augmentation from uniform dose distributions in medical product

carriers. August 1981.

130
Division 533, Consulting and Advisory Services (cont'd.)

54. W. L. McLaughlin. Assisted Dr. Donald Theisser and Doug Weiss of

Telcom Products Div. of 3M Co. to establish new high-dose dosimetry

procedures for radiation processing of cable and wire insulation

using electron beams. August 1981.

55. W. L. McLaughlin. Assisted Dale Von Behrens, Sterling Drug Inc.,

New York, NY, begin procedures for instituting dosimetry as sterility assurance in the radiation sterilization of pharmaceuticals.

August 1981

56. J. W. Motz is collaborating with the research staff at Eastman

Kodak Company on the development of medical x-ray film which will

have the capability of storing more image information content

than that contained in the present day medical x-ray films.

57. J. W. Motz consulted with Philips Medical Systems, Inc., on experimental methods for evaluating the image information transfer

efficiency of various x-ray fluorescent screens.

58. J. W. Motz consulted with the University of Arizona Medical

Center on the dependence of image information transfer on the

kilovoltage of x-ray machines in diagnostic radiology.

59. D. R. Penn, served as a consultant to members of Laboratorie pour

L' Utilisation du Rayonnement Electromagnetique (LURE), Or say,

France, on pursuits in solid state, atomic, and molecular physics.

Consulting time was from March 21 - April 4, 1981.

60. S. M. Seltzer is a consultant to the ICRU Committee on Stopping

Power.

61. S. M. Seltzer consulted and advised on radiation transport and

space-shielding problems with members of the Radiation Effects

Branch, Naval Research Laboratory; with members of Goddard Space

Flight Center, NASA.

62. S. M. Seltzer as an invited co-investigator on experiments proposed

for scientific missions sponsored by NASA, advised and collaborated

in studies of x-ray measurements of aural bremsstrahlung in

Halley's ionosphere, of the fluorescence from the surface of the

nucleus of Tempel 2 on the International Comet Mission, and of

the x-ray imaging experiment to study global particle precipitation

from Polar Plasma Laboratory, one of four satellites in the

Origin of Plasmas in Earth's Neighborhood Mission.

63. M. G. Simic served as consultant on radiation sensitization and

protection for radiation induced mutagenesis, Dartmouth Medical

School, Hanover, New Hampshire.

131
Division 533, Consulting and Advisory Services (cont'd.)

64. M. G. Simic served as consultant on polymers to Prof. J. Silverman,

University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.

65. M. G. Simic served as consultant on GC and HPLC methods for

proteins and sugars to J. Schubert, University of Maryland,

College Park, Maryland.

66. M. G. Simic served as consultant on autoxidation to Prof. M.

Karel, MIT, Cambridge, MA.

67. M. G. Simic was a member of the advisory panel to Prof. E.L.

Powers on pulse radiolysis and radiation biology. University of

Texas, Austin, TX.

68. M. G. Simic was consulted on protection from radiation by J.

Biaglow, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.

69. M. G. Simic was consulted by D. Davidson at Walter Reed Hospital,

Washington, DC, on protection from radiation.

70. M. G. Simic was consulted by G. Bohn, Firestone, Ohio on radiation

effects in polymers.

71. M. G. Simic was consulted by H. Krutch, at NIH, Bethesda, Maryland

on separation of peptides.

132
JOURNAL EDITORSHIPS

Division 533, Radiation Physics

Martin J. Berger, Editor, Journal of Radiation Research (Japan).

Robert J. Celotta, Editor, Methods of Experimental Physics, Academic

Press.

W.L. McLaughlin, Editor, International Journal of Applied Radiation and

Isotopes.

W.L. McLaughlin, Editor, Radiation Physics and Chemistry.

H. M. Rosenstock, Member-Editorial Board, International J. Mass Spectrometry

and Ion Physics.

133
TRIPS SPONSORED BY OTHERS

Division 533, Radiation Physics

S. R. Domen traveled to Ottawa, Canada to present a lecture on the

present status and performance of the remodeled NBS absorbed-dose

water calorimeter, sponsored by the National Research Council, October

1980.

S. R. Domen traveled to Boston to present an invited lecture at the

Massachusetts General Hospital, November 1980.

S. R. Domen traveled to Madison, Wisconsin, to present an invited

lecture at the Electron Dosimetry and Arc Therapy Symposium, University

of Wisconsin, September 1981.

S. R. Domen traveled to Vienna and Budapest in October 1981 to consult

on construction and operation of graphite calorimeters to be used as standards of absorbed dose.

D. L. Ederer traveled to the Laboratoire pour '1 Utilisation du Rayonnement (LURE) to collaborate with Francois Wuilleumier, who is a world

recognized leader in the application of photoelectron spectroscopy to

the study of excitation dynamics in the soft x-ray range. He also

visited with Dr. West of Daresbury Laboratory, England and Dr. K. Codling at Reading University, England. September 1979 - October 1980.

R. Loevinger gave an invited lecture at an IAEA Symposium on Biomedical Dosimetry: Physical Aspects, Instrumentation, Calibration.

Paris, October 27-31, 1980.

R. Loevinger participated in a meeting of the Medical Internal Radiation Dose Committee of the Society of Nuclear Medicine. Chicago, May

7-8, 1981; and New York, August 27-28, 1981.

R. Loevinger served as a consultant to the Dosimetry Section of the

IAEA, Vienna, June 10-12, 1981; and served as a consultant to the

Dosimetry Department of the Hungarian National Standards Laboratory.

Budapest, June 15-18, 1981.

R. P. Madden traveled to the John Strong Symposium, University of

Mass, to give a lecture and attend an AIP Governing Board Meeting.

March 1 981

W. L. McLaughlin, as editor of book being published, Pergamon Press

Ltd., Oxford, England, to discuss progress and planning of book.

W. L. McLaughlin, consultation as Chairman of IAEA Advisory Group to

write synopsis of meeting and plan further international radiation

dosimetry, Vienna, Austria, November 17-21, 1980.

134
Division 533, Trips Sponsored by Others (cont'd.)

W. L. McLaughlin gave invited lectures on chemical and radiation

dosimetry at University of Mexico, Institute of Physics, Mexico City,

Mexico, December 8-12, 1980.

W. L. McLaughlin assisted Egyptians in Cairo, Egypt in setting up

dosimetry program in their new 1.5 MeV electron beam industrial facility,

March 12-27, 1981.

W. L. McLaughlin attended dosimetry meeting at Sandia Laboratories,

Kirkland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, NM, April 22-24, 1981.

D. R. Penn presented two talks on synchrotron photoemission experiments at Laboratorie pour L' Utilisation du Rayonnement Electromagnetique

(LURE), Paris, France, and discussed in detail the ongoing activities

of LURE of importance to our program in Electron and Radiation Physics,

March 21 - April 4, 1981.

R. C. Placious, Cleveland X-Ray Inspection Company, Cleveland, OH,

invited lecture entitled "Radiographic Standards for Pipeline Weld

Inspection", November 1980.

R. C. Placious travelled to American Science and Engineering Corp.,

Boston, MA, to serve as x-ray consultant for the FAA on a new automated

x-ray baggage inspection system. May 1981.

W. T. Rogers visited Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics,

Boulder, Colorado, February 2-9, 1981, for professional collaboration

with Dr. Gordon H. Dunn, sponsored by University of Colorado.

135
CALIBRATION SERVICES PERFORMED

Division 533, Radiation Physics Division

Number of

Type of Service Customer SP 250 Cal ib' ns Income or Tests

Calibration of x- 1 Calibration labs *8.3B,C, **135 ) ray and y-ray 2 Hospitals H,I ) measuring instru- 3 Nuclear energy ) ments establ ishments ) $69K

4 Industry ) 5 US Gov't labs ) 6 DoD labs ) Irradiation of ) TL dosimeters 2, 3, 4, 5,

6

*8.3M,N ** 25 )

Calibration of 2,3,4 *8.4E,F ** 18 ) y-ray sources )

) $ 8K

Calibration of 2, 4, 5,

6

*8.4K ** 15 ) 3-particle sources )

Chemical dosimetry

measurement assur- ance service for

electron beams

Hospital

s

*8.5B,C ** 50 $17K

Calibration of x- ray and y-ray mea- suring instruments

Army, Navy *N.A. ** 20 $15K

Radiation MQA DoD & AAPM cal- *N.A. ** 30 $25K

service for calibration labs

bration labs

Far Ultraviolet

radiometric transfer standard

detectors

1 ,3,4,5,6_plus

Universities, and

Foreign gov'ts

***N .

A

23 $25K

Totals 318 $134K

* Column 4; 8.3 & 8.4, numbered reports of the Dosimetry Group; 8.5, individual hospitals; N.A., estimates comparable with 8.3 to 8.4.

** Column 5: 8.3, 8.4, & 8.5, computer print-out, extrapolated to end of

FY 81; N.A., estimates comparable to 8.3, 8.4, 8.5.

***Photodiode calibrations.

136
TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

Division 534, Radiometric Physics

INTRODUCTION

The Radiometric Physics Division is the primary focal point within

NBS for carrying out the traditional Bureau mission of promoting

accurate, meaningful, and compatible optical radiation measurements in

the wavelength region between 200 nm and 14 ym. The Division fulfills

this mission by

• conducting fundamental research aimed at new approaches

• to optical radiometry,

• conducting applied research to extend existing radiometric

standards and calibration procedures,

• maintaining and disseminating the U.S. radiometric scales,

• developing resources of expertise for the solution of

radiometric problems within NBS, government, industry, and the

public sector.

Since radiometry involves the characterization of electromagnetic

radiation generated by sources, propaged by optical systems components,

and received by detectors, the research activities of the Division are organizationally subdivided in terms of these three categories of

radiometric measurements:

Spectroradiometry and Optical Pyrometry (H. J. Kostkowski/J. Shumaker,

Group Leader) --Responsible for the development of source

standards and improving the accuracy of state-of-the-art radiometric and pyrometric measurements.

Spectrophotometry (J. J. Hsia, Group Leader) -- Provides highaccuracy spectrophotometric measurements and standards, and

develops new methods for the radiometric characterization of optical

media and components.

Electro-Optics and Quantum Radiometry (J. Geist, Group Leader) -- Develops new, detector-based radiometric standards and methods to

complement and extend our traditional, source-based capabilities.

The fourth Group serves the vital function of providing measurement ser- vices to the Radiometric community at large:

137
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd)

Photometric Radiometric Calibrations (D. A. McSparron, Group Leader)

-- Provides, improves, and extends radiometric and photometric

calibrations, implements measurement assurance programs, and

participates in radiometric intercomparisons.

The Division's efforts are closely coupled to the radiometric

programs of other CRR Divisions in the vacuum ultraviolet below 200 nm. The Division also interacts strongly with other programs at NBS, such as the Offices of Measurement Services and Standard Reference Materials, areas of CAC pursuing standards activities in analytical absorption

spectrometry and spectrofluorimetry, areas of CBT pursuing vision

research and illuminating engineering, and areas of CMS pursuing

materials property research. Our staff is engaged in numerous interactions with professional societies and standards committees at the

national and international level. These interactions, as well as the

feedback received from calibration customers, are essential in ensuring

the relevance of our programs.

The Division program is continuously monitored and reviewed to ascertain

trends and update activities. For example, a survey of our calibration

services in FY's 1978 through 1980 indicated two important trends:

• Almost one-half of the calibration load now occurs in the area of spectroradiometry. This reflects a growing emphasis

throughout the radiometric community on obtaining spectral

information as the most reliable method of characterizing modern

sources and detectors. We expect this trend to continue, and

will respond by strengthening our spectroradiometric research.

In addition to improving traditional techniques by controlling

polarization, partial coherence, and similar limiting factors,

we hope to examine the potential of entirely new approaches.

One of these is Fourier transform spectroscopy, a technique

used extensively in analytical spectrometry but not yet adopted

in radiometry.

• Independent calibration laboratories and optical instrument manu- facturers have surpassed the lighting and photographic industries

as our second most customer (defense and aerospace communities

remaining the foremost constituent). This shows that the

Division's broad approach to the solution of radiometric

problems has been successful. Some years ago the decision was made, not to provide standards for every feasible type of

radiometric measurement, but to concentrate on a relatively

small number of stable incandescent lamps for spectroradiometric

calibrations. Thus the burden of providing transfer standards

for the lighting industry has been shifted, to a substantial

degree, from NBS to independent and corporate calibration

laboratories. Since instrument manufacturers and the detector

industry have traditionally depended less on standards from

138
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

NBS, and since commercial spectroradiometers and

calibrated detectors now offer the advantage of simplified

calibration methods, we expect that secondary calibration

laboratories will play a still greater role in disseminating

NBS standards in the future.

In addition to the requirements of our traditional constituents, the

rapid growth of electro-optic technologies poses new radiometric problems.

National needs, such as defense, 'energy issues, and radiation safety

concerns, also create new measurement challenges. We are currently

assessing all of these needs and will submit an FY 1984 budget initiative

to obtain Congressional ly appropriated funds for implementing the

required new programs.

Overall, FY 1981 has been a year of consolidation, review and

planning for the future. Reductions in staff and restrictions on hiring have made it impossible to reach all planned goals. Nonetheless,

the work of the Four Groups, as described in the following Technical

Reports, has been productive. In addition to the research accomplishments

evidenced by publications and talks, calibration volume increased to

$160K in FY 1981 and sales of spectrophotometric SRM's through July 1981

stood at $92K.
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

SPECTRORADIOMETRY AND OPTICAL PYROMETRY

The program of this group in the Division focuses on providing

the standards and techniques required for improving the accuracy of

routine as well as state-of-the-art measurements in spectroradiometry

and optical pyrometry. Our current efforts in this direction are of

two kinds: advances in instrumentation and techniques, and an indepth study of the theoretical and practical basis of optical radiometry. In the first area we are developing a new NBS pyrometer and

improved transfer standards with which we hope to reduce by a factor

of three the uncertainties of our temperature scales above 2000 K and

of our spectro radiometric scales between 250 nm and 1600 nm. These

developments are now possible because of improved facilities reported

in previous years for spectral and flux responsivity measurements,

advances in automation, and the experience of the Division with stable

silicon photodiodes. In the second area we are thoroughly reviewing

and systematizing the entire field of radiometry in a series of publications appearing under the general title of Self-Study Manual on Optical Radiation Measurements. In addition to these efforts a significant portion of our resources is devoted to providing measure- ment services, special calibrations, and consultation for a number of

other government agencies and their contractors.

Instrumentation and Techniques

Spectroradiometric and pyrometric scales are usually maintained

on tungsten lamps. Instability in these lamps has been the second

major limitation in the uncertainty of these standards (temperature

being the first). We performed some preliminary research a few years

ago utilizing silicon detectors to monitor these lamps and correct for

any instabil ities--typically a long-term drift or a change on relighting

the lamp. Though the results were very promising, the lack of staff

and the urgency of other problems prevented this research from being

pursued to completion. If we are to be successful in significantly

improving spectroradiometric source standards, lamps with greater

stability are required. We have constructed this year a simple radiometer utilizing a silicon detector to monitor tungsten lamp standards

in order to correct them for any observed instabilities. Preliminary

results with this instrument suggest that lamp control in the neighborhood of 0.02 percent in radiance reproducibility will probably be

achievable.

Current techniques for realizing the International Practical

Temperature Scale (IPTS) at 2500 K are accompanied by uncertainties of

about 1 kelvin. We expect to improve this by a factor of three

(resulting in a 0.1 percent inaccuracy in terms of spectral radiance)

by using a new automated NBS pyrometer now being developed. This

instrument includes micrometer adjustable tungsten strip lamp mounts,

temperature-controlled lamp bases, a state-of-the-art current measuring

140
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

system, a double monochromator and a microcomputer for control and on- line computations. The improvement in accuracy of the instrument

stems primarily from the following: improved and more frequent spectral

pass-band determinations due to the availability of our CW dye laser

spectroradiometer characterization facility, rapid (15 minutes) flux

responsivity measurements (i.e., determination of departures from

linearity) using an automated beam conjoiner, and reliance upon shortterm photomultiplier stability and long-term silicon photodiode stability

instead of lamp stability for carrying the scale between scale realizations. We hope it will be possible to perform a new IPTS realization

utilizing the new instrument in a short enough time (30 minutes) so that whenever optimum accuracy is required a new scale may be realized

just before a temperature measurement is performed. In this way the

effects due to lamp and other component change will be reduced significantly. All major components of this instrument were received and

tested this year and we expect that the completed instrument will be

undergoing testing by the end of FY 82.

During FY 81 we have begun a long-overdue modernization of the

pyrometry calibration laboratory with the purchase of solid state

replacement power supplies, amplifier, and strip chart recorder, and

with the introduction of some remote control capability. This modernization should be complete early in FY 82.

Studies of the Basis of Accurate Radiometry

Complementing our experimental program to achieve improved accu- racies in radiometric measurements is our preparation of a Self-Study

Manual on Optical Radiation Measurements (SSM) in which we are attempting

to write a thorough treatise on the science of accurate optical radiometry. Although intended primarily to be a means of improving the

competence and techniques of the radiometry community within the

national measurement system, a vital benefit to NBS of such a complete

study is the quantitative delineation of the physical, mathematical,

and instrumental approximations and compromises which are inevitable

in these measurements, and the resulting refined estimates of accuracy

and increased measurement confidence. This project has been under way

for half a dozen years now and many fundamental subjects have already

been treated and published: the distribution of radiation with

position, direction, wavelength, and polarization; beam-defining

apertures; the slit-scattering function and deconvolution; and the

over-all measurement equation. The past year has seen drafts of

chapters on coherence and on solar ultraviolet irradiance measurements

completed. It is expected that both chapters will be published early

in FY 82. Further plans for FY 82 include the preparation by the

spectroradiometry group of a long-postponed chapter on linearity and,

probably, participating in writing a chapter on the time variable in

radiometry. These two subjects are particularly appropriate now because of the importance of the measurement of detector linearity in

141
I

Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

our efforts to improve the accuracy of our temperature and spectroradiometric scales and because of the Division's growing interest in

pulse radiometry.

Other Agency Projects

Other government agencies continue to provide valuable support in

the form of specific tasks which, from our point of view, enable us to

acquire equipment or experience which is important to our program.

For the past several years the EPA has generously funded research

directed toward accurate ground level solar irradiance measurements in

the 285-340 nm spectral region. The experience gained in this work

forms the basis for the SSM chapter mentioned above and the details of

the measurements taken using the newly developed technique and instrument are being readied for publication as an NBS Tech Note and, in a shortened version, as a journal publication. This measurement capability, generating the most accurate measurements ever in this region of

the solar spectrum, promises to provide improved means of determining

the atmospheric ozone concentration and is of direct interest to

photobiologists because of the harmful effects of this component of

sunlight on life forms. An essential element of this solar UV work

was the establishment of a spectroradiometer characterization facility

which contains a tunable dye laser with a frequency doubling capability

for UV work. In this facility we can determine spectrometer slitscattering functions with precision and ease and over a range which we could not previously hope to cover. This facility has not lived up to

the contractor's promised power levels in the UV, but we are attempting

to improve its performance in this region by substituting a ring dye

laser for the standing-wave dye laser supplied with the original

system. In the meantime the facility has been used for the complete

characterization for the EPA of a spectroradiometer, i.e., determining

its slit-scattering function, wavelength accuracy, and absolute signal

output calibration including linearity. In the coming years we expect

this important facility to be heavily used in the characterization of new spectroradiometric instruments and for monitoring the behavior of

existing instruments.

We are continuing to provide BRH with radiometric consultation

and instrument evaluation in order to insure a sound spectroradiometric

measurement base for their regulatory responsibilities. One such

activity to be commenced late this year or early next is the evaluation of a new automated laboratory spectroradiometer designed for BRH.

The evaluation will be similar to that described above for the EPA

instrument.

During the past year we have been assembling an automated spectroradiometer for the CCG. This is a portable, computer driven double

monochromator complete with keyboard and disk drive. The goal is to

produce a well -documented, thoroughly characterized spectroradiometer

142
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

which can be used by the armed services in their measurement assurance

programs. The work remaining is to characterize the radiometer--

measure the slit-scattering function, wavelength accuracy, and linearity--

and to improve the computer program documentation.

Our facility for calibrating 200 K - 400 K blackbodies in a space-like environment (20 K and high vacuum) is continuing to be used

a few months each year for performing special calibrations for DoD.

This facility uses an electrically calibrated blackbody detector

operating below the Lambda point of helium with germanium resistance

thermometers for temperature sensing. There is no other facility like

it in the USA.

143
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

SPECTROPHOTOMETRY AND MAP

The objectives of this group are:

(1) to establish and improve high accuracy spectrophotometric

and densitometric scales in the National Measurement

System by developing new instrumentation, establish new measurement capabilities and improving basic standards,

(2) to disseminate these scales by developing measurement

assurance programs (MAP), developing transfer standards

and standard materials, performing calibration services,

and providing consultation to the measurement community,

and

(3) to study and develop new methods for radiometric characterization of optical media and components for scientific

research and for emerging technologies.

The achievements during FY81 are reviewed in the areas of retroreflection, diffuse reflection, and specular reflection, bidirectional

reflection, transmission, and densitometry.

Retroreflection

The package for the MAP consists of high and low intensity bead

sheeting retroreflectors, a prismatic retroreflector, and seven colored

glass filters. The glass filters have been measured using the high

accuracy reference spectrophotometer. The luminous transmittances have

been calculated from the spectral transmittances using CIE Illuminant A

and CIE V(A), and can be used to check the combined spectral distribution of source and responsivity of the receiver. Computer simulations

have been done. The results show that if a color correction filter is

not carefully chosen, large errors may result.

The effect of the size of source and detector apertures on high and

low intensity bead sheeting have been studied. The effect of changing

of angles of incidence and observation on high and low intensity bead

sheeting have been measured and the data have been analyzed for significant coefficients.

The effect of changing of the angle of incidence, two angles of

observation and the angle of rotation of the sample (on its own axis) on the prismatic retroreflector is being studied using the one-third factorial experimental design which requires 54 runs with nine measurements

in each run.

The status of the retroreflection measurement assurance program at

NBS, including some investigations on proposed standards has been re- ported at the International Conference on Optical Radiation Measurement

144
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

of Fluorescent and Retroreflective Materials at Bloomington, Minnesota

on June 18, 1981

The staff has been consulted on the design and construction of

retroreflectometer and measurement method by the Avery International.

Diffuse Reflection

An international intercomparison of the absolute diffuse reflectance scales has been conducted among our group, NRC, Ottawa (Canada),

and PTB, Braunschweig (FRG). The results have showed that the reflectance factors of the three measurement geometries used at the three

laboratories agree to within ±0.1% for the near 100% reflectance for the

wavelength range of 500 nm to 800 nm.

The important 6°-hemispherical , directional-hemispherical, and

bidirectional reflection properties of pressed polytetrafluorethylene

powder have been investigated in the wavelength range of 200 nm to

2500 nm and the results have been published in the Journal of the

Optical Society of America.

The 45°/normal ref1 ectometer has been characterized for calibrating

the absolute reflectance factor of diffuse samples over the 380-770 nm spectral range using polarization radiation and the details will be

published in Metrologia, September issue.

The diffuse reflectance MAP package consists of one didymium glass

filter for checking wavelength accuracy, and one set of neutral density

filters and one set of reflectors for checking linearity accuracy. The

reflectors have been calibrated in the visible spectral region. The

neutral density filters were first surveyed on the transfer transmittance instrument to determine at which wavelengths the transmittance

would be least effected by the spectral passbands. Three sets of

neutral density filters have been measured on the high accuracy transmittance instrument with narrow passband. Transmittances have been

computed for various passbands.

This group has developed white and black diffuse reflectance

standards (SRM's 2019-2022) for calibrating reflectometers used in

evaluating solar properties of solar energy materials for the wavelength

range of 250 nm to 2500 nm.

Specular Reflection

For the solar specular reflectance standards, second surface

specular reflectance standards (SRM 2023) similar in construction to

that of the heliostat mirrors, have been calibrated and certified. Each

standard consists of one thin fused quartz front plate with a vacuum deposited aluminum coating on its back. A thin protective layer of S.O

is evaporated over the aluminum. Another thin quartz plate is then

^

145
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

bound on to serve as the base plate. The total sample thickness is

about 5 mm. The first surface specular reflectance standards (SRM

2003a) for calibrating specular ref1 ectometers have been calibrated and

certified. Both the first and second surface specular reflectance

standards were calibrated for the wavelength range of 250 nm to 2500 nm.

Bidirectional Reflection

A survey of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function

measurement methods has been performed and the overview has been presented at the minisymposium on standards for the specification of

optical surface finish. The minisymposium was sponsored by ASTM subcommittee F-1.02 on lasers.

The staff has been consulted on bidirectional reflectance measure- ment methods and available data by the Center for Manufacturing Engineering. These informations are needed for distance judging by a robot sensor.

Transmission

This group participated in the international comparison on transmission filter measurements in May. The data are still being analyzed.

This international comparison was handled by the National Office of

Measures at Budapest and under the sponsorship of CIE Technical Committee TC-2.3 on Materials.

The wavelength range of the high accuracy spectrophotometer for

transmittance is being extended from 800 nm to 2500 nm. The electronics

as well as the automation and data acquisition equipment have been re- ceived and integration of these equipment into the high accuracy spectrophotometer has begun. Design and construction of an averaging sphere

has been completed. It was coated with polytetrofluoroethylene powder

and a PbS cell has been attached and is ready for testing.

The staff has performed measurements for the Center for Analytical

Chemistry to help investigate the polarization problem of metal-onquartz filters, to study methods for stray light determination and to

verify photometric scales on high transmitting fused quartz filters.

The staff has been consulted on high accuracy measurement method

and design of spectrophotometers by Hoya and Barr Associate Inc.

Densitometry

Optical transmission density SRM's are produced for the photographic, printing, and non-destructive testing industries. These are comprised of x-ray film step tablets (SRM 1001), photographic step

tablets (SRM 1008), and microcopy resolution test charts (SRM 1010a).

146
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

This year this group has developed the reflection step tablet

standard reference material (SRM 2061) for calibrating reflection densitometers used in photographic applications requiring color balance or

separation. The calibrated reflection step tablet has 12 steps that

cover the optical density range from 0 to 2 on gray scale paper from

white to black. The reflection density scale was transferred from the

reference 45°/normal reflectometer developed by this group. The total

SRM sales including didymium filters for wavelength calibration this

fiscal year is $92K.

147
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

ELECTRO-OPTICAL AND QUANTUM RADIOMETRY

The Electro-Optics Group is responsible for 1) providing a more

fundamental basis for photophysical process characterization in the

National Measurement System, 2) developing new electro-optical technology

for radiometric applications, and 3) developing a new conceptual basis

for radiometric calibration. The major part of the total Group effort

this year was devoted to studies of silicon junction diode physics as a basis for accurate radiometry. However, a doubling of the Group's size

during the year with support from the Quantum Radiometry competence

building program expansion, made it possible to vigorously pursue these

studies without sacrificing other important Group programs.

Silicon Junction Photodiode Physics:

In collaboration with members of the Optics Section of Australia's

CSIRO Division of Applied Physics, Jon Geist studied various replacements for the water drop electrode used in photodiode self calibration.

The alternate approaches included condensing water from a saturated air

flow, a tin oxide electrode, and a corona discharge to the diode surface.

Only the latter technique offered significant advantages over the water

drop. The most important disadvantage of the water drop as an electrode

is that repeated application and removal create a dirt film on the diode

surface that reduces its optical quality and increases the uncertainty

in the diode reflectance measurements. No similar effect on the optical

properties of the oxide was observed following repeated charging and

discharging of the oxide surface with a corona discharge. This advantage

is important enough that the corona technique was used instead of the

water drop in monochromator based measurements of the uv quantum yield

of silicon that were also made in Australia. The results, which are shown in fig. 1, have not been completely interpreted, nor have all

radiometric corrections been applied. The differences from detector to

detector that are evident in fig. 1 are not yet understood. If they

represent fundamental variations in material properties from device to

device, then they would present a severe limit to the accuracy achievable

in the uv with photo-diode self-calibration, and could reduce our interest

in pursuing this research direction in the uv. However, if the differences

represent a defect in the diodes or an as yet undiscovered systematic

error in radiometry, then there would still be considerable potential

for self-calibration to have a very important impact on the accuracy and ease of uv radiometry. Even if these results turn out to be of little

use to radiometry, they are of considerable use for comparison with

theoretical calculations of the uv quantum yield of silicon. Also shown

in Fig. 1 is our synthesis of recent theoretical results of Alig, Bloom

and Struck at high photon energy based upon the free particle band

structure, and earlier, low energy calculations of Antoncik and Gaur

based on the band structure of silicon, including corrections to the

latter by us. Some earlier measurements by Ed Zalewski and Li Tong Bao

using our laser based facility are also shown in the figure. While, the

quantitative agreement between the three data sets is not good at the

148
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

Figure Caption

Fig. 1 A comparison of a calculation of the near ultra-violet

quantum yield for electron-hole pair production in silicon

(upper curve) with measurements on three different detectors

(lower solid and dashed lines). One bad data point is

evident on each of the dashed curves. Most of the features

on the calculation are artifacts; a recalculation is needed.

The prominent feature on the measured curves near 4.5 eV is

also likely to be an artifact associated with errors in the

reflectance measurements.

149
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

one percent level, there are some tantalizing correlations in the details

of the features of the two spectra, and the agreement is much better

then previously reported due to improvements in both the theoretical and

the experimental results.

Warren Gladden and Ed Zalewski completed a study of the angular

dependence of the quantum efficiency of silicon photodiodes that was prompted by a recent letter in the Journal of the Optical Society (JOSA)

claiming that variations in external quantum efficiency as a function of

angle do not scale with diode absorptance. The study included the

type of diode that was the subject of the study reported in JOSA and the

type of diode usually employed in our research. A theoretical model of

the angular dependence of the quantum yield based on the rise in collection efficiency from the diode's oxide/sil icon interface to the

depletion region was also derived. Our experimental results did not

confirm those reported in JOSA, but did agree quite well with the

prediction of a very small effect derived from the theoretical model.

We discovered two possible sources of error that might explain the

results in the JOSA letter, (multiple reflections at the window and non- linearity), but personal communication with one of the authors of the

letter seems to rule them out.

Joel Fowler has started a study of noise in our photodiodes and

operational amplifiers from the point of view of the electronics engineer.

He also guided Gyorgy Eppeldauer, a guest worker from the Hungarian

Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physics in Budapest in the design of a higher gain detector head for the Detector Response Transfer and Intercomparison Package (DRIP). Julius Cohen has also started a study of

noise in photodiodes, but from the point of view of the fundamental

physics. As a result of these programs we hope at least to understand

in great detail the causes of the current limitations on photodiode

signal to noise, and hopefully, what can be done to improve it.

Russ Schaefer has continued to prepare for the intercomparison

between photodiode self-calibration and electron counting on the NBS

SURF II synchrotron facility. On the negative side, we have not been

able to develop a computer implemented algorithm that can unambiguously

identify an electron loss event even though human observers can easily

do this from the graphical records. For this reason, and because it

takes so long to lose 10^* electrons from the ring at a rate low enough

to identify each loss event, we no longer plan to count 10** electrons.

The current plan is to count a few hundred electrons at 3 x lO'*, 10‘*, 3

X 10\ 10^ and 300 electrons and to compare the step size at the different

electron numbers. Since we can independently verify photodiode linearity

with the ac/dc flux superposition technique that we developed previously,

this approach is viable. If we were to find a systematic change in step

size with electron number, it would bring into question the applicability

of the Schwinger theory of single electron synchrotron radiation to

multi -electron radiation. However, very careful study of all aspects of

the linearity question would be necessary before this possibility could

be addressed.

150
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.j

An absolute spectral response calibration based on a photodiode

self-calibration was carried out on a photodiode filtered with the 600 nm interference filter that was used in the 1976 feasibility study. An

absolute accuracy of 0.3% was indicated, and numerous possible improvements in experimental design were apparent. A new dye laser configuration

is being set up to allow higher wavelength accuracy, and positioning

stages to allow more convenient comparison between the filtered photodiode

and the self-cal ibrated reference photodiode have been built and set up.

However, it is proving difficult to obtain interference filters of

quality equal to that of the 600 nm interference filter left over from

the feasibility study.

Other Electro-Optics Group Activities:

During the last year, Ed Zalewski and Bob Booker both made reflectance

measurements in support of electrical substitution cavity radiometer

characterizations. Zalewski measured the reflectance characteristics of

a mock-up of the NPL electrically calibrated cryogenic cavity radiometer

with which he had compared the NBS silicon self-calibration capability

last year. The purpose of the measurement was to better characterize

errors associated with the cavity reflectance loss for new high accuracy

measurement of the Stefan-Boltzmann radiation constant by Terry Quinn

(BIPM) and John Martin (NPL), They reported on these measurements at

the recent NBS sponsored Conference on Precision Measurements and Fundamental Constants.

Bob Booker measured the reflectance distribution from 180 nm to 220 nm of a black paint used in sattelite borne cavity radiometers. The purpose

was to verify that the paint is as specular and absorptive at these

short wavelengths as it is in the visible where it has been characterized

previously. These measurements were performed at the request of solar

physicists who wanted to know whether or not current satellite borne

solar constant experiments were sensitive to the radiation in solar

flares.

Joel Fowler has designed a microcomputer based control system for the

electrically calibrated pyroelectric radiometer, and Pat Tobin, under

Fowler's supervision, has done the board layout for modules that will

plug into the S-100 bus of our Cromemco microcomputer system in the same way our experimental interface boards do. This prototype system will be

used to test the practicality of microcomputer control for this type of

instrument.

Also during this year, Miguel Tufino, a guest worker from the National

Polytechnical Institute in Mexico City, used the Silicon self-calibration

procedure to determine the radiant power to electrical power calibration

factor of our electrically calibrated pyroelectric radiometer. He checked

its linearity by comparison with a silicon photodiode, and then used it

with a monochromator based detector comparator to calibrate the spectral

response of silicon photodiodes over the 350 to 980 nm spectral region.

151
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

Comparison with previous spectral response measurements using cw laser

radiation and our thermopile electrically calibrated radiometer showed

agreement to better than 1%.

Finally, Ed Zalewski, with substantial assistance from Warren Gladden,

continued to do absolute spectral response measurements in support of

the detector calibration program.

152
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

PHOTOMETRIC-RADIOMETRIC CALIBRATIONS AND MAP

The objective of this group is to provide a firm measurement base

for the nation's optical radiation community (defense and aerospace,

instrument manufacturers and commercial calibration laboratories,

lighting and photographic industries, research institutions, etc.). To

accomplish this objective, the group:

(1) maintains the U.S. photometric and radiometric scales and

provides, improves and extends the NBS calibration services

for the basic photometric and radiometric quantities - radiance

temperature, spectral radiance, spectral irradiance, detector

spectral responsivity, luminous intensity, luminous flux and

color temperature.

(2) engages in activities such as intercomparisons, measurement

assurance programs, consultations and ad hoc experiments that

will insure that measurements made in laboratories outside

NBS are being made at acceptable levels of accuracy.

Much of the group's activity in the past year has been devoted to

the calibration program. Calibration volume increased to $160 K in

billings (up from $125 K in FY-80). Early in the year the NBS Director,

Dr. Ambler, expressed concern that the NBS calibration programs should

continue to be first rate and progress with the times. This concern

led to the establishment of several review committees culminating in

the permanent formation of the NBS Calibration Advisory Group. Extensive interaction with these committees led to an internal review of

the Division's calibration programs. As a result of this review,

plans have been formulated to upgrade the existing documentation and to

implement new technology in an orderly manner. An immediate positive

result of the Director's interest was the allocation of $50 K of

general purpose equipment money to replace aging and obsolescent

instruments presently used for routine calibrations. Procurement of

this equipment has been completed and integration of the new equipment

has begun.

Several projects were finished by completing experiments begun in

previous years. NBS completed measurements for the second half of

the international intercomparison of luminous intensity measurements

sponsored by the National Physical Laboratory (Great Britain). The

three lamps involved in this intercomparison have now made two trips

around the world and results of the intercomparison are expected early

next year. The luminous flux calibrations (approximately 200 lamps for

15 customers) performed to implement the international redefinition of

the photometric units were completed and reports have been issued. The

Detector Response Intercomparison Program (DRIP) has been established

on a routine basis. The four rental packages are now issued to

customers quarterly and at present the backlog is six months.

153
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd)

Every year, this group undertakes a limited number of special,

ad hoc calibrations to support research activities in other divisions

of NBS and/or the optical radiation community in general. In the past

year three sun lamps of two different types were evaluated for the Bureau

of Radiological Health to determine their ultraviolet emission and

hence their potential health hazard. Two self-luminous sources (tritium activated phosphor luminance standards) were calibrated for

the U.S. Army. These sources are used to provide the measurement base

for radioluminescent source procurement in the U.S. Measurement uniformity in plant growth chambers was supported through NBS calibration

of two quantum-flat silicon cell radiometers. These radiometers are being circulated among ten university and government laboratories

to insure uniform optical radiation measurements in the plant biology

community.

Looking to the future, several efforts were initiated. Phototopically corrected silicon cells have been procured and experiments

planned to assess their potential as photometric transfer standards.

Proposals to initiate a new program to calibrate spectrally rich sources,

such as metal -halide lamps, were prepared and presented to management.

Finally, plans were initiated to revamp the pyrometric lamp calibrations

by transferring the measurements to the automated spectroradiometer

used for spectral irradiance and spectral radiance calibrations.

154
SPONSORED CONFERENCES

Division 534, Radiometric Physics

UV-B Irradiation Experiments International Workshop, jointly sponsored by

NBS-EPA, NBS Gaithersburg, April 6-8, 1981.
INVITED TALKS

Division 534, Radiometric Physics

K. L. Eckerle (co-author J. J. Hsia), "Status of the Retroreflection

Measurement Assurance Program at NBS, Including Some Investigation on Proposed Standards", International Conference on Optical Radiation

Measurement of Fluorescent and Retroreflective Materials, Bloomington,

Minnesota, June 18, 1981.

J. Geist, "Modern Developments in Radiometry of Interest to Meteorology

and Climatology", Symposium, Fifth International Comparison of Pyrheliometers, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium, Davos, Switzerland,

October 5, 1980.

J. Geist, "Silicon Device Physics: The p-n Junction as a Radiometric

Standard", Central Research Laboratory Colloquium, Landis and Gyr

A.G., Zug, Switzerland, October 9, 1980.

J. Geist, "The Physics of the p-n Junction in Silicon as an Absolute

Radiometric Standard", Optics Division Colloquia, Physikal ish-Technische

Bundesanstal t, Braunsweig, West Germany, October 13, 1980.

J. Geist, "Review of Flight Instrumentation for Solar Constant Measurements", Workshop on Variations of the Solar Constant, NASA Goddard

Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, November 5, 1980

J. Geist, "The Physical Basis of the Self-Calibration of Silicon

Photodiodes", Electro-Optics/Laser 80 Conference and Exposition,

Boston, Nov. 20, 1980.

J. Geist, "Physics of Silicon Photovoltaic Junction Diodes in Short

Circuit Operation", Division Colloquium, CSIRO Div. of Appl . Phys.,

West Lindfield, NSW, Australia, May 28, 1981.

J. Geist, "Blackbody Theory", Radiometry Group Informal Colloquium,

CSIRO Div. of Appl. Phys. West Lindfield, NSW, Australia, June 16, 1981.

J. Geist, "Review of p-n Junction Physics Research at the U.S.

National Bureau of Standards", Sydney Area Solid State Colloquium Series,

University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia, July 7, 1981.

J. Geist, "Quantum Efficiency of p-n Junctions in Silicon Photodiodes",

Symposium on the Optical and Electronic Properties of Insulators and

Semi-conductors, Hotel Hacienda Cocoyoc, Morelos, Mexico,

August 4, 1 981

.

156
I

Division 534. Invited Talks (cont'd.)

J. J. Hsia, "Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function Measurements Methods", ASTM Committee FL.02 Mini symposium on Standards for

Specifying the Surface Finish on Optical Components, NBS, Gaithersburg,

MD, June 9, 1981.

H. J. Kostkowski, "New State-of-the-Art Instruments and Techniques for

Solar Terrestrial Spectroradiometry below 300 nm". Meeting of the

American Society for Photobiology, Williamsburg, Virgina, June 15, 1981.

A. R. Schaefer, "Recent NBS Research in Heavy Doping Effects", Workshop

on Heavy Doping Effects in Silicon Devices, Dept, of Electrical

Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, May 9, 1981.

E. F. Zalewski, A. R. Schaefer and J. Geist, "Absolute Radiometric

Standards based on the Physics of Silicon Photodiodes", Annual

Meeting, Optical Society of America, Chicago, IL, October 17, 1980.

E. F. Zalewski, "Description and Verification of the Silicon Photodiode

Self-Calibration Procedure", Electro-Optics/Laser 80 Conference and

Exposition, Boston, November 20, 1980.

E. F. Zalewski and M. Tufino-Velazquez, "Silicon Photodiode SelfCalibration as a Basis for Radiometry in the Infrared", 25th Annual

International Technical Symposium and Exhibit, Society of PhotoOptical Instrumentation Engineers, San Diego, August 25, 1981.

157
PUBLICATIONS

Division 534* Radiometric Physics

Baltes, H. P. and Geist, J., "Kirchhoff's and Planck's Radiation Laws for

Small Particles", J. Quant. Spect. and Rad. Trans, (accepted for

publ ication)

.

Booker, R. L., "Luminance-brightness Comparisons of Separated

Circular Stimuli", J. Opt. Soc. Am., 71, 139 (1981).

Demas, J. N. , Bowman, W. D., Zalewski, E. F. and Velapoldi, R. A.,

"Determination of the Quantum Yield of the Ferri oxalate Acti nometer

with Electrically Calibrated Radiometers", J. Phys. Chem. (accepted

for publication).

Geist, J., Zalewski, E. F. and Schaefer, A. R.., "Spectral Response

Self-calibration and Interpolation of Silicon Photodiodes",

Appl. Opt. 19, 3795 (1980).

Geist, J. and Lowney, J. R., "Effect of Band-gap Narrowing Phenomena

on the Built-in Field in n-type Silicon", J. Appl. Phys. 1121 (1981).

Geist, J., Liang, E. and Schaefer, A. R., "Complete Collection of

Minority Carriers from the Inversion Layer in Induced Junction Diodes",

J. Appl. Phys. (accepted for publication).

Hsia, J. J. and Weidner, V. R. , "Reflectance Properties of Pressed

Tetrafluoroethylene Powder", Laser & Electro-Optik, No. 1, 14-15 (1981).

Hsia, J. J. and Weidner, V. R., "NBS 45°/Normal Reflectometer for

Absolute Reflectance Factors", accepted for publication in Metrologia

(September 1981).

Keller, R. A. and Zalewski, E. F., "Noise Considerations, Signal

Magnitudes and Detection Limits in a Hollow Cathode Discharge by

Opto-gal vanic Spectroscopy", Appl. Opt. 1_9, 3301 (1980).

Richmond, J. C., Hsia, J. J., Weidner, V. R., and Liggett, W. C. Jr.,

"Standards Reference Materials: Preparation and Calibration of

Standards of Absolute Directional-Hemispherical Reflectance Factor",

to be published in Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) SP-260 series.

Schaefer, A. Russell, "Measurement of Synchrotron Radiation from the NBS

SURF II Using a Silicon Radiometer", Nucl . Inst, and Meth. 172 , 89 (1980)

Shumaker, J. B., "Self-Study Manual on Optical Radiation Measurements,

Part I--Concepts, Chapter 10, Introduction to Coherence in Radiometry",

to be published as an NBS Tech Note in the 910-series.

158
Division 534. Publications (cont'd)

Weidner, V. R. and Hsia, J. J., "Reflection Properties of Pressed

Polytetrafluoroethylene Powder", J. Opt. Soc. Am. 71_ (7), 856 (July 1981).

Zalewski, E. F., Keller, R. A. and Apel , C. T., "Opto-gal vanic Effect

as a Detector for Intra-cavity Atomic Absorption in a cw Dye Laser",

Appl. Opt. 20, 1584 (1981).

159
TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP

Division 534, Radiometric Physics

Robert L. Booker

Member and Secretary, U.S. Panel of CIE TC-1.6 on Fundamentals of

Visual Signalling.

Member, U.S. Panel of CIE TC-1.4 on Vision: Photopic, Mesopic,

and Scotopic.

Member, U.S. National Committee of the CIE.

Robert J. Bruening

Secretary, National Capital Section of the Optical Society of

America.

Jon C. Geist

U.S. representative of TC-2 - Photon Detectors Committee of the

International Measurement Confederation (IMEKO).

Jack J. Hsia

Member, U.S. Panel of CIE TC-2. 3 on Methods of Measuring

Photometric Characteristics of Materials.

Member, ASTM E-37 Committee on Thermal Measurements.

Member, ASTM D-1.26 Subcommittee on Optical Properties of Paint,

Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Products.

Member, ASTM E-12 Committee on Appearance of Materials; E-12.01

Editorial and Terminology, E-12. 02 Colorimetry and Spectrophotometry,

E-12. 03 Geometric Properties.

Delegate from ASTM to ISCC.

Representative, ANSI Committee PH2 on Sensitometry and Subcommittee

PH2-28 on Densitometry.

Henry J. Kostkowski

Member, U.S. Panel of CIE TC-1.2 on Photometry and Radiometry.

160
Division 534, Technical Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (cont'd)

Henry J. Kostkowski

Alternate representative/delegate, ANSI Committee Z311 on Photobiological Safety of Lamps.

Donald A. McSparron

Member, ANSI Z311 on Photobiological Safety of Lamps.

Member, Lamp Testing Engineers Conference.

Member, Illuminating Engineering Society (lES) on Testing Procedures.

Member, U.S. Panel of CIE TC-1.2 on Photometry and Radiometry.

Klaus D. Mielenz

Member, ASTM E-13 on Molecular Spectroscopy.

Member, ASTM E-13. 06 on Luminescence.

Member, U.S. Panel of CIE TC-2.3 on Properties of Materials.

Member, U.S. National Committee of the CIE.

Fred E. Nicodemus

Consultant, CIE TC-1.2 on Photometry and Radiometry.

Member, U.S. Panel of CIE TC-1.1 on Definitions and Vocabulary.

Member, U.S. National Committee of the CIE.

Technical Advisor, Joint Infrared Standards Working Group,

Countermeasures Subgroup of the Joint Technical Coordination

Group on Aircraft Survivability (DoD)

Robert D. Saunders

Member, lES Committee on Photobiology

Member, Illuminating Engineering Research Institute (lERI)

Committee on Extra Visual Effects.

161
Division 534. Technical Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (cont'd)

A. Russell Schaefer

Member, U.S. Panel of CIE TC-2.2 on Detectors and Photometric

Instruments.

John B. Shumaker

Member and U.S. Coordinator of U.S. Panel of CIE TC-2.3 on Polarization.

Jack L. Tech

Secretary, U.S. National Committee of the CIE.

Member, CIE International Executive Committee.

U.S. Member, Comite Consultatif de Photometrie et Radiometrie.

Member, U.S. Panel of CIE TC-1.2 on Photometry and Radi omet ry.

Member, International Astronomical Union Commission 14 (Fundamental

Spectroscopic Data) and Commission 29 (Stellar Spectra).

U.S. Member, International Action Committee of the CIE.

Edward F. Zalewski

Chairman, U.S. Panel of CIE TC-2.2 on Detectors.

162
MAJOR CONSULTING AND ADVISORY SERVICES

Division 534^ Radiometric Physics

1. R. L. Booker and D. A. McSparron provided consultation and

measurement assistance to W. J. Boettinger of the Metallurgy

Division in making a low level luminance measurement of an x-ray

phosphor. The measurement established the relationship between

x-ray flux and phosphor luminance and will be used to specify

equipment for x-ray studies of phase transformation and defect

motion in alloy crystals.

2. R. L. Booker consulted with B. Schwartz of the Army Mobility

Equipment Research and Development Command at Ft. Bel voir regarding

the photometric measurement of low-level flashing mine-field

1 ights.

3. K. L. Eckerle, consulted on design and construction of retroreflectometer for the Instrument Development Engineering Associates,

Inc. (Mr. David L. Fridge, President) and Avery International

(Dr. Karl Josephy).

4. K. L. Eckerle, consulted on design and construction of transmittance spectrophotometers for the Barr Association, Inc., Concord,

Massachusetts.

5. J. J. Hsia and V. R. Weidner, consulted on pressing technique of

polytetrofluoroethylene powder and on method of measuring diffuse

reflectance for the Labsphere Co., North Sutton, NH (Dr. Philip B. Lape and D. J. Lovell).

6. J. J. Hsia and V. R. Weidner, consulted on bidirectional reflectance measurement method and available data. Information is

needed to help judge distances of an object by a robot sensor. This is for Dr. Robert Houser, Automation Sensors Group, Center

for Manufacturing Engineering.

7. D. A. McSparron provided consultation to NASA (Goddard) and to the

Aerospace Division of Ball Brothers (Prime Contractor) on the design,

construction and calibration of a Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet

Radiometer (SBUV) for use in the NASA/NOAA solar monitoring program.

8. D. A. McSparron consulted with Irving Sochard of Naval Security

(White Oak) and Mr. Weinstein of the CIA on the use and measurement

of phosphorescent paints for surveillance of high security areas.

163
Division 534. Major Consulting and Advisory Services (cont'd)

9. D. A. McSparron consulted with Frank Carlen of the Army Environmental Hygiene Agency on standards, instruments and measurements

of ultraviolet optical radiation.

10. D. A. McSparron consulted with Mr. Rudy of RCA (Lancaster, Pennsylvania) on luminance measurements problems associated with characterizing color TV picture tubes.

11. D. A. McSparron consulted with Terry Smalley of the City of Oakland,

on illuminance measurement problems associated with the acceptance

testing of high pressure sodium and multi-vapor street lighting.

12. K. D. Mielenz and K. L. Eckerle, consulted on high accuracy transmittance measurement method for the Hoya Co.

13. F. E. Nicodemus, Division technical representative and technical

consultant to NBS library.

14. C. H. Popenoe, Member of Microprocessor Subcommittee of the NBS

Electronics Storeroom Committee.

164
TRIPS SPONSORED BY OTHERS

Division 534, Radiometric Physics

J. Geist, Return airfare to Europe, and per diem supplied by NOAA to

support participation in the Fifth International Comparison of

Pyrhel iometers (and Absolute Radiometers) held under the

auspices of the World Meteorological Organization at the PhysikalischMeteorlogisches Observatorium, Davos, Switzerland, September 28 to

October 7, 1980.

J. Geist, Train tickets from Davos to Zug to Zurich in Switzerland,

and assistance in kind to support a trip to the Central Research

Laboratory of Landis and Gyr, AG to present an invited paper,

October 7 to October 11, 1980.

J. Geist, Train tickets from Zurich, Switzerland, to Braunsweig, West

Germany, and assistance in kind to support trip to the Physikal ischTechnische Bundesanstalt to present an invited paper, October 11 to

October 14, 1980.

J. Geist, Return airfare to Denver, and per diem supplied by the

U.S. Solar Energy Research Institute through the NBS Electron Devices

Division to support consultation on radiometric measurements for solar

conversion, October 29 to October 31, 1980.

J. Geist, Return airfare to Sydney, Australia, and per diem supplied

by the CSIRO, Division of Applied Physics to support guest worker

status at the National Measurement Laboratory in West Lindfield,

May 23 through July 23, 1981.

J. Geist, Return air tickets and assistance in kind to support trip

to present invited paper at a symposium celebrating the 20th

anniversary of the School of Physics and Mathematics of the Institute

Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico, August 2 to August 5, 1981.

H. J. Kostkowski, Trip sponsored by the American Society for Photobiology to present an invited paper at the annual meeting in Williamsburg, Virginia, June 14-17, 1981.

165
STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS

Division 534, Radiometric Physics

1. SRM 100k, X-Ray Film Step Tablet

Used in the calibration of optical densitometers and similar

equipment used in the photographic, graphic arts, and x-ray fields.

Certified for Optical Densities from 0 to 4.

2. SRM 1008, Photographic Step Tablets

Used in the calibration of optical densitometers and similar

equipment used in the photographic and graphic arts fields.

Certified for optical densities from 0 to 4.

3. SRM 1010a, Microcopy Resolution Tests Charts

Used for determining the resolving power of microcopy systems.

4. SRM 2061, Reflection Step Tablets

Used in the calibration of reflection densitometers and similar

equipment used in the photographic and graphic arts fields.

Certified for optical density from 0 to 2.

5. SRM 2019 and 2020, White Ceramic Tile for Directional-Hemispherical Reflectance from 250 to 2500 nm,

SRM 2021 and 2022, Black Porcelain Enamel for DirectionalHemi spherical Reflectance from 250 to 2500 nm.

For use in calibrating the reflectance scale of integrating sphere

reflectometer.

6. SRM 2003a, First Surface Aluminum Mirror for Specular Reflectance

from 250 to 2500 nm.

SRM 2023, Second Surface Aluminum Mirror for Specular Reflectance

Specular Reflectance from 250 to 2500 nm.

For use in calibrating the photometric scale of specular reflectometers.

SRM 2023, Second Surface Aluminum Mirror for Specular Reflectance

Specular Reflectance from 250 to 2500 nm.

166
CALIBRATION SERVICES PERFORMED

Type of Service

Pyrometry

Spectrorad i ometry

Photometry

Spectrorad i ometry

Division 534, Radiometric Physics

Customer SP 250

Number of

Cal ib'ns or tests

Income

7.4 A

thru G

39 $27K

Defense & Aerospace 13 $9K

Instrument & Cal labs 8 $5K

Lighting & Photography 7 $4K

Foreign 2 $1K

Electrical & Materials 9 $8K

7.5 A 61

thru H

Defense & Aerospace 20 $28K

Instrument & Cal labs 23 $20K

Lighting & Photography 1 $1K

Foreign 15 $16K

Electrical & Materials 2 $4K

$69K

7.6 A

thru M

& 7.7 B

thru F

124 $47K

Defense & Aerospace 22 $101

Instrument & Cal labs 47 $9K

Lighting & Photography 31 $16f

Foreign 15 $8K

Electrical & Materials 9 $4K

7.8 A 120

thru I

Defense & Aerospace 20 $4K

Instrument & Cal labs 41 $4K

Lighting & Photography 23 $3K

Foreign 10 $3K

Electrical & Materials 26 $3K

344 $160K

167
ACCELERATOR RESEARCH

Division 535, Radiation Source and Instrumentation

CW Microtron Project

This project, sponsored by the Division of Nuclear Physics of the

Department of Energy is a joint effort of the Radiation Source and

Instrumentation Division of CRR and the Accelerator Technology Division

of the Los Alamos National Laboratory. The goal of this project is

to determine the feasibility of building a 1 to 2 GeV, 100% duty factor

electron accelerator with a beam current in excess of 100 yA using beam

recirculation and room temperature rf technology. An accelerator with

these operating parameters has been identified as a major need of the

national nuclear physics community by several high level committees

charged with determining future needs and priorities of the national

effort in nuclear physics.

An essential part of the program will be the design, construction

and operation of a demonstration race-track microtron (RTM) of sufficient

size to provide a meaningful test of components and beam performance.

The RTM will be built and operated at NBS. Its design calls for a beam energy of 185 MeV and a current of 550 pA. This machine, in

addition to demonstrating the feasibility of building a 1 to 2 GeV

machine using the same technology, will be a powerful tool in its own right for nuclear physics research and several other NBS programs.

The total estimated cost of this project is $6.2 million, in FY 1980

dollars, for the 4-1/2 years needed to design, build, and demonstrate

the operation of the accelerator. The collaboration between NBS and

Los Alamos brings together the unique expertise of Los Alamos in the area of rf accelerator structures and systems with the expertise at

NBS in particle beam dynamics and accelerator technology.

We are now two years into this project and it is proceeding on schedule and on budget. Major successes to date include the development

(at Los Alamos) of a new type accelerating structure with remarkably high

shunt impedance, and a novel design for the RTM end magnets that promise

greatly improved field uniformity at reasonable cost. The injector

system of the RTM is now being installed, with initial beam operation

(at 5 MeV) expected in August 1982.

168
Division 535, Accelerator Research (cont'd.)

Linac Improvements

Matching focus solenoids were installed before Accelerator Section

No. 1, between Accelerator Sections No. 1 & No. 2, and between Accelerator

Sections No. 2 & No. 3. The solenoids have made a definite contribution

to increasing beam current, but additional study time is needed to

effectively evaluate the improvement. A new Injector Power Supply was installed to improve reliability, reduce downtime, and reduce the time

to activate a new Electron Gun, which was demonstrated, as a rebuilt

Model 12 Electron Gun was installed at the same time. New Quadrupole

Power Supplies were installed to improve reliability and reduce downtime

of the beam handling system. A large part of the Beam Monitoring T.V.

System was replaced with new cameras and controllers to improve reliability.

Finish of the installation of components for the R.F. Drive System was completed, controls checked, and a number of units checked for R.F.

output. The part of the system for control of the Buncher Section of

the Linac has been in use this fiscal year. Balance of units are being

checked for R.F. output before the total system is put into operation.

Induction Accelerator Research and Intense Relativistic

Electron Beam Propagation Studies

The unique, long pulse induction linear accelerator built at NBS

as part of a DoD-sponsored feasibility study has been moved to NRL.

NBS personnel are assisting in the installation at the new site. This

high current accelerator will be used to support research into recirculation acceleration techniques as well as for Free Electron Laser

Studies.

A final report on the work at NBS with the induction linac covering

a feasibility study of the recirculating acceleration of high current

electron beams using a charge-neutralizing gas transport system was issued in May of this year.

Consulting and Advisory Services

The application of accelerators and accelerator technology is

growing at a tremendous rate, as evidenced by the fact that there is

at present a severe nationwide shortage of trained accelerator physicists

and engineers. Older applications of accelerators in fields such as cancer therapy, medical diagnostics, curing of paints and plastics,

nuclear and high energy physics research, and many others are well

known. Newer applications in such areas as fusion energy sources

(both magnetic and inertial confinement fusion schemes do or might

employ particle accelerators), weapons, weapon effects simulation,

and materials research demand new types of accelerators with performance

169
Division 535, Accelerator Research (cont'd.)

characteristics far beyond what was thought possible a few years ago.

NBS has an excellent reputation in the accelerator community, based

largely on important contributions made in the past, and therefore we

are constantly being called on to provide consulting and advisory

services, as well as specific research work. Requests for our services

in this area have come from many agencies including DoD, DoE, NSF, NASA,

as well as a number of universities and industrial organizations. As

an example, the 1981 U.S. National Particle Accelerator Conference was arranged by NBS personnel. S. Penner was Chairman of this highly

successful conference which attracted over 750 participants from all

over the world. Although our in-house research programs on DoD

accelerator needs are being phased out, both M. Wilson and S. Penner

will continue to provide consulting services as requested.

170
LINAC OPERATIONS

Division 535, Radiation Source and Instrumentation

The NBS Electron Linac was designed in 1960 with maximum flexibility

in order to support a wide variety of program activities of interest

to NBS. Major users of the Linac in FY-1981 included programs in

neutron cross section standards and radiography, high energy electron

scattering, electron activation, photonuclear research, positron

annihilation, and activation analysis. The last is an activity of the

Center for Analytical Chemistry. In addition, a number of outside

collaborators and guest workers participated in the above mentioned

programs.

The Linac Operations staff normally consists of three engineers and seven technicians. For all of this fiscal year, the technician staff

was short by two people, putting a greater demand on the operating

staff. The staff operates and maintains the facility as well as designs,

constructs, and installs new equipment to improve operations and extend

the capability of the Linac and the beam handling system. The mechanical

instrumentation group within the Division provides help by maintaining

the integrity of the vacuum and cooling systems of both the Linac and

beam handling system as well as designing, constructing, and installing

mechanical components. Table I shows the distribution of the total

Linac operations staffing time in the operation of the facility for

FY-1981 (through August 21). The facility is staffed from 7:30 a.m. Monday morning and runs for experiments until 6:30 a.m. Saturday.

Scheduled maintenance hours have varied throughout the year. The

facility was shut down April 20th for the installation of the new Injector Power Supply, matching focus solenoids, new Quadrupole Power

Supplies, and a rebuilt Model 12 Electron Gun, all to improve beam

quality and reliability. The scheduled shut-down of five weeks was extended because of a fire which destroyed the Deflecting Magnet Power

Supply and associated beam handling system wiring just prior to the

scheduled shut-down. The facility was shut down again August 10th for

two weeks in order to rebuild the shielding wall between the Magnet

Room and Measurement Room 3 in preparation for the installation of the

RTM.

Experiment time on the facility was requested by and allocated to users at scheduling meetings, which were held every four weeks. Time

requested by experimenters has continued to run over 150% of that which

is available. Table II shows the distribution of time by experiment for

the fiscal year.

171
Division 535, Linac Operations (cont'd.)

The unscheduled maintenance of 664.5 hours, through August 21, is

broken down and summarized by system in Table III. The large amount of

unscheduled maintenance is due, in the main, to two factors: 1) the

facility is old, having begun operation for experiments in 1965, and

2) the lack of resources, especially in FY-1981, both financial and

personnel wise.

Plans for upgrading the Linac include:

1. Complete study and analysis of the Model 12 Electron Gun to improve

its performance and learn to rebuild the gun to provide reliable

performance. This benefits the neutron cross section program.

2. Continue improvement of MG Sets regulation - benefits all experimenters.

3. Continue the switch tube rebuild program - anticipated total cost

savings of approximately $70,000. Four re-built tubes are presently

in sockets, with one tube having over 5,750 high voltage hours.

4. Continue Driver tube rebuild program initiated late in FY-1981 to save money.

5. Complete installation of new air compressor system for vacuum valves.

Benefit to all experimenters due to marginal operation and downtime.

6. Complete installation of new Activation Analysis facility in the

drift section of the Linac. Will provide more efficient use of

the Linac for this activity.

7. Complete the now totally funded installation of the new Beam

Monitoring T.V. System. The system is now approximately 75%

complete. Improves Linac set-up time and reduces downtime due

to obsolete system.

172
TABLE I

LINAC OPERATIONS

FY 1981

Scheduled Actual

Mrs. Hrs.

Maintenance 401 .5 401 .5

Unscheduled Maintenance 781 .0

Beam Time 3993.0 3100.0

Set-Up* 188.0 225.5 (1)

Experimental Down-Time** 74.5

Installation 324.5 324.5

Total Hours*** 4907.0 4907.0

*Includes lock-up after scheduled maintenance.

**Linac available for operation, but experiment either not ready or breaks down during scheduled run.

***Total staffing hours.

(1) Includes 35.0 hours of Operator Training.

173
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174
TABLE III

LINAC OPERATIONS

FY 1981

LINAC: Total unscheduled maintenance 296.5 hours

System:

Modulators 164.0 hours 43.2%

R.F. Drive 46.5 hours 12.2%

Injector 61.0 hours 16.1%

Cooling 22.0 hours 5.8%

Vacuum 19.5 hours 5.1%

Trigger 17.0 hours 4.5%

Pre-Ampl i Tiers 13.0 hours 3.4%

No other system or item over 3%

BHS: Total unscheduled maintenance 335.5 hours

System:

Collimator 144.0 hours 39.5%

Magnet P.S. 's 111.0 hours 30.5%

Vacuum 59.5 hours 16.3%

SI its 13.5 hours 3.7%

Magnets 12.0 hours 3.3%

No other system or item over 2%

Balance of total unscheduled maintenance, 36.5 hours, due to air

conditioning (28.5 hours) and power outage (8 hours).

175
SURF OPERATIONS

Division 535, Radiation Source and Instrumentation

SURF- 1 1 is a dedicated synchrotron radiation facility, consisting

of a 240 MeV electron synchrotron storage ring fed by a 10 MeV microtron.

It produces light in a narrow, intense, highly polarized beam with a continuous and accurately known spectrum from the infrared through the

visible and into the extreme ultraviolet. SURF-II is unique among

synchrotron light sources by virtue of its uniform and precisely known

electron orbit.

SURF-II serves principally the Radiation Physics Division (533)

as well as other NBS divisions and outside users, in optical standards

and calibration work, optical physics research, surface science, biochemistry, spectroscopy and other areas involving ultraviolet radiation.

It fills a growing demand for radiation in the ultraviolet and soft

x-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The multiple ports at

SURF now support ten active experimental stations of which eight can

run simultaneously. Three beamlines are especially active, with several

research groups using them on a rotating basis. The new Optical

Calibration Facility on beamline 2 has already been utilized by three

outside user groups since its commissioning in February. Development of

three additional beamlines is underway. During FY-81 SURF counted

approximately 44 active users.

Beam intensity reached a new high this year. We achieved 47 mA

of stored beam, exceeding last year's record of 40 mA. Routine currents,

however, remain in the 10-20 mA range due to less than optimum microtron

output.

Improved beam stability in the "fuzzed" mode has been demonstrated

by use of a white noise source, instead of a sinusoidal oscillator,

to enlarge the beam in the vertical dimension.

The project to upgrade SURF to 280 MeV is underway. The shutdown

is scheduled from August 24 to October 23. Detailed measurements of

magnet pole circularity and alignment will be made, as was done initially

in 1975. At the same time the harmonic RF cavity will be installed

in the ring vacuum chamber. Certain modifications will be made to the

chamber to minimize internal light scattering. After reassembly,

extensive magnetic measurements will be performed to develop the

programming for the new correction coil power supplies. Acceleration

of beam to 280 MeV will be attempted in November.

176
Division 535, SURF Operations (cont'd.)

This year's improved machine performance and operational statistics

were due in large measure to the efforts of the two SURF Operators. Not

shown in the statistics is the effort they contributed to direct support

of users: maintenance of vacuum equipment, assistance in assembly and

disassembly of users' hardware, etc. It is therefore most regrettable

that the junior SURF operator was one of the casualties in the recent

NBS reduction-in-force. In the face of the growing utilization of SURF

and demand for beamtime, SURF should be expanding operations to two

shifts. This possibility has now been precluded.

Operational statistics continue to show increasing beam time to users and low downtime. Actual beam hours to users averaged 156 hours

per month for the past 12 months, topping last year's figure of 145

hours. Unscheduled downtime increased over last year, but was still

only 5% of the total. The statistics are summarized in the table. Data

for FY-79 and FY-80 are shown for comparison.

SURF Operations Statistics

FY-79 FY-80 FY-81 % Change

Beam to users 1612 hours 1748 hours 1872 hours + 1 %

Standby (beam available) 232 220 267 + 21%

Studies & Maintenance 252 322 216* - 33%

Unscheduled downtime 198 58 126 +117%

Total hours 2294 2348 2481 + 6%

SURF Users During FY-81

533 Radiation Physics Division, Far UV Physics Group (R.P. Madden,

Principal Scientist; D.L. Ederer, L.R. Hughey, A.C. Parr,

E. Saloman, L.R. Canfield, N. Swanson)

520 Center for Absolute Physical Quantities (J. Cooper)

534 Radiometric Physics Division (R. Schaeffer)

541 Surface Sciences Division (T. Madey)

543 Chemical Thermodynamics Division (R. Stockbauer)

177
Division 535, SURF Operations (cont'd.)

Naval Research Lab (D. Nagel, R.T. Williams, M. Kabler, J.C. Rife,

J.P. Kirkland, C.M. Brown, M. VanHoosier,

D.L. Blizzard, C.M. Dozier, V. Bermudez, W.R. Hunter,

Bruckner)

NASA Goddard (B. Guenther, D. Williams)

Argonne National Lab (J. Dehmer, E. Poliakoff)

Brookhaven National Lab (J. Sutherland, P. Keck, P.Z. Takacs, K. Griffin)

Los Alamos National Lab (K.B. Mitchell, N. Lemma)

California Institute of Technology (G.P. Garmire, N. Bobroff, M. Juda)

Johns Hopkins University (W. Hodge, R. Bell, J. Castracane, B. Stratton)

University of Colorado (G. Mount, G. Timothy, R. Jakoubek)

Guest Workers:

R. M. Catchings, Howard University

S. Donnelly, University of Notre Dame de la Paix, Belgium

A. Flodstrom, Linkoping University, Sweden

D.M. Hanson, SUNY Stony Brook

D. Holland, Reading University, England

A. Jahnke,* Technische University Munchen, W. Germany

(arriving September 1981)

C. Mehlman, CNRS, France

F.P. Netzer, Innsbruck, Austria

H. Onuki , Japan

J. West, Daresbury Lab, England

*Sponsored by SURF Operations Group.

178
INSTRUMENTATION SERVICES

Division 535, Radiation Source and Instrumentation

Electronic Instrumentation Maintenance and Construction

Provision of electronics instrumentation maintenance and construction

services for the experimental program of the Center for Radiation Research

is a continuing responsibility of the Division. Instruments designed

and constructed during FY 81 number about 102 and maintenance has

involved about 315 instruments. Increasing complexity of the instruments

requires increasing amounts of highly-trained technicians time. More

advanced support instrumentation is urgently needed for use in this

maintenance.

Although the Center has almost doubled in size over the past few

years due to internal reorganization, technicians support manpower has

decreased. It is presently impossible to provide all the services

required by Center personnel for presently instituted programs.

Control Instrumentation Design and Construction

Design and construction of many types of Control Instrumentation has

been undertaken for the Divisions of the Center for Radiation Research.

Included are a new Thermoluminescence Dosimeter Heater/Reader Controller,

High Voltage X-ray Shutter Timing and Controllers (used in CRR and at

the Regional Calibration Centers elsewhere in the USA), vacuum bakeout

controllers and many CAMAC interfaces including a stepper motor controller

to the Harris computers. The 1 megaword mass memory for a Harris computer

has finally been installed. This will particularly benefit neutron

spectroscopy programs which generate vast amounts of data at high rates.

Instrumentation support in the form of consultation on digital

control systems, microprocessor and related hardware, procurement of

computer equipment, and preparation of specifications has been done in

the past year for the NBS-Los Alamos Racetrack Microtron Accelerator

project.

Instrumentation Support for Physics and Chemistry Projects

Consulting and systems instrumentation has been provided to scientists

in programs in neutron physics, electron physics, surface electron

physics. X-ray dosimetry, radiation chemistry, electronic physics,

ion cyclotron resonances, vacuum ultraviolet physics (SURF). Apparatus

currently under design and construction includes a special controller for

a very low energy electron spectrometer (surface physics), mass memory

179
Division 535, Instrumentation Services (cont'd.)

controller/interface, high-speed NIM modules, specialized analog signalconditioning devices and various instruments for pulse detection,

counting and processing.

An important and growing problem is the lack of adequate modern

instrumentation to complement and support the efforts of the electronic

instrumentation design engineering staff. Presently the Radiation

Instrumentation Laboratory is ill -equipped to provide adequate support

to the Center in the following areas; radio-frequency circuit characterization and system measurement, transient analysis and microelectronic

and microcomputer applications and development. There is also a lack

of CAMAC equipment and calibration equipment. Presently this lack of

instrumentation is affecting the innovation, efficiency and productivity

of the Instrumentation Group and the effects will be felt more in the

future unless remedial action can be taken, particularly since there is

presently a staff shortage, to compensate for the increased responsibilities

from a large Center.

Continued consultation has been provided and continues to be

provided (at a much reduced level) to projects originally associated

with and supported by the NBS Office of Environmental Measurement.

Continuing projects are in ozone standards measurements and gas-phase

reaction studies. Work still continues on a current-controlled arc

for spark emission spectroscopy. Flat-topped 90 ampere, 100 ysecond

arcs at a repetition rate of 200-400 cps can be maintained. One staff

member (J.K. Whittaker) continues to supervise a graduate student in

a joint project with the Chemistry Department of the University of

Maryland on the design and construction of air particulate sample

controllers. One such controller, installed at the Mauna Loa Environmental

Observatory has functioned without failure for nearly two years.

Another controller was installed at the South Pole in November 1980

and has been performing perfectly since.

There has been great success in bringing the CRR Pulse Radiolysis

project on line. Particular difficulty was experienced due to the high

electrical noise environment generated by the 2 MeV pulsed electron

accelerator. We can now routinely measure pulsed radiolysis decay

times with signal amplitude levels within the residual microvolt noise

levels due to the illuminating lamp source.

Mechanical Instrumentation Services

Mechanical instrumentation services were provided for the Center

for Radiation Research, in connection with the particle accelerators

of the CRR and the experimental programs of the Center. The services

provided consist of design and construction of new equipment and

180
Division 535, Instrumentation Services (cont'd.)

facilities as well as maintenance, and modification of existing equipment.

This past year several projects received major efforts. These were

the multiple magnet assembly for activation analysis experiments which

was completed; five new focus coils with precision adjustable supports

which were installed on the NBS linac; the design work for the "turn

around" magnets for the NBS-Los Alamos Racetrack Microtron accelerator

which was completed; and the design work which has begun on the vacuum

system and support structure for the Racetrack Microtron injection

1 i nac

Radiation Instrumentation Standards

Standards work falls into three categories as follows:

(a) NIM Committee Standards - This involves development and maintenance of instrument standards, in cooperation with the National Laboratories,

primarily for use in nuclear applications. NBS has the management

responsibility for this work, with L. Costrell serving as Chairman of

the NIM Committee. The Nuclear Instrumentation Module (NIM) system

has been adopted nearly universally in the U.S. and is the predominant

system in nuclear laboratories throughout the world. There is a continuous coordination requirement involving contact with numerous laboratories and manufacturers. Similar management, direction and

maintenance are provided in the U.S. with regard to the international

CAMAC (Computer Automated Measurement and Control) system that is utilized

in the National Laboratories and in a large number of other laboratories

and installations throughout the world. A third system now being

developed and for which the Division has similar responsibility is

the FASTBUS high speed modular data acquisition system for high energy

physics and other applications. The FASTBUS development has been

a major effort with tentative specifications being completed and issued

and Prototype testing is underway. Many features of the specification

are now firm and preparation of the final specifications will begin

in FY 82.

The preparation of reports for the above systems involves a number

of individuals and laboratories. Coordination and processing, as well

as writing of some sections, is handled by the National Bureau of

Standards. The documents are usually issued initially as Reports of

the Department of Energy and then processed as Standards of the Institute

of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, (IEEE), the American National

Standards Institute (ANSI), and the International Electrotechnical

Conmission. There are currently seven CAMAC standards. These have

been updated in FY 81 and the updated documents are to be issued in

FY 82. Some additions to the basic NIM standard, such as specifying

the "IEEE Standard Interface for Programmable Instrumentation" (IEEE

Std 488) as a digital data bus for NIM instruments, are being investigated.

181
Division 535, Instrumentation Services (cont'd.)

(b) National Voluntary Standards - The Division plays an active

role in IEEE and ANSI Standards activities with L. Costrell serving

as Chairman of ANSI Committee N42 on Radiation Instruments and as Secretary of the IEEE Nuclear Instruments and Detectors Committee.

In these capacities he has processed several ANSI and IEEE standards

in FY 1981. J. Whittaker serves on ASTM Committee D-22 on Methods of

Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres.

(c) International Electrotechnical Commission - L. Costrell serves

as Technical Advisor to the U.S. National Committee of the lEC for lEC

Committee TC45 on Nuclear Instruments. He serves as Chief U.S. Delegate

to TC45, as Chairman of the Working Group on Detectors and as a member

of the working groups on Interchangeability and on Terminology. Numerous

I EC draft documents were prepared and reviewed resulting in a number

that were published and others that are to be published in FY 1982.

182
SPONSORED CONFERENCES

Division 535, Radiation Source and Instrumentation

1981 Particle Accelerator Conference, Shoreham Hotel, Washington, DC,

Samuel Penner, March 11-13, 1981.

183
INVITED TALKS

Division 535, Radiation Source and Instrumentation

Debenham, P.H., "End Magnet Design for the NBS-LASL CW Microtron,"

1981 Particle Accelerator Conference, Washington, DC, March 11, 1981.

Penner, S., "The NBS-LASL Racetrack Microtron Project," Argonne National

Laboratory, Argonne, IL, October 7, 1980.

Penner, S., "The NBS-LASL Racetrack Microtron Project," University

of Illinois, Champaign, IL, October 9, 1980.

Penner, S., "The NBS-LASL CW Microtron," Sixth Conference on the

Application of Accelerators in Research & Industry, Denton, Texas,

November 4, 1980.

Penner, S., "The NBS-LASL Racetrack Microtron," Naval Research

Laboratory Lectures Series on Conventional Particle Accelerators,

Washington, DC, January 7, 1981.

Penner, S., "CW Electron Accelerators for Nuclear Physics," 1981

Particle Accelerator Conference, Washington, DC, March 11, 1981.

Penner, S., "Future Directions of Electromagnetic Nuclear Physics,"

American Physical Society Spring Meeting, Baltimore, MD, April 21, 1981.

Penner, S., "NBS-LASL Microtron Project," Information Meeting on a National GeV Electron Research Facility at Argonne National Laboratory,

Chicago, IL, May 1, 1981.

Penner, S., "CW Electron Accelerators," Brazilian National Workshop

on Nuclear Physics, Cambuqueira, MG, Brazil, September 10, 1981.

Penner, S., "Beam Particle Optics," Lecture Series, Institute of

Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil, September, 1981.

Penner, S., "NBS-Los Alamos Racetrack Microtron Project," Second

Electronuclear Physics Workshop, Williamsburg, VA, September 25-26, 1981.

Wilson, M. , "Recirculation Acceleration of High Current Relativistic

Electron Beams - A Feasibility Study," 1981 Particle Accelerator

Conference, Washington, D.C., March 12, 1981.

Wilson, M. , "Recirculation Acceleration of High Current Relativistic

Electron Beams - A Feasibility Study," Technical Interchange Meeting,

(Classified), NSWC, White Oak, Silver Spring, MD, May 20, 1981.

184
PUBLICATIONS

Division 535, Radiation Source and Instrumentation

Debenham, P.H., End Magnet Design for the NBS-LASL CW Microtron,

Proceedings of the 1981 Particle Accelerator Conference, Washington,

D.C., March 11-13, 1981, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, NS-28 , pp. 2885-2887, June 1981.

Parr, A.C., Rakowsky, G., Ederer, D.L., Stockbauer, R.L., West, J.B.,

Dehmer, J.L., Current Research at NBS Using Synchrotron Radiation at

SURF-II, Proceedings of the 1980 Conference on the Application of

Accelerators in Research and Industry, Denton, Texas, November 3-5,

1980, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, NS-28 , pp. 1210-1214,

April 1981.

Penner, S., Cutler, R.I., Debenham, P.H., Lindstrom, E.R., Mohr, D.L.,

Wilson, M.A.D., Yoder, N.R., Young, L.M., Boyd, T.J., Knapp, E.A.,

Martin, R.E., Potter, J.M., Schneider, C.M., Swenson, D.A., and Tallerico,

P.J., The NBS-LASL CW Microtron, Proceedings of the 1980 Conference on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry, Denton, Texas,

November 3-5, 1980, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, NS-28, pp.

1526-1530, April 1981.

Penner, S., CW Electron Accelerators for Nuclear Physics, Proceedings of

the 1981 Particle Accelerator Conference, Washington, D.C., March 11-13,

1981, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, NS-28 , pp. 2067-2073,

June 1981

Rakowsky, G., NBS-SURF II: A Small, Versatile Synchrotron Light

Source, Proceedings of the 1980 Conference on the Application of

Accelerators in Research and Industry, Denton, Texas, November 3-5,

1980, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, NS-28 , pp. 1519-1521,

April 1981.

Whittaker, J., Book Review, Principles of Nuclear Radiation Detection

and Principles of Nuclear Radiation Detection Laboratory Manual, Medical

Physics, Vol . 7, No. 6, November/ December 1980, pp. 735-737.

Wilson, M.A.D., Recirculation Acceleration of High Current Relativistic

Electron Beams - A Feasibility Study, Proceedings of the 1981 Particle

Accelerator Conference, Washington, D.C., March 11-13, 1981, IEEE

Transactions on Nuclear Science, NS-28 , pp. 3375-3377, June 1981.

185
TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP

Division 535, Radiation Source and Instrumentation

Louis Costrell

Chairman, ANSI Technical Committee N42, Nuclear Instruments.

Member, ANSI Technical Committee N41 , Controls, Instrumentation,

and Electrical Systems for Nuclear Power Generating Stations.

Chief U.S. Delegate, International Electrotechnical Commission

(lEC), Technical Committee on Nuclear Instruments (IEC/TC45).

Chairman, IEC/TC45 Working Group-9 on Radiation Detectors.

Member, IEC/TC45 Working Group-3 on Interchangeability.

Member, IEC/TC45 Working Group-1 on Classification and Terminology.

Technical Advisor, U.S. National Committee of lEC.

Secretary, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

(IEEE)/NPSS Nuclear Instruments and Detectors Committee of IEEE

Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society.

Member, IEEE Standards Review Committee.

Member, U.S. National Committee of International Electrotechnical

Commission (lEC).

Member, Instrument/Computer Interfaces of the IEEE Instrumentation

and Measurements Society (Serves also as U.S. Advisory Group to

U.S. representatives on IEC/TC66/WG3)

.

Chairman, U.S. Department of Energy National Instrumentation

Methods (NIM) Committee.

Chairman, NBS Microprocessor Standards Action Group.

Samuel Penner

Chairman, 1981 Particle Accelerator Conference.

186
Division 535, Technical and Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (cont'd.)

Julian K. Whittaker

Member, ASTM Committee D-22 on Methods of Sampling and Analysis

of Atmospheres.

Member, U.S. Department of Commerce, Industry and Trade Administration,

Electronic Instrumentation Technical Advisory Committee.

Chairman, Electronics Storeroom Committee, NBS.

Chairman, Electronics Storeroom Committee Microprocessor Subcommittee,

NBS.

187
MAJOR CONSULTING AND ADVISORY SERVICES

Division 535, Radiation Source and Instrumentation

S. Renner served as a reviewer for the superconducting electron accelerator programs at Stanford University and the University of Illinois for

the Division of Physics, National Science Foundation.

S. Renner and M. Wilson continue to provide Accelerator Technology

Assessment and Oversight for DARPA.

J. Whittaker served as a consultant on instrumentation and instrumentation

maintenance and repair to AID for the Egyptian Government Standards

Laboratories.

J. Whittaker serves as an advisor to a graduate student in the Department

of Chemistry, University of Maryland.

M. Wilson has been assisting the Navy Research Laboratory in the installation and operation of the high current electron induction Linac originally

designed, built and operated at NBS.

188
TRIPS SPONSORED BY OTHERS

Division 535, Radiation Source and Instrumentation

S. Penner, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, October 7-8,

1980.

S. Penner, Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo,

Brazil and Brazilian National Workshop on Nuclear Physics, Brazilian

Physical Society, Cambuqueira, MG, Brazil, trip sponsored by Institute

of Physics, University of Sao Paulo and the Brazilian Science Foundation,

September 5-21, 1981.

I

189

I
SPONSORED SEMINARS & COLLOQUIA

CENTER FOR RADIATION RESEARCH

J.C. White, Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, New Jersey, "Recent Progress in

Laser Induced Collisions," October 2, 1980.

Bryan Henry Patrick, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, A.E.R.E.,

Harwell, Didcot, Berkshire, England, "Neutron Measurement Plans for the

New Harwell 140 MeV Low Duty Cycle Electron Linac," October 2, 1980.

H.-J. Kunze, Institut fur Experimental physik V, Ruhr-Universitat, Bochum,

Federal Republic of Germany, "Measurement of High Frequency Electric

Fields in Plasmas," October 14, 1980.

G. Rosen, Department of Pharmacology, Duke University, Durham, NC,

"Generation of Free Radicals in Biological Systems," October 16, 1980.

G.J. Lutz, Inorganic Analytical Research Division, Center for Analytical

Chemistry, NBS, "Photon Activation Analysis - A Review," October 16, 1980.

John Rumble, Office of Standard Reference Data, NBS, "Rigorous Upper

and Lower Bounds to Atomic Transition Probabilities - Real Results,"

October 21, 1980.

Jean Francois Wyart, (Guest Worker at NBS), Laboratoire Aime Cotton,

C.N.R.S., France, "Theoretical Analysis of Lanthanide and Actinide

Atomic Spectra: Some Recent Results," October 28, 1980.

Michael Danos, Nuclear Radiation Division, Center for Radiation Research,

NBS, "Nuclear Forces from Quark Dynamics," October 30, 1980.

J.A. Purdy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri,

"A Computer File of X-Ray and Election Depth Dose Data for Use in Radiation

Therapy," November 3, 1980.

Jean Claud Gauthier, Institut D' Electronique Fondamental , Laboratoire

associe' au CNRS, ORSAY, France, "Stark Broadening of He I Lines in a CO

2

Laser Produced Plasma," Noven±>er 4, 1980.

J.W. Van Orden, Physics Dept., University of Maryland, "Meson Exchange

Currents & Deep Inelastic Electron Scattering," November 13, 1980.

Einar Hinnov, Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, "Spectroscopy of Tokamak Discharges," November 18, 1980.

Harry Ing, Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd., Chalk River Nuclear Laboratory,

Chalk River, Ontario, Canada, "Techniques of Neutron Dosimetry,"

November 20, 1980.

190
A. Szorenyi; R. Jedlovszky, National Office of Measures (OMH), Budapest,

Hungary, "Radionuclide Metrology and Dosimetry in the National Office of

Measures (OMH), Hungary," December 1, 1980.

Dave Gilliam, James Grundl , Dale McGarry, Nuclear Radiation Division,

Center for Radiation Research, NBS, "Isotopic Fission Rate Measurement

at the Fast Flux Test Facility — R & D in a Reactor Operations

Environment —," December 4, 1980.

B. F. Gibson, Nuclear Physics Division, Department of Energy, "Electromagnetic Disintegration of the Mass 3 and 4 Nuclei," December 11, 1980.

G. Franklin, Bates Accelerator Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of

Technology, "Electroproduction of Low Energy Pions from Deuterium,"

December 15, 1980.

Cliff Strawitch, University of Wisconsin, Physics Department, "Plasma

Transport in a Simulated Magnetic Diverter Configuration," December 18, 1980.

Oren A.2WiSson, Nuclear Radiation Division, Center for Radiation Research,

NBS, " Neutron Induced Fission Cross Section Measurements at the 3 MV

Van de Graaff Laboratory," January 8, 1981.

R.A. Schrack, Nuclear Radiation Division, Center for Radiation Research,

NBS, "Neutron Radiography," January 22, 1981.

R.S. Caswell, Nuclear Radiation Division, Center for Radiation Research,

NBS, "Technical and Social Impressions from the NBS Team Visit to the

People's Republic of China," January 29, 1981 .

Joseph C. McDonald, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Institute, New York, N.Y.,

"Calorimetry Measurements of Neutron Dose," February 3, 1981.

Robert Contolini, Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, "The

Spectroscopy of AlCL in Absorption, Emission, and Laser-Induced Huorescence,"

February 3, 1 981

M.V. Samii, Department of Physics, Johns Hopkins University, "Relativistic

Study of One-Photon Transitions in Highly Ionized Atoms," February 3, 1981.

D.A. Swenson, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico,

"PIGMI - A New Development in Ion Accelerator Technology," February 6, 1981.

G.M. Temmer, Dept, of Physics, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick,

New Jersey, "Particles - Crystals - Photons The interaction of charged

particles with crystals)," February 13, 1981.

Ken R. Shortt, X-Rays and Nuclear Radiation, Division of Physics,

National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada, "Physics and Dosimetry of Pion

Therapy at SIN, TRIUMF, and LAMPF," February 18, 1981.

191
Gerard D. O'Sullivan, University College, Dublin, Ireland, "Far UV

Continuum Generation in Laser-Produced Plasmas," February 24, 1981.

R. Feder, University of Duisburg, West Germany, "Surface Analysis by

Spin-Polarized Low-Energy Electron Diffraction," February 27, 1981.

Walter Greiner, Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Frankfurt,

Frankfurt, Germany, "Discovery of the Decay of the Vacuum and of Super

Heavy (Z-184) Nuclear Systems??," March 5, 1981.

J. M. Salome, Central Bureau for Nuclear Measurements, Geel , Belgium, "New

Neutron Measurement Capabilities of the Geel Electron Linac," March 10, 1981.

Mireille Aymar, Laboratoire Aime Cotton, Orsay, France, "Analysis of

Perturbed Rydberg Series by Multi-Channel Quantum Defect Theory,"

March 17, 1981.

K. T. Chung, North Carolina State University, "Saddle-Point Technique to

Autoionizing States of Atomic Systems," March 18, 1981.

Bernd R.L. Siebert, Physikal isch-TechniSChe Bundesanstalt (PTB),

Braunschweig, West Germany, "Survey of the Work Being Done by the Neutron

Dosimetry Group at PTB," March 19, 1981.

P.G. Burkhalter, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, "XUV Spectra

from Hot, Dense Plasmas," March 24, 1981.

Jack W. Boag, Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital,

Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, U.K. , "A New Look at the Recombination

Loss in Ionization Chambers," March 26, 1981.

Jacob I. Fabrikant, University of California Donner Laboratory, "Current

Issues in Radiological Health: A Discussion of the 1980 BEIR III Report

on the Biological Effects of Low Level Ionizing Radiation (via Videotape),"

April 1, 1981.

D.V. Gopinath, Reactor Research Centre, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, India,

"Effects of Secondary Source on Spectrum and Energy Deposition on Gamma

Rays in Bulk Media," April 6, 1981.

James S. O'Connell, Nuclar Radiation Division, Center for Radiation

Research, NBS, "Unsolved Problems in Electromagnetic Nuclear Reactions,"

April 16, 1981.

J.R. Roberts, Atomic and Plasma Radiation Division, Center for Radiation

Research, NBS, "UV Continuum Radiation from Rare Earth Plasmas,"

April 29, 1981.

A. Sandorfi, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, "Fusion and

Fission Resonances in Time-Reversed Experiments," May 7, 1981.

192
William L. McLaughlin, Michael G. Simic, Radiation Physics Division,

Center for Radiation Research, NBS, "New Concepts in Chemical Dosimetry,"

May 14, 1981.

P. Neta, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, "Redox Properties

of Free Radicals as Studied by Pulse Radiolysis and ESR," May 26, 1981.

Julian Noble, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, "Fear and

Loathing in the Fermi Sea [Adventures in the Field Theories of Nuclear

Matter}, May 28, 1981.

Robert Batchelor, Commission of the European Communities, Central Bureau

of Nuclear Measurements, Steenweg op Retie - 2440 Geel , Belgium, "Research

Programs of the Central Bureau of Nuclear Measurements," June 11, 1981.

P. Bennett, KFA, Julich, West Germany, "Study of Electron Correlation in

Ni and Cu Alloys by LDV Auger Spectra," June 16, 1981.

Mehmet Erbudak, ETH, Switzerland, "Spin Polarized Electron Scattering

from Surfaces at ETH," June 25, 1981.

Pierre Camus, Laboratoire Aime Cotton, Orsay, France, "Two-step

Optogalvanic Spectroscopy in Neutral Barium," July 8, 1981.

Werner Mehlhorn, Fakultat fur Physik der Universitat Freiburg,

Freiburg, West Germany, "Polarization and Alignment Produced by Atomic

Photoionization," July 22, 1981.

Irene Nenner, Bat 209C, Universite' Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France,

"A New Angular Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy Experiment Using

Synchrotron Radiation in the 100-10 eV Range," July 23, 1981.

G.M. Meaburn, Chief of Chemistry Department, National Marine Fisheries

Service, Charleston, SC, "Chemical Form of Seleno-proteins ," July 24, 1981.

Vo Ky Lau, Observatoire de Paris, 92190 Meudon, France, "Shape Resonance

in Molecular Photoionization and Related Processes," July 27, 1981.

Gunter S. Bauer, KFA, Julich, Germany, "The German Project for a High

Power Spallation Neutron Source for Fundamental Research," July 29, 1981.

Francois Wuilleumier, LURE, University Paris-Sud, Orsay, France, "SUPERACO, A New Storage Ring for France, August 6, 1981.

Robert C. Richmond, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire,

"Radiation Induced Mutagenesis Sensitization and Protection," August 10,

1981.

Raymond Moreh, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel,

"Experiments with Monoenergetic Photons," August 13, 1981.

193
Klaus Sattler, Physics Department, University of Konstanz, Germany,

"Experimental Microcluster Research: A New Field in Physics,"

September 4, 1981.

Reiner Neuhausen, Department of Physics, University of Mainz, Mainz,

W. Germany, "Studies of Electro-Nuclear Interactions at Mainz: Past,

Present, and Future," September 15, 1981.

Andreas Jahnke, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany, "A Super

conducting Table-top Synchrotron Radiation Source," September 24, 1981

Andrew C. Tam, IBM Research Laboratory, San Jose, California, "LaserInduced Plasmas and Shock Waves in Atomic Vapors," September 25, 1981.

F. Wuilleumier, University Paris-Sud, Orsay, France, "Study of Photoionization and Decay Processes of Core Excited States in Atoms Using

Synchrotron Radiation," September 28, 1981.

194
NBS»]14A (REV. 2-80

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET (See instructions)

1. PUBLICATION OR

REPORT NO.

NBSIR 82-2468

2. Performing Organ. Report No 3. Publication Date

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Technical Activities 1981

Center for Radiation Research

5. AUTHOR(S)

Prepared by: Chris E. Kuvatt

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS. see instructions) 7. Contract/Grant No.

national bureau of STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 8. Type of Report & Period Covered

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City. State, ZIP)

10. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

I I Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, Is attached.

11. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or iiterature survey, mention it here)

This report summarizies research projects, measurement method development,

testing and data evaluation activities, carried out during Fiscal Year 1981 in

the NBS Center for Radiation Research. These activities fall in the areas of

radiation measurements, atomic and plasma radiation, nuclear radiation, radiation

physics, radiometric physics, and radiation sources and instrumentation.

12. KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by semicolons)

Atomic radiation; nuclear radiation; plasma radiation; radiation instrumentation;

radiation measurement; radiation physics; radiation sources; radiometric physics.

13. AVAILABILITY

1 1 Unlimited For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS rn Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

20402.

Q3] Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161

14. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

15. Price

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