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&EPA

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EnvtrOlll11Cn1Bl f;flutcelion

Agency

----_._.-------- --_._--

Research aIle)

If::;§

~~y\\ If0.'~it .. 0-~tr.;-~ p' -m·.'..r - _ - y

Cix -9!1l: Fi41·~<L

iVlt:TlIANE 1:'1\111,:',.)1',.,1'\,,:: 1110lVl TTTl<

lNDUSTH't'

GRI-94 I 0?573C,

EPA 600lR9G OIlOm

June 1996

Volurne 13: Cllcnlical

Prep.alred for

Energy Informalion Adm iniolr'alio1i (U, ;.;, DOE)

Prep.aredby

National Risl< Manag€.ment

Research Laboratory

Research Triangle Park, NC 27711

REPRODUCf:08Y N..OO lJ,S,Dllpar1rnen!ol CO:nurlO.fi:f>

r~l.!~oiiiil-rttetll't!ciat_!t'lfQ"l1dl!O;nS.,rvICIl

Spritlgfiel'd Vi:rginia?1W1
Effect

Natural Gas

Gas

IVlethane

1ll. DISTRIBUTION STATFMl;:NT
The is ,,1'<>1'opr1

water resources.

Agenc:y slcri,res to and imple:mlml aot10[18

com(>atibJ.e balance between and natural

SUIPp()rt and nurture meet this mandate, research

prOViding data and technical for solving en-viI'oflmental problems building a schmce base necessary to our ecological resources wisely, understand how pollutants affect our and prevent or reduce environmental rislts in the future.

The National Risk Management Research Laboratory is the Agencyls center for

investigation of technological and management approaches for reducing risks

from threats to human health and the environ.t:l:J.ent. The focus the Laboratory's

research program is on methods the prevention and control of pollution to air.

land, subsurface resources; protection of water in public

SYiat~~mif:i; retrlecliatio,n of groundwater;

control pollution. The research

development implementattol)

technologies; scientific and en,gule{'ri,ng information needed by to

support and policy and information transfer to enSure effective imlplenae'ot::l.tion of enViJt'olatrUultla~ regulations

This of Laboratoryls longterm research It is pUblished available py EPA's of Research De;ve,lopllleflt to assist the UScI'community and to researchers

with their clients.

E. Timothy Oppelt, Di.rectOJ:

National Risk lVIanagementResearch l~,aboratory

EPA ReVIEW NOTICE

Thisrepol1 has been peer and administratively reviewed by the Environmental

Protection and approved for pUblication. Mention ()f trade names or

OOlllrrler<;ial p(lducts does not oonstitute endorsement or recommendation lor use.

available to the public through the National Technical·lnforrnation

Splingifield, Virginia 22161.

PROTECTED UNDER INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT

ALL RiGHTS RESERVED.

NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

p
EPA-600/H-96-080m

June 1996

METHANE EMISSIONS FROM

THE NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY,

VOI"UME 13: ClillMICAL INJECTION PUMPS

FINAL REPORT

Prepared by:

Theresa M. Shires

Radian International LLC

8501 N. Mopac Blvd.

P.O. Box 201088

Austin, TX 78720-1088

DCN: 95-263-081-08

For

GRl Project Manager: Robert A. Lott

GAS RESEARC' INSTITUTE

Contract No. 50_'1-251-2171

8600 West Bryn Mawr Ave.

Chicago, IL 60631

and

EPA T :>ject Manager: David A. Kirchgessner

U.S. EN\~RONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

Contract No. 68-D1-0031

National Risk Management Research Laboratory

Research Triangle Park, NC 27711

p

p
(l

DISCLAIMER

LEGAL NOTICE: This r;:port was prepancd Radian Inlem,l!ioll,t! I Ie (I" (If I ,1l"l'Olllll

of work spollsored (las Research Institute ( iRI) and the 1'11\'il"Onl11enlal Protection

Agency (EPA). Neither EPA. ORl, members of URI, lI11r allY !,CI.'Ol1 n':llllg Oil twl1nlf of

either:

a.

b.

Makes warranty or representation, express or implied, with respect to the

accuracy', completenes'>. or usefulness of the information Clllllaim:d ill thi,

report. or that the use .:my apparatus. method, or process disclosed in this

repoli may 110t infringe priv,Jtely o,vned rights: or

Assumes any liability with respect to the use oL or ror damagl:s resulting

from the use any int<ml1ation. apparatus, method, or process disclosed ll1

this repOli.

NOTE: EPA's Office of Research and Development quality assurance/1ualifY control

(QA/QC) requiremenb arc applicable to some of th\;' count data generated by this project.

Emission data and additional count data are from industry or literature sources. and are not

subject to EPAiORD's QA/QC policies. In all cases, data and results were by the

panel of experts listed in Appendix D of Volume 2.

ii
n

RESEARCH SUMMARY

Title Industry,

Principal

Investigator

RepOlt Period

Objective

Technical

Perspective

Results

Contract Number 5091-251-2171

Contract Number 68-DI-0031

Theresa M, Shires

March 1991 - June 1996

Report

report a qU~l'ntiJly the anllual mclthalle clnis.siOllS

natural gas-driven cl1(~ml.cal injlection pumps.

strllte~:y for

cornb\lstion, natural

produced than

or

globill w8.l'mhlg

or oiL

gn~enho:Llse gas, losses gas during production, p[()CeSsiiug,

transmission, and distribution 'Jould reduce the illhercnt advantage of its

lower COtemission&.

investigate this, Gas Institute (ORY) fhe Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Research and Development (EPA/-

ORO) cofunded a major study to quantify methane from u.s.

natural gas operations the 1992 base year. The results of this study

can be used to construct global methane budgets and to determine the

relative impact on global of natural gas versus and oil.

national methane emissions for chemical injection pumps used

in the production segment are 1.5 ± 203% Bscf.

p

on data from the

operations are estiimll.ted

This is about

program shClwed

natural

base

methalle ernitt(~d for an
p p

than

ll1Cll'cm,ental 1I1lCrease II1

baselirle case,

be slglutlC:antly

pumps

Approach

gas innudlrv has two primary IllJ,ectlon pumps that

disl:::harge natural gas: piston pumps and diaphragm pumps. Gas-driven

fOl' glycol circulation are presented in a sep,atate

An emission rate for chemical pumps was determined by

developing an annual emission for typical practices and

extrapolating this value based on the total number of chemical injection

pumps (activity factor) to develop a national estimate, where the national

emission rate is the product of the factor and activity factor,

Chemical inj1cction

bio'Cldles, delnulsiJler's, clarifiers, corrosion

lly<lralle irlhilt'litt)ts, dewaxers} and

operation,

metllane compOsition. The tfequency

operator iuf)orl1t1atiioll

MiU1l1faicturer data provided gas consumption rates per

eql,ultion tellatillig these parameters War. developed and used to

tltlnual methane emissions from a typical chemical injection pump

in natural as production.

The activity factor development (i.e., the number of chemical injection

pumps nationally) is presented in a separate report. In general though,

the activity factor is based on the number of chemical injection

per well that markets The national methane em:1SSlon

for chemical injection pUmps was then based on the product

emission factor and activity

year, the emissions the

industry is (±

eqlliVialell'lt to ± 0.5% production. from

this program were used to compare gre!erihOllse gas emissions from

iv

p p
fuel cycle for natural gas, oil, and cQal using the global warming

potentials (GWPs) recently published by the Intergovernmental Panel on

Climate Chunge (IPCC). The analysis showed that natural gas

contributes less to potential global warming than coal or oil, which

supports the fuel switching strategy suggested by IPCC and others.

In addition, results from this study are being used by the natural gas

industry to reduce operating costs while reducing emissions. Some

companies are also participating in the Natural Gas-Star program, a

voluntary program sponsored by EPA's Office of Air and Radiation in

cooperation with the American Gas Association to implement CGsteffective emission reduction.:; and to report reductions to EPA. Since this

program was begun after the 1992 baseline year, any reductions in

ulethane emissions from this program are not reflected in this study's

total emissions.

Robert A. Lott

Senior Project Manager, Environment and Safety

v

p

p
p

LO

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

SUMMARy .

2.0 INTRODUCTION 2

3.0 GAS-DRlVEN PUMP TYPES 3

Operation Overview . .. . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3.2 El11ission~Affectit1g Characteristics. . . .. "". 11

4.0 EMISSION FACTOR DATA , , . 12

p

4.1 Canadian Petroleum Association (CPA) Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . .. 12

4.2 Metha;}:" Composition .... ... .. .. ... . . . . .. 12

4.3 Site Data ,.. . . .. . . .. 13

4.4 Industry Boundaries . .. ..,.. 16

4.5 Manufacturers' Data. . . .. 18

4.5.] Diaphragm Pumps . '. . . .. 18

4.5.2 Piston Pumps . . . . . . . . . .. . ..". 21

5.0 EMISSION RATE CALCULATIONS 23

5.1 Diaphragm Pl1l11PS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .' . . . " 23

5.2 Piston Pumps .. .. 24

5.3 National Emission Rate , . .. . 25

6.0 REFERENCES . 26

APPENDIX A - Production Source Sheet. . A-I

APPENDIX B - Conversion Table . . . . . .. B-1

vi
p

LIST OF FIGURES

3-2

3-4

3-5

Piston Pump Schematic . .

Pistoll Pump Cut-away Schematic

TexsteamPiston Pump \..uIHl\VaV Scllelllatiic

Diaphra.gm Pump Schematic

Dia:phnlgm Pump LUI··aw,av Siohelrnatic

Page

5

6

7

8

9

LIST OF TABLES

4-1 CPA Me,flsUl'eml;:nts

4-2 Summal'y of Site Data 15

I\.\?;:SlIl~i$. •.•••••.•••• • •••••.•• •••.•••• ••..

17

Data

Data

Pump Manufacturers' Data

Pump Mal'1ut~lctUl'ers'

4-4

4-5

4-6

p
1.0 SUMMARY

p

This report is oue ofseveral volumes that provide background information

supporting the Gas Research Institute and U.S. Envin:mrncIltal Pr()te(~tion rl,I!.U11CY

Research and Developw,::ut emissions The ohi,llclive

this cOl11ptehcnsiveprogram is to qUlll'ltify methat'lc emissiotlS from the gas industry for the

1992 base to within ± 0.5% natural gas production startillgat the wellhead and

customer meter.

This repor~ describes a study to quantify the mumal emissions from chemical

pumps and diaphragm pumps are the most common

in An

emission fot· these pumps was on data, l1'lrll'llJlia,;turer's

data,andresults from a Canadian study. The resulting annual methane emissions from

chemical pumps are 1.5 Bscf ± 203%.

1
2.0

Clwlllinil

[0 drive olher

chCilllcab inlo proee:;:: he:;: rump:;

contl'ClI

which usc

to

an:

The characteristics that arieet emissions from chl:mica!

or '-'1-" """,'",

of plll1lps,

volmm:

diam(:ter and stroke

a manufacturer':; gas CDWiUlllpllion

based lin t!I(:

mlon11uljo,n on

OP('fi'ltlOI1 was

use

rates from slie visit:; and operalt\r

mJ,ecllOD pumps nal~j(111allv)

The I1tlmber of pmnps thl: prnd1wt1o!l

cstabhslling a ratio of pumps to that

from chemical pumps were calculated based 011 the !>n"I'I"wl

a typical pump and the factor (count of chemical

pn::se:nts an e:::tllllalt>

amount of methane that is rdcasi:d from chemical

A desl'riplio!J l)f dwwiul pwnp:; u:;(:d In

in Sectinn.1. Section 4 describes the of

The sections

injection pumps nationwide.

1l,(im~tI..v is m'/wi c!pfl

to det,errriine methanc emission faetor::; for

arc Calcllll'ttect 1li :-,ectton :\.

n
GAS-DRlVENPUMP TV]J)l;'Q

This section describel'l chemical injection pumps found in the natural gas

ditlerem~es In in of

Operation Overview

AU industrial two major a a

pHIVt,des the energy motive side delivers

the energy to the fhlid being moved. For a typical industrial centrifugal PUIl1P, the drivel'

the motive is an and case arr'llUjgcrnel1t.

pressure to

In fhe natural industry, pumps are small pumps used in the

production field el¢ctricity available. These pumps use

gas can be in

taken stream. vast ma.jOrily

field have one of two pul'poses: glycol circulation (see Volume 15

on ga~;-a~lsisted or chemical inji~ction.

it

(J'tl<::-f'II'n,rpl1' pumps in

Chemiical i~ection is

control prc1ce1;silJlg pmblenls and

an oil or gas

the to add small amounts

the equipment. chemicals injected in

inhibitors,

lly<ltale hlhili>it<>rs, paraffiln di~WiJIXer's> slu'factaillts, oxygen scavengers, and hy(lrolgen

scavengers. These chemicals are normally i~ected at the weHhead and into gathering

bf at the rates are the

They are often attached to barrelS the chemical

are Dmlithre displlaclmll~nt) reclprociltIlllg units

desigl1(~. to amounts of chl~mjlcal a pr()Cei~S stream.

3
p

A comlpJete l'ecl!)J'O¢ltting inc.ludl~S two

alll)wilng a fluid to flow into an enclosed cavity from a low-pressure

it by

or suction and a motion or

During the suction stroke, the chemical is lifted tlU'ough the suction check

valve into the fluid cylinder. The suction check valve is forced open by the suction

plung(~r and the the

thus the chemical to remain in the

the plunger is forced dO'NmlVards,

iImlleqiately shutting offthe suction check valve. Simultaneously, the Chemical is

displaced, forcing open the discharge check valve and allowing the fluid to discharged.

cOln])l.cto movement One full

uses a

ph.mger.4

•

5

diaphragm

industry

The two types pumps commonly used the natural gas

the piston pump and the diaphragm pump. pumps operate in the same

The pump,

COIISis'ts of a cylindrical piston-plunger assembly 2-

nrovidles the force to move the plunge:r.

()f piston pUlnp observed sites California (Figures 3-3 and

hOlciz<mtliI plun.ger to operate a gear mechanism that drives the phmger.3

and uses a to

4

p
p

p

Figure Piston Pump SchematiC

5

p
GAS

OUT

IN

FLUID t

SUCTION •••

---~<

FLU!D

DISCHARGE

Figure

6
Texstealm Piston Pump Schematic

Figure 3·5. Diaphragm Pump Schematic

D
JASINLET

t::AR SIDE)

GAS

EXHAUST

FLUID 1·

DISCHARGE

t

FLUID I

SUCTION I

3-6. DiaphragtrlPUmp Cut-away Schematic
p

3,2 Emission-Affecting Chal'actcl'istics

Characteristics that

chemical injection service include:

methane ell1llssiorlS the all<'.fl"'Vf'n pumps in

• Frf~quefl(:Y of operation (pumping

density); and

the (volume disJPla(:em:ent

Supply gas prCSSUire (which

•

•

• Illlet methal1ccomposition.

following section.

For this the was dellennirled

stroke intervals and information about pump operating schedules. Determination

of the unit size was based on manufacturers' data for the types of pumps observed during

site Supply gas pressure, which affects the density of the gas, was noted during site

ESlimi!ltkm of an methane eoncentration was on literatll.ltc

data. These ChiEll'8cterisltics are more in to effect on the

emiss:ion calculations in

11

p
p

4.0 EMISSION FACTOR DA_TA

sources of infonnation were used to detlemline meltharlc etniSisi0I1S

chemical injection pumps: results a study performed by the Canadian Petroleum

Association, literature data for methane composition. data collected from visits, and

pump manufacturers' data.

Canadian Petroleum Assodation (CPA) Report

The Canadian Petroleum Association (CPA) conducted a study to quantify

methane emissions from gas production opi~raltiotlS

diaplti~aglm cll1el1nic;:l1 injection pumps were determined tests The

measurements were very consistent, ranging from 254 to 499 sefd/pump (see Table 4-1).

The average natural gas emission factor from the Canadian study was 334 30%

4.2 Methane Composition

p

Emission factors for methane arc calculated from the rate of natural gas

the The percentage of melthatle

natural was determined be ± .5 Details about value arc available in

Volume 6 on and combustion sources.'

12

.. Imml'\PI' ot

4-2 lists the sile InlOnnl'lJonand 4-3 smnmarizes tl1l~ pnmp type,

infnrl1l1ation was to nrnftm'f' an estimate of eqlliplrne'nl pcDplllalimls ami

Ull

T'he number shown in Tahle

For sites with no rale sample

or (Hasite visits

42 this parameter was me'ustirel],

mea"uremt:nIS, ell aVI~ra,i!\;':

pllrag;m) was based on measurements from other

on

with 50,

The fraction of each pump type,

T"unOI:r of each of

are for

diaphragul pumps),

versus dl;lpllrJ:gcl1, \\'ns cnknlnted

ohserved. Table 4,2 slmws that and

Some of the

infc)rmatjeln and oh<,pr~r"ti,cm"

are opcnue,1 ona seasonal

In det,cnnillc

pump Table

the year, while dI!1:pl1ra!~m pumps are

thal

use

01'

At four the sites visited, hoth and diaphragm pumps were observed,

no of the numher of each of pump was the lotal

was these the fraction

verslis di~lphral~m pumps were so Ihal the

collected at the sites could used.

p
TABLE 4-2. SUl"'fMARY OF SITE DATA

n

0

8 16,8

0

0

2

12

30

0

0

0.5

2 15

:3 9.2

0

0

0

0

o

Site

2 Pistoll

3 Piston

4

5

6 Diaphragm

7

Piston

8

Pistoll

9

10

II

12 Diaphragm

Piston

13

14 Piston

15 Piston

16 Piston

17 Pistoll

!8 Piston

19 Piston

Powel'

Mcdill

Nat Gas

Nat Gas

Nat Gas

Nat. Gas

Nat Gas

Nat Gas

Nat Gas

Nat Gas

Nat. Gas

Nat. Gas

Nat. Gas

Nat Gas

Nat Gas

Nat. Gas

Nat. Gas

Nat. Gas

Nat. Gas

Electric

Electric

Nat.

Air

Air

Nat. Gas

Total

Nllimh,~r of

CIPs at the Site

5

203

666

5

28

273

36

4

1'2

8

25

115

24

4

5

CIPs Within GllS

Industry nO.llu)"r'!!!"

at till.' Site

10

5

o

5

28

273

o

36

o

12

8

25

o

o

o

o

o

IS

Nllmbcl'

of Rllte

4

3

Strokesl

0.33

55

65

40

9:1

61.9

27.3

25

50

3.8

3.8

100

100

81.3

100

50

100

100

NIlmbeI'

4.6

125.7

9U

4.5

6.'"

136.4

1.2

1.2

17.9

18.1

3.3

12.0

4.0

12.5

12.5

p
p

TABLE

Total Number of Gas Operated CIPs

Observed from Site Visits 327 329

% by 49,8

±

±

±

t'!.Vt:HIlH:: Strokes/min

4.4 Industry Boundaries

equipITlent but excludl~s

number pumps are

The industry n bOlJIldariles include all

eqlliplnellt afisoc;iatl~d with oil This bOllodary def'tnition is sigIlifi(;anl for

chemical pumps since a

cbf~mical addition to

During visits, datawel'e collected all pneumatic chemical injl::ct:ion

pumps regardless of the associated eqUipment. As shoWn in Tables and data

collected purpose this characterization actuation measurements

and pump for chemical pumps, pumps

compressed and pumps to the industry. decision was made to

indude all data for the factor calculatious but loaceount for the ind:uslly b'OUfldal'1'

definitio~ in tbe activity factor. the activity factor only includes natural

powered cnemical injection pumps associated with the natural gas industly.)

examine the effect ae~:':.,tl[}n. emissiion estim,ltes were deterntine:d

tWo data sets: one COlltainil1~g all of the available and data

for gas"opf~rate:d dtemical inj(:~tk)n within gas industlry The

cOllnparis<)ll are pre!,entl~d

16

p
p

TABLE <4-4. DATA COMPARISON FOR CHEMICAL INJECTION PUJVIPS

All DIIIl!

Natural Gas

ImlllshT nil1:1

"151011 Pistoll

Percent of Total Pumps, % 49.8 :t JS'};' 50.2 38% 4.5 ± 678% 955 31%

Pump Actuation sirok<:'s/min

Number of measuremenls

Number of siles

26.32 ± 29';"0

32

1

13.64 49%,

8

5

3.57 t 42%

15

2

14.75 i

61%

5

"

44.6 ± 62%

7

'10.0 52%

10

77.5 ± 148'1!0

4

58.0 39%

6

Melhllne Emissions Factor,' 248 ± 83% 668 ± 88%

on the emlSS:lon calculatil)ll are presenled in 5.

ro t~

significantly reduces the database from which the emission factors are calculated and results

in a much larger emission factoL A foUow~upconversatioll with a manufacturer of both

are sized based on the "nli"....,..

reqllirf~d and is not a

natural

for pump pump can aCC:QmimC)Oa'te Clofi(lltIions

associated with either natural gas production or crude production. ntis was confirmed by

industry contacts as well, because a reason one pump

for natural gas production could not be the data ail of the

per The actual mltnbl?r

operating on gas within industry boundaries is accounted for the activity

factor.

17

p
p

4.5 lVlanufacturers' Data

miJ:tUl\~) was det,cflllin(:(1

manufacturers rehlte gas to the of chemical plLlmlJed

To convert to the volume of per stroke was

calcUlated baSed on manufacturers" c!lua for stroke length ilnd plunger diameter (for

dlaphl'agll11 P''''UP'') or (for pumps) as

--"'--- x Gas (1)

and summarize the information provided pump

call~uli'lted gas is

pump

4.5.1 DiapbragmPulUlls

cubic feet of gas

for each pump

dt~tplllfal~m pump mallufacturers gas usages in terms standard

1 afffi and 60°F) required to pump one gaBon of lIquid, where gas usage

slightly with discharge Despite the wide of pump

rates were to an rale

to 0.1660

stroke a ±

pump data were over range to 1000

psig (discharge pressure ranged from 20 to 1060 psig for sites visited), for which the gas

usage varied by 20%. For example, the gas usage for the 318,·inch Western Chemical

pump was 105 to 118 over the pressure range of 0 to 1000

disl[,la(;emlent per stroke was based on the plunger diamf~ter

Combining the calculated

usage values, in a matrixca1culated

values which from

stroke as shown by Equation

each plunger size over the of

scf'!stro1~e values. Table 4-5 shows

p
TABLE 4-5. PlIl\lP MANU}<'ACTURERS' DATA FOJ{ IlIAPHRAGM PU!\ff'S

Model

\hf.'cI.",·" Chemit'<11

Inc. <)

l)hmgcl'

in.

3/8

5/8

Natural

20.6

13.6

O.

0.0860 0.1360

0.0866 - 0.1660

1/4 1/2 I 1/4

I

I 114

118

3/8

1

diaphl:agi[Jl pump actuation rale detl(:nllln{:d

cOIliver'led to ,,,·f,'c'n,l.·i-'

da.ta ~lId shown ill

of natural gas to of mel.han.e, UlunllJIY

CaJrlud.lan ~miissi{ltlS, report,::u in 4 I as ",.fclirm,n,n b

j9

o
TABLE 4~6. PUJ\1P lVlANUFACTURERS' nATA FOR PISTON PUMPS

Piston

Calculated

2

j

1

2 1/4

2 1/4

1/~

1

0.0086

I

0.0009

p
p

C~llclLllallirlg the average of the range of manufacturer and the Cainadian

measurements resulrsin the average gas errlis:5io,n

diaphragm pumps.

± the

4.5.2 Piston }>umps

were to

ga:; recluil'ed 10 pump one

Manufaclllrer data

for diaplll'agllu pumps: standard

In addlllolll, the manufacturer DfilWllded ranges for rhe volume of chemical pum!)cd ""41111"'!>

corresponding to dilTerellt actuation rates (stroke/min), Actuation measurements the

two where the Texstean, pllmpS were observed Were used to convert the gas discharge

rate per volume of chemical to the di~;charE\e nue per stroke as shown in the folh1\'1I11l11

For tile barrel type

ma'nuf:aculrer spe,cifilc:iliollS for the

usage was calcullatc:d 011 the

Gas

are not as Ul''l~;l,;5C as (!i~iplllraJsm have a

on the usc these in the industry, to

piston diameters be typicaL

adJUSHlhle for

at

these pumps due to the effect of pressure on gas

mJ'luufa(;llllren,' values

affect the gas usage

to were used. addition. the gas pressure can

Based on

21
p

p

manufacturers' piston pumps are designed fOl' supply gas pressures ranging from 15 to

85 A gas pressure of 30 was used the on

an average of site data and reference material. 12 the data from the four

manll1'<ICIUrtTS, the was to

± (Table
EMISSION

Site information was used to determine the average actuation rate

(strokes/min), the fraction type of pump (piston versus diaphragm), and the

pef'celltaf~e of opf:ral.mg time for each of pump. The manufacturers' data were used to

An

of gasJ1stn)ke) Radian cornbined

this .:>\.-\.-UV,.l, to calculate

stroke

of pump

site inf(}rnlaticm and manufacUlret'S'

each

detemline the volume of

average pump emission factor was calculated by cornbinirlg

diaphragm and piston pumps:

emission factors for

PUlJIP (4)

pump = methanl~/pump)l"i,mn +

x

EFavg. pump = 248 scfe! methane/pump

the frai:tioil1 of each is from COIIcelCpttlg the data

emission factor callculatilons, and the resulting national emission rates are discussed in this

Diaphragm Pum~

Calculation of the emission for diaphragm pumps was based 'lIl the

== Gas

th'1e x

(scjtJsllrokl~) x FfeQiuenl::Y (strok:eslt:lay) X Operatillg

p
where:

Operating time

% Methane

portion of the year that the pump is operating (0.40 ±

78.8 mol % ± 5 % for the production segment.

total mellhal1e elnisl;ion diaplu'aglm pumps SCf(jjpLlmp ±

PistQn Pumps

was on the followin[!

where:

= (acf/stroke) x Density x Frequency

{stl'okl~s/(jay X Operating x % methane

hqUlltlon 3

sef/aef at supply pressure (average psig)

(combined average value of volume a'1d densiIy is 0,0037 ±

65% seE/stroke:).

strokes per average pump ±

(6)

Opl~ratjng time

methane

of the year that the pump is opt~rating

78.8 mol % for the proo.uctiOfi !':epme'n!

±

resulting methane emission factor piston pumps is scfd/pump ± 106%

are

on

(0.498 ± piston pumps ± 38%diaphragm pumps from Table to

produce an emission factor for a typical chemical injection pump of ± 83% sd'dhJurnn.

p 0
5.3 National Emission Rate

by lICtivity

The rate is the em,ission

pump from by the number of pumps used in

prodt'~tion field;:s nationwide. The number of pumps in the gas industry

production segment was determined establishing the ratio of the number pumps to

that are 5 on <;lNI\llitu

The is a pumps the

producti0n sector

MUltiplying pump emiiSsi(}Jl

yields the total annual emissions for gas,opierated chemical injc'cti()O pumps:

248

pump

days

--- x jear

(7)

res\lltiIlg methallle ernissions for prc~dw:::tl(m segment are ±
6.0

2.

3,

REFERENCES

5.

5100.

Texsteam Pump " .. ".. ,~.- and Parts List Series

6. Canadian Petroleum Association. A Detailed lnvenfwy of CH4 and VOC

En/issiorls from Upstream Oil and Gas in March 1992,

9. Westem Cbem:ical

KS, April 1994.

Personal COllTe:5:JC~ndem;c with Tom

Specialty Co. Personal CI[)lTI~sponclence with James WiHb:ank,s,

12. Petroleum Extension Handling of Natural Gas, 4th Ed. J,

LCI;1,;1l1H, Di'vision of Continuing EdlLlcatiolLl, University at £>U'''j]·',

26
Production Source Sheei

A-I
SOURCES:

COl\n·oJ'..'El'.'TS:

OI'ERATING MOI)E:

EMISS[ON TYPE:

ANI\1{L\T, EMISSIONS:

RACKGROlJNIi:

pnOJ)l!CTION ,sOURCE SHEET

Wdb. I~<lcililit:c,

CIl<:mical Injection Pumps

Normal Operillion

Vented

±

prcssure ael illt' nil a

iO The almn;;pnerc, The

milllliiIflr!l, !leak bi"t:idc, dt:lllulsi!1er, clarifier

pumps were observed- II di:lpllril.lctll

ill"cliv<~ al Ihe Iime had

El\iISSION FACTOR: 2.JS scfdfavN'llge pump :f 83 %

WlIS ad.just<:d the prodncljo," mt'tham' Cllllt(ll1l in lIallln!l ga;; al 71L8 HIllI':'''.)

llPOI1 Ihe follovvin;; c1lualiOll:

where:

fraction ofthepllmp popUlatiOn tbM is the tYfll' = 4<iS'i{, -I: '\~%

emis,'on factor of an average pump ~c 48. <) sclah~ml1n

fr~iCh()l1 of Ihe ihal is Ihe 1.

emission faClor of ar pump t

The averagt1 emission faclor was delermined

U,S. sires, For pumps, the emission

where:

Gas usage (ac:fi,.tHJkL:) x

Operating lime mel ham:

x

usa12E calculated gm: usage diaillel!~! and a~lud

Dellsi,y

0f1Lr;lIillg lime

melhane

scf/acf at supply gas (average 30 psig) (comhm('d average v;th'c nl

volume and densil)' is ± 65 % scf!:,ffokt),

slrokes per of lhe average pump (:17,90 I

time thai the I and

± So/" I'm

Bas"" on "ile ami manuf'lclllrer daLl', the

106%

1\-2
p

Fol' diapbiragm Clhcf:l1ic,al lt11,,(,II<1,n pumps, the emission faelor Wllil dClcl'lnillcd by the follovvinl1 CllualiOin:

x (gal/slfiJke) x f'rC1luenl~v (slmk:cshlay) x

mClhane

wh!. e:

Gas usage

Volume

Op,eraiing thlle

% melhane

volume of gas (In standard f13

) required 10 pump one gallon of liquid chemical

(provided by the manufaclurer);

liquid displaced per stroke based ou the plunger diameler and stroke lenglh

value of gas is 0.0119 ± 10%

lind

and measured data to calculate the emission factor

CmJSSIOn factor was determined to ± 77 %.

terms, thc tOI,,1

Stroke volume was calculated from pump manufacturers' dam ami siteobservatiol1s of manufacmrer and mQoel

number. was calculated based upon observed site supply pressure, and frequem:y was based upon

timed stroke intervals observed While Oil site. ivas estimated by site personnel (if seasonal), or

was based percent at the site were the visit The emission faclOrs

shown above (in heencorrected for the nalural gas the production segment of

18.8 mol % Itlethane.

EF DATA .:>\.IV"".......,...

Volume 13:

maJI1Uf:~ctllrers' data

Namral

~dablishes Ihe importanI emlssllon··alleclmg

The

Chemical lnjeaioll

characteristics.

Site visit data and reference material established the density from supply gas pressure

at 30

For

measurements

taken at The determined from data at 13 sites.

Measurements of 5 diapllragmehemical U\J'''''''"uu pumps were proVided from an

emissions eslitl1ale program by Ihe Petroleum Association.

L

4.

2.

5.

3.

6.

EF ACCURACY:

Basis:

L

2.

3.

Op,erlltirlg Lime confidence bounds (at 90% calclllated of

Ihe of '7 sites for pumps and 10 sites for pumps.

Actuation confidence bounds (al 90% confidenee) wcre based 011 measurements from

7 sites for and 5 sites for Ihe pumps.

n was tllat the manufacturers' data are aCCUrate. Data for the

pUmps were, based on information fcom 4 manufacturers. pump

data Werc provided by 2 manufaclurers.

A-3
p

4. for each vahle Wllre carried Ihmugh errOr pl'clpagation W

result in Ille t .nal 90% confidence bound,

ACTIVITy}i'ACTOR: 16,971 pumps in the pmtluction sCl~mcllt ± 143 %

The number of gas actuated used in the proidlil~lioin dW:rmined by establisltling

the ntlll1ber well" (oU or gas) that

values were determined. The ralioswere thell mlliltil~lil:d

tbat market gas in that to total count of chemical

wete added together to determine the national number.

n

AF E (Rel~ion,al AF)

i",1

wltere n '" 100ai number of

Regional AF x

RJ

where W

wells ill Region j

AF DATA SOURCES:

l.

2.

J.

The active oil and gas wells are from A.G.A. Gas Facts (2), Tlte active wells that

market the lolal national active oil wells times lhe

fraction market fraction is determined fnull a Texas Railroad

Commission lease tbatshows the percent of oil leases Ihal market the associaled

gas in Texas

The pump counts were obtained lhe site visils.

air driven pumps Were not counted.

Regional extrapolation by gas well count was used.

cng:ineering jUd,gern,ent, based

known

The accuracy for the active gas wells is assigned

upon the fact that the number of active wells

r••'U.,n..iU\Jr" etc.

2. ""':1lI ,."v for the national AF is based upon error pf<lpagatioll from the pfl)dttction

AF ACCURACY:

Basis:

L

AI\"NUAL El\-fiSSJONS: 1.5 Bscf ± 203 %

The natiOlMl aIUlUal emissions were detennirllld mUlltilJlying an emission faelor for a typical pump by the

pop. Jation of chemical injection pumps in the pflJdtlClion ''''l!;mt;m.

REFERENCES

Mt'lfllme Enlisj~i0l1SJfrom the Nmural Gas Volume 13: Chemica,' Injection

GRl-94/0257.30 and EPA·600/R·96·080m, Gas Rescarcll Inslitute aIld U.S.

June 1996.

A-4
p

Radian

American Gas AssocialiOll. Gas Facis: 1993 Data, ArJlin~tIOl]. VA, 1994,

Texlls Railroad COllll1rtis:dOlrt. TX,1989.

2.

3.

A-5
o

APPENDIXB

Conversion Table

B-1

p
p

Unit Conversiflll Table

English to Metric COll1versil}nS

g meUlane

0.01923 methane

19,230 metric tOlllles methane

28.32 million standard cubic meters

kg

28.32 liters

3.785 liters

0.3048 m

1.609 kIn

kW

0,7457 kW-hr

1055 joules

kW-hr

g/GJ

T +

5\.71 mm

I

1 methane

1 Bscf methane

} Bscf

J ton

1

1

1

1 gallon

1 burrel ebb!)

1

1ft

1 mile

1

1 hp-hr

1 Btu

1 MMBtu

11bIMMBtu

T

1

Global Wanning ConvCI'sions

Ca1culatingcarbon equivalents of any gas:

MMTCE (MMT of X 1--:""'--- x (GWP)

B-2
Calculating f'm'liv",l,~nl", for methane:

of

where MW (molecular wei!!hO of = 44, MW and MW

Not~s

scf

Mscf

Standard cubic feet. Standard conditions are at 14,73

Thousand standard cubic feet.

and 60"F.

Metric tOUlles

as

1000 kg,

psig

psia

GWP

MMT

MMTCE

MMT eq, =

pressure.

rlU':SUIU,'" Pl'csSurc

W(lloning Potential

time period.

tonnes,

B-3

+ atl110lspheric Iln;:ssUl"C).

parlicular greenhou:se gas a
p p

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