DEPARTME

COMMERCE

SI3CELLANE01

PUBLICATION;

OF THE

NATIONAL

BUREAU

OF

STANDARDS





Report of the

39th NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 1954

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION 212
SELECTED WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

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NBS Handbook 44 Specifications, Tolerances, and Regulations for Commercial Weighing and

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AVAILABLE REPORTS OF THE

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1946 Miscellaneous Publication 186 400

1947 Miscellaneous Publication 189 40^

1949 Miscellaneous Publication 195 350

1950 Miscellaneous Publication 199 500

1951 Miscellaneous Publication 202 500

1952 Miscellaneous Publication 206 400

1953 Miscellaneous Publication 209 400

Index to the Reports of the National Conference on Weights and Measures from

the First to the Thirty-sixth, 1905 to

1951, Miscellaneous Publication 203 200

r ORDER ALL PUBLICATIONS, WITH REMITTANCE, FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C.
Report of the

39th National Conference on

Weights and Measures 1954

Attended by Representatives from Various States

Sponsored by the National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C, May 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 1954

United States Department of Commerce • Sinclair Weeks, Secretary- National Bureau of Standards • A. V. Astin, Director

Issued October 21, 1954

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price 50 cents

CONTENTS

Page

Officers and Committees iv Committee Meetings vn

Persons Attending Conference 92

FIRST SESSION—MORNING OF TUESDAY, MAY 18, 1954 Invocation, by R. W. Searles, Deputy County Sealer, Medina, Ohio 1 Address by Hon. Walter Williams, Under Secretary of Commerce 1 Address by A. V. Astin, Director, National Bureau of Standards, and

President, National Conference on Weights and Measures 3 Memorial Service for Departed Members, by R. W. Searles 11 Appointment of Committees 11 Roll Call of States 12 SECOND SESSION—AFTERNOON OF TUESDAY, MAY 18, 1954

Roll Call of State and Regional Weights and Measures Associations 12 Weights and Measures Advisory Committee, Report of the Special Committee of Vice Presidents of the Conference, Presented by J. A. Boyle,

Chairman 12 Report from National Scale Men's Association, by C. C. Morgan, SecretaryTreasurer, and City Sealer of Weights and Measures, Gary, Indiana 15 Looking Ahead in the Scale Industry, by G. C. Worthley, President,

National Association of Scale Manufacturers, and Manager, Scale

Division, Fairbanks, Morse & Company, Chicago, Illinois 16 State Cooperation in a National Program, by R. J. Neale, Weights and

Measures Inspector, Agricultural Marketing Service, U. S. Department

of Agriculture, Kansas City, Missouri 19 Prepackaged Foods, by S. C. Rowe, Food and Drug Administration,

U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 22 Remarks of J. T. Kennedy, Chief, Weights, Measures, and Markets,

District of Columbia 28

Check-Weighing Scales, by C. A. Baker, Director, Bureau of Weights and

Measures, State of New York 29 Canned Poultry, by I. M. Levy, City Sealer of Weights and Measures,

Chicago, Illinois 31 THIRD SESSION—MORNING OF WEDNESDAY, MAY 19, 1954 Evolution of Gasoline Pumps, by William Keay, Manager, Sales Service, Gilbert & Barker Manufacturing Company, West Springfield, Massachusetts 32 Report of Committee on Weights and Measures Education, Presented by

C. M. Fuller, Chairman 32

Services of the National Bureau of Standards, by A. T. McPherson,

Associate Director 39

Electromagnetic Flowmeter, by C. P. Griffith, Vice President, Bowser,

Inc., Fort Wayne, Indiana 42

Surface Gaging Farm Milk Tanks, by W. M. Shanhouse, General Manager,

S. S. Hunter, Inc., Syosset, New York 44 Farm Milk Tank Testing, by F. M. Greene, Chief, Division of Weights

and Measures, State of Connecticut 46 FOURTH SESSION—MORNING OF THURSDAY, MAY 20, 1954 Report of Committee on Legislation, Presented by M. A. Nelson, Chair- man 50 LPG Meter Testing in Miami, Florida, by H. E. Howard, Supervisor, Division of Weights and Measures, Miami, Florida 52

iii
Page

Report of Committee on Trading by Weight, Presented by J. F. True, Chairman 53 H. R. 8357—To Amend U. S. Standard Container Act of 1928 53

Progress Report on LPG Meter Testing, by L. L. Kennedy, Chairman,

Weights and Measures Committee, American Petroleum Institute, Elizabeth, New Jersey 54

Special Test for Vehicle Tank Meters, by J. A. Parron, Assistant Sealer of Weights and Measures, Norfolk, Virginia 57 Report of Special Flour Committee, Presented by J. P. McBride, Chairman. 58 Remarks of C. D. Baucom, North Carolina 60

FIFTH SESSION—AFTERNOON OF THURSDAY, MAY 20, 1954 H. R. 8357—To Amend U. S. Standard Container Act of 1928 60 Report of Committee on Nominations, Presented by J. T. Kennedy, Chair- man, and Election of Officers 61 Report of Committee on Methods of Sale of Commodities, Presented by

Acting Chairman, J. E. Brenton, at the request of J. G. Rogers, Chair- man 61 Fabric-Measuring Devices, by F. M. Raymund, Assistant County Sealer of Weights and Measures, Los Angeles, California 64 Weights and Measures Approval Seals, by M. W. Jensen, Assistant Chief,

Office of Weights and Measures, National Bureau of Standards 65 Remarks of M. Jacob, Director, Service De La Metrologie, Ministere Des

Affaires Economiques, Bruxelles, Belgium 69 Remarks of H. E. Howard, City of Miami, Florida 70 Remarks of David Heller, National Association of Scale Manufacturers 70

SIXTH SESSION—MORNING OF FRIDAY, MAY 21, 1954 Report of the Outgoing Executive Committee, Presented by G. F. Austin,

Jr 71 Axle Loads, by D. R. Tate, Chief, Mass and Scale Section, Mechanics Division, National Bureau of Standards 72 Report of Committee on Specifications and Tolerances, Presented by R. E. Meek, Chairman 76 H. R. 8357—To Amend U. S. Standard Container Act of 1928 89 Report of Committee on Resolutions, Presented by W. A. Kerlin, Chair- man 90 Report of the Treasurer of the Conference, J. P. McBride 92 Meeting of the Executive Committee 92 OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES

OFFICERS

(As elected by the Thirty-eighth National Conference to serve during the

Thirty-ninth National Conference)

President : A. V. Astin, Director, National Bureau of Standards.

Vice Presidents:

G. F. Austin, Jr., Deputy Sealer of Weights and Measures, Detroit, Michigan.

J. A. Boyle, Deputy Sealer, Bureau of Weights and Measures, Department

of Agriculture, State of Maine.

F. M. Greene, Chief, Division of Weights and Measures, Food and Drug

Commission, State of Connecticut.

J. Roy Jones, Commissioner, Department of Agriculture, State of South

Carolina.

J. W. Reese,* Supervisor, Division of Weights and Measures, Department

of Agriculture, State of Iowa.

A. C. Samenfink, Sealer of Weights and Measures, Rochester, New York.

Secretary: W. S. Bussey, Chief, Office of Weights and Measures, National Bureau of Standards. Treasurer : J. P. McBride, Director of Standards, State of Massachusetts.

*Mr. Reese was unable to be present. iv
i (As elected by the Thirty-ninth National Conference for the ensuing year)

j President : A. V. Astin, Director, National Bureau of Standards.

Vice Presidents: W. L. Daniels, Director of Licenses and Standards, Seattle, Washington.

G. L. Johnson, Director, Division of Weights and Measures, Department of Agriculture, State of Kentucky.

J. Roy Jones, Commissioner, Department of Agriculture, State of South

Carolina.

C. A. Lyon, Director, Division of Markets and Standards, Department of

( Agriculture, State of New Hampshire.

A. O. Oslund, Superintendent, Department of Weights and Measures, Union

City, New Jersey.

J. W. Reese, Supervisor, Division of Weights and Measures, Department of Agriculture, State of Iowa.

Secretary: W. S. Bussey, Chief, Office of Weights and Measures, National Bureau of Standards. Treasurer : G. F. Austin, Je., Deputy Sealer of Weights and Measures, Detroit,

Michigan.

Chaplain: R. W. Seaeles, Deputy Sealer of Weights and Measures, Medina

County, Ohio. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

(As elected by the Thirty-ninth National Conference)

>Ex officio.

A. V. Astin

W. L. Daniels

G. L. Johnson

J. Roy Jones

C. A. Lyon

A. O. Oslund

J. W. Reese W. S. Bussey

G. F. Austin, Jr. R. W. Seaeles

C. D. Baucom, of North Carolina.

T. C. Beck, of Oklahoma.

J. M. Dietz, of Union County, New Jersey. M. M. Emeeick, of Illinois. E. R. Fishee, of Rhode Island.

J. T. Haepee, of Terre Haute, Indiana. H. C. Hulshoff, of Niagara County, New York. Elvin Leeman, of Wyoming.

W. F. Masinda, of Tolland County, Connecticut.

A. J. Mayee, of Louisiana.

C. C. Mundy, of Richmond, Virginia. M. O. Nickon, of Dearborn, Michigan.

W. E. G. Rhein, of Cincinnati, Ohio. W. B. Steele, of Oregon.

A. M. Thomas, of Montgomery County, Maryland.

STANDING COMMITTEES

(As constituted at the conclusion of the Thirty-ninth National Conference,

the personnel and organization of each of the standing committees of the Conference are as listed. As reported, the membership of each committee reflects the appointments made by the President of the Conference, changes that have

occurred from expiration of term or other cause, and the elections by the several committees of chairmen, and in one case secretary, for the ensuing year. The

remaining term of office for each committee member, in years, is shown by the

figure in parentheses following each entry.

)

COMMITTEE ON SPECIFICATIONS AND TOLERANCES

R. E. Meek, of Indiana, Chairman. (3) W. S. Bussey, National Bureau of Standards, Secretary. (1) Robert Williams, of Nassau County, New York. (2) R. D. Thompson, of Virginia. (4)

J. E. Beenton, of California. (5) v
COMMITTEE ON METHODS OF SALE OF COMMODITIES

J. G. Rogers, of New Jersey, Chairman. (1) R. J. Zieeten, of Racine, Wisconsin. (2) G. H. Leithauser, of Baltimore, Md. (3) E. C. Westwood, of Salt Lake City, Utah. (4) F. M. Geeene, of Connecticut. (5) COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATION M. A. Nelson, of Michigan, Chairman. (3) D. M. Tuenbull, of Seattle, Washington. (1) R. M. Bodenweiseb, of Mercer County, New Jersey. (2) Nalls Beeeyman, of Florida. (4)

J. A. Boyle, of Maine. (5) COMMITTEE ON WEIGHTS AND MEASURES EDUCATION

C. M. Fuller, of Los Angeles County, California, Chairman. (1) H. E. Ceawford, of Jacksonville, Florida. (2)

J. F. Blickley, of Pennsylvania. (3) C. A. Lyon, of New Hampshire. (4)

J. E. Mahoney, of Maryland. (5) COMMITTEE ON TRADING BY WEIGHT

G. L. Johnson, of Kentucky, Chairman. (1)

J. W. Reese, of Iowa. (2) A. J. Mayee, of Louisiana. (3) T. C. Beck, of Oklahoma. (4) H. N. Duff, of Colorado. (5)SPECIAL COMMITTEE

COMMITTEE ON FLOUR WEIGHTS 1 J. P. McBeide, of Massachusetts, Chairman. M. A. Nelson, of Michigan.

V. D. Campbell, of Ohio.

O. W. Galloway, Pillsbury Mills, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota.

O. A. Oudal, General Mills, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota.

R. V. Haeeis, Harris Milling Company, Owosso, Michigan.

W. S. Bussey, National Bureau of Standards, Consultant to the Committee.

S. C. Rowe, Food and Drug Administration, Consultant to the Committee.

COMMITTEES ACTING ONLY DURING THE THIRTY-NINTH

NATIONAL CONFERENCE

Committee on Nominations: J. T. Kennedy of the District of Columbia, Chair- man ; J. A. Beenaed of Saint Louis, Missouri, V. D. Campbell of Ohio, H. E. Crawford of Jacksonville, Florida, J. T. Leonard of Paterson, New Jersey,

I. M. Levy of Chicago, Illinois, J. F. True of Kansas. Committee on Resolutions: W. A. Kerlin of Alameda County, California, Chair- man; W. A. Baerwolf of Pontiac, Michigan, L. C. Carpenter of Missouri, H. C. Hulshoff of Niagara County, New York, William Waterman of Wisconsin, F. E. McKinney of Hartford County, Connecticut, P. E. Nystrom

of Maryland.

Ladies' Committee: Mrs. C. M. Fuller and Mrs. R. D. Thompson, Co-Chairmen

;

Mrs. J. M. Dietz, Mrs. R. E. Meek, Mrs. W. S. Bussey, Mrs. M. W. Jensen. IN CHARGE OF REGISTRATIONS

Mes. R. E. Tayloe, Mrs. F. C. Bell, Mes. K. M. Schwaez

OFFICIAL REPORTER

Mes. F. T. Achenbach.

1 This Committee was appointed by the Conference President following the adjournment

of the 38th National Conference, as a result of the adoption of a motion to this effect, reported on pages 39 and 40 of the 38th Conference Report. vi
Committee Meetings, Monday, May 17, 1954

By action of the Executive Committee, in session following the

38th National Conference on Weights and Measures, the Monday

preceding the first formal session was designated an official day of the

39th and future National Conferences. That day, according to Executive Committee recommendation, was set aside for meetings, both

open and executive, of the Conference committees. Announcements to

this effect were carried in all invitations, all pre-Conference publicity,

and in the tentative and printed programs.

Many delegates took full advantage of the committee meetings,

which were well attended and informative to all. The Conference committees that met on Monday, May 17, included

the Executive Committee, Committee on Legislation, Committee on Methods of Sale of Commodities, Committee on Specifications and

Tolerances, Committee on Trading by Weight, Committee on Weights

and Measures Education, and Special Flour Committee.

vii

REPORT OF THE THIRTY-NINTH NATIONAL

CONFERENCE ON WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

First Session—Morning of Tuesday, May 18, 1954

(A. V. Astin, President, and A. C. Samenfink, Vice President, presiding)

The invocation was delivered by the Conference Chaplain, R. W.

Searles, Deputy County Sealer of Weights and Measures, Medina

County, Ohio.

ADDRESS BY HON. WALTER WILLIAMS, UNDER SECRETARY OF

COMMERCE

It is my very great pleasure to extend to you on behalf of the

Department of Commerce a welcome to Washington for your 39th

National Conference on Weights and Measures. Since a primary

purpose of the Department is to foster, promote and develop the commerce of the United States, we are naturally very much interested

in the work and objectives of the Conference.

All commerce involves the interchange of goods or services, and before such interchange can be effected, there must be agreement between

the buyer and the seller as to how much of a particular item is to be

sold or purchased and how much is to be paid for it. The determination

of this "how much" usually involves weighing or measuring. It is essential that, if commerce is to progress in an orderly manner, there

must be complete understanding as to the methods and techniques of

measurement and this in turn promotes good will, confidence and

fair play. Thus the activities which are of concern to your Conference

provide an essential foundation for the sound development of commerce. Our Nation's industry and commerce have grown tremendously in

recent years and, at the same time, have become increasingly complex.

This makes it ineffective to employ arbitrary or isolated individual

methods in the development of acceptable standard weighing and

measuring procedures. The alternative is to attempt to solve these

problems by group effort bringing together many different people

from all parts of our Nation with a wide variety of interests and skills. Your own Conference has been particularly successful in achieving

unity of action leading to the establishment of standards and methods

related to the technical problems of commercial transactions. I am

pleased to report that the Department of Commerce is applying variations of this procedure on a much wider basis. The recently established office of Business and Defense Services Administration provides

a mechanism for bringing together government officials and representatives of private business interests to accomplish through unified

group action procedures which will stimulate business and commerce

1
and lead to the continual improvement of the economic foundations of our nation.

Furthermore, your Conference has set a fine example in another area involving division of responsibility between the Federal Government

and State and local governments. This is a problem to which your

present administration has given very serious attention, and it is our

policy that the State governments should assume maximum possible

responsibilities consistent with a sound national program, and that the

Federal Government should provide, primarily, guidance and

assistance.

As you know, the Constitution of the United States gives the Congress authority to fix the standards for weights and measures. The

Federal Government, however, does not exercise authority to enforce

weights and measures provisions but properly leaves this responsibility

to the States. The Federal Government does, however, provide leadership in establishing the reference standards for weights and measures and in the development of the reliable and uniform procedures for the

day-to-day measuring problems in ordinary commercial transactions.

The development of such standardized procedures on a broad and

effective basis is made possible primarily through the activities of your

Conference. That this approach has been successful is evidenced by

the ease and orderliness with which the wide-flung commerce of this

nation is carried out. The American people today enjoy a standard of living far beyond

that of any other nation in the world. To an appreciable extent this

is due to our orderly system for weighing and measuring the articles of commerce. But it is also due to our well developed ability to exploit

the products of science and technology for the good of all the people.

The stability of our economic system, its ability to flourish and grow,

and also our ability to remain strong against potential aggressors in

this era of international stress depend increasingly upon the new products of science and technology. Our President has recognized this and,

in a recent statement, he said : "Science has a vital role in our nation's

security and growth. During the past half-century, it has brought

about a vast transformation in industry, in agriculture, in medicine,

in transportation, and in communications. Military science has been

revolutionized by technological development. The impact of science

is increasingly felt in every field of public policy including foreign

affairs. All this has been brought about through a combination of

vision, initiative, business enterprise, a strong educational system, and

the dedicated enthusiasm of the scientific community." A little later in the same talk, the President also said : "I believe strongly that this

nation must extend its support of research in basic sciences."

Closely related to these statements is the administration's interest in

increasing the support to the National Bureau of Standards. The

work of this organization is becoming increasingly important as our economy becomes more technological in nature. New products and new processes always involve new measuring and standardization

problems as people in your business well know. Furthermore, the

work of the Bureau in determining fundamental properties of materials provides important design information which private industry

finds most useful in the development of new products and techniques.

We are very proud of our technological achievements in this country and of the support we have been providing to basic science. But

2
we cannot be complacent in believing that what we have done is enough. There are groups in the world today who would seek to destroy our economy and prosperity and even our nation. Our ability to resist this threat rests primarily upon our ability to maintain technological supremacy and a sound industrial economy. At the same

time, our potential enemy seeks to destroy us by outmatching our

technology.

Let us examine how this race is coming on. Your Government is attempting to provide support for a variety of scientific and engineering activities. But in order to carry out these activities, we must have

increased numbers of trained men to do the work. This country

has, for a long time, faced a serious shortage of scientists and engineers, but over the last several years our colleges have been turning

out decreasing numbers of these engineers, dropping from a high of

about 52,000 in 1950 to a low of about 19,000 this year. During the same period Russia has been turning out an increasing number of new engineers each year and this year it is estimated that their new

crop of engineers will be more than twice as large as ours. This is a very serious situation and one which, if not rectified, could place us

in a very disadvantageous position within a few short years. I do not know what the best remedy is for this situation but most

certainly, if it is to be rectified, there must be an increased awareness on the part of the people of this nation of our great dependence on

science and technology and a conviction that if we are to remain free,

prosperous and strong, our economy will require increasing numbers

of new scientists and engineers. Your Conference is as aware as any group in this nation of our dependence on technology. Therefore, you are in an excellent position to convince your friends and

neighbors of this dependence. I hope that with increased awareness of

this problem on the part of all the people in the country we will be

able to evolve some procedure for the continued growth of our sci- entific and technological competence.

PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS

By A. V. Astin, Director, National Bureau of Standards

It is my preference on this occasion, in reporting to you as President

of this Conference, to tell you something about the status of the

National Bureau of Standards. As a public technological institution,

this is your organization and this is the appropriate time to tell you

something about its status. The members of this Conference are, I believe, particularly interested

in the National Bureau of Standards, since your group is one by which

the results of our basic work on standards gets translated into efforts which influence all the citizens of the nation on a day-to-day basis. In this connection I would like to read for you a short quotation

from a recent article about the Bureau which appeared in the April

issue of Nation's Business, a U. S. Chamber of Commerce Publication.

It states: "Although the Bureau issues no regulations or orders, it probably exercises more direct influence on the daily life of every

citizen than any Government agency, including the Tax Collector.

This is partly because the Bureau, for a modest fee, makes tests on the

3
instruments by which all measuring devices from carpenters' rules to Geiger counters are calibrated." This, in turn, relates directly to the

activities of the members of this Conference in your work of trans- ferring these measurements to the daily commercial transactions

throughout the nation.

The work of the Bureau in which members of the Conference are most interested is a continuation of an activity dating back many years

before the National Bureau of Standards was organized. The Bureau was established in 1901 when the name of the old Office of Weights

and Measures was changed to National Bureau of Standards and the

functions greatly enlarged. The Office of Standard Weights and

Measures operated in the Treasury Department for about forty years, although work of this character had been carried on in the Treasury

Department for approximately a decade before that period. Organized Federal work in weights and measures has thus been carried on

in the United States for well over a hundred years. This is the

activity of the Bureau that is of greatest concern to the members of

this Conference.

Among the activities that have taken place in or about the Bureau

during the past year, probably the single most important event was

the work and report of the committee known as the Kelly Committee.

This group was established by the Secretary of Commerce a little over a year ago to evaluate the functions and operations of the Bureau

in relation to present national needs. For constituting the membership of this committee, the Secretary called for nominees from the

leading scientific and technological organizations in the country,

namely, the professional societies of science and engineering. The

National Academy of Sciences nominated the Chairman, Dr. Mervin

J. Kelly, who is also president of the Bell Telephone Laboratory.

There were also on the committee representatives of the physicists,

chemists, and mathematicians, as well as various engineering groups

such as electrical, radio, civil, mechanical, mining, and metallurgical.

This committee spent a number of months studying various operations

at the Bureau and rendered the report to the Secretary last October. I would like to read to you some of the comments from this report,

because we consider the survey a very thorough one, and the results of

this survey, I think, are of importance to all of us, to all members of the

Conference, to the National Bureau of Standards, and to the country

as a whole.

One of the basic conclusions setting the framework for the general

importance of the Bureau—and in this framework the Committee made

most of its investigations—is as follows

The functions authorized for the Bureau of Standards are of great im- portance to national welfare. As our society becomes increasingly industrialized, these functions assume even greater importance and the work

of the Bureau in meeting the obligations of its assigned functions becomes more highly scientific, broader in scope and more complex in organization. In a society whose welfare is so dependent on applied science and tech- nology as is our own, it is most important that the Government carry out

those functions in support of science and technology that are uniquely in

its province in the most effective manner possible and that a sufficiently

high level of effort be maintained to insure an adequate coverage of the area of responsibility. It has placed broad and important functions in this area with the Bureau. 4
The general findings of the committee were summarized under ten

headings. I would like to read all ten of these, because I think each

is important

:

1. The Bureau of Standards is of vital importance to national strength.

2. It is an organization with a splendid record and tradition, internationally recognized and respected.

3. It is, in general, staffed with professional men of competence, integrity

and loyalty to the Bureau's functions and objectives.

4. With the increasing range and depth of technology, the need for the

services of the Bureau of Standards becomes even more important and its functions more complex. The accurate determination of physical constants, the properties of materials, standards and standards practices and testing

and evaluation procedures are all essential services for our industrial society.

5. Since the close of the war the technology of the nation has shot rapidly forward. The Bureau's basic programs expanded until 1950 but at a rate beneath that justified by the needs. Since 1950 the decrease in basic pro- grams must be considered as tragic. The ground lost since 1950 should be

regained in the next two fiscal years and the programs then expanded as

detailed studies by the Director and his advisory committees find necessary.

6. Scientific and technical services to other agencies of Government are important responsibilities of the Bureau. In general, the Bureau has dis- charged these responsibilities well.

7. The Department of Defense and the Atomic Energy Commission have

made broad and significant use of the Bureau. Their use of the Bureau

in areas other than development of weapons is of value to the Bureau in

its basic programs and should be encouraged.

8. The volume of weaponry development work has become large in comparison with all other activities of the Bureau. Its relative size and its effects on the other Bureau programs make its transfer from the Bureau

desirable.

9. Other agencies of Government do not make as large use of the services

of the Bureau as might well be expected. The Committee believes that an

increase in the use of the Bureau by other agencies of Government should

be encouraged.

10. If the recommendations of the Committee are followed, the Bureau

should be in a position to perform its authorized functions in balance at the minimum level for the nation's needs within a four-year period. It is our major concern now to attempt to implement these recommendations, and, in carrying these out, we have had the wholehearted

support of the office of the Secretary of Commerce.

Probably one of the most important of the recommendations is the one for increased appropriations to the Bureau. Toward this end we

have had the strong endorsement of the Administration to provide for our program increased fiscal support. This matter is now under consideration by the Congress.

Another recommendation in the Kelly Report was that we transfer

from the Bureau the major weapons programs which had been started

during the last war and which were continuing up until this past year. With the increasing dependence of our defense program on weapon

technology, these programs had expanded rather appreciably and we

had reached the stage last summer where over half of the Bureau's

program, expressed dollarwise, was in this field of weapons work.

This was considered undesirable by the Kelly Committee, also by the

Secretary of Commerce and the Secretary of Defense.

Therefore, these activities were transferred to the Department of

Defense and two new laboratories were established to handle these

activities. One now is known as the Diamond Ordnance Fuse Laboratory, which occupies part of our grounds here in Washington. The

second involved the transfer of a new laboratory which had just been

5
activated in Corona, California. This is now known as the Naval

Ordnance Laboratory, Corona. Thus this recommendation on the

transfer of these laboratories to the Department has been implemented

and two strong new laboratories have been set up within the framework of the Defense Department.

A third Kelly Report recommendation is being implemented in the

setting up of a series of Advisory Committees. We consider the National Bureau of Standards as a service organization to the nation's

scientists, engineers, and technologists. If our program is to be effi- cient and alive, it is important that it should be adapted to meet the

needs of these individuals. In order to assist us in doing this, the

Kelly Eeport recommended a number of Advisory Committees consisting of people named by the nation's scientific organizations. There

are nine scientific societies and organizations represented on the committees, and in addition we are setting up two to cover activities in the

field of testing and specifications. One of the new Advisory Committees will include representatives from the American Society for Test- ing Materials and the American Standards Association, and the other

will include representatives from the nation's weights and measures

officials. Requests from a number of local and regional weights and measures

organizations were made to the Secretary of Commerce following the

issuance of the Kelly Report asking that their groups have representation on the Bureau's Advisory Committees. We considered that this

Conference provided a useful framework or mechanism around which

such Advisory Committees could be established. However, it is important in all of these Advisory Committees that the members on them

be named by the groups outside of government and not by the Department of Commerce or by the National Bureau of Standards. In order

to accomplish this, I requested the six vice presidents of this organization to meet and develop a set of recommendations for forming such

a committee in order that this requirement be met. The vice presidents met two days ago, and their report as to how the Weights and

Measures Advisory Committee is to be nominated will be given later during this Conference.

Another recommendation of the report involved increasing the

strength of the Bureau at the Associate Director level. Some of the

recommendations had to do with internal organization ; another suggested a new staff member. The latter recommendation has been complied with, and I am happy to report that during the past year Dr.

Robert D. Huntoon, formerly of the Corona Laboratory, has joined

the staff as Associate Director for Physics.

The Kelly Report also mentioned specifically the Bureau's Office of

Weights and Measures. Since this reference is of direct interest to the members of this Conference, I would like to read to you, as the

last item on my summary of the Kelly Report, the recommendations

concerning our Office of Weights and Measures

:

A. This Office carries out that section of the Organic Act at NBS which

provides for "cooperation with the States in securing uniformity in weights

and measures laws and methods of inspection." B. The work is well conceived and the staff is competent.

C. The Office enjoys the support of State and local officials and allied business and industry throughout the United States. 6
D. There is a continuing and growing demand for the kinds of assistance which this office is uniquely qualified to furnish.

E. Compliance with this legitimate demand will require increased appropriations. I would next like to take a few minutes to discuss a few of the technological achievements at the Bureau. Since it is by no means possible

to enumerate all or even very many of them, what I plan to discuss

will be suggestive rather than inclusive.

One of the achievements involved a project carried out for the

Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics and concerned the development of a method of mechanizing the production of electronic equipment. Electronic devices permeate our lives in many ways. They are important

in our defense program in aircraft, in fire control, in guided missiles,

in proximity fuses, and in virtually all military communications. In

our domestic economy electric devices are at the heart of our communications system and at the heart of our entertainment industry—radio,

television, and motion pictures. Electronic devices are making possible better and more efficient methods of producing a variety of

goods. Thus we see that electronic devices are extremely important,

but curiously enough they have been built by rather old-fashioned

hand methods. If we are to increase our potential for building

electronic devices quickly, cheaply, and in large quantities, it is essential that we have some method for mechanizing this production.

In studying this problem, our people concluded that if there was

to be progress in this field we would have to revolutionize our concept

of how electronic devices should be put together. This was accomplished, we believe, in the invention of a modular system of building

electronic equipment whereby the basic building block is a small ce- ramic wafer. This wafer is made integral with many of the con- ventional electronic components such as resistors, capacitors, and

wiring elements. Next, the standard building block can be adapted

for machine handling assembly. Following this approach, we put

together an operating production line that has successfully built some

military devices automatically by machine methods. It is our belief

that this product will lead to substantial savings in the cost of building

electronic devices, but even more important is the possibility that

these devices can be developed more quickly and reliably. This is important to a nation that has to be geared for ready mobilization.

Another area at the Bureau where we have made rather significant

achievements is in the field of low temperature investigations. Here we have set up equipment by which the temperature scale, for which we have primary responsibility, can be determined to a few thousandths of a degree of absolute zero, and in this range below one

degree from absolute zero many very interesting phenomena take

place. Matter behaves in an entirely different way than it does at ordinary temperatures, and from these unusual behavior characteristics we can learn much new information about the fundamental struc- ture of matter. Already we have made a number of important dis- coveries. One of these involves the alignment of atomic nuclei for

the first time in this country. This makes possible a very powerful

tool for studying the fundamental characteristics of nuclei. In turn,

better techniques for studying atomic nuclei are important to an

increased understanding of the problem of atomic and nuclear energy.

7
In the standards field we have made a number of contributions

during the past year. We were fortunate in getting funds to build a new radioactivity laboratory. It is essential that in the handling

of radioactive devices we have facilities where these operations can

be carried out without danger of contaminating other laboratory areas, and for this purpose we obtained an isolated and efficiently planned

building. This was put into operation during the past year. Also we have made progress on an international basis in getting

agreement on standard measurement techniques for a variety of the

radioactive isotopes which are becoming available from atomic piles.

Further, in the standards field you will probably be interested to know that we have made two important recommendations to the Inter- national Committee of Weights and Measures which is meeting this

coming fall in Paris with the general Conference of Weights and

Measures. The latter is an organization, a conference, that meets

once every six years to consider international measurement standards

problems. One of the proposals concerns a new definition of our standard of length. I think I have referred to this in previous years. To the international group we are proposing that the international

meter, represented as the distance between two lines on a meter bar,

be replaced by a wavelength standard where the length of light wave

that is emitted by some atom such as an isotope of mercury would

provide the reference standard for length measurements.

Another proposal to the International Committee concerns the re- definition of one of our temperature scales. Currently the scale is defined in terms of the interval between the ice point and the steam

point. It is our proposal to take the ice point as the basic reference

and then assign an arbitrary number to that point and abandon the

steam point. The reasons for this are quite technological, but the

present technique leads to a number of difficulties, particularly in

investigating phenomena in the very low temperature regions.

Our radio propagation laboratory at Boulder, Colorado, is now

being activated. This is a new building, efficiently equipped to carry

out radio research and development programs. The building was

finished about a month ago and we are in the process of moving into

it. We hope to have a formal dedication service for this new laboratory sometime near the end of summer.

Leaving the technical field, I would like to make a few brief refer- ences to the staff. First, the Bureau was honored in having two

of its members elected to the National Academy of Sciences last month.

These are Dr. Wallace R. Brode, Associate Director for Chemistry,

and Dr. William Meggers, our spectroscopy expert, and the man who

has pioneered in developing this new wavelength standard for length

measurement.

Another item of personal interest concerns your former president

and Director of the Bureau, the present Director Emeritus, Dr.

Lyman J. Briggs. Dr. Briggs celebrated his eightieth birthday about

two weeks ago, and many of his friends gathered to pay their respects.

The American Association for the Advancement of Science devoted

its May issue of the Scientific Monthly to papers by associates and

colleagues of Dr. Briggs.

I would like next to turn more directly to the activities of interest to this group, namely our Office of Weights and Measures and some

8
related calibration work. We established a new section in the Bureau

during the past year, called the Mass and Scale Section. This was

done in order to strengthen our work in mass measurements and scale development and related calibrations. Mr. Douglas R. Tate was named Chief of this new Section, in which are included Mr. Macurdy's

work on mass measurements and Mr. Russell's work on scales. These

are two activities which are familiar, I am sure, to members of this

Conference.

We have continued in the preparation of specifications and toler- ances for standards of mass. It is probable that these will be available for distribution in a tentative form before we meet next year. We anticipate a revised specification to make possible the use of numerous materials such as stainless steel in our reference standards.

This will be a step forward in our constant efforts to establish completely realistic yet adequate procedures for mass measurements. Mr.

Russell's work on scale development has been pointed toward the

development of a 1,000-lb. precision balance which is for two distinct

purposes : It will fill the Bureau's need for an instrument of this type,

and we plan also that it will provide the State officials with a model

of precise equipment for their own work. We believe that the balance

will be constructed and ready for the first test this summer. If our

tests prove the balance to be adequate for your purposes, we will have

detailed drawings and manufacturers' specifications made available

to those who are interested.

Our investigation of methods of weighing axle loads of motor

vehicles has been started. A preliminary experiment to determine

the constancy of the axle weights of normal transport-type trucks was conducted this spring. One important result from our studies

is the determination that the so-called weight of a single axle is an

exceedingly variable quantity. Of course the total weight of the

truck does remain constant, but it is very definite that the weights

of individual axles of the truck can go through rather wide variations

by minor load shifts. This provides an important limitation on any

axle-weighing procedure. We hope that some of the problems can

be solved and that during the coming year we will make further

progress on this important problem.

The Bureau's program for calibration of railway track scales was

carried out fairly successfully, although our funds for this work had

to be reduced during the current year. Our scale testing unit No. 2 traveled down the Pacific Coast to Los Angeles, then across to Texas,

where quite a number of scales were tested. The important southwest

region is still without the master scale which would provide controls

for the railroads serving this area. Our eastern States were restricted

almost entirely to the use of scale test unit No. 1. We need to add

another engineer to this program. Funds currently available did not

permit it. We hope, however, that we can get back to two full-time

engineers on this railway track scale program during the coming year. During the past year we have, as in the past, attempted to fulfill the many requests for assistance from weights and measures officials, industry, business, and others. We have provided participation in

the State and regional meetings and schools of instruction, and have

endeavored to handle as expeditiously as we can all requests received

for counsel.

307426—54 2 9
We also have set up a service which we think will help the States keep their standards certifications up to date and have placed in

effect a reminder system wherein the State officer is advised in advance

of the time his statute requires the resubmission of the standards of mass, capacity, and length. This has resulted in a minor overloading

of facilities in a few of our laboratories, but we believe maintenance

of the legal validity of your reference standards is well worth special

effort on our part.

We have initiated another project which was requested by this

Conference in a resolution passed last year. This is the first of a series of training motion picture films on weights and measures subjects. We have started one on the mass weighing problem, and expect

that the film will be ready for release sometime this year. As an aid

in helping us to get this film ready, we have called back one of your

alumni and your life member, Mr. Ralph W. Smith. His services on this project have been invaluable. We hope that this first film on mass weighing will be one of a series which should be of considerable

assistance to weights and measures officials. We are also hoping that we can add to Mr. Bussey's staff in the

future so that we can do a more adequate job in providing assistance

to the weights and measures administrative officials throughout the

country.

Generally, it has been the pleasure of the President of this Conference to announce outstanding progress in the weights and measures work in the various States, and I am very pleased at this time to tell you that advancements during the past year have been so numerous

that it would be impossible to list them at this time. Many localities have secured new equipment, especially for testing large-capacity

scales, wholesale liquid-measuring devices, and vehicle tanks. I was

privileged to witness the opening of a new facility in North Carolina

this past spring, and I would consider that this is a very fine example

to other States and a very important advance in the general weights

and measures activity. In other instances, laws have been amended

and approved and additions have been made to operating personnel. I would suggest that each of you read very carefully your copy of

the State Reports and thus review the outstanding progress in the

different areas of the country.

Although any progress is a rather indefinite thing and difficult to define, I am sure you will agree that we have been progressing in

weights and measures supervision throughout the United States. Your attendance here today is very striking evidence of your interest

in this important function of government. We realize that at best we can only offer to you from the National Bureau of Standards some

assistance in the solution of your technical problems. We appreciate

your willingness to accept our recommendations and we solicit from

you continued inquiries and requests and suggestions for our program.

Here, of course, we hope that the Advisory Committee which is to be

set up following recommendations of your vice presidents will be

very valuable toward achieving this objective.

The structure of the organization of this Conference is such that

all of its activities and many of its most important functions must be

carried out by the officers and committees assigned specific responsibilities. Thus, to a very large extent, the success of this Conference

10
depends on just a few of its members. We are very fortunate in that

the officers and committeemen have been diligent during the past year

and have guided our progress. I am sure that the newly elected offi- cers and newly appointed committee members will carry on in this

traditional manner. They will continue to serve the Conference with

unselfish diligence and distinction. This, I am sure, will insure the

continued progress in this important field of government service.

(R. W. Searles, Chaplain, conducted an appropriate memorial service for departed members. Mr. Searles made special mention of the passing of Mr.

Charles C. Neale, who first attended the National Conference on Weights and

Measures in the year 1912 and who literally spent a lifetime in weights and

measures work.)

Mr. Searles: Just before I left for the East, I received word of

the death of a very dear friend—and a friend of all members of the

National Conference, Charles C. Neale passed away at his home in

Saratoga, California, Sunday, May 9. He had served in some capacity

in the weights and measures field nearly all of his working life. As

the first Commissioner of Weights and Measures for the State of

Minnesota, he established the Department there on a firm foundation.

After leaving State service, he was associated successively with several

equipment manufacturers. He traveled widely in the course of his

long and active career, and wherever he went he made friends—friends

who learned to love him through the years. APPOINTMENT OF COMMITTEES

The President made the following committee appointments

:

COMMITTEES TO SERVE DURING THE 39TH NATIONAL CONFERENCE Committee on Nominations: J. T. Kennedy, District of Columbia,

Chairman; J. A. Bernard, St. Louis, Mo.; V. D. Campbell, Ohio;

H. E. Crawford, Jacksonville, Fla.: J. T. Leonard, Paterson, N. J.;

I. M. Levy, Chicago, HI. ; J. F. True, Kansas.

Committee on Resolutions : W. A. Kerlin, Alameda County, Calif.,

Chairman; W. A. Baerwolf, Pontiac, Mich.; L. C. Carpenter, Missouri ; H. C. Hulshoff, Niagara County, N. Y. ; F. E. McKinney, Hartford County, Conn. ; P. E. Nystrom, Maryland ; William Waterman,

Wisconsin.

STANDING COMMITTEES Committee on Legislation : J. A. Boyle, Maine, 5-year term, to suc- ceed Y. D. Campbell, Ohio, whose term expired.

Committee on Methods of Sale of Commodities: R. J. Zierten,

Racine Wis., 2-year term, to fill vacancy created by the resignation of

J. E. Brenton; F. M. Greene, Connecticut, 5-year term, to succeed

C. D. Baucom, North Carolina, whose term expired.

Committee on Specifleations and Tolerances: J. E. Brenton, California, 5-year term, to succeed L. E. Witt, Milwaukee, Wis., whose

term expired.

Committee on Trading by Weight: H. N. Duff, Colorado, 5-year

term, to succeed J. F. True, Kansas, whose term expired.

Committee on Weights and Measures Education: J. E. Mahoney,

Maryland, for a 5-year term, to succeed G. E. Carpenter, Yermoiit

(retired) , whose term expired.

11
ROLL CALL OF STATES

The Secretary called the roll of States. Delegates from 39 States and the District of Columbia responded, as did official visitors from

Belgium and Brazil and a manufacturer's representative from England. Delegates and their ladies were introduced individually.

(The Conference was recessed until 2 p. m.)

Second Session—Afternoon of Tuesday, May 18, 1954

(J. Roy Jones, Vice President, presiding)

ROLL CALL OF STATE AND REGIONAL WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

ASSOCIATIONS

The Secretary called the role of State and Regional Associations of

Weights and Measures Officials. Representatives of all 20 Associations on record responded.

(Written reports from many States and Associations were supplied the Secre- tary in advance of the Conference. These were duplicated and distributed at the Conference.)

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES ADVISORY COMMITTEE

REPORT OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE OF VICE PRESIDENTS OF THE

CONFERENCE, PRESENTED BY J. A. BOYLE, CHAIRMAN

Under date of March 29, 1954, Dr. A. V. Astin, Director of the

National Bureau of Standards and President of the National Conference on Weights and Measures wrote each of the current vice

presidents of this Conference. His letter read, in part, as follows: At the suggestion of several associations representing both weights and

measures officials and manufacturers, the Secretary of Commerce has authorized the creation of a Weight and Measures Advisory Committee to the National Bureau of Standards. This committee will serve in a capacity

similar to those that are being nominated by major scientific and engineering

societies of the United States. We refer you to page 18 of the enclosed Report to the Secretary of Commerce by the Ad Hoc Committee for the Evaluation of the Present Functions and Operations of the National Bureau

of Standards. The members of the advisory committees are being nominated by the

organizations represented and not by the National Bureau of Standards.

Since the principal organization of weights and measures officials is the National Conference on Weights and Measures, it is thought that the Weights

and Measures Advisory Committee should be nominated by and representative of the National Conference. In this particular case, we believe that a Committee of the Vice Presidents of the National Conference offers the best means for nominating this Advisory Committee.

In order that you may proceed to function as a nominating committee, I, as President of the National Conference, designate Mr. James A. Boyle, of Maine, Chairman of the Committee of Vice Presidents.

I would suggest that Mr. Boyle call a meeting of the Vice Presidents prior

to the 39th National Conference. * * * I would recommend that the Advisory Committee be composed of six members. In order that the members may regularly serve rotating terms of three years, the initial nominations should include two members each for

one, two, and three years. For your information, I will quote briefly from the report to the

Secretary of Commerce, of the Committee for the Evaluation of the

Present Functions and Operations of the National Bureau of Stand12
ards. This is the so-called "Kelly Committee Eeport" that was

referred to in Dr. Astin's letter : In the formation of the programs of the basic area of the Bureau, bal- anced attention should be given to the new areas of science and technology

where standards activities will be required. To aid the Director in forming

the new programs and in the consideration of balance on programs in being, the Committee believes that a more intimate tie with the science and tech- nology of the country is desirable. It therefore recommends that the Director of the Bureau * * * form small advisory groups for the different

scientific and technical areas of the Bureau. The Special Committee of Vice Presidents met, as suggested, Sunday

afternoon, May 16, to discharge its assignment. There were present,

in addition to myself, Messrs. George F. Austin, Jr., Frank M.

Greene, J. Eoy Jones, and Anthony C. Samenfink.

After discussion and deliberation the Committee agreed unanimously upon recommendations to be made to this National Conference,

for its formal action, regarding nominations for appointment to the

Weights and Measures Advisory Connnittee to the National Bureau of

Standards. The Connnittee agreed further to recommend a procedure

with respect to nominations for replacements on the Advisory Committee as terms expire, or as for any other reasons vacancies in the

membership occur or are anticipated.

We first recommend that such nominations be proposed to the

National Conference each year by the vice presidents then in office, sitting as a special connnittee for this purpose. Such future proposals

should ordinarily be made for nominations for three-year terms. In some cases the nominations will necessarily be for shorter terms, to take care of replacements for members who have not served the full terms for which they were appointed.

The Committee appreciates the great importance to weights and

measures administration throughout the United States, of the selec- tion of a Weights and Measures Advisory Committee to the National

Bureau of Standards. It is the opinion of the Committee that this

entire program, as well as the nominations themselves, should be

formally approved by the National Conference, Also, it seems to the

Committee that the procedure should be established before nominations

are made.

Accordingly the Committee has prepared two resolutions to place

its recommendations before you. At this point I offer for your consideration the first of these resolutions and move its adoption

:

Whereas, the Secretary of Commerce has authorized the creation of a Weights

and Measures Advisory Committee to the National Bureau of Standards, to serve

for the purposes and in the manner set forth in the Report to the Secretary of Commerce by the Ad Hoc Committee for the Evaluation of the Present Functions

and Operations of the National Bureau of Standards ; and

Whereas, the Director of the National Bureau of Standards has requested

that the National Conference on Weights and Measures nominate six persons, representative of the National Conference, for appointment as members of such Weights and Measures Advisory Committee ; and

Whereas, the Director of the National Bureau of Standards, as President of the National Conference on Weights and Measures, has designated the Vice Presi- dents of this National Conference, under the chairmanship of James A. Boyle,

as a Committee to propose, for nomination by this National Conference, six persons for appointment as members of such Weights and Measures Advisory

Committee ; Therefore be it Resolved, That this the Thirty-Ninth National Conference on Weights and

Measures does approve the arrangements made by its President, as recited 13
above, and will receive from the special Committee of Vice Presidents its proposals for nominations for appointment, for specific terms, to the Weights

and Measures Advisory Committee to the National Bureau of Standards ; and be

it further

Resolved, That proposals for nominations for replacement on the Weights and

Measures Advisory Committee to the National Bureau of Standards shall be made annually to the National Conference on Weights and Measures by the

\ice presidents of the Conference then in office, sitting as a special committee

for that purpose, under the chairmanship of a member selected by the committee, such proposals to include appropriate terms for each nominee according

to the circumstances of the vacancies on the Advisory Committee either existing or anticipated ; and be it further

Resolved, That it is the recommendation of this National Conference on Weights and Measures that the Advisory Committee should consist of six members ; that the membership should be rotating on the normal basis of in- dividual three-year terms with two replacements each year and that members

should normally serve for three-year terms or until their replacements are

appointed.

(The resolution was adopted by the Conference.)

Your Committee of Vice Presidents now proposes for your consideration its recommendations for nominees for membership on the

Weights and Measures Advisory Committee. We propose the nomination of two weights and measures officials, one State and one local; two representatives of equipment manufacturers and two representatives from other groups among those affected by weights and measures

supervision. The Committee feels that this distribution of membership is reasonable and proper, that it is representative of the National

Conference, and that it may well form a pattern to be followed in the

future.

You will understand that the National Conference does not elect or appoint the members of the Advisory Committee. Appointments

to membership on the Advisory Committee are made by the Director

of the National Bureau of Standards. The function of the National

Conference in this relation is to nominate for membership on the

Advisory Committee. The function of the Special Committee of Vice

Presidents is to propose to the Conference the names of persons rec- ommended by it for nomination.

Accordingly, your Committee now makes its proposal to you in the

form of a resolution. I present this resolution and move its adoption

:

Whereas, the special Committee of Vice Presidents of the National Conference on Weights and Measures has been authorized to propose the names of persons

as nominees of the National Conference for appointment as members, for specified terms, of the Weights and Measures Advisory Committee to the National Bureau

of Standards ; and

Whereas, the said special committee now proposes for such nomination the

following persons, to wit

:

Mr. W. M. Harks, Vice President,

Bowser, Inc., 33 North LaSalle Street, Chicago, Illinois. (lyear) Mr. A. V. Hokanson, Vice President,

National Association of Retail Grocers, 200 Franklin Street, Porter, Indiana. (lyear) Mr. C. M. Fuller, County Sealer of Weights and Measures, 3200 North Main Street, Los Angeles, California. (2 years)

14
Mr. Burns H. Dreese, Vice President and General Manager,

The Hobart Manufacturing- Company,

Troy, Ohio. (2 years) Mr. John P. McBride, Director of Standards,

Department of Labor and Industries, 194 State House,

Boston, Massachusetts. (3 years) Mr. Harry J. Kennedy,

Vice President of Marketing,

Continental Oil Company,

Sterling Building,

Houston, Texas. (3 years)

Therefore, be it Resolved, That this Thirty-Ninth National Conference on Weights and Measures

does approve the proposals of its Committee of Vice Presidents and does nominate

the persons named in this resolution for appointment to membership, for the terms stated, on the Weights and Measures Advisory Committee to the National Bureau of Standards. (The resolution was adopted by the Conference.

)

REPORT FROM NATIONAL SCALE MEN'S ASSOCIATION

By C. C. Morgan, Secretary-Treasurer, and City Sealer of Weights and Measures,

Gary, Indiana. I am sure that this audience requires no special briefing on the importance of scales and the vital part they play in our daily economy.

The objectives of the National Scale Men's Association are

:

A. To promote a better understanding of the scale industry by

society in general. B. To help create higher standards of commercial integrity and

increase social understanding.

C. To cooperate with and aid weights and measures officials in obtaining laws and possible civil service status. D. To promote a plan of education in the Association by exchanging ideas, keeping informed on new developments, encouraging a broader knowledge of the functions of all concerned in using scale equipment, and seeking ways and means of benefiting society by the

promotion of more accurate weights. E. To formulate recommendations covering specifications, toler- ances, and regulations for submission to the National Conference on

Weights and Measures.

Many of you here today are members of the National Scale Men's

Association and are familiar with our progress during the past year;

but for the benefit of those not so informed, I will report briefly on

the activities of our Association during the past year. We have increased our membership substantially, due mostly to the

efforts of our past President, Mr. William Scheurer. We have or- ganized three new divisions known as the Mississippi Valley Division, the Intermountain Division, and the Greater New York Division.

We have reactivated one of the old divisions, making a total of ten

active divisions. We have revived the use of the lapel button like the one I am wearing. We have sponsored the publication of an indexed

set of technical papers entitled "Pivots and Bearings" which is available through the Association.

15
The activities just mentioned will be continued by the present offi- cers. We held our 35th Conference in Chicago last March at the

Edgewater Beach Hotel and had a record registration from all over

the United States and Canada. The presentation of outstanding

papers and displays of various manufacturers' devices attracted much

interest. We also have revised the by-laws, to the end that more money will

be diverted to the division, so that more activities can be sponsored

locally, thus promoting more constructive meetings, collecting dues,

issuing the membership cards, and several other changes for the advancement of N. S. M. A.

New York City has been selected as the Association's 1955 Conference City, and I hereby extend an invitation to everyone to attend. I could enumerate additional activities, but this will serve to ac- quaint you with the fact that N. S. M. A. has made great progress

under the leadership of recent officers. You may expect a continuation of this trend under the able leadership of our new President,

Mr. Kollin E. Meek, whose qualifications are well known to members

of this Conference and to weights and measures officials throughout

the country.

Our monthly news bulletin will continue to appear in the Scale

Journal. This is providing a convenient means for anyone interested

in keeping informed on N. S. M. A. activities. I extend a cordial

invitation to everyone interested in scales and accurate weight determinations to become affiliated with the N. S. M. A. and aid in the work we are doing.

We feel that the time has come when cooperation among the various

agencies and associations directly concerned with weighing devices

and weights and measures supervision could improve greatly their

usefulness by a cooperative effort, and, to that end, I have been authorized by the President to pledge you our wholehearted support in any

progressive ideas in weights and measures. LOOKING AHEAD IN THE SCALE INDUSTRY

By G. C. Worthley, President, National Association of Scale Manufacturers, and

Manager, Scale Division, Fairbanks, Morse & Company, Chicago, Illinois. I am not so presumptuous as to believe that I am able to foresee

everything that may come about in the next several years, as the products of the scale industry are so diversified that it would require a prophet to do so. However, it is a matter of general knowledge that

the scale industry is now in a period of transition. This has been

brought about by the need for better material-handling methods ; in

fact, this need is the prime requisite of all producing and marketing

organizations today.

It is also a matter of record that there are at least 107 manufacturers

of weighing machines of all types. Scales may be placed in four cate- gories: Retail, personal weighing, parcel post and mailing, and in- dustrial scales. I have been associated only with the industrial class

;

therefore, my remarks will be confined to industrial scales and what is transpiring in that branch of the industry.

The trend in all industries is to automation in production. The re- quired raw materials have always been and still are either in the ground

16
or above the ground. So, basically, the cost of any product starts with

capturing the raw material, plus the labor hours for processing it into

the final product. The fewer labor hours expended, the lower the cost

;

consequently, industry is searching for ways and means to reduce labor

hours. This has led to the development of more and more new machines and methods to speed material handling.

The industrial scale is most certainly an indispensable tool. It seems only a short time back that industry would generally accept

the standard product of the manufacturer, but automation has changed

this, and now industry demands that the manufacturer tailor the scale to meet special requirements. This is making it compulsory for the

manufacturer either to modify his present product or to bring out new weighing machines.

To meet this condition, the industry must expend considerable sums

of money for research, development, tooling, plant modernization, and

training personnel to sell and service the special-application scales that will be required. I predict that the scale catalog of the future

will be an encyclopedia of weighing methods.

The mechanical scale (lever principle) has proved itself over the

years. It is still, and will be for years to come, the type most generally used, as no one questions its ability to weigh accurately and

well within the commercial tolerances in National Bureau of Standards Handbook 44. However, the weighing requirements of industry

became so complex that they could not always be accomplished with

the mechanical scale. This led to the necessity of exploring other

principles—hydraulics, pneumatics, and electronics. The requirements of World War II actually expanded the use of and the development of electronics for numerous applications, including the advent

of the load cell electronic scale. Scales using the hydraulic and pneumatic principles are available,

but the apparent trend is to the electronic principle. Electronic scales have made it possible to accomplish weighing operations that heretofore were impossible. Time will not permit me to describe many of

their unusual applications. This would be a subject in itself. The electronic scale has had much publicity, and many claims have

been made for its performance. Only the future will determine if its accuracy and durability will equal the mechanical scale. They both

have their place in the weighing field; to determine which to offer to best meet the requirement, a full evaluation should be made of both

from the standpoint of their cost, required accuracy, and necessary

maintenance. I can make that statement with complete frankness, as my company produces both mechanical and electronic scales. Statements have been made that the electronic scale will provide

for greater accuracy than is possible to obtain with a mechanical

scale. I accept that statement with reservations. At least two manufacturers who produce only electronic scales informed me that such

is not the case and that they would not make this claim for their

product. The electronic scale in some ranges of capacities and minimum increments will meet the tolerances and requirements of Handbook 44, but in many other ranges of capacities and minimum increments, it will not. It is the opinion of some in the industry that the tolerances and

minimum graduations as now specified in H44 should be liberalized.

17
It is my considered opinion that the present tolerances and minimum

increments should continue to apply to any weighing device used

in commerce, irrespective of its functional principle.

The National Conferences, sponsored by the National Bureau of

Standards, have provided a common ground for weights and measures officials and manufacturers to interchange ideas. That is typically

American, for groups of people with a common purpose to get to- gether to work out their objectives. Your Committee on Specifications and Tolerances has been most cooperative. They have considered carefully suggestions of the manufacturers before recommending

to the Conference changes or new regulations for adoption in Handbook 44. With your permission, I wish to lay before you two recommendations from the National Association of Scale Manufacturers for your

consideration.

First, reconsideration of type approval by the twelve States and

four cities which have these regulations. I do not know the origin

of type approval. Possibly it was necessary in years back, but is it necessary today? Does it provide for better scales in those jurisdictions that have type approval than in the thirty-six States and hundreds of cities which do not require type approval ? That is worthy

of your consideration. It is a hardship and a costly procedure for

the manufacturers to go through to obtain type approval, and this causes a reluctance on their part to improve their product.

To procure type approval, the manufacturer must submit his small

scales to the department of weights and measures, and, for his large

scales that cannot be set up in the department's laboratory, he must

submit specifications and design details. It may be possible for the

department's technician to determine from the specifications and design details of a mechanical scale if, in his opinion, it qualifies for

type approval, but it will never be possible to follow this procedure

for type approving electronic scales. I understand that some jurisdictions have found it necessary to allow the manufacturer of the electronic scale to sell and install it and then the department examines and tests

? and the results of their

findings determine whether or not they will approve type. With

more and more new types of electronic scales coming into use, this

procedure will create an extra burden and expense on the department.

This is something they should also consider. It is possible that some

administrators of weights and measures have inherited type approval,

but personally do not favor it. They carry it on because their State

laws (not regulations) require it. Is it realistic for them to continue

with type approval if they are not fully in accord with it? That is a fair question for them to consider.

No business is without change, and certainly weights and measures

is a big business of enforcing laws against misrepresentation. All

business should examine itself frequently to determine if it is in step

with the changing trend of the times. Then should not the big busi- ness of weights and measures do the same to determine if type approval is still necessary for the enforcement of their laws ? We think

this is deserving of your consideration.

Our second request for your consideration is—Why the necessity of

three different regulations to control scale service mechanics?

18
We believe this was brought about by the fact that scale production

in the last 15 years, measured dollarwise, has increased almost five- fold. To install and service this tremendous increase was a problem,

especially during the war when manpower was scare. Manufacturers trained many men for this work, only to lose them to the services. The work potential was greater than the available facilities of

the manufacturer.

This condition led to unqualified individuals, with little or no ex- perience, starting to service and repair scales in the field and to charge

exorbitant prices. When the scales were then tested by weights and

measures officials, many were found inaccurate. The itinerant had

left the job, his address was unknown, and he could not be found and

compelled to re-do his work. This left the owner holding the bag.

It is quite understandable that weights and measures administrators decided to do something to correct this condition. Several States adopted different methods of controlling scale servicemen, either by

bonding, by licensing, or by registration. It is unnecessary to explain

in detail the three different methods of control, as they are known to weights and measures officials. Only a small minority of States have adopted control regulations over servicemen. To the other States who may decide in the future

that some method of control is necessary in their jurisdictions, the

National Association of Scale Manufacturers recommends the registration plan. The manufacturers operate on a nation-wide level; consequently, we have servicemen operating under the three different

plans. It is our experience that the registration plan is the most practical and accomplishes the objective. We also suggest that those States who in the future may consider it necessary to place servicemen under

control, carefully evaluate the three different methods. If they will,

then their findings should result in favor of the registration plan.

In conclusion, I want to thank this Conference for the opportunity

of submitting the scale manufacturers' suggestions. We believe they

are worthy of your consideration.

The manufacturers know that weights and measures enforcement

is essential for the protection of the public, to insure that the quantity stated will be delivered by the seller and received by the buyer.

We assure all enforcement agencies of weights and measures of our

continued support and full cooperation in maintaining this objective.

STATE COOPERATION IN A NATIONAL PROGRAM

By R. J. Neale, Weights and Measures Inspector, Agricultural Marketing Service,

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Kansas City, Missouri

Within the last year, there was published the startling statement

that 11 percent of the livestock scales tested by State Departments of

Agriculture were inaccurate by 10 percent or more. The statement was based upon information from a few State weights and measures

officials, who were quoted as saying that lack of testing equipment and

of personnel was responsible for the situation.

Actually, the published statement presented an incorrect characterization of general livestock scale accuracy, for there are several States which do maintain effective control over such facilities; and,

in any event, a scale would rarely be in such poor maintenance or 19
repair that it would develop weighing errors as great as even 1 percent

under representative test loads.

Nevertheless, as an indictment of some State weights and measures

agencies, the statement did direct needed attention to an important

phase of weights and measures enforcement which is seriously neglected in a few States and which receives indifferent attention in

others. At the request of your Conference secretary, I shall endeavor to

cite the need for active participation by all States in a nation-wide

program of livestock scale testing and inspection. I shall also mention

deficiencies in the activities of some State jurisdictions, and suggest means for improving and extending scale testing services so as to protect the interests of all farmers and ranchers who produce and

market livestock. It is appropriate, I believe, to remind this Conference that in most

States the testing of scales, as a part of weights and measures regulation, is a responsibility of the State Departments of Agriculture.

Livestock is the principal cash crop in nearly all States. It is therefore reasonable to expect that all scales on which livestock is weighed

for sale or purchase should be regularly and properly tested with

adequate equipment by State agencies responsible for administering

weights and measures regulations.

The total number of livestock scales in commercial use in all the

States is estimated to be 3,500. Of this total number, 850 scales,

located at the principal public livestock markets of the nation, are

subject to Federal supervision. These may be disregarded in this

discussion, sinc& they are tested at intervals of not more than 6 months

with standard weight test loads equivalent to the livestock loads

weighed, and are maintained and operated under close supervision in

accordance with official instructions. Over a period of three years, only one of these scales has been found to be in error by as much as

1 percent.

Of the remaining 2,650 scales, approximately 1,500 are in use at rural auction markets not subject to Federal supervision. They range

in number from two or three in each of several New England States

to as many as 150 in each of a few Corn Belt States. It is the livestock

scales in this category which are commonly neglected in the scale- testing operations of some States and which were the subject of the

criticism contained in the article previously mentioned. Many of

these scales, located in rural areas not readily accessible to largecapacity test equipment, are of obsolete types, poorly constructed,

neglected as to maintenance, and, in very many instances, not tested

for intervals as long as two or three years. In consequence, farmers

obliged to sell their livestock by weight in these areas do not have as- surance that the scales have been tested to prove their weighing accu- racy or inspected to discover mechanical faults which may cause seri- ous weighing inaccuracies.

A final category of livestock scales consists of some 1,150 installa- tions owned or operated by packers at processing plants or buying

stations where they purchase livestock from farmers. Some of these

scales, located in every State of the Union, are not tested for intervals

of more than a year or with adequate test loads and, in consequence,

the livestock purchased from farmers at these plants is not always

20
weighed accurately. Reputable packers do endeavor to assure scale accuracy by having the scales tested by State or local agencies, but,

in several States, the official agency is unable to test with required

regularity or with sufficient test loads. Some packers find it necessary

to engage the services of commercial testing agencies rather than

nwait visits by the State agency, if they are to feel sure of the accuracy

of their equipment.

The chief respects in which some States neglect their obligations

to afford livestock producers the protection commonly provided for

producers of other commodities sold by weight are

:

1. Failure to test livestock scales at rural auction markets and packer

buying stations at regular intervals, prefepably as often as twice

each year.

2. Failure to apply test loads representing the weight of the heaviest

livestock loads commonly weighed.

3. Failure to apply strictly the conventional tolerances and to re- quire repair, adjustment, servicing, or replacement of livestock scales found to be inaccurate and defective.

4. Failure to require that livestock scales be properly located, ac- cessible to test equipment, with proper shelter, lighting, and visibility

for weighers and market patrons.

5. Failure to advise scale owners on maintenance measures and to instruct weighers in balancing and weighing procedure.

6. Failure to exercise measures of surveillance, inquiry, and investigation to prevent careless, incorrect, and fraudulent weighing.

Quite recently there has been adopted, as an amendment to regulations under the" Federal Packers and Stockyards Act, a requirement

that packers owning or operating scales for weighing livestock in commerce shall have their scales tested by competent agencies, with

adequate test loads, at intervals of not more than six months and

that copies of test reports shall be furnished the Federal Department.

It may therefore be anticipated that, in every State, packers will

request or demand testing service from State agencies in order to comply with the new regulations. It is therefore suggested that those

States not now equipped to provide this service may wish to acquire

necessary personnel and equipment and that other States may need to increase and expand their testing services. The vital need for devoting increased attention to livestock scales throughout the nation has been discussed before this body in recent years by individuals representing the Federal Department of Agriculture and the States of Virginia and Minnesota. Each speaker on

the subject has emphasized the need for State participation in a national program of livestock scale testing and inspection, and has urged

increased cooperation by State agencies. Some improvement has been

effected, but more is needed in the interests of the livestock industry,

farmers and ranchers, and of the prestige and repute of weights and

measures regulatory agencies.

The Federal Department of Agriculture solicits continued and in- creased cooperation by the States in its endeavors to maintain live- stock marketing on a sound basis of ethics and accuracy. This

objective represents a challenge to State agencies of weights and measures enforcement—a challenge which can be met only if State agencies

21
devote to livestock scales in rural areas an effort proportionate to the activities conducted in behalf of retail consumers in cities. In conclusion, I express, on behalf of my superiors in the Department of Agriculture, appreciation for the willing cooperation rendered

us by the States in the past.

PREPACKAGED FOODS

By S. C. Rowe, Food and Drug Administration, U. 8. Department of Health,

Education, and Welfare

When an invitation was first extended to me to address the Conference on the subject of "Prepackaged Foods," I accepted with the

feeling that I could talk, in general terms, on the various aspects of

the subject for any length of time allotted to me. Later, however, I

received a letter requesting that particular attention be given to Section 403 (e) and Section 403 (f ) of the Federal Food, Drug, and

Cosmetic Act. The former deals with the quantity of contents state- ment and the latter with the conspicuousness of that statement upon

the label. This was followed by a series of specific questions concern- ing the "quantity" requirements of the law and the regulations dealing

with them. Consequently, I shall endeavor to confine my remarks to the matter of "quantity" in the package and its declaration on the

label. I am aware that many State and local laws are not identical in all respects with the Federal law. It would seem to me that it would be

in the interest of all concerned to have uniformity in these statutes- Recently this Conference has adopted a Model State Law on Weights

and Measures and a Model State Eegulation for Package Marking

Requirements, which appear to be substantially the same as the

Federal requirements. It seems appropriate that we examine at this

time this law and regulation in which we have a common interest,

particularly as to pertinence thereto of court interpretations of the

Federal law in the 40 years since the Net Weight Amendment to the

old Act of 1906 became effective. In the first place, each statute deals with commodities "in package

form." Over the years there has been much discussion as to what

constitutes a package or when the product may be regarded as in

package form. The Federal statute does not define the term, but

there have been a number of court interpretations. In U. S. v. Dr.

J. L. Stephens Co. (203 F. 817) the court stated that the word " 'package' means the package made up by the manufacturer for sale to the

ultimate consumer which goes into the possession of the person who

will use the article of food or drug. It means the bottle, or box, or

other container, whatever it might be." In a recent case, U. S. v. Charles C. Kocmond, et al (200 F- 2d 370; cert. den. 735, ct. 782) the

Court stated "The common definition of a package is any container

in which goods are packed, such as a box, case, barrel, or crate. See

Webster's New International Dictionary, 2nd Edition." One defini- tion under Canadian law states that a "package includes any box,

bottle, basket, tin, barrel, case, receptacle, sack, bag, wrapper, or other

thing in which any article is placed or packed." Another definition

states, "package includes anything in which any food, drug, cosmetic, or device is wholly or partly contained, placed, or packed."

22
Section 21 of Form 2 of the Model State Law states "that the term

'in package form' as used in this Act shall mean commodity put up or packaged in any manner in advance of sale so as to constitute a unit

quantity of the commodity for either wholesale or retail sale, exclusive,

however, of an auxiliary shipping container enclosing packages

which individually conform to the requirements of this Act. An

individual item or lot of any commodity not in package form as defined in this section, but on which there is marked a selling price based on an established price per unit of weight or of measure, shall be con- strued to be commodity in package form." While this definition has

not been subjected to court interpretation, it is my understanding

that it was intended to include any product packed and marked for

sale to the ultimate consumer regardless of wrapper. As I understand

it, it would apply to a head of cabbage or cauliflower marked on the

stem and for retail sale. Now that we have the commodity in the package, what are the

label requirements as to declaration of "quantity" ? The Federal law

requires an accurate statement of the quantity of contents upon the

label in terms of weight, measure, or numerical count and provides

for reasonable variations and for exemptions for small packages.

Form 2 of the Model State Law under Section 19 does not use the

word "accurate" but states that the declaration on the outside of

the package shall be definite, plain, and conspicuous. It requires a statement of the net quantity of the contents in terms of weight, measure, or count, and, like the Federal law, provides for reasonable

variations and exemptions as to small packages. In addition, Section

19 states that the qualifying words "when packed" or ivords of

similar import shall not be used. In 1920 the Bureau of Chemistry

(predecessor to the Food and Drug Administration) pointed out in a public announcement (S. R. A. 322 Chemistry 24) that the words

"when packed" were of no significance, since the Federal law required

full measure at the time the product was offered for shipment in

interstate commerce or otherwise came within the jurisdiction of

the Act. The announcement stated further that "allowance should

be made in packaging products which are liable to change in weight

so that the declaration of net weight will be true at the time the article

becomes subject to the operation of the law." In other words, the

term serves no useful purpose. It is regrettable that there are still a few packages on the market containing the words "when packed"

upon the label. In regard to the use of the word "conspicuous" in

Section 19 of the Model State Law, similar wording is used in another

provision of the Federal law which I shall undertake to discuss later. (Sec. 403 (f)

) . So much for the requirements of the two laws.

Coming now to the regulations for package marking, I was unable

to find any essential differences between the Model State Regulation

and those used in the enforcement of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic

Act. It should be emphasized that these are interpretative regulations

of consumer protection laws. They are intended to promote honesty

and fair dealing in the interest of consumers and, at the same time,

to be reasonable from an industry standpoint. Before the present

regulations under the Federal law were promulgated, all interested

parties were given an opportunity to comment upon them. They are

practically the same as the regulations under the old Act of 1906. 23
The allowable deviations from the label declaration of "quantity"

have been discussed on numerous occasions before this Conference and

I shall not take the time to go into a detailed discussion now. Nevertheless, for the benefit of new members, I will review briefly the dis- crepancies from the stated contents which are regarded as reasonable.

The permitted variations are of two general types: (1) such deviations from the stated weight or measure as are caused by ordinary and

customary exposure after introduction of the article into interstate

commerce; and (2) variations in weight, measure, or count caused by

unavoidable deviations in weighing, measuring, or counting conducted

in accordance with good commercial practice. The first type deals

with packages which are not airtight. We are concerned here with

moisture losses, which we call normal shrinkage. Under the second

type where there is the customary declaration of contents, the average

of the packages comprising a specific shipment must not fall below the

declared amount at the time of shipment and no unreasonable shortage

in any package is permitted even if compensated for by overages in

other packages. Where the minimum quantity is expressed, there is no allowance below the declared minimum.

Now, allowances are made by the Food and Drug Administration

for normal shrinkage after the product enters interstate commerce. The exact amount to allow in any case depends upon a number of

factors such as the type and size of package, the temperature and

humidity of the atmosphere to which the shipment is subjected, the

length of time in storage, and the type of product. These variables

make it impossible to specify allowances for general application

which would be fair and equitable to all concerned. Nevertheless,

the Food and Drug Administration has accumulated shrinkage data

for many years, and any Federal, State, or local food and drug official

is welcome to look over the file of this material at any of our field

offices. These data represent different products comprising a portion

of regular commercial shipments where a careful check was made of

all factors which cause a loss of moisture content with resultant loss in weight of the product. They often afford a reliable basis for

arriving at an allowance appropriate to a given set of circumstances.

When the shipment enters interstate commerce, it should be full weight or measure regardless of whether the container is airtight or not airtight. In this connection there has been some misunderstanding as to what constitutes an average declaration of the quantity of

contents and what constitutes a minimum declaration. In applying

these terms, if the statement is not qualified to show definitely that

the quantity expressed is the minimum quantity, we consider the

statement to express the average quantity. An average declaration means that there may be some packages over the stated quantity and

some under, but that the average of all packages shall meet the label statement. The old regulation under the Federal law stated that the

discrepancies should be "as often above as below the marked quantity."

The magnitude of the variation is different for different products, but

in all cases it should be in conformity with good commercial practice.

In shooting a gun at a target, the bullseye is not hit every time. The

variation around the mark depends upon the marksmanship of the

individual doing the shooting and upon the accuracy of the gun.

The same is true in aiming at a certain weight or measure. We call 24
this factory control. A minimum declaration means that not a single

package should be below the stated quantity and that the variation

above the mark should not exceed the limits of good commercial practice. The minimum quantity might be expressed by some such state- ment as "not less than fluid ounces." If the statement simply

' reads "Contents fluid ounces" it is regarded as an average

declaration. In this connection, when the word "ounces" is used alone, an ambiguity exists, for the reason that it may be interpreted to mean

either fluid ounces or avoirdupois ounces. If the product is subject

to the requirement that the amount be declared in terms of weight,

the statement may read "Contents ounces avoirdupois" (or

the abbreviation "Avoir") or "Net Weight ounces." Either

statement removes the ambiguity.

I should like to discuss briefly some of the other paragraphs in the

regulations where it has been indicated to me that some explanatory

remarks would be beneficial to weights and measures officials. First

of all, let us consider the following sentence : "A statement of liquid measure shall be in terms of the United States gallon of 231 cubic

inches and quart, pint, and fluid ounce subdivisions thereof, and,

except in case of frozen food which is so consumed, shall express the

volume at 68° Fahrenheit (20° Centigrade)." The question concerns

the temperature of measurement in the case of refrigerated foods such

as "fresh milk." It is my understanding that the temperature of 68° F

was originally selected because it approximates the room temperature

ordinarily used in packaging and merchandising liquid products.

Some products, it is true, are packed and held for sale at temperatures

above and below 68° Fahrenheit, but, unless there was a common

temperature for measurement, confusion and misunderstanding would

result. In the case of fresh milk, which is ordinarily bottled at temperatures lower than 68° F, there should be no difficulty in arriving

at the correct quantity at 68° F. On the other hand, where a product

is packed hot, it seems not unreasonable to require an accurate measure

at 68° F. Another paragraph states that the declaration "shall contain only

such fractions as are generally used in expressing the quantity of food.

A common fraction should be reduced to its lowest terms ; a decimal

fraction shall not be carried out to more than two places." The

question has been raised as to how one arrives at the proper fraction

and whether or not decimals of a pound would be satisfactory rather

than to use the term "ounces." In answering this, I would say that

any fractions or decimals of a fraction should be in terms understandable to the consumer. I believe the word ounces or fractions of a pound are more informative to the ordinary consumer than decimals

of a pound. For example, I think 14 pound or 4 ounces are more

informative than .25 pound. Some years ago I recall seeing ".93 gallon" on a can of olive oil. This, in my opinion, is not readily

understandable to the ordinary consumer. The constitutionality of the quantity of contents provision of the

law has been attacked on several occasions. In the case of U. S. v. The Merchants Biscuit Co. (D. C. Code 1924) the court stated

:

There can be no doubt as to what the producer or manufacturer must do

under that provision and it is not uncertain because a "reasonable variation" shall be permitted. That does not mean that persons subject to the Act do not have to be accurate in their representations, and they do not 307426—54 3 25
have to ascertain and affix the weight, measure, or numerical count at the time they put up the package, etc. It does mean that if, due to causes

over which they have no control, an unavoidable variation occurs after the goods leave their possession, then the law is not violated if the variation is a reasonable one. That part of the section which is attacked, therefore, imparts common

sense or the rule of reason into the Act, and does not require the impossible. But for this provision we might be compelled to hold it unconstitutional . . . as imposing an intolerable burden, or an impossible requirement.

In 1932 it was the contention of the defendant in the case of U. S. v. Shreveport Grain and Elevator Go. (287 U. S. 77) that the statute was

too indefinite and uncertain. The U. S. Supreme Court held that the

regulations represented a long-continued practical construction of

the Act on the part of those charged with its administration. The

court stated among other things "those regulations which cover variations as well as tolerances and exemptions have been in force for a period of more than 18 years with the silent acquiescence of Congress."

Only last year in U. S. v. Badger Fruit and Extract Co. (Dec. 11,

1953 E. D. Wis. No. 228 Crim. U), the defendants filed a motion to

dismiss on the grounds that the provision did not meet the requirements of the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution. Apparently they

felt that they had not been "informed of the nature and cause of the

accusation." The district court stated "although defendants' motion

refers to the statute, it is evident to the court that the defendants here

are not attacking the validity of the statute itself. Their position is rather that, in view of the Shreveport decision, it is imperative for

the Administrator to create a standard by making rules and regulations permitting reasonable variations, and that the rules and regulations found ... do not disclose a standard permitting reasonable

variations. The court cannot agree with this contention. The court

believes that the regulations in question establish adequate standards

permitting reasonable variations in fulfillment of the purposes and

provisions of the Act." The case has not yet been tried. In citing court opinions in these cases, I do not wish to convey the

impression that the Government has won all of its cases where quantity

of contents is involved. Many cases have been lost for one reason or

another. I do wish to point out, however, that no case was lost where

the quantity of contents provision and regulations were attacked on

constitutional grounds.

The Federal law declares a product misbranded "if any word,

statement, or other information required by or under authority of

this Act to appear upon the label or labeling is not prominently placed

thereon with such conspicuousness (as compared with other words,

statements, designs, or devices, in the labeling) and in such terms as to render it likely to be read and understood by the ordinary individual under customary conditions of purchase and use." There have

been no court decisions on this provision so that we have had to use our own interpretation. Under paragraph (6) of the Kegulations,

reference is made to "the smallness or style of type." I wish I could

give you a definite answer in regard to the size and style of type, but

unfortunately it is entirely possible to have a size and style of type

which is satisfactory under one set of conditions and quite unsatisfactory under other conditions. The color of the background as compared to the color of the type and the crowding of the label with

26
designs, vignettes, or unnecessary written, printed, or graphic material all contribute to the relative conspicuousness or inconspicuousness

of the declaration. Several weeks ago a retired employee of the

Food and Drug Administration visited his old office and remarked

that he thought he would have to get new glasses as he could no

longer read the label on a small wedge of imported cheese which he

brought with him. We looked at the label and concluded that there was nothing wrong with his eyesight. We couldn't read it either. AVhen in doubt about a particular label, we like to try it out on a number of disinterested individuals to obtain their reaction to it. A general agreement of a panel either for or against the conspicuousness of the wording is very helpful in arriving at an estimate as to what the ordinary consumer would think about it. To sum up: (1) It is desirable that weights and measures statutes be uniform and that court interpretations be utilized in their enforcement whenever possible. (2) Regulations should be in interest of consumers and, at the same time, be reasonable from an industry

standpoint. (3) The quantity of contents statement should be in- formative to consumers and it should be conspicuously set forth upon

the label in terms which the ordinary individual can understand.

Mr. Boyle. Mr. Eowe, would you consider it unreasonable or a hardship to require the word "contents'' in combination with a state- ment of quantity on a package of food ? Mr. Eowe. The word "contents" would bear no effect on the re- quirement that the package contain the full labeled weight or measure. Mr. Wrexx. When a shipment, for example of 100 pound bags of

potatoes, is placed in interstate commerce, when does the packer's

responsibility for full weight end ? Mr. Eowe. Under the Federal Law I would say that the potatoes

would be required to be full weight at the time of shipment. If a packer packed potatoes some time prior to shipment, he should over- pack in a sufficient amount to allow for full label weight at time of

shipment.

Mr. Isixg. Is there in the Federal Law or Regulations a stipulation concerning the net-contents markings on small packages of food

that is, certain small packages on which no content declarations are required ? Mr. Rowe. Yes, under exemptions for small packages, packages of

food containing less than one-half ounce avoirdupois or one-half fluid ounce are not required to be labeled as to their quantity.

Mr. Kexxedy (D. C.) : If a local distributor purchases a commodity subject to shrinkage from an out-of-state packer and stipulates that the conditions of the sale are for the merchandise to be

f . o. b. the local warehouse, is the out-of-state packer responsible for

full labeled weight to that warehouse ? Mr. Rowe. Once a commodity enters interstate commerce, that is, after it is beyond the control of the packer, the Federal Law provides

for shrinkage losses. Mr. Baucom : What does the Federal Food and Drug Administration consider to be a reasonable shrinkage on potatoes in interstate commerce ? 27
Mr. Kowe : Over a period of years the Food and Drug Administration has accumulated data on this subject. We cannot set down an

ironclad rule as to how much allowance should be made in every in- stance. Each case must be considered on its own merits. The amount

of shrinkage will depend on the product itself, the package, the conditions to which it is subjected, and the length of time. We have con- ducted experiments over the years and we do have data on potatoes and

other products. That data is not published but it is available to weights and measures officials upon request to our field office. REMARKS OF J. T. KENNEDY, CHIEF

WEIGHTS, MEASURES, AND MARKETS, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

For some time we have administered a concentrated program of

reweighing prepackaged meats. As you know, this method of merchandising in the meat industry has been growing very rapidly and

apparently will continue to grow. We believe that we have an excel- lent example of the willingness of an organized group to cooperate in

this effort toward full weight and correct labeling. I would like to read into the record of this Conference a fine letter which the President and the Secretary of the Amalgamated Meat

Cutters, Local No. 555, 433 Massachusetts Avenue NW., Washington 1, D. C, sent to all members.

Dear Member : We sincerely hope you will thoroughly read and absorb this message, as it may be the means of saving the job of those who subscribe to

its intent. We don't intend to infer that yours or any job is hanging in the balance unless you and/or others are guilty of the infraction we propose to discuss. We want to emphasize the serious necessity and grave importance of complying with rules and regulations of both the Department of Weights

and Measures and the Department of Health. Both are of equal importance

although for the present priority is given to Department of Weights and

Measures.

First of all, we don't propose to represent law enforcement officers, nor

do we intend to interfere with their duties or responsibilities. We do, however, realize the positions our members are placed in when they run

afoul of the law. Some have lost their jobs on this account and others stand

to receive the same fate if caught. Most recently the Department of Weights

and Measures, through its Inspectors, has cited several cases of "short weights" committed by our members and others. They are constantly checking and without warning ; one never knows when or where—you may be on

the list. You needn't be concerned if you're giving correct weights and prices.

WE KNOW IT'S AGAINST YOUR EMPLOYER'S INSTRUCTIONS TO

"OVER CHARGE" OR ''SHORT WEIGHT" ; WE KNOW IT'S AGAINST

THE LAW; WE KNOW PEOPLE HAVE LOST JOBS; WE KNOW THE

PUBLIC IS ENTITLED TO CORRECT WEIGHT AND PRICE ; WE KNOW

YOU WANT ACCURACY WHEN YOU MAKE A PURCHASE. Therefore why be a pawn or victim of doing the wrong thing? We know also that mistakes are made, but this is one time we just can't afford ANY MISTAKE.

Think it over—is it worth losing your job by being either careless or overzealous ? Don't be misled or hoodwinked into doing something that may cost you

your job. If anyone instructs, suggests or tells you to take "short cuts," we

certainly want to know about it. If you're right, we'll back you to the hilt

;

however, if you're wrong, there's little or nothing that we can do. The laws

are made to observe and protect ; do your part. Again we sincerely hope you accept this in the same spirit that it is given.

Fraternally yours, (S) W. B. Strong.

President. (S) M. G. Curtis,

Financial Secretary.

28
CHECK-WEIGHING SCALES

By C. A. Baker, Director, Bureau of Weights and Measures, State of New York I am informed by our secretary that there is considerable interest on the part of many weights and measures officials as to the advisability

1 or practicability of requiring by law that scales be made available in our modern super markets for the use of customers who may wish to check weights of prepackaged items, especially meats. As a starting point for discussion, I would like to quote the provision

in our New York State law, as amended in 1951, that set up the

requirement in relation to scales being made available for customers'

use. Our law states as follows

:

* * * Whenever meat or meat products or cheese are packaged or wrapped

by the retailer in advance of being exposed or offered for sale, an accurate

scale shall be handily available to the purchaser of such packaged products

for his use in checking the weight indicated. I should like to comment very briefly on this requirement. First

of all, there is no question in my mind that the basic idea or principle

of this requirement is very much worthwhile. I believe we can all agree that the customers should, in all cases, have the opportunity to check packages that they may purchase, in order to see that the weight

is correct, without the necessity of taking such packages to another

grocery store or meat market, or the necessity of walking perhaps 150

feet to the front of the store in order to find a scale on which such

packages may be checked.

In my opinion, the language used in our New York State law to

set up this requirement is too indefinite and is subject to many interpretations, either by the merchant or by the judge, as to what constitutes

a scale that "shall be handily available to the purchaser."

The merchant may feel that the term "handily available" is satis- factorily complied with by having a vegetable scale in the front of the

store, which may be 100 feet or more away from the meat counter. The sealer or inspector may feel that this is a violation—that the term

"handily available" means a scale that is directly adjacent to the meat

counter. The judge may feel that both the inspector and the merchant

are wrong and that "handily available" means a scale which may be

located anywhere within 25 feet of the meat counter. In other words,

the term "handily available" may be subject to as many different

interpretations as there are people involved in the controversy.

When the amendment of the law was passed, I opposed it on the

ground that the language used was too indefinite, not because the

underlying principle was wrong. However, we accepted it because

there were other matters involved in the same amendment which we

were very desirous of having in effect. Eeturning again briefly to the requirement that an accurate scale

shall be "handily available" to the purchaser, for such prepackaged

products, we have found that enforcement of the provision depends

largely on the cooperation of the individual, the company, or the store manager with the local weights and measures official or our State in- spector. Some of the larger chain food organizations have given us

excellent cooperation in this respect and have made it a point to furnish an accurate computing scale located directly adjacent to the pre29
packaged meat counter for the use of their customers. Some other concerns give us an argument and claim that any "accurate" scale,

such as a large spring dial vegetable scale that may be in the front of

the store, complies with the requirement of the law. In such cases there are only two courses of action open to the sealer or inspector.

He must either accept the situation as it is, or cause the arrest of the

store manager—an action which in most cases he is reluctant to take. To sum up the situation, let me restate that in my opinion the principle involved is excellent, but that, if you contemplate either a provision of the law or regulation in this respect, the law or regulation

should definitely state not only that the available scale must be ac- curate, but that it must be a computing scale having the same minimum

graduation as those used by the merchant to prepackage the meat and,

instead of saying that it must be "handily available," it should be

stated that the scale be placed within definite limits by measureeither in feet or yards—from the prepackaged meat counter. Unless

this is done, you are bound to run into difficulties in some instances in

enforcing such a law or regulation. I offer these comments in the hope that they may be helpful to those

of you who may be interested or considering such legislation or regulations, and I am sure that general discussion of the various problems

involved, by this Conference, may serve to clarify our thinking along

these lines and possibly assist our Legislative Committee if its members wish to consider such an amendment to the Conference Model

Law.

Mr. Crawford: Many merchants are voluntarily locating scales near self-service counters and placing on them signs that indicate

the scales are provided for the convenience of the customer in checking the weight of any purchase. However, there remains the problem

of determining or knowing the tare weight of the container and

wrapping material.

Mr. Kennedy : I do not believe it is proper to discriminate against

markets with prepackage self-service counters. Surely if the cus- tomer has the right to checkweigh prepackaged meat items he has an

equal right to checkweigh the contents in such items as bread, butter,

coffee, etc. Mr. Baker : In order to have the assurance that our weights and

measures laws are being complied with, we must have the assistance

of the buying public. Obviously our staff is insufficient to inspect and

check every store as often as we would like to. If we can interest

customers in checking prepackaged items, they can be of great assist- ance to us in our efforts. Mr. Mahoney : I believe this is a matter of education rather than

legislation. When the customers demand that scales be made available for their checkweighing of prepackaged items, the markets will

make such scales available.

Mr. Ttjrnbull : I think some officials are lax in enforcing the re- quirement that computing scales be so located as to be easily read by

the customer. The sales and service forces of the scale companies

could render substantial assistance in this regard. It would be my

recommendation that every inspector of weights and measures enforce

rigidly this requirement.

30
CANNED POULTRY

By I. M. Levy, City. Sealer of Weights and Measures, Chicago, Illinois Three years ago in this very room during the 36th National Conference, the subject of canned whole chicken was discussed. One

address which left a particular impression upon my memory was that

of Malcolm Jensen, at that time Sealer of Weights and Measures of

the City of Madison. Wisconsin and at the present time of the National Bureau of Standards.

I wish to quote from Mr. Jensen's address—"A very careful and

accurate check on the contents of every brand of canned chicken available in Madison brought about some amazing conclusions. These cans which had labeled contents varying from just under two pounds to four pounds were labeled to contain various types of chicken in vari- ous stages of preparation, and were found to contain an average of

exactly 54.7 percent chicken by weight and 45.3 percent liquids. The

percentage by weight of the chicken in the tested cans varied from

57.8 percent down to 48.9 percent.''

Last week similar tests were made in Chicago. Our results were

55.2 percent chicken by weight. 44.8 percent liquid. In other words,

conditions which prevailed in 1951 are unchanged in 1954. and, as far as I am able to find out, they were similar when canned chicken

first came into popular usage in 1946. I have examined the labels of perhaps a dozen brands of canned

chickens and there is one thing they all have in common. They

emphasize by prominence of illustration and size of type that the can

contains a whole cooked chicken, and ofttimes the net weight of the contents of the can is likewise displayed prominently on the label. Undoubtedly, the information printed on the label meets the legal

requirements or else the packers would have been faced with Federal

prosecution. I am not suggesting they are violating any law. but I do say with emphasis that Federal regulations which have to do with

the labeling of food packages should be such that the average woman

shopper should not be so easily misled to the belief that she is buying

a S1^-, 3%- or 4-pound chicken when in reality slightly more than 50

percent of the contents of the package is chicken and the remainder

water, preservatives, and condiments.

This may well spotlight the whole question of modern day merchandising of foods which has a marked tendency towards precooked

and ready to serve foods. This means that we in weights and measures must be as modern in our concept of our duties as those in the

processing of food are in meeting present day demands for this type

product. TTe no longer face simple problems'

In the old days the butcher placed raw meat or poultry on the scale. Flour was sold in sacks at stated weights or loose by the pound. Likewise, the other ingredients could be easily weighed or measured in the

presence of the housewife. She knew how much of each commodity

she was receiving, but today with canned whole chickens, meat balls and gravy, roast beef and gravy, even complete turkey dinners in

cellophane, she must be satisfied with 'met contents'* of the can. The

label which merely states the net contents of a packaged food com- modity (and not in what proportions or percentage by weight these

items are contained in the package) , is meaningless when that package

31
contains several basic foods, such as meat or poultry, flour, rice, condiments, and water.

It is unfair and unrealistic to be meticulously careful that poultry

sold over the counter be not a single ounce short of the weight charged,

when, on the other hand, processors are permitted to sell the same commodity in cans where the weight of the fowl may vary as much

as 8 oz.—but of even more basic importance, this practice gnaws at the

very vitals of our services to our communities—the principle of the

exactness in weights in the exchange of commodities.

Mr. -Battcom : Mr. Levy, in the preparation of this paper perhaps

you have developed some remedy. Would you care to give this Conference the benefit of any suggested remedy for this problem ? Mr. Levy : In my opinion the remedy would be either more stringent

interpretation of our present legal requirements or, if necessary, amendments to existing legislation. Since either of these suggestions

is difficult to accomplish, I would suggest that we make definite efforts toward educating the buying public. It is not my recommendation

that we in any way block the progress in the prepackaged food industry. Obviously there are many advantages to the consumer when such

food items are available for purchase.

(The Conference adjourned, to reconvene at 10 a. m. Wednesday, May 19, 1954.)Third Session—Morning of Wednesday, May 19, 1954

(A. V. Astin, President, and G. F. Austin, Jr., Vice President, presiding.)

EVOLUTION OF GASOLINE PUMPS

By William Keay, Manager, Sales Service, Gilbert & Barker Manufacturing

Company, West Springfield, Massachusetts. (Mr. Keay traced the history of the Gibert and Barker Manufacturing Company from its beginning in 1865. Starting as a manufacturer of machines to make illuminating gas from gasoline, and as a marketer of gasoline, the company

made its first non-measuring gasoline-dispensing pump in 1910. Before long,

measuring pumps were designed, and the production of this type of equipment

kept pace with the rapid increase in the number of automobiles in use. The

"visible" pump was at the height of its popularity by 1926, and the electricallyoperated meter unit was introduced in 1928. Recent developments include dual

dispensers and remote-control systems. Mr. Keay's talk was illustrated with

many excellent color transparencies.)

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

EDUCATION, PRESENTED BY C. M. FULLER, CHAIRMAN

The report that your Committee on Weights and Measures Education has prepared deals with two subjects of immediate interest and

concern to every weights and measures official. Establishing good public relations and educating the people so that

they have a keen realization of what this work means to them in their

everyday lives are of paramount importance. Too frequently the

general public and our higher public officials have not been sold on

the true value of weights and measures administration. For that reason it is difficult to obtain adequate budgets and competent salaries. We must sell ourselves and our service. Industry spends millions on advertising, publicity, and public relations, in order to arouse a 32
demand for its products. We must enlighten the populace as to the

value of our services if we are to receive the support and cooperation

that are needed for the operation of successful departments. Fortunately, we are engaged in a work that is popular, once the people understand it. It pays real dividends and returns many times its cost. The fields of publicity and public relations are large. They include

exhibits, talks before groups and over the radio, television shows,

articles in newspapers and periodicals, and annual reports.

We cannot cover the entire field in one report ; it would be entirely too long. We are therefore concentrating on the phase that is especially appealing to the public—that of exhibits. Exhibits are valuable because they speak for themselves. They present information

quickly and convincingly. They do not have to be elaborate to get

results. It is our aim to make this report practical, something that you can

really use, by including ideas that have been used and pictures of

exhibits that have been successful. We want to thank the many

weights and measures officials who have responded to requests for

photographs and material used in this year's project. Their cooperation has made our work a pleasure.

First of all, a good exhibit should attract the attention of the people

and draw them nearer to see what it is all about. A device that has

proved effective gives the appearance, from a little distance, of a blazing bonfire of confiscated scales. This effect is achieved by the use of a tall cone, constructed of chicken wire on a light framework

and covered with bright red cloth. It is literally covered with old

scales and illuminated from within by a strong electric light, which

is caused to flicker on and off by either a flasher button or a revolving

disk. Long red paper streamers at the top of the cone are kept flut- tering by the current of air from an electric fan and appear to be

flames. A sure-fire drawing card is the use of a large person weigher on which the public will be given guaranteed accurate weights free of

charge. Colored posters should call attention to this feature. We

have seen as many as fifty people waiting in line for their turn. This

gives the attendant a wonderful opportunity to interest visitors in

other features of the exhibit and to answer questions.

A full-sized figure of a woman dressed in flowing robes, holding a small balance in one raised hand like the well-known figure representing Justice, makes an attractive centerpiece around which to arrange

your exhibit. These figures or models, which cost about $100

usually can be borrowed for the occasion, especially when a small

placard gives credit to the store making the loan. Colored transparencies, placed in frames and lighted from the

rear, are outstanding. These can illustrate different phases of the

work and inspection equipment. The widespread use of miniature

cameras, taking 35 mm colored slides, places this facility within the

reach of every official. Colored transparancies 8"X10" can be obtained from the small slides at a cost of about $3.00 each. They can

be used over and over again. The display box or frame, of any

desired shape and size, can be constructed by your local electrician

and carpenter.

33
Small colored slides can be shown with a projector and screen, or they may be displayed in a self-contained cabinet unit which holds

thirty slides, automatically changes them every six seconds, shows a picture about 16"X23", and operates in a lighted room. The scope of the exhibit will depend upon the location and space

allotted to it. It may be a roomy location at a fair or exposition, a booth at a food show, a vacant store window on a downtown street, or wall space for a display of posters and enlarged photographs. When

the decision as to space has been made, plans can be made to utilize the area to the fullest advantage. Your ingenuity and knowledge of

what is accomplished by the enforcement of weights and measures

laws will suggest many ideas.

Facts should be presented in a manner that will draw people's

attention, grip their imagination, hold their interest, and make them

think. They like to see something in action. A good example was a leather measuring machine in a Massachusetts exhibit. Leather hides were run through this and it proved very intriguing to the spectators

in the sense that it acquainted them with the means employed to measure accurately the surface areas of the hides, despite the fact

that they were very irregular in shape and also, in some instances,

contained large holes. The contrast between the past and the present is always intriguing.

A back panel on one side of this exhibit depicted a scene in the old

"Lum and Abner" kind of corner grocery, with two characters sit- ting comfortably by a pot-bellied stove, and an antique scale of the

"beehive" variety much in evidence on the counter. Directly in front

of the painting was a collection of obsolete scales, including the actual

"beehive" scale itself. The panel on the other side of the exhibit

depicted a scale in a modern market. Several latest model computing

scales were located in front of this, with a sign calling attention to the

ease with which they may be read accurately and that there was no

excuse for short weighing. Action was provided by an attendant

who demonstrated methods of testing and reading the scales. A similar idea was presented in an exhibit that featured the work

of protecting the motorist. A backdrop entitled "Yesterday" showed

the granddaddy of all service stations—simply a shed where gasoline was dispensed with a measure and funnel, located on a typical "Main

Street" corner of early twentieth century. The other backdrop, "Today," showed a modern service station. Different pieces of testing

equipment were on display. An automatic cabinet unit, located between the backdrops, projected colored slides. Posters and enlarged

photographs gave additional information.

Your ingenuity will suggest other ideas. A sensitive analytical

balance will show the difference in the added weight of a piece of thin

paper after a name has been written on it with a soft crayon. This

makes an interesting speculation, "How much weight does your name

carry around here?"

Don't forget the drawing power of a person weigher. People like to get their accurate weight—they like to get it free—and they have a

lot of fun commenting on the other fellow's weight.

A San Francisco store window framed an exhibit that was success- ful in creating considerable publicity and favorable comment. A

large office balance, along with testing standards, were displayed with

34
a number of attractive well-worded signs that described what was

accomplished through their use. Over all, a large sign stated, "San

Francisco's Department of Weights and Measures Saves You Money."

A wide-awake official will find opportune times and locations for an exhibit. Jacksonville, Florida, has a display in the City Hall Open

House Exhibit, San Diego, California, takes advantage of the County

Government on Display program at the Civic Center. Norfolk, Virginia, places an exhibit in the lobby of the City Hall for one week each

year when the citizens are paying their taxes, and shows them what

they are getting for part of their tax money.

Condemned and confiscated scales can be used to impress the public with the necessity for this work. However, care should be taken

to bring out the fact that this is not a reflection on the majority of

merchants who are strictly honest and who welcome the inspectors

when they call. The merchants thus are assured that their own equipment is accurate and that they are protected from the "other fellow"

who would cheat if he were not afraid of being caught. Many scales that get out of order through the wear and tear of constant use are weighing against the merchant.

If you possess some false scales that have been altered to give short

weight, place them in a prominent location and demonstrate how they

operate. They will attract plenty of interest and conversation. The

same is true of containers with false bottoms or side walls, or other

articles that have served as evidence in prosecutions.

"The Evolution of the Scale" would be a good subject for a display,

beginning with the simplest form of balance and carrying through

developments and eaxly attempts in automatic devices, up to the modern computing scale. Posters provide an effective method for putting your ideas across. When colored, they brighten up the exhibit. They do not have to be

elaborate to attract attention.

A number of years ago, the Saturday Evening Post had a cover

that is remembered to this day. It represented a scene in a butcher

shop. A chicken was "resting-in-peace" on the hanging scale. The

dear old lady buying the chicken was gazing soulfully up at the face

of the scale, but her hand was underneath the platter, pushing up to make it show less weight. The butcher was also looking at the scale,

but his hand was on the platter, pushing down to make it show more

weight. It was called, "The Two-Way Ride." That makes a good

poster. People enjoy a hearty laugh.

Call attention to your free weighing attraction by a poster. A

number of ideas will occur here, such as a woman horrified at the indication of her weight, not knowing that a small boy behind her back

has one foot on the scale, or a little girl weighing her pet pooch. Children and dogs are always appealing.

If you are displaying some of your test weights, tell the story of

how they are used by a poster showing an inspector testing a scale and the wording, "For Your Protection. Test Weights like these are used in making tests each year of scales in places of

business." The same general idea can be used in connection with

test measures for the inspection of gasoline pumps.

Basic rules to be observed by the careful buyer will be better re- membered if they are illustrated. Some of these are : "Thrifty Buy35
ers Check the Weighing of Their Purchase" ; "See That the Indicator

Starts on Zero Before Purchase is Weighed" ; "Don't Let any Hand

Eest on Scale when Purchase is Made" ; "Bead Statement of Net Contents on Every Package—The Smallest Appearing One May Contain

the Most."

Impress the taxpayer with the fact that this is a real bargain in

good government by a picture of an earnest young man presenting some statistics to a typical business man. The following statement

is made: 11 An Investment that Pays Real Dividends! Less than . . . pennies pays your share for an entire year of this service which saves you many dollars."

Enlargements of action photographs, showing actual work in the

field, are informative. When they are used, make the picture tell the

story and keep the printed matter as brief as possible. Combinations

of posters and photographs make good panel or wall exhibits.

An attendant, who is well versed in the work of the department,

should be on hand to answer questions and to encourage visitors to look around. He should be genuinely interested in meeting the public

and pointing out features of the display. A good personality, friendly

and approachable, can mean much to the success of the exhibit,

If you have room at your headquarters, set up a permanent exhibit.

Enlarged pictures of this can be mounted on cards, calling attention to various features and inviting the public to make a visit and learn more

about their Department of Weights and Measures.

We urge you to welcome every opportunity to publicize the value

and necessity of your work. Be a good salesman. Tell the people

in your community. This will gain their enthusiastic support and

cooperation for adequate budgets and competent salaries..

Recommended Salary Schedule

Two years ago, at the Thirty- Seventh National Conference, your

Committee recommended a salary schedule for weights and measures

personnel. This was the result of a careful study which took into

consideration the salaries paid in governmental positions of comparable duties and responsibilities, as well as current wages paid by

industry.

Since that time, there has been an increase in the cost of living which

has been reflected by a consequent upward trend in the prevailing

wage. In revising our recommendations of two years ago, we have

been guided by the advice of government analysts who maintain a constant record of current statistics. We realize that the cost of living is not the same in all sections of

the country, and for that reason there will be a difference in the pre- vailing wage. Thus the salaries in the following schedules are subject to modification according to local conditions.

You will recall from our previous report that we believe in the

step-advancement plan, with annual advances over a period of years. This plan provides an incentive for continuous service. Provision also should be made in the larger departments for several grades of employees, the higher grades being filled from the lower ranks by promotional examinations. Such advancements build up morale and

36
reward the ambitious men who are striving at all times to do better

than average jobs. Thus, you will find a classification of "Trainee"

listed in the first two charts for larger departments. This is the

beginning rank, the bottom of the ladder. A trainee works under close supervision. He may drive a heavy-duty testing truck and handle

the weights for the deputy in charge, or he may assist in wholesalemeter tests. The important thing is that he is learning the work

and preparing himself to take a promotional examination in order to become a deputy.

Our recommendations must be as practical as possible ; therefore, we

are listing each item according to the "Five-Step Pay Plan" which

has been adopted in so many jurisdictions. The original appointment is made at the rate designated as the first step. Step advances

should be granted at the end of one year of continuous satisfactory

service in the same position, until the fifth step is reached.

Departments are grouped in five classifications according to size. While these could be broken down into many more groups, we believe

that this gives enough material, without unduly lengthening the re- port, so that departments of any size can modify the schedules for

their use.

Chart 1, Personnel

Departments (20 or more employees)

Monthly 5-step rates

1 2 3 4 5

Trainees __ $275 $290 $305 $320 $335

Deputies, 350 372 394 417 440

Chief Deputy _ *464 489 516 545 575

Chief Deputy _ *550 580 613 646 680 Department Head _ _ _ *600 633 669 707 745 Department Head *755 797 842 889 940 According to size of department

If a "Three-Step Plan" is used, take the amounts shown under 1, 3, and 5. Some large departments may also have other classifications such as "Junior Deputies," "Senior Deputies," "Senior- Complaint Deputies,"

"Investigators," etc. Salaries for these classifications can be established

in accord with the above.

Now, in every five-step plan, there will occur some situations where

the fifth-step compensation for one position will be as much or more

than the first step for the next higher position. When this occurs, the employee who is 'promoted is placed in the step that will give him

an immediate increase in salary. For example, in the following chart,

a deputy in the fifth step who was promoted to Chief Deputy, would

enter that position in the second step, which would give him a raise

from $440 to $464.

37
Chart 2, Personnel

Departments (10 to 19 employees)

Monthly 5-step rates

1 2 3 4 5

Trainees- $275 $290 $305 $320 $335

Deputies 350 372 394 417 440

Chief Deputy _ _ _ *440 464 489 516 545

Chief Deputy *464 489 516 545 575 Department Head *550 580 613 646 680 Department Head. *600 633 669 707 750

*According to size of department

Chart 3, Personnel

Departments (6 to 9 employees)

Monthly 5-step rates

1 2 3 4 5

Deputies

Chief Deputy

Department Head _

$350

440

550

$372

464

580

$394

489

613

$417

516 646

$440

545

680

Chart 4, Personnel

Departments (2 to 5 employees)

Monthly 5-step rates

1 2 3 4 5

Deputies

Department Head _ $350

445

$372

469

$394

494

$417

521 $440550

Chart 5, Personnel Departments (1 man)

Monthly 5-step rates 2 3 4 5

Sealer or Inspector

Sealer or Inspector

*$350

*417 $372

440

$394

464 $417489 $440

516

*According to size of jurisdiction

38
We recommend the above salaries as equitable and in line with

present prevailing wages for comparable positions. They should

enable us to recruit and retain men of excellent caliber for this

valuable service. (The presentation of the report of the Conference Committee on Weights and

Measures Education was illustrated with many excellent projected slides showing

weights and measures exhibits and displays.

)

(The report of the Committee on Weights and Measures Education was adopted

by the Conference.)

Mr. Yarbrot.?gh : I believe the Conference Committee on Weights

and Measures Education could perform a real service to weights and

measures personnel by developing a series of adequate and accurate

job descriptions. In many instances the salary rates are based upon

job descriptions. Thus their importance is great.

Mr. Fuller: That is an excellent suggestion. The Education Committee will give consideration to the development of position

descriptions.

SERVICES OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

By A. T. McPheeson, Associate Director, National Bureau of Standards

The National Bureau of Standards renders a number of services in

addition to those relating to weights and measures, with which the

members of the Conference are familiar. The law establishing the

Bureau amd subsequent amendments state clearly what these services

shall be, whom they are for, and what charges shall be made for them.

The amount of service in any category that can be provided in any

given year is dependent on the funds appropriated by the Congress.

The various standardization activities which the Bureau conducts

for the Government, science, industry, and the public are made possible by a great deal of basic research in physics, chemistry, mathematics, and engineering. This research results in many indirect and

collateral benefits that go far beyond the direct services of the Bureau.

The present discussion, however, is confined to those services that are rendered on direct request.

First and foremost among the standardizing activities of the Bureau is the calibration of standards of measurements such as those

listed in the accompanying table. Because of the vast number of

instruments used in laboratories and manufacturing plants the Bureau, insofar as possible, restricts its calibration service to primary

standards, which themselves are used to calibrate the instruments that

are employed for making measurements.

Many standards, particularly those relating to composition or properties, are most effectively made available through the distribution of

standard samples.

The law provides that a charge shall be made for all calibrations

and comparisons of standards with the national standards except those

performed for the Government of the United States and State Governments within the United States. Currently, only one standard of

a kind or type is calibrated without charge for any Federal laboratory in a given year. If, as a matter of convenience additional instruments or other standards are requested to be certified by a Federal

39
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laboratory, a charge is made for the service. For State governments,

however, no charge is made for any service that can be rendered.

Standards of time and frequency are made freely available to all who need them by radio broadcasts from stations WWV and WWVH.

The primary standard of the Bureau is a quartz crystal clock operated on the basis of observations of star transits by the U. S. Naval

Observatory.

The development of test methods, codes, and specifications are functions that are a natural outgrowth from the custody and maintenance

of standards of measurement. Much of the work in this field is done

for the General Services Administration and other Federal agencies

but both the purchase specifications and the various safety and construction codes that result from the work are widely used by State,

county, and municipal governments. In this activity the Bureau

works in close collaboration with the A. S. T. M., and A. S. A. and

many other national standardizing organizations.

The actual testing of commodities, however, is a service that is rendered only to Federal agencies except in those cases where the

Bureau has special facilities that are not available elsewhere.

Because the Bureau covers broadly the field of the physical sciences

its staff members are in demand for consultation and advice on many

problems. The services rendered may take many forms as illustrated

by the current work that is being done at the request of the Conference on a motion picture film showing methods of weights and measures

inspection.

While consultative service as such is not available to the public, the

Bureau answers many thousands of letters every week about scientific and technical subjects. Many of the inquiries relate to constants and

properties of materials and other subjects directly in the Bureau's

scope. In order to give the answers economically a variety of circulars and other publications have been issued. Much of the corre- spondence also relates to subjects that have been investigated by the

Bureau so that frequent reference is made to the research papers and

other publications which are for sale by the Superintendent of Documents and are provided without charge to depository libraries in the

different States. ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOWMETER

By C. P. Griffith, Vice President, Bowser, Inc., Fort Wayne, Indiana

Methods of metering fluids have basically remained static for many

years. As a rule, metering devices can be divided into two basic

categories, (1) volumetric, and (2) inferential. Volumetric meters

are usually some modification of a rotating disk, reciprocating piston,

rotary, planetary or oscillating piston, or gear or lobed impeller. As

a rule, these are considered positive displacement meters. Inferential

meters measure some physical phenomena of the fluid which can be

translated, through the necessary intermediary instrumentation, into some function of the quantity of fluid passing through a given pipe.

Among these are orifice plates, pitot tubes, area meters, the thermal

meters, and others. 42
All ideal metering device probably would include the following

specifications

:

1. Independent of the physical properties of the fluid such as density, viscosity,

temperature, etc.

2. Usable over the range of flow rates from zero to the maximum capacity of the meter.

3. Consume no energy from the fluid being metered.

4. Meter with a specified accuracy any substance that can flow through the

meter.

5. Have no effect on the liquid being metered. The electromagnetic metep more closely meets these specifications

than any other means of metering liquids that is available at the pres- ent time. This new electromagnetic meter constitutes an altogether new approach to the art of liquid measurement.

The principle involved in this new meter comes from Faraday's

Law, which states that "A voltage will be induced in any medium

when moving through a magnetic field." Dr. Alexander Kolin of

Chicago University was the first to suggest the use of this principle

for fluid measurement. It is interesting to know that he has used this means to measure the flow of blood in the human body.

Continued research and experimentation has resulted in a commercially accepted instrument for the measurement of liquids.

This meter system consists essentially of a sensing device through

which the liquid flows, an electronic amplifier as a means of amplifying the small generated voltage, and suitable means for recording

and or indicating the volume of liquid passing through the meter. The sensing device or portion of this meter that is contacted by the

liquid that is being measured is extremely simple and has no moving

parts whatever. It can be described as a spool or flow tube installed

in the liquid-carrying conduit or pipe line. The internal diameter

of this flow tube is the same as that of the pipe line ; thus, this measuring device does not in any way restrict the flow. Two electrodes are

inserted into the walls of this flow tube diametrically opposite each

other. Associated with this flow tube, there is provided suitable means

for creating a magnetic field. The generated voltage measured as a result of the liquid flow is ex- tremely small, and an electronic means is provided to amplify it to a point where it will do useful work. This energy operates, by means

of electrical and mechanical components, the recorders, rate of flow

indicators, quantitative indicators, or any combination of these

indicators that may be required.

It will be in order to make a few general statements as to the types

of liquids that can be measured by this meter. All aqueous solutions

and most inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, etc., are sufficiently conductive. Many inorganic soluble salts such as sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, ammonium acetate,

calcium sulfate, etc., can be metered successfully. Inorganic basic

compounds such as sodium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and

potassium hydroxide are sufficiently conductive. Organic com- pounds may or may not be conductors, depending upon the amount of

mixed or dissolved water in the compound. Among such compounds

are found alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, aromatic acids, esters, and

various other products.

43
The electromagnetic meter is applicable to a range of metering problems that cannot be handled economically by existing equipment

operating on any of the volumetric or inferential principles. This

meter will handle most highly corrosive liquids, abrasives, slurries,

liquids with solids in suspension, and a range of liquids which are normally measured under high temperature and high pressure. The

simplicity of the metering element lends itself to a wide range of

applications where explosion proofing, vapor proofing, high temperature, high pressure, liquid metals metering, and sanitary requirements

are specified in a system installation. . Liquids that have a high electrical resistance cannot at this stage

of this development be measured by this meter. Petroleum products come under this classification, and this meter is not as yet suitable for

these products.

Suitable means are provided for the calibration of these devices.

Testing of these meters is accomplished by means of volumetric

proving tanks such as are now used for testing positive displacement

meters. Accuracy of measurement over a wide range of flows can be

accomplished within your present tolerances for liquid measurement.

In conclusion, it may be well to mention some general facts relative

to the electromagnetic meter. The meter handles a wide variety of

liquids which cannot be handled by existing equipment. Varying

conditions for high temperature and high pressure operation can be

accomplished easily. Explosion and vapor proofing, and sanitary re- quirements can be designed into the unit. There are no moving parts or obstructions in the flow tube. A wide range of flow rates can be

handled, the range being limited only to the pipe diameter. Measurement is not affected by the physical properties of the system. The

metering element can be installed in almost any portion of the piping

system while the indicating equipment can be located remotely, if so required. The system provides versatility of installation with many

types of instrumentation available.

(Mr. Griffith's talk was followed by a demonstration of the electromagnetic flowmeter by Mr. Giczewski of Bowser, Inc.) SURFACE GAGING FARM MILK TANKS

By W. M. Shanhouse, General Manager, 8. 8. Hunter, Inc., Syossett, New York

The liquid level indicator was developed primarily for use in the

dairy field, specifically for the farm milk tanks and for mixing tanks.

The aspects which make it unique are the qualities of simplicity, sanitation, accuracy, low cost, and ease of calibration and use. I believe

you will recognize these qualities as I describe the instrument to you. The essential part of the device is the probe. It consists of a 36- inch clear plastic tube, which is non-toxic and non-absorptive. Sealed

inside the tube is a scale, calibrated in thirty-seconds of an inch, and

electronic equipment suitable for sensing the liquid surface. On the

bottom end of the probe are two stainless-steel contact points, and a

single terminal connection extends from the top. When assembled,

the entire probe is hermetically sealed and cannot be disassembled or tampered with without damaging the tube beyond use. The base consists of a stainless steel frame, welded to the top of the

tank, which supports a magnifying element with a dual hairline refer- 44
ence to preclude parallax effects. Affixed to this frame is an indicator

light with a detachable electrical lead to the top of the probe. As a

safety measure, all current is polarized and maintained below three

milliamperes in operation, and below four milliamperes even if shorted. In addition to this, the device is constructed in such a manner

that all exposed parts are grounded and no plus potenti al part can be

exposed. Moisture, condensation, water, or complete immersion can harm neither the device nor operating personnel.

The third part is simply a neoprene "umbrella" which serves two

functions. It forms a sanitary closure over the tank opening, pre- venting contamination by condensation, dirt, or insects. The "umbrella" also prevents the probe falling into the tank.

To operate, the sterile probe is inserted into the base, passing

through the "umbrella." The pin jack is then pushed into the top of

the rod and the instrument is ready for use. The probe is then

lowered through the top of the tank until the indicator light flashes. This signifies that the probe has just contacted the top of the milk.

At this point, the probe is then adjusted until one-half of the indicator

is fully lighted, and the reading is observed. If the indicator is completely unlit, the operator knows he must lower the probe further.

If both halves of the indicator light, he must raise the probe until

only one-half of the indicator is lit. The reading is then compared

with a chart calibrated for the particular tank. The entire operation

has taken less than thirty seconds to obtain a clear and precise reading.

How accurate is the liquid level indicator? How sensitive is it? What tests have been performed? The instrument is sensitive to within 1/1000 of an inch, and the differential for surface detection,

which can be set during manufacture to any predetermined amount,

is normally adjusted to .015 inch. This means that accuracy is dependent solely upon readability. The design of the instrument

eliminates any possible inaccuracy due to the meniscus effect of liquids.

In actual tests performed, the liquid level indicator can be read

within nine fluid ounces on a 100-gallon tank (one-seventh the allowable error) and 35 fluid ounces on a 600-gallon tank (one-fourth the

allowable error). On a 500-gallon tank, readings were accurate to the nearest quart.

Does a drop of milk on the end of the probe affect accuracy? It

doesn't. Can the liquid level indicator penetrate foam, that is, can it ascertain

the difference between foam and liquid ? Yes, by using a very simple

and inexpensive accessory which is available to those currently ex- periencing a problem with foam.

Can the scale be tampered with or changed in any way ? No, thereby

assuring a fair and accurate reading for both the farmer and the

pick-up representative.

Are probes interchangeable? Yes, as all probes are manufactured

within a tolerance of %4 inch. This means that replacement requires

a spot check only, not a complete recalibration of the tank.

Why is it easier to calibrate a tank with the liquid level indicator

than with other gaging instruments currently being used? Our in- strument will immediately detect cessation of motion due to the unsettled condition of the liquid during calibration. This eliminates the

long waiting period otherwise necessary between readings to be certain

45
a motionless condition exists. Furthermore, readings can be consecutively taken without removal or re-pouncing of the gage rod. Also,

due to the clarity and sharp definition of the reading line, the problem

of uncertainty is eliminated.

What is the sanitary advantage of this instrument? No part of

the instrument is immersed into the milk. Only the very tip of the

probe touches the fluid surface. Also, as many readings as desired can be taken without removing the probe from the tank.

It has been a pleasure to have been able to tell you about the liquid

level indicator. We feel we have made a considerable improvement

over the existing means of bulk milk measurement. This is attributed

to the enthusiastic response with which our device has been received

by both the farmers and the pick-up representatives. We do, however, leave it to you to judge its merits in the field. In closing, I wish to express our appreciation for the extensive aid

and outstanding cooperation of the many weights and measures and

sanitation officials who have helped us develop our liquid level indi- cator to its present state. (During this talk, Mr. Shanhouse demonstrated the S & D Liquid Level Indicator.) FARM MILK TANK TESTING

By F. M. Geeene, Chief, Division of Weights and Measures, State of Connecticut Milk producers throughout the nation are showing an almost over- night interest in the new method of handling milk in farm milk tanks. Interest in the bulk method of cooling and pick-up has increased

during the past two years, until now it has caught the interest of

dairymen throughout the country. Because bulk milk cooling is on

the increase throughout the country, some dairymen may be forced

to enlarge their herds.

These farm milk tanks are available with a stainless steel liner or inner tank and either a stainless steel or a painted metal exterior with

fiberglass or other insulation between the liner and the metal exterior.

The two common types of farm milk tanks are the direct expansion

type in which the tank is cooled by direct contact with refrigerating

coils and, secondly, the ice bank type in which water is used as a cooling medium. The refrigerating coils of the ice bank type are submerged in the water and build up reserve cooling capacity in the

form of an ice bank. The refrigerating unit is smaller than that of

the direct expansion type and is in operation more of the time. The

larger refrigerating unit of the direct expansion type uses larger

amounts of electric current to operate, but only for shorter periods of

time.

The size of the tank to be used depends upon the size of the herd, the

location of the farm, and the frequency of the tank-truck pick-up of

the milk, which may be picked up every day or every other day. The

tank purchased and installed may hold either two or four milkings.

The farm milk tank selected should meet the requirements of all reg- ulating agencies of the State in which it will operate.

For the past several years, farm milk tanks have been calibrated by

the field contact men from the dairies and producers' associations.

Their equipment consisted of two 5 -gallon test measures, similar to 46
those used in testing gasoline-dispensing pumps. Some of these measures have bottom drain pipes inserted in the side or bottom, with a

valve to close off the outlet when the measure is being filled. Other

measures are filled from the top and emptied by pouring the contents. Charts are made up from the readings obtained from the indications

shown on the gage rod when inserted into the tank, then withdrawn,

and the height of the liquid noted as indicated on the gage rod. The

charts show the readings in inches and parts of inches, and, in addition, the quantity in pounds.

Gallonage charts, when furnished by the manufacturer, indicate the

volume measured in gallons. Similar charts are also made and compared with the manufacturer's chart by the inspectors from the State

Division of Weights and Measures at the time the tests are made at the farm.

To avoid delays at the farm due to a shortage of water during the

dry season, each inspector is equipped with a 275-gallon tank of water on his truck to supplement or supply in entirety, if necessary, the

water needed in testing the farm milk tank at the farm.

Farm milk tanks are being installed on producers' farms in the

State of Connecticut at the rate of 20 tanks per month or 240 per

year. The producers' association, which has about 2,000 members,

estimates that, through their method of financing and in other ways,

it is expected that for the next five years this schedule of 240 tanks

per year will be continued.

To enable our department to test and seal these tanks annually, in

addition to our other duties, it has been necessary, since 1951, to give

this matter special study. It was necessary that we devise ways and means to accomplish this work with a minimum of time, personnel,

and expense, and still obtain accurate results. At the present time we

have been able to keep up with the new installations and are reducing

the backlog of tanks installed beginning with the year 1950.

We found that weights and measures officials in other States were

either using 5 -gallon test measures similar to those used in testing

gasoline pumps or were witnessing the work done by field men from

the dairies or producers' associations, and then sealing the tanks and

charts. We found also through inspection and study that under this system

it was difficult to repeat the tests and obtain the same results. Differ- ences of from % gallon to 3 gallons in readings were obtained by the same men with the same equipment on the same tank with a time

elapse of from 3 months to 9 months between two tests. It was also noted that, in testing a tank with such equipment, errors could be

introduced in a number of different ways.

At the rate of 100 gallons per hour, this method requires about six

hours to test a 600-gallon tank. This meant one tank per day. Under

this schedule, we could see that it would be impossible to keep up with

the work with our staff and equipment. Thus, it seemed necessary

that a different means of obtaining more accurate results must be

devised.

After several months of experimenting with different methods and

pieces of equipment, it was finally decided that the method of withdrawing the water from the tank eliminated the possibility of several

errors experienced in the method previously described. After a search

47
of the market and some experimenting, a controlled method of withdrawing water accurately in 5- or 10-gallon quantities was perfected.

It was found that, with this equipment and properly trained personnel, results easily could be repeated.

We secured from the Seraphin Test Measure Company of Philadelphia two 10-gallon stainless-steel slicker-plate measures with spill collars located at the top of each measure, one-inch outlet valves, and

adjustable legs for leveling. These measures empty in 45 seconds

plus the standard drainage period. Later we purchased two 5-gallon measures of the same design and material. Through the use of stainless-steel slicker-plate measures, water can be withdrawn through a pump and measured accurately at the rate of 300 gallons per hour.

With this method employed, one man can do the work of two. It has become possible to test two tanks at the same time in different

locations by assigning one man to each job and equipping him with one

10-gallon and one 5-gallon measure, tools, charts, and one pump complete with necessary hose, couplings, and check valves.

The tank is filled with water by the producer in advance of the

inspector's visit, or if there is a shortage of water in the summer

months, water may be supplied by the inspector from a 275-gallon tank

carried on a 1-ton panel truck. An average of two tanks may be tested per day by the use of this method and equipment.

Following is the procedure used in testing a new tank after its installation on the farm and prior to its use by the farmer. The tank

is filled with water, either by the farmer in advance of the inspector's

visit or by the inspector upon arrival at the farm. A reading is taken

at capacity level. Water is pumped into a 5-gallon or 10-gallon stainless-steel slicker-plate measure that has been leveled. The measure

is glassed, the faucet opened, and the water in the measure drained

completely. The gage rod is powdered with Bon Ami and placed in

the tank, with care being taken to seat the rod as prescribed by the

manufacturer. The gage rod is then withdrawn and the wet line drawn across the rod noted and recorded. The faucet outlet valve on

the measure then is closed and the measure again is refilled as before.

This procedure is followed until all of the water has been withdrawn

from the tank. The last gallon or two is withdrawn by gravity into a pail and measured to avoid emptying the hose line, which is to be

kept full at all times.

Upon completion of the test, the gallonage chart furnished by the

manufacturer or the owner is compared with the indications observed

during the test and, if found to be correct, it is sealed. If a variance

occurs and it becomes necessary to furnish another gallonage chart, one is completed, sealed, and delivered to the owner. The dairy or the producers association may use this chart as a basis for producing

a chart reading in pounds.

It has been our experience that flat gage rods with dull finish are more easily read and record more accurately the level of liquid in the

tank. Not all these rods have proper brackets in which they are seated

when immersed in the liquid in the tank. Gage rods with over an inch

sway at the bottom tend to produce erratic readings. Glossy finished

rods are difficult to read and have a tendency to produce creep of the

liquid on the surface and faulty readings.

48
One year later, the same procedure is followed in making a similar

test. If at this time a change in calibration is noted and a new chart

is necessary, an additional inspection is made to locate the cause for

the change. If it is necessary to reposition the tank, another test will

be conducted, and, if indications obtained do not agree with those of

the chart in use, a new gallonage chart is made and furnished to the owner. Our experience in testing farm milk tanks indicates that the

majority of the charts prepared in the field from tests made by the

field contact men of the dairies and producers' associations are in- accurate in excess of the tolerance allowed. Indications have been

found to vary from y2 gallon to 3 gallons at some points on the chart

and invariably our readings are lower.

We believe our lower indications are the result of the absence of

water turbulence, air, or surges in the tank at the time the readingis taken. It is necessary sometimes to wait as long as five minutes

for water movement to subside when using the method of adding

water to the tank prior to reading the indications on the gage rod. Errors also are caused by improper insertion and withdrawal of the

gage rod, the use of improperly designed gage rods and gage rod

brackets, and the creeping of water on the stick due to the application

of a paste to the stick prior to immersion of the stick into the water. The absence of leveling devices on the tank has made it difficult to

install a tank in level and to observe later any change in the position

of the tank. It is suggested that manufacturers of tanks would make

their product more acceptable if they would add some of the following needed features

:

1. Include spirit levels or leveling lugs on the sides and ends of each tank.

2. Provide methods for insertion of sealers' wire seals in the adjustable legs of the tanks.

3. Inscribe reference points on inside of tank which indicate the capacity

filling point of tank. These marks should agree with capacity indications on

gage rod and capacity indications on manufacturer's gallonage chart.

4. Furnish with each tank two copies of gallonage chart recorded in 5-gallon increments.

5. Improve the design and method of holding the gage rod stick to enable

positive insertion repeatedly in same position without lateral movement of the rod.

6. Remove the glossy finish from the gage rod to reduce the possibility of liquid creeping on the rod and for easier reading.

7. Inscribe graduations on stick in a manner that they may be read easily.

8. Do not have the minimum graduations on the gage rod exceed the tolerance allowed for the volume at any reading on the gage rod.

9. Equip all tanks up to 600 gallons with 1%-mch outlet valves.

10. Calibrate all tanks when in level position.

Manufacturers' representatives having difficulty in selling their

product, which in a few instances costs the producer 10 or 12 percent more than the tank of a competitor, have intimated that they must

make a cheaper tank to meet this competition. We are experiencing

at the present time a situation where the same two field men recali- brate a tank and obtain a different set of figures than they obtained one

or two years ago. In many instances they attribute the difference to distortion of the tank occurring through its use over a period of time.

We have been unable to prove this, as we must wait several more

months before recalibrating new tanks completed in 1953. If at this

49
time we find differences which cannot be accounted for in other ways,

the manufacturers of the tank will be asked to produce the answer. We are granting only tentative approval for the use or sale of

farm milk tanks in Connecticut, and it is necessary that tank manufacturers obtain such an approval in advance of sale or use; otherwise

their tanks may be condemned at time of installation. It becomes the responsibility of the weights and measures officials to make sure of the proper construction of farm milk tanks. The tanks

must be sufficiently stable that they will not distort under any conditions of lading. I do not believe we have been as careful as we should

have been in our examination of the rigidity of these tanks.

(On Wednesday afternoon Mr. Greene demonstrated the calibration of farm

milk tanks as described in bis paper.

)

(The Conference was adjourned, to reconvene at 10: 00 a. m., Thursday, May

20,1954.)

(During the afternoon of Wednesday, May 19, informal tours of the laboratories of the National Bureau of Standards were participated in by the delegates. Also during the afternoon an informal symposium on measuring liquefied petro- leum gases was held on the Bureau grounds under the direction of Messrs. Bean, Eisemann, and Weaver of the Bureau staff. Following these discussions, some of the delegates were transported to Rockville, Maryland, where were

demonstrated two methods of testing liquid meters dispensing LPG. A motion

picture, in color and with sound, was shown to a group of the delegates by

Mr. J. Ellis Bowen. This film depicted the various activities of a local weights

and measures official.

)

(On the evening of Wednesday, May 19, an informal party was held at the Sheraton-Park Hotel, the Conference headquarters, for those attending the Conference.

)

Fourth Session-—Morning of Thursday, May 20, 1954

(F. M. Greene, Vice President, Presiding)

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATION, PRESENTED BY

M. A. NELSON, CHAIRMAN

The Committee on Legislation met on the morning of May 17 with

representatives of industry and others interested in legislation. The

following items were discussed.

1. Uniform Weight Certificates for Movement of Household Goods

by the Armed Forces—Representatives of the Department of Defense,

including all branches of the Armed Forces, stated that they had a problem in obtaining proper certified net weights in connection with

the transportation of household goods, etc. Upon their suggestion that a uniform certificate of weight be

established, the truck companies took exception for various reasons, among them that laws in certain States would prohibit licensed weighmen from making out such certified weight certificates. The Committee knew of no such State laws. This committee from the Department of Defense was commended upon their plan to draft a uniform

certificate of weight showing the gross, tare, and net weights, and

were advised by the Committee on Legislation to submit this draft to Mr. W. S. Bussey, Chief of the Office of Weights and Measures, for

his constructive criticism.

It is the recommendation of this Committee that all weights and measures

departments—State and local—cooperate with the Armed Forces in assisting

them to secure proper certified weight certificates. 50
-2. Quantity Statements on Cans and Packages of Tobacco.—A representative of the Internal Revenue Service, Mr. Norman T. Morsell,

stated that the bill which would change the method of taxing tobacco

in the issuing of stamps for that purpose has passed the House of

Representatives and is now in the Finance Committee of the Senate. This bill, if enacted, would not be effective before January 1, 1955. The bill would provide for the Secretary of the Treasury to promulgate regulations governing the statement of net contents on packages

of tobacco.

It is the recommendation of this Committee (a) that no action be taken at

this time relative to the labeling of package tobacco and (b) that recommendations to the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax Division be made that regulations be promulgated to require a statement of the net quantity.

3. Amendment to the Model Law to Cover Special Labeling on Random-Size Packages.—

The Committee recommends that no amendment to the Model Law to cover

special labeling on random size packages be approved. This recommendation is made because the Committee does not feel that it is practical at this time. However, after the formal meeting of the Committee, the following

suggestion has been submitted. It is being presented to the Conference for their further study, without any Committee recommendation.

That the Model Law be amended as follows

:

Sec. 19a. Same : Declarations on Random Packages.—That in addition to the

declarations required by Section 19 of this act, any commodity in package form,

the package being one of a lot containing random weights, measures, or counts

of the same commodity and bearing the total selling price of the package, shall bear on the outside of the package a plain and conspicuous declaration of the

price per unit of weight, measure, or count.

4. Proposed State Law on Liquefied Petroleum Gas as Adopted by

the Council of State Governments.—The Committee does not feel that the proposed State law on liquefied petroleum gas as adopted by

the Council of State Governments would infringe upon the rights

and duties of weights and measures officials to check liquefied petroleum gas meters. Meter manufacturers now seal new meters leaving

their plants. A similar situation should exist with the manufacturers

of liquefied petroleum gas meters. The Committee does, however, feel that any effort to legalize the

seals used by manufacturers should be resisted. The Committee recommends that seals of approval should be applied only

by an authorized weights and measures official after a competent test has in- dicated that the device is accurate.

5. Standardization of Prepackaged Commodities.—Relative to the

standardization of prepackaged commodities, the Committee feels that such standardization is desirable, but that the standardization

program can best be worked out with the individual industries con- cerned rather than attempting an over-all standardization program.

2s o recommendations are being made at this time on the standardization of packages for prepackaged commodities.

(The Report of the Committee on Legislation was adopted by the Conference.)

51
LPG METER TESTING IN MIAMI, FLORIDA

By H. E. Howard, Supervisor, Division of Weights and Measures,

Miami, Florida

The problem of testing equipment and procedures for liquidmeasuring devices dispensing liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) has

been before the National Conference many times and as early as the

30th Conference in 1940. In Miami, Florida, we first started studying

this problem seriously after the 35th National Conference in 1950,

when we heard Mr. J. E. Brenton discuss the situation in California.

Up until that time, we in Miami, Florida, had been studying and

experimenting and had concluded that, in any gravimetric method of

meter testing, the two primary factors are specific gravity and temperature. We decided to effectuate the following testing procedure

:

(1) determine the temperature of LPG being delivered through the

meter under test, (2) obtain the specific gravity of the liquid from the

bills of lading on tank car shipments, and (3) apply correction factors

Lo determine what the LPG should weigh and compare with the actual

weight of the meter determination.

We learned that the laboratory analyses listed by shippers were

fairly accurate. About that time we decided to look into the feasibility of testing

LPG meters at public service stations. It then became necessary to develop portable equipment and to arrive at an understandable defini- tion of "specific gravity." First we decided that the specific gravity

of a given liquid may be said to be the ratio of a given volume of that

liquid to a like volume of distilled water at some standard temperature. This definition introduced the need for accurate determinations

of three things, (1) volume, (2) weight, and (3) temperature.

For our volume standard we designed and had constructed a "specific-gravity standard" which is a container with a capacity of one

gallon, calibrated to an accuracy of 0.2 per cent or two drams of

volume. It is equipped with a "multivalve" which includes (1) a back

pressure intake valve, (2) a safety valve (215 pounds), (3) a bleeder

valve, and (4) an outlet shutoff valve. Accurate temperature determinations are made available through the use of an immersion-type

thermometer set in the specific-gravity standard.

For accurate weight determinations we procured a bench-type beam

scale, 300-pound capacity with a 3-pound fractional beam with

14-ounce graduations, and a counter-type beam scale, 22-pound capacity with a fractional beam with 14-ounce graduations.

It also was necessary to design report forms and conversion charts. Thus we had a 1-gallon standard measure which we could use to

isolate 1 gallon of LPG and to make possible accurate temperature

determinations. Then, by applying the temperature correction factor, the weight of 1 gallon of LPG could be adjusted to 60° F. Based on our definition of specific gravity, we could divide this corrected

weight by 8.32823 (the weight of 1 gallon of distilled water at 60° F. and in air) and arrive at the specific gravity of the LPG passing

through the meter. Using our special equipment and an empty tank or cylinder (readily

obtainable at LPG warehouses and storage plants), we are able to conduct a 20-gallon test on a LPG liquid meter as follows

:

52
1. Connect inlet of one gallon standard to outlet of meter under test.

2. Connect outlet of one-gallon standard to inlet of empty cylinder.

3. To fill the one-gallon standard and purge cylinder of air, pump about two

gallons of LPG through the system.

4. Disconnect and weigh cylinder to establish tare weight.

5. Reconnect system as before and pump desired gallonage through the meter

under test.

6. Disconnect and weigh cylinder to establish gross weight.

7. Disconnect and weigh one-gallon standard and record weight and indicated temperature.

8. Consult conversion tables for corrected weight per gallon.

9. Compute weight of meter delivery by multiplying meter reading by corrected weight per gallon.

10. Determine difference between result obtained in step 9 and net weight of

liquid in cylinderThis is the meter error expressed in terms of weight.

The foregoing procedure can be followed either at a bulk plant or

in retail service stations. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON TRADING BY WEIGHT, PRESENTED

BY J. F. TRUE, CHAIRMAN

The Committee on Trading by "Weight has encouraged all State

agencies to promote trading by weight rather than by the bushel.

This is an old question. "We find that it was considered by the

Chicago Board of Trade as far back as 1867. We are encouraged

that the movement is gaining ground. In most jurisdictions there are many legal weights per bushel of various grains and seeds; yet

practically all of these commodities are sold by weight and a good deal

of it is even advertised by weight with no mention of the bushel.

The Southern Weights and Measures Association is proposing a revised constitution and by-laws that provide for a Committee on Trading by Weight. We hope that positive action will be taken at the next meeting of the association. It is hoped that all of the State and regional weights and measures

associations or sealers' associations will consider the problem of trading by weight rather than by the bushel.

We recommend that all States review their State laws and see if

it would be possible to remove the legal weights per bushel for a number of items which are now sold by weight. This might be an en- tering wedge to remove bushel weights from all commodities.

It has been called to our attention, as well as to the attention of

the Committee on Methods of Sale of Commodities, that small seeds

are often sold by measure, using a graduated flask in connection with

a chart, to determine avoirdupois weight by dry measure. This may

fall in the category of the Committee on Methods of Sale of Commodities rather than in the category of this Committee, but we do

want to call it to the attention of the Conference because we feel that

it is entirely wrong and should be outlawed by all jurisdictions.

(The report of the Committee on Trading by Weight was adopted by the Conference.

)

H. R. 8357—TO AMEND U. S. STANDARD CONTAINER ACT OF 1928

(See also pages 60, 89, and 91)

Mr. Blickley : I have read in the newspapers of a proposed amendment to the U. S. Standard Container Act of 1928. This amendment

53
would include as a standard container the %-bushel hamper and

round stave basket. I would recommend that this Conference go on

record as condemning such action. I believe the best method would

be for the Conference Resolutions Committee to bring forth a resolution in opposition to the enactment of this amendment. A copy of

the resolution should be sent to the Speaker of the House, the President pro tern of the Senate, and the President of the United States. (At this point a motion was introduced by Mr. Crawford and seconded by Mr.

Blickley to the effect that the Conference go on record as opposed to the passage by the Congress of House Bill H. R. 8357.) Mr. Greene : Mr. Bussey has made the suggestion that this matter

be referred to the Conference Resolutions Committee, where it can

be studied and a resolution, if appropriate, be drawn up and presented

for Conference action.

(The original motion was withdrawn by the maker and the seconder, and a motion was introduced by Mr. Crawford, seconded by Mr. Blickley, and adopted

by the Conference to the effect that the matter of the proposed amendment to the U. S. Standard Container Act of 1928 be referred to the Conference Resolutions Committee.)

Chairman Greene: It would be my recommendation that each

member of this Conference make effort to contact the office of his

Senator and to voice opposition to this amendment.

Mr. Bttssey : I know that this body wants to be deliberate in its actions and to be sure before any official action is taken as to recom- mendations to the Congress. I would commend the Conference on

its objective viewpoint as demonstrated in this discussion. I might

suggest that the Chairman of the Resolutions Committee contact and

have discussions with representatives of the U. S. Department of

Agriculture and others who might have interests in the matter. We

shall be pleased to be of assistance.

Mr. Whittington: Could Mr. Bussey advise us as to whether or not contact was made with the National Bureau of Standards by the

Congress prior to action on this amendment ? Mr. Bussey : I do not recall any direct contact with the Congress

concerning this matter. The Department of Commerce requested the

Director, National Bureau of Standards, for his opinion on the amendment. At that time we discussed the matter with officials of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. We learned that the Department of

Agriculture was not sponsoring the amendment, neither were they

opposing it.PROGRESS REPORT ON LPG METER TESTING

By L. L. Kennedy, Chairman, Weights and Measures Committee, American

Petroleum Institute, Elizabeth, New Jersey. This is the second time I have had the honor of addressing the National Conference on Weights and Measures. I have derived great

pleasure from attending these conferences for a long number of years. I have seen the problems with which you have been faced grow in

magnitude and complexity. I have seen you collectively and individually cope with such problems and successfully overcome them to the satisfaction of all concerned.

54
The last paper I presented here covered the same general topic I want to discuss with you further today. Before I get into that I would like to take a little time to brief you on the function of the

American Petroleum Institute and explain the part the A. P. I. Committee on Weights and Measures plays in direct connection with

the several sealers, city, county, and State and the National Bureau

of Standards.

The American Petroleum Institute, incorporated in the District of

Columbia, is an association of some seven or eight thousand oilmen.

It is the oilman's forum, information bureau, technical clearing house,

and national trade association.

The objects of the Institute as stated in its charter are (1) to afford a means of cooperation with the government in all matters of national

concern, (2) to foster foreign and domestic trade in American petroleum products, (3) to promote, in general, the interest of the petroleum industry in all its branches, and (4) to promote the mutual

improvements of its members in the study of the arts and sciences

connected with the petroleum industry.

There are four main divisions of the Institute, namely, Production,

Refining, Marketing, and Transportation.

Who does the work of the American Petroleum Institute? The

major part of the Institute's work is done by volunteer oilmen through

its hundreds of working committees and subcommittees, whose membership, incidentally, totals several thousands. In general, the Insti- tute assigns to a working or functional committee no activity unless

it has previously been proposed and urged by a group of oilmen who

are interested in the problem or the subject matter, and unless substantial sentiment for the activity has developed within the industry.

If, for instance, a project is approved, a committee of experts from

the oil industry is set up. Once the committee is set up and subcommittees have been appointed, they remain in existence until there is no longer any need for them, then they are disbanded. However,

members of any committee must annually be elected and appointed

so as to avoid continuance of inactive groups.

I do not have time to outline the scope of all the activities of the

Institute. However, broadly speaking, it enters into the field of

standardization, design, care, and correct practices in use of equipment, engineering, and technology ; fundamental research, safety, and

fire protection; protection of petroleum facilities; waste disposal;

testing methods and specifications; measuring; sampling; etc. Now, as I said, committees are formed only when there has previously been substantial sentiment for the activity. This particular

situation occurred when, as all of you will recall, the Southern

Weights and Measures Association made a formal proposal to the

National Conference through the Committee on Specifications and

Tolerances that the tolerance on retail gasoline pumps be reduced.

A temporary A. P. I. Committee was hurriedly formed to work with

the National Conference in studying this proposal. Since then our Weights and Measures Committee has been set up on a permanent

basis. So that you might know the extent of this committee, its scope, and the area that it covers, I would like to take time here to name the

members of the committee and the companies that they represent.

55
They are not, I might say, in the clerical bracket of their companies.

They are men who can make decisions in committee meetings and their

companies will stand by these decisions. The committee includes

M. M. Beckes, Socony-Vacuum ; K. W. Birkin, Sinclair; Harold

Cooper, Union Oil Company, California; R. G. Emmett, Pure Oil;

W. T. Brown, Shell Oil; Carl Helston, City Service; R. W. Hird;

Continental; William Keen, Atlantic Refining; Bill McCoy, Gulf;

H. A. McKim, Standard Oil Company, California; Maurice Parker,

Central-West Oil Corporation ; R. H. Tolson, Texas Company ; H. F.

Utzerath, Standard Oil Company, Indiana, and F. J. Heller, Phillips

Petroleum Company, Bartlesville, Oklahoma. You can see that the

committee is representative of the oil industry in the United States. As far as the scope of the committee is concerned, we are now

charged with the responsibility for development and liaison between

the oil industry and weights and measures officials. We naturally,

as a committee, cannot undertake to handle individual problems.

Such problems should be handled at the local level. We believe the oil industry is now more aware of the value of closer contact with the local

sealers. If a local problem develops into one of great magnitude, we

would appreciate advice to that effect. By this method both the

sealers and industry can preclude the possibility of undesirable legislation being placed in the State or other statutes. In the short time of the committee's existence, we believe we have

solved amicably and to mutual satisfaction some problems which had

been of long standing between your Conference and our committee.

I am sure we can go forward along that same line. Now we come to the question which has been a real tough one—the

proving of LPG liquid-metering systems. Your Specifications and

Tolerances Committee and our A. P. I. Weights and Measures Committee, have been working diligently on the problem for over a year. It is extremely difficult for an industry with as many different companies as the petroleum industry to coordinate a problem of the

magnitude of the one we were faced with. A tremendous amount of

effort on the part of a great number of people is involved. Many

groups and subgroups must be set up and put into action, and many

meetings held. Correspondence on the matter in my file alone is quite voluminous. Suffice it to say without going into any detail of

the workings of all involved, we, the representatives of the American

Petroleum Institute, are happy to report that just yesterday at Denver,

the Institute's Division of Marketing voted that it is both proper and

necessary for the A. P. I. to participate in sponsoring a research project

to develop inexpensive, simple, and accurate methods for testing LPG

metering systems. The Liquefied Petroleum Gas Association and the

meter manufacturers probably will be invited to participate. And,

of course, the proper representatives of this Conference will be consulted so that we may have the benefit of their knowledge and ex- perience in the conduct of this research project.

When this Conference meets again next May, it is my hope that

you will have a report from the petroleum industry that the research

project is well under way and that substantial progress1 has been made

in the direction of a solution to this perplexing problem.

56
SPECIAL TEST FOR VEHICLE TANK METERS

By J. A. Parron, Assistant Sealer of Weights and Measures, Norfolk, Virginia.

(Presented by 0. T. Almarode, State Inspector, State of Virginia.)

National Bureau of Standards Handbook 44, Specifications, Tol-

, erances, and Regulations for Commercial Weighing, and Measuring

Devices, in N. 2.1. of the code for vehicle tanks equipped with meters,

requires, among other things, that " 'Special' tests, to develop the

operating characteristics of a meter and the operating elements as- sociated therewith, shall be made as circumstances require . . ." During the past six months, O. T. Almarode, State Weights and

Measures Inspector, and I have been conducting an extensive survey

in Norfolk, Virginia, on meters installed on vehicle tanks equipped

with manifolds. During these tests we used a 100-gallon portable

prover. This survey has been especially directed to the "special" tests. Based on NBS Handbooks 44 and 45, we have conducted three types

of "special" tests during the testing of some 184 vehicle-tank meters.

1. Slow Test.—Meter discharge rate controlled at the hose nozzle

to 15 gallons per minute for a meter smaller than two inches in rated

size, and to 20% of the marked maximum rate for a meter two inches

and over in rated size. Meters marked with a lower minimum rate are so tested.

2. Air Eliminator Test.—This test was begun with the supply line

coming from a compartment containing approximately 50 gallons of

liquid. After the compartment had been pumped dry and the meter

had ceased to operate, the empty compartment line was closed, the line

to a full compartment was opened simultaneously, and the test run

continued.

3. Valve Tests.—(a) After the system was completely full, about

10 gallons of product were delivered into the prover from a full compartment. The valve leading from the full compartment was

closed and a line from an empty compartment opened fully. This

would shut off the supply of liquid and admit a full supply of air to the meter. At this point, the valve in the line to the full compartment

was opened slightly and the empty compartment valve was left fully

open.

This procedure introduced, by comparison, more air than product,

caused wide emulsification, and deprived the meter of its normal

supply of liquid. The flow through the meter obviously was reduced.

The meter was allowed to operate in this manner until approximately 75 gallons, or in some cases the full 100 gallons, were indicated.

(b) Another special valve test conducted during the survey started

with a compartment containing approximately 50 gallons of product.

The contents of this compartment were pumped through the meter

and into the prover—until the supply was exhausted. The valve in

the line to the empty compartment was left wide open while the valve

to a full compartment was opened fully to supply product to complete

the 100-gallon test run. Of the 40 meters given these special valve tests, not one was found

to perform within the special test tolerance, and errors ranged up to 20 gallons overregistration on a 100-gallon test. Although the results of these special tests were quite surprising

to us, we learned later that meter manufacturers have been aware of

the situation for a long time. In some instances the meter sales 307426—54 5 57
literature has recommended the installation of selector-type valves

in manifold systems.

Mr. McBride : Speaking particularly in relation to the selector-type

valves, we first looked into the problem back in the 1930's. On a

vehicle tank the several compartments lead into a manifold, thence

into a common line and through the meter. At that time delivery

of fuel oil through a meter for retail sales was a problem new to the

industry and to weights and measures officials. We conducted a number of experiments similar to the crack-valve test described in the

preceding paper. It was our experience that widely different volumes

resulted. Our final solution was a requirement that a selector control

be installed, either a series of valves or a three-way plug-type valve.

The effect of that type installation was that the liquid could be drawn

only from one compartment at a time, because the valve could be

opened from only one compartment at a time. With this installation

you eliminate the possibility of having more than one compartment

open and leading to the meter at the same time.

Chairman Greene : In Connecticut we have run a number of tests similar to those described by Mr. Parron. These tests have been made

both on pump-operated meters and on gravity meters. Our experience

has been that large errors will be found, especially on gravity in- stallations, when tests of this nature are performed.

Mr. Thompson (Virginia) : I would like to know how many States do require selector-type valves on these manifold hookups.

(The Chairman requested a show of hands.)

Chairman Greene : The show of hands has indicated that selector- type valves are required in the States of California, Massachusetts,

New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.

Mr. Smith (New Jersey) : I believe the tests described by MrParron are proper. Meters that will not perform within the allowable tolerances when tested in this manner should be rejected.

Mr. Wehmann: I think many of you will agree that this is not

specifically a problem of meter inaccuracy. It is a problem of the

complete installation.

REPORT OF SPECIAL FLOUR COMMITTEE, PRESENTED BY

J. P. McBRIDE, CHAIRMAN

At the 38th National Conference on Weights and Measures, a paper was presented by Mr. Herman Fakler of the Millers' National Federation entitled "Flour Weights." This paper went into some detail on the whole problem of flour weights and contained four specific

recommendations looking toward uniform practice in the 48 States and requested that the Conference appoint a special committee to consider these proposals and make a report thereon at the 39th National

Conference. The recommendations made were as follows

:

1. Concentrate check-weighing of flour at primary points of distribution where large quantities of flour are available. Mill, wholesale, and chain

warehouses, and other jobbing outlets are examples.

2. Follow the Federal regulations and procedures, and make allowance

for reasonable weight variations.

3. Arrange to obtain accurate moisture analyses of representative samples

of any questioned flour stocks.

4. Promptly notify the mill involved when the weight of its flour stocks

is questioned.

58
The Conference response was a vote to have the President of the

Conference designate a committee made up of three weights and measures officials, one of whom to be chairman of the committee, three

representatives of the milling industry to be selected by the Millers'

National Federation, a representative of the Federal Food and Drug

Administration, and Chief of the Office of Weights and Measures, National Bureau of Standards, the latter two designated as consultants

to this committee, to report back with specific recommendations to the

39th National Conference. This committee was organized and immediately commenced its work by interchange of correspondence and

sent out a circular letter to weights and measures officials throughout

the country, soliciting information and comments on this problem.

The same request was incorporated in news letters of weights and

measures associations. As a result of this request, varying opinions were received from the weights and measures officials, ranging from

no allowance for moisture loss, overage in packaging in anticipation

of moisture loss and for compensation thereof, cognizance being taken

of moisture loss by marking on the containers moisture content at the

time of packing, and fixation of maximum moisture content. The Committee held a meeting on February 25, 1954, which included

a visit to one of the principal flour mills and observations were made

in relation to the method of original weighing, spot-check weighing,

and packaging, as well as to moisture-content determinations. The

various submitted suggestions, recommendations, and test runs which

included moisture-test determinations, some of which showed errors were due to causes other than moisture loss, were considered. The

most provocative feature of this commodity, however, is the so-called

moisture variation due to the hygroscopic nature of flour. Over the

years, adequate study has been made on this phase and data in relation

thereto has been presented to several Conferences. The Committee

felt that it had no specific function in relation to this phase, as this is an already-established fact, and our efforts in this direction would be

repetitious and serve no purpose. Your Committee therefore took as

its basis of operation, consideration of the four procedural recom- mendations hereinbefore referred to. A further request was sent out to the weights and measures officials for supporting data in the form of tests, including moisture-content

runs, and response to this was very good in volume of material from

the States participating. This work represented thousands of re- weighings of all sizes of flour packages in the individual States. For

this cooperative work on behalf of those interested States, your Committee is deeply appreciative. However, less than half the questionnaires sent out were returned, and your Committee feels that the cross section represented by the replies was not truly representative of the

entire country. Additional phases of the subject were also introduced

in this subsequent survey, all of which leads your Committee to the

conclusion that, in all equity, further study of the problem must be

made. To this end, we have enlisted the support of the Statistical

Engineering Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards, which

agency has cooperated with the Conference on previous occasions,

and it is respectfully requested that this Committee be continued

for another year to afford opportunity for further exploration of the

problem. We do, however, point out that this Conference adopted

59
at its 38th meeting, on recommendation of your Legislative Committee, a Model State Regulation governing commodities in package form,

the pertinent parts of which, in relation to this question, are as follows

:

Variations from the stated weight or measure shall be permitted when

caused by ordinary and customary exposure, after the commodity is sold and delivered by the manufacturer, packer, or distributor, to conditions which normally occur in good distribution practice and which unavoidably

result in change of weight or measure. This factor should, therefore, receive consideration in your reweighings of flour during the interim period pending the final report of your

Committee.

(A motion was made, seconded, and adopted to the effect that the Special Flour Committee be continued for 1 year.

)

REMARKS OF C. D. BAUCOM, NORTH CAROLINA

Mr. Chairman, I have a matter that I would like to bring to your

attention. This matter has to do with graduating the indicating

elements of scales in tenth pounds. It is a fact that we now are dividing the gallon into tenths on computing gasoline pumps. I believe

that soon we likewise will be dividing pounds into tenths. Such

division is simple of application, it also reduces the machinery re- quired in the manufacture of a computing or printing mechanism. I recommend that we prepare our laws and regulations so that they

will not be stumbling blocks when manufacturers of scales have

developed the mechanisms to indicate in tenth pounds and submultiples of tenth pounds. Therefore, I have prepared a rough draft

resolution which I will refer to the Conference Resolutions Committee.

Some of you have had the privilege of inspecting some of the new

ticket printing computing scales. They require a manual transfer

of figures from the indicating element of the scale to a keyboard

similar to those on typewriters or comptometers, and, in that transfer,

there is always the possibility of the human error. I believe it will

be possible to manufacture completely automatic, ticket-printing computing scales through the use of tenth pounds.

(The Conference was recessed until 2 p. m.)

Fifth Session—Afternoon of Thursday, May 20, 1954

(J. A. Boyle, Vice President, Presiding) H. R. 8357—TO AMEND U. S. STANDARD CONTAINER ACT OF 1928

(See also pages 53, 89, and 91) Chairman Boyle : In compliance with the action of this Conference,

through its Committee on Eesolutions, W. A. Kerlin of Alameda

County, California and H. C. Hulshoff of Niagara County, New York

have left the meeting in order to appear before the Committee of the

Senate that is considering the Bill to add the three-eighths-bushel

hampers and round-stave baskets to the Standard Container Act,

60
REPORT OF THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE COMMITTEE ON NOMINATIONS, PRESENTED BY J. T. KENNEDY, CHAIRMAN, AND ELECTION

OF OFFICERS

The Nominating Committee presented the following motion which was adopted by the Conference: "That there be created under the

heading of 'Officers' a Chaplain of the National Conference on Weights

and Measures and that such Chaplain be nominated and elected in the same manner as other officers." The Committee submitted the following nominations for office in the

National Conference to serve during the ensuing year, or until such

time as their successors are elected. OFFICERS For President: A. V. Astin, Director, National Bureau of Standards. For Vice Presidents: W. L. Daniels, of Seattle, Washington; G. L. Johnson,

of Kentucky ; J. Roy Jones, of South Carolina ; C. A. Lyon, of New Hampshire ; A. O. Oslund, of Union City, New Jersey ; J. W. Reese, of Iowa. For Secretary: W. S. Btjssey, National Bureau of Standards. For Treasurer: G. F. Austin, Jr., of Detroit, Michigan. For Chaplain: R. W. Searles, of Medina County, Ohio. For members of the Executive Committee: C. D. Baucom, of North Carolina;

T. C. Beck, of Oklahoma ; J. M. Dietz, of Union County, New Jersey ; M. M.

Emerick, of Illinois ; E. R. Fisher, of Rhode Island ; J. T. Harper, of Terre Haute, Indiana ; H. C. Hulshoff, of Niagara County, New York ; Elvin Lee- man, of Wyoming; W. F. Masinda, of Tolland County, Connecticut; A. J. Mayer, of Louisiana ; C. C. Mundy, of Richmond, Virginia ; M. O. Nickon, of Dearborn, Michigan ; W. E. G. Rhein, of Cincinnati, Ohio ; W. B. Steele, of Oregon ; A. M. Thomas, of Montgomery County, Maryland.

(Signed) J. T. Kennedy, Chairman,

J. A. Bernard,

V. D. Campbell,

H. E. Crawford,

J. P. Leonard,

I. M. Levy,

J. F. True,

Committee on Nominations.

(The report of the Committee on Nominations was adopted and the officers were

elected unanimously.)

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON METHODS OF SALE OF COMMODITIES, PRESENTED BY J. E. BRENTON, ACTING CHAIRMAN (J. G. ROGERS, CHAIRMAN)

Your Committee on Methods of Sale of Commodities submits its report to this Conference. As has been stated before in our reports,

uniform laws, uniform interpretation, and uniform inspection procedures are not only desirable, but they are essential in our weights

and measures work. This can only be accomplished through the cooperation of industry as may be concerned, the public, and weights and

measures officials. The cooperation of industry, and the understanding and realization on the part of the public, concerning the important part weights and measures occupy in everyday life has been

very good and is increasing each year. The following items are presented for your consideration and such

action as the Conference may deem appropriate.

1. Liquid Fertilizer.—A liquid fertilizer that does not have at 80° Fa pres- sure exceeding one atmosphere pressure may be sold by either weight or volume. 61
2. Seeds.—Shall be sold by net weight, and when in package form with contents exceeding % avoirdupois ounce, the net quantity shall be declared on the container together with the identification of the producer or packer.

Mr. Lyon : Would there be any possibility that some seeds might

better be sold by count ? Mr. Brenton : It is our specific recommendation that seeds be sold

by net weight.

Mr. R. E. Meek : There is a very serious danger in selling seeds by

the count. I do not think that we would object to a dozen or so seeds

being sold by count, but there always is a possibility that some one might want to sell several hundred or several thousand. I certainly

do not believe it is reasonable to expect weights and measures officials to count that number of seeds. Mr. Bussey : It is the recommendation of the Committee that seeds

in package form be sold by weight. This would not prohibit a supplemental statement giving the number of seeds in the individual package ; however, if the package contains % ounce or more, the net weight

must be declared thereon. Packages containing less than *4 ounce would come in the same category as certain small packages of other

commodities and the quantity statement would not be required. If

the statement of quantity appeared on a package containing less than

% ounce of seeds, the labeling laws would require that such statement

be accurate.

3. Sale of Seed, Using a Graduated Flask.—It is the opinion of the Committee

that, due to the variable weight and character of seed, the use of a graduated

flask or other capacity measure for the purpose of determining the weight of seed is most certainly not consistent with good weights and measures principle

and should not be condoned as a commercial practice.

4. Sale of Meat by the Piece.—It is the Committee's unanimous opinion that meat should be sold by net weight, meaning the actual weight at the time of transfer of custody, and frowns upon any statement to the contrary.

Mr. R. W. Searles: I would like to have this Conference go on

record regarding a statement found on most invoices from meat

packers. This statement stipulates that certain meats shall be sold by

gross weight. I am sure we all agree that we cannot permit a retail meat dealer to wrap meat and then weigh and price the wrapped item.

Why then should we permit the meat packers to sell to the retail dis- tributor by gross weight? The meat packers have stated that this

printed statement appearing on the invoice constitutes a contract; however, some courts have held that private contracts cannot be made

contrary to existing law. Other courts have ruled otherwise.

Mr. Greene : It has been the interpretation of the Attorney General

of Connecticut that no private contract can circumvent any law in the

State. Mr. McBride : It would be my recommendation that this matter be

referred by Mr. Searles to the Conference Resolutions Committee.

5. Gear Lubricants.—When sold on the retail level and delivered directly to the transmission or differential of an automotive vehicle, shall be sold by

volume, the quantity to be determined by a mechanically operated device approved, inspected, and sealed by a weights and measures official. When sold in package form, the gear lubricant may be sold either by volume

or by weight, providing, however, that the container shall bear thereon a clear, legible statement identifying the net quantity as contained therein. 62
6. Cedar Closet Lining in Package Form.—It is the recommendation of the Committee that the statement of quantity should identify the actual area of coverage of the cedar closet lining as may be contained in individual containers.

7. Hickory Wood Chips.—It is the recommendation of the Committee that hickory wood chips shall be sold on the basis of net weight.

8. Peat Moss.—It is the recommendation of the Committee that peat moss

shall be sold on a basis of cubical content and containers shall be marked in terms of cubic feet or cubic inches. There shall be an allowable tolerance in excess or deficiency not to exceed 3% of the stated package volume. Packages

of peat moss shall be marked with the name and address of the producer or packer. It is also our recommendation that packages containing in excess of

y±o of a cubic foot of peat moss shall be packed with a compression ratio of not

less than 2 to 1. Mr. Blickley : It would be my recommendation that the Committee

report on this item be amended by adding at the end thereof the

following sentence: "It is our recommendation that, when the contents of a package is less than one cubic foot, the statement of quantity

shall be in terms of cubic inches." I so move.

(This motion was accepted by the Acting Chairman of the Committee, was seconded, and was adopted by the Conference.)

Mr. J. T. Kennedy: I am interested in learning the process for

determining the 2 to 1 compression ratio as stated in this recommendation of the Committee.

Mr. Brenton : The compression ratio is suggested by the Committee

because peat moss can be "fluffed up" and statements of volume made

meaningless.

9. Acetylene Gas in Cylinders.—It is the recommendation of this Committee

that acetylene gas shall be sold by net weight or by cubic foot. However, there

snail be attached to the cylinder a tag on which there shall be placed the weight

of the cylinder before charging and the weight of the cylinder after charging,

and the number of cubic feet per pound.

10. The Fractional Terms of Ounces.—When used in connection with the quantity determination on commodities in package form, shall be in elements of the ounce divisible by the number two (2) or a power of the number 2. Note.—The purpose of this recommendation is to prohibit the use of odd

fractions such as, for example, the % of an ounce.

11. Preheated Fuel Oils.—Following the specification recommendation as sub- mitted in the report as presented during the 38th National Conference on

Weights and Measures, it is the Committee's recommendation that preheated

fuel oils shall be sold by net weight or by volumetric measurement based on

the U. S. standard gallon of 231 cubic inches, its multiples and binary submultiples. The measurement shall be corrected to 60° F., utilizing Table 6, as published by the American Society for Testing Materials.

12. Liners in Ice Cream Containers.—The Committee inspected containers

including liners intended for factory-packed ice cream, and it is the opinion

that the use of such liners does not constitute any violation of current weights

and measures laws or regulations.

13. Stationery and Envelopes.—It has been brought to the attention of the Committee that there have been instances in connection with the sale of sta- tionery and envelopes in package form where the numerical count has been de- creased through the removal of a portion of the contents. Notwithstanding the

fact that the package was remarked, such practice is not condoned by this Committee.

14. The Value of Net Weight.—It is the unanimous opinion of the Committee,

and we urge each and every one of you to exercise strict local supervision in maintaining the unquestioned value of net weight in designating the quantity of contents as may be contained in the package or wrapping.

(In its tentative report the Committee requested information and expressions

of opinion on the sale of meat and poultry in plastic wrappings and casings.

)

(The report of the Committee on Methods of Sale of Commodities, as amended, was adopted by the Conference.)

63
FABRIC-MEASURING DEVICES

By F. M. Raymund, Assistant County Sealer of Weights and Measures, Los

Angeles, California The measuregraph for the measurement of the length of material was first introduced to this Conference in 1916. Ever since that time,

it has been in general use in the sale of yard goods in department

stores all over the nation.

Inaccurate measurement of fabrics has been a problem for store owners since the first yardstick was invented, and before. The introduction of many new fabrics has accentuated this problem, and, at

this time, some additional recommendations and thought well may

be given to modifying the measuring device.

The mechanism of the measuregraph, as it now is constituted, consists of a measuring roller several inches long which is connected

through a gear train to the length-indicating elements. An idler

roller is located opposite and is held in contact with the measuring

roller. The fabric to be measured is drawn between the two rollers,

which are held in contact by spring pressure. Spring pressure is set by the manufacturer at 2y2 pounds. The

problem that has confronted us in California has been the satisfactory

measurement of such materials as seersucker, georgette crepe, and the

like. These materials will stretch if tension is applied, and also, with

the 2% pounds pressure on the rollers, the high spots of the material

are ironed out; thus shortages occur as great as 6 to 8 inches on

10 yards of material.

The Measuregraph Company recognizes this deficiency in their machine, but claims that this classification of difficult materials represents only about 5 percent of all yard goods. The remaining 95

percent can, in reality, be classed as solid warp material, and this,

without question, can be measured satisfactorily by mechanical means. The 5 percent, consisting of these difficult fabrics, is what we now

are concerned with.

The critical point of the inconsistencies in measuring these materials

is the pressure of the rollers of 2% pounds on the fabric. The Measuregraph Company states that this high pressure on the rollers is not

necessarily maintained because it is needed on the fabrics, but that the

testing tape used by most of the sealers, though accurately calibrated,

is more similar to a piece of thin linoleum than to the average piece of

fabric material. This hard glossy tape would slide through without

accurately registering if the pressure of the rollers were reduced below

2% pounds. The 2% pounds on the rollers is maintained, therefore,

not necessarily for the measurement of the fabric, but in order to accommodate the type of tape used ; this amount of pressure otherwise

could be reduced.

To remedy these discrepancies in measuring difficult fabrics, the

following two suggestions are offered

:

1. That a proper test tape of the utility-cloth type be used, thereby

making it possible for the manufacturer to use a lower pressure on the

roller.

2. That Regulation S. 6, in Handbook 44 regarding the limitation

of the use of the measuregraph be strictly complied with and that the

device be clearly marked as to its limitations.

64
Mr. Crawford : My experience has indicated that our testing tape,

used for determining the accuracy of fabric-measuring devices, is very

accurate and very practical if properly used. Of course, it is necessary

that the testing tape be drawn straight through the machine.

Mr. Slough : We have found that, even if a fabric-measuring device

is accurate, it must be used properly. Elastic materials or materials

with glossy surfaces must be handled very carefully or incorrect

measurements will result. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES APPROVAL SEALS

By M. W. Jensen, National Bureau of Standards

The Committee on Weights and Measures Education in its report to the 38th National Conference suggested that the National Bureau of

Standards endeavor to obtain for weights and measures officials in- formation about approval seals. Apparently the three principal

problems with seals encountered by officials are in relation to adhesive

materials, color, and marking. Some seals have been difficult to apply, some have not remained set, some have faded excessively, and

some have surfaces on which it is difficult to mark the date and initials of the inspector.

Since there seemed to be no generally satisfactory specifications

for approval seals, it was decided that the Bureau would conduct an

investigation to see if it could be determined whether there are cur- rently available approval seals that are entirely satisfactory for the

purposes intended, or if manufacturers of textiles, papers, plastics,

and adhesives have better material to offer. Incidental to these questions, the investigation would be designed to determine something re- garding the colors and marking means. Samples were accumulated from weights and measures offices, known

suppliers of seals, and manufacturers of papers and adhesives. The

seals were grouped by material, adhesive, and color, and preparations were made for a test approximating service conditions.

It was necessary to consider the various surfaces to which approval

seals are expected to adhere. Apparently the most common are glass

(gasoline dispenser face covers, computing and dial scale faces, etc.),

porcelain (many small-capacity scales and gasoline dispenser faces),

enamel (gasoline dispenser housings, repainted scales of all kinds),

and plastic materials being used as scale housings. The difference

between the surfaces of glass and porcelain is so slight as to be not

worthy of consideration. Letters to the manufacturers of retail gasoline dispensers resulted

in a gathering of specifications for the paints used on pump housings.

Fortunately these various coatings were fairly representative of good

grade outside enamel, sample panels of which were available in the

NBS Organic Coatings Section. The panels on hand had been ex- posed, and consequently were samples of surfaces such as would be

encountered in retail gasoline dispensers in use. At this point there had been selected for the test three surfaces

(glass, enamel, and plastic) and some 38 different types of seals. The

samples to be tested included such materials as soft, glossy, and var- nished paper, a plastic impregnated paper, several cloths, and a composition coated cloth. Adhesives fell into two general categories

water soluble and pressure sensitive. 65
Two additional items seemed worthy of consideration in the investigation—surface preparation and overcoating material. In order

to give every sample an exactly equal start on the general exposure test, rigid control of the surfaces was imperative. Each surface was

cleansed carefully, first with carbon tetrachloride (a solvent) and

then with a commercial window cleaning liquid that contained alcohol. After having been cleaned, the surfaces were protected from

the atmosphere and from handling. Two of each of the 38 sample

seals were applied as nearly alike as possible to each of the three sur- faces (glass, enamel, plastic) . The method of applying the seals with

water soluble adhesive might be worthy of special mention. A small

pencil type envelope moistener was used, and the surface, rather than

the adhesive, was wetted. Some advantages of this procedure are (1)

the moistener is inexpensive, readily available, and convenient to fill and carry, (2) since the wet sponge end is applied to the surface on which the seal is to be placed, it remains reasonably clean and does

not clog with glue, and (3) rubbing the surface with the wet sponge

tends to further clean the area. In addition to these, this method

offered the advantage in our test of providing like surfaces and methods of application—controlled conditions of test. In order to determine the value of seal overcoating, two of each of

the 38 sample seals had been applied to each of the three surfaces.

A very common and readily available clear overcoating material

obtainable in an aerosol-type dispenser was selected. This is an acrylic

resin and is easily handled. One of each of the samples was over- coated with the clear spray. In this connection, mention should be

made that a few of the seals were found with paper dyes that ran when the seals were overcoated. Also, the inspector should be warned

that some enamels, especially when freshly applied, will be attacked

by the acrylic resin solution. If the overcoating is to be used on an

enamel surface, it will be desirable to test the effect of the spray on

an inconspicuous area. Since in most instances, the seals must be susceptible to marking,

and, since marking materials are themselves subject to fading and

obliteration, eight very common marking means were selected for test. These included graphite pencils of several hardnesses, ballpoint pens, wet ink, wax pencil, and stamp pad ink. Two large samples of plastic

impregnated paper were marked with each of these items, and again one of these samples was sprayed with the clear overcoating.

It is generally agreed that surface preparation has much to do with

the retention qualities of any adhesive; nevertheless, we decided to include a small test on this factor. To several glass panels was applied

generously petroleum oil; to several others was applied animal fat. A pair of each of these specially prepared surfaces was cleaned in

four different ways—(1) dry wipe with cloth, (2) wipe, water wash,

and wipe dry, (3) wipe, window cleaner wash, and wipe dry, and (4)

wipe, petroleum solvent wash, and wipe dry. Twin samples of water

soluble adhesive and pressure sensitive seals were applied to each of

the specially prepared surfaces, and then single samples were sprayed

with the acrylic resin. In a discussion of method of application, it should be noted that

seals with water soluble adhesives require more care in application

and that serrated or sawtooth edges are more difficult to attach firmly

than are smooth edges.

66
With, the samples all applied to the surfaces, the only remaining

part of the test was the actual exposure and periodic observation.

In order to make use of available exposure racks, the panels were

exposed on the top of the Chemistry Building on the grounds of the

National Bureau of Standards. On this facility, the panels were

exposed at 45 degrees from the vertical, facing due south. Admittedly, this is a much more severe exposure than weights and measures

approval seals normally would be subjected to ; thus, it is to be expected

that deterioration of both adhesive and color would be accelerated. It is reasonable to assume that any seals that would serve for the one- year period under these special conditions would be expected to remain

in place and retain both color and print for at least the same length of

time under normal service conditions. Observations of the exposed

seals have been made monthly and detailed records maintained.

In the meantime, the possibility of a very much accelerated indoor

test seemed worth considering. For this, one large glass panel was

prepared to receive twin samples of each of the seals under test. Here again, considerable care was exercised in the preparation of the

surface. To the glass panel we re-applied two each of the 38 selected

samples. One of each of them then was covered with the sprayed

acrylic overcoating.

It is extremely difficult to simulate outdoor exposure during an

indoor accelerated test, and in this test the value is limited by the

extent to which the results are verified by the outdoor test. A test was

designed wherein the samples were subjected alternately to saturated

steam and hot dry air. In a partially closed container, the top of

which was the glass panel, steam was circulated until the surface of

the panel was thoroughly wetted, and then dry heat was introduced

until the glass and samples were dry. This process was continued for

23 working days, during which close inspection of the samples was made twice daily.

The results of this test indicated that the order of retentive qualities

of the various sample seals is as follows, with the samples with best

retention being listed last

:

1. Soft paper, water adhesive, uncoated.

2. Varnished paper, water adhesive, uncoated.

3. Gloss paper, water adhesive, uncoated.

4. Soft paper, water adhesive, coated with acrylic.

5. Cloth, water adhesive, uncoated.

6. Gloss or varnished paper, water adhesive, coated.

7. Cloth, water adhesive, coated.

8. Composition coated cloth, water adhesive, uncoated.

9. Composition coated cloth, water adhesive, coated.

10. Paper or plastic impregnated paper, pressure sensitive, uncoated.

11. Paper or plastic impregnated paper, pressure sensitive, coated.

It should be pointed out that such conditions as ultraviolet rays, driving rain, wind, dirt, low temperature, mopping, and the like could

not be included in this special limited experimental test. While the special test was being designed and conducted, the exposure test was under way. As of the preparation of this report, five monthly observations have been made and patterns are beginning to form. Conclusions offered in this report are tentative only and are

subject to alteration in the later and final report which will be made

after the completion of the twelve monthly observations.

67
It has been learned that, regardless of the material or the adhesive,

proper surface preparation is essential. Nothing available today will

stick and remain set to a dirty or oily surface. In most instances, a wipe, water wash, and wipe procedure will be sufficient to provide a

suitable surface for holding a seal. Also apparent is an order of permanence of the various mediums

of marking. Of those tested, the mark that will stay legible for the

longest period of time is that of a very soft graphite pencil. Second

best is a good quality rubber stamp pad ink. Neither the ballpoint

pens nor the wet inks tested remained legible under outside exposure.

All of the markings under test remained legible for a longer period

when under the acrylic overcoating than when exposed directly to the elements.

Concerning desirable qualities of the various materials and adhesives, it has become apparent that only the pressure sensitive seals will remain on an enamel surface when subjected to the conditions

imposed by the extreme exposure test. In fact, at this point, there

may be sufficient evidence to draw somewhat of a parallel between the

special indoor steam and heat test and the outdoor exposure test. As

yet no data from the outdoor exposures can be drawn to compare the

uncoated with the coated samples. It appears, however, that the

order of life expectancy outdoors probably will be from shortest to longest as follows

:

1. Soft paper with water-soluble adhesive.

2. Gloss or varnished paper with water soluble adhesive.

3. Cloth with water soluble adhesive.

4. Composition coated cloth with water soluble adhesive.

5. Good quality hard finish paper with pressure sensitive adhesive.

6. Plastic impregnated paper with pressure sensitive adhesive.

It is significant that, thus far, there is no indication that the

"special" samples (those prepared as a result of recommendations

from manufacturers of adhesives and papers) are in any way superior

to seals already on the market. Moreover, it is probable that the ex- posure test will indicate that some of the seals now available will

remain adhered to the surfaces and hold their colors for the full year

as required.

From the standpoint of color fastness of paper dyes, it is possible

to refute some oft-heard statements. Of the primary and secondary

colors—that is, red, yellow, blue, orange, green, and purple—there

is none more fugitive or none more fast than any other. In writing

purchase specifications for approval seals, it is advisable to set certain

standards of fastness under outside exposures. Thus, such specifications should include the requirement that both the paper dye and

the printing ink be such as to withstand outside exposure for at least one year. In general, at this point in the investigation, it is possible to recom- mend the use of any of the following materials : ( 1

) Plastic impregnated, high gloss, varnished, or composition coated paper, and cloth,

with or without composition coating; (2) good quality adhesive,

either pressure sensitive or water soluble that, after set, resists moisture; (3) paper or cloth dyes that will withstand outdoor exposure;

and (4) a clear over-coating where severe conditions are anticipated.

Once again it must be emphasized that the very finest material, top

68
quality adhesive, and fast dye all are of no value unless and until the

surface to which the seal is to be applied is properly cleaned. Lack

of adequate surface preparation undoubtedly is the principal cause

of seal loss. The investigation heretofore described did not include decalcomanias, even though they are used as weights and measures approval

seals in many jurisdictions. Decalcomanias will remain in place and

retain color if properly applied to a smooth and clean surface.

This is in the nature of a progress report. It is planned that a

final report of the exposure tests will be made available to the 40th

National Conference on Weights and Measures.

REMARKS OF DR. M. JACOB, DIRECTOR, SERVICE DE LA METROLOGIE,

MINISTERE DES AFFAIRES ECONOMIQUES, BRUXELLES, BELGIUM

I was very glad to be invited to your Conference and it is a great

pleasure for me to be able to attend it. I must first apologize for my

poor English and my very, very bad enunciation. You in the United

States have only one language but we in so small a country as Belgium

have three official ones, French, Dutch and German. We have also

other languages in the Belgian Congo. This is certainly an obstacle

in making the United States of Europe. I hope for a United States

of the World. But the difficult thing is not an impossibility and you

American friends have proven it already many times. The principal

condition is to develop a feeling that all men are brothers.

Weights and measures officials are much more than many others

conscious of this truth. When they speak to sealers or other officials coming from other countries they find that technical differences between local conditions when they really exist, are slight as a whole.

A first step in common work between all people of the world regarding weights and measures has been already made for the fundamental

units and standards and this cooperation has been very useful to all, but this is not enough. In each country the weights and measures

authorities have to study the conditions required to provide for good

weights and scales, correct measures of all kinds, accurate meters, etc. These conditions include the disposal of well organized services and

offices, the inauguration of laws and regulations, the approval of types

and the testing of the devices when they are new and also particularly

when they are in use. These problems are closely connected with the

question of prepackaged goods, in bottles, cans and packages of all kinds.

You find it very useful to gather every year in order to learn from

one another about the solutions that have been given or that are to be

given to all these products. Your solutions are also very interesting

to other countries. I have read your reports for 30 years but I may

perhaps tell you that in other parts of the world some interesting

solutions may also be given to these very problems. The question

of the units, metric or not metric, needs only a slight change in the

selection of scales. In Belgium we use many American gasoline

pumps. There is only a slight difference in the mechanism. The

construction is very similar to yours. Therefore, in order to give a

solution to these same problems not alone in Europe, we have already

decided to sign the convention creating the International Organization on Metrology about which Mr. Crittenden spoke to you during

69
the conference last year. We expect to receive very shortly the ac- ceptance from many other countries and afterward we would have

world conferences on practical weights and measures in the same manner as your national one, with the same freedom of each state or country, and with the same advantages of mutual information for

everyone.

As a matter of fact, this cooperation would also result in a great

uniformity in laws and regulations and practice and it would also be an important advantage for the American manufacturers in weighing

and measuring devices who know they must comply with the different

regulations in the various countries of the world.

REMARKS OF H. E. HOWARD, CITY OF MIAMI, FLORIDA

I would like to discuss briefly a matter concerning the weight of

liquefied petroleum gas. While we were investigating the dispensing

of LPG in Miami, we learned that freight charges for LPG shipped

in tank cars was being based on weight that, in turn, was based on a weight per gallon of the product. In the Miami area we use mostly

propane gas, the weight per gallon of which is 4.247 pounds. We

learned that freight charges were being based on a figure of 4.7 pounds

per gallon, or a difference of 0.45 pound per gallon. This amounts to

10.6 percent. An investigation of the companies in the area as to the

amount of gallonage they received in shipment in one year and the

number of tank cars involved in the shipments indicated a total of approximately 14,000,000 gallons of LPG. At 0.45 pounds per gallon,

this amounts to 6,300,000 pounds of freight charged for but not

shipped.

REMARKS OF DAVID HELLER, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SCALE

MANUFACTURERS

The National Association of Scale Manufacturers has recently embarked upon an educational publicity program about weighing devices, their use, their new applications, and why all scale users and

the general public have real interest in scale accuracy. An important

part of this program is to educate the public to the substantial benefit

received from weights and measures inspection and enforcement.

We are also trying to educate business executives to the fact that

weights and measures inspection represents a real protection for

them—that it protects the vendors from giving away their profits in

inadvertent overweight just as much as it protects the public from

short weight.

Let me give you a couple of concrete examples of how this program

works to the advantage of weights and measures officials. Some

months ago, Mr. Arthur Sanders, Executive Secretary of the National

Association of Scale Manufacturers, spoke in Richmond, Virginia on "Proving the Value of Weights and Measures." As a result of a

press release prepared on this talk a Richmond newspaper carried a

story with a five-column head. The story quoted Mr. Sanders to the

effect that weights and measures inspection does not cost the people

of Richmond a nickel, but, instead, it saves them millions of dollars

every year by prohibiting losses on the things they buy and sell. 70
Let me give you a second example. In a recent press release we sent

to more than 700 newspapers, magazines, and news syndicates, we in- serted the following paragraph :

• By and large, the Nation's weights and measures officials are doing a

superb job, but they face an almost impossible job in protecting the public

from getting less than it pays for and in protecting the merchant from

giving away his product. The Nation would make a great net saving by

making larger appropriations for more weights and measures officials to do the job that must be done. The manufacturers of scales are firmly behind you, the weights and

measures officials of the Nation, in your effort to rid the country of the

inaccurate and worn-out scales, and we are trying to make our support

practical by building a firm foundation of public support for the work

you are doing. Among the articles and press releases we have sent

to thousands of publications, not a single one has neglected to put in a plug for more money and more personnel for you and the people in

your departments.

You can give us a great deal of assistance in our efforts to educate

scale users and the public to the importance of weighing accuracy by

giving us the facts, by telling us about striking case histories or ex- amples of weighing errors which have cost somebody substantial sums

of money, or by telling us about merchants who have lost money be- cause their scale was "slow" and giving away profits until you tested

it and put it right. I am sure that each of you has had in his experi- ence many outstanding examples that illustrate the value of weights

and measures enforcement and of accurate scales. You also can help your own cause by letting the newspapers in your

city know what you are doing, how you are protecting the people

of the city by vigilant and courageous enforcement of the weights

and measures laws. The net result will be the building up of solid

public and legislative opinion regarding the importance of weights

and measures supervision.

(The Conference was adjourned, to reconvene on Friday, May 21, 1954, at

10 a. m.)

Sixth Session—Morning of Friday, May 21, 1954

(G. F. Austin, Jr., Vice President, Presiding)

REPORT OF THE OUTGOING EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, PRESENTED

BY G. F. AUSTIN, JR. The Executive Committee elected by the 38th National Conference on Weights and Measures held an open meeting in this hotel on Monday, May IT. The meeting was called for the purpose of discussing

arrangements for the National Conference. At that time, two major

items were brought up, (1) social activities of the Conference, and

(2) city in which the Conference should be held.

Under item 1, the possibility of scheduling a Conference banquet was raised as a result of a suggestion by Mr. Baucom of North Carolina. After considerable discussion, the Executive Committee decided

to make no firm recommendation on this matter to the incoming ex- ecutive Committee.

71
Under item 2, there was raised the possibility of holding the National Conference in cities other than Washington. On this point,

the Executive Committee decided to recommend that Washington

continue to be the site of National Conferences because the Conference

is sponsored by the National Bureau of Standards and all detail

arrangements are administered by staff members of that organization.

Mr. Haggart: I would like to recommend that definite efforts be

made by all weights and measures officials to increase the amount of

publicity received by the National Conference and by individual

departments.

Mr. Baucom : I suggested that the Conference Committee consider

the possibility of planning a banquet to replace the informal Conference party for the reason that it is my thought that greater publicity would be received if a banquet is held.

Mr. Christie : One of the reasons that the Executive Committee did

not recommend the banquet is that obviously such an event would

increase the cost of the Conference to all those who desire to attend

such an affair. Mr. Crawford: I want to discourage the thought of considering

other locations for future Conferences. It appears to me that both

the success and the growth of the Conference are due largely to the

material assistance received from the National Bureau of Standards.

Such assistance would not be possible in any location other than

Washington.

INVESTIGATION OF AXLE LOAD WEIGHING

By D. R. Tate, National Bureau of Standards

Weights and Measures officials are becoming increasingly familiar

with problems involved in determining axle loads of motor vehicles.

The importance of the task can be appreciated if one considers that an expected development is the extension of the method to the determination of weight for tolls on major toll highways.

We have been asked to make an investigation of these methods for

determining axle loads and gross weights by multiple draft weighing.

Motor trucks have increased in length from the 24 feet or so of a few

decades ago up to 50 feet or more. Since scales having platforms

long enough to weigh such trucks are not commonly available at highway check points, individually measured axle loads must often

be added up to determine the gross weight. The determination of

individual axle loads is, of course, a feature of modern highway traffic regulation.

A typical incident arising from the shortcomings of the multiple

draft method occurs when a truck driver stops at a State weighing

station and is given a ticket because his truck is overweight. He had

had his truck checked, just before starting his trip, on scales which

he had every reason to believe were accurate. Now he finds that he

is 1,500 or 2,000 pounds beyond the limit. He feels that he has been

mistreated and that it is up to the weights and measures officials, to regulate the weighing in such a way that this cannot happen.

One thing basic to any measurement problem is the determination

of the constancy of the quantity being measured. All of us, when we

think of weight, have the feeling that the object being weighed must

72
be very constant and that if any discrepancy occurs between two

weighings, it is usually the scales or the operators which are at fault. When we use the term "axle weight," the listener infers that we are measuring just such a constant and repeatable quantity. The National Bureau of Standards, therefore, made its introductory experiments a study of the constancy of "axle weights."

We conducted our experiments using a scale installation located near Woodbridge in the state of Virginia. R. D. Thompson, Supervisor of Weights and Measures for the Virginia Department of Agriculture, and J. P. Mills, Jr., Traffic and Planning Engineer for the

State Highway Department of Virginia, together with members of

the staff of the American Trucking Associations, Inc., cooperated

in the experiments. The installation consists of three independent

scales, two 24-foot platforms with a 10-foot platform between them.

This installation permitted us to weigh a tractor-trailer combination

in a number of positions such that in each position, although the

axles were on different scales, all axles were weighed simultaneously.

With a truck in a single position we could weigh the front axle, the

driving axle and the trailer axles. We weighed 30 trucks, 23 of them

with tandem axles on trailers and 7 of them with single trailer axles,

in from 16 to 20 different positions depending on the number and spac- ing of the axles. In not every case were we able to weigh all axles simultaneously,

but we found all the results useful in the study.

Variations in axle load measurements can arise from three possible causes : errors in the scales, the scales not operating properly because

of constraints introduced by the truck, or variations in the axle

weights themselves. We eliminated the possibility of errors in the

scales by calibrating them before and after the test. During the cali- bration, the errors did not exceed 20 pounds, the minimum graduation, at any location. We eliminated the possibility of the accuracy

of the scales being affected by the truck by totalling all axle weights

obtained simultaneously to see whether the gross weights so obtained

agreed between different positions. On the average the gross weights

so calculated varied by 50 pounds for each truck. Since this value was within the limits which might arise from the sum of the individual

scale errors, the results indicated reliable performance. The scales were calibrated again at the conclusion of the experiment, the calibrations agreeing very well. The approaches to these scales are fairly level and the scales are provided with concrete platforms. We felt that the fluctuations observed were indicative of those one might expect from trucks running

on a level roadway.

The results of some of our tests are given in the following table.

307426—54 6 73
Observed variation in axle weights of tractor-trailer combinations

Single axle trailers Tandem axle trailers

Value Value

Maximum exceeded TVT Ct "VI TDTi 1 ^ YY\ t/Akj CCLI\D LI value uy o\j /o hvuy 50% o\j /o

Ul 111 LlOlvo of trucks

lb lb lb lb Front axle 280 80 420 110 Drive axle ________ 140 70 670 200

Single rear axle __ _ 90 40 Both tandem rear axles__ 480 250 One tandem rear axle 2, 980 2, 000

These results were obtained from tractor-trailers having a single

front axle, a single drive axle, and either single or tandem rear

axles on the semitrailer. The first and third columns give the maximum variation observed. The second and fourth columns give the

variations shown by more than 50 percent of the axles tested. With tandem axles, the variation was more pronounced. The

fourth and fifth lines show fluctuations of a single member of the

tandem and the shifting between front and rear members of the

tandem pair.

A last item is of interest to those who have sometimes made the

assumption that the load is shared equally between the members of

a tandem ; in one case a difference of 7,350 pounds was observed and

50 percent of the trucks differed by at least 1,200 pounds.

These variations are the kind one must expect whenever and wherever axle loads are weighed. Note that they appeared spontaneously

as the trucks moved slowly across the three scales. They are, therefore, the minimum amount of scatter which one can expect in a

multiple draft weighing. No matter how accurate our scales or how

careful the weighmaster, these variations are bound to appear.

It has been my personal feeling that a term such as "axle weight"

is undesirable because it suggests the weight of an axle as a fixed

and definite quantity, subject to accurate and repeatable measurement.

Weight, defined as the sum of the gravitational forces acting on all the particles of a body, certainly is a fixed and definite quantity, but

this results in repeatability only when the entire body is placed on

the scale platform.

If a body such as a truck is supported partly on the ground and

partly on a scale, the quantity measured by the scale is not a weight

but merely a load reaction. It is that portion of the total weight

which happens to be on that wheel or axle at the moment. The fact

that this value may, under different conditions of topography, vary

anywhere between zero and nearly the total weight of the truck does

not mean that the values read from the scales are inaccurate.

The experiments which we have described above show that when a truck is moved over a fairly smooth and level roadway, axle load

reactions may vary by amounts as great as 500 or 600 pounds. Shifts

among pairs of tandem axles may exceed 2,500 pounds. It follows

74
that adding a number of such values, subject to random variation,

will result in a summation at least equally variable. For this reason we do not consider multiple draft weighing an accurate method for

determining the gross weight unless all axles are weighed simultaneously. It is, however, a necessary and accurate method for determining the instantaneous load reaction of a single axle. Mr. Hansen: In Minnesota we have issued a regulation to the

effect that multiple-draft weighing is not acceptable for determining

the weights of commercial loads. Such a regulation is necessary

because our experience has indicated that inaccuracies are probable

when weights are determined by this method.

(Mr. Baucom demonstrated on the blackboard the effect of brake application

in determining axle loads.) Mr. Keznek: We had one carrier make a study in which he took

a sealed tank truck and had it weighed on 65 certified scales, successively, over a three-day period. The results of these weighings varied on the front axle 1,230 pounds, on the drive axle 2,339 pounds, and

on the tandem axles 1,280 pounds. On twelve of the 65 scales, a violation of the weight regulations was indicated. This is a very real

problem to all truckers, who realize that their vehicles may be weighed

in one place and found legal and then travel a few miles, only to be

weighed again and found in violation.

Mr. Christie: In New Jersey our legislature has provided for a

5 percent tolerance on axle overloads. We have noticed that the

greatest variations occur in the so-called ten-wheel tandem truck.

Mr. Kebbee : As a representative of the American Trucking Associations, I want to state that the truckers are not complaining, but, on the other hand, are interested in getting down to the root of this

problem. We recognize that there is a problem both in wheel and

axle-weight determinations. I am very much encouraged that the

National Bureau of Standards has instituted this investigation, since,

generally speaking, the scales seem to be accurate, but the methods

of weighing might be subject to question. Since tolerances are al- lowed on the devices, perhaps tolerances also should be allowed on

the procedures. We have found that variations in axle weights may

be caused by merely starting a vehicle or by making a turn. I want

to assure this Conference that the American Trucking Associations

will be glad to cooperate toward the solution of this problem.

Mr. E. W. Searles: In Ohio, up until two years ago, we had a maximum axle-weight allowance of 18,000 pounds. On top of that, a 1,000-pound enforcement tolerance was allowed. It appeared that

many of the truckers were loading to the full 19,000 pounds, and soon

truckers made request to the State legislature that 19,000 pounds be

made the legal limit without any stipulated tolerance. With that ac- complished, many requests now are being received for a tolerance on

top of the 19,000 pounds.

I would contend that it is the responsibility of the individual truckers to see that their loadings are such as to allow for normal variations

in axle weights.

Mr. Christie: In New Jersey, only specially trained men are al- lowed to enforce the axle-weight law. They are permitted to weigh

only under certain conditions with loadometers, and, when in doubt,

75
they move the vehicle to a location where axle weights can be determined on platform scales. These enforcement officials have found

that axle loads can be determined with loadometers within 150 pounds

if great care is exercised.

Mr. Kibbee : I have found this discussion very enlightening, because

I did not realize that such large variations were possible in the weight

determination of an axle. I am quite sure that many truckers are not aware of these variations.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPECIFICATIONS AND TOLERANCES,

PRESENTED BY R. E. MEEK, CHAIRMAN

The Committee on Specifications and Tolerances of the National

Conference on Weights and Measures held no general meetings during

the year. On several occasions two or more members of the Committee

did take advantage of being together for other purposes to discuss

Committee problems. During the month of September 1953 the Committee Chairman and Secretary met with the Committee on Weights

and Measures of the American Petroleum Institute to discuss the

problem of equipment and methods for testing fluid meters dispensing

liquefied petroleum gases. Otherwise, the Committee functioned

throughout the year through correspondence among the members and

among weights and measures officials and representatives of industry

and business.

This report to the 39th National Conference on Weights and Measures represents current Committee conclusions in relation to matters

referred to it by the 38th National Conference and to those matters

brought to it from other sources. The tentative report of the Committee was prepared and distributed

in advance of the Conference in order to give all interested persons

adequate opportunity to study its contents prior to the meeting. The

Committee invited comments and suggestions on the subject matter

of the report and on any other matters within the purview of the

Committee.

The Committee was in open session, preliminary to the preparation

of its final report, at the Sheraton-Park Hotel, Washington, D. C,

beginning at 10 a. m., Monday, May 17, and continuing until 4 : 30

p. m.

In accordance with the resolution adopted by the 38th National

Conference on Weights and Measures, which expanded the activities of the several standing committees to include the furnishing of neces- sary leadership in bringing about the official adoption and enforcement

of Conference recommendations, your Committee on Specifications

and Tolerances has done everything that it considered appropriate to encourage the several States to adopt officially and to enforce the codes

of specifications, tolerances, and regulations for commercial weighing

and measuring devices previously adopted by the Conference.

The Committee is glad to report that encouraging response was

received from several jurisdictions. Some State departments have

reported official action during the year, while several others currently

are in the process of promulgating these codes. Your Committee

realizes that the full cooperation of each State, county, and city de- partment is essential to effectuate efficient and uniform weights and

measures administration throughout the United States. The Com76
mittee strongly recommends that those States that have not already

officially adopted the Conference codes initiate such action as soon as

is practicable.

The Committee on Specifications and Tolerances offers the following

recommendations to this Conference

:

LINEAR MEASURES A strict interpretation of general specifications G-S.4.2.3. and

G-S.4.3. would prohibit commercial linear measures with subdivisions

less than %6 inch. It is believed that such an interpretation was not

the intention of the Conference and that, accordingly, paragraph

S.4. of the code for linear measures should be clarified to eliminate

the possibility of this interpretation.

For consistency of language, the Committee proposes also to change

the phrase "shall not be" to read "shall be not" in two places in

paragraph S.4. The Committee recommends, therefore, that paragraph S.4. of the

code for linear measures be amended to read as follows : S.4. Graduations.—Graduations shall be perpendicular to the edge of the measure. Line graduations shall be not wider than 0.03 inch. Raised graduations shall be not wider than 0.12 inch at their widest point. On any measure,

the width of the graduations shall not exceed one-fourth the value of the smallest

subdivision of the measure. The requirements of general specifications

G-S.4.2.3. and G-S.4.3. shall not apply to linear measures. TAXIMETERS

It has come to the attention of the Committee that there exists some

lack of understanding among weights and measures officials and

others, of the justification for the taximeter tolerance structure under

which there is no tolerance on overregistration of mileage except when

the vehicle tires are worn. Moreover, the Committee has been asked

to consider establishing a tolerance of 1 per cent, or some other value,

for mileage overregistration, to be effective regardless of the condition

of the vehicle tires. The Committee has re-examined the question

of mileage tolerances rather thoroughly, and has concluded that no

change in tolerance values should be made. The Committee wishes,

however, to record at this time some of its reasons for this conclusion.

A taximeter invariably registers a charge for an increment of mileage in advance of the corresponding vehicle travel. Assuming errorless taximeter performance, a passenger might be required to pay a

full fare increment for an amount of transportation anywhere from

nothing to a full mileage increment. It would be only by the merest

chance that he would get the full measure for which payment is required. On the average, he would get short measure equivalent to one-half of a mileage increment. (It was brought out during the open

hearing of the Committee that, if a tolerance on mileage overregistration is allowed, in some instances a passenger would be charged

for the succeeding increment before he had completed the distance

covered by the current interval.)

Tire slippage, underinflation of tires, and heavy vehicle loads all tend toward overregistration of the taximeter. To require "no toler- ance on overregistration" when an official test is made (except in relation to tire wear, as will be discussed later) seems to be the least that should be done to give the taxicab passenger fair treatment. 77
Tire wear is inevitable when a vehicle is operated. Tire wear tends

also toward taximeter overregistration. It is considered to be a reasonable estimate that, by the time a tire is discarded as a result of wear,

its original effective circumference will have been reduced by approximately 2 per cent. This fact is translated into fair practice for taxicab

operator and passenger by the method prescribed in the code for

determining the mean effective circumference of the tire. This same

fact is recognized in the requirement that a tolerance on overregistration of 1 percent is to be allowed if the vehicle tires are worn. Notwithstanding the requests for an increase in mileage tolerances

for taximeters, the Committee has authentic information to the effect that taximeters can, without difficulty, be so maintained as to perform

consistently within the normal 4 per cent range (plus 100 feet under

specified circumstances) now prescribed in the code.

The Committee is advised that an additional test procedure or test method is now being employed in one or more jurisdictions. To give

formal recognition to this form of taximeter test, the Committee

recommends that paragraphs D.13. and D.14. of the code be amended

and rearranged, with the addition of a new definition, as follows

:

D.13. Road Tests.

D.13.1. Actual Road Test.—A test similar to a wheel test, except that the mechanism is actuated as a result of vehicle travel. D.13.2. Simulated Road Test.—A' test similar to a wheel test except that the

vehicle wheel or wheels which actuate the taximeter rest in a cradle formed by

rollers, one of which is a mileage-measuring element.

D.14. Wheel Test.—A test of the entire taximeter assembly when mounted

on a vehicle, the road results being computed from the counted number of revolutions of the wheel or wheels actuating the taximeter and the mean effective cir- cumference of tire. The vehicle remains at rest during this test. Having given considerable thought to procedures for the testing of

taximeters, the Committee is of the opinion that the code should be

strengthened by adding certain new requirements, including a new

section under "notes" dealing with these procedures. A slight modification of one tolerance paragraph is also needed to bring about complete uniformity of tolerance requirements. The Committee recom- mends the adoption of these changes in the following form

:

S.ll. Interference.—The construction of a taximeter shall be such that there

will be no interference between the time and the mileage portions of the mechanism at any speed of operation corresponding to a vehicle speed faster than the speed at which the basic rate of mileage revenue equals the basic waiting-time

rate ; specifically, the registration of a taximeter in the "Hired" condition shall agree with its performance in the "Time not recording" condition within 1 percent.

N.2. Testing Procedures.

N.2.1. Interference Test.—As part of the bench test if such a test is made,

otherwise as a part of such other test as is made, a special test shall be made

to check for possible interference between the taximeter time and mileage

mechanisms, a condition that may develop at relatively slow speeds of vehicle operation. This test consists of a comparison of taximeter performance for a nominal 1-mile interval when the taximeter is in "Hired" (time-recording)

condition, with its performance for a like interval when the taximeter is in "Time not recording" condition ; performance under these two conditions of operation shall be in agreement within the limit specified in S.ll. Throughout

this test the mechanism shall be operated at a speed corresponding to a vehicle speed of 2 or 3 miles per hour faster than the speed at which the basic mileage revenue rate equals the basic waiting-time rate.

N.2.2. Worn Tires.—For purposes of tolerance application on an actual or simulated road test, a vehicle tire shall be considered to be "worn" when and

after the tread wear is equivalent to approximately one-half the normal useful 78
life of the tire. (Normally the half-life point of tire wear is reached only after the tire has been operated for at least 10,000 miles.)

N.2.3. Effective Tiee Circumfeeence.—In computing road results on a wheel

test and in calculating the required values for change gears, the mean effective circumference of tire shall be used. This shall be determined as follows : 1. Mount upon a vehicle a new tire of the size, kind, and make in use, and inflate this to normal operating pressure. 2. Cause the tire to describe exactly at least three complete revolutions upon a smooth surface. 3. Measure the total distance advanced by the tire. 4. Divide this distance by the number of revolutions made,

to establish the average distance advanced per revolution. 5. Subtract 1 percent

from this average distance.

T.1.2. On Wheel and Road Tests.—With respect to distance computed, indi- cated, or actually traveled, no tolerance on overregistration, except that on a road test or simulated road test, if the tires actuating the taximeter are worn

(see N.2.2.), the tolerance on overregistration shall be 1 percent of the interval under test ; and the tolerance on underregistration, 4 percent of the interval under test with an added tolerance of 100 feet whenever the initial interval is included in the interval under test. R.2. Inflation of Vehicle Tiees.—The pressure in vehicle tires that actuate

a taximeter shall be maintained at not less than the normal operating pressure

established in advance for such tires by the operator of the vehicle. Such pres- sure shall in no case be less than the pressure recommended by the tire manufacturer for a tire of that particular size, kind, and make.

LIQUID MEASURES The Committee received a suggestion for amendment of the code for

liquid measures. The amendment proposed was that the words "installed horizontally" be added to paragraph S.3.1.., after the comma,

following the word "wire" in line three. According to information furnished the Committee, there have been

only a limited number of instances encountered in which the indicating

element was not mounted perpendicular to the vertical axis of the measure. In these instances, agreement from the manufacturer to correct the faulty condition was readily obtained. No specific case involving this defect has been reported in recent months. It is as- sumed, therefore, that such failures are not of common occurrence. As a general principle, the Committee adheres to the policy of keeping codes of specifications and tolerances as short and nonrestrictive

as practicable. Avoiding changes to an established code to meet rela- tively minor and accidental situations, which may arise infrequently,

is a long established Committee policy. Especially does the Committee wish to refrain from recommending code changes in those

cases where a reasonable interpretation of existing requirements provides an adequate remedy.

In the case under discussion, the provisions of the General Code

are considered to provide adequate grounds upon which an official can require correction of the faulty condition in question. Paragraphs G-S.2., G-S.3., and G.S.4.1. are applicable in this case. Therefore, the Committee recommends no amendment of the code for liquid measures.

liquid-measuring devices

The Committee received a request to study the desirability of providing that the "value of the smallest unit of indicated delivery on

a retail liquid-measuring device shall not exceed one pint."

The recommendation resulted from the use of certain liquidmeasuring devices for the purpose of dispensing fuel oil, to customers' 79
containers, in 5- and 10-gallon lots. These devices were graduated

only to y2 gallon, or, in some instances, 1 gallon.

Ketail liquid-measuring devices may be used for a very wide variety

of purposes. The specific limitation suggested would be undesirable

in certain instances. Some uses would require graduations with

lower values, while others would not demand one-pint indication.

Further, under G-R. 3. Suitability or Equipment, the enforcement

official has wide latitude in exercise of experienced judgment in matters

of this kind.

The Committee does not deem an amendment necessary, and so recommends.

The present definitions for "Retail Device" and Wholesale Device,"

paragraphs D.2. and D.3. of the code for liquid-measuring devices, are not fully satisfactory because they overlap to some extent. Under

these definitions, there are border-line cases where it is difficult to decide with certainty whether a device should be classed as a "retail

device" or as a "wholesale device." Any such uncertainty is undesirable because tolerances and test procedures are different for these two

classes of devices.

The Committee recommends that paragraphs D.2. and D.3. be

amended to read as follows

:

D.2. Retail Device,—A device designed for single deliveries of less than 100

gallons and, in addition, any device designed or used for retail deliveries of motor

fuels to individual highway vehicles. D.3. Wholesale Device.—Any device other than a retail device. For many years, most retail liquid-measuring devices used for dis- pensing motor fuel have been equipped with automatic zero-set-back

interlocks. As early as 1935 the National Conference has considered

amending the code to require interlocks. The interlocks in most

general use were covered by patent rights, and the Conference has a ]ong-standing policy against requirements leading to patent monopolies. The Committee now has been informed reliably that all current patent rights and agreements that relate to the mechanisms for zero- set-back interlocking will have expired prior to July 1, 1957. In response to continued requests from weights and measures officials, and in order that manufacturers, users, and the officials may be

placed on notice regarding this requirement, the Committee recom- mends the adoption at this time of a new specification, with a delayed

effective date, as follows

:

S.10.5. Zeko-Set-Back Interlock.—Effective July 1, 1957, a retail device of

the meter type used for dispensing motor fuel shall be so constructed that, after a particular delivery cycle has been completed by movement of the starting lever

to its shut-off position, an effective automatic interlock will prevent a subsequent

delivery being started until the indicating elements have been returned to their correct zero position. GREASE-MEASURING DEVICES Under the terminology now current in the oil industry, and in view

of the developments in the field of automatic automotive transmissions,

the term "transmission oil" as used in paragraphs A.I., D.I., and

S.5.2. of the code for grease-measuring devices is no longer appropriate. It is proposed, therefore, to modify these paragraphs by

substituting the term "transmission lubricant" for the term "trans- 80
mission oil" and to introduce a new clause in paragraph A.I.. specifically excluding devices for measuring motor (crank-case) oil and

automatic-transmission fluid. Accordingly, the Committee recommends that paragraphs A.I.,

D.I., and S.5.2. of the code for grease-measuring devices be amended

to read as follows

:

A.l. This code does not apply to (a) devices constructed to weigh grease or

transmission lubricant and to deliver such material by weight, (b) devices designed solely for the high-pressure lubrication of bearings and similar parts,

(c) devices designed to measure motor (crank-case) oil and automatic-trans- mission fluid (automotive), and (d) devices used solely in operations for which

a flat rate is charged, no variation in the charges being made because of the varying amounts of lubricant delivered.

D.l. Grease-Measueing Device.—A mechanism or machine designed to measure grease or transmission lubricant and to deliver such material by definite volume.

S.5.2. Limitation of Use.—If a device is intended to measure accurately

only certain types or varieties of greases or transmission lubricants, its limita- tions shall be clearly and permanently stated on the device. VEHICLE TANKS The Committee was requested to define the term "nominal com- partment capacity" as used in paragraph S. 10.4. of the code for vehicle

tanks.

By dictionary definition it is clear that "nominal" has as one of

its principal meanings "named or stated." It is the opinion of the

Committee that the use of "nominal" in this sense is widespread and

that this meaning is generally understood and accepted. The Committee agrees that it is in the sense of "named" or "stated" that the

word "nominal" is used in the phrase "nominal compartment ca- pacity." Therefore, the Committee feels that no special definition

of this phrase is needed in the code.

As a specific interpretation of the questioned phrase, the Committee recommends that "nominal compartment capacity" as used in the

code for vehicle tanks shall be understood to mean the named or marked capacity of the compartment. This means the marked capacity

to the indicator, or the capacity by which the compartment is designated and which is required by specification S. 11.2. to be conspicuously

stated. With respect to tolerances for vehicle tanks, table 1 now specifies

for compartment capacities over 1,000 gallons, tolerance values of

1 pint (on first test) and 1 quart (on subsequent test) "per 200 gallons"; this can be interpreted as prescribing a continuation of the

step system set up earlier in the table, or it can be interpreted as prescribing a proportional system at the rate of so much for 200 gallons.

Under the latter interpretation, the tolerance on first test on a compartment of a capacity of 1,050 gallons, for example, would be 7 pints

plus % pint.

The Committee believes that there is no necessity for determining

errors and applying tolerances on vehicle tank compartments with

a precision greater than 1 pint. The Committee believes also that

the "step" system of tolerances, as set up in table 1 of the code for

compartment capacities up to 1,000 gallons, should likewise be fol- lowed for compartment capacities greater than 1,000 gallons.

81
Accordingly, the Committee recommends that table 1 be amended

by adding "or fraction thereof" to the final entries in the second and

third columns, making the table read as follows

:

Table 1.

Tolerances on vehicle-tank compartments used as measures

Compartment capacity Tolerance On first test On subsequent tests

Gallons 200 or less_ 201 to 400, incl 401 to 600, incl 601 to 800, incl 801 to 1,000, incl Over 1,000

Pints 4

4

5

6

7 Add 1 pint per 200

gallons or fraction

thereof.

Quarts

2

34

5

6 Add 1 quart per 200

gallons or frac- tion thereof.

PRINTING ERROR IN HANDBOOK 44 The Committee has discovered an error in composition in the heading for Table 2 of the Code for Vehicle Tanks (Handbook 44, page 81)

.

A careful check of the original records on file at the National Bureau

of Standards definitely indicates that the error does not represent

Conference action, but rather was made during preparation of

printer's copy.

This error is the inclusion in the heading for Table 2 of the Code

for Vehicle Tanks of the words "on Single- Compartment Tests." The words quoted were properly included in the tentative report of

the Committee in 1949. There were also included the special tolerance

paragraphs dealing with single-compartment tests and multiple-compartment tests. In the final report of the Committee in 1949, consolidation of these two paragraphs was recommended. It was also recom- mended that the heading of Table 2 be appropriately changed to read,

"Maintenance Tolerances for Vehicle-Tank Meters." The Conference

concurred in these recommendations.

Unfortunately, the old table heading, instead of the new one, was

used when the copy for the printer was prepared- This mistake has

only now come to our attention.

Mr. Bussey has assured the Committee that, when Handbook 44 is reprinted, the proper heading will be used for the table in question.

In the meantime, it is recommended that all holders of Handbook 44

strike out, on page 81, in the heading of table 2, the words "on SingleCompartment Tests." FARM MILK TANKS The tentative code for farm milk tanks was adopted by the 38th

National Conference and has been available for one year. During

that time there have been some mechanical developments. Also, the

members of the Committee have had some experience with tanks in

service and have received reports of the experiences of other weights

and measures officials. 82
Two important qustions continue to arise in discussions of this code.

The first involves the propriety of indicating on the chart the number of povmds of milk rather than the number of gallons of milk cor- responding to the linear readings on the gage rod. The second question involves the interval on the gage rod throughout which graduation of the rod is to be required—half-capacity to full-capacity, or some other interval.

As to the values on the chart, the Committee believes that the re- quirements of the code as now written are adequate and proper. In

this relation, the Committee adheres to the position set forth in its tentative report to the 38th National Conference, as follows

:

In the first place, a farm milk tank is not a weighing device. It would

be impossible for a weights and measures official truthfully to certify that one of these units will deliver a given number of "pounds." The

specific gravity of milk varies; therefore, 231 cubic inches of milk will

not, in all instances, weigh the same. Your Committee feels that these

devices should be certified by weights and measures officials as volumetric

measuring devises only. They should insist that the official charts, which

bear the official seal of approval of the weights and measures department,

contain quantity values in "gallons" only. If the buyer and seller choose to convert "gallons" to "pounds," by using an arbitrary conversion figure, this they should do under private contract. It is not necessary to show "pounds"

on the chart approved by the weights and measures official for this to be accomplished.

Accordingly, the Committee recommends that no change be made in

the code with respect to the characeer of values to be shown on the

chart. As to the present requirement that a gage rod "shall be graduated

throughout an interval corresponding to at least the upper one-half

of the tank capacity," the Committee's feeling is as follows : At least this amount of graduation is desirable in order to provide necessary

flexibility in adjusting the use of the device to ordinary fluctuations

in the amount of milk produced. More than this amount of graduation is not needed in many cases. Added graduations on the rod and correspondingly greater effort in

calibration of a tank and preparation of a chart result in greater cost

to a tank purchaser. If this added expense is not necessary, it should

not be required by weights and measures officials. However, since

the Committee realizes that there will be some instances in which

graduation of a rod between the half and full tank capacity points

will be inadequate to meet the existing or anticipated requirements of

a particular user, it is proposed that this contingency be recognized

in the code. Accordingly, a change in the language of paragraph

S.2.I., to accomplish this result, is recommended by the Committee.

The Committee is informed that no manufacturer of farm milk tanks

is now making, or anticipates making, tanks equipped with gage tubes.

It is not considered advisable to complicate the code by including re- quirements designed to meet contingencies that are not probable, even though they are possible. The Committee recommends, therefore,

that references to gage tubes, now in the code, be deleted. The Committee is cognizant of a recent development in the form of

a novel surface gage for indicating the level of liquid in a milk tank.

It appears that this type of device should be recognized in the code.

Accordingly, the Committee has drafted a definition and requirements for surface gages and brackets therefor, and recommends that

these be added to the code as D.3., S.I.4., and S.2.2. 83
For completeness, it is recommended that a definition for "gage

rod" be added to the code as D. 2. It is recommended that a sentence be added at the end of paragraph S.l.l. relative to maintenance of level when a tank contains

varying amounts of liquid.

The Committee believes that materials other than metal may be

found to be fully as satisfactory as metal for gage rods and gage-rod

brackets, and recommends that in paragraphs S. 1. 3. and S. 2. 1. the

requirement for "metal" be deleted.

It is found that the requirement of paragraph S.2.1. for "suitable

and. rigid design" of a gage rod is adequately covered by paragraphs

G-S.3. and G-S.4.1. of the General Code; accordingly, it is recom- mended that this requirement be deleted from paragraph S.2.1. A contradiction was found to exist in paragraph S.2.3. relative to the clear space between successive graduations. It is recommended

that this be eliminated by inserting a specific requirement for minimum clear interval, and then eliminating the cross reference to paragraph G-S.4.3. of the General Code.

There is presented below the full text of the code for farm milk

tanks amended according to the foregoing recommendations. The

Committee now recommends that this amended code be finally adopted.

FARM MILK TANKS

A. APPLICATION.

A.l.—This code applies to farm milk tanks, as defined, only when these are

used, or are to be used, under an express contract between the producer and the purchaser and on the premises of the producer, for the commercial measurement

of milk or other fluid dairy product. If such measurement is accomplished by means of a fluid meter, this code does not apply ; in such case the meter shall be subject to the applicable provisions of the code for liquid-measuring devices. D. DEFINITIONS.

D.l. Farm Milk Tank.—A unit for measuring milk or other fluid dairy

product, comprising a combination of (1) a stationary tank, whether or not equipped with means for cooling its contents, (2) means for reading the level of liquid in the tank, such as a removable gage rod or a surface gage, and (3) a chart for converting level-of-liquid readings to gallons ; or such a unit in which

readings are made on gage rod or surface gage directly in terms of gallons.

Each compartment of a subdivided tank shall, for purposes of this code, be construed to be a "farm milk tank." (These units are variously known commercially as "farm bulk milk tanks," "farm cooling tanks," "farm holding tanks,"

and "producers tanks.")

D.2. Gage Rod.—A graduated, "dip-stick" type of measuring rod designed to be partially immersed in the liquid and to be read at the point where the liquid surface crosses the rod. D.3. Surface Gage.—A combination of (1) a stationary indicator and (2) a movable, graduated element designed to be brought into contact with the surface of the liquid from above.

S. SPECIFICATIONS.

S.l. Design. (See also S.2.4.)

S.l.l. Level.—A farm milk tank shall be in normal operating position when it is in level. The tank shall be equipped with suitable special means by which this

level can be determined and established, such as a permanently attached two- way or circular level, a plumb bob, leveling lugs, or the like; or the top edge or edges of the tank shall be so constructed throughout as to provide an accurate

reference for level determinations. The tank shall be so constructed that it will remain in level under all normal conditions of lading.

84
5.1.2. Discharge Valve.—A farm milk tank shall be equipped with a dis- charge valve through which the tank may be completely emptied when the tank

is in level.

5.1.3. Gage-Rod Bracket.—If a farm milk tank is designed for use with a gage rod, a substantial gage-rod bracket shall be rigidly and permanently at- tached to the tank. The bracket and rod shall be so designed that, whenever

the rod is placed in engagement with the bracket and released, the rod will automatically seat itself at a fixed height and will hang in a vertical position

with a clearance of not less than 3 inches between the graduated side of the rod and the tank wall which it faces.

5.1.4. Surface-Gage Bracket.—If a farm milk tank is designed for use with

a surface gage, a substantial surface-gage bracket shall be rigidly and permanently attached to the tank. The bracket and gage shall be so designed that, when the gage assembly is placed in engagement with the bracket, the indicator,

if not permanently mounted on the tank, will automatically seat itself in correct operating position, and the graduated element will be vertically positioned and

will be securely held at any height to which it may be manually set.

5.2. Indicating Means.

5.2.1. Gage Rod.—When seated on its bracket, the gage rod shall not touch

the bottom of the farm milk tank. The rod shall be graduated throughout an interval corresponding to the gallonage range within which the tank is to be

used, and in no case shall this range be less than the upper one-half of the tank

capacity.

5.2.2. Surface Gage.—When properly engaged with its bracket and set to its lowest position, the surface gage shall not touch the bottom of the farm milk

tank. The gage shall be graduated throughout an interval corresponding to the gallonage range within which the tank is to be used, and in no case shall

this range be less than the upper one-half of the tank capacity.

5.2.3. Spacing and Width of Graduations.—On a gage rod or surface gage, the spacing of the graduations, center to center, shall be not more than 0.0625 (1/16) inch and not less than 0.03125 (1/32) inch; the graduations shall be not

less than 0.005 inch in width, and the clear interval between adjacent edges

of successive graduations shall be not less than 0.015625 (1/64) inch. (See

also G-S.4.2.3.)

5.2.4. Values of Graduations.—On a gage rod or surface gage, the graduations may be designated in inches and fractions thereof, or may be identified in a numerical series without reference to inches or fractions thereof. In either

of these cases there shall be provided for each such rod or gage and each farm

milk tank with which it is associated, a gallonage chart showing values in terms of gallons of liquid in the tank, corresponding to each graduation on the rod or gage. If a rod or gage is associated with but one farm milk tank, in lieu of linear or numerical-series graduations and gallonage chart, values in terms

of gallons of liquid in the tank may be shown directly on the rod or gage. The

value of a graduated interval (exclusive of the interval from the bottom of the rank to the lowest graduation) shall not exceed 1 gallon for a tank of a nominal

capacity of 500 gallons or less, and shall not exceed 2 gallons for a tank of a

nominal capacity of more than 500 gallons.

5.3. Gallonage Chart.—A gallonage chart shall show values at least to the nearest ^ gallon for a farm milk tank of a capacity of 500 gallons or less, and at least to the nearest 1 gallon for a tank of a capacity of more than 500

gallons. All letters and figures on a chart shall be distinct and easily readable, the chart shall be substantially constructed, and the face of the chart shall be so protected that its lettering and figures will not tend easily to become

obliterated or illegible.

5.4. Installation.—A farm milk tank shall be rigidly installed in level without the use of removable blocks or shims under the legs. If the tank is not mounted permanently in position, the correct position on the floor for each leg

shall be clearly and permanently defined.

5.5. Identification.—A farm milk tank and any gage rod or surface gage and gallonage chart associated therewith shall be mutually identified, as by a common serial number, in a prominent and permanent manner.

N. NOTES.

N.l. Calibration.—Farm milk tanks shall be originally gaged and officially tested "to deliver."

N.2. Testing Medium.—Water shall be used as the testing medium in gaging

and testing farm milk tanks. 85
N.3. Approval Seals.—When a farm milk-tank installation is officially tested and approved, the gage rod or surface gage, and the gallonage chart if a chart

is utilized, as well as the tank itself, shall be suitably marked to indicate such

approval.

T. TOLERANCES.

T.l. Minimum Tolerance Values.—On a particular farm milk tank, the maintenance and acceptance tolerances applied shall be not smaller than one- half the value of the minimum graduated interval on the gage rod or surface

gage.

T.2. Basic Tolerance Values.—Basic maintenance and acceptance tolerances on underregistration and on overregistration shall be- as shown in table 1. Table 1.

Maintenance and acceptance tolerances for farm milk tanks

Indicated gallonage Tolerance

500 or less 501 to 1,000, incl__

1,001 to 1,500, incl 1,501 to 2,000, incl Over 2,000

Gallons

12M

R. REGULATIONS.

R. 1. Level Condition.—A farm milk tank shall be maintained in level. SCALES In 1952 the National Conference amended paragraph R.5. of the

scale code by deleting the word "retail," thus prohibiting the use of an uncompensated spring scale for (my sale of foodstuffs other than

fruits and vegetableSo For consistency, a similar change should be

made in the marking requirement stated in the second sentence of

paragraph S.4. of the code. Also, it is no longer necessary to retain

in that sentence a statement of a long-past effective date. Accordingly, the Committee recommends that the second sentence of paragraph S. 4. be amended to real as follows

:

A small-capacity uncompensated spring scale other than a straight-face spring

scale shall be conspicuously marked to show that the scale is illegal for use in the sale of foodstuffs other than fruits and vegetables.

TOLERANCES FOR UNCOMPENSATED SPRING SCALES

Although the Committee is not prepared to recommend that any

action be taken this year with respect to tolerances for uncompensated

spring scales, it does desire to advise all parties at interest that this

subject has been receiving consideration and that it is probable that the

Committee will make recommendations concerning such tolerances to the 40th National Conference in 1955. From 1913, when tolerances for scales were first presented to the

Conference, until the present, much more liberal tolerances have been

recognized for uncompensated spring scales than for somewhat similar

scales of other types of construction. This differential was justified

for many years, when expediency dictated that the uncompensated

spring scale be retained in commercial service. Such current need

is now questioned.

86
The Committee is informed of ample availability, at reasonable

cost, of compensated springs and compensated spring scales that will

perform within the tolerances for small-capacity scales. However,

the Committee does not have enough data upon which to base a specific

recommendation.

It has been suggested by a number of weights and measures officials, as well as by representatives of manufacturing interests, that the

special tolerance concessions in question be withdrawn. The Committee is mindful of the inconsistency of permitting relatively large

errors on one scale because of its design, and of requiring much better

performance by another scale because of its design, both scales haying

comparable capacities and subdivisions and both being used for weighing the same commodities.

During the coming year the Committee hopes to receive, from vari- ous sources, expressions of opinion on this question. It is suggested

that this topic be considered at meetings of officials and of manufacturers' representatives and that a consensus be developed among

these groups and reported to the Committee for its guidance. The

recommendations of individuals also will be welcome.

REGULATIONS

It has been suggested to the Committee that paragraphs E. 4.2. and

R. 4.3. do not adequately cover the case of a scale having both weighbeam and reading-face elements. As these regulations are now written, the requirement is satisfied on such a scale if graduations having

the stated minimum value are provided on only one element—that is, on either weighbeam or reading face. A similar situation exists as between the fractional bar of the main weighbeam elements and the

tare weighbeam elements of a scale not equipped with a reading face. It appears that each of the several indicating elements on these scales should be complete within themselves and should comply with the

requirement for the value of the minimum graduation.

There are certain attachments to weighbeam-type livestock and

Vehicle scales, known as "quick-weighing" or "tell-tale" attachments,

that serve a special and useful purpose. These attachments are so connected to the weighing mechanisms that they operate independently of the weighing elements. The principal purpose of these

devices is to speed up weighing operations, by facilitating the proper

positioning of the weighbeam poise. The attachment is never to be

used for the complete weighing operation. The weighing operation

is always to be done with the weighbeam, independently of the attachI ment. By reason of their special character, these attachments should,

in the opinion of the Committee, be exempted from the normal

requirements regarding the values of minimum graduated intervals,

but should be graduated in a particular manner to avoid any confusion or inadvertent reading errors in use. Accordingly, the Committee recommends that Regulations R. 4. 2. and R. 4. 3. be amended to read as follows

R. 4. 2. On Livestock Scales.—The value of the minimum graduation of the main weighbeam elements, of the tare weighbeam elements, and of the readingface elements on a livestock scale shall be not greater than 5 pounds. Provided,

That the reading face of any " quick-weighing " or "tell-tale" attachment auxili- ary to a weighbeam shall be uniformly graduated into intervals of 5 pounds or

less, 100 pounds, or some integral multiple of 100 pounds, and no others. 87
R. 4. 3. On Vehicle Scales.—The value of the minimum graduation of the main iveighbeam elements, of the tare weighbeam elements, and of the reading- face elements on a vehicle scale shall be not greater than 20 pounds. Provided,

That the reading face of any " quick-weighing" or "tell-tale" attachment auxili- ary to a weighbeam shall be uniformly graduated into intervals of 20 pounds or

less, 100 pounds, or some integral multiple of 100 pounds, and no others. Mr. Baucom : Mr. Chairman, will you please differentiate between

the "quick-weighing" and "tell-tale" attachments stipulated in these

provisos, and the automatic balance-indicating and over-and-underindicating mechanisms found on many beam-type scales. Mr. K. E. Meek : The devices covered in these two Regulations are supplemental elements that tell the scale operator the approximate

weight on the platform. This is to aid him in more rapid positioning

of the weighbeam poise. The actual weighing is done on the

weighbeam.

The "attachment" is not connected to the weighbeam, and both

weighbeam and attachment operate entirely independently of each

other. The hook-up is made from a lever having a ratio of 2 to 1, similar to the conventional shelf lever. However, the customary

fulcrum bearing of this lever, instead of being rigidly supported from

the weighbeam shelf or other fixed support, is supported by the load

connection to the attachment. This results in the following situation

:

With respect to the weighbeam, the lever in question is fulcrumed

at one end—the end that is supported by the load connection to the

attachment. With respect to the attachment, the lever in question is fulcrumed at the other end—the end that is supported by the load con- nection of the weighbeam. Thus this lever acts in a dual capacity.

When a force is applied to the load pivot of the lever (transmitted

from the scale platform) this force is transmitted simultaneously and

equally to the weighbeam and to the attachment. The indications of

the attachment are not changed by manipulation of the weighbeam

poise, and the weighbeam indications are unaffected by the indications of the attachment ; as stated before, each of these elements operates independently of the other. The attachment does not in any

way indicate the balance condition of the weighbeam, as is the case with balance indicators and over-and-under indicators.

(Additional comments on this recommendation of the Committee were made

by Mr. Hansen and Mr. Whittington.

)

REPRINT NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS HANDBOOK 44 The Committee is informed that it is the present intention of the

National Bureau of Standards to reprint Handbook 44 as soon as practicable after the adjournment of the 39th National Conference.

The new edition of the Handbook will be expected to serve at least during the ensuing 5-year period. It is desirable that the new Handbook be in the best possible form. To this end, it is the request of the

Committee that the Conference authorize the customary and necessary

editorial latitude by adopting the following resolution

:

Whereas it is probable that National Bureau of Standards Handbook 44, containing the specifications, tolerances, and regulations for commercial weighing

and measuring devices as adopted by the National Conference on Weights and

Measures, will soon be republished by the Bureau ; Therefore be it Resolved, That, in the preparation of copy for the republication of National Bureau of Standards Handbook 44, the Conference Committee on Specifications

and Tolerances be authorized to make such changes in wording, punctuation,

88
and arrangement of the material adopted by the Conference, without changing

the meaning or effect, as may be considered advisable in the interest of clarity,

brevity, consistency, simplicity, and good form, and as may be dictated by good

editorial practice.

(The report of the Committee on Specifications and Tolerances was adopted

by the Conference.)

Mr. R. E. Meek : I would like to point out that the Conference Committee on Specifications and Tolerances does have on its agenda, for

consideration during the coming year, some matters that were pre- sented to it too late for full consideration prior to this Conference.

The Subcommittee on Vehicle Tanks of the Americal Petroleum Institute submitted to the Committee various recommendations for

amending the vehicle-tank code, as did a special committee of the

West Central Region of the North American Gasoline Tax Conference.

These recommendations were received by the Committee subsequent

to the completion of the tentative report of the Committee and too late

to allow full investigation and consideration prior to the 39th National

Conference. The suggestions are being retained on the agenda of the

Committee and will be studied prior to the 40th National Conference on Weights and Measures.

The Committee is grateful to representatives of these two groups,

to other Conference associate members, and to weights and measures

officials who appeared before the Committee during its open meeting on Monday. All of the data presented at that time has been and will

continue to be helpful to the Committee in its studies and deliberations.

Mr. Reznek: Carriers of petroleum products are very much con- cerned with the code requirement that only a single marker be allowed

in each vehicle tank compartment. Many vehicle tanks must be operated contrary to State laws if they are equipped with only one marker.

Some of the reasons are ( 1

) A tank designed and calibrated to carry

liquid of a certain densit^y then is required to carry product of a

different density, (2) the vehicles must travel from State to State

and the axle weight laws in the several States differ, and (3) in the

northern part of the country, so-called frost laws require that weights

be reduced as much as 25 or 30 percent during the spring thawing.

It is not our desire to violate any laws, but, if we are required to operate

with only one marker in a compartment, we find that we cannot live up to the various State laws. This is a matter of vital importance,

as you can understand.

H. R. 8357—TO AMEND U. S. STANDARD CONTAINER ACT OF 1928

(See also pages 53, 60, and 91)

Mr. Kerlin : I would like to report on the Senate hearing that was

attended by Mr. Hulshoff and myself at the direction of this Conference. We were greeted and treated most cordially, and the feelings

of this body were expressed to the Committee of the U. S. Senate.

Representatives of the U. S. Department of Agriculture were present

and were interrogated. The Committee of the Senate held the matter

open until this Conference could take formal action.

307426—54 7 89
REPORT OF THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS, PRESENTED BY W. A. KERLIN, CHAIRMAN

APPRECIATION TO THE STAFF OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Whereas, the success of the 39th National Conference on Weights and Measures

has been due in large part to the sympathetic leadership of Dr. A. V. Astin, Director of the National Bureau of Standards, to the wholehearted cooperation

of the staff of the Bureau, and especially to the thoughtful planning and diligent

efforts of Mr. W. S. Bussey, Chief of the Office of Weights and Measures. Mr. M. W. Jensen, Assistant Chief of that office, and their immediate assistants,

Therefore, be it Resolved, That this 39th National Conference on Weights and Measures

record its sincere appreciation of the services rendered to the Conference by

Dr. Astin, Mr. Bussey, Mr. Jensen, and other members of the staff of the National Bureau of Standards.APPRECIATION TO COOPERATING OFFICIALS Whereas, it is recognized that attendance at the meetings of the National

Conference on Weights and Measures by weights and measures officers and

other persons directly concerned with weights and measures administration in the States, counties, and cities, is made possible in large degree by the interest and cooperation of the governing officials of those jurisdictions, Therefore, be it Resolved, That this 39th National Conference on Weights and Measures

record its gratitude for such interest and cooperation by these governing officials and for this evidence of their support of constructive weights and measures

supervision throughout the United States. APPRECIATION TO THOSE PARTICIPATING IN THE PROGRAM

Whereas, the 39th National Conference on Weights and Measures is mindful

of the valuable contributions to its success made by the speakers on the pro- gram, by those who have exhibited and demonstrated devices of interest to weights and measures officials, and by its standing and special committees,

Therefore, be it Resolved, That this 39th National Conference on Weights and Measures

express and record its sincere thanks to all individuals and agencies that have

participated in the formal program and the auxiliary events of its meeting. APPRECIATION TO THE PRESS Whereas, the coverage of the proceedings of the 39th National Conference on Weights and Measures in the newspapers of the City of Washington is much

appreciated by those in attendance at the meeting, Therefore, be it Resolved, That this 39th National Conference on Weights and Measures record

its thanks to the press of the City of Washington for its contributions to the

success of the Conference. APPRECIATION TO THE SCALE JOURNAL

Whereas, the Scale Journal has consistently made most valuable contributions

to the promotion of weights and measures administration in the United States by the publication of a wide variety of material related to that important

activity ; and

Whereas, the Scale Journal has been particularly helpful in connection with the meetings of the National Conference on Weights and Measures by

carrying advance publicity and by publishing accounts of the proceedings

;

Therefore, be it Resolved, That this 39th National Conference on Weights and Measures record

its thanks to the management of the Scale Journal for its sustained policy of cooperation with the Conference and its consistent support of the Conference

program for sound weights and measures supervision. INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM ON LEGAL METROLOGY

Whereas, the members of the National Conference on Weights and Measures

have listened with much interest to the message of Dr. M. Jacob, President of the Provisional International Committee on Legal Metrology, wherein he out- 90
lined the plans and progress made toward promotion of world uniformity in weights and measures requirements ; and

Whereas, the National Conference on Weights and Measures is founded upon

the concept of the promotion of uniformity in weights and measures regulations,

laws, procedures, and practices in the United States ; Therefore, be it Resolved, That this 39th National Conference on Weights and Measures does extend its sincere thanks to Dr. Jacob for appearing before it and informing

it of the world program upon which the Provisional International Committee

on Legal Metrology is engaged ; and, be it further Resolved, That this Conference does express its sympathy with this program

and its desire to cooperate in furthering its objectives. SALE OF MEAT BY GROSS WEIGHT

Whereas, many State weights and measures statutes specify that sales of commodities by weights shall be made by net weight ; and

Whereas, in the meat industry a practice has been observed wherein certain meat products are sold by gross weight so indicated by printed notices on sales

slips, orders, and invoices ; Therefore, be it Resolved, That this 39th National Conference does go on record as being

opposed to this practice and does solicit the cooperation of the meat industry in bringing about a correction so as to cause the sale of meat products in accordance

with all existing laws and ordinances.

H. R. 8357 Whereas, H. R. 8357, being an Act to amend the Standard Container Act of May 21, 1928, is presently before the 83d Congress, Second Session ; and

Whereas, it is the considered opinion of the 39th National Conference on Weights and Measures, representing 39 States and the District of Columbia

in meeting assembled on the 21st day of May, 1954, at Washington, D. C, that

this proposed legislation is not in the public interest for the reason that the contemplated new %-bushel size container will tend to facilitate the perpetration of fraud in that the consuming public cannot readily distinguish the

differences between this proposed new size of % bushel and the % bushel size heretofore authorized by the Standard Container Act of 1928 and may therefore be victimized by an unscrupulous vendor offering as and for % bushel a container

of the size of % bushel ; Therefore, be it Resolved, That this the 39th National Conference on Weights and Measures

places itself on record as opposed to the enactment of said H. R. 8357. REPRESENTATIVE AT SENATE HEARING Whereas, with respect to the resolution adopted by the 39th National Confer- ence on Weights and Measures regarding H. R. 8357, it appears probable that a Committee of the Senate of the United States may desire oral testimony from

a member of this Conference relative to the said resolution ; Therefore be it Resolved, That this 39th National Conference on Weights and Measures does appoint as its representative for this purpose Mr. John P. McBride, Director

of Standards of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and be it further Resolved, That if further hearings are held, Mr. McBride is authorized to attend and present testimony as the representative of this National Conference,

and the Treasurer of the Conference is authorized to reimburse Mr. McBride for the necessary expenses incidental to such representation.

(Signed) W. A. Keklin, Chairman,

W. A. Baerwolf,

L. O. Carpenter, H. C. Hulshoff,

F. E. McKinney,

P. E. Nystrom,

William Waterman,

Committee on Resolutions. (The report of the Resolutions Committee was adopted by the Conference.)

307426—54 8 91
REPORT OF THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE TREASURER

May 1, 1954. Balance on hand May 1, 1953 $1, 194. 45 Receipts : May 22—Registration fees—1953 Conference 352

at $5.00 $1,760.00

Interest accrued, May 1, 1953, to May 1, 1954 29. 85

1, 789. 85

Total 2, 984. 30 Disbursements : May 19-22, 1953 Expenses of 38th National Conference 1, 489. 24 Balance on hand May 1, 1954 1, 495. 06

(Signed) John P. McBride, Treasurer. (The report of the Treasurer was adopted by the Conference.)

(The Thirty-ninth National Conference on Weights and Measures adjourned

sine die at 11 : 45 a. m.

)

MEETING OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE CONFERENCE

Immediately following adjournment of the 39th National Conference on

Weights and Measures, a meeting was held of the officers, the newly elected members of the Executive Committee, and the chairmen of the standing committees. Present at the meeting were six of the ten officers, seven of the sixteen Executive Committee members, three of the five chairmen of the standing committees. The meeting was presided over by President A. V. Astin and by

Treasurer G. F. Austin, Jr. Among the decisions reached by the Executive Committee were the following

:

Dates of 40th Conference: The Secretary of the Conference was authorized

to select the date of the Conference. Place of 40th Conference: The Conference Secretary was authorized to explore the hotel situation and complete negotiations for a suitable headquarters hotel. Program: Program assignments were left to the discretion of the Secretary. Social Activities: (pertaining to Wednesday evening) Details of social evening,

including refreshments, to be arranged by the Secretary. Ladies' Entertainment: It was decided that the Conference continue to have some form of entertainment for the ladies and that the Secretary should arrange

a suitable program. Attendance Chairman: Mr. J. Roy Jones of South Carolina was elected at- tendance chairman.

General Suggestions : The subject of the color of badges was brought up. It was decided that the colors should remain as they are at present—white for members, green for associate members, and pink for ladies. Another action was

to the effect that Mr. Searles, Conference Chaplain, be notified of the serious

illness or death of any sealer so that a card could be sent. Mimeographing of papers, etc.: It was decided to leave to the discretion of the Secretary just what papers should be mimeographed for distribution, according

to their usefulness. PERSONS ATTENDING THE CONFERENCE

Delegates—State, City, and County Officials ALABAMA

State W. C. Beatty, State Inspector of Weights and

Measures, Clayton.

T. H. Giles, Field Investigator, 1008 East Clinton

Street, Huntsville. 92
CALIFORNIA

State James E: Brenton, Chief, Bureau of Weights and

Measures, Department of Agriculture, Mull

Building, Sacramento. County

:

Alameda William A. Kerlin, County Sealer of Weights and

Measures, 333 Fifth Street, Oakland.

Kern A. D. Rose, County Sealer of Weights and Measures, 1116 E. California Avenue, Bakersfield. Los Angeles Charles Morris Fuller, County Sealer of Weights

and Measures, 3200 N. Main Street, Los Angeles.

Frank M. Raymund, Assistant County Sealer of Weights and Measures. San Diego Herbert J. McDade, County Sealer of Weights and

Measures, 1480 F Street, San Diego.

COLORADO

State Harry N. Duff, Supervisor, Weights and Measures

Section, Division of Markets, Department of Agriculture, 3130 Zuni Street, Denver. CONNECTICUT

State Frank M. Greene, Chief, Division of Weights and

Measures, Food and Drug Commission, State

Office Building, Hartford. Frank J. Delaney, State Inspector of Weights and

Measures. County

:

Fairfield William E. Sheehy, County Sealer of Weights

and Measures, County Court Building, Bridgeport. Alvin Coger, Assistant County Sealer of Weights

and Measures. Ernest R. Wilson, Assistant County Sealer of Weights and Measures. Hartford Fred E. McKinney, County Sealer of Weights and

Measures, County Court Building, 95 Washington Street, Hartford. Tolland William F. Masinda, County Sealer of Weights

and Measures, West Willi ngton.

City:

Bridgeport Louis Snow, City Sealer of Weights and Measures,

925 Main Street. Hartford Nathan Kalechman, City Sealer of Weights and

Measures, City Hall. DELAWARE

State Ralph Wine, Director, Bureau of Markets, State Board of Agriculture, Dover. John L. Clough, Director, State Laboratory.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

Weights, Measures, and Markets

300 Indiana Avenue, N. W.

Washington

District J. Thomas Kennedy, Chief. James G. Dance, Assistant Chief.

J. M. Boucher, Supervisor.

J. T. Bennick, Inspector and Investigator.

W. W. Brandt, Inspector and Investigator.

L. F. Brooks, Inspector and Investigator.

W. R. Cornelius, Inspector and Investigator.

L. F. Gnotta, Inspector and Investigator.

93
F. C. Harbour, Inspector and Investigator. K. G. Hayden, Inspector and Investigator.

W. H. Jennings, Inspector and Investigator.

T. B. Middleton, Inspector and Investigator. B. A. Pettit, Inspector and Investigator.

F. M. Warner, Inspector and Investigator.

W. W. Wklls, Inspector and Investigator. FLORIDA

State Nalls Berryman, Director, Weights and Measures

Division, Department of Agriculture, Nathan

Mayo Building, Tallahassee. City:Jacksonville Howard E. Crawford, Inspector of Weights and

Measures, 431 West 8th Street. Miami Harvey E. Howard, Supervisor of Weights and

Measures, Cocoanut Grove Station, P. O. Box 708. Merrill D. Williams, Inspector of Weights and

Measures. GEORGIA

State J. W. D. Harvey, Assistant Chemist, Department

of Revenue, State Office Building, Atlanta.

ILLINOIS Merrill M. Emerick, Assistant Superintendent,

Division of Foods, Dairies and Standards, Emmerson Building, State Fairgrounds, Springfield.

Irvine M. Levy, City Sealer of Weights and Measures, Room 608 City Hall. Frank J. Fitzgerald, Chief Deputy Sealer of Weights and Measures. John Dillon, Supervising Deputy Inspector of Weights and Measures.

INDIANA Rollin E. Meek, Director, Division of Weights and

Measures, State Board of Health, 1330 West

Michigan Street, Indianapolis. Lorenzo A. Gredy, State Inspector of Weights and

Measures.

E. Howard Hudelson, State Inspector of Weights

and Measures. Reuben C. Parks, Inspector of Weights and Measures, Court House, Marion.

Bert S. Cichowicz, Inspector of Weights and

Measures, City Hall, South Bend.

William H. Roberts, Inspector of Weights and

Measures, Room 5 Court House, Terre Haute. James A. Hilgemann, Inspector of Weights and

Measures, 301 South Clinton Street. Cleo C. Morgan, Sealer of Weights and Measures,

City Hall, Room 204. Harry H. Brunner, Supervising Inspector of Weights and Measures, Room 2, City Hall. Ivan R. Frazer, Inspector of Weights and Measures, City Building.

John T. Harper, Inspector of Weights and Measures, Room 205, City Hall.

State

City: Chicago.

State.

County

:

Grant

St. Joseph. _. Vigo

City:Fort WayneGary

Indianapolis.

Kokomo

Terre Haute. 94
IOWA

State Clyde Spry, Secretary, Department of Agriculture, Des Moines.

A. R. Miles, State Inspector of Weights and Measures, Madrid. KANSAS

State J. Fred True, State Sealer, Weights and Measures

Division, State Board of Agriculture, 420 West

9th Street, Topeka.

City : Topeka A. A. Haggart, City Sealer of Weights and Measures, City Building.

KENTUCKY

State George L. Johnson, Director, Division of Weights

and Measures, Department of Agriculture, State

Office Building, Frankfort. Walter C. Caldwell, State Inspector of Weights

and Measures, Waynesburg.

City : Louisville William H. Ising, Chief, Division of Weights and

Measures, Department of Public Safety, City

Hall.LOUISIANA

State Alois J. Mayer, Director, Division of Weights and

Measures, Department of Agriculture and Immigration, P. O. Box 4292, Capitol Station, Baton

Rouge.MAINE

State C. P. Osgood, Chief, Division of Inspection, Department of Agriculture, State House, Augusta.

James A. Boyle, Deputy State Sealer of Weights

and Measures.

City : Portland Charles J. Wills, Jr., Sealer of Weights and

Measures, City Building. MARYLAND

State Paul E. Nystrom, Chief, State Department of Markets, Board of Agriculture, University of Maryland, College Park. John E. Mahoney, Superintendent of Weights and

Measures. Richard N. Smith, Assistant Superintendent of Weights and Measures. W. S. Arbuckle, Professor, Dairy Manufacturing, Dairy Department.

Jack S. Conrad, Inspector, Dairy Department.

Amos R. Meyer, Associate Professor. County

:

Anne Arundel Milton H. Norris, County Inspector of Weights

and Measures, Mountain Road, Pasadena.

Baltimore Frank J. Vittek, Chief Inspector of Weights and

Measures, 25 Susquehanna Avenue, Towson. Montgomery A. Morton Thomas, Director, Department of In- spection and Licenses, Court House, Rockville. W. E. Dayhoff, Inspector of Weights and Measures. Erwin W. Bucklin, Chief, Division of Zoning,

Permits, and Licenses, County Building, Rockville. 95
City : Baltimore Geoege H. Letthauser, Senior Assistant Superintendent, Division of Weights and Measures,

Department of Public Works, 1106 Municipal

Building.

Edward E. Jaffa, Inspector. MASSACHUSETTS

State John P. McBride, Director of Standards, Depart- ment of Labor and Industries, 194 State House,

Boston.

City

:

Arlington James J. Dolan, City Sealer of Weights and

Measures, Town Hall. Boston John F. McCarthy, City Sealer of Weights and

Measures, Room 105 City Hall Annex.

Brookline James E. McMahon, Deputy Sealer of Weights

and Measures, Town Hall. Cambridge Joseph M. O'Neil, City Sealer of Weights and

Measures, Municipal Building. Chelsea Francis J. Hannabury, Deputy Sealer of Weights

and Measures, City Hall. Chicopee William T. Theroux, City Sealer of Weights and

Measures, City Hall. Gardner Frank K. Herons, City Sealer of Weights and

Measures, City Hall. Maiden John J. Kelley, City Sealer of Weights and

Measures, 43 Fairlawn.

Medford William S. Vinci, Deputy Sealer of Weights and

Measures, City Hall. Newton J. Ellis Bowen, City Sealer of Weights and Measures, City Hall, Newton Centre. Salem Bruce A. Kotulak, City Sealer of Weights and

Measures, 174 Bridge Street. Somerville John F. Casey, City Sealer of Weights and Measures, City Hall. MICHIGAN

State Miles A. Nelson, Chief, Bureau of Marketing and

Enforcement, Department of Agriculture, Lewis

Cass Building, Lansing.

Clyde E. Brown, State Inspector, State Department of Agriculture, 703 Cadillac Square Building, Detroit. City:

Dearborn M. O. Nickon, City Sealer of Weights and Measures, Police and Courts Building.

William H. Broomhall, Councilman, City Hall. Detroit Hazen L. Funk, Commissioner and City Sealer, Bureau of Weights and Measures, Department

of Purchases and Supplies, 740 Elmwood Avenue. George F. Austin, Jr., Deputy Sealer. Hamtramck Stephen W. Piasecki, City Sealer of Weights and

Measures, 10008 Dequindre Street. Highland Park James F. Baker, City Sealer of Weights and Measures, Highland Park Police Dept.

Kalamazoo E. Frank Whittington, City Sealer of Weights

and Measures, City Hall. Lansing Walter M. Saxton, City Sealer of Weights and

Measures, 333 North Cedar Street. Pontiac Walter A. Baerwolf, City Sealer of Weights and

Measures, Police Dept.

96
MINNESOTA

State Erling Hansen, Supervisor, Department of Weights and Measures, Railroad and Warehouse

Commission, South Third Street, Minneapolis.

City: Minneapolis Russell S. Ackerman, Superintendent, Department of Licenses, Weights and Measures, Room

3 City Hall. John G. Gustafson, Inspector. Frank Wolinski, Inspector. MISSOURI

State L. C. Carpenter, Commissioner, Department of Agriculture, Jefferson City.

Rollo E. Singleton, Director, Weights and Measures Division. City : St. Louis Joseph A. Bernard, Commissioner of Weights and

Measures, Room 12 City Hall. MONTANA

State Delbert Walrath, Chief Deputy Sealer, Department of Agriculture, State Capitol Post Office, Helena. NEW HAMPSHIRE

State Clement A. Lyon, Director, Bureau of Weights

and Measures, Division of Markets and Standards, Department of Agriculture, State Office Building, Concord. Alfred H. Dittrich, Chief Inspector. City : Portsmouth William A. Thomson, City Sealer of Weights and

Measures, 56 Ridges Court. NEW JERSEY

State Joseph G. Rogers, Superintendent, Division of Weights and Measures, Department of Law and

Public Safety, 187 West Hanover Street, Trenton. Archie T. Smith, Assistant Superintendent.

Samuel H. Christie, Jr., Senior Inspector.

County

:

Atlantic James E. Myers, County Superintendent of Weights and Measures, 350 South Egg Harbor

Road, Hammonton.

Bergen Michael J. Santimauro, County Superintendent

of Weights and Measures, 66 Zabriskie Street, Hackensack.

Ernest Dawson, Assistant County Superintendent

of Weights and Measures.

Burlington Paul F. Nunn, County Superintendent of Weights

and Measures, Centerton Road, Masonville. Cumberland Alfred Lirio, County Superintendent of Weights

and Measures, Box 369, Vineland. Winfield K. Thompson, Assistant County Superintendent of Weights and Measures, Court

House, Bridgeton. Essex William H. Schneidewind, County Superintendent of Weights and Measures, Hall of Records,

Newark.

Gloucester Martin J. Caulfield, County Superintendent of Weights and Measures, Westville Road, Almonesson. Mercer Ralph M. Bodenweiser, County Superintendent of Weights and Measures, Court House, Trenton.

97
Middlesex Charles F. Sullivan, County Superintendent of Weights and Measures, Sheriff's Office Building,

New Brunswick.

Monmouth Glenn L. Berry, County Superintendent of Weights and Measures, 706 Eighth Avenue, As- bury Park. William I. Thompson, Assistant County Superin- tendent of Weights and Measures, P. O. Box 76, Allenhurst. John A. J. Bovie, County Inspector of Weights

and Measures, 82 W. Wall Street, Neptune City.

Morris Del G. Nelson, County Superintendent of Weights

and Measures, Court House, Morristown.

Passaic William Miller, County Superintendent of Weights and Measures, Administration Building, Paterson. Union James M. Dietz, County Superintendent of Weights and Measures, Court House, Elizabeth. City:

Clifton Felix J. Sandri, Municipal Superintendent of Weights and Measures, City Hall. Englewood Leonard DeRienzo, Municipal Superintendent of Weights and Measures, City Hall. Hoboken Anthony Grossi, Municipal Superintendent of Weights and Measures, City Hall. Jersey City John S. Burke, Municipal Superintendent of Weights and Measures, City Hall. Passaic Paul DeVries, Municipal Superintendent of Weights and Measures, Municipal Building.

Joseph Shaw, Assistant Municipal Superintendent

of Weights and Measures. Paterson Joseph P. Leonard, Municipal Superintendent of Weights and Measures, 115 Van Houten Street. Union City Alfred O. Oslund, Municipal Superintendent of Weights and Measures, Municipal Building.

NEW YORK

State E. V. Moore, Assistant Commissioner, Department

of Agriculture and Markets, State Office Building, Albany.

Clement A. Baker, Director, Bureau of Weights

and Measures. County

:

Genesee Glenn A. Pullman, County Sealer of Weights and

Measures, 19 Buffalo Street, Bergen.

Monroe Earl D. Hubble, County Sealer of Weights and

Measures, 1400 South Avenue, Rochester. Nassau Robert Williams, County Sealer of Weights and

Measures, Old County Court House Annex,

Mineola. William Kirk, Jr., Assistant County Sealer of Weights and Measures. Niagara H. C. Hulshoff, County Sealer of Weights and

Measures, 17 High Street, Lockport.

City:

Binghamton Harry A. Lason, City Sealer of Weights and Measures, 60 Robinson Street. Ithaca E. Paul Nedrow, City Sealer of Weights and

Measures, 318 Columbia Street. Lackawanna John J. Seres, City Sealer of Weights and Measures, 84 Rosary Avenue. Long Beach Mrs. Veronica Roche, City Sealer of Weights and

Measures, 562 East Market Street, Long Beach,

Long Island. 98
Rochester A. C. Samenfink, City Sealer of Weights and

Measures, Rochester Food Terminal, Administration Building.

Yonkers S. John Dimase, City Sealer of Weights and Measures, City Hall. NORTH CAROLINA

State C. D. Baucom, Superintendent, Weights and Measures Division, Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Building, Raleigh.

John I. Moore, Field Supervisor, Box 2281, Raleigh.

Marion L. Kinlaw, Inspector of Weights and

Measures, P. O. Box 507, Hope Mills. William Shook, Inspector of Weights and Measures, 2203 Noble Road, Raleigh. OHIO

State V. D. Campbell, Supervisor, Weights and Measures Section, Division of Food and Dairies, De- partment of Agriculture, 710 State Office Building, Columbus.

County

Medina R. W. Searles, Deputy County Sealer of Weights

and Measures, Court House, Medina.

Sandusky V. E. Stuckey, Deputy County Sealer of Weights

and Measures, % County Auditor, Fremont.

City:

Akron Robert K. Slough, City Sealer of Weights and

Measures, Municipal Building. Cincinnati W. E. G. Rhein, Superintendent, Markets, Weights

and Measures, Department of Safety, 2nd Floor Market House.

Lorain Gabor Toth, City Sealer of Weights and Measures,

3019 Caroline Avenue. OKLAHOMA

State T. C. Beck, Assistant Director, Marketing Division, State Board of Agriculture, 122 Capitol

Building, Oklahoma City.

City : Oklahoma City Charles Edward Clifford, City Chemist, 507 Municipal Building.

OREGON

State O. K. Beals, Chief, Division of Foods and Dairies,

Weights and Measures, Department of Agriculture, Salem. Walter B. Steele, Deputy State Sealer of Weights

and Measures. PENNSYLVANIA

State Joseph F. Blickley, Director, Bureau of Standard

Weights and Measures, Department of Internal

Affairs, Capitol Building, Harrisburg.

Spencer H. Seighman, Assistant Director. County : Philadelphia James J. Powers, Supervisor, Bureau of Weights

and Measures, 305 City Hall, Philadelphia.

City : Erie Paul F. Watson, City Inspector of Weights and

Measures, City Hall. RHODE ISLAND

State Edward R. Fisher, Sealer of Weights and Measures, Department of Labor, Veterans Memorial

Building, 83 Park Street, Providence. James F. Corrigan, Deputy State Sealer of Weights and Measures. 99
SOUTH CAROLINA

State J. Roy Jones, Commissioner, Department of Agriculture, Wade Hampton Office Building, P. O. Box 1080, Columbia.

Carl H. Stender, Assistant Commissioner.

TENNESSEE

State William F. Moss, Assistant Commissioner, De- partment of Agriculture, 411 State Office Building, Nashville. City

:

Memphis V. D. Rogers, City Inspector of Weights and Measures, 590 Washington Avenue.

Nashville Tom Webb, Sealer of Weights and Measures, 300

Demonbreun Street. Maxie Runion, Deputy Sealer of Weights and

Measures. TEXAS

State L. B. Sherman, State Inspector of Weights and

Measures, Department of Agriculture, Austin. City:Dallas F. G. Yarbrough, Inspector of Weights and Measures, 311 City Hall. Fort Worth R. L. Sharp, Inspector of Weights and Measures,

Department of Public Health & Welfare, City

Hall. Houston M. D. Leach, Inspector, Weights and Measures

Division, Dept. of Public Works, City Hall. UTAH

City : Salt Lake City Edwin C. Westwood, City Sealer of Weights and

Measures, 118 East First Street. VERMONT

State Arden L. LaPlant, Supervisor, Division of Weights and Measures, Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Building, Montpelier. VIRGINIA

State John H. Meek, Director, Division of Markets,

Department of Agriculture, 1200 East Main

Street, Richmond.

R. D. Thompson, Supervisor, Weights and Measures Section. Oscar T. Almarode, State Inspector of Weights

and Measures, Box 807, Staunton.

L. R. Gordon, State Inspector of Weights and

Measures, Richmond.

J. H. Pierce, State Inspector of Weights and

Measures, Woodstock.

Thomas R. Jarvis, Field Supervisor, Weight

Station, Department of Highways, Richmond.

C. E. Whitman, Field Supervisor, Scale Maintenance, Department of Highways.

County: Arlington James L. Francis, Weights and Measures In- spector, 1314 N. Courthouse Road, Arlington.

City:

Danville Clyde H. Wrenn. City Sealer of Weights and

Measures, City Market Building.

Newport News __. John B. Layton. City Sealer of Weights and Measures, City Hall. 100
Norfolk W. K. Tkipple, Chief, Bureau of Weights and

Measures, City Market Building.

J. A. Parron, City Inspector of Weights and Measures. Richmond Conway C. Mundy, Chief. Bureau of Weights and

Measures, Laurel and Main Streets. A. L. Brockwell, Inspector of Weights and Measures. M. L. Rice, Inspector of Weights and Measures. Roanoke James M. Hudgins, City Sealer of Weights and

Measures. City Market Building.

WASHINGTON

City : Seattle Walter L. Daniels, Director, Licenses and Standards, Office of the Comptroller, 100 County-City

Building.

Don M. Turnbull, Supervisor, Licenses and

Standards. WEST VIRGINIA Haxsei. James Harper. State Inspector of Weights

and Measures, Moorefbld.

C. Hunter Hott, State Inspector of Weights and

Measures, Box 781, Romney.

Roy Newkirk, State Inspector of Weights and

Measures, Hedgesville. Mrs. Beatrice Lanham, County Sealer of Weights

and Measures. Harrison County Court, Clarksburg.WISCONSIN

AVilliam Waterman, Supervisor, Weights and

Measures Inspection, Department of Agriculture, State Capitol, Madison.

Alex K. Mtchaelson, City Sealer of Weights and

Measures, Market Square Building.

WYOMING

State Elvix Leemax. Superintendent, Division of Weights and Measures. Capitol Building, Cheyenne. DELEGATES, GUESTS, AND CONFERENCE STAFF—NATIONAL BUREAU

OF STANDARDS

Director's Office: A. V. Asttn, Director. A. T. McPherson, Associate Director. W. S. Bussey, Chief, Office of Weights and Measures. M. W. Jensen, Assistant Chief, Office of Weights and Measures.

R. W. Smith, Consultant, Office of Weights and Measures (Honorary

Member )

.

Mrs. K. M. Schwarz, Attorney-Editor, Office of Weights and Measures. Mrs. R. E. Taylor, Secretary, Office of Weights and Measures. Mrs. F. C. Bell, Clerk-Stenographer, Office of Weights and Measures. W. R. Tilley, Chief, Technical Reports Section, Office of Scientific Publications.

C. L. Bragaw, Editor, Technical Reports Section, Office of Scientific Publications. John Friedman, Technical Reports Section, Office of Scientific Publications. Mrs. F. T. Achenbach, Office of Scientific Publications.

B. H. Barbour, Publications Section. Office of Scientific Publications.

State.

County : Harrison

State

City : Wausau

101
Applied Mathematics Division: Churchill Eisenhaet, Chief, Statistical Engineering Laboratory.

W. S. Connoe, Jr., Engineer, Statistical Engineering Laboratory.

W. H. Clatworthy, Mathematician, Statistical Engineering Laboratory.

Julius Lieblein, Mathematician, Statistical Engineering Laboratory.

Mary G. Natrella, Statistician, Statistical Engineering Laboratory.

Chemistry Division:

E. R. Weaver, Chief, Gas Chemistry Section.

J. H. Eisemann, Gas Chemistry Section. Management Planning Staff: T. C. Leffingwell.

Mechanics Division: H. S. Bean, Chief, Capacity, Density, and Fluid Meters Section. B. C. Keysar, Capacity, Density, and Fluid Meters Section. H. H. Allion, Capacity, Density, and Fluid Meters Section.

J. C. Hughes, Capacity, Density, and Fluid Meters Section. D. R. Tate, Chief, Mass and Scale Section.

L. B. Macurdy, Chief, Mass Unit, Mass and Scale Section. Miss E. M. Clinton, Physicist, Mass Unit, Mass and Scale Section. Miss N. J. Tighe, Mass Unit, Mass and Scale Section. H. H. Russell, Chief, Scale Unit, Mass and Scale Section. H. L. Badger, Physicist, Scale Unit, Mass and Scale Section.

C. H. Oakley, Weights and Measures Co-ordinator, Scale Unit, Mass and

Scale Section. Optics and Metrology Division

:

I. H. Fullmer, Chief, Engineering Metrology Section.

L. V. Judson, Chief, Length Section. R. W. Crouch, Jr., Photometry and Colorimetry Section. W. Souder, Retired. Organic and Fibrous Materials Division

:

T. W. Lashof, Paper Section. Miss J. M. Blandford, Textile Technologist, Textile Section. GUESTS REPRESENTING UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

U. S. Department of Agriculture

:

C. L. Richard, Supervisor of Scales and Weighing, Livestock Branch, Room

3530 South Building, Washington 25, D. C. R. J. Neale, Weights and Measures Inspector, Packers and Stockyards

Division, Livestock Branch, Production and Marketing Administration, 760 Livestock Exchange Building, Kansas City 2, Mo.

E. A. Murphy, Federal Meat Inspection, Washington, D. C. U. S. Department of the Army

:

E. R. Melton, Lt. Col., FC, Office Chief of Finance, Washington 25, D. C. E. H. Ball, Major, Office Chief of Transportation, Washington 25, D. C. U. S. Department of Commerce

:

Walter Williams, Under Secretary of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C. W. M. Sawyer, Industry Specialist, Containers and Packing Division, Busi- ness and Defense Services Administration, Room 4053 Commerce Building,

Washington 25, D. C. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare

:

S. C. Rowe, Chemist, Food Division, U. S. Food and Drug Administration,

Room 4161 South Building, Washington 25, D. C. U. S. Marine Corps : T. A. Branch, Captain, Transportation Section, Washington 25, D. C.

C. C. Nelson, Captain, Washington 25, D. C. U. S. Department of the Navy

:

E. T. Moran, Civ. Director, Household Goods, Bureau of Supplies and

Accounts, Arlington Annex, Washington 25, D. C.

J. E. McCormick, Asst. Civ. Director, Household Goods Division, Arlington

Annex, Washington 25, D. C. U. S. Treasury Department:

N. T. Morsell, Chief, Tobacco Branch, Alcohol and Tobacco Tax Division, Internal Revenue Bureau, Washington 25, D. C. E. W. Teagarden, Engineering Specialist, Bureau of Customs, Washington

25, D. C. 102
GUESTS REPRESENTING MANUFACTURERS OF WEIGHING AND

MEASURING DEVICES

American Meter Company : Wallace T. White, Sales Engineer, 1513 Race

Street, Philadelphia, Pa. American Scale and Vise Company

Virgil W. Faeeae, Sales Manager, 6 East 11th Street, Kansas City 6, Mo.

C. V. Marks, Chief Engineer.

Avery Adhesive Label Corporation : Wilmer P. Webster, District Sales Manager,

Commercial Trust Building, Philadelphia 2, Pa. Badger Meter Manufacturing Company

J. E. Johnston, 2357-71 N. 30th Street, Milwaukee 10, Wis.

Chaeles E. Kohl.

Bloomer Brothers Company: Raynob M. Holmes, Research Engineer, Newark,

New York. Bowsee. Inc. : G. H. Giczewski, Manager Advance Engineering Section, 1302 E. Creighton, Port Wayne, Ind.

C. P. Geiffith. Vice President in Charge of Engineering.

W. M. Haeks, Vice President and Director of Sales, 33 N. La Salle Street, Chicago, 111. Brodie, Ralph N., Company:

D. W. Kingsley, Eastern Sales Manager, 550 S. Columbus Avenue, Mount

Vernon, New, York.

C. J. McCaffrey, Vice President. Buffalo Scale Company: T. L. Richmond, Je., President, 46 Letchworth Street, Buffalo, New York.

Chatillon. John & Sons : Geoege C. Reiley, Vice President, Sales, 85 Cliff Street, New York 38, N. Y. Cox & Stevens : James Heatley, Sales Manager, Glen Cove Road, Mineola, N. Y. Creamery Package Mfg. Company: L. T. Gustafson, General Sales Engineer,

1243 W. Washington Blvd., Chicago 7, 111. Dairy Equipment Mfg. Company

Kenneth S. Haet, President, 1444 E. Washington Avenue, Madison 3, Wis.

Don J. Peltiee, Winooski, Vermont

DeLaval Separator Company

Axel C. Gustafson, General Dairy Representative, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Quito G. Recchia, Engineer, Development.

Detecto Scales, Inc.

Mack Rapp, Vice President, 540 Park Avenue, Brooklyn 5, N. Y. Mrs. Ca erie G. Woodland, Representative, Woodland's Temple Grove,

Fellsmere, Fla. Dixie Cup Company : Abthue J. Nolan, Vice President, Easton, Pa. Erie Meter Systems, Inc.

Paul R. Fishburn, Chief Engineer, P. O. Box 559, Erie, Pa. William B. Johnson, Jr., Manager of Sales. Exact Weight Scale Company : K. B. Neff, President, 944 West 5th Avenue, Columbus 8. Ohio. W. A. Scheubee, Vice President. James F. Sullivan, Chief Engineer.

Olivee Watson, Manager, Chicago Division, 608 S. Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. Ex-Cello-0 Corporation : Gene R. Andee, Pure-Pak Division, 1200 Oakman Blvd., Detroit 32. Mich.

Fairbanks, Morse & Company : John J. Connell, Field Engineer, 659 E. 25th Street, Baltimore, Md.

C. G. Geheingee, Assistant Manager Scale Division, 600 S. Michigan Avenue,

Chicago 5, 111. Frederick C. Johnson, 80 Broad Street, New York 4, N. Y. Jerome C. Kenney, Field Engineer, 659 E. 25th Street, Baltimore, Md.

G. C. Woethley, Manager, Scale Division, 600 S. Michigan Avenue, Chicago,

111. Fisher Governor Company: Walter H. Hoagland, Eastern Manager, 212 East

State Street, Westport, Conn. 103
Fuller, H. J., Company: H. J. Fuller, President, 1371 W. Third Avenue,

Columbus 12, Ohio. Gap Instrument Corporation : A. S. Goodrich, President, 253 W. Merrick Road,

Valley Stream, N. Y. General Electric Company : Russell Morgan, 4855 Electric Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis.

Herbert Schreiber, Jr., Industrial Product Engineer.

Gilbert & Barker Mfg. Co.

:

C. A. Bellows, Manager Patents, Weights, and Measures, West Springfield Mass. William Keay, Manager, Sales Service. Girton Manufacturing Company : Jack M. Ruckle, Sales Engineer, Millville, Pa. Gomolla, Henry, & Son: Henry W. Gomolla, Owner, 36 Montgomery St., Bloomfield, N. J. Gould Equipment Company: Earlon W. Barrett, Representative, Box 1611, Portland, Maine.

Granberg Corporation

:

Robert C. Anderson, General Manager, Granco Pumps and Meters, 1308

67th Street, Oakland, Calif. Paul B. McCann, District Manager, 489 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. Gurley, W. & L. E. : Feanklin G. Williams, Washington Representative, 5514 Nevada Avenue, N. W., Washington 15, D. C. Hobart Manufacturing Company

:

Murray Craig, Weights and Measures Representative, Dayton Scale Division,

Penn Avenue at Simpson Street, Troy, Ohio.

E. A. Reussenzehn, Chief Scale Engineer, Dayton Scale Division, 448 Huff- man Avenue, Dayton 3, Ohio. Hodgson, Alfred E., Scale Distributor, 6932 Market Street, Upper Darby, Pa. Howe Scale Company

:

R. A. Parham, Branch Manager, 1300 Curtain Avenue, Baltimore 18, Md.

Richard F. Straw, Vice President, Sales, 2941 Scale Avenue, Rutland, Vt. Hunter, S. S., Inc.

:

Jack W. Poltvka, Sales Manager, Box 390, La Grange, 111. William M. Shanhouse, General Manager, Syossett, New York.

Lily-Tulip Cup Corporation

:

Keith B. Mount, Assistant to Vice President, 122 E. 42nd Street, New York

17, N. Y. Richard S. Wechsler, Counsel. Lincoln Engineering Company : Lutwin C. Rotter, Chief Engineer, 5701 Natural

Bridge, St. Louis, Mo. Marvel Rack Manufacturing Company, Inc. : Charles W. McCarthy, President, 24 N. First Street, Minneapolis, Minn.

Mclntyre, John J., Sons : F. L. McIntyre, 514-16 Knorr Street, Philadelphia 11, Pa. John L. McIntyre.

Measuregraph Company : E. A. Powell, Regional Manager, 1710 Edgewood Road,

Baltimore, Md.

Mellinger Manufacturing Company

:

W. Roger Roop, Engineer, Lancaster, Pa. Eugene R. Witmer, Sales Manager.

Mojonnier Bros. Co. : J. W. Nisonger, 2301 Tecumseh Street, West Hyattsville, Md.

Moulden Supply Company: Haskell V. Johnson, Field Representative, P. O. Box 1247, Jackson, Miss. Noptune Meter Company

:

H. A. Lentz, Jr., Representative, 1803 Finance Building, Philadelphia 2, Pa. Walter H, Sieger, Sales Manager, Petroleum and Industrial Meters, 50 West

50th Street, New York 20, N. Y. Emmett F. Wehmann, Engineer, 22-42 Jackson Avenue. Long Island City, N. Y. Owens-Illinois Glass Company: J. D. Laird, Chief Specification and Service Engineer, Toledo 1, Ohio. Partee Equipment Company : Paul F. Partee, Spencerville, Indiana. Penn Scale Mfg. Co., Inc. : Sydney Black, President, 150 W. Berks Street, Philadelphia 22, Pa. Richardson Scale Company: H. Bandstra, 668 Van Houten Avenue, Clifton, N. J. 104
Rockwell Manufacturing Company

:

Edward R. Eyler, Sales Engineer. 400 N. Lexington Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. Charles B. Johnson, Consulting Engineer.

James H. Judge, Product Manager.

Paul A. Mankin, Chief Engineer.

Charles H. Obrock, Sales Engineer, 7701 Empire State Building, New York,

N. Y. Sanitary Scale Company : J. V. Farwell, III, President, 664 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111. Sauter, August, N. Y., Inc.

:

Gerhart F. Czemba, 230 Park Avenue, New York, N. Y. Hayes G. Shimp

Seraphin Test Measure Company : T. A. Seraphin, General Manager, 1314 N.

7th Street, Philadelphia 22, Pa. Smith, A. O., Corporation: H. D. Leisenring, Sales Manager, Eastern Area, 250 Park Avenue, New

York 17, N. Y. W. G. Moser, Manager, Meter Division. 5715 Smithway Street, Los Angeles,

Calif. Stanton Instruments Ltd. : G. R. Jones, 119 Oxford Street, London Wl, England. Stewart Warner Corporation: Stanley J. Zillinski, 1826 Diversey Parkway,

Chicago, 111. Stimpson Computing Scale Company : John J. Waage, President, 829-837 Logan

Street, Louisville 4, Ky.

Streeter-Amet Company : Verne C. Kennedy, President, 4101 Ravenswood

Avenue, Chicago 13, 111. Thatcher Glass Manufacturing Company

:

James Arrandale, Director, Quality Control and Service Department, 623 W. Water Street, Elmira, N. Y. Andrew E. Mauro, Director of Quality Control. Tokheim Oil Tank and Pump Company

:

William Louthan, Manager, Field Service, 1602 Wabash Avenue, Fort Wayne 1, Ind. Ken Slusher.

Toledo Scale Company:

Arthur H. Alexander, District Manager, Baltimore, 1720 E. Fayette Street, Baltimore, Md.

Stanley Q. Bennett, Manager of Weights and Measures and Sanitary

Standards, 5225 Telegraph Road, Toledo 1, Ohio. D. J. Boudinot, General Sales Manager.

Byron D. Miller, Manager, Government Division, 3329 Eighth Street, N. E., Washington, D. C. Torsion Balance Company: Frank O. Deimel, Manager, Eastern Division,

Clifton, N. J. Triner Scale & Manufacturing Company: John E. Edgerton, Representative, 1395 National Press Building, Washington, D. C. Troemner, Henry: Charles F. Rosica, Sales Manager, 911 Arch Street, Phila- delphia 7, Pa.

XJ. S. Slicing Machine Company

:

G. D. Coan, 333 Larson Street, La Porte, Indiana. Matthew D. Ribble, Special Representative, 16660 Normandy, Detroit, Mich.

Yeeder-Root, Inc.

:

J. J. Brannick, Sales Manager, Computer Division, 44 Cherryfield Drive,

West Hartford 7, Conn.

A. E. McKeever, Sales Manager, Master Meter Duplicator Division. David J. Post, Jr., Vice President. Viking Tool and Machine Company : Archie J. Dowd, Manager, Taximeter

Division, 2 Main Street, Belleville, N. J. Wayne Pump Company

:

Freedom H. Ainsworth, Assistant Chief Engineer, Salisbury, Md.

William L. Connelly, Jr., Sales Engineer.

W. J. Dubsky, Project Engineer.

Winslow Government Standard Scale Works, Inc. : C. E. Ehrenhardt, Secretary, 25th and Haythorne Avenue, Terre Haute, Ind. Wood, John, Company:

L. G. Close, Manager. Baltimore District, Bennett Pump Division, 2127 N. Charles Street, Baltimore 18, Md. W. M. Hoxie, Service Manager, Bennett Pump Division., Broadway & Lethen

Streets, Muskegon, Mich.

105
GUESTS REPRESENTING ASSOCIATIONS, BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY,

AND RAILROADS

Agricultural Ammonia Institute: Douglas Johnston, Chairman, Agricultural

Ammonia Institute Committee, John Blue Company, Huntsville, Ala. American Meat Institute: Arthur Broadwin, 727 National Press Building,

Washington 4, D. C. American Petroleum Institute: Logan L. Kennedy, Chairman, Weights and

Measures Committee, (Esso Standard Oil Company) , 500 North Broad Street, Elizabeth, N. J. American Seed Trade Association : William Heckendorn, Executive Secretary,

Suite 1107, 30 N. LaSalle Street, Chicago 2, 111. American Trucking Associations, Inc.

:

Charles P. Hoffmann, Jr., Automotive Engineer, 1424 Sixteenth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. Lewis C. Kibbee. American Veneer Package Association, Inc. : Don M. James, Director of Research,

1808 High Street, Camp Hill, Pa. Association of American Soap & Glycerine Producers, Inc.: Roy W. Peet,

Manager, 295 Madison Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. Cannon Mills : Herbert Allen Greene, Kannapolis, North Carolina. Chestnut Farms Dairy: William B. Anderson, Director of Supply, 2535 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W., Washington 7, D. C. Chicago Better Business Bureau, Inc. : M. John Madsen, Manager, Fuel Division, 14 E. Jackson Boulevard, Chicago 4, 111. Connecticut Milk Producers Association: John S. Seremet, Supervisor, Field- Service, 990 Wethersfield Avenue, Hartford, Conn.

Continental Oil Company : R. W. Hird, Assistant Director, Marketing Operations,

P. O. Box 2197, Houston 1, Texas. Dairymen's League Co-op. Association, Inc. : Robert W. Metzger, Assistant

Director of Quality Control, 100 Park Avenue, New York, N. Y. Farm Market Relations, Inc. : Edwin W. Stillwell, President, 975 National

Press Building, Washington 4, D. C. Fruit Dispatch Company

:

John N. Kelley, Manager, Fruit Transportation, Pier 3, North River, New

York 6, N. Y. R. B. Tewksbury, Assistant Manager, Fruit Transportation, Pier 3, North

River, New York 6, N. Y. Gasoline Pump Manufacturers Association : G. Denny Moore, Managing Director,. 420 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. General Ice Cream Corporation : G. Emerson Sartain, Producer Relations,

Bryant & Chapman Dairy, 255 Homestead Avenue, P. O. Box 88, Hartford, Conn. General Mills, Inc. : Oswald A. Oudal, Products Control Manager, Grocery

Products Division, 400 Second Avenue, South, Minneapolis, Minn.

Glass Container Manufacturers Institute: C. Earl Wagner, Development

Engineer, 8 West 40th Street, New York 18, N. Y. Gulf Oil Corporation:

E. C. Dickey, Superintendent, Marketing Equipment, Atlanta Sales Division, Gulf Building, Atlanta, Ga. John O. Habicht, Superintendent, Marketing Equipment, 1515 Locust Street, Philadelphia 2, Pa. W. K. McCoy, General Superintendent, Plant Operations and Equipment,

Gulf Building, Pittsburgh 30, Pa. Humble Oil & Refining Company : J. E. Niland, Chief Engineer, P. O. Box 2180,

Houston, Texas.

Industrial Research Syndicate: C. A. Lindsay, Director, 1305 Euclid Street, N. W., Washington 9, D. C.

Illinois Central Railroad: Walter Schlinkert, Superintendent of Scales, 202 North Walnut Street, Centralia, 111. Inland Steel Company: R. J. Lavery, Supervisor of Scales, East Chicago, Ind. International Association of Ice Cream Manufacturers : Donald H .Williams,

Assistant to Executive Secretary, 1105 Barr Building, Washington 6, D. C. LP-Gas Association: Chris F. Neely, Staff Engineer, 11 S. LaSalle Street, Chicago, 111. 106
Liquid Tight Paper Container Association: Arthur W. Howe, Jr., Assistant Executive Secretary, 1532 Lincoln-Liberty Building, Philadelphia 7, Pa. Marvadel Ice Cream Company, Inc. : John C. Krusen, Manager, 4001 Seven

Mile Lane, Baltimore 8, Md.

Maryland-Virginia Milk Producers Association : Cecil F. Cole, Field Representative, 1756 K Street, N. W., Washington, D. C.

i James B. Smathers, Fieldman.

Millers National Federation : Herm an Fakler, Vice President, 847 National

Press Building, Washington, D. C. National Association of Dairy Equipment Manufacturers : John Marshall,

Executive Secretary, 927 Fifteenth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. National Association of Scale Manufacturers : Arthur Sanders, Executive Secretary, No. 1 Thomas Circle, Washington 5, D. C. National Dairy Products Corporation : AValter D. Hunnicutt, Manager, Pro- curement and Supply Department, 260 Madison Avenue, New York 16, N. Y. National Fisheries Institute

Charles E. Jackson, General Manager, 1614 Twentieth Street, Washington 9, D. C. Mal Xavier, Director, West Coast Operations.

National Tank Truck Carriers, Inc. : Louis Reznek, Director of Safety and

Engineering, 1424 Sixteenth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. National Truck Tank and Trailer Tank Institute : Allan R. Smith, Executive

Secretary, 120 S. LaSalle Street, Chicago 3, 111. New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad Company : Eugene G. Ruot, Scale

Supervisor, Work Equipment Department, New Haven, Conn. Paper Cup and Container Institute : Dale H. Eckerman, Executive Director, Room 1020 Postum Building, 250 Park Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. Robert W. Foster, Assistant Executive Director. Pennsylvania Railroad : Byron R. Nelson, Supervisior of Scale Inspectors, 30th

Street Station, Room 417, Philadelphia 4, Pa.

Phillips Petroleum Company: Paul W. Tucker, Technical Representative,

Bartlesville, Okla.

Pillsbury Mills, Inc.

Otis W. Galloway, Claim Agent, 6607 Garden Home Road, S. W., Portland,

Oregon.

Charles E. Joyce, Claim Agent, 608 Second Avenue South, Pillsbury Building, Minneapolis 2, Minn. Pure Oil Company : R. G. Emmett, Assistant Operating Manager, 35 East Wacker

Drive, Chicago, 111. Pyrofax Gas Corporation : John P. Russell, Engineering Assistant, 30 E. 42nd

Street, New York, N. Y. Reed, W. P., Weights and Measures Consultant, 3770-B Skyland Drive, Chamblee,

Ga. Republic Steel Corporation : Howard L. Zupp, Corporation Weighing Inspector, 333 Delaware Avenue, N. E., Massillon, Ohio. Safeway Stores, Inc

Arnold J. Anderson, Retail Operations Manager, 1845 Fourth Street, N. E., Washington, D. C. Edgar Balshaw, Division Manager.

Luther S. Beale, Employee Relations Manager.

Frank J. Sheehan, Manager, Public Relations, Dexter Services, 726 Jack- son Place, N. W., Washington 6, D. C. Joseph W. Upton, Price Maker, 1845 Fourth Street, N. E., Washington, D. C. Burton R. Warner, Advertising Manager, 261 Constitution Avenue, N. W.,

Room 522, Washington, D. C. Gibson I. Wright, Supply Manager, 1845 Fourth Street, N. E., Washington,

D. C. Saybolt, J. W., Business Counsellor on Weights and Measures Laws, 9209 Carlyle

! Avenue, Surfside, Miami Beach 41, Fla. Scale Journal Publishing Company : Jared K. Pickell, Office Manager, 176 W.

Adams Street, Chicago 3, 111.

. Shell Oil Company : Maurice L. Barrett, Senior Engineer, 50 W. 50th Street, New York 20, N. Y.

Sinclair Refining Company : Kenneth W. Birkin, Manager, Automotive Department, 600 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. Skelly Oil Company : R. R. Wellington, Kansas City, Mo. 107
Socony-Vacuum Oil Company: H. E. Seaeles, Motor Vehicle Supervisor, New

York City Division, 1 Hanson Place, Brooklyn, N. Y. Suburban Farm Service Company : George N. Peacock, Operations Manager,

107 Earle Avenue, Easton, Md.

Suburban Propane Gas Corporation : William D. Cook, Assistant to President,

P. O. Box 206, Whippany, N. J. Suburban Rulane Gas Company: John Macintosh, Chief Engineer, Thrift

Road, Charlotte, N. C. Thread Institute, Inc.

:

James B. Duffy, Chairman, Legislation Committee, 11 West 42nd Street, New York 36, N. Y. (Gardiner Hall Jr. Thread Co., South Willington,

Conn.)

William D. Seidler, Member, Legislation Committee, 11 West 42nd Street, New York 36, N. Y. (Coats & Clark, Inc., 745 Fifth Ave., New York 22, N. Y.)

David Snyder, Executive Director, 11 West 42nd Street, New York 36, N. Y. Union Oil Company of California

:

Harold G. Cooper, Engineer Facilities, 617 W. Seventh Street, Los Angeles,

California. Visking Corporation

:

Elliot Balestier, Jr., Assistant to President, 6733 West 65th Street, Chicago

38, 111. William M. Sawees, Assistant Director, 711 Bowen Building, 815 Fifteenth

Street, N. W., Washington 5, D. C. Warren Petroleum Corporation : W. H. Miller, Tulsa, Oklahoma. Western Weighing and Inspection Bureau : E. M. Curl, Supervisor of Weights,

Room 460 Union Station, 917 W. Adams Street, Chicago 6, 111. OTHER GUESTS

M. Jacob, Director, Service de la Metrologie, Ministere des Affaires Economiques, 229 Rue de la Loi, Bruxelles, Belgium (President, Provisional Inter- national Committee on Legal Metrology).

E. Kent Lawrence, 2741 St. Paul Street, Baltimore 18, Md.

Paulo Nelson Pereira, Engineer, Institute de Pesquisas Tecnologicas, Praca

eel Fernando Prestes, 110 Caixa Postal, 7141, Sao Paulo, Brasil. Frank L. Rogles, 6378 Lansdowne, St. Louis 1, Mo.

108 S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1951