Living Longer: Historical and Projected

Life Expectancy in the United States,

1960 to 2060

Population Estimates and Projections

By Lauren Medina, Shannon Sabo, and Jonathan Vespa

Current Population Reports

Issued February 2020

P25-1145

INTRODUCTION

Over the last four decades, life expectancy in the 

United States has largely risen, although certain 

groups have experienced slight decreases in their life 

expectancy, gaining the attention of mortality experts 

and the media. Recent headlines draw attention to the 

role of the opioid epidemic in this unusual downturn 

in life expectancy among non-Hispanic White adults. 

In considering what the future of the U.S. population 

may look like, we must address historical and recent 

shifts in life expectancy and understand that these 

shifts are the result of complex social, cultural, biological, and economic forces. Looking forward, we 

seek to uncover how life expectancy might change 

in coming decades and assess how these changes 

might look across the various race, ethnic, and nativity 

groups that make up the U.S. population. 

Throughout this report, we use the U.S. Census 

Bureau’s 2017 National Population Projections to 

examine potential mortality and life expectancy 

changes in the coming decades. To provide historical 

context, we draw extensively on life expectancy data 

from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). 

The report includes projections of life expectancy 

from 2017 to 2060 and explores projected differences 

in mortality for men and women and for different race 

and Hispanic origin groups in the United States. The 

report also focuses on projected life expectancy differences between the native-born and foreign-born 

populations. The mortality projections covered in 

this report are based on the first nativity-specific life 

tables and life expectancies to be published by the 

Census Bureau.1

Projections of life expectancy can provide essential 

information on population aging, guide the future 

of U.S. public health, and gauge potential impacts 

on health care systems. As a result, they can help 

improve our understanding of social welfare and better inform policy planning. In addition to presenting 

mortality patterns for the total population, depicting life expectancy patterns by characteristics, such 

as sex, race, Hispanic origin, and nativity, provides a 

more accurate story of current and future population 

health within the United States.

REPORT HIGHLIGHTS

• Americans are projected to have longer life expectancies in coming decades. By 2060, life expectancy for the total population is projected to 

increase by about six years, from 79.7 in 2017 to

85.6 in 2060.2

• Increases in life expectancy are projected to be 

larger for men than women, although women are 

still projected to live longer than men do, on average, in 2060.

• All racial and ethnic groups are projected to have 

longer life expectancies in coming decades, but 

the greatest gains will be to native-born men who 

are non-Hispanic Black alone and non-Hispanic 

1

 The Census Bureau reviewed this data product for unauthorized 

disclosure of confidential information and approved the disclosure 

avoidance practices applied to this release. CBDRB-FY19-245. 2 Official life expectancy measures from the NCHS were lower 

than the projected life expectancy values for 2017. Despite recently 

observed decreases in life expectancy, these projections assume 

continued increases in life expectancy.
2 U.S. Census Bureau

American Indian or Alaska 

Native alone.

• Among the native-born population, Hispanic women had the 

longest life expectancy, 83.3 

years, of any race or Hispanic 

origin group in the United 

States in 2017. They are projected to continue to have the 

longest life expectancy, 87.8 

years, in 2060.

• In 2060, foreign-born men and 

women are projected to continue having longer life expectancies than their native-born 

peers, regardless of race or 

Hispanic origin.

PROJECTING MORTALITY BY NATIVITY, RACE, AND HISPANIC ORIGIN

Nativity is a demographic characteristic that identifies if an individual is native-born or foreign-born. 

The U.S. Census Bureau uses the following definitions for nativity status:

Native-born, or native-born population: anyone 

who is a U.S. citizen at birth, including people born 

in the United States, Puerto Rico, a U.S. Island 

Area (Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern 

Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands), or 

born abroad to a U.S. citizen parent or parents.

Foreign-born, or foreign-born population: anyone 

who is not a U.S. citizen at birth, which includes 

noncitizen U.S. nationals, naturalized U.S. citizens, 

lawful permanent residents (immigrants), temporary migrants (such as foreign students), humanitarian migrants (such as refugees and asylees), and 

unauthorized migrants.

For the purposes of the 2017 National Population 

Projections, those born in the United States or in 

U.S. territories are considered native-born while 

those born elsewhere are considered foreign-born.

One of the innovations in the 2017 National 

Population Projections series was the inclusion of 

nativity as a characteristic in the mortality measures. Similar to projecting mortality by sex, race, 

and Hispanic origin, projecting mortality rates 

by nativity requires additional information from 

administrative records, specifically, about the place 

of birth of the deceased. This addition improves 

the population projections by accounting for the 

different mortality patterns of the native-born and 

foreign-born.

The 2017 National Population Projections use 

historical vital statistics data to inform projected 

mortality rates by sex, nativity, race, and Hispanic 

origin. The denominators of the mortality rates 

contain bridged population estimates to maintain continuity with race and Hispanic origin 

classifications of vital records over time. Because 

current population estimates adhere to revised 

1997 Office of Management and Budget (OMB) 

standards for race and ethnicity, which allow for 

the reporting of more than one race, estimates 

for multiple-race people must be bridged back 

to single-race categories in accordance with 1977 

OMB standards to ensure historical continuity. 

Furthermore, due to concerns about the quality of 

race reporting in death data over the time series, 

non-Hispanic race groups with similar mortality 

patterns were collapsed into two categories.1

 As a 

result, mortality rates were produced for three race 

and Hispanic origin groups for the projected data: 

Group 1: Non-Hispanic White alone, non-Hispanic 

Asian alone, and non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian or 

Other Pacific Islander alone. 

Group 2: Non-Hispanic Black or African American2

alone and non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska 

Native alone. 

Group 3: Hispanic or Latino3 (of any race). 

Throughout this report, projected mortality trends 

by race and ethnicity will be based on these groupings. When observed or historical National Center 

for Health Statistics data and other citations are 

used, these groupings do not apply.

Note: For more information on how mortality 

projections were calculated in the 2017 National 

Population Projections, please see the full

projections methodology statement at

<https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys

/popproj/technical-documentation/methodology

/methodstatement17.pdf>.

1

 Although non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native 

alone deaths tend to be misclassified more often than any other 

race and ethnic group (Arias, Heron, and Hakes, 2016), no adjustments are made to the death data to specifically account for this. 2 Throughout this report, “Black” and “Black or African 

American” may be used interchangeably. 3 Throughout this report, “Hispanic” and “Hispanic or Latino” 

may be used interchangeably.
U.S. Census Bureau 3

HISTORICAL AND PROJECTED 

GAINS TO LIFE EXPECTANCY 

Although life expectancy 

continues to rise, increases have 

slowed in recent years.

This report provides a unique 

opportunity to analyze changes in 

life expectancy over the 100-year 

period from 1960 to 2060. The 

trends from 1960 to 2014 reflect 

changes that have actually happened (observed) and are drawn 

from NCHS reports. The trends 

from 2015 to 2060 are projected, 

given current patterns in mortality illustrated in the Census 

Bureau’s 2017 National Population 

Projections. While we report the 

overall changes in life expectancy 

from 1960 to 2060 as one period, 

it is important to distinguish 

between what has already happened and what is projected 

to happen in the future. In the 

graphs, we denote the observed 

and projected portions of the 

trends. 

Between 1960 and 2015, life 

expectancy for the total population in the United States increased 

by almost 10 years from 69.7 

years in 1960 to 79.4 years in 

2015. Looking ahead, gains to 

total life expectancy are projected 

to increase only 6.1 years from 

2016 to 2060 (Figure 1). By 2060, 

total life expectancy in the United 

States is projected to reach an 

all-time high of 85.6 years. Since 

1960, the largest gains in life 

expectancy occurred between 

1970 and 1980—an increase of 

about three years from 70.8 to 

73.7 years. Such a large increase in 

a relatively short period is attributed to increases in vaccinations, 

continued decreases in infectious diseases and cardiovascular 

mortality, and the effectiveness 

of prevention programs related 

to smoking, alcohol consumption, 

and promotion of physical activity 

(Hinman et al., 2011; Klenk et

al., 2016). 

The rise in life expectancy has not 

been continuous or universal. Data 

from NCHS (Arias and Xu, 2019) 

show that in 2015, the U.S. total 

population saw its first decrease 

in life expectancy (by 0.2 years) 

since 1993. These data also show 

slight declines occurring among 

the non-Hispanic White alone, 

Figure 1.

Historical and Projected Life Expectancy for the Total U.S. Population at Birth: 1960–2060

Year

Life expectancy at age 0 (in years)

Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 National Population Projections, 2015–2060, and National Center for Health Statistics Life Tables, 

1960–2014, <www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_07-508.pdf>.

65

70

75

80

85

90

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060

Projected

Female

Total

Male
4 U.S. Census Bureau

non-Hispanic Black alone, and 

Hispanic populations through 

2017. Despite these continued 

and slight declines, the life expectancy of non-Hispanic Black alone 

females has remained relatively 

stable. For more information on 

recent drivers of mortality, see the 

“Causes of Mortality” text box.

Despite large gains to life expectancy in the latter part of the 

twentieth century, increases in 

recent years have stagnated and 

are projected to continue rising more slowly through 2060. 

Between 1970 and 2015, life 

expectancy rose by 7.9 years 

(Arias and Xu, 2019). It is projected to increase by nearly 6 

years between 2017 and 2060. 

Despite the recent decline for 

non-Hispanic Whites between 

2015 and 2017 reflected in NCHS 

data, we project that life expectancy will rise in coming decades, 

although more slowly than it has 

in the past. The last two decades 

show broad increases in life 

expectancy, a pattern that we 

expect outweighs the recent and 

small declines for certain race 

groups. Historically, this has been 

the case when a particular cause 

of death—like influenza epidemics in 1968 and 1980—is associated with a short-term decline 

in life expectancy (NCHS, 1981). 

CAUSES OF MORTALITY

Although U.S. life expectancy rose steadily in the latter part of the 

twentieth century, we project slower increases in coming decades, 

reflective of the stagnation in gains after 2010. Slower gains to life 

expectancy may have resulted from stalled progress in treating the 

leading causes of death and other degenerative diseases. Moreover, 

the prevalence of preventable health risks—such as smoking, 

obesity, and, more recently, opioid-related overdoses—hinders 

overall population health and contributes to slowed gains in life 

expectancy. 

Despite substantial progress in reducing cigarette use, smoking 

remains the leading cause of preventable disease and death in 

the United States. As of 2014, the Office of the Surgeon General 

proclaimed that more than 16 million Americans suffered from a 

disease caused by smoking, and almost half a million Americans die 

prematurely from smoking each year. 

Obesity prevalence is another health risk that influences mortality 

in the United States. According to the Centers for Disease Control 

and Prevention (CDC), approximately 93 million U.S. adults were 

obese in 2016. Obesity-related conditions, such as heart disease, 

stroke, and Type 2 diabetes, are among the leading causes of 

preventable and premature death (CDC, 2018a). Upward trends in 

obesity prevalence have impacted U.S. mortality substantially and 

will likely continue to dampen improvements in life expectancy over 

time. 

Drug overdoses, specifically from opioids, have drastically 

increased since the early 2000s and have reduced life expectancy, 

notably for non-Hispanic Whites. (Kochanek, Arias, and Bastian, 

2017). In 2017, the number of opioid overdose deaths was six times 

higher than in 1999 (CDC, 2018b). With no signs of slowing, the 

opioid epidemic may continue to impact life expectancy if public 

health and safety approaches are not implemented.

Note: The U.S. Census Bureau does not produce cause-specific mortality projections. 

This text box is intended to inform the reader of leading contributors to mortality 

in the United States based on current research, as they have great implications for 

changes in life expectancy.
U.S. Census Bureau 5

Nonetheless, the Census Bureau 

produces projections periodically 

so that it can reassess and update 

projection models as new trends 

emerge. Should the decline continue or expand to other groups 

in coming years, expected gains 

to life expectancy may be lower 

than the current models project. 

Since the decreases in life expectancy shown by NCHS data are 

occurring consistently among the 

non-Hispanic White alone population, who comprise a large share 

of the native-born population, the 

disparity between native-born 

and foreign-born life expectancies 

could increase in coming decades. 

Women live longer than men 

do, but the gender gap in life 

expectancy is projected to narrow 

by 2060. 

Women consistently have higher 

life expectancies; however, their 

gains have happened more slowly 

than have men’s. In 1960, men 

could expect to live to age 66.6, 

on average, while women lived 

to age 73.1 (Figure 1). Between 

1960 and 2015, male life expectancy increased to 77.0 years—a 

gain of about 10 years. Female life 

expectancy grew to 81.7 years—

an increase of almost 9 years. By 

2060, males are projected to live 

to be 83.9 years old—a gain of

6.6 years since 2017. By 2060, 

women are projected to live to 

age 87.3, an increase of 5.3 years 

since 2017 (Table 1). 

Projected increases in longevity 

for both men and women would 

narrow the gap in life expectancy by sex to 3.4 years in 2060, 

nearly half of its historic high in 

the 1970s of 7.8 years (Figure 1). 

Despite projected improvements 

to life expectancy among men and 

women, men are still projected 

to have shorter life expectancy 

than women. Mortality differences 

between men and women are 

often attributed to differences in 

health and social behaviors such 

as smoking, drinking patterns, and 

exercise (Crimmins, Kim, and SoléAuró, 2010; Rogers et al., 2010). 

In addition, the leading causes of 

death for men and women differ. 

While heart disease and cancer 

are the top two killers for both 

men and women, men are more 

likely to die from unintentional 

injuries, suicide, and chronic liver 

disease, whereas women have 

higher mortality burdens from 

stroke and kidney disease (Heron, 

2019). 

In 1960, the United States had the 

20th highest life expectancy in 

the world. By 2060, it is projected 

to drop to 43rd. 

The United States lags behind 

other countries in population 

health. In 1960, the United States 

ranked 20th in the world in life 

expectancy (Table 2). A difference in life expectancy of approximately three years separated the 

United States from the highest 

ranked country. By 2015, the

U.S. rank dropped to 40. With 

a life expectancy of 78.9 years, 

this is more than four years lower 

than Japan, a country that rose 

from the 31st rank to the highestranking country during the same 

period (Table 2). The United 

States also ranks lower than 

countries such as Sweden, Israel, 

Canada, the United Kingdom, and 

Costa Rica. Additionally, U.S. life 

Table 1. 

Total Life Expectancy at Birth by Sex

Sex

2017 2030 2060

Change in life 

expectancy, 

2017 to 2060

  Total. . . . . . . . . 79.7 81.7 85.6 5.9

Males. . . . . . . . . . . . 77.3 79.7 83.9 6.6

Females. . . . . . . . . . 82.0 83.8 87.3 5.3

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 National Population Projections.
6 U.S. Census Bureau

Table 2. 

Ranking of Countries or Areas With the Highest Life Expectancy at Birth 

for the Total Population in 1960, 2015, and 2060

19601 20152 20603

Rank Country or area Life 

expectancy Rank Country or area Lifeexpectancy Rank Country or area Life expectancy

1 Iceland. . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.5 1 Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.3 1 Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . 89.2

2 Sweden. . . . . . . . . . . . 73.5 2 Switzerland. . . . . . . . 82.7 2 Singapore. . . . . . . . . 88.8

3 Norway. . . . . . . . . . . . 73.5 3 Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.5 3 Switzerland. . . . . . . . 88.6

4 Netherlands. . . . . . . . 73.5 4 Singapore. . . . . . . . . 82.3 4 Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.5

5 Denmark. . . . . . . . . . . 72.4 5 Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.3 5 Martinique. . . . . . . . . 88.5

6 Switzerland. . . . . . . . . 71.6 6 Australia. . . . . . . . . . 82.3 6 Republic of Korea. . 88.5

7 Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . 71.3 7 Iceland. . . . . . . . . . . . 82.2 7 Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.4

8 New Zealand. . . . . . . 71.2 8 Israel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.9 8 Australia. . . . . . . . . . 88.3

9 United Kingdom. . . . 71.0 9 Sweden. . . . . . . . . . . 81.9 9 Israel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.1

10 Israel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.0 10 France. . . . . . . . . . . . 81.9 10 Iceland. . . . . . . . . . . . 88.0

11 Channel Islands. . . . . 70.9 11 Canada. . . . . . . . . . . 81.8 11 France. . . . . . . . . . . . 87.9

12 Australia. . . . . . . . . . . 70.9 12 Norway. . . . . . . . . . . 81.6 12 Canada. . . . . . . . . . . 87.9

13 France. . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.7 13 New Zealand. . . . . . 81.3 13 Guadeloupe. . . . . . . 87.9

14 Slovakia. . . . . . . . . . . . 70.6 14 Netherlands. . . . . . . 81.3 14 Sweden. . . . . . . . . . . 87.9

15 Cyprus. . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.4 15 Republic of Korea. . 81.3 15 Norway. . . . . . . . . . . 87.6

16 Czechia. . . . . . . . . . . . 70.4 16 Martinique. . . . . . . . . 81.2 16 New Zealand. . . . . . 87.5

17 Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . 70.3 17 Luxembourg. . . . . . . 81.1 17 Luxembourg. . . . . . . 87.5

18 Bulgaria. . . . . . . . . . . . 70.3 18 Austria. . . . . . . . . . . . 81.0 18 Austria. . . . . . . . . . . . 87.4

19 Ireland. . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.1 19 United Kingdom. . . 81.0 19 Ireland. . . . . . . . . . . . 87.4

20 United States. . . . . . . 70.1 20 Ireland. . . . . . . . . . . . 80.9 20 Portugal. . . . . . . . . . 87.3

21 Latvia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.1 21 Finland. . . . . . . . . . . . 80.7 21 United Kingdom. . . 87.3

22 Germany. . . . . . . . . . . 70.0 22 Greece. . . . . . . . . . . . 80.6 22 Netherlands. . . . . . . 87.3

23 Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.9 23 Channel Islands. . . . 80.6 23 Greece. . . . . . . . . . . . 87.1

24 Lithuania. . . . . . . . . . . 69.9 24 Guadeloupe. . . . . . . 80.5 24 Finland. . . . . . . . . . . . 87.1

25 Ukraine. . . . . . . . . . . . 69.7 25 Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . 80.5 25 Mayotte. . . . . . . . . . . 87.0

26 Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.7 26 Portugal. . . . . . . . . . 80.5 26 Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . 87.0

27 Austria. . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.7 27 Germany. . . . . . . . . . 80.4 27 Réunion. . . . . . . . . . . 87.0

28 Estonia. . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.4 28 Slovenia. . . . . . . . . . . 80.3 28 Germany. . . . . . . . . . 86.9

29 Malta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.3 29 Malta. . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.3 29 Channel Islands. . . . 86.8

30 Greece. . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.2 30 Denmark. . . . . . . . . . 80.1 30 Slovenia. . . . . . . . . . . 86.8

31 Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.2 31 Cyprus. . . . . . . . . . . . 79.9 31 French Guiana. . . . . 86.8

32 Slovenia. . . . . . . . . . . . 69.2 32 Réunion. . . . . . . . . . . 79.5 32 Malta. . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.8

33 Luxembourg. . . . . . . . 69.1 33 Mayotte. . . . . . . . . . . 79.3 33 Cyprus. . . . . . . . . . . . 86.5

34 Puerto Rico. . . . . . . . . 69.1 34 Puerto Rico. . . . . . . . 79.2 34 Denmark. . . . . . . . . . 86.5

35 Belarus. . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.1 35 French Guiana. . . . . 79.2 35 Costa Rica. . . . . . . . . 86.4

36 Finland. . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.1 36 Cuba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.2 36 Guam. . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.4

37 Hungary. . . . . . . . . . . . 68.8 37 Costa Rica. . . . . . . . . 79.2 37 Chile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.3

38 Uruguay. . . . . . . . . . . . 68.3 38 U.S. Virgin Islands. . 79.1 38 Lebanon. . . . . . . . . . 86.2

39 Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.3 39 Lebanon. . . . . . . . . . 78.9 39 U.S. Virgin Islands. . 86.2

40 Russian Federation. . 67.9 40 United States. . . . . 78.9 40 Cuba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.1

41 Romania. . . . . . . . . . . 67.8 41 Guam. . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.8 41 Puerto Rico. . . . . . . . 86.0

42 Armenia. . . . . . . . . . . . 67.0 42 Chile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.8 42 Maldives. . . . . . . . . . 85.5

43 U.S. Virgin Islands. . . 66.8 43 Czechia. . . . . . . . . . . 78.2 43 United States. . . . . 85.3

44 Aruba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.6 44 Curaçao. . . . . . . . . . . 77.8 44 Panama. . . . . . . . . . . 85.0

45 Curacao. . . . . . . . . . . . 66.5 45 Qatar. . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.7 45 Albania. . . . . . . . . . . 85.0

1

 Data for 1960 come from abridged life expectancies for 1960–1965. 

2 Data for 2015 come from abridged life expectancies for 2010–2015. 

3 Data for 2060 come from abridged life expectancies for 2055–2060. 

Notes:

In general, countries or areas designated in this list include those for which statistical data are compiled by the Statistics Division of the 

United Nations Secretariat. This table excludes Special Administrative Regions and provinces within countries.

Life expectancy values in this table come from the United Nations, and thus values for the United States differ from the National Center 

for Health Statistics life expectancy values for 1960 (69.7) and 2015 (79.4) referenced elsewhere in the report.

Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017), World Population Prospects: The 2017 

Revision, custom data acquired via Web site.
U.S. Census Bureau 7

expectancy is two years lower 

than the average for other highincome countries. Although the 

life expectancy for the U.S. total 

population falls behind that of 

other high-income nations, it is 

important to note the variability in 

life expectancy among different 

race and Hispanic origin groups. 

Hispanics have life expectancies 

that are higher and closer to highincome countries (82.2 years), 

whereas the non-Hispanic Black 

alone and non-Hispanic American 

Indian or Alaska Native alone 

populations have life expectancies 

much lower (76.2 years).

By 2060, the U.S. rank is projected to drop slightly to the 43rd 

highest (a life expectancy of 85.3 

years). Less-developed countries are expected to have larger 

life expectancy increases due to 

improvements in communicable 

and infectious disease prevalence. 

In contrast, the United States is 

projected to see slower gains 

driven by population aging and a 

rising toll from several noncommunicable diseases such as heart 

disease, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s 

(Foreman et al., 2018). In 2060, 

countries such as the Maldives and 

Spain are projected to have higher 

life expectancies than the United 

States. 

PROJECTED NATIVITYSPECIFIC LIFE EXPECTANCY

The United States has long been 

an immigrant destination. In 1960, 

the foreign-born accounted for 

only 5.4 percent of the population. By 2010, they represented 

12.9 percent (Grieco et al., 2012), a 

figure that is projected to grow to 

17.1 percent by 2060. The foreignborn typically have lower mortality rates and live longer, on average, than people who were born 

in the United States. This mortality 

trend is widespread and extends 

to foreign-born groups from different countries and socioeconomic backgrounds (Mehta et al., 

2016).

The rising number of the foreignborn living in the United States, 

coupled with their relative mortality advantage, make examining differences in life expectancy 

by nativity a valuable exercise in 

understanding population dynamics for the United States. Many 

studies documenting the foreignborn mortality advantage have 

focused on certain populations; 

specifically, Hispanics. Hispanics 

have lower mortality and similar 

or better health than their nonHispanic White counterparts, 

despite having generally lower 

socioeconomic status than nonHispanic Whites. This phenomenon is known as the “Hispanic 

paradox” or the “Hispanic health 

paradox,” because past research 

has otherwise indicated that low 

Table 3. 

Projections of Life Expectancy at Birth by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 2017 and 2060

Year

Group 1: Non-Hispanic White 

alone, non-Hispanic Asian alone, 

and Non-Hispanic Native

Hawaiian or Other Pacific

Islander alone

Group 2: Non-Hispanic Black 

or African American alone and 

non-Hispanic American Indian or 

Alaska Native alone

Group 3: Hispanic or Latino

(of any race) 

Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females

2017. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.0 77.7 82.2 76.2 73.2 79.0 82.2 79.8 84.5

2060. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.6 84.0 87.4 84.6 82.7 86.5 86.5 84.8 88.2

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 National Population Projections.
8 U.S. Census Bureau

socioeconomic status is significantly associated with poor 

health and mortality outcomes 

among non-Hispanic White and 

Black populations in the United 

States (Sorlie, Backlund, and 

Keller, 1995). For more information 

on this topic, see the “Why Do 

Hispanics in the United States Live 

Longer?” text box.

Table 4 shows projected life 

expectancy by nativity, and is 

further broken down by sex, race, 

and Hispanic origin. This report 

analyzes and contains the first 

set of projected life tables and 

life expectancies by nativity to be 

published by the Census Bureau 

(see the appendix for the full list 

of life tables). 

The foreign-born are projected 

to continue living longer than the 

native-born population.

From 2017 to 2060, those born 

outside of the United States are 

projected to outlive those born 

in the United States for all race 

and Hispanic origin groups. In 

2017, the foreign-born lived about 

4.4 years longer than the nativeborn population. By 2060, that 

gap is projected to narrow, and 

the foreign-born are projected 

to live about 1.5 years longer. 

Table 4. 

Projections of Life Expectancy at Birth by Sex, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Nativity: 

2017 and 2060

Year

Group 1: Non-Hispanic White 

alone, non-Hispanic Asian alone, 

and Non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian 

or Other Pacific Islander alone

Group 2: Non-Hispanic Black 

or African American alone and 

non-Hispanic American Indian or 

Alaska Native alone

Group 3: Hispanic or Latino

(of any race) 

Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females

Native-Born

2017. . . . . . . . . . . 79.6 77.3 81.9 75.1 72.1 78.0 80.8 78.2 83.3

2060. . . . . . . . . . . 85.5 83.9 87.2 84.3 82.4 86.2 86.0 84.3 87.8

Foreign-Born

2017. . . . . . . . . . . 83.7 81.6 85.5 83.0 80.6 84.8 83.5 81.2 85.5

2060. . . . . . . . . . . 86.9 85.4 88.5 86.8 85.1 88.4 86.9 85.2 88.5

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 National Population Projections.

WHY DO HISPANICS IN THE UNITED STATES LIVE 

LONGER?

Alberto Palloni and Elizabeth Arias (2004) offer three standard 

explanations as to why Hispanics tend to have similar or better 

health and lower mortality than their non-Hispanic White counterparts, despite generally lower socioeconomic status. 

Data artifacts: The Hispanic health paradox may be the result of 

data artifacts, which refer to racial or ethnic misclassification on 

vital registration data. Misclassification can result in incorrect 

death registration data and misleading mortality trends. 

Migration effects: Conditions associated with migration favor 

the health profile of Hispanics, specifically self-selection and 

the “salmon bias.” Self-selection refers to the propensity for 

healthier Hispanics to migrate to the United States, leaving their 

less healthy counterparts in their home country. The salmon bias 

suggests that foreign-born immigrants in poor health are more 

likely to return to their country of birth when they become ill or 

before dying, and thus are not collected in the U.S. vital registration system. 

Social or cultural effects: Hispanics’ mortality advantage may be 

a result of social and cultural ties that influence health behaviors—

such as smoking prevalence, alcohol consumption, exercise, and 

the use of preventative medical care—positively if one has strong 

social and cultural ties, or negatively for those lacking social ties. 

Whereas these explanations cannot fully explain the Hispanic 

paradox because their magnitude is too small (data artifacts and 

migration effects) or they are not generalizable enough to all 

Hispanic subgroups (salmon bias), they can be used as a starting 

point for understanding the mortality advantage of other foreignborn groups.
U.S. Census Bureau 9

The narrowing of this gap can be 

attributed to different projected 

increases in life expectancy for 

the native-born and foreign-born. 

From 2017 to 2060, those born in 

the United States are projected to 

gain about 6.3 years in life expectancy at birth, while the foreignborn are only projected to gain 

about 3.4 years. The foreign-born 

living in the United States tend to 

live longer for a variety of reasons 

that are generally not explained 

by socioeconomic characteristics, 

but instead by selective in- and 

out-migration, duration in the 

United States, and better health 

behaviors such as lower levels of 

smoking (Mehta et al., 2016). The 

explanations for the Hispanic paradox (see the “Why do Hispanics 

in the United States Live Longer?” 

text box) may also apply to the 

foreign-born population as a 

whole, but the research is sparse. 

Most research on the foreign-born 

mortality advantage has concentrated on Hispanics, but as the 

immigrant population diversifies 

in the United States, it becomes 

increasingly important to consider 

mortality differences for all race 

and Hispanic origin groups among 

the foreign-born population. 

Foreign-born life expectancy 

is projected to look similar, 

regardless of race.

Differences in life expectancy 

between race and Hispanic origin 

groups are greater for those born 

in the United States than those 

born outside of the United States. 

For the native-born population, 

the average absolute difference in life expectancy across 

race and Hispanic origin groups 

was 3.7 years, while the average 

difference for the foreign-born 

across the same groups was less 

than half of one year in 2017.3 By 

2060, the average difference in 

life expectancy for native-born 

groups is expected to drop to 

about 1.1 years. In other words, 

race and Hispanic origin currently 

play a significant role in longevity for the native-born population, 

but not as much for the foreignborn population. A variety of 

factors affects racial differences in 

health in the United States, including socioeconomic characteristics, 

health care access, and healthrelated behaviors such as smoking (Brondolo, Gallo, and Myers, 

2009). While these differences in 

life expectancy exist by race and 

ethnicity for both the native-born 

and foreign-born populations, 

they are more distinct among 

those born in the United States.

Native-born non-Hispanic Black 

alone and non-Hispanic American 

Indian or Alaska Native alone 

males are projected to have the 

largest gains in life expectancy.

The United States is projected 

to become increasingly pluralistic in the coming years, both 

racially and ethnically. As the 

country becomes more diverse, 

differences in life expectancy by 

race and Hispanic origin become 

increasingly important to study. 

Despite having the lowest life 

expectancy among all race and 

Hispanic origin groups, nativeborn men who are non-Hispanic 

Black alone and non-Hispanic 

American Indian or Alaska Native 

alone are projected to experience a life expectancy gain of 

3 Average absolute difference represents the average life expectancy difference between the three race and Hispanic 

origin groups. It was calculated by the 

authors using the following formula where 

LE = Life Expectancy: (|LE Group 1 – LE 

Group 2| + |LE Group 1 – LE Group 3| + |LE 

Group 2 – LE Group 3|) /3.

10.3 years by 2060 (Figure 2). 

This gain is 4.0 years greater on 

average than gains for the other 

native-born groups and 6.2 years 

greater on average than that of 

foreign-born race and Hispanic 

origin groups. Although nativeborn men who are non-Hispanic 

Black alone and non-Hispanic 

American Indian or Alaska Native 

alone are projected to experience the largest increases to 

life expectancy, they are still 

projected to have the lowest life 

expectancy in 2060 at 82.4 years. 

Health inequalities by race and 

ethnicity are widespread in the 

United States and can vary by 

geographic location within the 

country (Murray et al., 2006). 

While these projected life expectancy values are at the national 

level, they reflect broader health 

disparities by race, Hispanic origin, 

and nativity that may differ across 

the United States.

Foreign-born women are 

projected to have the highest life 

expectancy.

This report has addressed the 

fact that women tend to outlive 

men, and while this trend holds 

true for the foreign-born, it is less 

distinct. Foreign-born females 

have the highest life expectancy 

in both 2017 and 2060 at 85.4 

years and 88.5 years, respectively 

(Table 4). Among foreign-born 

females, non-Hispanic White 

alone, non-Hispanic Asian alone, 

non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian or 

Other Pacific Islander alone, and 

Hispanics share the highest life 

expectancy at 85.5 years in 2017 

(Table 4). By 2060, foreign-born 

non-Hispanic Black alone and 

non-Hispanic American Indian 

or Alaska Native alone women 

are projected to have a life 
10 U.S. Census Bureau

expectancy of 88.4 years compared to 88.5 years for women 

who are foreign-born nonHispanic White alone, nonHispanic Asian alone, and nonHispanic Native Hawaiian or Other 

Pacific Islander alone as well as 

foreign-born Hispanic women 

(Table 4). 

While foreign-born females outrank all other groups in terms of 

life expectancy, native-born males 

continue to fall behind. Males 

born in the United States were 

projected to have the lowest life 

expectancy in 2017; this trend is 

projected to continue through 

2060. Native-born non-Hispanic 

Black alone and non-Hispanic 

American Indian or Alaska Native 

alone males had the lowest life 

expectancy among all groups in 

2017 and are projected to remain 

the lowest in 2060 (Table 4). 

Although the gap in life expectancy is projected to shrink over 

time between males and females, 

males are still projected to have 

shorter life expectancy. 

The differences in life expectancy 

between males and females are 

slightly more distinct for those 

born in the United States. In 2017, 

the life expectancy of nativeborn females was about 4.7 

years greater than native-born 

males, while the life expectancy 

for foreign-born females was 4.0 

years greater than foreign-born 

males. The sex differences show 

more divergence by nativity, race, 

and Hispanic origin group. The 

life expectancy for foreign-born 

non-Hispanic White alone, nonHispanic Asian alone, and nonHispanic Native Hawaiian or Other 

Pacific Islander alone females was 

about 3.9 years greater than their 

male counterparts in 2017, while 

the life expectancy for nativeborn non-Hispanic Black alone 

and non-Hispanic American Indian 

or Alaska Native alone females 

is nearly 5.9 years greater than 

males for the same year. 

Although socioeconomic factors 

such as educational attainment 

and income have been shown to 

have little effect on the nativity 

differences in life expectancy, they 

65

Figure 2.

Male Life Expectancy at Birth: 2017 and 2060

(In years)

Race, Hispanic origin, 

and nativity groups

Total male life expectancy in 2017: 77.3

Gains in life 

expectancy 

(in years)

1 American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN).

Note: Native-born, non-Hispanic Black alone males and native-born, non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native males have the 

lowest life expectancies at birth but are projected to have the largest gains in life expectancy between 2017 and 2060.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 National Population Projections.

72.1

82.4

77.3

83.9

78.2

84.3

80.6

85.1

81.2

85.2

81.6

+10.3

+6.6

+6.1

+4.5

+4.0

+3.8

85.4

Native Non-Hispanic Black or

 African American alone and

 non-Hispanic AIAN1 alone

Native non-Hispanic White alone and 

Non-Hispanic Asian and Native Hawaiian 

or Other Pacific Islanders alone

Native Hispanic or Latino

Foreign-born Hispanic or Latino

Foreign-born non-Hispanic White alone 

and non-Hispanic Asian and Native 

Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanders alone

Foreign-born non-Hispanic Black or 

African American alone and 

non-Hispanic AIAN1 alone

2017

2060
U.S. Census Bureau 11

do play a role in differences in 

health by race and ethnicity in the 

United States (Mehta et al., 2016). 

Racial differences in U.S. mortality have decreased over time, but 

persist. Factoring in nativity magnifies the differences. A combination of the factors that contribute 

to higher life expectancies of the 

foreign-born (i.e., selective in- and 

out-migration, duration in the 

United States, and better health 

behaviors) and socioeconomic 

factors, which may impact race 

and ethnicity differences in health, 

could explain the large differences in life expectancy between 

nativity-specific race and ethnicity 

groups. 

Overall, those born outside the 

United States tend to live longer 

than the native-born population, 

with greater differences in life 

expectancy by race and ethnicity for those born in the United 

States. Furthermore, women continue to outlive men in all nativity and race and Hispanic origin 

groups. This pattern is amplified 

for foreign-born women who 

are projected to continue having the highest life expectancy 

for all years out to 2060. The 

foreign-born mortality advantage 

is a pattern that has previously 

been analyzed with a focus on 

foreign-born Hispanics. This 

report highlights the differences 

in life expectancy not only by 

nativity, but also by race, Hispanic 

origin, and sex. With all of these 

characteristics together, differences in life expectancy become 

more apparent and help shape the 

story of how origin, race, ethnicity, 

and sex impact mortality and the 

future demographic composition 

of the United States. 

LIFE EXPECTANCY AT OLDER 

AGES

By 2034, adults aged 65 and 

older are projected to outnumber 

the population under age 18 for 

the first time in U.S. history. This 

change to the age composition 

of the U.S. population has farreaching implications for society 

as a whole, making it increasingly 

important to consider the driving 

forces behind it. The overall aging 

of the U.S. population is the result 

of increasing life expectancy 

and decreasing fertility. Many 

developed countries around the 

world have experienced declines 

in fertility along with improvements to longevity. These trends 

characterize the demographic 

transition theory4 and lead to the 

overall aging of the population, as 

younger cohorts become smaller 

and older cohorts become larger 

(United Nations, 2017). 

Projected gains in life expectancy 

at older ages. 

Life expectancy at age 65 is the 

number of additional years that a 

person who reaches that age can 

expect to live. Life expectancy 

at age 65 has been increasing 

over time because of medical 

advances, public health initiatives, and better health behaviors earlier in life (World Health 

Organization, 2015). In 1960, the 

average 65-year-old could only 

expect to live 14.3 more years. 

Men aged 65 could expect to live 

12.8 more years, whereas 65-yearold women could expect to live 

15.8 more years (NCHS, 2018). By 

2060, we project that the average 

65-year-old man will expect to live 

21.7 more years, while 65-year-old 

women are projected to live 24.4 

more years (Table 5). 

4 The demographic transition theory 

describes the changing pattern of mortality, fertility, and growth rates as societies 

evolve and industrialize. The American 

demographer, Frank W. Notestein, was the 

first to formally develop the theory in the 

mid-twentieth century, but it has since been 

elaborated upon and is widely accepted in 

social sciences.

Table 5.

Projections of Life Expectancy at Ages 65 and 85 by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 

2017 and 2060

Year

Total

Group 1: Non-Hispanic 

White alone, non-Hispanic 

Asian alone, and NonHispanic Native Hawaiian 

or Other Pacific Islander 

alone

Group 2: Non-Hispanic 

Black or African American 

alone and non-Hispanic 

American Indian or Alaska 

Native alone

Group 3: Hispanic or 

Latino

(of any race) 

Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females

Age 65

2017. . . . . . . 19.9 18.6 21.2 20.0 18.7 21.2 18.4 16.7 19.8 21.5 20.0 22.7

2060. . . . . . . 23.1 21.7 24.4 23.1 21.8 24.4 22.5 21.1 23.9 23.7 22.4 25.0

Age 85

2017. . . . . . . 7.1 6.5 7.4 7.0 6.4 7.4 7.0 6.4 7.4 7.5 7.0 7.9

2060. . . . . . . 8.4 7.7 9.0 8.4 7.7 9.0 8.4 7.7 9.0 8.6 8.0 9.2

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 National Population Projections.
12 U.S. Census Bureau

From 2017 to 2060, we project an 

increase of 3.2 years in life expectancy at age 65 and an increase of 

1.3 years in life expectancy at age 

85 for the total population. In both 

2017 and 2060, Hispanic females 

are projected to have the longest 

life expectancy at age 65 (22.7 

years and 25.0 years, respectively). Women who are nonHispanic White alone, nonHispanic Asian alone, and nonHispanic Native Hawaiian or Other 

Pacific Islander alone follow them 

at 21.2 years in 2017 and a projected 24.4 years in 2060. Despite 

the tendency for females to have 

higher life expectancies than 

males, Hispanic males (life expectancy at age 65 of 20.0 years) had 

a slightly higher life expectancy 

than Non-Hispanic Black alone 

and non-Hispanic American Indian 

or Alaska Native alone females 

(life expectancy at age 65 of 

19.8 years) in 2017. By 2060, this 

pattern is projected to reverse as 

life expectancy for Non-Hispanic 

Black alone and non-Hispanic 

American Indian or Alaska Native 

alone females increases to 23.9 

years, while Hispanic males see a 

projected increase to 22.4 years 

(Table 5). 

Population aging is likely to

have substantial impacts on

U.S. public health, social services, 

and health care systems.

The size of the older population 

is increasing and is projected to 

grow by almost 50 percent from 

2016 to 2030. This increase is the 

result of more people surviving to 

age 65, and because those who 

reach age 65 are expected to live 

longer than ever before (Vespa, 

Medina, and Armstrong, 2020). 

Living longer does not necessarily mean living heathier, however. 

Research suggests older age is 

associated with an increased risk 

of disability, disease, and multimorbidity—having two or more 

chronic health conditions such as 

heart disease and diabetes (Boyd 

et al., 2008; He and Larsen, 2014). 

As life expectancy continues 

increasing, consideration must be 

given to the quality of life at older 

ages.

Population aging will have substantial implications for public 

health, social services, and health 

care systems within the United 

States. Since older adults are 

more likely to suffer from chronic 

conditions, health care costs will 

likely increase as aging continues. 

These mortality projections provide insight into future population 

aging patterns, and serve as a tool 

for gauging future demand on the 

nation’s social services and health 

care systems.

SUMMARY

Since the 1960s, the United States 

has witnessed gains in life expectancy across race and Hispanic 

origin groups and for men and 

women alike. Life expectancy for 

the U.S. population rose ten years 

between 1960 and 2017, from 

69.7 to 79.7. Life expectancy in 

the United States is projected to 

continue rising regardless of sex, 

race, Hispanic origin, or nativity. Although those born in the 

United States have lifespans that 

are about five years shorter than 

their foreign-born counterparts, 

on average, that gap is projected 

to shrink in coming decades. By 

2060, life expectancy for the 

native-born population is projected to be about two years 

shorter than the foreign-born. 

Women, regardless of race, 

Hispanic origin or nativity, are 

projected to continue living longer 

than men do, although that gap 

will also narrow. By far, the largest 

improvement in life expectancy 

is expected among native-born 

men who are non-Hispanic Black 

alone and non-Hispanic American 

Indian or Alaska Native alone, 

who are projected to see their 

life expectancy rise by about ten 

years between 2017 and 2060. 

This improvement will substantially narrow—but not close—the 

gap in life expectancy between 

non-Hispanic Black alone and 

non-Hispanic American Indian 

or Alaska Native alone men and 

non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic 

Asian, and non-Hispanic Native 

Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 

alone men. 

As life expectancy rises in coming 

decades, the U.S. population is 

projected to rapidly age. By 2034, 

people aged 65 and older are 

projected to outnumber children 

under the age of 18, and by 2060, 

nearly 1 in 4 Americans will be at 

least 65 years old. The combination of rising life expectancy and 

an aging population will likely 

change demands for health care, 

social services, and caregiving in 

the United States. 

DATA SOURCES AND 

METHODOLOGY 

The data used for this report 

were inputs for the 2017 National 

Population Projections, which 

were the third series of national 

population projections based on 

the 2010 Census. They project 

the total U.S. population as of 

July 1 for the years 2017 to 2060, 

using official population estimates 

for 2016 as the base population. 

When both population estimates 

and projections are available, estimates are the preferred data. The 

universe is the resident population 

of the United States (50 states 

and the District of Columbia). 
U.S. Census Bureau 13

The 2017 National Population 

Projections include projections of 

the resident population by age, 

sex, race, Hispanic origin, and 

nativity. 

The population projections

were produced using a cohortcomponent method beginning 

with an estimated base population 

for July 1, 2016. In this method, the 

components of population change 

are projected separately for each 

birth cohort (persons born in a 

given year) based on past trends. 

For each year from 2017 to 2060, 

the population is advanced 1 year 

of age using the projected agespecific survival rates and levels of 

net international migration for that 

year. A new birth cohort is added 

to the population by applying the 

projected age-specific fertility 

rates to the female population. 

Births, adjusted for infant mortality and net international migration, 

form the new population under 1 

year of age. In its simplest form, 

the cohort-component method is 

expressed as: 

Pt=Pt-1+Bt-1,t-Dt-1,t+Mt-1,t

Where:

Pt = population at time t;

Pt-1 = population at time t-1;

Bt-1,t = births in the interval from 

time t-1 to time t;

Dt-1,t = deaths in the interval from 

time t-1 to time t; and 

Mt-1,t = net migration in the interval 

from time t-1 to time t.

Projections produced through the 

cohort-component method are 

driven by assumptions regarding each of the components of 

change. In order to project a 

population forward in this manner, 

separate projections of fertility, 

mortality, and net international 

migration are required to serve as 

inputs into the cohort-component 

model, as well as an original base 

population to project forward.

Historical mortality trends were 

calculated using the NCHS’ 

data on deaths and the Census 

Bureau’s population estimates for 

1989 to 2014. Fertility trends were 

calculated using the NCHS’ birth 

data and the Census Bureau’s 

estimates of the female population. The time series included data 

from 1990 to 2014. Trends in net 

international migration were primarily based on decennial census 

and American Community Survey 

estimates on foreign-born immigration for the period from 1980 

to 2015.

For more information on the

data and methodology, see 

the report on 2017 National 

Population Projections: 

Methodology and Assumptions 

<www.census.gov/programs

-surveys/popproj/technical

-documentation/methodology

.html>.

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Heron, and Jahn K. Hakes, 

“The Validity of Race and 

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Vital Health Stat 2(172), 

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Statistics Reports; Vol. 68, No. 

7, Hyattsville, MD, 2019.

Boyd, Cynthia M., Christine

S. Ritchie, Edmond F. Tipton, 

Stephanie A. Studenski, 

and Darryl Wieland, “From 

Bedside to Bench: Summary 

from the American Geriatrics 

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Brondolo, Elizabeth, Linda

C. Gallo, and Hector F. Myers, 

“Race, racism and health: 

disparities, mechanisms, and 

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Behavioral Medicine, 32(1): 1–8, 

2009.

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Prevention, “Overweight and 

Obesity: Adult Obesity Facts,” 

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_____, Opioid Basics: 

“Understanding the Epidemic,” 

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/index.html>, accessed on 

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and Aïda Solé-Auró, “Gender 

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Health, 21(1): 81–91, 2010.

Foreman, Kyle J., Neal Marquez, 

Andrew Dolgert, Kai Fukutaki, 

Nancy Fullman, Madeline 

McGaughey, ... and Christopher 

Murray, “Forecasting life expectancy, years of life lost, and 

all-cause and cause-specific 

mortality for 250 causes of 

death: reference and alternative 

scenarios for 2016-40 for 195 

countries and territories,” The 

Lancet, 392:2052–90, 2018.
14 U.S. Census Bureau

Grieco, Elizabeth M., Edward 

Trevelyan, Luke Larsen, Yesenia 

D. Acosta, Christine Gambino, 

Patricia De La Cruz, Tom Gryn, 

and Nathan Walters, “The Size, 

Place of Birth, and Geographic 

Distribution of the ForeignBorn Population in the United 

States: 1960 to 2010,” ACS-19, 

American Community Survey 

Reports, U.S. Census Bureau, 

Washington, DC, 2012.

He, Wan, and Luke J. Larsen, 

“Older Americans With a 

Disability: 2008–2012,”

ACS-29, American Community 

Survey Reports, U.S. Census 

Bureau, Washington, DC, 2014.

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Hyattsville, MD, 2019. 

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A. Orenstein, Anne Schuchat, 

and Centers for Disease 

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Engelman, Diane S. Lauderdale, 

and Bert M. Kestenbaum, “Life 

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C. Kulkarni, Catherine 

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J. Iandiorio, and Majid Ezzati, 

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MD, 2018.

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U.S. Census Bureau 15

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Jacob B. Keller, “US Mortality 

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SUGGESTED CITATION

Medina, Lauren D., Shannon Sabo, 

and Jonathan Vespa, “Living 

Longer: Historical and Projected 

Life Expectancy in the United 

States, 1960 to 2060,” P25-1145,

Current Population Reports, 

P25-1145, U.S. Census Bureau, 

Washington, DC, 2020.

CONTACTS

Lauren Medina

<lauren.medina@census.gov>

301-763-5062

Shannon Sabo

<shannon.sabo@census.gov>

301-763-1271

Jonathan Vespa

<jonathan.vespa@census.gov>

301-763-7283
16 U.S. Census Bureau

Appendix Table 1.

Life Table for the Total Population in the United States: 2017—Con.

Age

Male Female

Death

probability

(qx)1

Number of

lives

(lx)2

Life

expectancy

(ex)

Death

probability

(qx)1

Number of

lives

(lx)2

Life

expectancy

(ex)

0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00614 100,000 77.34 0.00523 100,000 82.01

1.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00032 99,386 76.81 0.00026 99,477 81.44

2.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00027 99,354 75.84 0.00022 99,452 80.46

3.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00023 99,327 74.86 0.00019 99,430 79.48

4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00019 99,305 73.88 0.00016 99,411 78.49

5.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00016 99,286 72.89 0.00013 99,395 77.50

6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00013 99,270 71.90 0.00011 99,382 76.51

7.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00011 99,257 70.91 0.00010 99,371 75.52

8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00010 99,246 69.92 0.00009 99,362 74.53

9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00010 99,236 68.93 0.00009 99,353 73.54

10. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00011 99,226 67.93 0.00009 99,344 72.54

11. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00014 99,214 66.94 0.00010 99,335 71.55

12. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00018 99,200 65.95 0.00011 99,326 70.56

13. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00023 99,183 64.96 0.00013 99,315 69.56

14. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00030 99,160 63.98 0.00015 99,302 68.57

15. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00038 99,131 63.00 0.00018 99,287 67.58

16. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00048 99,093 62.02 0.00021 99,269 66.59

17. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00058 99,046 61.05 0.00024 99,249 65.61

18. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00069 98,988 60.08 0.00027 99,225 64.62

19. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00080 98,920 59.12 0.00031 99,197 63.64

20. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00089 98,841 58.17 0.00034 99,167 62.66

21. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00098 98,753 57.22 0.00037 99,133 61.68

22. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00106 98,656 56.28 0.00040 99,097 60.71

23. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00112 98,551 55.34 0.00042 99,058 59.73

24. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00117 98,441 54.40 0.00045 99,016 58.75

25. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00121 98,325 53.46 0.00047 98,972 57.78

26. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00125 98,206 52.53 0.00050 98,925 56.81

27. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00127 98,084 51.59 0.00053 98,875 55.84

28. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00130 97,959 50.66 0.00056 98,823 54.86

29. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00133 97,831 49.72 0.00059 98,767 53.90

30. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00135 97,701 48.79 0.00063 98,709 52.93

31. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00138 97,569 47.85 0.00067 98,647 51.96

32. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00141 97,434 46.92 0.00071 98,582 50.99

33. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00145 97,297 45.98 0.00075 98,512 50.03

34. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00149 97,156 45.05 0.00081 98,438 49.07

35. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00153 97,012 44.12 0.00086 98,358 48.11

36. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00159 96,863 43.18 0.00092 98,274 47.15

37. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00165 96,709 42.25 0.00099 98,183 46.19

38. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00173 96,549 41.32 0.00106 98,086 45.24

39. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00183 96,382 40.39 0.00114 97,982 44.28

40. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00195 96,205 39.46 0.00124 97,870 43.33

41. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00209 96,018 38.54 0.00134 97,749 42.39

42. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00225 95,818 37.62 0.00146 97,618 41.44

43. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00244 95,602 36.70 0.00159 97,475 40.50

44. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00266 95,369 35.79 0.00174 97,320 39.57

45. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00292 95,115 34.89 0.00191 97,150 38.63

46. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00321 94,838 33.99 0.00209 96,965 37.71

47. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00353 94,534 33.10 0.00229 96,762 36.79

48. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00389 94,200 32.21 0.00251 96,541 35.87

49. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00428 93,833 31.33 0.00274 96,299 34.96

50. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00471 93,431 30.47 0.00298 96,035 34.05

51. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00517 92,991 29.61 0.00324 95,748 33.15

52. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00566 92,511 28.76 0.00351 95,438 32.26

53. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00619 91,987 27.92 0.00379 95,103 31.37

54. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00675 91,418 27.09 0.00409 94,743 30.49

55. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00734 90,801 26.27 0.00439 94,356 29.61

56. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00795 90,134 25.46 0.00472 93,941 28.74

57. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00859 89,418 24.66 0.00506 93,498 27.87

58. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00924 88,650 23.87 0.00542 93,025 27.01

59. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00991 87,831 23.09 0.00582 92,520 26.16

60. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01061 86,960 22.32 0.00624 91,982 25.31

See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau 17

Appendix Table 1.

Life Table for the Total Population in the United States: 2017—Con.

Age

Male Female

Death

probability

(qx)1

Number of

lives

(lx)2

Life

expectancy

(ex)

Death

probability

(qx)1

Number of

lives

(lx)2

Life

expectancy

(ex)

61. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01133 86,038 21.55 0.00671 91,408 24.46

62. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01210 85,063 20.79 0.00724 90,794 23.62

63. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01293 84,033 20.04 0.00783 90,137 22.79

64. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01383 82,946 19.30 0.00850 89,431 21.97

65. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01482 81,800 18.56 0.00924 88,671 21.15

66. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01592 80,587 17.83 0.01007 87,852 20.35

67. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01714 79,305 17.11 0.01098 86,967 19.55

68. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01851 77,945 16.40 0.01200 86,012 18.76

69. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02004 76,502 15.70 0.01313 84,980 17.98

70. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02173 74,969 15.01 0.01438 83,865 17.21

71. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02360 73,340 14.33 0.01576 82,659 16.46

72. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02568 71,609 13.67 0.01730 81,356 15.71

73. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02798 69,771 13.02 0.01901 79,949 14.98

74. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03054 67,819 12.38 0.02092 78,430 14.26

75. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03341 65,747 11.75 0.02307 76,789 13.56

76. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03662 63,551 11.14 0.02548 75,018 12.86

77. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.04022 61,223 10.54 0.02822 73,106 12.19

78. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.04427 58,761 9.96 0.03131 71,043 11.53

79. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.04883 56,160 9.40 0.03481 68,819 10.88

80. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05402 53,417 8.86 0.03885 66,424 10.26

81. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.06000 50,532 8.34 0.04331 63,843 9.65

82. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.06668 47,500 7.84 0.04849 61,078 9.07

83. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07403 44,333 7.36 0.05444 58,116 8.50

84. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.08200 41,050 6.91 0.06116 54,952 7.96

85. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.09050 37,684 6.48 0.06863 51,592 7.45

86. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.09961 34,274 6.08 0.07674 48,051 6.96

87. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.10947 30,860 5.70 0.08568 44,363 6.50

88. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.12010 27,481 5.33 0.09548 40,562 6.06

89. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.13151 24,181 4.99 0.10620 36,690 5.65

90. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.14373 21,001 4.68 0.11787 32,793 5.26

91. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.15674 17,982 4.38 0.13053 28,928 4.89

92. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.17055 15,164 4.10 0.14419 25,152 4.55

93. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.18514 12,578 3.84 0.15885 21,525 4.24

94. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20047 10,249 3.59 0.17450 18,106 3.94

95. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.21650 8,194 3.37 0.19111 14,947 3.67

96. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.23316 6,420 3.16 0.20863 12,090 3.42

97. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25040 4,923 2.97 0.22699 9,568 3.19

98. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.26813 3,691 2.80 0.24610 7,396 2.98

99. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.28625 2,701 2.64 0.26583 5,576 2.79

100 and over. . . 1.00000 1,928 2.50 1.00000 4,094 2.62

1 Probability of dying within 1 year.

2 Number of survivors out of 100,000 born alive.

Note: The period life expectancy at a given age represents the average number of years of life remaining if a group of people at that age 

were to experience the mortality rates of that time over the course of their remaining life.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 National Population Projections.
18 U.S. Census Bureau

Appendix Table 2.

Life Table for the Native-Born Population in the United States: 2017—Con.

Age

Male Female

Death

probability

(qx)1

Number of

Lives

(lx)2

Life

expectancy

(ex)

Death

probability

(qx)1

Number of

lives

(lx)2

Life

expectancy

(ex)

0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00614 100,000 76.71 0.00522 100,000 81.43

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00032 99,386 76.18 0.00026 99,478 80.86

2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00027 99,354 75.20 0.00022 99,452 79.88

3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00023 99,328 74.22 0.00019 99,430 78.90

4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00019 99,305 73.24 0.00016 99,411 77.91

5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00016 99,286 72.25 0.00013 99,396 76.93

6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00013 99,271 71.26 0.00011 99,383 75.94

7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00011 99,258 70.27 0.00010 99,372 74.94

8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00010 99,247 69.28 0.00009 99,362 73.95

9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00010 99,237 68.29 0.00009 99,353 72.96

10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00011 99,227 67.30 0.00009 99,345 71.96

11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00014 99,216 66.30 0.00010 99,336 70.97

12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00018 99,202 65.31 0.00011 99,327 69.98

13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00023 99,185 64.32 0.00013 99,316 68.98

14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00030 99,162 63.34 0.00015 99,303 67.99

15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00039 99,132 62.36 0.00018 99,288 67.00

16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00049 99,094 61.38 0.00021 99,270 66.02

17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00059 99,046 60.41 0.00025 99,249 65.03

18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00071 98,987 59.45 0.00028 99,224 64.04

19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00082 98,917 58.49 0.00032 99,197 63.06

20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00093 98,836 57.53 0.00035 99,165 62.08

21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00102 98,744 56.59 0.00038 99,130 61.10

22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00111 98,643 55.65 0.00041 99,092 60.13

23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00118 98,534 54.71 0.00045 99,051 59.15

24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00124 98,417 53.77 0.00048 99,007 58.18

25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00129 98,295 52.84 0.00051 98,960 57.21

26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00134 98,168 51.90 0.00054 98,910 56.23

27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00138 98,037 50.97 0.00058 98,856 55.26

28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00142 97,902 50.04 0.00062 98,799 54.30

29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00145 97,764 49.11 0.00066 98,738 53.33

30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00149 97,621 48.18 0.00070 98,673 52.36

31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00154 97,476 47.26 0.00075 98,603 51.40

32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00158 97,326 46.33 0.00080 98,529 50.44

33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00163 97,172 45.40 0.00086 98,450 49.48

34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00168 97,014 44.47 0.00092 98,365 48.52

35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00174 96,852 43.55 0.00099 98,275 47.57

36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00180 96,683 42.62 0.00106 98,177 46.61

37. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00188 96,509 41.70 0.00114 98,073 45.66

38. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00197 96,328 40.78 0.00122 97,962 44.71

39. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00208 96,138 39.85 0.00131 97,842 43.77

40. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00220 95,938 38.94 0.00142 97,714 42.82

41. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00235 95,727 38.02 0.00154 97,575 41.88

42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00253 95,501 37.11 0.00167 97,425 40.95

43. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00273 95,260 36.20 0.00181 97,263 40.02

44. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00297 94,999 35.30 0.00197 97,087 39.09

45. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00324 94,717 34.40 0.00215 96,895 38.16

46. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00355 94,410 33.51 0.00235 96,687 37.24

47. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00390 94,074 32.63 0.00256 96,460 36.33

48. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00427 93,708 31.76 0.00279 96,213 35.42

49. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00468 93,307 30.89 0.00303 95,945 34.52

50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00512 92,871 30.04 0.00328 95,655 33.62

51. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00560 92,395 29.19 0.00355 95,341 32.73

52. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00611 91,877 28.35 0.00383 95,003 31.85

53. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00666 91,315 27.52 0.00412 94,639 30.97

54. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00724 90,707 26.70 0.00442 94,250 30.09

55. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00785 90,050 25.89 0.00474 93,833 29.23

56. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00848 89,344 25.09 0.00507 93,388 28.36

57. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00914 88,586 24.30 0.00543 92,915 27.50

58. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00981 87,776 23.52 0.00580 92,410 26.65

59. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01050 86,914 22.75 0.00621 91,874 25.80

60. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01122 86,001 21.99 0.00665 91,304 24.96

See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau 19

Appendix Table 2.

Life Table for the Native-Born Population in the United States: 2017—Con.

Age

Male Female

Death

probability

(qx)1

Number of

Lives

(lx)2

Life

expectancy

(ex)

Death

probability

(qx)1

Number of

lives

(lx)2

Life

expectancy

(ex)

61. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01196 85,037 21.23 0.00714 90,697 24.13

62. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01275 84,019 20.48 0.00770 90,049 23.30

63. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01360 82,948 19.74 0.00832 89,356 22.47

64. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01451 81,820 19.01 0.00902 88,612 21.66

65. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01553 80,632 18.28 0.00980 87,813 20.85

66. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01666 79,380 17.56 0.01068 86,953 20.05

67. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01793 78,058 16.85 0.01165 86,024 19.26

68. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01934 76,659 16.15 0.01273 85,022 18.48

69. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02093 75,176 15.46 0.01393 83,940 17.71

70. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02269 73,602 14.77 0.01526 82,771 16.96

71. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02463 71,933 14.11 0.01672 81,508 16.21

72. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02679 70,161 13.45 0.01834 80,145 15.48

73. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02918 68,281 12.81 0.02014 78,675 14.76

74. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03184 66,289 12.18 0.02215 77,090 14.05

75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03481 64,178 11.56 0.02439 75,383 13.36

76. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03813 61,944 10.96 0.02690 73,545 12.68

77. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.04187 59,582 10.37 0.02972 71,567 12.02

78. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.04605 57,088 9.81 0.03289 69,440 11.37

79. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05076 54,458 9.25 0.03646 67,156 10.74

80. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05611 51,694 8.72 0.04055 64,708 10.13

81. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.06224 48,794 8.21 0.04501 62,083 9.54

82. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.06905 45,757 7.72 0.05019 59,289 8.96

83. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07649 42,597 7.26 0.05615 56,313 8.41

84. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.08450 39,339 6.82 0.06289 53,151 7.88

85. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.09299 36,015 6.40 0.07042 49,809 7.37

86. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.10213 32,666 6.01 0.07858 46,301 6.89

87. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.11199 29,330 5.63 0.08754 42,663 6.44

88. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.12259 26,045 5.28 0.09736 38,928 6.01

89. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.13395 22,852 4.95 0.10807 35,138 5.60

90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.14608 19,791 4.64 0.11971 31,341 5.22

91. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.15899 16,900 4.34 0.13231 27,589 4.86

92. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.17266 14,213 4.07 0.14588 23,938 4.53

93. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.18707 11,759 3.82 0.16042 20,446 4.22

94. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20218 9,559 3.58 0.17592 17,166 3.93

95. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.21797 7,627 3.36 0.19234 14,146 3.66

96. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.23437 5,964 3.16 0.20965 11,425 3.41

97. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25131 4,566 2.97 0.22775 9,030 3.19

98. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.26872 3,419 2.80 0.24658 6,974 2.98

99. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.28650 2,500 2.64 0.26602 5,254 2.79

100 and over. . . . 1.00000 1,784 2.50 1.00000 3,856 2.62

1

 Probability of dying within 1 year.

2 Number of survivors out of 100,000 born alive.

Note: The period life expectancy at a given age represents the average number of years of life remaining if a group of people at that age 

were to experience the mortality rates of that time over the course of their remaining life.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 National Population Projections.
20 U.S. Census Bureau

Appendix Table 3.

Life Table for the Foreign-Born Population in the United States: 2017—Con.

Age

Male Female

Death

probability

(qx)1

Number of

lives

(lx)2

Life

expectancy

(ex)

Death

probability

(qx)1

Number of

lives

(lx)2

Life

expectancy

(ex)

0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00616 100,000 81.37 0.00523 100,000 85.45

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00034 99,384 80.87 0.00032 99,477 84.90

2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00030 99,351 79.90 0.00027 99,445 83.92

3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00025 99,321 78.92 0.00023 99,418 82.95

4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00022 99,296 77.94 0.00019 99,395 81.96

5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00019 99,274 76.96 0.00016 99,376 80.98

6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00016 99,256 75.97 0.00014 99,360 79.99

7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00015 99,240 74.98 0.00012 99,347 79.00

8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00014 99,225 73.99 0.00011 99,335 78.01

9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00013 99,212 73.00 0.00010 99,325 77.02

10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00014 99,198 72.01 0.00010 99,315 76.03

11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00015 99,185 71.02 0.00010 99,306 75.04

12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00018 99,170 70.03 0.00011 99,296 74.04

13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00021 99,152 69.05 0.00012 99,285 73.05

14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00026 99,131 68.06 0.00013 99,274 72.06

15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00031 99,105 67.08 0.00015 99,261 71.07

16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00037 99,074 66.10 0.00016 99,246 70.08

17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00044 99,037 65.12 0.00018 99,230 69.09

18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00050 98,994 64.15 0.00020 99,212 68.10

19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00056 98,945 63.18 0.00021 99,192 67.12

20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00062 98,890 62.22 0.00023 99,171 66.13

21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00066 98,829 61.26 0.00024 99,149 65.15

22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00070 98,763 60.30 0.00024 99,125 64.16

23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00073 98,694 59.34 0.00025 99,101 63.18

24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00074 98,623 58.38 0.00025 99,076 62.19

25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00075 98,549 57.42 0.00026 99,051 61.21

26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00076 98,475 56.47 0.00026 99,026 60.22

27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00076 98,400 55.51 0.00027 99,000 59.24

28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00076 98,325 54.55 0.00027 98,973 58.25

29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00075 98,251 53.59 0.00028 98,946 57.27

30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00075 98,177 52.63 0.00029 98,919 56.29

31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00075 98,103 51.67 0.00030 98,890 55.30

32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00075 98,030 50.71 0.00032 98,860 54.32

33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00076 97,956 49.75 0.00035 98,828 53.34

34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00078 97,881 48.79 0.00038 98,794 52.36

35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00081 97,804 47.82 0.00041 98,757 51.37

36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00084 97,725 46.86 0.00044 98,716 50.40

37. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00088 97,643 45.90 0.00048 98,673 49.42

38. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00093 97,557 44.94 0.00052 98,625 48.44

39. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00099 97,467 43.98 0.00057 98,574 47.47

40. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00106 97,370 43.02 0.00061 98,518 46.49

41. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00115 97,266 42.07 0.00067 98,458 45.52

42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00125 97,154 41.12 0.00073 98,392 44.55

43. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00136 97,033 40.17 0.00080 98,320 43.58

44. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00150 96,901 39.22 0.00088 98,241 42.62

45. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00165 96,756 38.28 0.00097 98,154 41.65

46. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00182 96,596 37.34 0.00106 98,060 40.69

47. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00202 96,420 36.41 0.00117 97,955 39.74

48. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00224 96,225 35.48 0.00129 97,841 38.78

49. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00248 96,010 34.56 0.00143 97,714 37.83

50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00275 95,772 33.65 0.00157 97,575 36.89

51. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00304 95,508 32.74 0.00173 97,421 35.94

52. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00336 95,218 31.84 0.00190 97,253 35.01

53. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00370 94,898 30.94 0.00209 97,067 34.07

54. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00407 94,547 30.05 0.00228 96,865 33.14

55. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00446 94,162 29.18 0.00249 96,643 32.22

56. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00487 93,741 28.30 0.00271 96,403 31.30

57. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00530 93,285 27.44 0.00294 96,141 30.38

58. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00574 92,790 26.58 0.00319 95,858 29.47

59. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00621 92,258 25.73 0.00346 95,552 28.56

60. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00670 91,685 24.89 0.00374 95,222 27.66

See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau 21

Appendix Table 3.

Life Table for the Foreign-Born Population in the United States: 2017—Con.

Age

Male Female

Death

probability

(qx)1

Number of

lives

(lx)2

Life

expectancy

(ex)

Death

probability

(qx)1

Number of

lives

(lx)2

Life

expectancy

(ex)

61. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00724 91,071 24.06 0.00405 94,866 26.76

62. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00781 90,412 23.23 0.00440 94,482 25.87

63. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00845 89,705 22.41 0.00479 94,066 24.98

64. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00914 88,948 21.59 0.00523 93,615 24.10

65. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00991 88,135 20.79 0.00571 93,126 23.22

66. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01075 87,261 19.99 0.00625 92,594 22.35

67. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01167 86,323 19.20 0.00683 92,015 21.49

68. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01269 85,315 18.42 0.00748 91,386 20.63

69. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01381 84,233 17.65 0.00820 90,702 19.78

70. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01505 83,070 16.90 0.00902 89,958 18.94

71. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01644 81,819 16.15 0.00994 89,147 18.11

72. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01799 80,475 15.41 0.01100 88,261 17.29

73. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01972 79,027 14.68 0.01220 87,290 16.47

74. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02164 77,468 13.97 0.01357 86,225 15.67

75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02375 75,792 13.26 0.01512 85,055 14.88

76. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02607 73,992 12.57 0.01690 83,769 14.10

77. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02864 72,063 11.90 0.01896 82,353 13.34

78. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03153 69,998 11.23 0.02136 80,792 12.58

79. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03481 67,792 10.58 0.02419 79,066 11.85

80. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03863 65,432 9.95 0.02759 77,154 11.13

81. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.04319 62,904 9.33 0.03176 75,025 10.43

82. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.04879 60,187 8.72 0.03672 72,643 9.76

83. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05546 57,251 8.15 0.04249 69,975 9.11

84. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.06319 54,075 7.59 0.04905 67,002 8.49

85. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07182 50,659 7.07 0.05632 63,716 7.90

86. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.08093 47,020 6.58 0.06429 60,127 7.34

87. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.09101 43,215 6.12 0.07324 56,262 6.81

88. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.10212 39,282 5.68 0.08327 52,141 6.31

89. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.11433 35,270 5.27 0.09446 47,799 5.84

90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.12766 31,238 4.88 0.10687 43,284 5.40

91. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.14214 27,250 4.53 0.12056 38,659 4.99

92. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.15779 23,377 4.19 0.13558 33,998 4.60

93. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.17458 19,688 3.89 0.15195 29,389 4.24

94. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.19249 16,251 3.60 0.16966 24,923 3.91

95. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.21143 13,123 3.34 0.18867 20,695 3.61

96. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.23133 10,348 3.10 0.20891 16,790 3.33

97. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25207 7,954 2.89 0.23027 13,282 3.08

98. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.27349 5,949 2.69 0.25260 10,224 2.86

99. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.29543 4,322 2.52 0.27572 7,641 2.65

100 and over. . . . 1.00000 3,045 2.36 1.00000 5,535 2.47

1

 Probability of dying within 1 year.

2 Number of survivors out of 100,000 born alive.

Note: The period life expectancy at a given age represents the average number of years of life remaining if a group of people at that age 

were to experience the mortality rates of that time over the course of their remaining life.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 National Population Projections.
22 U.S. Census Bureau

Appendix Table 4.

Life Table for the Projected Total Population in the United States: 2060—Con.

Age

Male Female

Death

probability

(qx)1

Number of

lives

(lx)2

Life

expectancy

(ex)

Death

probability

(qx)1

Number of

lives

(lx)2

Life

expectancy

(ex)

0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00395 100,000 83.91 0.00366 100,000 87.30

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00019 99,605 83.24 0.00024 99,634 86.62

2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00015 99,587 82.26 0.00017 99,610 85.64

3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00012 99,572 81.27 0.00013 99,593 84.66

4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00011 99,560 80.28 0.00011 99,580 83.67

5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00009 99,549 79.29 0.00009 99,570 82.68

6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00008 99,540 78.30 0.00007 99,561 81.68

7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00007 99,532 77.30 0.00007 99,553 80.69

8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00007 99,525 76.31 0.00006 99,547 79.70

9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00007 99,518 75.31 0.00006 99,541 78.70

10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00007 99,511 74.32 0.00006 99,535 77.71

11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00007 99,505 73.32 0.00006 99,530 76.71

12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00008 99,498 72.33 0.00006 99,524 75.71

13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00009 99,490 71.33 0.00007 99,518 74.72

14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00012 99,481 70.34 0.00008 99,511 73.72

15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00015 99,469 69.35 0.00009 99,504 72.73

16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00018 99,454 68.36 0.00010 99,495 71.73

17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00021 99,437 67.37 0.00011 99,485 70.74

18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00024 99,416 66.39 0.00013 99,474 69.75

19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00027 99,392 65.40 0.00014 99,461 68.76

20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00030 99,365 64.42 0.00015 99,447 67.77

21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00032 99,336 63.44 0.00016 99,432 66.78

22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00033 99,304 62.46 0.00017 99,416 65.79

23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00034 99,271 61.48 0.00018 99,399 64.80

24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00035 99,237 60.50 0.00019 99,380 63.81

25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00035 99,203 59.52 0.00020 99,361 62.82

26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00035 99,168 58.54 0.00021 99,341 61.84

27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00035 99,134 57.56 0.00022 99,320 60.85

28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00035 99,100 56.58 0.00023 99,298 59.86

29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00036 99,064 55.60 0.00024 99,275 58.88

30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00037 99,029 54.62 0.00025 99,251 57.89

31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00038 98,992 53.64 0.00027 99,226 56.91

32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00039 98,955 52.66 0.00028 99,199 55.92

33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00040 98,917 51.68 0.00030 99,171 54.94

34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00042 98,877 50.70 0.00032 99,141 53.95

35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00044 98,836 49.72 0.00034 99,110 52.97

36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00046 98,793 48.74 0.00036 99,076 51.99

37. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00049 98,747 47.77 0.00039 99,040 51.01

38. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00052 98,699 46.79 0.00041 99,002 50.03

39. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00056 98,647 45.81 0.00045 98,961 49.05

40. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00060 98,592 44.84 0.00048 98,917 48.07

41. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00066 98,532 43.87 0.00052 98,869 47.09

42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00072 98,468 42.89 0.00056 98,818 46.12

43. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00080 98,396 41.92 0.00062 98,762 45.14

44. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00089 98,318 40.96 0.00068 98,701 44.17

45. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00100 98,230 39.99 0.00074 98,634 43.20

46. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00112 98,131 39.03 0.00082 98,561 42.23

47. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00125 98,021 38.08 0.00090 98,480 41.26

48. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00139 97,899 37.12 0.00098 98,392 40.30

49. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00154 97,762 36.17 0.00107 98,296 39.34

50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00171 97,611 35.23 0.00116 98,191 38.38

51. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00189 97,445 34.29 0.00126 98,077 37.43

52. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00211 97,260 33.35 0.00137 97,953 36.47

53. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00235 97,055 32.42 0.00149 97,819 35.52

54. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00263 96,827 31.50 0.00162 97,673 34.57

55. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00294 96,572 30.58 0.00176 97,515 33.63

56. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00326 96,289 29.67 0.00191 97,343 32.69

57. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00359 95,975 28.76 0.00208 97,157 31.75

58. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00392 95,630 27.87 0.00224 96,955 30.81

59. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00426 95,255 26.97 0.00241 96,738 29.88

60. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00461 94,849 26.09 0.00260 96,504 28.95

See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau 23

Appendix Table 4.

Life Table for the Projected Total Population in the United States: 2060—Con.

Age

Male Female

Death

probability

(qx)1

Number of

lives

(lx)2

Life

expectancy

(ex)

Death

probability

(qx)1

Number of

lives

(lx)2

Life

expectancy

(ex)

61. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00501 94,412 25.21 0.00283 96,253 28.03

62. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00548 93,939 24.33 0.00311 95,981 27.11

63. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00604 93,424 23.46 0.00345 95,683 26.19

64. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00667 92,860 22.60 0.00387 95,353 25.28

65. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00740 92,241 21.75 0.00436 94,983 24.37

66. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00821 91,558 20.91 0.00490 94,570 23.48

67. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00911 90,807 20.08 0.00552 94,106 22.59

68. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01011 89,980 19.26 0.00620 93,587 21.71

69. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01124 89,070 18.45 0.00696 93,006 20.85

70. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01250 88,069 17.65 0.00783 92,359 19.99

71. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01391 86,968 16.87 0.00881 91,636 19.14

72. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01547 85,758 16.10 0.00992 90,829 18.31

73. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01719 84,432 15.34 0.01117 89,928 17.49

74. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01909 82,980 14.60 0.01258 88,924 16.68

75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02121 81,396 13.88 0.01416 87,805 15.89

76. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02362 79,669 13.17 0.01598 86,562 15.11

77. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02640 77,787 12.48 0.01808 85,178 14.34

78. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02957 75,734 11.80 0.02049 83,638 13.60

79. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03317 73,494 11.14 0.02323 81,924 12.87

80. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03785 71,056 10.51 0.02726 80,021 12.17

81. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.04242 68,367 9.90 0.03061 77,840 11.49

82. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.04754 65,467 9.32 0.03444 75,457 10.84

83. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05324 62,354 8.76 0.03878 72,859 10.21

84. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05951 59,035 8.22 0.04367 70,033 9.60

85. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.06638 55,521 7.71 0.04913 66,975 9.02

86. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07390 51,836 7.23 0.05516 63,684 8.46

87. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.08215 48,005 6.76 0.06185 60,172 7.92

88. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.09118 44,062 6.32 0.06925 56,450 7.41

89. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.10104 40,044 5.91 0.07743 52,541 6.92

90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.11175 35,998 5.52 0.08643 48,473 6.46

91. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.12335 31,975 5.15 0.09629 44,283 6.03

92. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.13585 28,031 4.80 0.10707 40,019 5.62

93. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.14928 24,223 4.48 0.11879 35,735 5.23

94. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.16362 20,607 4.17 0.13149 31,490 4.87

95. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.17887 17,235 3.89 0.14517 27,349 4.53

96. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.19499 14,152 3.63 0.15984 23,379 4.21

97. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.21193 11,393 3.39 0.17548 19,642 3.92

98. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.22964 8,978 3.17 0.19206 16,195 3.65

99. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.24801 6,917 2.96 0.20953 13,085 3.40

100 and over. . . . 1.00000 5,201 2.78 1.00000 10,343 3.17

1

 Probability of dying within 1 year.

2 Number of survivors out of 100,000 born alive.

Note: The period life expectancy at a given age represents the average number of years of life remaining if a group of people at that age 

were to experience the mortality rates of that time over the course of their remaining life.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 National Population Projections.
24 U.S. Census Bureau

Appendix Table 5.

Life Table for the Projected Native-Born Population in the United States: 2060—Con.

Age

Male Female

Death

probability

(qx)1

Number of

lives

(lx)2

Life

expectancy

(ex)

Death

probability

(qx)1

Number of

lives

(lx)2

Life

expectancy

(ex)

0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00395 100,000 83.72 0.00366 100,000 87.12

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00019 99,606 83.05 0.00024 99,634 86.44

2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00015 99,587 82.07 0.00017 99,610 85.46

3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00012 99,572 81.08 0.00013 99,593 84.48

4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00011 99,560 80.09 0.00011 99,580 83.49

5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00009 99,549 79.10 0.00009 99,570 82.49

6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00008 99,540 78.10 0.00007 99,561 81.50

7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00007 99,532 77.11 0.00007 99,553 80.51

8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00007 99,525 76.12 0.00006 99,547 79.51

9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00007 99,518 75.12 0.00006 99,541 78.52

10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00007 99,512 74.13 0.00006 99,535 77.52

11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00007 99,505 73.13 0.00006 99,530 76.53

12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00008 99,498 72.14 0.00006 99,524 75.53

13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00009 99,490 71.14 0.00007 99,518 74.54

14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00012 99,481 70.15 0.00008 99,512 73.54

15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00015 99,469 69.16 0.00009 99,504 72.55

16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00018 99,455 68.17 0.00010 99,495 71.55

17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00021 99,437 67.18 0.00011 99,485 70.56

18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00024 99,416 66.19 0.00013 99,474 69.57

19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00027 99,392 65.21 0.00014 99,461 68.58

20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00030 99,364 64.23 0.00015 99,447 67.59

21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00032 99,335 63.25 0.00017 99,432 66.60

22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00034 99,302 62.27 0.00018 99,415 65.61

23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00035 99,268 61.29 0.00019 99,397 64.62

24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00036 99,234 60.31 0.00020 99,379 63.63

25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00036 99,198 59.33 0.00021 99,359 62.64

26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00036 99,163 58.35 0.00022 99,338 61.66

27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00036 99,128 57.37 0.00023 99,316 60.67

28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00037 99,092 56.39 0.00024 99,293 59.68

29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00038 99,055 55.41 0.00026 99,269 58.70

30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00039 99,018 54.43 0.00027 99,244 57.71

31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00040 98,980 53.45 0.00028 99,217 56.73

32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00041 98,940 52.47 0.00030 99,189 55.74

33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00042 98,900 51.50 0.00032 99,159 54.76

34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00044 98,858 50.52 0.00034 99,127 53.78

35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00046 98,814 49.54 0.00036 99,094 52.80

36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00049 98,768 48.56 0.00039 99,058 51.82

37. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00052 98,720 47.59 0.00041 99,019 50.84

38. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00055 98,669 46.61 0.00044 98,978 49.86

39. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00060 98,614 45.64 0.00048 98,934 48.88

40. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00064 98,555 44.66 0.00051 98,887 47.90

41. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00070 98,492 43.69 0.00055 98,837 46.93

42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00077 98,423 42.72 0.00060 98,782 45.95

43. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00085 98,348 41.75 0.00066 98,722 44.98

44. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00094 98,265 40.79 0.00072 98,658 44.01

45. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00105 98,172 39.83 0.00079 98,587 43.04

46. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00118 98,069 38.87 0.00086 98,509 42.07

47. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00131 97,953 37.91 0.00095 98,424 41.11

48. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00146 97,825 36.96 0.00103 98,331 40.15

49. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00161 97,682 36.02 0.00112 98,229 39.19

50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00178 97,525 35.07 0.00122 98,119 38.23

51. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00197 97,351 34.13 0.00132 98,000 37.28

52. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00219 97,159 33.20 0.00143 97,871 36.33

53. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00244 96,947 32.27 0.00155 97,731 35.38

54. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00272 96,711 31.35 0.00168 97,580 34.43

55. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00303 96,448 30.43 0.00183 97,415 33.49

56. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00336 96,155 29.53 0.00198 97,238 32.55

57. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00370 95,831 28.62 0.00215 97,045 31.61

58. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00404 95,477 27.73 0.00232 96,837 30.68

59. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00438 95,091 26.84 0.00249 96,612 29.75

60. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00473 94,675 25.95 0.00268 96,371 28.82

See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau 25

Appendix Table 5.

Life Table for the Projected Native-Born Population in the United States: 2060—Con.

Age

Male Female

Death

probability

(qx)1

Number of

lives

(lx)2

Life

expectancy

(ex)

Death

probability

(qx)1

Number of

lives

(lx)2

Life

expectancy

(ex)

61. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00514 94,226 25.08 0.00291 96,113 27.90

62. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00562 93,742 24.20 0.00320 95,833 26.98

63. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00618 93,215 23.34 0.00356 95,526 26.06

64. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00683 92,638 22.48 0.00398 95,187 25.16

65. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00757 92,005 21.63 0.00448 94,807 24.25

66. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00839 91,309 20.79 0.00505 94,382 23.36

67. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00930 90,543 19.96 0.00568 93,906 22.48

68. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01033 89,701 19.15 0.00638 93,373 21.60

69. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01148 88,774 18.34 0.00717 92,778 20.74

70. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01277 87,755 17.55 0.00806 92,113 19.88

71. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01420 86,635 16.77 0.00906 91,371 19.04

72. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01579 85,405 16.00 0.01020 90,542 18.21

73. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01755 84,056 15.25 0.01149 89,619 17.39

74. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01948 82,581 14.51 0.01293 88,589 16.59

75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02163 80,972 13.79 0.01455 87,444 15.80

76. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02409 79,221 13.09 0.01641 86,171 15.03

77. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02692 77,312 12.40 0.01854 84,758 14.27

78. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03014 75,231 11.73 0.02098 83,186 13.53

79. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03380 72,963 11.08 0.02376 81,441 12.81

80. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03855 70,497 10.45 0.02783 79,506 12.11

81. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.04319 67,779 9.84 0.03119 77,293 11.44

82. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.04836 64,852 9.27 0.03502 74,882 10.79

83. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05409 61,716 8.71 0.03936 72,260 10.17

84. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.06039 58,378 8.18 0.04427 69,416 9.56

85. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.06727 54,852 7.67 0.04975 66,343 8.98

86. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07480 51,162 7.19 0.05580 63,042 8.43

87. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.08307 47,335 6.73 0.06250 59,525 7.89

88. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.09210 43,403 6.30 0.06992 55,804 7.39

89. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.10195 39,406 5.89 0.07810 51,902 6.90

90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.11264 35,388 5.50 0.08708 47,849 6.45

91. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.12421 31,402 5.13 0.09693 43,682 6.01

92. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.13667 27,501 4.79 0.10768 39,448 5.61

93. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.15004 23,743 4.47 0.11937 35,200 5.22

94. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.16431 20,180 4.17 0.13201 30,998 4.86

95. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.17947 16,864 3.89 0.14563 26,906 4.53

96. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.19549 13,838 3.63 0.16022 22,988 4.21

97. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.21231 11,133 3.39 0.17578 19,305 3.92

98. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.22988 8,769 3.17 0.19225 15,911 3.65

99. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.24812 6,753 2.97 0.20960 12,852 3.40

100 and over. . . . 1.00000 5,078 2.78 1.00000 10,158 3.17

1

 Probability of dying within 1 year.

2 Number of survivors out of 100,000 born alive.

Note: The period life expectancy at a given age represents the average number of years of life remaining if a group of people at that age 

were to experience the mortality rates of that time over the course of their remaining life.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 National Population Projections.
26 U.S. Census Bureau

Appendix Table 6.

Life Table for the Projected Foreign-Born Population in the United States: 2060—Con.

Age

Male Female

Death

probability

(qx)1

Number of

lives

(lx)2

Life

expectancy

(ex)

Death

probability

(qx)1

Number of

lives

(lx)2

Life

expectancy

(ex)

0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00395 100,000 85.29 0.00366 100,000 88.50

1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00019 99,605 84.63 0.00027 99,634 87.82

2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00015 99,586 83.64 0.00019 99,607 86.84

3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00013 99,570 82.66 0.00015 99,589 85.86

4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00011 99,557 81.67 0.00012 99,574 84.87

5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00010 99,546 80.68 0.00010 99,563 83.88

6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00009 99,536 79.69 0.00008 99,553 82.89

7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00008 99,527 78.69 0.00007 99,545 81.90

8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00008 99,519 77.70 0.00007 99,538 80.90

9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00007 99,511 76.71 0.00006 99,531 79.91

10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00007 99,504 75.71 0.00006 99,525 78.91

11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00007 99,496 74.72 0.00006 99,519 77.92

12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00008 99,489 73.72 0.00006 99,514 76.92

13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00009 99,481 72.73 0.00006 99,508 75.93

14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00011 99,472 71.73 0.00007 99,501 74.93

15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00013 99,461 70.74 0.00008 99,494 73.94

16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00016 99,448 69.75 0.00009 99,486 72.94

17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00018 99,432 68.76 0.00010 99,478 71.95

18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00021 99,414 67.77 0.00011 99,468 70.95

19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00023 99,394 66.79 0.00012 99,457 69.96

20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00025 99,371 65.80 0.00012 99,445 68.97

21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00026 99,347 64.82 0.00013 99,433 67.98

22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00027 99,321 63.84 0.00014 99,420 66.99

23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00028 99,293 62.85 0.00014 99,406 66.00

24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00028 99,266 61.87 0.00015 99,392 65.01

25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00028 99,238 60.89 0.00015 99,377 64.02

26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00027 99,211 59.90 0.00015 99,362 63.03

27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00027 99,184 58.92 0.00016 99,347 62.04

28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00027 99,157 57.94 0.00016 99,331 61.05

29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00027 99,130 56.95 0.00017 99,315 60.05

30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00028 99,103 55.97 0.00018 99,298 59.07

31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00028 99,075 54.98 0.00018 99,281 58.08

32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00029 99,048 54.00 0.00019 99,262 57.09

33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00029 99,019 53.01 0.00021 99,243 56.10

34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00031 98,990 52.03 0.00022 99,223 55.11

35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00032 98,960 51.05 0.00024 99,201 54.12

36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00034 98,928 50.06 0.00025 99,177 53.13

37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00036 98,894 49.08 0.00027 99,152 52.15

38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00039 98,859 48.10 0.00029 99,125 51.16

39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00042 98,820 47.11 0.00032 99,096 50.18

40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00045 98,779 46.13 0.00034 99,064 49.19

41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00049 98,735 45.15 0.00037 99,031 48.21

42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00054 98,686 44.18 0.00040 98,994 47.23

43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00060 98,632 43.20 0.00044 98,954 46.24

44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00068 98,573 42.23 0.00049 98,910 45.26

45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00076 98,506 41.25 0.00054 98,862 44.29

46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00085 98,431 40.29 0.00059 98,809 43.31

47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00096 98,347 39.32 0.00065 98,750 42.34

48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00107 98,253 38.36 0.00071 98,686 41.36

49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00119 98,148 37.40 0.00078 98,616 40.39

50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00132 98,032 36.44 0.00085 98,539 39.42

51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00147 97,902 35.49 0.00093 98,455 38.46

52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00164 97,759 34.54 0.00102 98,363 37.49

53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00184 97,599 33.60 0.00112 98,263 36.53

54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00206 97,420 32.66 0.00122 98,153 35.57

55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00231 97,219 31.72 0.00134 98,033 34.61

56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00257 96,994 30.79 0.00146 97,902 33.66

57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00284 96,745 29.87 0.00160 97,758 32.71

58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00312 96,469 28.96 0.00174 97,602 31.76

59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00340 96,169 28.05 0.00188 97,433 30.81

60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00369 95,842 27.14 0.00203 97,250 29.87

See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau 27

Appendix Table 6.

Life Table for the Projected Foreign-Born Population in the United States: 2060—Con.

Age

Male Female

Death

probability

(qx)1

Number of

lives

(lx)2

Life

expectancy

(ex)

Death

probability

(qx)1

Number of

lives

(lx)2

Life

expectancy

(ex)

61 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00403 95,488 26.24 0.00222 97,052 28.93

62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00444 95,103 25.34 0.00244 96,837 27.99

63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00491 94,681 24.45 0.00273 96,600 27.06

64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00546 94,216 23.57 0.00306 96,337 26.13

65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00609 93,701 22.70 0.00345 96,042 25.21

66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00679 93,130 21.83 0.00390 95,710 24.30

67 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00756 92,498 20.98 0.00439 95,338 23.39

68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00843 91,799 20.14 0.00494 94,919 22.49

69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00939 91,025 19.30 0.00555 94,451 21.60

70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01047 90,171 18.48 0.00625 93,927 20.72

71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01168 89,227 17.67 0.00705 93,340 19.85

72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01303 88,185 16.87 0.00797 92,682 18.98

73 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01452 87,036 16.09 0.00902 91,943 18.13

74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01616 85,773 15.32 0.01020 91,114 17.29

75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01798 84,387 14.56 0.01155 90,185 16.46

76 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02004 82,870 13.82 0.01310 89,143 15.65

77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02240 81,209 13.09 0.01492 87,975 14.85

78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02509 79,390 12.38 0.01703 86,663 14.07

79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02815 77,398 11.69 0.01948 85,187 13.30

80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03217 75,219 11.01 0.02310 83,527 12.56

81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03617 72,799 10.36 0.02634 81,598 11.84

82 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.04086 70,166 9.73 0.03010 79,449 11.15

83 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.04627 67,299 9.12 0.03439 77,057 10.48

84 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05243 64,186 8.54 0.03923 74,408 9.84

85 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05932 60,820 7.99 0.04463 71,488 9.22

86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.06679 57,212 7.46 0.05061 68,298 8.63

87 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07508 53,391 6.96 0.05730 64,841 8.06

88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.08425 49,383 6.48 0.06479 61,126 7.52

89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.09436 45,222 6.03 0.07312 57,166 7.00

90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.10546 40,955 5.61 0.08238 52,985 6.52

91 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.11758 36,636 5.21 0.09261 48,620 6.06

92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.13077 32,328 4.84 0.10388 44,118 5.62

93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.14504 28,101 4.49 0.11622 39,535 5.22

94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.16039 24,025 4.17 0.12968 34,940 4.84

95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.17680 20,171 3.87 0.14425 30,409 4.49

96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.19424 16,605 3.60 0.15995 26,022 4.16

97 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.21263 13,380 3.34 0.17674 21,860 3.85

98 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.23189 10,535 3.11 0.19457 17,997 3.57

99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25191 8,092 2.90 0.21338 14,495 3.32

100 and over . . . . 1.00000 6,053 2.70 1.00000 11,402 3.08

1

 Probability of dying within 1 year.

2 Number of survivors out of 100,000 born alive.

Note: The period life expectancy at a given age represents the average number of years of life remaining if a group of people at that age 

were to experience the mortality rates of that time over the course of their remaining life.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 National Population Projections.