~ Reference book not to

BUILDING SCIENCE SERIES lo

AUG 6 1971

A111D3 7M7D7

Smoke and Gases

Produced by Burning Aircraft

Interior Materials

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National Bureau of Standards
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • Maurice H. Stans, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • A. V. Astin, Director

Smoke and Gases Produced by

Burning Aircraft Interior Materials

D. Gross, J. J. Loftus, T. G. Lee, and V. E. Gray

Building Research Division

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C.

Building Science Series 18

Issued February 1969

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402—Price 35 cents
Contents

Page

1. Introduction 1

2. Test methods 1

2.1. Material identification 1

2.2. Smoke measurements 2

2.3. Gas analysis 3

3. Test results and analysis 3

3.1. Material identification 3

3.2. Smoke measurements 4

3.3. Gas analysis 8

4. Discussion 9

5. Conclusions 11

6. References 11

7. Appendix 1. Gas analysis 12

7.1. Colorimetric indicator tubes 12

7.2. Specific ion electrode 13

8. Appendix 2. Materials description 16

9. Appendix 3. Summary of test results—smoke and gas concentration 21

10. Appendix 4. Typical smoke accumulation curves for selected materials 26

II
Smoke and Gases Produced by Burning

Aircraft Interior Materials*

D. Gross, J.J. Loftus, T. G. Lee, and V. E. Gray

Measurements are reported of the smoke produced during both flaming and smoldering

exposures on 141 aircraft interior materials. Smoke is reported in terms of specific optical

density, a dimensionless attenuation coefficient which defines the photometric obscuration produced by a quantity of smoke accumulated from a specimen of given thickness and unit surface area within a chamber of unit volume. A very wide range in the maximum specific optical density was observed. For the majority of materials, more smoke was produced during

the flaming exposure test. However, certain materials produced significantly more smoke in the absence of open flaming.

During the smoke chamber tests, indications of the maximum concentrations of CO, HCl,

HCN, and other selected potentially toxic combustion products were obtained using commercial colorimetric detector tubes. A study was made of the operation, accuracy, and limi- tations of the detector tubes used. Measurements of the concentrations of HCl were also made

using specific ion electrode techniques.

Qualitative identification of the major components of the original test materials was

accomplished primarily by infrared absorption spectrophotometry.

Key Words: Aircraft materials; combustion products; fire tests; interior finish; smoke;

toxic gases.

1. Introduction

\ Regulatory safeguards for reducing the fire

ij hazard of transport aircraft interior materials are

' contained in the Federal Aviation Regulations

J (FAR-Part 25, amended October 24, 1967) of the

|i Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), which

J specify the use of flame-resistant materials. Howj ever, no requirements exist relating to the pro-

|| duction of smoke and potentially toxic products,

ji Recent accidents involving fire, and the de-

'! velopment of new materials and test methods,

suggested that additional technical information

,i should be assembled. Accordingly, the FAA studj 2. Test

I 2.1. Material Identification

Qualitative identification of the major comI ponents of the materials prior to test was acj| complished primarily by infrared absorption

I spectrophotometry. This involved preparing a

; specimen in either film or solid pellet form, with

or without potassium bromide, suitable for ob-

( taining an infrared absorption spectrum. In some

cases, solvent extraction and separation were necessary in order to obtain a suitable film. Except

ji * The work reported in this paper was sponsored by the Federal Aviation

I Administration, Washington, D.C. under Contract No. FA66NF-AP-7,

' Project No. 510-001-1 IX.

led the flammability and smoke characteristics of over 100 representative interior materials [1]', and

performed full-scale fire tests within an airplane

fuselage with complete cabin furnishings and in- terior decor under conditions simulating normal

operation [2]. The present laboratory studies are a part of FAA Project No. 510-001-llX, Hazardous Combustible Characteristics of Cabin Materials, and were undertaken with the primary

objective of providing measurements on the generation of smoke and decomposition products using a recently developed smoke test chamber [3]. Methods

for wools, which were identified by nitration tests, and other spot tests which were employed for

cellulosic materials, most materials were identified

by comparison of their infrared absorption spectra

with reference spectra of known compositions.

When some estimate of the percentage composition

of blends or mixtures was possible, this was in- cluded and listed in order of major to minor components. For fabric blends, valid quantitative

estimates are usually very difficult to make. Poly

(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and poly (vinylidene chloride) polymers are difficult to detect specifically

' Figures in brackets indicate the literature references on page 11.

1
Figure 1. Smoke test chamber.

by infrared techniques because they have weak

absorption bands and because pigments, fillers and polymer components with which they are mixed generally have overlapping spectral bands.

As much as 20 to 40 percent of PVC or poly

(vinylidene chloride) could go undetected.

Generic names are given in all cases, even though the spectra for some materials were so similar to reference spectra identified by trade

name from the literature that very little doubt

existed as to source.

2.2. Smoke Measurements

The smoke level was determined by measuring

the progressive attenuation of a light beam passed

through the smoke aerosol within an enclosed

smoke chamber (see figs. 1 and 2). Smoke is reported in terms of specific optical density, a

dimensionless attenuation coefficient which defines

the amount of smoke accumulated from a specimen of unit surface area in terms of its photometric obscuration over unit path length within a chamber of unit volume. For the typical application in which the material is to be used as an

interior finish (e.g. on walls, ceilings, floors), the

fire-exposed surface area of the specimen governs

its smoke-production behavior. Specimen thick- ness (unit weight) correspond to the materials as supplied and used. The basis and limitation of the

method were described in detail in a recent paper

[3], which also discussed the general relationship

between the measured specific optical density and

the level of smoke through which a light (oi!! lighted exit sign) may be seen. The tests involved a thermal irradiation ex-i posure of 2.5 W/cm^ (2.2 Btu/ft^-s)^ normal to the exterior surface of a 3 X 3 in specimen and, were performed under both flaming and non- flaming (smoldering) exposure. To induce open

flaming in the former small pilot (0.30

SCFH natural gas diffusion flame in a in i.difl tube) was applied at the base of the specimen.: j"" These conditions were selected to provide a widcj

range of smoke levels for different types of materials. The size of the specimen and the volumfffl

of the chamber were such that complete oxidations

of practically all materials could occur without

appreciable decrease in oxygen content. Materials were furnished by FAA and were tested using s' typical section in the thickness suppHed.

Optical density, defined as D = log

^1

- (where T = percent light transmission), is th^

single most characteristic measure of the obscuring

quality of a smoke. Specific optical density, D

is a property of a specimen of given thicknesstor

A-Chamber

B-ExhausC blower C-PhoCometer light source D-Blowout panel E-Hinged door with window

F-Air pressure tjage G-Gas flowmeter

:i-Blower and damper lever I-Photometer

J-Pilot burner lever

K-Service openings L-Support frame M-Temperature controller N-Main power switch 0-lnternal light switch

P-Au to transformer

Q-Gas, air shut-off valves R-Electric ignitor switch

S-Gas , air control valves

T-Gas sampling port

Figure 2. Smoke chamber assembly.

2 1 British thermal unit (Btu) =1055 watt second (W"s).

2
and represents the optical density measured over

' unit path length (L), within a chamber of unit

^ volume (V), produced from a specimen of unit

J V V

] surface area (A). Thus, D, = D =

1 , 100

log -jT .

< For the test chamber, V = 18 ft^ (0.510 m^),

\ A = 0.0456 ft^ (0.00424 m=), and L = 3 ft (0.914

]| m). Ideally, the change in Ds with time during

i' the smoke accumulation process will depend only

!j upon the thickness of the specimen, its chemical

s| and physical properties, and the exposure con-

£; ditions. The results are reported in terms of (a)

(j maximum (total) smoke accumulation. Dm, (b)

i[ maximum rate of smoke accumulation (over a

[| 2-min period), Rm, and (c) the time period, tc, to

j! reach a "critical" specific optical density of 16,

' under the test conditions.

I However, there are definite limitations to the

use of specific optical density for extrapolation

,jj and comparison with other box volumes, specimen

areas and photometric systems, and for extension

to human visibility. The degree to which such

Ij extensions are valid depend upon a number of

j major assumptions: the smoke generated is unij formly distributed and is independent of the

amount of excess air available and of any specimen

I edge effects; coagulation and deposition of smoke

j is similar regardless of the specimen size, or the

' size and shape of the chamber; for any given

ij smoke the optical density is linearly related to

I concentration ; and human and photometric vision

] through light-scattering smoke aerosols, expressed

j in terms of optical density, are similar.

2.3. Gas Analysis

j Indications of the concentrations of gaseous

I products were obtained by drawing a sample of

, the gas mixture in the smoke test chamber through

' commercial colorimetric gas detector tubes and

I 3. Test Results

3.1. Material Identification

i Appendix 2 is a list of materials, showing numerical designation, thickness, unit weight, type,

use, and approximate chemical composition of the

major components. Of the 141 materials studied,

! these may be divided into the following groups:

Sheet materials 46

Laminates 21

Fabrics 38

Rugs 10

Pads, Insulation, and Assemblies 24

Films 2

Of the 38 fabrics composed of woven fibers,

fi only a few were essentially natural fibers (cotton

reporting results on the basis of the manufacturers

cahbrations for the selected gases [4]. Essentially, a colorimetric tube is a small-bore glass tube containing a chemical packing which changes color

when exposed to a specific component of a gas

mixture, and the length of color stain is related to the concentration of that component for a

given quantity and rate of flow of gas. Layers of precleaning granules and a plug to absorb interfering gases and to control the sample flow rate are generally provided. Sampling was done several

times during each smoke test using a small syringe

or bellows pump designed to aspirate a measured

volume of gas each stroke. The gas detector tube was inserted into the smoke chamber from the

top, and was situated 3 in below the top surface

of the chamber (approximately 25 in above the

level of the specimen). In some instances an at- tempt was made to extend the range of these

indicators by drawing less than the recommended

gas volume through them and reporting results on the basis of individual laboratory calibrations, as reported in a later section. More detailed dis- cussion of product gas analysis by colorimetric

detector tubes and by specific ion electrode are presented in appendix 1. Indicator tubes were used to detect CO, HCN,

HCl, HF, SO2, NO + NO2, NH3, CI2 and COCI2,

since these gases have generally been considered

toxicologically hazardous compared with other

possible components. However, these are not necessarily the only potentially toxic components

released. No attempts were made to determine

high concentrations of CO2 or low concentrations

of O2, or to consider the type, size, or concentration of smoke particles in toxicological terms. Information on the analytical limits for the tubes

used, and references to the toxic hazard limits of these gases are discussed in appendix 1. Where

HCl was one of the products, in many cases the

gas was also absorbed in water and analyzed by a

chlorine ion electrode to provide a more accurate

indication at high concentrations.

and Analysis

and wool), a few were composed of a mixture of natural and artificial fibers, but the bulk of the

fabrics were made from 100 percent artificial fibers, including acrylics, modacrylics, polyesters,

polyamides (nylon-type), vinyl, and glass.

Of the sheet and laminate materials, approximately one-half were composed entirely or pre- dominantly of poly vinyl chloride (PVC), and the

remaining sheet and laminate materials were composed of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS),

methyl methacrylate, and other copolymers,

blends, and varieties of polymers. The rugs tested

included wool, modacrylics, polyamide (nylon and

aromatic types), and polypropylene. Of the pads

used for seats, there were several urethane foam

materials and one rubber (chloroprene). The materials used as ceiling or bulkhead insulation in3
200 300 ItOO Mpximum Snoke D^-

Figure 3. Frequency distribution of maximum smoke values. Flaming exposure—11^0 materials.

eluded mainly glass fiber materials or a paper

honeycomb sandwich.

3.2. Smoke Measurements

Smoke measurements are summarized in appendix 3 in terms of the maximum smoke accumulation {Dm), the maximum rate of smoke accumulation {Rm) and the time {tc) to reach a specific

optical density of 16 for both flaming and smoldering exposure. These results represent averages of duplicate tests (with few exceptions). For Dm

values up to 200, the standard deviation was

11.8 for flaming and 9.2 for nonflaming tests. Smoke buildup curves for typical flaming and

smoldering tests on selected types of materials

are shown in appendix 4. A wide range of Dm values was measured.

Slightly more than 15 percent of the materials

produced smoke corresponding to a = 16 or

less, for both flaming and smoldering exposures.

These included materials composed of glass, as- bestos, aromatic polyamide, polyimide plus others,

but many of these materials were very thin (lightweight). Dm values in excess of 200 were recorded

for flaming and smoldering exposures on approximately 20 percent of the materials.

For flaming exposure of 140 materials, fre- quency distribution histograms of the maximum

smoke values are shown in figure 3 for all materials,

and in figure 4 within the classification groups:

(a) fabrics, (b) rugs, (c) sheets, films, and laminates, and (d) pads, insulations, and assemblies.

Of the materials in the Dm < 16 category, 16 were fabrics, 6 were sheets or films, and 4 were

glass or asbestos fiber insulations.

With one exception, all materials in the Dm <. 16

category under flaming conditions were also Dm <

16 under nonflaming conditions.

Figures 5, 6, and 7 comprise a complete histogram showing smoke and toxic gas concentrations

for flaming and nonflaming exposures on each

material based on the data in appendix 3. Materials have been arranged according to classifi- cation by groups, by composition, and by generally increasing weight within each subgroup.

It should be noted that only the "front" side

of a material was exposed, and that specimens

exhibited a very wide range in their physical and

thermal behavior during flaming and nonflaming

exposure. Materials which melted at fairly low

temperatures, including nylon, polysulfone, and

polyethylene, flowed to the bottom or dripped

off the sample holder in varying degrees, resulting

in less smoke. Some materials evaporated fairly

rapidly before extensive decomposition or combustion took place. All urethane foam materials

produced more smoke under smoldering exposure

than with flaming exposure, except in one in- stance where the material was noted to shrink

into a corner of the holder and was, therefore,

subjected to less radiation. Rubber (chloroprene),

ABS, methacrylate, and PVC materials nearly

always produced more smoke under flaming ex- posure. Under thermal radiation exposure alone,

elastomers generally formed a bell-shaped protrusion at their center through which gaseous

products streamed out rapidly. The maximum

smoke level depends upon the thickness (and

density) of the specimen, and for some materials

Dm may be expected to increase with thickness

but not always in direct proportion [3].

FABRICS (38)

12

200 I4.OO 600 Maximum Smoke D„

SHEETS, FILMS, LAMINATES (68)

200 I4-OO 600

Maxlmujn Smoke Df„

PADS, INSULATION ASSEMBLIES (2)4.)

JZL

0 200 ItOO 600 Maximum Smoke D„

200 I4.OO 600

T.'axlmum Smoke Drn

Figure 4. Frequency distribution of maximum smoke values by groups. Flaming exposure—J^O materials.

4
pffl py^ rrmn nj^^Ti

-1—I—r-T—1~ km

m

5
JX.

Ft]

•a

33

2-5

ill

to o o

<D to O

CO

6
7
I 3*52

Indicated Gas Concentration,

HCl HOI HCH

3 mln k mln 6 mln 6

50 60 70 60

85 60

180 160

170 180

?00

TIME, min

Figure 8. Reproducibility of smoke and gas concentration indications. Sample No. U (PVC/PVA/ABS)

nonflammg exposure.

3.3. Gas Analysis

"Maximum" indicated concentrations of gases

are listed in appendix 3 along with the smoke

data. These values are based on the average of two separate determinations, except that additional tests were made where large discrepancies

(greater than a factor of 2) between duplicate

values were obtained. Unlike the measurement of optical density of smoke, which is recorded con- tinuously to obtain a maximum, the concentrations of selected components was measured periodically. Particularly for components which change

rapidly, therefore, the indicated concentration

values may not necessarily be the true maximum

values. For the materials tested, the highest indicated concentrations were 2200 ppm CO, 2500

ppm HCl, and 90 ppm HCN. These concentrations

refer to the same exposed area of specimen and

chamber volume used, but to a wide range of specimen weights.

Since the primary objective of this study was to ascertain approximate values, no extensive efforts were made to improve reproducibility. As a test

of reproducibility for a PVC material (specimen

No. 44), 5 separate smoldering exposure tests were

conducted with the results shown in figure 8. This

figure shows the five replicate smoke curves and a

tabulation of indicated gas concentrations at spe-

,1

cific times during each test. The measurement

ranges were on the order of d=20 percent for CO

and HCN and ±30 percent for HCl, and such

variations may be considered typical of the maxi

mum indicated concentration values under the' [" test conditions. ^ Because the plastic materials studied were from

many manufacturers and generally contained plaS'

ticizers, fillers, and other additives, it is difficult^ to relate quantitatively gaseous product concen-' trations with polymer composition. In general,'

HCl was produced by polyvinyl chloride and; modacrylic materials, HF from polyvinyl fluoride'

HCN from wool, urethane, ABS, and modacrylics

and SOo from polysulfone and rubber materials

CO was produced by almost all the samples ir^ varying amounts depending on the type of ma

terial. It has been shown [5] that the amount of ^ given gas produced during pyrolysis and its rat^' of generation are strongly temperature dependent^

Thus, any materials or processes which affect th(' temperature profile across the specimen (e.g. fillerf and plasticizers which produce surface crusting

intumescence, etc.), could readily influence th(

concentration of gaseous products. For certaii

materials, higher concentrations of some gase:

may be produced under conditions of insufficien

air, e.g. 10 percent oxygen [6].

TIME, mln

Figure 9. Comparative decay in HCl and CO concenin Hons for several smoke density levels.

Top: Smoke, nonflaming exposure, 2 selected PVC/PVA materials

Center: HCl concentration. Prior to taking readings, 220 cm'/min of Hi was introduced in chamber over 3-min period

Bottom: CO concentration. Prior to taking readings, 190 cm'/min of d

was introduced in chamber over 3-min period
Sampling was performed sequentially, proceeding generally from HCl and HF to HCN to CO,

jand was initiated when optical density of the

j smoke approached its peak. This procedure was

lij ij followed because of the fairly rapid decay in halogen acid concentration resulting from adsorption on (and reaction with) moisture, smoke particles, and chamber surfaces. To facilitate subsequent data comparison, sampling for HCl and HF

was generally initiated at the beginning of the

minute close to the maximum smoke level, and

at 2-min intervals thereafter for other gases. Gas temperature at the sampling tube inlet

generally ranged from 46 to 52 °C (115 to 126 °F),

the higher temperatures occurring during flaming

tests on heavier materials. Due to the cooling

effect of the precleaning layers of the indicator

tubes, the temperature of the gases passing the

indicating layers were within the prescribed maximum temperature limits. The sampling rate was

generally unaffected by either the elevated temperature of gases or by heavy smoke particle concentrations.

Hydrogen chloride is generally released rapidly

during combustion or pyrolysis of polyvinyl chloride, modified acrylics and other retardant-treated

materials [7, 8]. Maximum levels were generally

higher under flaming compared to smoldering ex- posure conditions presumably due to the higher

temperature involved and the resultant greater

rate of release. The HCl concentration changed

rapidly as a result of its high reactivity, solubility

in water, and adsorption on smoke particles and

wall surfaces. The type of surface as well as the

total area of the interior walls have a pronounced

influence on the adsorption and settling (or decay)

rate of HCl and smoke. To illustrate the decay

of both HCl and CO, a suitable concentration of the pure component was metered into the bottom

of the chamber under both smoke-free {D = 0) and

smoke-filled conditions. Figure 9 shows the indicated concentrations of HCl and CO. In these

tests involving smoldering specimens only, the

gas concentration levels are obviously higher be- cause a portion of the gas is introduced by combustion. The decay rates are also higher.

4. Discussion

In the work described in this report, it was

presumed that the test specimens were repre- sentative in thickness and density of the materials

intended for actual use as interior finishes. For a few materials supplied in thicknesses greater than

1 in, the test specimen was trimmed to a thickness

of 1 in to fit the size of the specimen holder. It should be evident that the density of smoke, the

concentration of gaseous products, and the heat

release characteristics are properties of the specimen as tested and will be different for other thick- nesses and densities.

Limitations were previously noted to the use of

specific optical density for extrapolating the smoke

density measured in the laboratory test to other

enclosure volumes and surface areas. Within these

limitations, the relationship between the measured

y

value of and the geometrical factor for

various values of light transmission (or optical

density) is shown in figure 10. The optical density

level through which a lighted exit sign may be

seen can vary over wide limits depending on the

GEOMETRICAL FACTOR. VAL

50 100 COMPARTMENT VOLUME SPECIMEN SURFACE AREA X OPTICAL PATH LENGTH

Figure 10. Specific optical density versus geometrical factor for five selected light transmission values.

9
general illumination level, on the contrast threshold and the extent to which the observer's eyes

have been dark-adapted, as well as on the irri- tating nature of the smoke. In figure 10, five lines are shown for transmission values ranging from

80 to 2.5 percent (optical density 0.1 to 1.6) corre- sponding to a wide range of visual limits [3]. Using this figure, sample computations have

been made in Table 1 for 3 selected values of D^.

If it is assumed that a lighted exit sign can be

seen when the transmission is down to 40 percent

(optical density 0.4), and an aircraft cabin has a volume of 10,000 ft^ within which smoke is uniformly dispersed, then Table 1 shows the estimated

area A of material, the smoke from which may

just begin to limit seeing the exit sign at various

distances L. Up to this point, only geometrical factors have

been considered, but time is certainly important,

and the choice of a critical specific optical density

for each material can presumably also be based on a prescribed time period which is sufficiently

long to permit escape or defensive action. From

appendix 3, it may be noted that the time periods

to attain a critical specific optical density of 16

ranged from 0.2 to over 20 min. It was previously

noted [3] that a specific optical density of 16

could represent a possible critical limit. Although the three factors, total smoke accumulation {Dm), maximum rate of smoke accumulation

(Rm), and the time period to reach a "critical"

optical density {tc), are directly related to the

smoke obscuration hazard, their relative weighting

is not entirely obvious. One suggestion for a single

overall hazard index based on the results of this

test was made in the appendix of reference 3. However, it should be emphasized that additional

experimental verification would be desirable prior

to establishing rigorous smoke hazard limits for

interior materials.

This study was concerned with the limited

problem of measuring the optical density of smoke

as it relates to the obscuration of human vision.

No attempt was made to evaluate complications

due to eye irritations, to respiratory effects from

Table 1. Critical (projected) surface area of material burned

in 10,000 ft^ volume

(for optical density = 0.4)

V

Specific Light Specimen

optical AL distance area

density Ds (for CD = 0.4) L A

10 25 3 ft 133 ft2 10 25 10 40

10 25 30 13.3 10 25 100 4 50 125 3 26.7

50 125 10 8 50 125 30 2.67 50 125 100 0.8

100 250 3 13.3 100 250 10 4.0

100 250 30 1.3 100 250 100 0.4

S 10 20 90 100 200 900 1000 INDICATED CONCEMTRATION, SMOKE TEST CHAMBER, ppm

Figure 11. Gas concentration in 10,000 ft^ cabin based on

indicated concentration in smoke test chamber.

inhaled smoke particles, or to hysteria or associated physiological or psychological factors. The indicated concentrations of gaseous products listed in appendix 3 represent values measured

at the sampling location and are associated with

the prescribed exposure conditions on a specimen i of given exposed area (2^6 in square) within a

totally enclosed chamber of 18 ft^ volume. Speci- mens were tested in the thickness and weight

supplied, which varied over a wide range. Concentration measurements were made periodically

from the time when the optical density of the

smoke approached its peak. Any realistic evaluation of the gas concentrations likely to be en- countered in a real fire situation must take into

account actual areas and thicknesses of the materials exposed and the volumes in which the ' gases are dispersed. Also of importance are the

rate of fire growth, the effects of adsorption and , reaction, the extent of ventilation, dilution, and/or 1 application of extinguishing agents, and other i factors outside the scope of this study. Where

specimen area and chamber volume are the only

variables and uniform mixing is assumed, an approximate relationship between the gas concentration measured in the smoke chamber and the

projected concentration within a much larger

chamber, such as an aircraft cabin, is given by

V-/ cabin — Otest ~T~

10
?his simply scales concentration (C) in direct

iroportion to the area A of specimen involved

,nd in inverse proportion to the chamber volume

^. As an example, the gas concentration in a

0,000 ft^ cabin is shown in figure 11 for a series

f lines corresponding to surface areas of 10, 100,

,nd 1,000 ft2. It should be noted that such scaled estimates

.ssume similar (or uniform) distribution of the

aseous components, and large differences may

esult in the case of active gases and vapors

/hich tend to be adsorbed on surfaces, e.g. HF

and HCl, and gases and vapors which tend to

stratify in layers.

Finally, it should be noted that relationships

between the indicated concentrations measured in the smoke chamber and physiological or toxicological effects are also outside the scope of this

study. The table of toxicological data, assembled

from open literature sources has been included for reference purposes only. Information on the combined, or synergistic, effects of several noxious

components (including smoke j articles) is apparently very limited.

5. Conclusions

Based upon the tests performed and an evalution of the results, the following conclusions have

(teen reached:

1. Materials currently used as interior furnishings for aircraft cabins, and those being considered for future use, vary considerably in

their production of smoke and potentially

toxic products under simulated fire conditions.

2. The laboratory test method for generating

smoke and measuring its optical density appears to be a useful tool for the quantitative

classification of materials, and for the possible

establishment of revised fire safety standards

and criteria for controlling smoke production.

Optical density is the single most characteristic measure of the visual obscuring quality

of a smoke.

3. For evaluating smoke production, both

smoldering and active flaming conditions

should be considered. For the majority of materials, more smoke was produced during

the flaming exposure test. However, certain

materials produced significantly more smoke

in the absence of open flaming.

4. Within the limitations and assumptions cited,

the specific optical density of smoke measured

in the laboratory may be extrapolated to cabin volumes and surface areas of combustible furnishings in order to provide guidelines for cabin area limitations, or to estimate

time periods available for escape or defensive

action.

Indications of the concentrations of potentially toxic combustion products can be con- veniently and inexpensively obtained during

the smoke production test using calibrated

commercial colorimetric tubes; however,

these are suitable only where interferences

by other gases are absent, and where precision is not of primary importance. The

specific ion electrode is also a convenient

method of measuring the concentrations of

halogen acid gases. Furthermore, if an at- tempt is made to relate the indicated concentrations measured in the smoke chamber in terms of toxicological limits, caution must be

excercised. It is essential that proper consideration be given to (a) scaling of the areas and volumes in the proposed situation, (b)

the integrated dosage where concentration

varies with time, (c) the synergistic effects of several components (and smoke particles),

and (d) the effects of relative humidity, ele- vated temperature, stratification, adsorption on surfaces, and physiological factors not

considered in this study.

6. References

[1]

M2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

Marcy, J. F., Nicholas, E. B., and Demaree, J. E., Flammability and Smoke Characteristics of Aircraft

Interior Materials. Federal Aviation Agency Technical Report ADS-3, Jan. 1964. Marcy, J. F., A Study of Air Transport Passenger

Cabin Fires and Materials, Federal Aviation Agency

Technical Report ADS-44, Dec. 1965.

Gross, D., Loftus, J. J., and Robertson, A. F., A Method

for Measuring Smoke from Burning Materials, American Society for Testing Materials Special Technical

Publication 422, 1967.

a. Scott Draeger Multi-Gas Detector, distributed by

Scott Aviation Corporation, Lancaster, N.Y.

b. MSA Colorimetric Gas Detector Tubes, Mine Safety

Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.

c. Kitagawa Precision Gas Detector, Unico Model No.

400, Union Industrial Equipment Corp., Port

Chester, N.Y.

Madorsky, S. L., Thermal Degradation of Organic

Polymers, 315 pp. (Interscience (Wiley) 1964).

[6] Ausobsky, S., Evaluation of the combustion gases of

plastics, (in German), VFDB Zeitschrift 16. 58-66,

1967.

[7] Coleman, E. H. and Thomas, C. H., The products of combustion of chlorinated plastics, J. Appl. Chem.

4, 379-383, 1954.

[8] Fish, A., FrankHn, N. H., and Pollard. R. T., Analysis

of toxic gaseous combustion products, J. Appl. Chem.

13, 506-9, 1963.

[9] Kusnetz, H. L., Saltzman, B. E., and Lanier, M. E., Calibration and evaluation of gas detector tubes, Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 21, 361-373, 1960.

[10] Saltzman, B. E., Preparation and analysis of calibrated low concentrations of sixteen toxic gases. Anal. Chem.

33, 1100-1112, 1961.

[11] Saltzman, B. E. and Gilbert, N., Am. Ind. Hyg.

Assoc. J. 20, 379-386, 1959.

[12] Rechnitz, G. A. and Kresz, M. R., Anal. Chem. 38, 1786, 1966.

11
7. Appendix 1. Gas Analysis

7.1. Colorimetric Indicator Tubes

The manufacturer provided general information on the detector tubes regarding their measuring

range, interfering reactions, reuse and the effects of temperature and relative humidity. The upper

and lower limits of the measuring ranges of these

tubes and some references to the toxicological

limits of these gases are summarized in table 2. With good quality control during manufacture

and frequent calibration, specific tubes can give

meaningful results. However, certain shortcomings

may be noted. These include:

1. Variation of packing density within the tube

and nonuniformity of indicator gel among the

tubes. Since the adsorption rate of a sample gas

by the gel depends primarily on the reacting

surface area available per length of tube, a

variable packing density would affect reproducibility.

2. Certain gases and vapors are not adsorbed

by the precleaning layer but react similarly

with the indicator as the gas of interest to produce an unexpected interference.

3. The transition zone of the discolored stain

front makes it difficult to judge the exact demarcation line and thus introduces errors. These shortcomings can be minimized, for ex- ample, by frequent calibration to establish probable sources of errors, by knowing the specific

interfering gases in the sample not absorbed by

the precleaning layer and the sensitivity of the

tube to these gases, and by determining the concentration of the interference gas, if any, found

in the sample. With cumulative experience on

using the tubes both during calibration and sampling, the error in judging the line of demarcation

of the discolored section by an operator can be

minimized. The merit of the colorimetric tubes

as in any other analytical method should be judged

by performance on a specific gas. Sensitivity,

accuracy, and interference effects depend on the

chemical system used in the tube and they are

obviously different for different gases. An extensive

review of some of the techniques and problems

associated with these tubes is given by Kusnetz,

et al. [9]. The advantages of the indicator tubes are con- venience and simplicity, yielding immediate re- sults with the avoidance of transfer vessels and

other sampling problems. In the hands of an

experienced operator, reasonable accuracy can be

attained.

Of the colorimetric tubes used, tubes for four

compounds have been calibrated and examined

for interferences and temperature effect. For cali- bration purposes low concentrations of HCl or HCN were prepared from a flow dilution system

suggested by Saltzman [10]. The system consists

of an asbestos plug which serves as a flow-limiting

device [11], and a mixing chamber as shown in

figure 12. Tubing to the asbestos flowmeter is 1 mm i.d. polytetrafluoroethylene tubing to minimize dead volume. The pressure regulating cylinder was filled with concentrated H2SO4. Flows

were calibrated by attaching a graduated 0.1 ml

pipet to the meter outlet and timing with a stopwatch the movement of a drop of mercury past

the graduations. Flow rates as low as 0.01 cmVmin

can be achieved with good long term stability.

The degree of dilution of pure HCl from the

tank was controlled by the asbestos plug and the

diluting gas metered by a rotameter. Mixture

concentration could be varied from 10 to 1000

ppm. A needle valve controlled the flow rate to the indicator tube. The pressure drop across the

colorimetric indicator during calibration was balanced by applying an appropriate vacuum at the

other end of the tube. This arrangement avoids

creating any disturbance to the diluting system

when the tube is inserted to start a calibration.

Low concentrations of HCN were generated by

aeration of a 4.6 molar solution of KCN in a midget impinger. A thermostated water bath sur- rounding the bubbler and air supply condenser

maintained a temperature of 30 °C (86 °F). The

system produced an output of 100 ppm and

further dilution was necessary for lower concenTable 2. Measuring range of colorimetric indicator tubes and toxicological data for selected gases

CO CO2 HCl HCN NO2 NO -I-NO2 NH3 CI2 COCI2 HF SOj

Indicator tube data Type Type A B

Nominal range, lower ppm 10 2 2 2 0.5 0.5 25 0.2 0.25 0.5 5 upper ppm 3,000 30 500 150 50 10 700 30 75 15 150 Recommended upper temp. Limit (tube and test gas) °C 90 40 45 30 40 40 40 50 35 40 40

Toxicological data* M.A.C.** ppm 50 5,000 5 10 5 50 1 0.1 3 5

Irritation on brief exposure ppm 35 25 500 30 5 30 20-50 Immediate danger to life (2 to 5 min) ppm 10,000 70,000 1000 -2000 200-300 200 >2000 1000 50 50-250 500

* Based on the following references: Henderson, Y., Haggard, H. W.: Noxious Gases. (Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York 1943), Elkins, H. B.: The Chemistry of Industrial Toixiology (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1959). American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Document of Threshold Values, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 (1966 edition). ** Maximum average atmospheric concentration for 8-hr daily exposure adopted by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1966.

12
Figure 12. Flow dilution and

calibration arrangement.

1. Gas of Interest

2. Pressure Regulator

trations. Both HCl and HCN systems were very

stable and consistent.

A static method using an FEP polytetrafluoroethylene 5-mil-thick collapsible bag was used to generate low concentrations of nonreacting gases. Under this arrangement, the sample gas was deposited by a gas-tight microsyringe and diluted

with air or other gases from a 1-liter syringe. This

method is not applicable to HCl or HCN because

of losses resulting from adsorption, but gave satis- factory results with CO from 10 to 1000 ppm.

7.2. Specific Ion Electrode

A permeable membrane electrode for chloride

ions (after Pungor) described recently [12] was

I: Asbestos Plug Rotameter

5. Diluting Gas

6. Mixture Waste

7. Colorlmetrlc Tube

8. Vacuum Source used in a system to determine the HCl concentration in a gas sample potentiometrically. This

method has higher accuracy, range, and reliability

than that of colorimetric indicator tubes. Its working range is between 20 and 20,000 ppm for a

100 cm^ gas sample. For lower concentrations, a

larger sample must be used. In practice, the highly water-soluble HCl gas

and vapor in the 100 cm^ sample was totally

absorbed when the sample flowed at a rate of

100 cmVmin through polytetrafluoroethylene tubing (5.3 mm i.d.) containing about 40 mg of

loosely packed glass wool wetted with 0.1 cm^

water. The exposed glass wool was carefully transferred to a polytetrafluoroethylene cup of small

10^ 10*

CONCENTRATION OF GAS PHASE HCl, ppm

Figure 13. Measured emf as a function of HCl concentration in gas phase based on HCl in 100 cm? sample absorbed by 1 cm^ of water.

13
9

s

o

S5,

C 03 773 1^ >

a; <u > " ^ be ho p7 _- M C C

oO xoo g

ooo lOOO OO

AAA

OOO

8 M

&-ooo-y S AA'^A § KIZKccO

C3o6t- CO

-C o ^ g

o

0-P

Oil

d g.

o o

K I 2

o

oj w ca

C C 3

O OJ P

o

wo

.2 M Is

c g

cS.S ll

14
internal volume. Water v/as added to make a

total solution of 1 cm^ before insertion of the

specific ion electrode, and a low-leakage, smalldiameter-tip, conventional calomel-KCl reference

electrode. A high impedance differential voltmeter

or an expanded scale pH meter may be used to measure the emf between the electrodes. The

specific electrode has a sensitivity limit of 10-^

mole per liter for chloride ion in solution and an

equilibrium response time of about 1 min. It consists essentially of a polymeric silicone rubber

membrane impregnated with particles of silver

chloride precipitate. The membrane covers the tip

of a small diameter glass tube filled with a chloride

solution. Figure 13 shows the calibration curve of emf in mV and HCl concentration in ppm calculated on the basis of a 100 cm^ gas sample absorbed

in a 1 cm^ solution. The curves were based on measurements made with solutions of known HCl

concentrations.

Known interferences of bromide or iodide ions

may be considered negligible if their concentrations are less than one-tenth of the chloride ion

concentration [12]. In most fire gas or smoke

chamber analyses no interference would be ex- pected. In cases where the concentration of bromide ions is likely to be the same order as that of chloride, a bromide specific electrode can be used.

This electrode is not affected by chloride ion

concentrations as high as 50 times that of bromide.

Table 3 shows the type of indicator reagents

used in the detector tubes. It also lists the known

components and concentrations which would cause

sufficient interference to give erroneous readings.

The precleaning layer serves to remove the interfering components and the table shows the maximum concentrations that can be tolerated. The

data are based on information furnished by the

tube manufacturer as well as NBS data showing

the lack of mutual interference among the major

components of HCl, HCN and CO. Except for H2S which apparently poisons the reactive surface

iri the HCl tube, other interferences did not significantly alter the usefulness of those colori metric

tubes in the present smoke chamber study.

Table 4 shows some of the basic and calibration

data for the colorimetric indicator tubes used.

Included are the concentration ranges for which

the tubes are rated and the sample volume and

measured sampling rate for which the predetermined scale calibration holds. The length of indicating layer compared with the maximum of the

concentration range indicates the resolution of the

tube. The transition zone is a subjective estimate

of the length between complete color change to no

change which affects the reading error. The cali- bration ratios were based on the average of three

separate runs for each of the stated concentrations. The method of preparation of an actual

concentration of a single component in an atmospheric air mixture was given in the previous section. Unlike a previous study where several dis- interested observers were asked to judge the

demarcation front of the color change [9], the

present results were based on the observation of one individual only. With the exception of the

type B HCl tube which was -f90 percent in error,

all other errors fell within a ±20 percent range.

Table 4. Colorimetric indicator tubes

Basic data (supplied by Mfr.) Calibration data (NBS)

Tube Concentration Range

Sample volume

Sampling

rate

Packing length Transition zone Concentration

Precleaning Indicating Length Error Actual Indicated'' Error

ppm cm^ seconds mm mm mm % ppm ppm %

per stroke HCl 2-30 1000 11 30 60 4 ±7 5 Type A 25 30 +20

86 95 +10

" 10-300 100 200 180 -10

HCl 2-100 500 30 0 65 2 ±3

Type B 20-500 100 300 570 +90 CO 10-300 1000 27 40 50 2 ±4 50 100-3000 100 100 120 +20

200 220 +10

500 500 0

1000 1000 0 HCN 2-30 500 10 30 50 6 + 8 5 10-150 100 30 35 +20

75 HF 1-15 1000 5 0 60 3 + 5 16 14 -13

" 5-150 100 NO +N02 0.5-10 500 9 30 60 5 + 8 «5-50 100 SO2 5-150 1000 12 0 65 4 + 6 50-1500 100 NH3 25-700 1000 9 0 75 3 ±4

' Concentration range extended by use of individual calibration (not furnished by the manufacturer).

° Average readings of three separate tubes.

15
8. Appendix 2. Material Description

Abbreviations

Code

F1,F2—Fabric (uncoated, coated)

R1,R2—Rug (unpadded, padded)

S1,S2,S3—Sheet (flexible, semi-rigid,

rigid) L1,L2,L3—Laminate (flexible, semi-rigid, rigid)

Designation

C Coated ABS

UC Uncoated PETP

F Flexible PMMA

SR Semi-rigid PVA

R Rigid PVC

P Padded

UP Unpadded

FR Fire-retardant treated

Composition

Acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene

Polyethylene terephthalate polyester

Poly methyl methacrylate

Poly \inyl acetate Poly \'inyl chloride

No. Code Thickness Unit* weight

Color and

surface Designation Present or intended use Material identification

Inch oz/yd^

1 F-1 0.035 11 Light-blue fabric (LC) Drapery Wool/cotton (75:25).

2 F-1 0.030 9.6 Light-blue Fabric a^C) Draperj- Modacrj'Uc.

3 F-1 0.055 14 Blue (multi- color pattern)

Fabric (L"C) Drapery ModacryHc/nylon/cotton.

4 F-1 0.050 13 Tan

Corduroy

Fabric (UC) Upholstery Polyamide (nylon tjT>e).

5 F-2 0.030 12 Blue Matte

Fabric (C) Upholsters' Polj-i'inylchloride/methyl methacrylate/ester

plasticizer on cotton.

6 F-2 0.045 26 Gold Matte

Fabric (C) Upholstery Polj'ester plasticizer (phthalate-type) , possible PVC, on cotton.

7 R-2 0.33 62 Blue/gray Loop Rug (P) Flooring Pile: ModacryUc/acryhc.

Backing: Polyester fiber. Pad; Polyester urethane foam.

8 R-1 0.18 31 Blue/green Loop

Rug (UP) Flooring Pile: Copolymer

poly (propylene-butylene)

Center: Cellillosic. Backing: Polyethylene.

9 S-1 0.046 46 Tan

Matte

Sheet (F) Panel and door

covering PVA/ABS. china clay pigmented possible PVC.

10 S-2 0.045 38 Dark gray Matte

Sheet (SR) Food trays, window

frames

ABS (~25%: 10%: 65%).

11 S-3 0.080 67 Green

Polished Sheet (R) Food trays, window

frames

ABS (~25:10:65).

12 S-3 0.080 81 Tan

:Matte Sheet (R) Ceilings, seat panels Copolymer: P^'C/poly methvl methacrj'late (~95:5).

13 S-2 0.030 26 Gold

Shiny

Sheet (SR) Trim PVC and poly\-inyl acetate base with some ABS

plastic added.

Film: Polyethylene terephthalate (PETP) polyester.

14 S-2 0.020 20 White/green SmoothSheet (SR) Sides, ceiling, seat panels PoljTinyl chloride/vinyl acetate (~89: 11).

15 S-1 4.0 110 "SVhite Open cell Foam (F) Seat cushion paddingPolyether urethane.

16 R-1 0.22 44 Blue Loop Rug (UP) Flooring Wool.

17 R-2 0.43 83 Multi-color LoopRug (P) Flooring Pile: Wool.

Back: Polyester. Pad : Urethane foam.

18 R-1 0.22 59 Black/gray LoopRug (UP) Flooring Modacryhc/acrylic.

1920S-1 L-30.21 0.042

9.2

68

Green Open cell Gold EmbossedPad (F) Laminate (R)

Carpet underlay

Panels—Over- head and

sides

Polj'ester urethane foam.

Face: Pol}'%'inyl acetate with trace of ABS

covered with PETP polyester. Back; Aluminum sheet. 21 0.044 79 Tan

DuU, brushed Laminate (R) Panels—Over- head and

sides

Face: Vinyl chloride/acrylate copolymer (80: 20). Back: Aluminum sheet.

22 L-1 0.009 8.1 Aluminum

Matte, shiny Laminate (F) Window shades Face: PETP Polyester. Back: Vinyl acetate, PVC copolymer.

* 1 oz/yd2 =3.39xl0~» g/cm2.

16
Materials Description—Continued

No. Code Thickness Unit weight

Color and

surface Designation Present or intended use Material identification

Inch oz/yd^

23 A Irregular White Smooth

Assembly

(molded)

Assist handles Polyamide (nylon type).

24 A Irregular Green Smooth

Assembly

(molded)

Seat track

covers Polyvinyl chloride, ABS terpolymer (94:6).

25 L-3 0.035 39 Gray

Glossy Laminate (R) Galley area Face; Melamine formaldehyde. Back: Urea formaldehyde.

26 L-3 0 032 35 Blue

Glossy

Face: M^elamine formaldehyde. Back: Urea formaldehyde.

27 S-2 Irrcgul&r White Ps-ssGOi^Gr SGrv~

ice units

Avigiu pdit. rtoo y^ij . 'tKj . } possiDie irVl^. Flex part: Plasticized PVC possible some vinyl

acetate.

28 F-l 0.028 8.0 Tan/gold

trace Fabric (UC) Drapery Modacrylic.

29 F-1 0.030 9.3 Turquoise,

gold trace Fabric (UC) Drapery Modacrylic.

30 A 0.41 62 Tan Mn+ tp Assembly Ceilings,

t) U.1 ll 63ds Face: Coated glass fabric (Polyester or cross- linked Acrylic). Core: Paper honeycomb.

Back: Plastic-impregnated glass fabric

31 S-1 0.010 9.6 White

Matte

Sheet (F) Lowered

ceilings Vinyl chloride/acrylate, possible Polyvinyl

acetate.

32 L-3 0.045 75 Light blue Matte

Laminate (R) Lowered

ceilings Vinyl chloride/acrylate copolymer film on aluminum sheet.

33 S-3 0.093 91 White Matte

Sheet (R) Hatrack ABS (40:40:20), possible PVC.

34 F-2 0.010 10 Tan

Smooth

Fabric (C) Underside hat- rack buUnoseVinyl ehloride/Acrylate copolymer on glass fabric (28%) plus pigment (13%).

35 S-3 0.095 90 Gray

Dull Sheet (R) Toilet floor pans ABS (40:40: 20), possible PVC.

36 A 0.063 Tan

Smooth

Assembly

(molded)

Ceiling panel

joint Plasticized PVC.Plasticized di-(2 ethyl-hexyl) phthalate.

37 S-3 0.097 92 White

Matte

Sheet (R) Magazine rack ABS (40: 40: 20)/PVC.

38 S-3 0.063 53 Clear

Polished Sheet (R) Window pane Methyl methacrylate/Methyl acrylate copolymer

(90: 10).

39 S-3 0.064 62 Tan

Matte

Sheet (R) Control panel ABS (40%: 40%: 20%), possible PVC.

40 S-1 0.002 1.3 CJear Smooth

Film (F) Protective coating Polyvinyl fluoride.

41 A 0.35 95 Tan Assembly

(molded) BuUnose Face: ABS.Back: Polyether urethane foam.

42 A 1.3 35 Yellow

Fibrous Pad Insulation Glass fiber (plus organic binder).

43 A 2.5 150 Yellow

Fibrous Assembly Insulation Glass fiber with lead sheet.

44 S-1 0.046 44 Tan

Matte

Sheet (F) Seat panels PVA/ABS, china clay pigmented, possible PVC.

45 S-3 0.063 60 Tan

Matte

Sheet (R) Seat panels PVC/ABS.

46 S-3 0.057 55 White Matte

Sheet (R) Seat panels PVC/PMMA (90: 10).

47 F-l 0.012 4.0 White

Matte

Fabric (UC) Lining for seat pads

Cotton.

48 A 0.57 82 Tan

Matte

Assembly Seat panels Face: PVC/ABS.

Back: Polyurethane. 49 A 0.52 120 White Matte

Assembly Seat panels Face: PVC/PMMA (90: 10). Back: Urethane foam—polyether type. 50 S-3 0.60 35 White Open cell Sheet (R) Seat

construction Urethane foam—polyether type.

51 S-2 1.0 88 White

Closed cell Foam (SR) Seatconstruction

Plasticized foam containing PVC/PVA and

nitrile groups.

52 S-1 4.0 90 White Open cell Pad (F) Seat

construction Urethane foam—polyether type (FR).

53 A 3.0 44 Tan

Smooth

Assembly Insulation Face: Filled rubber on Nylon 6-6 fabric. Back: Glass fiber batt.

17
Materials Description—Continued

No. Code Thickness Unit

weight

Color and

surface Designation Present or intended use Material identification

Inch oz/yd^

54 A 1.3 28 Blue Smooth

Assembly Insulation Face: Organic-filled nylon fabric. Back: Glass fiber batt.

55 F-2 0.004 4.2 Tan

Smooth

Fabric (C) Cover for insulation batt Polyethylene film over nylon fabric (filled rubber).

56 F-2 0.004 2.9 Light blue Smooth

Fabric (C) Cover for insulation battOrganic-fiUed nylon 6-6 fabric.

57 F-2 0.006 6.1 Green Smooth

Fabric (C) Bulkhead as- sembly lining Plasticized PVC on Glass fabric.

58 F-1 0.054 14 Bluish multi- colored weave

Fabric (UC) Drapery Modacrylic/nylon/cotton.

59 S-1 0.020 16 White/color

pattern Sheet (F) Partitions PVC/PVA (89:11).

60 S-3 0.060 64 Gold

Glossy Sheet (R) Side panels Plasticized PVC/PVA with ABS.

61 S-3 0.060 62 Blue

Glossy Sheet (R) Side panel PVC/PVA (Small amount of ABS).

62 S-3 0.069 70 White with

pattern Sheet (R) Window panel Polyvinyl butyral film on PVC/PVA (90: 10).

63 F-1 0.030 9.5 Yellow/gold

trace Fabric (UC) Drapery Modacrylic/polyester.

64 R-1 0.33 64 Blue/green Loop Rug (UP) Flooring Modacrylic/acrylic.

65 R-1 0.23 41 Brown/white/

black loop Rug (UP) Flooring Modacrylic/acrylic.

66 S-1 0.032 25 Tan/yellow

Burlap

Sheet (F) Sidewall Plasticized PVC.

67 L-2 0.022 24 White

Burlap Laminate (SR) Baggage Uner Polyester plastic fiUed glass fiber fabric.

68 L-2 0.038 34 Blue/white/ yeUow

Simulated

fabric

Laminate (SR) Sidewall, parti- tion liner Face: PVC/PVA (89: 11). Back: Cotton fabric and paper

69 L-2 0.026 24 Blue/white

Simulated

fabric

Laminate (SR) Sidewall, parti- tion liner PVC/PVA.

70 L-2 0.031 28 Gray

Glossy Laminate (SR) Sidewall, parti- tion liner Face: Acrylate. Back: PVC/PVA.

71 L-2 0.033 31 Tan /white EmbossedLaminate (SR) Sidewall. partition liner PVC/PVA (93:7).

72 L-3 0.075 71 Red

ivi aT^ic Laminate (R) Door liners Face: PVC/PVA.

xiaCK . iiUO/ IT V K^.

73 S-3 0.11 UO Gray

Glossy

Sheet (R) Cockpit liner ABS/PVC.

74 S-3 0.50 440 Clear Glossy Sheet (R) Window panes Methyl methacrylate.

75 F-1 0.060 19 Turquoise Corrugated

Fabric (UC) Upholstery Cotton/nylon (small amount of polyester).

76 A 0.38 76 White Smooth

Assembly

(honeycomb)

Ceiling panel Face: Acrylic/vinyl coating over plywood

(paper)

Core: Paper with cresolformaldehyde resin adhesive. 100 S-3 0.18 180 Clear

Polished Sheet (R) Window panes Methyl methacrylate.

101 F-1 0.015 4.4 White Fabric (UC) Drapery Polyamide (aromatic-type). 102 F-1 0.015 6.1 Green Fabric (UC) Drapery Polyamide (aromatic-type)

103 S-3 1.0 28 White

Porous Foam (R) Foam

insulation Chlorinated PVC.

104 A 1.0 42 White Embossed

Assembly WaU

Insulation Glass fabric (100%). Bonded to glass-fiber batt. 105 F—

0.033 26 Aluminum

Glossy

Fabric (C) High temperature liner Aluminum on asbestos.

106 S-3 0.13 120 Clear Glossy Sheet (R) Window panes

fabricated parts

Poly (diphenylol propane) carbonate.

18
Materials Description—Continued

No. Code Thickness Unit

weight

Color and

surface Designation Present or intended use Material identification

Inch oz/yd^

107 F-1 0.013 5.8 White Fabric (UC) Drapery Modacrylic (100%),

i 108 F-1 0.013 5.9 Orange Fabric (UC) Drapery Modacrylic (100%).

109 S-3 0.080 62 Yellow

Glossj' Sheet (R) Paneling Poly (phenylene oxide).

' 110 S-3 0.13 110 Dark gray Matte

Sheet (R) Paneling PVC/PMMA plus ABb.

' 111 S-3 0.060 57 Green Matte

oneet t-tt; Paneling Jr V U/r MiVlA plus Ado.

112A

, B

S-2 0.060

0.020

54

18 Clear Glossy Sheet (SR) Fabricated

parts

Polysulfone.

113 S-1 0.30 11 White

Fluffy Pad Seat padding,wall

insulation

Glass fiber (100%).

, 114 F-2 0.010 7.8 White

Matte rabnc (O) Headliner Glass fabric coated with acrylic (aromatic

plasticizer).

115 S-1 0.0015 2.2 Clear Smooth

Film (F) Protective cover Poly (difluorochloroethylene).

I 116 S-2 0.020 17 Tan

Smooth

oneet (,oi\) Panel sub-strate Polyamide (aromatic type).

117 S-3 0.045 50 White

Glossy Sheet (R) Paneling PVC/poly(vinylidene chloride).

USA

' B

1 cD

S-1 0.002 0.005

0.003

0.005

2.1 5.4

3.5

5.9

Amber

Clear

Glossy

Sheet (F) High temperature insula- tionPolytetrafluoroethylene films over polyimide.

! 119 F-2 0.007 5.0 Blue Fabric (C) Headliner Glass fabric (97%) with organic finish.

120 S-2 0.23 20 Gray

Fibrous Pad Insulation Asbestos fiber.

: 121 S-3 0.063 64 Tan

Smooth

&neet tttj Panel

substrate Polyamide (aromatic type)

.

I 122 S-3 0.11 130 Gray

Glossy Sheet (R) Paneling Polyvinyldichloride.

li 123

l| S-1 4.0 380 Black Open cell r oam ) Seat padding Chloroprene.

124 F-1 0.012 9.2 Maroon

Glossy

raoric tLCj Wall covering Plasticized poly(vinylidene chloride).

125 F-2 0.005 4.0 Light green Glossy rabnc (C) Headliner Glass fabric (97%) with organic finish.

126 F-2 0.006 4.2 Light gray

Glossy rabnc (U) Headliner Glass fabric (83%) with organic finish.

127 S-2 0.034 29 Blue Matte

Sheet (SR) Paneling Face: Plasticized PVC/PVA (90:10). Back: Polyamide (Aromatic type).

li 128A

' B

S-1 4.0

4.0

89

67

White Open cell White Open cellFoam (F) Seat padding Polyether urethane (FR)

.

Polyether urethane.

129 S-1 0.071 99 Black Smooth

Sheet (F) Elastomer,

seals Copolymer of tetrafluoro-ethylene/vinylidene

fluoride.

; 130 S-1 0.067 83 Tan

Smooth

Sheet (F) Elastomer,

gaskets Chlorosulfonated polyethylene.

' 131 s-1 0.065 82 Black Smooth

Sheet (F) Elastomer,

hoses Chloroprene.

132 F-1 0.028 8.7 Green Fabric (UC) Drapery Modacrylic and metallized fiber (94: 6).

133 L-1 0.040 36 Copper

Glossy Laminate (F) Dado paneling race, rlasticizea r^VLy/r^ VA. Back: Polyamide (aromatic type) paper.

134 L-1 0.032 27 Light tan

Glossy Laminate (F) Hatrack Face: Plasticized PVC/PVA and cotton fiber. Back: Polyamide (aromatic type) paper. 1^2 0.029 26 Blue/white

pattern Smooth

Laminate (SR) PaneUng, Bulkhead

dividers

Face: PVC/PVA (90: 10). Back: Polyamide (aromatic type) paper.

136 1^3 0.099 84 Lt. gray/gold pattern RoughLaminate (R) Flooring Plasticized PVC/PVA.

Top coating—mostly plasticized.

137 L-3 0.074 72 Clear/white/

blue Smooth

Laminate (R) Window reveals, dado

Seat backs

Plasticized PVC/PVA (90: 10) over pigmented ABS, asbestos-filled.

19
Materials Description—Continued

No. Code Thickness Unit weight

Color and

surface Designation Present or intended use Material identification

Inch oz/yd^

138 F-1 0.015 5.8 Green Smooth

Fabric (UC) Drapery (FR) Polyamide (aromatic type) cotton (50%: 50%).

139 F-2 0.007 6.6 White Smooth

Fabric (C) Headliner, baggage liner Glass fabric (60%) coated with polyvinylidene

fluoride.

140 F-1 ft f\OA 12 vv iiiLe/ uiuc Smooth

Fnhrio fTTCI IVXatjl Coo ticking (FR)

Cotton.

141 S—

0.031 Cream

semi-clear Glossy

X cLUl ly^d tCLl parts (FR)

PolysuIfone

142 S-3 1.0 12 White

Fine grain Foam (R) Insulation (Urea formaldehyde).

143 R-1 0.30 45 Green Loop Rug (UP) Flooring Polyamide (Aromatic type).

144 F-1 0.035 11 Green/white/

orange

Fabric (UC) Upholstery Polyamide (Aromatic type).

145 F-2 0.031 18 Silver Reflective Fabric (C) Insulation, baggage liner Aluminum/polyester film on asbestos fabric.

146 F-1 0.035 9 .

w niie J? a one yyj'^i Upholstery

drapery Polyamide (more Aromatic groups than 14( and 144).

147 S-3 0.23 210 Clear Glossy Sheet (R) Window panes,

fabricated parts

Poly methyl methacrylate.

148 R-1 0.25 56 (A) Blue

\D ) £JL UW 11 (C) Green Loop

Rug (UP) Flooring Pile: Modacrylic (100%).

149 F-1 0.15 10 Cream

Fluffy Fabric (UC) Blanket Modacrylic (100%).

150 S-1 4.0 89 White Open cell Foam (F) Seat padding

(FR)

Polyether urethane.

151 L-3 0.054 75 Light tan Matte

Laminate (R) Paneling Plasticized PVC/PVA on aluminum sheet.

152 L-2 0.057 52 Light blue Matte

Laminate (SR) Paneling Face (blue): PVC/PVA (89:11). Back (tan): PVC/PMMA (90: 10).

153 F-1 0.033 6.8 White Open weave

Fabric (UC) Casement

drapery Modacrylic/rayon/poly(vinyUdene chloride) 20%.

154 S-1 0.11 63 Red

Closed cell Sheet (F) Padding Silicone rubber.

155 S-3 0.060 53 Clear Glossy Sheet (R) Window panes

Fabricated parts Polycarbonate.

156 F-2 0.007 6.3 White Smooth

Fabric (C) Headliner Poly(vinyUdene fluoride) coating, on Polyamidi (aromatic type) fabric.

157 F-1 0.035 10 White Fabric (UC) Drapery Modacrylic (100%).

158 S-2 0.028 29 Cream

Glossy Sheet (SR) Panels, fabri- cated parts PVC/ABS (94:6).

159 S-2 0.034 34 Olive Glossy Sheet (SR) Panels, fabri- cated parts PVC/acryUc (90: 10).

160 O—G 1

0.055 65 w nive Glossy oneet \ix) Panels, fabri- cated parts Styrene/polyester, fiberglass—reinforced (25%)

TiOs pigment.

161 L-3 0.032 57 Wood grain pattern Smooth

Laminate (R) Panels, interior

finish PVC/acrylic on aluminum sheet.

162 F-1 0.020 13 White Fabric (UC) High-temperature insula- tion fabric

Asbestos/glass/polyamide (aromatic type).

163 L-2 0.031 39 Wood grain pattern Smooth

Laminate (SR) Panels, interior

finish PVC/PVA (95:5) on filled asbestos (71%).

164 S-3 0.070 60 White

Glossy Sheet (R) Fabricated

parts ABS.

i.

20
Appendix 3.

Summary of Test Results; Smoke and Gas Concentration

Smoke Gas concentration

Sample number

Specimen

weight

Test Exposure Maximum

specific optical Maximum Time to Maximum indication, Colorimetric tube F = Flaming = Nonflaming

density Dm

raie

'c

ID CO HCl HCN Others

1 g2.2 FN

14 60

min ' 2

19 mm

NR

1.2

ppm

50

30

ppm

0

0

ppm

6

5

ppm

2 1.8 FN

72 50

29

24 0.5

0.7 200 45

200 S

150 S

45

35

3 2.8 FN

60

89

20

35

1.0 0.9 80

20 4025

15 10

4 "2.6 FN

16

6 4 < 1 15.0 NR

30

70

0

0

0

0

5 4.4 FN

193

191 185 30

0.3

1.4 27080

150 S

150 S

0

0

6 5.0 FN

204

272

163 28 0.3

1 .5 350 400

200 S 300 S3

2

7 12.2 FN

439

375 200

140 0.81.2 500

125 9030

20

30

8 7.0 FN

96 41850 601.8 2.0140 8000

0

2

2

9 9.1 FN

380

276

178 67 0.5

1.2 500

180 300 S80 S

20

12

10 7.1 FN

>660

76 340

6 0.6

4.3

260

25

0

0

10

8 NO+NO2:30

11 11.8 FN

>660

167 280

8 0.7

3.5 36040

0

0

10

9

12 15.1 FN

229

107

61

17 1.0 3.0

550 600

1200 S

800 S

0

0

13 5.4 FN

289

55 120

4 0.66.5 200

60 300 S 250 S

3

2

14 4.0 FN

139 20

96

4 0.6 3.8

120 60 300 S 250 S0

0

15 ''2.6 FN

35

156

6

9 1.4 0.5

50 50

0 0

2

2

16 9.4 FN

123 8723

6 1.6 2.1

190 90

0 015 20

17 15.2 FN

129 206

50 40

2.2 2.0320

300

0

0

15 60 NO+N02;25

18 11.6 FN

350

312

170 59

1.2 2.1 270

240

30

6 8 50

19 1.7 FN

58

77

10

13

1 .9 0.6

150 45

0

0

2 0

20 13.0 FN

76

22

14

2 5.2 21.6 210

20

100 80

2 0

21 14.9 FN

81 8226

17 2.1 5.0

230

30 200

100 00

22 1.3 FN

28

24

4

4 1.5 5.7 9010 70

30

0 0

23 ^ 50.0 FN

162 105

11 3 5.6

13.6 50030

0 0

65

2 NO +NO2;50

24 11.4 FN

454

167 160 40

0.7

1.8

OOK) 60

1300 S

1000 S

^

1

25 7.2 FN

94 44

9

6 3.5 4.5

320 80

0 0

10

4

26 6.7 FN

50

43

4

6 3.7

3.6 300130 00

8

7

27 4.6 FN

>660

126 2605 0.8

5.3 700

50

50

20

25

8

28 1.5 FN

76 48

23 20

0.4 0.8170 60

150 150 60

50

29 1.6 FN66

52

23

17 0.5

0.9 200

40

150 20060

40

See footnote at the end of table.

21
Summary of Test Results; Smoke and Gas Concentration—Continued

Smoke Gas concentration

Sample Specimen

Test Exposure Maximum

specific optical Maximum Time to Maximum indication, Colorimetric tube number weight f = Flaming

A' =Nonflaming

density Dm

raie Rm

Us = ID

'c CO HCI HCN Others

g min ppm ppm ppm ppm

30 12.3 FN

63 4511 14 0.6

1.9 280

75 458

7

1

31 1.8 FN

72 68

21

4 0.2

3.6

110

50

110 90

1 1

32 14.7 FN

74 58

15 6 3.5

7.7

150 50 200

200 0

0

33 17.6 FN

458

207

190 480.7

2.4 650

30

150 3020

5

34 2.0 FN

74 6816

11 0.4

1.3

180 55 80 60

1

1

35 17.4 FN

446

277 200

74 0.6

2.1 750

35

100 30

20

12

36 " 17.7 FN

>660

390 24040 0.52.6 85030 1300 S 1000 S

0

0

37 18.2 FN

641

156 22037 0.7

2.9 700

40

150 2050

5

38 10.7 FN

50

12 16

2 1.6 NR

160 30

0 00

0

39 12.2 FN

460

146

190

26 0.6

2.3 500

60

110 25 20

6 40 0.2 FN

4

1 < 1 < 1 NRNR

60

20

0 00

0 HF- 7 hf!o

41 15.3 FN

448

181 170 38 0.4

1.5 45045

150

100 20

5

42 « 4.8 FN

10 82 < 1 NR

NR

150

130 0

0

13

14

43 " 21.3 FN

g

4 < 1 < 1 NR

NR

180

160 00

18

15 44 10.3 FN

466

240

230

120 0.41.1 700

180 300 S80 S 2012

45 12.2 FN

>660

276 26065 0.4

1.7 1000

150 300 40

40

6 46 12.2 FN

303

172 120 35 0.8

2.0

700

350

1300 S 900 S1 0 47 0.7 FN

g

8

1 < 1 NR

NR

150 80

0

0

1 0

48 16.9 FN

>660

280

180 130 0.5

1.4 1200 400

300

250 40

15 49 21.2 FN

518

414 220100 0.71.4 1200 250

1600 S 1200 S

15

2 50 "6.2 FN

229

164

110 59 0.2 0.4 700

200

150

0 303

51 17.0 FN>660

302

250 500.2

0.6

1100 400

400

400

38

30

52 '4.6 FN

30 318

g 46

2.5

0.5 250250

0 03

2

53 5.9 FN

60

87

23 34 0.2

0.6 230

90

15 8

10

5 54 4.1 FN

24 56

7 26 0.8

0.4

140 80

8

1 6

7 55 0.9 FN

30

35

6 5 2.9

3.1 160 80

50

35

2

1 56 0.6 FN

18 40

3

3 5.2

7.8

120

50

9

5

3

1 57 1.0 FN

27 40

7

4 1.3 3.9

100 6040

12

1

1 58 2.6 FN

58

89

22 35

1.0

1.0 8020 4025

15 10 59 3.0 FN

115 2864

8 0.41.8 250100 600 400

0

0

I

22
Summary of Test Results; Smoke and Gas Concentration—Continued

Smoke Gas concentration

Sample Specimen

Test

{Exposure

Maximum

specific optical Maximum Time to Maximum indication, Colorimetric tube number weight ^' = Flaming

N =Nonflaming

density Dm

rave Hm h CO HCl HCN Others

0 min ' min ppm ppm ppm ppm

60 12.8 FN

609

290

260

47 0 5 1.2 1100

150 1500 S 800 S

15

4

61 12.7 FN

600

267 25077

0 5 1.4 1000

130 1400 S 850 S

25 8

62 13.2 FN

436

216

180 330 5 1.6 800

320

700 S

450 S 205

63 2.0 FN

60

78

20

22 0 5 0.7

280

80

150

100 4540

64 12.1 FN

295

254

140

92 0 6 1.3 380

160 30 0

25

55 d

65 8.3 FN

355

327 31086

0 7 2.0 300

170 00

17 110 d

66 5.0 FN

199 180180 440 4

1.4 420

500

450

450

0

1

67 4.7 FN

69 6028

6

0 4 4.2 230

30 20

8

0

0 68 6.7 FN

311 246160

19 0 6 2.4

500 200

800 S

200

0

0

69 5.3 FN

234

178 200

33 0 41.2 500

190 800 S500

0 0

70 5.5 FN

295

178 250

26 0 4

1.2 450

150 700 S 300

1 1

71 6.0 FN

300

104 230

25

0 4

1.0 450

280

1100 S 3501

1

72 14.1 FN

>660

286

—DU

45

0

CD 1.6 130 400

17

7

73 20.8 FN

574 442180 58

0 6 2.0

1300 200 200

40

20

74 86.9 FN 328 5 9.0 140 0 0

75 3.9 FN

39

175

13 29 0 9 1.2 180

120 Q

0

5 5

76 16.0 FN

151 20035 70

1 2 1.4 220

100

80

5

7 3

100 32.9 FN

383 203120

12

1 9 6.0 2200

400

100

8

0

0

101 0.9 FN

10 0 < 1 0 NR

NR

70

10

0 0

1 1

102 1.0 FN

8

5

1 < 1 NR

NR

95

10

0 0

2 0

103 5.7 FN30

20

6

2

1 5 6.8

330

110 1600 S 1300 S

2

1

104 9.4 FN

25

25

4

5

2 8 3.0130 70

15

12 54

105 5.2 FN11 102

1 NR

NR

110 7535

13

1 0

106 18.4 FN

210

12 70

1 2 .8 NR

400

50

0

0

0 0

107 1.2 FN39

41

15 10 0.4 0.8

160 90

120 10035

30

108 1.2 FN39

41

11 13 0.6

0.6 22060

110 10030

30

109 12.4 FN

183 168 66

5 0.9

18.2 270

120

0

0

1 0

110 23.2 FN

>660

498

220 68

0 .6 2.3

1000 280

1000 S 700

20

10

111 11.0 FN

566 248310 420.5

1.8 1100180 600 S600 S

19

8 112A 11.2 FN

40

4

12 < 1 2 .6 NR220

30

0

0

0

0

SO2: 150 SO2:0

23
Summary of Test Results; Smoke and Gas Concentration—Continued

Smoke — \ Gas concentration

Sample number

Specimen

weight

Test Exposure Maximum

specific optical Maximum Time to Maximum indication, Colorimetric tube i F = Flaming

A' =Nonflaming

density Dm

rate lb CO HCl HCN Others ^

min ' min ppm ppm ppm ppm

113 1.9 FN

4

4 < 1 < 1 NR

NR

60

5 00

0 0

)

114 1.6 FN9

11

3

2 NRNR

70 2025

17 00

i

; 115 0.5 FN

0 0

0 0 NR

NR

60

5 00

0

0 HF;0 ,i KF:0

116 2.3 FN

6

3 < 1 < 1 NR

NR

70

15 0

0 0

0

117 9.5 FN

321

173

100 25 0.6

1.6 650750 2000 S1100 s

5

2

\ USD 1.1 FN

15 0<C 1 0 NR

280 < 5 0 01 0 HF:11 i HF:0

119 1.0 FN1 2

1 < 1

NT T) NR

80

10

0

1 00

120 3.0 FN1

1 < 1 < 1 NR

90

10

1

10

0 0

121 12.2 FN14

7 < 1 < 1

"NTT? NR

170

100

15

13 5

1

122 23.0 FN125 66 131 . 1 3.2 800

700 2500 S

2000 S

1

1

123 = 20.0 FN>660

508 120 0.3

1000 5001 100 1500 S

8

6

/S02:45 \H2S:40

SO2; 40

124 1.9 FN

26 348

4 3.93.9

150 20 700

300

0 0

125 0.9 FN2

1 < 1 < 1 NR

NR

60

10 00

0

0

126 0.9 FN1 1 < 1 < 1 NR

NR

60

10 0 0

0

0

127 5.5 FN309

162 25045

0.4

1.0 380100 700 S 1000 S

2

1 128A "4.2 FN

262 286120 62

0.2

0.7 320160

150 25

25

2 128B ' 3.5 FN

41 300

15 54 0.6 0.7150

190

2

2 22

129 20.1 FN

109 75 40

28

1.2 2.5 480

20

0

0

2 0 HF:80

HF:90

130 16.7 FN230

196 92 70 0.81.1 750 60

400 S

200 S

0

0 SO2:50SO2: 40

131 18.8 FN233

161 130

42 0.7

1.6 550100 200200 S

5

2

132 1.8 FN

67

62 25 28

0.4

0.6 210

90

150 S

100 S

46

37

133 7.5 FN

503 218300

57 0.41.3 500 80 800 S 900 S

1 0

134 5.6 FN

368

150 34029 0.41.5 470

70 600 S 350 S

0 0

135 5.3 FN

170 9483

30 0.41.0 200

70 600 S 400 S

1

1

136 18.3 FN

342

169

160 47 0.6

1.2 800250 900 S 500 S

3

1

137 14.8 FN

440

154

140

41 0.51.7 620120 1700 S 800 S

10

1

138 1.0 FN

10

9

2 < 1 NR

NR

100 400

0

4

2

139 1.5 FN

1 1 < 1 < 1 NR

NR

45 <50 0

0

0 HF:26

HF: 10 140 2.4 FN

50

51

16 14 0.8

0.9

270

210

17

14 8

5 NO+N02:8

141 5.4 FN

28

1 4 < 1 5.9 NR

180 <50

0

0 0 SO2:30

SO2:0

24
Summary of Test Results; Smoke and Gas Concentration—Continued

Smoke Gas concentration

Sample Specimen

Test Exposure Maximum

specific optical Maximam Time to Maximum indication, Colorimetric tube weight F = Flaming = Nonflaming

density Dm

rate Ua CO HCl HCN others min ppm ppm ppm ppm

143 8.6 FN

51

65

10

7

3.2

4.8

700

880

0

0

48

40

/NO+NO2; 10 1nH3:60

144 2 .4 FN

32 30

8

8 2.4 3.4

130 20

Q

0

3 0 NO+NO2; 12

145 3.6 FN

1

1

14

2

2 NR

NR

80 20

25

15

1 0

1 Ad 2 .3 FN

8

6 < 1 < 1 NR

NR

140

10

Q 0

5

2 NO+N02:8

42 .

4

FN

>660

304

88

15

1 .4 4.5 2000

200

120 20

5 0 11.4 FN

410

314

130

66 0.51.5 400

120 1000 S

300 S

70 90 148C 11.5 FN

464

324

190

150 0.51.5 500

100 1000 S 250 S

90

90

1 AO 2 .

3

FN50

66 2030

1 .2 1.2 80

50 300 S

200 S

50 60

1 Rn iOU ^4.8 FN

101 20543

42 0.40.4 270

40

40

0

12

2 NO+N02:12

1 111 101 15 .

2

FN

202

148

91 45

0.9

2.9 350

40 900 S

500 S

1 0

10.

5

f

N

223

88

76

20 0.6

1.7 500

180 1200 S300 S

1

1

loo 1 .

5

FN19 25

6

10 1.1 1.1 80 80

150 90

15 20

12 5 FN151 44

50

10 0.92.8 60

10 Q 0

0

0

too FN

lOD 1 3 FN

3

2 < 1 < 1 NR

NR

100 40

0

0

0

0 HF:35HF:24

10/ a 2 , Q FN

90

18 130

4 0.6

4.6

130 20 200

80

25 20

158 5 .

1

FN

195 59170 25

0.5

1.2 300

35 150 S

150 S

5

1

159 FN

154 6374 200.7

1.5 , 240

50 200 S100 S

0

0

160 13.1 FN

190

106 7018 0.7

3.3 500

125 200

150 00

161 11.5 pN43

24

18 8 2.0

4.4

110 25130

70

0

0

161x 1 .

5

FN52 29 20

11 0.31.0

120 25150 80

0

0

162 2 5 FN1 0 < 1 0 NR

NR

30 <5

0

0 00

163 7 ^ i .O FN

11

1 < 1 < 1 NR

NR

80

60

150

150

0 0

163x 6.3 FN4

0 < 1 0 NR

NR

100

90 8040

0

0 164 11.8 FN

>660

152 26054 0.41.7 500

40 20050

20

10

* Material not fully exposed because of melting, shrinking, etc. NR Not reached. Tested in 5^-in. thickness. S Measured with chloride ion electrode.

" Tested in 1-in. thickness. Probably acrylonitrile vapor indication.

25
Appendix 4. Typical Smoke Accumulation Curves for Selected Materials

Ds Specific optical density = log

F Flaming exposure

NF Nonflaming (smoldering) exposure

Figure 14. Typical smoke curves—fabrics. Figure 15. Typical smoke curves—ru^s.

26
10 ABS

0. 01+5 Inch Sheet OltJ Inch Sheet

37 ABS/PVC 0.097 Inch Sheet

TIME, min

_ 106 POLYCARBONATE

0.13 Inch Sheet

POLYSUIFONE

0.031iiich Sheet

38 METHYL METHACRYUTE

0.063 Sheet —

1280 POLYURETHANE

1.0 Inch Pad

D,

lOOw-.f ,NF

76 PAINTED PAPER HONEYCOMB (FR) 0.38 Inch Assembly

h2 GLASS FIBER

1.3 Inch Insulation

±

TIME.min

30 GLASS FABRIC PAPER HONEYCOMB

0,hl Inch Assembly

Figure 16. Typical smoke curves—sheets. Figure 18. Typical smoke curves—pads, insulaJlion, assemblies.

131 CHLOROPRENE

F 0.065 inch Sheet

200

0.

129 TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE/

VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE

0.071 Inch Sheet

TIME, min

130 CHLOROSniFONATED POLYETHYLENE

0.067 inch Sheet

PVC/PVA

0-033tnch Laminate

ZOO

100

26 MELAMINE/

UREA FORMALDEHYDE

O-O32 inch Laminate

TIME.min TIME.min

Figure 17. Typical smoke curves—sheets, laminates. ^ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE; I9e9 C

27

Announcement of New Publications in

Building Science Series

Superintendent of Documents,

Government Printing Office,

Washington, D.C., 20402

Dear Sir: Please add my name to the announcement hst of new publications to be

issued in the series: National Bureau of Standards Building Science Series. Name

Company

Address

City State Zip Code

(Notification key N-339)

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1901. Today, in addition to serving as the Nation's central measurement laboratory,

the Bureau is a principal focal point in the Federal Government for assuring maximum application of the physical and engineering sciences to the advancement of technology in industry and commerce. To this end the Bureau conducts research and

provides central national services in three broad program areas and provides central national services in a fourth. These are: (1) basic measurements and standards,

(2) materials measurements and standards, (3) technological measurements and

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of an Office of Standard Reference Data and a group of divisions organized by the

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Standard Reference Materials and a group of divisions organized by the following

areas of materials research:

Analytical Chemistry—Polymers—Metallurgy — Inorganic Materials — Physical

Chemistry.

THE INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED TECHNOLOGY provides for the creation of appropriate opportunities for the use and application of technology within the Federal Government and within the civilian sector of American industry. The primary functions

of the Institute may be broadly classified as programs relating to technological meas- urements and standards and techniques for the transfer of technology. The Institute

consists of a Clearinghouse for Scientific and Technical Information,^ a Center for

Computer Sciences and Technology, and a group of technical divisions and offices organized by the following fields of technology:

Building Research—Electronic Instrumentation — Technical Analysis — Product

Evaluation—Invention and Innovation— Weights and Measures —Engineering

Standards—Vehicle Systems Research.

THE CENTER FOR RADIATION RESEARCH engages in research, measurement,

and application of radiation to the solution of Bureau mission problems and the

problems of other agencies and institutions. The Center for Radiation Research consists of the following divisions:

Reactor Radiation—Linac Radiation—Applied Radiation—Nuclear Radiation.

' Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaithersburg. Maryland, unless otherwise noted : mailing address Washington. D. C. 20234.

" Located at Boulder, Colorado 80302.

^ Located at 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield. Virginia 22151.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE POSTAGE AND FEES PAID WASHINGTON, D.C. 20230 u.s. department of commerce

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