Hydraulic Research

in the United States

1958

United States Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

Miscellaneous Publication 224
The National Bureau of Standards

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress,

March 3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means

and methods for making measurements consistent with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments

for testing materials, devices, and structures; advisory services to Government Agencies on

scientific and technical problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs

of the Government; and the development of standard practices, codes, and specifications.

Tlie work includes basic and applied research, development, engineering, instrumentation,

testing, evaluation, calibration services, and various consultation and information services. Research projects are also performed for other Government Agencies when the work relates to and supplements the basic program of the Bureau or when the Bureau's unique competence is required. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the inside

of the back cover. Publications

The results of the Bureau's work take the form of either actual equipment and devices or published papers. These papers appear either in the Bureau's own series of publications or in the journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three monthly

periodicals, available from the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, which

presents complete papers reporting technical investigations; the Technical News Bulletin, which

presents summary and preliminary reports on work in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation

Predictions, which provides data for determining the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout the world. There are also five series of nonperiodical publications: The

Applied Mathematics Series, Circulars, Handbooks, Building Materials and Structures Reports,

and Miscellaneous Publications.

Information on the Bureau's publications can be found in NBS Circular 460, Publications

of the National Bureau of Standards ($1.25) and its Supplement ($1.50), available from the

Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • Sinclair Weeks, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • A. V. Astin, Director

Hydraulic Research

in the United States

1958

(Including Contributions from Canadian Laboratories)

Edited by Helen K. Middleton

National Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication 224

Issued August 15, 1958

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.

Price $1.25

FOREWORD

The information contained in this publication was compiled from reports by

the various hydraulic and hydrologic laboratories in the United States and

Canada. The cooperation of these agencies is greatly appreciated. The National Bureau of Standards cannot assume responsibility for the completeness for this

publication. We must depend upon reporting laboratories for the completeness

of the coverage of their own programs, as well as upon new laboratories engaged

in hydraulics to bring their activities to our attention.

Projects are numbered chronologically, and the number once assigned is repeated for identification purposes until a project is completed. Numbers

commencing with 27^1 refer to projects which are reported for the first time.

All projects are in active state, unless otherwise noted under (f).

The National Bureau of Standards does not maintain a file of reports or detailed information regarding the research projects reported by other organizations . Such information may be obtained from the correspondent listed under

(c) or immediately following the title of the organization reporting the work.

It is of course understood that any laboratory submitting reports on its work

will be willing to supply information to properly qualified inquirers.

A similar bulletin, "Hydraulic Research", compiled and published by the

International Association for Hydraulic Research, contains information on hydraulic i*esearch being conducted in foreign countries. This bulletin is edited by Professor J. Th. Thijsse, Director of the Hydraulic Laboratory at the

Technical University of Delft, Netherlands, and Secretary of the International

Association for Hydraulic Research. Copies may be obtained from the Secretary

at $6.00 each (postage included).

A. V. Astin, Director
CONTENTS

Foreword iii

List of contributing laboratories v

Project reports 1 Subject index 158

Key to Projects

(a) Number and title of project (e) Description

(b) Project conducted for (f) Present status

(c) Correspondent (g) Results

(d) Nature of project (h) Publications

iv
LIST OF CONTRIBUTING LABORATORIES

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS 1 Agricultural Engineering Dept.

Fayetteville, Ark.

Prof. Kyle Engler, Head

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS 1 Civil Engineering Dept.

Fayetteville, Ark.

Prof. L. R. Heiple, Head

BALDWIN-LIMA-HAMILTON CORPORATION, THE 1 Hydraulic Turbine Laboratory

Philadelphia k2, Pa.

Mr. A. W. Madora, Supervisor, Hydraulic Turbine

Engineering Dept.

BALDWIN-LIMA-HAMILTON CORPORATION, THE 2 Pelton Division, 2929-19th Street

San Francisco 10, Calif.

Mr. R. M. Bacchi, Development Engineer

BEACH EROSION BOARD (see U. S. Government)

BONNEVILLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY (see U. S. Government)

BROOKLYN, POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF 2

99 Livingston Street, Brooklyn 2, N. Y.

Prof. Matthew W. Stewart, Civil Engineering

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 2 Civil Engineering Department

Pasadena k, Calif.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 2 Engineering Division, Pasadena h, Calif.

Prof. Milton S. Plesset, Applied Mechanics

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 3 Hydrodynamics Laboratory

Pasadena h, Calif.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 3 Sedimentation Laboratory, Pasadena k, Calif.

Dr. Vito A. Vanoni, Professor of Hydraulics

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF k College of Agriculture, Davis, Calif.

Mr. Robert M. Hagan, Chairman, Dept. of Irrigation

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 6 College of Agriculture, Los Angeles 2h, Calif.

Prof. A. F. Pillsbury, Chairman

Dept. of Irrigation and Soils

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 7 College of Engineering, Berkeley h, Calif.

Dr. H. A. Einstein, Prof, of Hydraulic Engineering

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN 12

Dept. of General Engineering

Los Angeles 7, Calif.

Dr. K. C. Reynolds, Head

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN 12 Research Foundation for Cross-Connection Control

Los Angeles 7, Calif.

Dr. K. C. Reynolds, Supervisor

13

13

13

20

21

CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Pittsburgh 13, Pa.

Dr. T. E. Stetson, Acting Head

COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES Civil Engineering Dept., Golden, Colo. Prof. Henry A. Babcock

COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY

Civil Engineering Section, Fort Collins, Colo.

Dr. A. R. Chamberlain, Chief

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

Dept. of Civil Engineering and Engineering

Mechanics, New York 27, N. Y. Dr. Richard Skalak, Director

Fluid Mechanics Laboratory

CONNECTICUT, UNIVERSITY OF Civil Engineering Dept., Box U-37, Storrs, Conn. Prof. Victor Scottron, Prof., Civil Engineering

CORNELL UNIVERSITY 21

Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Ithaca, N. Y. Prof. 0. C. French, Head of Department

CORNELL UNIVERSITY 21 School of Civil Engineering, Ithaca, N. Y. Dr. N. A. Christiansen, Director

Dr. Andre L. Jorissen, Head, Dept. of Hydraulics

and Hydraulic Engineering

DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN (see U. S. Government)

FLORIDA, UNIVERSITY OF 22 Coastal Engineering Laboratory of the Dept. of

Engineering Mechanics, Gainesville, Fla.

Dr. Per Brunn

GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 2k

Hydraulic Laboratory, School of Civil Engrg.

Atlanta, Ga. Prof. C. E. Kindsvater

HOUSTON UNIVERSITY 25 Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Houston k, Texas

Prof. J. R. Crump, Chairman

IDAHO, UNIVERSITY OF 25 Engineering Experiment Station, Moscow, Idaho Dean Allen S. Janssen, Director

ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION 26 Box 232, Urbana, 111. Mr. William C. Ackerman, Chief

ILLINOIS STATE WATERWAYS DIVISION 30 Dept. of Public Works and Buildings

201 West Monroe St., Springfield, 111. Mr. Thomas B. Casey, Chief Waterway Engineer

ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF 30 Dept. of Agriculture Engineering, Urbana, 111.

Dr. Frank B. Lanham, Head

ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Urbana, 111. Prof. J. J. Doland, Dir., Hydraulic Engineering

30

v
ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF 32 Dept. of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics

21k Talbot Laboratory, Urbana, 111. Prof. T. J. Dolan, Head

IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH 32 State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa

Dr. Hunter Rouse, Director

IOWA STATE COLLEGE 36 Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Ames, Iowa

Prof. Hobart Beresford, Head

IOWA, STATE UNIVERSITY (see Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research)

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, THE 37 Applied Physics Laboratory, Silver Spring, Md. Mr. R. E. Gibson, Director

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, THE 38 School of Engineering, Baltimore 18, Md.

Dr. John C. Geyer, Chairman

Dept. of Sanitary Engineering

LEFFEL AND COMPANY, THE JAMES 38

1+26 East St., Springfield, Ohio

Mr. J. Robert Groff, Pres. and General Manager

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY 38 Dept. of Civil Engineering

Fritz Engineering Laboratory, Bethlehem, Pa. Prof. W. J. Eney, Director and Head of Dept.

LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND A AND M COLLEGE 39 Agricultural Engineering Dept., Baton Rouge 3, La. Prof. Harold T. Barr, Head

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 39 Dept. of Civil and Sanitary Engineering

Cambridge 39 > Mass.

Dr. Arthur T. Ippen, Head, Hydrodynamics Lab.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 1+3 Dept. of Mech. Engineering, Cambridge 39 > Mass. Prof. Ascher H. Shapiro, In Charge

Fluid Mechanics Division

MASSACHUSETTS, UNIVERSITY OF 1+5 Engineering Research Inst., Amherst, Mass. Dean George A. Marston, Director

MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF 1+5 Dept. of Civil Engrg., 320 West Engineering Bldg. Ann Arbor, Mich.

Prof. E. F. Brater

MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF k6

Dept. of Naval Architecture and Marine Engrg.

1+50 W. Engineering Bldg., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Prof. R. B. Couch, Chairman

MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF 1+6 Dept. of Agricultural Engineering

St. Paul 1, Minn. Prof. A. J. Schwantes, Head

MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES AND METALLURGY k6 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Rolla, Mo. Prof. E. W. Carlton, Chairman

MISSOURI, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Columbia, Mo. Prof. H. W. Wood, Chairman

MONTANA STATE COLLEGE Agricultural Experiment Station, Bozeman, Mont.

Mr. 0. W. Monson, Head

NEWPORT NEWS SHIPBUILDING AND DRY DOCK CO. Hydraulic Laboratory, Newport News, Va.

Mr. C. H. Hancock, Director

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering, Dept. of Meteorology

and Oceanography

University Heights, New York 53 , N. Y.

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY

Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Bronx 53> N. Y. Prof. John Happel, Chairman

1+6

1+7

1+8

k9

k9

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 1+9 Dept. of Engineering Mechanics, New York 53> N.Y.

Dr. Glen N. Cox, Chairman

53

NO. CAROLINA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

AND ENGINEERING 51 Univ. of North Carolina, Dept. of Engineering

Research, Raleigh, N. C. Prof. N. W. Conner, Director, Engineering Research

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 51 The Technological Institute, Evanston, 111. Dean Harold B. Gotaas

NOTRE DAME, UNIVERSITY OF College of Engineering, Notre Dame, Ind. Dr. Karl E. Schoenherr, Dean

OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY 53 Agricultural Engineering Dept., Stillwater, Okla. Prof. E. W. Schroeder, Head

OREGON STATE COLLEGE 53 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Corvallis, Ore.

Dr. Charles E. Behlke

PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY 5I+ Hydraulics Laboratory, University Park, Pa. Prof. Sam Shulits, Head

PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY 5I+ Ordnance Research Lab., College of Engineering

P. 0. Box 30, University Park, Pa.

Dr. Benjamin L. Snavely, Acting Director

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 55 Agricultural Experiment Station, Lafayette, Ind.

Mr. H. J. Reed, Director

I

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 56 School of Chemical Engineering, Lafayette, Ind.

Dr. Edward W. Comings, Head

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

Civil Engineering Dept., Lafayette, Ind. Prof. K. B. Woods, Head

56

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 58 Jet Propulsion Center, Dr. Maurice J. Zucrow, Dir.

it
REED RESEARCH INCORPORATED 58

10^8 Potomac St., N. W., Wash. 7, D. C.

Mr. Stanley F. Reed, President

IrOCKY MOUNTAIN HYDRAULIC LABORATORY 6l

jAllenspark, Colo., Prof. C. J. Posey, Dir.

((Winter address: State Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City)

ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY 62

Miss. River at Third Ave., S. E. , Minneapolis, Minn.

Dr. Lorenz Straub, Director

SOUTH CAROLINA, UNIVERSITY OF 65

j Civil Engineering Div., Columbia, S. C.

Dr. Harold Flinsch, Chairman

SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITY 65

I Dept. of Civil Engineering, Dallas, Texas

jProf. I. W. Santry, Jr.

' STANFORD UNIVERSITY 65

[Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford, Calif.

Prof. Donovan H. Young, Acting Executive Head

Hydraulic Laboratory

STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 66 Experimental Towing Tank

711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J.

TENNESSEE, UNIVERSITY OF 70

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Knoxville l6, Tenn.

Dr. H. H. Ambrose, Professor of Hydraulics

TEXAS, A AND M COLLEGE OF 70

Dept. of Oceanography and Meteorology

College Station, Texas , Dr. Dale F. Leipper, Head

TEXAS, UNIVERSITY OF 72

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Austin 12, Texas

Dr. Walter L. Moore, Directing Head

WASHINGTON, STATE COLLEGE OF 7^

The R. L. Albrook Hydraulic Lab., Pullman, Wash.

Dr. E. Roy Tinney, Head

WASHINGTON, UNIVERSITY OF 76

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Seattle 5> Wash.

Prof. R. B. van Horn, Head

WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION (see U. S. Government)

WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

Alden Hydraulic Laboratory, Worcester 9j Mass.

Prof. L. J. Hooper, Director

77

U. S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE

Soil and Water Conservation Research Division

Beltsville, Md.

Dr. C. H. Wadleigh, Chief

FOREST SERVICE

Alaska Forest Research Center, Box 7^0, Juneau

Mr. R. F. Taylor

79

87

CALIFORNIA FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STA. 88

P. 0. Box 2k3, Berkeley 1, Calif.

Mr. R. Keith Arnold, Director

INTERMOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STA. 89 Forest Service Building, Ogden, Utah

Mr. Reed W. Bailey, Director

NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION

102 Motors Ave., Upper Darby, Pa.

Dr. Ralph W. Marquis, Director

91

PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXP. STA. 92

P. 0. Box 4059, Portland 8, Oregon

Mr. R. W. Cowlin, Director

ROCKY MOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STA. 93

221 Forestry Bldg., Fort Collins, Colo.

Mr. Raymond Price, Director

SOUTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION

P. 0. Box 2570, Asheville, N. C. Mr. Joseph F. Pechanec, Director

96

SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 97 2026 St. Charles Ave., New Orleans, La. Mr. Philip A. Briegleb, Director

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS

BEACH EROSION BOARD 97 5201 Little Falls Road, N. W., Wash. l6, D. C. The President

BONNEVILLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY 100

628 Plttock Block, Portland 5, Ore. The District Engineer

LOS ANGELES DISTRICT 103

P. 0. Box 17277 Foy Station

Los Angeles 17, Calif.

The District Engineer

ST. PAUL DISTRICT 10^

1217 U. S. Post Office and Custom House

St. Paul 1, Minn.

The District Engineer

WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION 105

P. 0. Box 631, Vicksburg, Miss.

The Director

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS 122

Hydraulics Branch, Washington 25, D. C. Mr. Carl F. Izzard, Chief

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS 122

National Hydraulic Laboratory

Washington 25, D. C.

WEATHER BUREAU 123

Hydrologic Services Div., Wash. 25, D. C. Mr. William E. Hiatt, Chief

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, Water Resources Div. 126

Wash. 25, D. C, Mr. Luna B. Leopold

vii
BUREAU OF RECLAMATION 129 Branch of Design and Construction

Denver Federal Center, Denver 2, Colo.

Mr. L. N. McClellan, Asst. Commissioner and

Chief Engineer

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN 133 Washington 7, D. C. The Commanding Officer and Director

U. S. NAVAL BOILER AND TURBINE LABORATORY 1^3 Naval Base, Philadelphia 12, Pa. The Commanding Officer and Director

NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST STATION ll+3 3202 E. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena 8, Calif.

The Commander

OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH ikk

Washington 25, D. C.

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY ikh

Hydraulic Data Branch, Knoxville, Term.

Mr. Albert S. Fry

CANADIAN LABORATORIES

BRITISH COLUMBIA, UNIVERSITY OF lk-9 Hydraulics Lab., British Columbia, Canada

Prof. H. C. Gunning, Dean Faculty of Applied Science

r LaSALLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY 152; Div. of Neyrpic of Canada, Ltd. 0250 St. Patrick St., Ville LaSalle, P.Q. , Can.

Mr. E. Pariset, Chief Engineer

MONTREAL, ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE DE 153 Hydraulics Laboratory, 1U3O Rue Saint-Denis

Montreal 18, Canada

Prof. Raymond Boucher, Head

Division of Hydraulic Engineering

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL I5I+ Div. of Mechanical Engineering

Montreal Road, Ottawa 2, Canada

Dr. D. C. MacPhail, Director

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE 155 Dept. of Engineering Science, Guelph, Canada

Prof. C. G. E. Downing, Head

QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY 156 Hydraulics Laboratory, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Prof. E. J. Kennedy, Directing Head

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Toronto 5j Canada

Prof. G. Ross Lord, Head

156

viii
HYDRAULIC RESEARCH IN THE UNITED STATES

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS, Agricultural Experiment

''station.

2255) GROUND WATER, RESOURCES AND RECHARGE, IN THE RICE GROWING AREA OF ARKANSAS.

(b) Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station,

University of Arkansas.

(c) Prof. Kyle Engler, Head of Agricultural

Engineering Dept., University of Arkansas,

Fayetteville, Arkansas.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) A l6-inch vertical recharge well is sur- rounded "by test wells for the purpose of

ohserving hydraulic information and for

sampling chemical quality and bacterial

analyses. A series of tests of short du- ration have "been run using treated surface water as recharge medla This water has

been copper sulphated to kill plankton,

treated with alum to clock out collodial

materials, chlorinated to kill bacteria,

and aerated to remove free air. This

treated water has given satisfactory re- sults in the tests. The next step will be

removal of treatments to see what the mini- mum treatment will have to be.

(g) The project is not developed to a point

for satisfactory reporting.

(h) "Ground Water Recharge by Means of Wells",

by G. W. Steinbruegee, L. R. Heiple,

N. Rogers, and R. T. Sniegocki. Mimeographed report, Agricultural Experiment

Station, University of Arkansas, September

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS, Civil Engineering Dept.

(Zjkl) ROCKEFELLER FILTRATION PROJECT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. L. R. Heiple, Head, Civil Engineering Dept., University of Arkansas,

Fayetteville, Arkansas.

(d) Experimental and field investigation;

applied research and has been used for two master's thesis to date.

(e) This project involves a study of the re- moval of turbidity and bacteria from sur- face water supplies using coarse grained

media (l/ktt to l"). Variables investigated included: (l) Depth of bed; (2)

size of media; (3) shape and nature of

media; (k) effect of head of water on filter bed; and (5) rate of filtration.

Laboratory model investigations are com- plete with long range field study under

way for the past four months. Significant

field data should be available by September 1958.

(h) Master's Thesis by Nixon W. Powell and

Bennie J. McCoy available at University

of Arkansas Library.

THE BALDWIN-LIMA.-HAMILTON CORPORATION, Hydraulic

Turbine Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos 271, 2050,

2500, 27U2, and 27^3 should be addressed to

Mr. W. R. MacNamee, Chief Engineer, Hydraulic

Turbine Dept. and Mr. A. W. Madora, Supervisor,

Hydraulic Research Laboratory, Baldwin-LimaHamilton Corp., Philadelphia 4-2, Pennsylvania.

(271) ADJUSTABLE AND FIXED BLADE PROPELLER-TYPE HYDRAULIC TURBINE MODELS.

(b) laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research for design,

(e) To improve performance of present designs,

and to extend the range of application of

this type turbine. Propeller runners of

various designs in combination with modified turbine settings are methodically

tested in the 11-inch cavitation flume.

Efficiency output, cavitation, runaway

speed, hydraulic thrust, and hydraulic

blade torque are measured.

(g) Results provide data for improvement of

existing design and information for de- signs which extend the range of application.

(2050) PUMP TURBINE LABORATORY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Pump-turbines of various specific speeds

have been designed and tested in settings

hydraullcally similar to proposed field

installations. The performance characteristics of efficiency, discharge, runaway

speeds, horsepower, cavitation, thrust

data for thrust bearing, and wicket gate

torques.

(g) Results provide data for the design of

future proposed installations and modifications to existing designs.

(2500) AXIAL FLOW PUMP LABORATORY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Axial flow pumps of various specific

speeds have been designed and tested.

Investigations pertaining to the number of

impeller blades, proper diffuser vane

angle, and intake conditions, have been

completed. Performance characteristics

of efficiency, discharge, horsepower, run- away speeds and blade torques have been

obtained.

(g) Results provide data for the design of

future proposed installations, and modifications to existing designs.

(27^2) ST. LAWRENCE POWER PROJECT, LEWISTON POWER PLANT.

(b) Power Authority of the State of New York,

(d) Official contract acceptance tests.

1
(e) A complete homologous model has "been tested encompassing the entire operating

conditions expected in the field.

(g) Results obtained generously exceed all

guaranteed conditions as requested by

customer in specifications.

(27^3) CONTROLLABLE PITCH PROPELLER BEARING TEST.

SEDIMENTATION BASINS.

(g)

Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.

Experimental; applied research.

One quarter scale section of controllable

pitch propeller hub section and simulated

blade using hydraulic cylinders for cen- trifugal, thrust, and blade actuating

forces. Comparisons of bearing friction, wear rate, life, compressibility, using

different methods of blade attachments are

studied. Hub section strain gaged for

stress analysis of blade retaining flange.

Bearing materials, having high lead con- tent to resist high starting friction, are more suitable even with shorter life ex- pectancy. Bearing material selection

should be made using type of load application as a criterion.

THE BALDWIN-LIMA-HAMILTON CORPORATION, The Pelton

Division.

(Zjhh) MODEL TESTS OF TURBINES FOR OIL-WELL

TURBO-DRILLING.

(b

(e

(a)

(e)

Laboratory project.

Mr. R. M. Bacchi, Pelton Division, Baldwin

Lima-Hamilton Corp., 2929 - 19th Street, San Francisco 10, California.

Experimental; development.

A two-stage full sized model is tested for

its efficiency. At the same time various

under water thrust and radial bearings are being tested.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

The United States Public Health Service.

Dr. A. C. Ingersoll, California Institute

of Technology, Pasadena, California.

Experimental, directed from theoretical

considerations. Basic research. Fundamental study on mechanics of flocculent

suspensions is doctoral thesis material

for Mr. R. T. McLaughlin.

The purpose of the project is (a) to investigate the resuspension of flocculent

settled material from the sludge bed in

settling tanks, (b) to minimize this re- suspension, thereby improving the efficiency of settling tanks, (e) to test the

methods evolved from theory in laboratory

models and in full-scale settling tanks,

and (d) to evaluate current parameters of

efficiency for settling tanks and to provide laboratory apparatus that will yield

better measures of performance.

Studies in 1957 have been directed toward

the study of discrete and flocculent

solids in the sludge bed of a settling

tank for values of the bed Reynolds number

in the neighborhood of one and less. Both

discrete and flocculent particles were

shown to move at bed shear values less

than those reported in the classic work of

A. Shields (see Fig. 11 of "Sedimentation

and the Design of Settling Tanks", by

Thomas R. Camp, Trans. ASCE, Vol. Ill,

(I9I46) p. 895). The glass-walled flume

ik ft long by 16 in. wide is now equipped

with a model sludge-removal mechanism

built on a scale of 1:12. The mechanism

is of the endless chain-belt type with

flight scrapers. The effect of the moving

(or even stationary) flight scrapers is to make resuspension of bed materials easier

than is the case with the smooth floor.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

Division.

Engineering

POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF BROOKLYN.

(2745) SOIL PERCOLATION STUDY.

(d

(e

(f

(g

(h)

Laboratory project.

Prof. Paul R. DeCicco, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of

Brooklyn, 99 Livingston St., Brooklyn 1, New York. Master's Thesis by Francis V. Padar. A study of the long time percolation rate through soils using a gas free percolant.

Suspended.

Satisfactory apparatus developed and initial tests run. Thesis available on loan.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Civil Engineering Department.

(2258) THE RESUSPENSION OF FLOCCULENT SOLIDS IN

(15U8) SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN HYDRODYNAMICS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the

Navy.

(c) Prof. Milton S. Plesset, California In- stitute of Technology, Engineering Div.

,

Pasadena, California.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search.

(e) Studies of cavitating and noncavitating

flow; dynamic behavior of cavitation

bubbles; theoretical and experimental

studies of cavitation damage.

(h) "Physical Effects in Cavitation and

Boiling", by M. S. Plesset, Proc. of ONR Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics, Sept.

1956 (in press).

"On the Theory of Surface Waves in Water Generated by Moving Disturbances", by

C. R. De Prima and T. Y. Wu, California

Institute of Technology, Engineering Div.

Report No. 21-23, May 1957.

2
"The Hydrodynamics of Spherical Cavities

in the Neighborhood of a Rigid Plane", by

Joseph M. Green, California Institute of

Technology, Engineering Division Report No. 85-1, July 1957. "Fully Cavitating Hydrofoils in Nonsteady

Motion", by Blaine R. Parkin, California

Institute of Technology, Engineering Div.

Report No. 85-2, July 1957. "Water Waves Generated by the Translatory

and Oscillatory Surface Disturbance:, by

T. Yao-tsu Wu, Calif. Inst, of Techo, En- gineering Div. Report No. 85-3, July 1957.

"Incipient Cavitation and Wake Flow Behind

Sharp-Edged Disks", by R. W. Kermeen and

B. R. Parkin, Calif. Inst, of Tech., En- gineering Div. Report No. 85-4, Aug. 1957. "A Simple Method for Calculating the Drag

in the Linear Theory of Cavity Flows", by

T. Yao-tsu Wu, Calif. Inst, of Tech., En- gineering Div. Report No. 85-5, Aug. 1957. "A Linearized Theory for Nonsteady Cavity

Flows", by T. Yao-tsu Wu, Calif. Inst, of

Tech., Engineering Div., Report No. 85-6,

Sept. 1957.

"Ion Exchange Kinetics - A Nonlinear Diffusion Problem", by F. Helfferich and M. S. Plesset, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Engineering

Div. Report No. 85-7, Sept. 1957. (This

study was supported only in part by ONR.

)

"The Growth of Vapor Bubbles in Rapidly

Heated Liquids", by S. A. Zwick and M. S. Plesset, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Engineering

Div. Report No. 85-8, (in preparation).

(I8l6) FORCE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBMERGED HYDRO- FOILS UNDER CAVITATING CONDITIONS.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. Milton S. Plesset, Calif. Inst, of

Tech., Engineering Div., Pasadena, Calif.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) Studies of hydrofoils.

(h) "Water Tunnel Techniques for Force Measure- ments on Cavitating Hydrofoils", by Blaine

R. Parkin and Robert W. Kermeen, Calif.

Inst, of Tech., Hydrodynamics Laboratory

Report No. 47-10, Feb. 1957. Journal of

Ship Research, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 36-42,

April 1957. "Experimental and Theoretical Investigations

of a Supercavitating Hydrofoil", by R. L. Waid and Z. M. Lindberg, Calif. Inst, of

Tech., Engineering Div. Report No. 47-8,

April 1957.

(2503) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF VORTEXING IN LIQUIDS DRAINING FROM A CYLINDRICAL TANK.

(b) Convair, San Diego, California.

(c) Prof. Milton S. Plesset, Calif. Inst, of

Tech., Engineering Div., Pasadena, Calif.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) Study of viscous damping in rotational

flows; flow discharge of rotating liquids

in cylindrical tanks.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Hydrodynamics

Laboratory.

(2502) MECHANICS OF CAVITATION DAMAGE.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. Vlto A. Vanoni, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena,

Calif.

(d) Experimental; laboratory and field.

(e) The specific objectives of this program are to attempt to clarify the effects on the

cavitation damage potential of two variables: the physical size of the guiding

surface or body, and the flow velocity.

In this phase the work will be restricted

to the investigation of the fixed type

cavitation.

(g) Some experimental techniques have been

developed to study the problem, and experi- ments are in progress.

(2746) HYDRODYNAMICS OF UNDERWATER BODIES.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Vito A. Vanoni, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena,

Calif.

(d) Experimental and theoretical investigations.

(e) Investigations of the mechanics of hydrodynamic phenomena involved in the motion

of underwater bodies, including (l) studies

of forces on such bodies in cavitating and

noncavitating conditions; (2) investigations of the detailed mechanics of the

fluid motions giving rise to the above

forces.

(f) The program is in its initial stages.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Sedimentation

Laboratory.

(6) MECHANICS OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORTATION.

(b) Supported by Laboratory and the U. S. Army,

Corps of Engineers, Missouri River Div.

(c) Profs. Vito A. Vanoni and N. H. Brooks,

Sedimentation Lab., Calif. Inst, of Tech.,

Pasadena, Calif.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search.

(e) To investigate the mechanics of transportation of sediment by flowing fluids, including studies of the suspended load as well as the bed load phases of the problem.

(f) Project completed.

(h) Closing discussion of paper by Norman H. Brooks entitled "Mechanics of Streams with

Movable Beds of Fine Sand."

"Laboratory Studies of the Roughness of

Suspended Load of Alluvial Streams", by

Vito A. Vanoni and Norman H. Brooks, Calif.

Inst, of Tech., Sedimentation Laboratory

Report No. E-68, December 1957.

(2747) STUDY OF THE DESIGN OF LOW DROPS AND THEIR

EFFECT ON THE CAPACITY OF FLOOD CHANNELS.

3
00

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(27U8)

00

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conserva- tion Service, Berkeley, Calif.

Prof. Vito A. Vanoni, Sedimentation Laboratory, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, Calif.

Experimental investigation carried on by

graduate students.

The work is carried out in a specially de- signed tilted flume to obtain information

for use in connection with the design of

flood control channels.

No results are available as yet since

project was initiated this summer.

STUDY OF RELATIONS BETWEEN THE TRANSPORT OF SEDIMENT AND THE HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS

OF STREAMS.

Um S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural

Research Service.

Prof. Vito A. Vanoni, Calif. Inst, of Tech.,

1201 E. California St., Pasadena, Calif.

Experimental and analytical basic research.

This work, the experimental part of which

will be carried on in laboratory flumes, is an extension of the program of sedimentation research which has been carried on by

the Sedimentation Laboratory for some time.

The program will include investigation of

the sedimentation phenomena that occur at high Froude numbers with values in the

neighborhood of unity. No results are available since the project

has just been Initiated.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, College of Agriculture,

Department of Irrigation.

(21) STUDY OF HYDRAULICS OF SPRINKLING SYSTEMS.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

California Agricultural Experiment Station.

Prof. V. H. Scott and Prof. J. R. Davis

Dept. of Irrigation, University of Calif.,

Davis, California.

Experimental; operation.

Studies on distribution of water applied

by sprinklers and irrigation efficiency

were continued. To evaluate the importance

of sprinkler and lateral spacings on distribution under actual field conditions, 7 different combinations of sprinkler and

lateral spacings were tested. An extensive

study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of sprinkler and surface irrigation of cotton. The objectives of this

study included (l) cost of irrigation; (2)

yield of cotton; (3) cotton fiber characteristics; (h) salt concentration; and (5)

the net and gross water application to the

crop. Improved water distribution can be obtained

under windy conditions by closer spacing

of sprinklers and laterals. Medium capacity sprinklers at 30 -foot spacing gave the

best distribution with a greater range and

choice of lateral spacing. Results of the

sprinkler versus surface irrigation studies

conducted on cotton indicated little or no difference In seed cotton, seed weight,

(h)

lint percentage, color and strength of cotton taken from the surface and sprinkler

irrigated plots. The operational costs for

the sprinkler system were slightly higher

than for the surface systems.

"Sprinkler and Lateral Spacing", V. H. Scott and J. A. Corry, California Agric. ll(U),

30-31, April 1957-

(23) HYDROLOGY OF IRRIGATION SUPPLIES IN CALIF.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. R. H. Burgy, Dept. of Irrigation,

University of Calif., Davis, Calif.

(d) Experimental and field investigation;

applied research and operation.

(e) The studies on the hydrologic effects of

various watershed practices are being con- tinued. Seven major study areas are now

in operation throughout the northern sec- tions of California. Management programs

on brush-covered lands usually require a minimum of 3-5 years to complete the cycle

of removal, revegetation and conversion.

Hydrologic studies of this type utilize

natural precipitation and consequent runoff

as the basis for determining responses to treatments . An important factor In pre- cipitation disposal on mountainous watersheds is that of interception losses under

different vegetative covers on typical

watershed land. To determine water yield

increases after conversion from brush to

grass requires a knowledge of the interception losses in the grass cover as well as the original brush cover. Problems asso- ciated with water supply in upland regions,

storage or water In small ponds, and reser- voirs are being investigated.

(g) Manipulation of vegetation, as a form of

management of brush covered watersheds,

has shown promise as a means of increasing

seasonal runoff. Programs of vegetation

management to convert brush to desirable

forage species are being actively pursued

particularly on those areas most adaptable

as livestock ranges. Such programs are of

dual benefit through improvement of ranges and increased water yields. Long-term

studies of the hydrologic effects of brushgrass conversions have shown increased

yields of runoff water except in the drier

climates. Upon completion of a cycle of

revegetation, which takes approximately

three seasons of growth to become stable,

erosion has been effectively reduced over

that which occurs normally under brush

cover.

(h) "Water Management", R. H. Burgy and A. F. Pillsbury, California Agric. ll(U):5, 38, April 1957-

(21+) MEASUREMENT OF IRRIGATION WATER AND IM- PROVEMENT IN FARM IRRIGATION STRUCTURES.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. V. H. Scott and Prof. J. R. Davis,

Dept. of Irrigation, University of Calif.,

Davis, California.

(d) Experimental; design.
(e) Extensive field experiments were conducted

on the use of polyethylene film of varying

thickness for linings of farm ditches

under a wide range of soils , crops and

irrigation systems. Mechanical methods of

laying light weight films to eliminate

some of the installation labor are being

studied, and a study of the economics of

ditch liners has been started. Investigations were initiated to determine flow

characteristics of an 8-inch siphon for

free flow and submerged flow conditions

through a head range of 2-12 inches.

Venturi flumes were modified for use in

making inflow and outflow measurements in

furrows

Theoretical studies on the flow of water

in irrigated furrows have been initiated,

and a laboratory analysis on flow in

shallow channels as affected by roughness

and slope is underway. Infiltration of water into soils from furrows is being

studied in both models and in the field.

Studies are underway to determine how

ground-water recharge can best be accomplished.

Methods of measuring flow of water in

sprinkler irrigation systems is being

studied. Emphasis is on low cost and ease

of construction and installation.

(g) Certain prefabricated materials used as linings in small irrigation ditches to control seepage and vegetation show con- siderable promise. Relatively high initial

cost and questionable longevity limit their

use. Increased production and availability

of some of the plastics are lowering costs to a point where replacement may be eco- nomical. A 25-slide sequence of some of

the ditch lining operations has been prepared. An improved type of trailer was designed for the purpose of hauling alumi- num irrigation pipe.

(h) "Prefabricated Ditch Linings", V. H. Scott,

California Agric. ll(l+):28, April 1957. "Irrigation Efficiency Study", Jewell L. Meyer, H. W. Ross, V. H. Scott, and C. E. Houston, California Agric. 11(1+) :26-27,

April 1957. "Surface Irrigation", J. C. Marr, Calif.

Agric. 11(10:27, April 1957- "Grading Land for Surface Irrigation",

J. C. Marr, California Agric. Exp. Sta. Cir. 438, 1957 (revised).

"Recharge Studies", W. A. Hall, California

Agric. 11(4) :k, April 1957- "Recharing Ground Water by Irrigation",

W. A. Hall, R. M. Hagan, and J. D. Axtell,

Agric. Engin. 38( 2 ) :98-100, Feb. 1957-

(25) PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FACTORS AFFECTING

SOIL INFILTRATION RATES.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. L. D. Doneen and Prof. D. W. Henderson, Univ. of Calif., Davis, Calif.

(d) Experimental and field; basic and applied

research.

(e) Studies are continuing on soil and water

management practices which are important

in coping with the widespread problem of

soil penetration by irrigation water. Soil

management practices such as cover cropping,

growing green manure crops, and crop rota- tion need more study. A research program

aimed towards finding means of determining

the suitability of irrigation waters for crop use includes studies on (l) the total

salt concentration; (2) the amount of

sodium and its relationship to other salts; and (3) individual constituents, or salt

that might be harmful to plants. In addition, climatic conditions, soil type,

drainage, irrigation management and type

of plant grown are being studied.

(g) Slow water penetration is caused by several

soil conditions: excessive sodium absorbed

by the soil; high clay content; soil com- paction by traffic or tillage; and unstable

soils which run together on wetting.

Highly compacted soils can be recognized

by digging or probing, especially if the

soil lying below the compact zone is otherwise similar. The deterioration in quality

of water is due primarily to the increase

In mineral constituents and the total salt

concentration. Although there are many

exceptions, in general the more salt a water

contains the poorer its quality. In most

of the irrigation waters total salt con- centrations are not sufficiently high to be

injurious to plant growth, but rather their

accumulation in the soil produces salines.

If the percent sodium is low, good friable

soil structure is maintained and the soil

will take water readily. However, if the

sodium percentage is high, the soil will

disperse, the structure is destroyed, and

the rate of water infiltration is reduced.

(h) "Quality of Irrigation Waters", L. D. Doneen and D. W. Henderson, California

Agric. 11(4): 7, 8, 12, 31, 37, April 1957- "Reclaimed Water", H. A. Schreiber, California Agric. 11(1+) : 8, April 1957. "Water Penetration of Soils:, D. W. Henderson and J A. Vomocil, California

Agric. 11(1+): 23, 29, 37, April 1957- "Production of Sugar Beets Following

Winter Green Manure Cropping in California:

II. Soil Physical Conditions and Asso- ciated Crop Response", W. A. Williams,

L. D. Doneen and David Ririe, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 2l(l): 88-9U, Jan. -Feb. 1957-

(1819) DRAINAGE IN RELATION TO IRRIGATION.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. J. N. Luthin, Dept. of Irrigation,

University of California, Davis, Calif.

(d) Experimental and field investigation;

basic and applied research.

(e) Since there are many areas along the major

rivers in California where seepage is causing damage to adjacent agricultural

land, a study was made of the possibility

of using drainage wells. Piezometers,

installed at many points in the field, en- abled the determination of the subsurface water flow and the location of the various

5
(g)

(h)

strata below the ground surface. Drainage

and alkali reclamation problems were studied in several areas of the state. A

survey was conducted to define present

drainage problem areas and to predict areas where these problems might develop due to importation of large quantities of surface water into the San Joaquin Valley for

irrigation purposes. Operation of the pumped well was found to

be quite effective in reducing pressure

in the artesian aquifer. Recovery of water levels in deep piezometers permitted

a determination of the average transmissibility coefficient of the aquifer based on

the Theis nonequillbrium equation. The

Theim method was also used but without as consistent results as those given by the

Theis method. Because the test drainage

well was feasible but not economical, a subsurface drainage system was designed

and installed. This system will need

further study to judge its effectiveness. Water table level data as well as other

pertinent information for the areas in the

counties of the San Joaquin Valley where

drainage has been a problem during the

period 19^6-1957 have been summarized.

"Drainage and Alkali Reclamation in Lassen

County", P. W. Lamborn, J. N. Luthin,

Univ. of California Agricultural Extension

Service, 7 pages, 1957- "Drainage Adjacent to a River", J. N. Luthln and V. H. Scott, California Agric.

11(4): 34, 36, April 1957- "Drainage Cost Survey", P. A. Boving,

California Agric. 11(4): 33, April 1957-

(2055) THE PHYSICS OF SOIL MOISTURE MOVEMENT.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. J. N. Luthin, Dept. of Irrigation,

University of California, Davis, Calif.

(d) Laboratory and theoretical studies; basic

research.

( e ) The rate of drop of the water table governs

the length of time that plants will be ex- posed to water-logging conditions and

hence is an important factor in the design

of tile drainage systems. Studies were made of the falling water table in tile

drainage. A tank was filled with sand

and tile were placed in the tank to simulate a tile spacing of 20 feet with the

tile placed 4 feet below the soil surface

and 2 feet above an impermeable layer.

The data collected from the experiment

were used to develop some empirical relationships between the flow into a tile

line and the height of the water table at the mid-point between the lines.

(g) Electrical analogs made out of Teledeltos paper with electrodes of Dupont silver

paint were used to develop criteria for the depth and spacing of tile drains in soil overlying an artesian aquifer.

(h) "The Falling Water Table in Tile Drainage—a Laboratory Study", J. N. Luthin

and R. V. Worstell, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc, Vol. 21, 1957.

(2056)

(D)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

THE HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF WELL

CASING PERFORATIONS.

California Agricultural Experiment Station.

Prof. V. H. Scott, Dept. of Irrigation,

University of California, Davis, Calif.

Experimental; applied research.

Studies on the analysis of flow through

well casing perforations were continued

to a limited extent. Information was ob- tained on the behavior of two additional

types of commercial casings--both of which

had horizontal perforated openings.

Temporarily suspended.

Head loss coefficients have been determined for a selected number of punched and

two types of chiselled perforations. Significant differences in the effect of the

size distribution and shape of the gravel

surrounding the perforations have been de- tected.

"Hydraulic Properties of Perforated Well

Casings", Y. Vaadia and V. H. Scott, Amer.

Soc. Civ. Engin. Proc, 1957.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Division of Agricultural

Sciences, Dept. of Irrigation and Soils.

(26

(c

(a

(e

(f

(g

(27

(b

(a

(e

DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS IN COACHELLA

VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.

Cooperative between the Coachella Valley

County Water District, Coachella, Calif.;

U. S. Salinity Laboratory, Riverside,

Calif.; U. S. Bureau of Reclamation,

Boulder City, Nevada; and this laboratory.

Prof. A. F. Pillsbury, Chairman, Dept. of

Irrigation and Soils, Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles 24, Calif.

Field investigations; applied research and

design.

To develop and Improve techniques for ob- j serving shallow ground water movement, for reclamation of saline and alkali soils and

alkali soils, and for installation of

drainage devices and systems.

This project which has been active for about a dozen years is now becoming inactive.

Techniques for land reclamation and design

criteria for drainage systems were developed.

HYDROLOGY OF WATER SUPPLIES IN CALIFORNIA.

Laboratory project coordinated with the

Dept. of Irrigation, Univ. of California,

Davis, California.

Prof. A. F. Pillsbury, Chairman, Dept. of

Irrigation and Soils, Univ. of Calif.,

Los Angeles 24, Calif.

Experimental; applied research. Factors in watershed management that in- fluence the dispostion of precipitation

and yield of usable water. Soil and water

factors in change of vegetation from brush

to grasses and forbs, control of consump- tive use by phreatophytes, experiments in

watershed paving.

6
(1058) SOIL PHYSICAL CONDITIONS IN RELATION TO

IRRIGATION.

("b) Coordinated laboratory studies with field

observations of water transfer in soils.

(c) Prof. A. F. Pillsbury, Chairman, Dept. of

Irrigation and Soils, Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles 2k, Calif.

(d) Continuing laboratory and field studies;

basic and applied research.

(e) Study of the soil properties and management practices which affect the flow of water into and through soils, the storage

of water in soils and evaporation from

soil, and soil compaction.

(h) "Use of Infiltration Equation Parameters

to Evaluate Infiltration Differences in

the Field", D. Swart zendruber and M. R. Huberty, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union (in press )

(1303) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF IRRIGATION DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with

College of Engineering, Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles 2k, Calif.

(c) Prof. A. F. Pillsbury, Chairman, Dept. of

Irrigation and Soils, Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles 2k, Calif.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) Continued analysis of the operational

characteristics of pipe water distribution

systems. Principally concerned with auto- mation in the operation of low pressure

systems

(g) Have made theoretical and practical analyses of potential transient phenomenon in

systems with pressure controlled by float

valves

(h) "Investigation of a Semiclosed Irrigation

Distribution System", Yehuda Volfenson,

M.S. Thesis, 1956. "Transient Analysis of a Semiclosed Irrigation Distribution System", Jack 0. Hildebrand, M.S. Thesis, 1957-

(250*0 DYNAMICS OF WATER FLOW IN SATURATED SOILS, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE DESIGN OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS.

(b) Laboratory project - coordinated with

similar work of Dept. of Irrigation, Davis,

Calif.

(c) Prof. A. F. Pillsbury, Chairman, Dept. of

Irrigation and Soils, Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles 2k, Calif.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Mechanics of flow of water through soil

and into drainage facilities

(g) Have determined effects of wetting expan- sion on the entry of water into drain tile.

Material is being prepared for publication. Data are being gathered on maximum and meai

yield of drainage systems

(h) "Discharge of Tile Drainage Systems in an Irrigated Area of California", A. F. Pillsbury, L. 0. Weeks, J. R. Spencer, and

R. C. Reeve. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union

37:klk-k76, 1956.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, College of Engineering,

Fluid Mechanics Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Prof. J. W. Johnson, Dept. of

Engineering, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley k, Calif.

(38) STRUCTURES EXPOSED TO WAVE ACTION.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Experimental; laboratory.

(e) To obtain experimental data for the design

of offshore structures. Present work involves the measurement of forces exerted

on model elements subjected to wave action.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Wave Forces on Piling", M.S. Thesis in

Mechanical Engineering by M. A. Hall,

January 1957-

(kO) FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF GAS-SOLIDS MIX- TURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research,

design.

(e) The flow characteristics of a gas-solids

mixture (alumina catalyst and air) have

been investigated in a 17 mm I. D. glass

conduit for various gas flow and solids

flow rates. Pressure drops across test

sections have been accurately measured for

a series of air flow rates in which the

solids to air ratio is varied from zero to 11.0 pounds of solids per pound of air. The solids are introduced into the flow

system through a mixing nozzle fed by a slide valve controlled weighing tank, and

have a size distribution varying from

particles less than 10 microns to particles

greater than 220 microns. Investigation

on the metering of solids-gas mixtures by

nozzle and Venturi-tubes has been carried

out. Studies on the heat transfer to flowing gas -solids mixtures have been

carried out and are being continued.

Metering and heat transfer studies are being continued using fixed size glass

spheres

(g) Equipment for the study of the heat transfer characteristics of flowing mixtures is being modified to study the behavior of

very dense mixtures.

(h) "Heat Transfer to Flowing Gas-Solids Mix- tures in a Circular Tube", by Leonard

Farbar and Morgan J- Morley, Industrial

Engineering Chemistry, Vol. ky, p. 11^3> July 1957-

"Heat Transfer to Flowing Gas-Solids Mix- tures Using Solid Spherical Particles of

Fixed Size", by C. A. Depew, M. S. Thesis,

1957, Univ. of Calif. Library, Berkeley,

Calif.

(280) SEDIMENT TRANSPORT.

(b) Laboratory project and U. S. Corps of

Engineers

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Various fundamental problems in relation

7
to sediment transport have been studied,

and efforts have been made to apply the re- sults of research to solve practical

problems

.

(g) The changes in the bed-load relationships

are studied as they result from high sedi- ment concentrations near the bed. No re- sults are available as yet.

(529) LITTORAL SEDIMENT FLOW ON A BEACH.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Dept. of the Army,

Washington, D. C. (d) Field, laboratory; experimental and theoretical research.

(e) The object of this investigation is to de- termine the mechanics of sand transport on beaches along the coast of California,

particularly in the vicinity of San Francisco. Special attention has been given

to Point Reyes Beach 35 miles northwest of

San Francisco, but in the past 15 months

15 beaches both north and south of San Francisco have been studied. The beaches

are occupied at intervals of 6 to 12 weeks.

Samples are taken for grain size variations

and profiles are measured to determine cut and fill . On Point Reyes beach the sands

are coarse, ranging from a mean of 560 microns in October to 770 in February. The

general variation in standard deviation of

the samples on the beach at any one time

is 20 to 25 percent of the mean grain size

for the beach. The sediments at all times

are more poorly sorted than most beaches,

as the coefficient of sorting lies gener- ally between 1.27 and 1.30. The sediments

on the lower foreshore are more coarse grained and are better sorted than the

sediments on the upper foreshore or berm. The beach has numerous cusps which have an interval ranging between 60 and 250 feet,

with an average of l60 feet. The cusp in- terval seems to vary with grain size being

small (100 feet) for median grain size of

750 microns and large (200 feet) for median grain size of 550 microns. Individual cusps may advance or retreat as much as 160 feet within an interval of 6 weeks. The beach may cut or fill at a rapid rate. Fills of as much as one foot within a tide have been observed.

(h) "Changes in Configuration of Point Reyes

Beach, 1955-1956", by Parker D. Trask,

Beach Erosion Board Technical Memorandum

91, November 1956, 63 pages.

(155M SEA WATER RESEARCH.

(b) State of California.

(d) The several investigations for demineralizing sea water carried on during the past year are: (l) Solar distillation; (2) lowtemperature difference method; (3) use of

high liquid pressures in combination with

appropriate permeable membranes (osmotic

pressures); (h) thermodynamic analyses of

separation methods; and (5) ion exchange

using heat for regeneration.

Solar distillation, low-temperature

difference, osmotic pressures, and ion

exchange are experimental. The thermody- I namic analysis is a theoretical investigation.

The thermodynamic analysis should be re- garded as basic research only. The other

three projects should be classified as applied research,

(e) The purpose of this investigation is to discover whether there is available any method for the large-scale, low-cost de- mineralization of sea water. Operation of the solar stills was con- tinued, with an additional wick-type still

in operation. Also, a small project was 1 carried out on the use of paraffin wax as

a heat absorber and storage material.

The data on the large low-temperaturedifference plant is being extended to the

study of carry-over of gas and brine.

The U. C. L. A. program of work on the use of reversed osmosis was continued and a larger unit has been constructed. Work

was initiated at Berkeley on a means for

constructing high strength osmotic membranes. The Berkeley development consists

of the use of bundles of parallel fibers

j with flow parallel to the fibers . By

using synthetic materials which swell in water, it has been possible to get down to pore sizes of the order of a few Angstroms. Present efforts are directed toward re- ducing these pore sizes.

(g) Detailed results may be obtained from progress reports published by the Institute of Engineering Research.

(h) "Vacuum Flash Distillation of Sea Water",

E. D. Howe, A.S.M.E. Advance Paper (June

1957).

"Conversion of Saline Water", E. D. Howe,

presented at Sectional Meeting of American Water Works Association, Oct. 1957, San

Jose, Calif.

I (1823) THE MECHANICS OF BOTTOM SEDIMENT MOVEMENT j WITH OSCILLATORY WAVES.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Dept. of the Army.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To obtain experimental information on the

criterion for initial and general move- ment of bottom sediment by wave action.

Prototype conditions of the relative

motion of water and bed were simulated by

use of an oscillating plate in still water. (g) A theoretical solution has been found for the turbulent boundary layer flow along

an oscillating surface and was empirically

checked for the smooth bottom. A solution

has been found for the rough wall, but must be checked for various different

types of roughness.

(I82U) BEHAVIOR OF AIR ABOVE MECHANICAL OCEAN WAVE MODEL.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Measurement of velocity distributions in air above a mechanical model of long and

8
short crested ocean waves as a function of

wind velocity, wave height and wave length.

Drag forces as a function of distance from wave plane to a rigid ceiling determi nation,

(f) Completed.

(h) "Direct Shear Stresses and Air Velocity

Profiles on a Mechanical Wave Boundary",

G. H. Moore and A. D. K. Laird, Trans. A.

G. U., Vol. 38, No. 5, October 1957-

(1825) WIND WAVES IN SHALLOW WATER.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Dept. of the Army.

(d) Experimental.

( e ) To obtain experimental information on the

factors of wind velocity, wind duration, water depth, bottom slope, and bottom

roughness as related to wave generation and wind tide produced in shallow water of

limited extent. A glass wall channel 70

feet long, 15 inches deep, and 12 inches

wide has been constructed for this study.

(h) "Effect of Bottom Roughness on Wind Tide

in Shallow Water", by E. G. Tickner, Beach

Erosion Board Tech. Memo, No. 95, 1957- "Laboratory Study of Wind Tides in Shallow

Water", 0. J. Sibul and J. W. Johnson,

Journal of the Waterways and Harbors Div.,

ASCE, April 1957-

(1829) STUDY OF INCLINED GAS-LIQUID FLOW IN TUBES.

(b) Laboratory research project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search.

(e) Collection and correlation of data on several diameters of tubing at inclinations

from horizontal to vertical.

(f) Suspended.

(g) One inch diameter smooth and rough tubes

tested. Paper in preparation.

(h) "Two-Phase Flow in Rough Tubes", by D. Chisholm and A. D. K. Laird. Presented at the semi-annual meeting of ASME in San

Francisco, July 1957-

(1830) MEASUREMENT OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF A GAS AND TWO LIQUIDS IN A POROUS MEDIUM BY X-RAY TECHNIQUES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Development of a calibration and measure- ment method for the distribution of three

or more materials in a laboratory sample of sandstone

(f) Completed.

(h) Paper in preparation.

(2058) STUDY OF EXCHANGE CHARACTERISTICS IN A

TURBULENCE COLUMN.

(b) Laboratory project.

( d ) Experimental

(e) Exchange of various properties are studied

and compared for various properties in a column with reproducible turbulence

pattern.

(g) The column is constructed. Sediment distributions are observed for various degrees

of turbulence. One of the major results is the fact that a high velocity jet is much

less efficient in creating large scale tur- bulence than wall friction in open channel

flows

(2059) STUDY OF BED-LOAD MOTION IN A FLOW SUB- JECTED TO COMPOSITE FRICTION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental.

(e) A granular bed is developed between a system of obstructions such as piles. It

is attempted to determine the part of the

flow resistence which determines the rate of sediment motion.

(g) In a thesis study limitations are investigated to the independence of frictional

drag forces.

(2062) STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS FOR SHEAR IN A SAND-WATER MIXTURE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental.

(e) The relationship is determined in an especially constructed rotating shear device for various normal pressures. The results will be used to predict the behavior of a granular stream bed subjected

to high shear by a flow,

(g) Results have been obtained. Work is now concentrating on the analysis of the re- sults .

(2063) METHODS OF DETECTING AND TRACING THE MOVE- MENT OF GROUND WATER.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This study has as its objectives study of

velocity variations observed in tracing

the flow of liquids through porous media,

development of methods and tracers for

field determination of water movement

underground, and application of these

methods to location and measurement of seepage from canals.

(g) Dispersion phenomenon for laminar flow

through porous media relationships determined by laboratory studies were applied

to radial flow systems. The results were

checked by recharging and sampling from a confined aquifer. Formation constants were determined in these tests.

(h) "Studies of Dispersion in a Radial Flow

System", by Leung Ku Lau, W. J. Kaufman

and D. K. Todd, Institute of Engineering

Research Series No. 93j Issue No. 3, Univ.

of California, Berkeley, p. hh, July 1957.

(226l) WAVE REFRACTION RESEARCH.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Dept. of the Army.

(d) Laboratory project.

( e ) In shallow water the velocity of a water gravity wave depends upon the depth of

water as well as upon the length of the wave . When it travels in shoaling water

it bends. This refraction changes the

467776 O - 58 -2 9
wave height and direction. Powerful graphical and analytical tools are available

for use by the engineers; however, there

is an almost complete lack of evidence as to their accuracy. The purpose of this contract has been to perform laboratory

experiments to check the validity of the

techniques used in practice. The first

series of tests were performed in a ripple

tank; these showed that the techniques

were fairly reliable from a practical

standpoint. A series of tests have been

made in a model basin 150 ft by 6h ft by

2-1/2 ft deep. The results of these tests have been written up. Tests are being con- ducted on the formation of multi-crest

waves as periodic waves pass into shoal

water.

(h) "A Ripple Tank Study of Wave Refraction",

by G. C. Ralls, Jr., Journal, Waterways

Division, Proc. ASCE, Vol. 88, Paper No. 911, 19pp, March 1956. "Model Study of Wave Refraction", by R. L. Wiegel and A. L. Arnold, Journal, Waterways Division, ASCE (in press).

(2262) ANCHORING FORCES RESEARCH.

(b) California Research Corporation.

(d) Laboratory project.

(e) Model studies are being made of the forces

in mooring lines of a vessel anchored at

sea. Tests are being made with both uniform and non-uniform wave conditions.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Model Studies of the Dynamics of an LSM

Moored in Waves", by R. L. Wiegel, K. E. Seebe and R. A. Dilley, Proceedings of

the Sixth Conference on Coastal Engineering ( in press )

.

(2265) FORCES OK ACCELERATED CYLINDERS.

(b) Engineering Foundation and Laboratory

project

.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Measurement of drag coefficients and flow

configurations about cylinders during

accelerated motion in fluids as related to

wave forces as cylinders

.

( f ) Completed.

(g) Constant acceleration drag forces measured

for three cylinders. Paper in preparation.

(2266) HYDROLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS OF SMALL DRAINAGE BASINS IN CALIFORNIA.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

(d) Analytic study; applied research and de- velopment . (e) The purpose of this investigation is to

summarize streamflow records in California, to classify records on the basis of homogeneous areas for analysis, to test the

adequacy of methods for estimating flood

flows in California from those developed

in other parts of the country, and, if re- quired, explore new methods of estimating

flood flows.

(f) Completed.

(g) This study is concerned with practical pro- cedures for estimating flood magnitude

needed to design highway drainage struc- tures in Northern California. Records of

unregulated streamflow ten years or more

in length were selected and classified by

Soil Conservation Service Areas. Most of

these were found for the problem area en- compassing the western slope of the Sierra

Nevada Mountains

.

A series of parameters representative of

the climatic and topographic characteristics

of the basins were developed. Various com- binations of these were tried in multiple

regression analyses to estimate 10-year

floods. Drainage area, mean annual pre- cipitation, and elevation factor gave the

minimum standard error of estimate. The

equation developed from the multiple re- gression analysis was tested on independent

data and proved satisfactory. Graphical

analysis of reselected data gave best re- sults with drainage area and precipitation

intensity as parameters.

The results apply only to the specified

area; however, similar analyses should

yield comparable results for other areas in California.

(h) "Estimation of Flood Peaks in the Sierra

Nevada Mountains, California", by David K. Todd and K. H. Ateshian, Institute of

Engineering Research, Series No. 102, Issue

No. 1, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, 87 pp.,

Nov. 1956 (available on request).

(2505) EFFECT OF SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION IN STREAM

CHANNELS.

(b) University project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Alluvial flows in channels with artificially secured banks are studied systematically for their tendency to meander as expressed by the development of alternate

bars. It Is the aim of this study to develop criteria for stability.

(g) The important parameters seem to be the

Froude number, the depth-width ratio and

the size and uniformity of the bed sedi- ment .

(2506) SEDIMENT MOTION IN SILT CARRYING STREAMS.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) An alluvial stream with a bed material in

the sand sizes or coarser follows relationships generally called bed-load formulas.

This study tries to find what the corre- sponding laws are if the bed sediment con- sists mainly of particles in the silt sizes

as fines

.

(g) The transport of silts coarser than 5 microns seem to follow laws very similar to

those for fine sand.

(2507) SAND DEPOSITS IN CANALS.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Reclamation,

(d) Experimental; basic research.

10
(e) The relationships are sought governing the

deposit of various sediment sizes and

types in lined canals under various flow

conditions. Of particular interest is any resulting change of the effective channel

roughness and of its flow capacity.

(2508) SHIP WAVES IN WATERWAYS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To obtain experimental information on the

characteristics of waves generated by ships

in shallow water. Such information is of

value in the problem of wave wash and bank

erosion in waterways . Ship models are towed at various speeds in water of various

depths and the wave characteristic measured

at various distances from the sailing line.

(h) "Ship Waves in Navigation Channels", J. W. Johnson, Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Coastal Engineering, 1957-

(2509) HON- STEADY FLOW ANALOGY.

(b) Dept. of Water Resources, State of Calif.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) By means of an electric analog model of

the San Francisco Bay and the SacramentoSan Joaquin Delta Region, the feasibility

of barriers and channel works is being in- vestigated, with the purpose of providing

a greater flow of fresh water southward in

the Central Velley.

(f) Completed.

(g) The tidal amplitude changer, which should

be expected due to the imposition of each

of several proposed salinity barriers have

been predicted, and are in accordance with

analytic results where these are available.

Prototype tidal amplitudes, phases, and

currents were duplicated in the analog

model within three to five percent at all major points. A new type of square-law

resistor has been developed which takes

into account changes in the water depth.

(h) "The Theoretical Basis for Non-Linear

Electric Analogs for Open Channel Flow", James A. Harder, Inst, of Engineering

Research Univ. of Calif., Berkeley K, Calif.

"An Electric Analog Model Study of Tides

in the Delta Region of California", James

A. Harder, Inst, of Engineering Research,

Univ. of Calif., Berkeley h, Calif.

(271+9) SELF-DRAINING STILLING DEVICE FOR PIPE

CULVERTS.

(b) Contra Costa County.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) A stilling and spreading device for the

discharge from high-velocity culvert flows

is developed by the use of baffle sills in

a trapezoidal channel. The device is self

draining, avoiding danger to children and

breeding of mosquitoes.

(f) Completed.

(g) General design criteria are developed and

given to the sponsor in form of a report

(h) "Development of the County of Contra Costa

Culvert Outfall Energy Dissipator", by

S. R. Keim, Inst, of Engineering Report

Series ES5795, Issue 1, Sept. 1956.

(2750) DROP STRUCTURE WITH SELF-DRAINING STILLING

BASIN.

(b) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

(d) Experimental; development.

( e ) Stilling basins with permanent pools are dangerous to playing children and make

mosquito breeding places, both undesirable

in inhabited areas. A stilling device is developed which is self draining and which

is efficient at widely varying tailwater

conditions

(g) Solutions for some particular cases have

been found and are constructed. Solutions

for a wider variety of cases are being de- veloped .

(2751) DEVELOPMENT OF A TRASH RACK AND INTAKE STRUCTURE TO BARREL TYPE SPILLWAYS.

(b) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) Barrel type spillways can highly increase

the effectiveness of small flood control

retaining basins, if they can be prevented

from plugging by floating trash. An effec- tive intake and trash rack is developed

from the viewpoint of clogging.

(g) A syphon-type intake with low intake

velocity appears to provide for the most desirable hydraulic and trash conditions.

(2752) REVOLVING FISH SCREEN.

(b) California Department of Fish and Game.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Development and testing of a revolving

fish screen which continuously waves in

front of a hydraulic cleaning device.

(2753) HYDRAULIC BREAKWATER.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Determination by model tests of the mechanisms by which hydraulic breakwaters dampen water gravity waves

(g) Three dimensional tests in a model basin

show that the effect of wave refraction

due to the currents generated by the hydraulic breakwater is of primary importance. For certain conditions the area in the lee

of the breakwater can be made to be almost

free of waves, while for other conditions

the waves behind the breakwater will be higher than if there were no hydraulic

breakwater in operation.

(h) "Model Hydraulic Breakwater Studies", by

C. M. Snyder, preliminary report, Univ. of

Calif., Inst, of Eng. Res., Tech. Rept.

IOU-I, 30 pp, April 1957- "Chipboard Hydraulic Breakwater", by R. A. Dilley, Univ. of Calif., Inst, of Eng.

Res., Technical Report 10k-2, 53 pp, August 1957-

11
(275M UNDERWATER MISSILES.

(b) U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, China

Lake, Calif.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The determination of the trajectories of

missiles fired vertically under the influence of water gravity waver, and currents.

(g) Analysis of data has "been completed.

(2755) DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS TO TAG SEDIMENTS BY RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS.

(b) U. S. Corps of Engineers.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Radioactive materials are sought which can

be permanently attached to sediment grains

from the sand to the clay sizes. The in- strumentation is to be developed by which

these tagged sediments can be observed in

prototype water courses, particularly in

the San Francisco Bay.

(g) Scandium and gold have been found to be the

ber.t suited materials. The instrumentation for field detection of radio activity

is being developed.

(2756) WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT BY CONJUNCTIVE OPERATION OF SURFACE AND GROUND-WATER

RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; operation and development.

(e) Utilization of ground-water storage capac- ity is imperative to future California water resources development . Methods for economically developing river basins to a high percentage of total available by means of conjunctive operation of surface and

ground-water reservoirs are being investigated . (g) Conjunctive operation permits development

of river basins similar to those of California Central Valley to about the eighty

percent level where surface development

with only supplemental ground-water pumping is limited to about sixty percent.

(h) Report submitted for publication.

(2757) INCIDENTAL ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUND- WATER RESERVOIRS

.

(b) Water Resources Center, Univ. of Calif.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Recharge is one of the chief problems in ground-water reservoir operation. Deter- mination of the various characteristics and potentialities of incidental recharge as a tool in water resources development by

conjunctive operation of surface and

ground-water reservoir operation.

(g) Studies indicate that incidental artificial

recharge can, in many agricultural areas, provide the major portion of required re- charge provided the ground-water service area and the surface supply service area

have a large overlap or area in common.

(h) Publication being prepared.

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, Research Founda-

,

tion for Cross-Connection Control.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 49 and 2270

should be addressed to Dr. K. C. Reynolds,

Supervisor, Research Foundation for Cross-Connec- I tion Control, University of Southern California, Los Angeles J, Calif.

(1+9) RESEARCH FOUNDATION FOR CROSS-CONNECTION

CONTROL

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental research and field investigations; basic research.

( e ) To determine by proper research the relative value and protection afforded by

various backflow prevention devices.

(g) Establishment of standardized laboratory

and field test procedures and minimum

specification requirements for backflow

prevention equipment and continuous evaluation and improvement of such procedures

and specifications.

(2270) BACKFLOW PREVENTION.

(b) Dept. of Water and Power, City of Los Angeles, Calif.

(d) The Department, in order to be advised on backflow prevention problems, has entered

into a contract with the University from

December 195^ to December 1957-

(e) This contract involves the following:

(a) Consulting services regarding backflow

prevention installations and other hydraul- I ic problems; (b) preparation of specifica

tions covering the design, material, and

operational requirements for backflow pre vention units; and (c) maintenance of a laboratory for testing backflow prevention L devices and other hydraulic equipment for

the Department.

(h) Quarterly progress reports to the Depart- ment . Preliminary draft of proposed

specifications being revised.

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, School of

Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 2273 -irid 2758

should be addressed to Dr. K. C. Reynolds, School

of Engineering, University of Southern California,

Los Angeles 7, Calif.

(2273) FREE OVERFALL OF A CIRCULAR CONDUIT

.

(b)

(a)

(e)

Graduate research.

Experimental study of the free overfall of

two partially filled circular conduits,

0.655 and 0-333 ft in diameter, laid on mild slopes. For various rates of flow the profile of

the water surface is being observed; the calculated critical depth is being located; correlation between the measured depth at the drop off and the rate of flow is being

investigated.
(h) Master's thesis in preparation by C. Robinson.

E.

(2758) FLOW IN AN OPEN CHANNEL SUBJECTED TO TIDES.

(b)

(a)

(e)

(g)

Southern California Edison Co., 601 West

5th Street, Los Angeles, Calif. A model study of flow in a proposed canal to carry cooling water to a steam station

generating electricity. The initial capac- ity of the station will be i+00,000 KW. Water is to be conveyed in a canal from Hueneme Harbor with its varying tides

through a 25, 000- foot long canal to the steam plant where dependable flows of 200,

hOO, 600, 800 cfs must be available as the

generating units are added to the line. In accordance with a contract dated May 27, 1957 between Southern California Edison

Co. and Professors Reynolds and Springer a model has been built with a horizontal

scale of 1 to 150 and a vertical scale of

1 to 30- The tide reproducing mechanism

permits a number of consecutive tides to

be created. Ten water level indicator

units will permit the determination of water levels at frequent intervals . From

the model it will be possible to predict

high and low water levels throughout the

length of the canal thereby discovering

any unusual water level situations; to discover any sections where the flow is unfavorable.

The test runs were begun as of Nov. 1957-

CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of

Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 183^, 206U,2275>

2276, and 2759 should be addressed to Dr. T. E. Stelson, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Carnegie In- stitute of Technology, Pittsburgh 13, Pa.

( 183^ ) AIR-WATER FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) An investigation to determine the amount of air that can be carried by flowing

water. Experiments are conducted with

free water jets and with air-water mixtures flowing in pipes at different slopes.

(206U) VIRTUAL MASS.

(b)

(a)

(e)

(h)

Laboratory project.

Experimental and analytical. Measurement of virtual mass of bodies in

fluids with free and fixed boundaries.

"Virtual Mass and Acceleration in Fluids",

by Thomas E. Stelson, J. M. ASCE, and

Frederick T. Mavis, M. ASCE, Trans. Amer. Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 122, p. 518-525, 1957-

(2275) FLOW OF LIQUID-SOLID MIXTURES.

(b) Laboratory project - Freeman Fellowship.

(d) Basic experimental and analytical research

for doctoral thesis.

(e) Determination of energy losses, solid and

liquid velocities, concentration of solids,

and characteristics of flow.

(2276) UNSTEADY FLOW THROUGH CONDUITS, WEIRS AND

ORIFICES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and analytical for undergraduate thesis.

(e) Analysis of steady- flow characteristics

from measurements with unsteady flow.

(2759) FLOW INTO VERTICAL SHAFTS.

(b)

(a)

(e)

Laboratory project.

Experimental and analytical.

Evaluation of the characteristics of flow

entering a vertical shaft for various

geometric and hydraulic conditions.

COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES, Civil Engineering Dept.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 2280 to 2282,

incl., should be addressed to Prof. Henry A. Babcock, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colo.

(2280) DEEP NOTCH WEIRS.

(a)

(e)

( 2281

(b)

(a)

(e)

(f)

Laboratory project.

Experimental; basic research.

The purpose of the work is to determine

the relationship between the discharge

coefficient, and the ratio of crest length

to head for sharp crested weirs with end

contractions

THE EFFECT OF GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND

VOID RATIO ON PERMEABILITY.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; basic research.

Samples of definite size distribution will

be fluidized, and variation of pressure

gradient and sorting action will be ob- served.

Suspended.

( 2282 ) PULP . DENSIMETER

(b)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(h)

Laboratory project.

Design and development.

The device will measure continuously the

density of liquid-solid mixtures in a pipe without being influenced by fluctuations in the velocity of flow. Completed.

Report will be released when patent

arrangements are completed.

COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY, Civil Engineering Sec.

(55) SNOW COURSE MEASUREMENTS AND FORECAST

ANALYSIS.

13
(b) Soil and Water Conservation Research

Branch, Colorado Agricultural Experiment

Station, Bureau of Reclamation, State En- gineer of New Mexico, and State Engineer

of Wyoming.

(c) Mr. H. J. Stockwell, Civil Engineering

Section, Colorado State University, Fort

Collins, Colo.

(d) Field investigations; applied research.

(e) Systematic measurements of depth and water

content of snow at high elevations in

Colorado mountain areas for the purpose of

forecasting the runoff of the principal

rivers of the state in the interest of

irrigation, power, domestic supplies, and

other uses. The use of electrical resistance soil moisture units is "being tested

to determine a factor of soil moisture

deficiency for water supply forecast pur- poses . (g) Snow measurement data are correlated with

runoff. Once the relationship is established, the snow measurement data are used

to predict the runoff for the coming season. (h) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station

General Series Papers --Monthly Snow Survey

reports for the Rio Grande, Colorado and

Platte-Arkansas Drainage Basin.

(821) GROUND-WATER FLUCTUATIONS AND THEIR RELA- TION TO PUMPING.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. W. E. Code, Civil Engineering Section,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colo.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) This is a continuing project. Work con- sists of semi-annual measurements of the water table in about 260 observation wells

in Arkansas and South Platte Valleys in

Colorado. Observation wells are strategically located in pumping areas. Data on power consumption are also gathered for

comparison with water table elevations.

The work is being coordinated with the

Ground Water Branch, U.S.G.S.

(g) Water tables have declined significantly

in all areas in the last 3 years of sub- normal precipitation.

(h) A manuscript is being prepared for a Station bulletin on the work to date which

started in 1929 . Graphs of water table

fluctuations will be shown.

(107*0 HYDRAULICS OF STILLING BASINS.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

(c) Mr. G. L. Smith, Civil Engineering Section,

Colorado State University. Fort Collins,

Colo.

(d) Experimental; applied and fundamental.

(e) To obtain generalized design information

for stilling basins utilizing the principle

of vertical dissipation of kinetic energy

of flowing water and control of scour by

well graded aggregate. The stilling basin

constitutes a pre-shaped scour hole in a simulated stream bed in which various quan- tities of graded aggregate are placed.

(g) Initial studies using two-dimensional jets

have been completed, as well as circular

non-submerged jets, both vertical and cantii levered. The variables considered were

the depth of pool, the fall velocity of the ! erodible material, the size of jet, the momentum of the jet. The depth and volume

| of scour depends upon the depth of water in the stilling basin, the size or momentum of

the jet, and the size and gradation of the

bed material. Pit-run, graded rip-rap

proved to be much more effective than any size of rip-rap of a narrow size range. Prototype installations were made for the

two-dimensional case in the field in 1955 1 and the various design factors studied.

Qualitatively these confirm the experimental

results. For the three-dimensional case, the method of placement and location of rip- rap relative to the location of the impinging jet at bed surface have been investigated in a model. The dimensions of a pre- shaped scour hole for the case of the

cantilevered circular jet have been determined from experimental data.

(h) "Stabilization of Thompson Lake Outlet

Channel", by T. T. Williams, Master's

Thesis, Nov. 1956. "Principles of Energy Dissipation in Ero- sion-Control Structures", by M. L. Albertson and G. L. Smith, Colorado State University, Civil Engineering Dept. Report

CER57MLAi+, January 1957

.

"An Analysis of Scour Below Culvert Out- lets", by G. L. Smith, Master's Thesis, June 1957-

(1567) BEHAVIOR OF SEAPLANE HULLS IN SIMPLE SEAS.

(b) Bureau of Aeronautics, Na\y Department.

(c) Mr. E. F. Schulz, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colo.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Two model seaplanes were towed at different

headings to a simple wave front. The re- sponses of the model to the waves were measured from movies taken from the front and side during the experiments.

(f) Completed.

(g) The important parameters determining

operating in the pre-hump speed ranges were

the effective towing ratio, relative hull

length and damping ratio. Increasing the

hull length-to-beam ratio from 8 to 12 improves the seaworthiness of the seaplane.

(h) "Model Tests to Predict the Seaworthiness

of Seaplane Hulls", by E. F. Schulz, Colo. State University, Civil Engineering Dept.

Report CER57EFS1, 60 p., January 1957-

(1570) FLOW PATTERNS ON LANDING IMPACT OF SEA- PLANES.

(b) Bureau of Aeronautics, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Mr. E. F. Schulz, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colo.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To record the force-time history of the
impact of V-wedges with angles of dead rise

3° to 50° , and two "constant force" hulls. To record the flow field development by- photographic means as the wedges are dropped into a tank of bentonites, or zero- buoyancy bubbles, and water.

(f) Completed.

(g) The force-time histories have been recorded,

and indicate the earlier work along similar lines by MIT and Colorado State University employed too small a tank. Bentonite

proved unsatisfactory as a material for use in obtaining photographs of the flow field.

Computations of the apparent mass as a function of immersion depth for various V- wedges are being completed. Zero buoyancy

bubbles located in the water of the droptank permitted photographs of the path

lines of the bubbles to be made for each

impact of a V-wedge.

(h) "Deceleration During Impact of Seaplane

Hulls on a Water Surface", by Bernard

d'Utruy, Master's Thesis, August 1957- Report to sponsor in progress.

(1837) SEALING OF IRRIGATION CANALS BY BENTONITE

SEDIMEMTING.

(b) U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service,

U.S. D.I. Bureau of Reclamation, various

irrigation companies and districts.

(c) Mr. R. L. Dirmeyer, Jr., Civil Engineering

Sec, Colorado State University, Fort

Collins, Colo.

(d) Applied research and development, both

laboratory and field investigations.

(e) The sedimenting method involves the use of

bentonite suspensions in water. The sealing is accomplished by the bentonite seep- ing into the cracks and voids of the pervious canal bed material. The technique

depends greatly upon field conditions of

each specific case. Most recent develop- ments show the possibility of introducing

various chemical products to supplement,

or even in lieu of, the bentonite.

(g) Varying degrees of success have been

achieved, ranging from no reduction to 90%

reduction in seepage. Further results

await evaluation of improved techniques

and long-term effectiveness. In most installations the amount of water saved even during only the first season has more than

paid for the operation costs.

(h) "Report of Sediment Lining Investigations

Fiscal Year 1956", by R. D. Dirmeyer, Jr., Colorado State University, Civil Engineering Dept. Report CER56RDDI7, August 1956.

"Use of Colloidal Clay Sediments in Sealing Irrigation Canals", by R. D. Dirmeyer,

Jr., International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, Third Congress, R.5 3 Question 7, pp. 7-76-7-96, February 1957-

(1838) BEHAVIOR OF MODEL SHIP HULLS IN AN OBLIQUE

SEA SYSTEM.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin through the Office

of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Mr. E. F. Schulz, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colo.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A five-foot model tanker was towed at five

different headings to a simple wave front. The responses of the model to the waves were measured from movies taken from the

front and side during the experiments.

(f) Completed.

(g) The important parameters affecting the

model motions were found to be the effective tuning ratio and the relative wave

length. Amplitudes of motion were found to be as much as five times greater than

the associated wave function when the

tuning ratio was near unity. For a particular tuning ratio the amplitude parameters

increased with increasing wave length up

to approximately twice the hull length.

(h) "Model Tests with a Tanker in Oblique Seas",

by E. F. Schultz, T. T. Williams and R. M

Ralston, Colorado State University, Civil

Engineering Dept. Report CER57EFS2, 56 p., January 1957-

(1839) THEORY AND DESIGN OF STABLE CHANNELS IN ALLUVIAL MATERIALS.

(b) Cooperative project sponsored by U.S.G.S.,

Corps of Engineers, U.S.B.R., Colorado

State University, and the University of

Wyoming.

(c) Mr. D. B. Simons, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colo.

(d) Experimental (based on field data), basic

research.

(e) This project involves a field study of

stable channels in alluvial material. The purpose of the research is to investigate

the validity of the regime theories as developed in India; to investigate, expand

and possibly improve the tractive force

method of stable channel design; and to relate the regime theories to the tractive

force theory insofar as possible.

(f) Completed.

(g) The usefulness of the regime and tractive

force theories was verified. The range of

applicability to design of both theories

was expanded. Methods of combining the more useful concepts of each of these

theories and applying them to design problems are illustrated. Problems that will

require further study are cited.

(h) "Theory and Design of Stable Channels in

Alluvial Material", by D. B. Simons, Ph.D. Dissertation, 1957-

(2066) STUDY OF OPEN CHANNEL CONSTRICTIONS IN A

SLOPING FLUME.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

(c) Dr. H. K. Liu, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colo.

(d) Experimental; applied.

(e) The study is divided into two stages. The

first stage, which has been finished, was to study the backwater caused by the

15
constriction in a tilting flume having a rigid bottom. The second stage of the

study, which is in progress, is to study

the effect of an alluvial bed on the back- water and also the maximum scour around tte abutments. The experimental work is con- ducted in a 160 foot long, 8 foot wide

flume. Both the sediment and the water are recirculated in this system. A uniform

flow is established before the abutments

are in place. The change of water surface

configuration and the change of bed con- figuration are measured throughout the

testing period. The degree of contraction

caused by the abutments varies from 0-5 to

0.1.

(g) The maximum scour depends primarily upon

the degree of contraction, the Froude

number and the normal depth of the unobstructed flow and the geometry of the abut- ments. Methods of analyzing data include

a using energy and momentum principle; dimensional analysis; and empirical correlation.

(h) "Backwater Effects of Bridge Piers and

Abutments", by H. K. Liu, J. N. Bradley and

E. 0. Plate, Colorado State University,

Civil Engineering Dept. Report CER57HKL10,

October 1957-

(2277) STUDY OF EVAPORATION FROM SOIL SURFACES IN TERMS OF SOIL AND MICROMETEOROLOGICAL

FACTORS.

(b) Project of the Western Regional Research

Project W-32, "Basic Hydrological Factors Relating to Water Conservation.

(c) Dr. A. T. Corey, Civil Engineering Section,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colo.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) The project is a comprehensive study of

moisture transfer from soil by evaporation

from the soil surface. The Immediate ob- jectives of this investigation are to eval- uate the variables known to affect evapora- tion from soil in order to determine those

that are most important in the field, and

secondly, to search for relationships among the pertinent variables which will permit

quantitative estimates of evaporation from

a given soil under prevailing ambient con- ditions . (g) It has been found that in the soils studied

there is a critical depth of water table. When the water table is above this depth,

the rate of evaporation differs slightly

from that of a free water surface. At evaporation rates of 1 inch per day or less, the critical depth can be related to moisture release curves obtained on these soils,

the critical depth being approximately

equal to the air-entry pressure of the

soil-water system expressed as a head of

water. At very high rates of evaporation

the critical depth is substantially less

than the air-entry pressure. Theory has

been developed to explain these results.

It has also been found that with the water

table at a specified depth (other than at

the surface ) the rate of evaporation in- creases with radiant energy input until a maximum is reached. Additional increments

of radiation decrease the evaporation rates An attempt is being made to explain this

phenomenon

.

(h) "Effect of Depth of Water Table on Evaporation from Fine Sand", by Robert W. Staley Master's Thesis, 1957. A Doctoral Dissertation is now in prepara- tion by Richard A. Schleusener.

(2278) METHODS OF GENERATING A COMPLEX SEAWAY FOR MODEL STUDIES.

(b) Navy Department through David Taylor Model

Basin.

(c) Mr. R. E. Glover, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colorado State University, Fort Col] ins, Colo.

(d) Theoretical investigation of requirements

for generating a specified confused sea.

(e) Present model basin wave generators are generally arranged for the production of

long-crested waves. These may be regular

or irregular in form. It is known, however,

that storm seas are, or may be, of shortcrested types. The development of means

for generating a short-crested confused

sea in a model basin is needed to permit

model testing under conditions representing storm conditions. It is the objective

of this project to develop ways of pro- ducing such model seas.

(g) Some wave generator arrangements for pro- ducing short-crested seas of simple types

have been devised.

(h) "Wave Motion Produced by Linear Wave Generators", by R. E. Glover, Tech. Rpt.

No. 1, December 1956. "First Approximation to a Confused Sea in

a Circular Model Basin", by R. E. Glover,

Technical Report No. 2, January 1957> Colorado State University, Civil Engineering Dept. Report CER57REGI3.

"3rief Note on Mechanical Means of

Generating a Confused Sea", by R. E. Glover, Tech. Report No. 3 , January 1957 > Colorado State University, Civil Engineering Dept. Report CER57REG1U.

(2279) LABORATORY AND FIELD STUDY OF THE VORTEX TUBE SAND TRAP.

Cooperative project; Colorado Agricultural

Experiment Station and Agricultural Re- search Service. See U. S. Department of

Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, page 86.

(2510) STUDY OF LOW LEVEL TURBUMCE.

(b) Air Force Cambridge Research Center, Laurence G. Hanscom Field, Bedford, Mass.

(c) Mr. J. E. Cermak, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colo.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; fundamental.

(e) A wind tunnel having a test section 6- x 6-feet square and 80 feet long with various

li
arrangements of heating and cooling sur- faces is being designed and constructed. An experimental study using the equipment

of project (1566) is "being conducted to de- termine the effect of roughness upon the

characteristics of a turbulent boundary

layer formed over a rough, plane, heated

boundary

(g) Final phases of the wind tunnel construc- tion are in progress. Considerable data

on the turbulent boundary layer formed

over a rough, plane, heated boundary has

been obtained using the same experimental

equipment as' for Project 1566.

2511) IRRIGATION WATER APPLICATION AND DRAINAGE OF LANDS IN THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER BASIN.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station

and U.S.D.A.

(c) Mr. N. A. Evans, Civil Engineering Section,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colo.

(d) Field investigation and experimental;

applied and basic research.

(e) Drainage and reclamation of typical western

valley irrigated lands. Investigational

techniques and procedures for analysis of

groundwater problems are being developed.

The hydraulics of a drainage well system

have been analyzed.

(g) The geophysical technique of electrical

resistivity has been used with excellent

results In stratum investigation. Successful performance of a drainage well has been

found to depend very largely upon openings

in a confining clay stratum. Drainage by

pumping has been found to be economical

under the prevailing conditions

[2512) MODEL STUDIES FOR BOCONO DAM, VENEZUELA.

(b) Tipton and Kalmbach, Inc., Denver, Colorado.

(c) Dr. A. R. Chamberlain, Chief, Civil Engineering Sec . , Colorado State University,

Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The purpose of this investigation is to ob- tain information concerning the action of

water flowing over and through the proposed

dam and appurtenant structures. This includes: (l) Design and construction of

models in accordance with proposed designs;

(2) qualitative investigation of the flow

characteristics over the spillway and

through the outlet works ; ( 3 ) calibrating

the spillway and obtaining a rating curve

for discharges released under radial gates

at various openings; (k) a study of a stilling basin and secondary dam design to obtain satisfactory energy dissipation, and

check the height of guide walls provided,

and (5) study of the flow pattern and pressure distribution at the ends of the river

outlets opening to the downstream face. A

large scale model will be specially built

for this study, and (6) study the effect

of stilling basin operation on pressure variations in the draft tubes which discharge into the stilling basin.

(g) A general model has been constructed to a

scale of 1:1+9.2. The design of the stilling basin, secondary dam, and downstream

gravel apron has been finalized, based on observations of the model performance.

Alterations have also been made in the

crest, piers, and ends of the spillway to improve flow conditions.

(h) "Interim Report on Model Studies for Bocono

Dam", Colorado State University, Civil En- gineering Dept. Report CER5TARC28, Oct. 1, 1957. Not available for outside distribution.

(2513) FLOW MEASURING DEVICES.

(b) Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment

Station.

(c) Dr. A. R. Chamberlain, Chief, Civil Engineering Section, Colorado State University,

Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental applied.

(e) The purpose of the initial phases was to test a 1/6 scale model of a modified WSC

flume, to determine its suitability and

calibration curve for applications at flow

measuring stations along steep (5$>) channels of ephemeral streams. The scope of the research has been expanded to include a generalized series of tests which

should result in complete design criteria

for trapezoidal open channel flumes.

(g) Experiments completed on the initial phases.

The experiments for the generalized cases mentioned above have not been completed as yet.

(h) "Preliminary Model Tests of a Flume for

Measuring Discharge of Steep Ephemeral

Streams", by A. R. Chamberlain prepared

for the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range

Experiment Station, February 1957.> Colorado

State University, Civil Engineering Dept.

Report CER57ARC12.

(251U) FUNDAMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF ALLUVIAL

CHANNEL ROUGHNESS.

(b) U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. D. B. Simons, Civil Engineering Sec.,, Colorado State University, Fort Collins J Colo.

(d) Experimental; basic.

(e) This study involves a detailed analysis of

the mechanics of bed roughness and sediment

transport in alluvial channels. The first

phase of the investigation deals primarily

with evaluation of resistance to flow in

alluvial channels. This phase of the problem is currently being studied in a recirculating laboratory flume 8 feet wide and

150 feet long. Upon completion of the

laboratory study the results will be modified by a field study to suit field conditions . (g) The first sequence of runs in the laboratory flume have been completed. A preliminary report based on the flume data is currently being prepared.

(h) "Resistance to Flow in Alluvial Channels",

by D. B. Simons and E. V. Richardson,

17
Progress Report, U.S.G.S., Colorado State

University, available in February 1958.

(2516) ANALYTICAL STUDY OF ALLUVIAL CHANNEL ROUGHNESS.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. H. K. Liu, Civil Engineering Section,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colo.

(d) Analytical; applied research and master's

thesis

.

(e) A considerable amount of field and experimental data has been gathered from many

different sources. An empirical relationship between dimensionless parameters per- tinent to the flow and to the sediment has

been established. An attempt will be made

to confirm the empirical correlation

through theory and contribute towards an understanding of the mechanics of ripple

formation, of the interaction between flow

and sediment in alluvial channels, and to develop design formulas for alluvial

channel flow which are valid for a wide

range of field conditions, and which show

how sediment properties influence the

roughness coefficients of the conventional

discharge formulas.

(2517) EFFECT OF WASH LOAD ON CONCENTRATION OF FED MATERIAL IN SUSPENSION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. A. R. Chamberlain, Chief, Civil Engineering Sec, Colorado State University,

Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental; fundamental.

(e) Using a tank with lattice-type agitator to

create uniform turbulence, fine sand in

the bed of the tank was carried into sus- pension and measurements made of concentration. A kaolin-type clay was introduced

in varying concentrations and the concen- tration distribution of the suspended bed

sand again measured. The temperature was also varied.

(g) Concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 percent

of clay were found to increase the average concentration of bed material in suspen- sion by 5-0, 18.0, and 36. percent respectively. Although this marked increase in

concentration could be attributed In part

to the increased viscosity due to the clay,

it did not account for all the increase.

(h) "Effect of Wash Load on Suspension of Bed

Material Load", by A. Hasan Makarechian,

Master's Thesis, November 1956.

(261*9) DEVELOPMENT OF DRAINAGE DESIGN CRITERIA

FOR IRRIGATED LANDS.

Cooperative project; Colorado Agricultural

Experiment Station and Agricultural Research

Service. See U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Page 86.

(2760) METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

(b) Colo. Agri. Exp. Sta. and U. S. Weather

Bureau.

(c) Mr. M. Parshall, Civil Engineering Section,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colo.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Meteorological observations are made twice

daily, as they have been made since 1887- The data serve to determine the climate of

this station. The data are used by Experi- ment Station workers, local companies and

private individuals. Evaporation from a free water surface has been measured twice

daily during the Ice-free season since 1887

and is one of the longest records in the

U. S. Elements observed every two hours

are: Air temperature, maximum and minimum

temperature, wet and dry bulb temperature,

terrestrial radiation temperature, soil

temperatures at 3, 6, 12, 2k, 36, and 72 inches, wind at 15 inches and 65 feet,

barometric pressure, precipitation, re- cording of temperature, pressure and precipitation, sky cover, wind direction and

evaporation to 0.001 inch water temperature

and maximum and minimum water temperature

during ice-free season.

(g) New high and low temperature extremes have

been recorded within the past 6 years

.

(h) The data from this station are published

in part in climatological data for Colo,

by the U.S.W.3. There have been in the past Station Bulletins published which

carry complete station data as well as standard deviations for some of the data. The last bulletin was published in I9V7.

(2761) ECONOMIC EFFECT AND LEGISLATIVE IMPLICA- TIONS OF GROUND-WATER DEPLETION IN THE LOWER BIJOU BASIN, MORGAN COUNTY, COLO.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station

and U.S.D. A. Western Regional Project W-l*2. (c) Mr. W. E. Code and Mr. I. P. Davis, Colo. State University, Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) This is a cooperative regional investigation in which 7 states are involved. In Colorado the project is conducted coopera- tively between the Economics and Civil

Engineering Sections of CSU. Each state will conduct its own study on a particular

area where groundwater is being developed.

The amount of water pumped from the study area in Bijou Valley was determined for 1956 in conjunction with the effect on the water table. These and other data will be

used to determine the life of the supply

under present conditions. Conclusions

will be drawn on the economic impact on the area under present conditions and what

they would have been had some specific

type of legislative control been in effect.

(f) Will be completed June 30, 1958.

(g) The water table in Bijou Valley has been

receding because of over development since

pumping began in 1935- The lowering was very moderate at first but as pumping ex- panded the rate of lowering was accelerated, particularly since 191*8. A ground- water law was passed early in 1957 but thee

L8
jl

has not as yet been time for its applications to this area,

(h) A progress report was prepared by Irving P. Davis and W. E. Code and published in

Colorado Farm and Home Research, Vol. 7> No. h, January-February 1957-

j(2762) CURRENT METER INVESTIGATION.

(b) U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Dr. A. R. Chamberlain, Chief, Civil Engineering Section, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental; applied.

(e) To determine the effect on the performance

of various types of current meters of: (l) Various intensities and scales of turbulence; (2) proximity of the current meter to a water-air interface; (3) prox- imity of the bed to the meter; and (k) the

orientation of the meter with respect to

the flow. The meters being tested are the

standard Price and pygmy and several models of a new vane meter which have various

numbers and shapes of vanes. The vane meters were designed by Mr. Frazier, U.S. G.S., Columbus, Ohio. The purpose of the new design is to obtain a standard rotar which can be mass produced with sufficient accuracy as to eliminate individual ratings

and which will have better characteristics

than the Price.

(2763) EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS IN OPEN CHANNELS.

(b) National Science Foundation and Colorado

State University.

(c) Dr. M. L. Albertson, Civil Engineering

Section, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search.

(e) The study consists of an analysis of data

taken on open channels in both the laboratory and the field. Present emphasis is being placed upon the analysis of profiles

of velocity and sediment concentration as associated with secondary circulation.

(276U) OPEN CHANNEL RESEARCH - CONSTRUCTION OF A

TILTING FLUME.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. A. R. Chamberlain, Chief, Civil Engineering Section, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Design and construction of equipment.

(e) The above project has as its fundamental

purpose the design and construction of

basic equipment to be utilized in the CSU

investigations in the field of alluvial

channel hydraulics.

(g) Design of the flume has been completed.

Materials for construction have been re- ceived.

(2765) CALIBRATION OF TURBINE METERS FOR THE MARTIN COMPANY, DENVER DIVISION.

(b) The Martin Company, Denver, Colorado.

(c) Dr. A. R. Chamberlain, Chief, Civil Engineering Section, Colorado State University,

Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental.

(e) The purpose of the project is to calibrate

turbine meters ranging from 3/l6" to 12"

in nominal size. These turbine meters will

later be used for determining flow rates of

water, liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen, RP-1

fuel and MIL-O-5606 hydraulics fluid. Two

test stands have been constructed for this purpose

(g) Calibration curves have been obtained for

several meters to date

(2766) HYDRAULICS OF MEANDERS AND SPUR DIKES.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. A. R. Chamberlain, Chief, Civil Engineering Section, Colorado State University,

Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Theoretical and fundamental.

(e) This project was designed to make use of a certain number of off-campus high school

and junior college teachers during the summer of 1957- The faculty members who

worked on this project investigated: (a)

Utilization of the somascope for measurement of scour around spur dikes; (b) de- sign of a shear transducer for measuring

shear along a boundary; (c) mathematical

analysis of flow through trapezoidal sections; and (d) theoretical investigation

of scour behavior around spur dike con- figurations . (h) Final report in progress.

(2767) EDUCATIONAL FILMS ON OPEN CHANNEL FLOW.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

(c) Mr. J. R. Barton, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colo.

(d) Laboratory and field.

(e) Project involves the making of a color

film on open channel flow in connection

with highway drainage problems for educational purposes.

(2768) MODEL STUDIES OF THE CUMBAYA PROJECT TUNNEL

BY-PASS, ECUADOR.

(b) Tipton and Kalmbach, Inc., Denver, Colo.

(c) Dr. A. R. Chamberlain, Chief, Civil Engineering Section, Colorado State University,

Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental; applied research, design.

(e) This by-pass is needed to carry water

around a hydraulic power plant when the

power plant is shut down. It operates infrequently. The water passes through an inclined tunnel with a drop of approximately

200 feet. At the outlet end it enters a horizontal tunnel. The problem is to dissipate the energy as it enters the

tunnel. A manifold stilling basin forces

the water up as a series of jets into the

bottom of the tunnel and the energy is dissipated in the overhead water. The

problem is to determine the proper size and

19
number of the jets and the depth of sub- mergence . (h) "Laboratory Study of a Manifold Stilling

Basin", by Gene Fiala, Master's Thesis,

May 1957-

(2769) EVALUATION OF FLOWMETERS FOR THE MARTIN

COMPANY, DENVER DIVISION.

(b) The Martin Company, Denver, Colorado.

(c) Dr. A. R. Chamberlain, Chief, Civil Engineering Section, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental; applied.

(e) The purpose of the project is to carry out tests on the dynamic, kinematic and general

performance characteristics of various

types of flowmeters to be inserted in pipelines . The flowmeters to be considered

are the Gulton, Gentile Tube, and Maxson

Ultrasonic, impact strain gauge, turbine meters and rotameters. The fluids under

consideration are water, liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen, GP-h fuel, RP-1 fuel and

MIL-O-5606 hydraulics fluid.

(g) Preliminary results indicate that the viscosity of the fluid can have a very marked

effect on the performance of certain types

of turbine meters. Minor variance in in- terior diameter of the pipelines has a negligible influence on the calibration

curve

.

(2770) A STUDY OF SHEAR STRESS AT A FLUID-SOLID

INTERFACE BY MEASUREMENT OF THE ELECTRO- KINETIC POTENTIAL.

(b) Research Corporation, New York.

(c) Mr. J. E. Cermak, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colo.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Electrokinetic potentials developed be- tween wall electrodes at about 1-inch

spacing along the length of a 1-inch diam- eter pipe will be recorded by an oscilloscope camera recorder. Time variation of

the electrokinetic potential for laminar,

transition and turbulent flow will be studied. These data will be used to ob- tain fundamental information on boundary

shear stress.

(2771) DISTRIBUTION OF A WETTING AND NON-WETTING FLUID PHASE IN A POROUS SOLID.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. A. T. Corey, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colo.

(d) Experimental; basic research, theoretical.

(e) The purpose of this project is to determine

by experimental methods whether or not the

distribution of wetting and non-wetting

phases in a porous solid depends on the

rate at which a wetting phase is displaced

by a non-wetting phase. It is planned to obtain this information by measuring the

effect of displacement rates on the hydraulic conductivity and on the electrical

conductivity of electrolytes at particular

saturations of the wetting phase,

(g) Equipment is being assembled.

(2901) LABORATORY STUDY OF GRAVEL FILTER DESIGN

FOR IRRIGATION WELLS.

Cooperative project; Colorado Agricultural

Experiment Station and Agricultural Re- search Service. See U. S. Department of

Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, page 87.

(2902) DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF WATER

MEASURING DEVICES.

Cooperative project; Colorado Agricultural

Experiment Station and Agricultural Re- search Service. See U. S. Department of

Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, page 87.

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory

(2519) DISPERSION OF DISSOLVED MATERIALS BY FLOW I THROUGH GRANULAR MEDIA.

(b) U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. E. Simpson, Dept. of Geology, Columbia

University, New York 27, N. Y. (d) Experimental and theoretical; doctoral

thesis

.

(e) Experiments are being conducted to determine the extent of dispersion of dissolved tracer material perpendicular to the direction of flow in a granular media.

I (2520) TRANSITIONS FOR SUPERCRITICAL FLOW IN TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNELS.

I (b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. R. Skalak, Dept. of Civil Engineering

Columbia University, New York 27, N. Y. (d) Experimental and theoretical, master's

thesis.

(e) Small scale experiments are used to explore

the merit of various transition designs

where the initial flow is supercritical in an open trapezoidal channel-

(f) Discontinued.

(g) Tests show that trapezoidal channels carry- ing supercritical flow may be satisfactoril

terminated by converging transitions with

vertical walls.

(h) "Transitions for Supercritical Flow in Trapezoidal Channels", F. Wiener, M.S. Thesis, 1957-

(2772) BEHAVIOR OF BUBBLES IN A LIQUID UNDER

VIBRATION.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Prof. R. Skalak, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

Columbia University, New York 27, N. Y. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search.

(e) The formation and migration of air and vapor bubbles In a liquid when a partly

.'0
full rigid container is vibrated vertically

is "being studied experimentally. Surface

waves accompanying the vi"bration are also

studied.

(g) Under certain conditions of vibration,

"bubbles move downward instead of upward as usual

- --

UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, Hydraulic Research Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering.

(1078) HYDROLOGIC FACTORS INFLUENCING RAINFALL- RUNOFF RELATIONSHIPS ON SMALL WATERSHEDS

IN EASTERN CONNECTICUT.

(b) Laboratory project; State Highway Dept.

j (c) Prof. K. C. Tippy, Box U-37, University of

Connecticut, Storrs, Conn.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Rainfall and runoff measurements are being

taken on small watersheds varying in size

from k to hOO acres

(1079) STUDY OF WIND EFFECTS ON STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. A. L. Mirsky, Box U-37, University of

Connecticut, Storrs, Conn.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A study of wind action and flow over various types of buildings and structures is being conducted in a small three-dimensional

wind tunnel.

(1080) STUDY OF HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF CURB INLETS.

(b) Laboratory project; State Highway Dept.

(c) Prof. V. E. Scottron, Box U-37, University

of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests are continuing on the influence of

plan form of parallel bar gratings on hydraulic capacity. Field tests are also

being conducted.

(g) A report has been issued to the Connecticut

Highway Department on the design of parallel

bar gratings . A paper covering a portion

of this report is published in Annual Re- port of the Connecticut Society of Civil

Engineers, Hartford, Conn., March 1955-

(2073) A STUDY OF SIDE FLOW INTO GUTTERS AND

CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. V. Scottron, Box U-37, University of

Connecticut, Storrs, Conn.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

(e) Work Is continuing on the hydraulics of

rectangular channels with sloping bottoms

and uniformly entering side flow.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Dept. of Agricultural Engrg.

(228U) METHODS TO IMPROVE DESIGN AND UTILIZATION

OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Professors H. E. Gray and Gilbert Levine,

Project Leaders, Dept. of Agricultural

Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Continuation of earlier studies of friction

loss in commercially available irrigation

pipe and couplers. Sizes range from 2 to

6 inch diameters

CORNELL UNIVERSITY, School of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos . 2285, 2286, and

2775 to 2880, incl., should be addressed to Dr. Andre L. Jorissen, Lincoln Hall, Cornell University,

Ithaca, New York.

(2285) QUADRANT EDGE ORIFICE STUDIES.

(b) A. S. M. E. Research Committee on Fluid

Meters; laboratory project.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Study of the quadrant edge orifice for discharge measurements at low Reynolds numbers.

Reproducibility. Effect of size. Effect

of diameter ratio. Influence of pipe

roughness

( f ) Inactive

(2286) EFFECTS OF ROUGHNESS ON VENTURI TUBE COEFFICIENTS.

(b) Builders-Providence, Inc.; laboratory

project

(d) Experimental.

(e) Study of the effects of roughness in the

approach pipe and in the converging cone on the coefficient of discharge of Venturi

tubes of various characteristics.

(2773) ROLL WAVES AND SLUG FLOWS.

(b) Basic research.

(c) Dr. Paul G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. (d) Theoretical and experimental

( e ) The cause and subsequent development of

intermittent flows in open channels are studied and analyzed. As a result of this

investigation, two distinctly different wave train phenomena can be delineated.

They are designated respectively as Roll Waves and Slug Flows.

Roll Waves are the result of the interaction of surface tension and gravity

forces at a slightly disturbed surface.

They form whenever the surface velocity of

the stream is less than the minimum velocity of surface waves, provided that the

channel slope is sufficiently steep. Roll

Waves are characterized by transverse

ridges of high vorticity and intermittent

quiescent zones. Slug flows result from instabilities which

cause the transition from supercritical

laminar flow to turbulent flow. Locally

disturbed regions are swept downstream like

21
(g)

(h)

(277M

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

travelling oblique hydraulic jumps. They

spread transversely and contaminate adjacent zones similar to turbulent spots in

wind tunnel studies.

Slug flows form whenever the surface velocity of the undisturbed fluid is in excess of the minimum wave velocity of surface

disturbances . They are characterized by a succession of highly agitated surges. The wave crests are separated by turbulent

regions

.

A theory has been established. The experimental data is analyzed and the pertinent

characteristics of Roll Waves and Slug

Flows are presented in terms of significant

dimensionless parameters. Photographs of

significant events are presented and the

original data are reproduced.

"A Study of Roll Waves and Slug Flows in

Inclined Open Channels", Paul G. Mayer,

Ph. D. Thesis, Cornell University, Sept. 1957-

MODEL STUDY OF DEBRIS DEFLECTOR AT POWER

PLANT INTAKE.

American Gas and Electric Service Corp.

,

New York, N. Y. Prof. Marvin Bogema, School of Engineering,

Dept. of Hydraulics and Hydraulic Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Experimental

.

A model study of the condenser water intake

of the Muskingum River Plant to determine

effectiveness of a submerged weir in pre- venting watersoaked leaves from entering

plant intake.

(2775) 20 IN. DALL FLOW TUBE CALIBRATION.

(b) Builders-Providence, Inc.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Calibration and head loss test.

(f) Completed.

(2776) 16 IN. FLOW NOZZLE CALIBRATIONS.

(b) Builders-Providence , Inc.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Calibration of eight l6 in. flow nozzles

(h stainless steel, k carbon steel) under

conditions of installation with pipe loops

and regulating valves in upstream approach

pipe.

(f) Completed.

(2777) FLOW NOZZLES AND ORIFICE PLATES CALIBRATION.

(b) Public Service Electric and Gas Company.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Calibration of three 12 inch and four lh inch flow nozzles, and one lh inch orifice

plate

.

(f) Completed.

(2778) 20 IN. ORIFICE PLATE CALIBRATIONS.

(b) Bailey Meter Company.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Calibration.

(2779) VALVE TESTS.

(b) Kennedy Valve Manufacturing Company.

(a \

\ a ) Experimental

.

(e) Pressure loss tests on fire hydrants

Completed

.

(2780) h IN. NOZZLE CALIBRATION.

(b) Builders -Providence, Inc. (a) Experimental

.

(e) Calibration of test section

(f) Completed.

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, The Engineering and Industrial Experiment Station, Coastal Engineering Lab.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos . 2296, 2297 , 2298, 2300, 2525, and 2527 should be addressed to

Dr. Per Brunn, Coastal Engineering Laboratory,

University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla.

(2296) INVESTIGATION OF EXISTING DATA ON TIDAL

ENTRANCES.

(b)

(a)

(e)

(g)

(2297)

(b)

(a)

(e)

Beach Erosion Board, Washington, D. C. Field investigation; basic research.

To analyze existing data on tidal inlets,

including estuaries, in order to relate

tidal characteristics, tidal prism, inlet

area, littoral drift, and pertinent factor to the controlling depth and shoaling ten- dencies of tidal inlets.

Preliminary report has been made.

FIELD STUDY OF BEACHES.

Laboratory project.

Field investigation; applied research.

Beach profiles and configurations of shore ' line on protected and unprotected coasts

In Florida are being investigated. The purpose is to obtain data from the Florida

shore line. From these data basic information will be derived and they will be

used as a basis for practical coastal pro- tection design.

(2298)

(b)

(a)

(e)

(2299)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

MODEL STUDY OF DESTRUCTION OF WAVE ENERGY BY VERTICAL WALLS.

National Science Foundation.

Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search. The destruction of wave energy by vertical

walls will be studied in a wave tank. Different kinds of vertical walls will be

investigated.

MODEL STUDY ON THE BEHAVIOR OF LAKE WORTH.

Port of Palm Beach (Gee and Jensen, Con- sulting Engineers, West Palm Beach, Fla.

Mr. F. Gerritsen, Coastal Engineering Lab

oratory, University of Florida, Gainesvil

Fla. Experimental; applied research.

Engineering information will be obtained
on the behavior of Lake Worth, If Lake

Worth Inlet will he deepened to accommodate

seagoing vessels of greater draft. A hydraulic model of the Lake Worth area has

been built to investigate this problem.

The model has a solid bottom, and scales

of 800 and ^0 for the horizontal and vertical dimensions respectively. In the model

the behavior of the water table in Lake

Worth is investigated when the inlet is deepened to different extents. The tide

level in the ocean is used as a boundary

condition. The investigation was carried

out at normal tide and at storm and hurricane conditions

(g) Model tests have been completed.

(2300) BEACH EROSION AT FERNANDINA BEACH.

(b) City of Fernandina Beach. Cooperative

study with Beach Erosion Board, Washington,

D. C. (d) Field investigation; applied research.

(2525) SEAWALL MODEL STUDY,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and

applied research.

(e) The absorption of wave energy at different

kinds of sea walls will be investigated.

Special reference to coastal protection

and harbor problems.

(2526) COASTAL ENGINEERING INVESTIGATION AT LONG- BOAT PASS.

(b) Florida State Road Department.

(c) Florida State Road Dept., Tallahassee, Fla. (d) Field investigation; applied research and

design.

(e) The purpose of the investigation is to

secure data on the development of Longboat

Pass and the adjacent shore lines from

which recommendations can be made for proper coastal protection for the bridge

connection between Anna Maria and Longboat

Key. The research plan involved investigations of changes in the shore line and

of beach profiles.

(f) Completed.

(2527) BEACH EROSION INVESTIGATION AT JUPITER

ISLAND.

(b) Town of Jupiter Island.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The purpose of the investigations is to

secure information about the actual situation of the erosion of Jupiter Island and

to secure some technical data based upon which recommendations can be made for

immediate relief of the acute erosion

problem. The plan of research involved

investigations of changes in the shore

line and beach profiles.

(f) The study has been completed and report

has been made.

(g) Continuous artificial nourishment of the

beach has been recommended.

(h) Results are published in Technical Progress

Report No. 5, Vol. XI, No. 3, March 1957,

University of Florida.

(2528) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT THE FREEPORT

CAUSEWAY.

(b) Florida State Road Department.

(c) Florida State Road Dept. Tallahassee, Fla.

(d) Field investigation; design.

(e) The purpose of the study is to improve the

present design of sea walls used for pro- tection of the causeway; approximately 3 miles of bulkheads of different construction.

(f) The study has been completed and a report

has been made

(2781) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT DEERFIELD

BEACH.

(b) City of Deerfield Beach.

(c) City Manager, Deerfield Beach, Fla. (d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The purpose of the investigations is to

secure information about the actual situation of the erosion of Deerfield Beach and

to secure some technical data based upon

which recommendations can be made for

immediate relief of the acute erosion problem. The plan of research involved investigations of changes in the shore line and

beach profiles.

(f) The field study has been completed.

(2782) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT BAKER'S

HAULOVER.

( d ) Dade County Park Department

(c) Dade County Park Dept., Miami, Fla.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The purpose of the investigations is to

secure information about the actual situation of the erosion of Baker ' s Haulover

and to secure some technical data based

upon which recommendations can be made for

immediate relief of the acute erosion problem. The plan of research involved investigations of changes in the shore line and

beach profiles.

(f) Field study has been completed.

(2783) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT FT. PIERCE

BEACH.

(b) Ft. Pierce Beach Erosion District,

(.c) Ft. Pierce Beach Erosion District, Fort Pierce, Florida.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The purpose of the investigations is to

secure information about the actual situation of the erosion of Ft. Pierce Beach

and to secure some technical data based

upon which recommendations can be made for

immediate relief of the acute erosion problem. The plan of research involved investigations of changes in the shore line and

beach profiles

(278U) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT CAPTIVA ISLAND.

23
(b) Lee County.

(c) Board of County Commissioners, Lee County,

Ft. Myers, Florida.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The purpose of the investigations is to se- cure information about the actual situation

of the erosion of Captiva Island and to se- cure some technical data based upon which

recommendations can be made for immediate

relief of the acute erosion problem. The

plan of research involved investigations

of changes in the shore line and beach profiles.

(g) The field study has been completed and a preliminary report has been made.

GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Hydraulics Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos . 291, 1584, 1852,

I85I+, 1855, 2529, and 2?85, should be addressed to

Prof. C. E. Kindsvater, School of Civil Engineering,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga.

(291) FLOW OF WATER OVER HIGHWAY EMBANKMENTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; research for master's thesis

(S. P. Prawel).

( e ) Experimental data are being obtained on the

ilischarge characteristics of an embankmentshaped weir. Emphasis has been placed on free discharge over smooth- surfaced embankments. Data have been obtained on the in- fluence of embankment height and tailwater

submergence. Detailed velocity surveys have been made to define the boundary layer

between the upstream edge of the upstream

shoulder and the crown. Tests are being

made on a l:9-scale model in a 3-foot wide

flume

.

(g) It has been established that the discharge

characteristics of an embankment can be re- lated to the theoretical equation of discharge for a broad- crested weir by means of the discharge-displacement boundarylayer thickness. Data and procedures for computing the thickness of the boundarylayer at the control section are being

sought as a means of generalizing the discharge equation for various shapes, sizes,

and roughnesses of embankments.

(1331) THE DIFFUSION OF FOREIGN PARTICLES IN A

FLUID.

(b) Laboratory project; sponsored by the

National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology,

Atlanta, Georgia.

(d) Experimental; basic research for doctoral

dissertation.

(e) The diffusion of macroscopic foreign par- ticles is to be studied in a vertical

diffusion chamber. The turbulence pattern

is to be repetitive in the vertical direction and is to be controlled both in

amplitude and frequency. The purpose of

the study is to determine the difference in|

diffusion characteristics of the foreign

particles and the fluid.

(g) Experimental equipment has been constructed

(1584) FLOW OF WATER OVER WEIRS AND SPILLWAYS.

(b) Water Resources Division, Surface Water

Branch, U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Library search, re-analysis and correlation

of published data, plus original research

as required.

(e) A comprehensive study of the discharge

characteristics of practical forms of weirs

and spillways. Initial phase includes the

preparation of bibliography and the collection of experimental data from all known

sources. Objectives include the publication, in generalized form, of available

experimental data.

(1852) DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF RECTANGULAR PLATE tfEIRS IN RECTANGULAR CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project; partly sponsored by the

U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Experimental and analytical; research for two master's theses.

(e) An investigation of the comprehensive discharge characteristics of the basic sharpedged, rectangular-notch weir. An attempt to evaluate by experimental means the in- fluence of the several variables excluded

by restrictions on the standard weir for- mulas. Tests cover a full range of notch

widths, weir heights, and heads. Investigation limited to free flows of water at normal temperatures

.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Discharge Characteristics of Rectangular,

Thin-Plate Weirs", by Carl E. Kindsvater

and Rolland W. Carter, Proceedings, ASCE,

(publication pending).

(1854) INFLUENCE OF BOUNDARY ROUGHNESS ON ABRUPT ENLARGEMENTS IN ENCLOSED CONDUITS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; research for two master's

theses

.

(e) An experimental investigation of the in- fluence of boundary roughness on the total- energy loss due to abrupt area-enlargements

in circular conduits. Variables include

discharge, expansion ratio and roughness.

(h) Master's thesis completed by B. J. Kittle,

1957.

(1855) TRANQUIL FLOW THROUGH SEVERAL OPENINGS IN AN OPEN-CHANNEL WIDTH CONSTRICTION.

(b) Water Resources Division, Surface Water

Branch, U. S. Geological Surrey.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Objective is to establish principles of

flow division at a multi-opening width

constriction. A lU-foot wide by 80-foot

long flume is being used in the experimental investigation. Channel shape,
degree and pattern of boundary roughness

and constriction geometries will be varied.

Boundary conditions considered will be

governed by highway bridge practice.

(2529) UNIFORM FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS.

(b) Water Resources Division., Surface Water

Branch, U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Re-analysis and correlation of existing

data; original experimental research and

analysis

(e) A fundamental investigation of the mechanics

of uniform flow in open channels, with em- phasis on the influence of channel shape

and non-uniform roughness patterns. Experimental work is being conducted in a 90-foot

long flume, 18 inches deep and 3-5 feet wide

(2785) APPLICATION OF THE ELECTRONIC COMPUTER FOR

THE DIRECT SOLUTION OF THE FLOW EQUATIONS

OF A DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engineers, Georgia Institute of Technology.

(d) Analytical; research for master's thesis.

(e) The energy and continuity equations of

flow in a network of pipes are solved by

means of an electronic computer. The equa- tions containing the quadratic terms (energy equations) are replaced by a system

of linear equations with variable coefficients. The resulting system of linear

equations can be solved by means of standard programs for the electronic computer.

Illustrative problems solved in this manner include (a) network with constant inflow

and constant outflow, (b) network containing elevated reservoirs with constant out- flow from the network, ( c ) network con- taining elevated reservoirs with a variable

outflow from the network which depends on the pressure at the outflow point, and (d)

network containing elevated reservoirs with a constant outflow from the network, but

with a variable inflow to the network de- pending upon the pump characteristics.

UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON, Dept. of Chemical Engineering.

(2303) ENTRAINMENT IN TWO-PHASE GAS-LIQUID FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. A. E. Dukler, Chemical Engineering

Dept., University of Houston, Houston, Tex.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, basic research, master's thesis.

(

size distribution of entrained liquid,

(g) Data have been obtained for one- and threeinch tubes over a wide range of flow rates

for water and air. Both the absolute en- trainment and its distribution along a radius depends on the energy loss in the entrance section. Data are now being

analyzed.

UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO, Engineering Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1859 and 2080

should be addressed to Prof. C. C. Warnick, Asso- ciate Director, College of Engineering, and Projects

Nos. 1861, 1862, 2081, 230I+, and 2786 should be

addressed to Prof. G. L. Corey, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow,

Idaho.

(1859) A STUDY OF EFFECTIVENESS OF CANAL LININGS AND SOIL SEDIMENTS IN CONTROLLING SEEPAGE

LOSSES.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(d) Field investigation; basic and operational

research.

(e) Different types of canal linings are being

studied and various ways of evaluating per- formance are being considered especially

ideas for measuring canal seepage from both

lined and unlined canals.

(g) Five years of field work have been completed

on seepage loss characteristics and per- formance of experimental canal linings.

(h) Progress report being prepared for limited

distribution.

(l86l) THE IMPROVEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF STREAM- FLOW MEASURING DEVICES.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with

Agricultural Research Service, being

carried on under the Agricultural Experi- ment Station.

(d) Experimental; applied.

(e) Study is being made, in laboratory and in

field streams with full-size models, of the

hydraulic characteristics of crest gages under controlled conditions. A direct

reading current meter of new design is being

developed for convenient field use.

(g) Several crest gages have been evaluated and

an improved design developed. This has

been studied in a fluid polariscope to es- tablish flow characteristics. The new

current meter has been calibrated and used

experimentally.

e) A study of the entrainment of liquid into (l862)

the gas phase for the concurrent annular

flow configuration. Measurements are made

of entrainment distribution for horizontal (b)

flow in various tube sizes, flow rates and

fluid properties. Purpose of the work is (d) to develop and test the relationships to (e)

(l) Relate rate of entrainment to the ex- ternal variables, and (2) evaluate drop

DETERMINATION OF ANNUAL RUNOFF FROM WATER- SHED CHARACTERISTICS.

Laboratory project, being carried on under

Agricultural Experiment Station.

Experimental; applied research. A statistical study has been started on correlation between various watershed

characteristics and annual runoff on gage

467776 O - 58 - 3 25
watersheds for eventual application to un- gaged areas. This work is being continued

by V. I. Myers who is now with the Agricultural Research Service. An additional

phase is a detailed study of the hydrological factors affecting the Moscow Mountain

Watershed as it applies to the total water

use in the area.

(g) The latter study has just been started and stream gaging information is being obtained

and processed.

(h) A paper on the first phase is being pre- pared by Mr. Myers.

(2080) A STUDY OF RIME ICE AND SNOW CAPPING ON HIGH ALTITUDE PRECIPITATION GAGES.

(b) Laboratory project; in cooperation with U.

S. Weather Bureau, Bureau of Reclamation,

Corps of Engineers, Soil Conservation

Service and City of Moscow.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied

operational research.

(e) Several experimental gages have been in- stalled to obtain basic data on snow

capping. An electrical means of heating

the orifice of the gage is being studied.

(g) Field gages have been in operation for two

years and new special heated-orifice gages have been placed in operation. Several

pieces of weather measuring equipment have

been incorporated into the project the past year.

(h) "Rime Ice and Snow Capping on High Altitude

Precipitation Gages", C. C. Warnick, Proceedings of the Western Snow Conference, Santa Barbara, Calif., April 17-19, 1957-

(2081) THE DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEMS.

(b) Cooperative with Agricultural Research

Service under the Agricultural Engineering

Department

.

(d) To evaluate the engineering design of

existing sprinklers, obtain field data re- lated to design and operation of systems

and to establish sprinkler design criteria

for Idaho conditions

.

(g) Several evaluations have been completed

and data are being assembled.

(230U) MECHANICS OF WATER CONTROL ON STEEP IRRI- GATED LAND.

(b) Laboratory project; under investigation in

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(d) Field investigation; applied research for master's thesis.

(e) To test the characteristics and effectiveness of water control structures and de- vices used on farms. To evaluate the re- sistance to erosion of irrigated soils. To develop improved devices and techniques

for control of erosion and to increase

efficiency in application of water,

(g) Several water control devices were tested

both in the laboratory and in the field.

Several techniques for measuring erosion

were developed.

(h)

(2786)

[V)

(a)

(e)

(s)

A final publication is being prepared.

FARM IRRIGATION EFFICIENCIES.

Laboratory project; cooperatively with

Bureau of Reclamation under the Agricultural Experiment Station.

Field investigation; basic and applied re search. To evaluate irrigation efficiencies on actual farms to aid in planning of a water

use on irrigation projects. To consider

efficiency from aspect of farm operations

and not just consumptive use of crops. Project is just being activated by C. Tyler

in a new irrigation tract near Rupert,

Idaho, called the Northside Pumping Division of the Minidoka Project.

ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION, Urbana.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 556-560, 8^5,

1335, 1866, 231^, 2315, and 2535 should be addressee to Mr. William C. Ackermann, Chief, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

S.

(551) RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with U. Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. (d) Field investigation; applied research,

design.

(e) Measurements of watershed rainfall and

streamflow, of stage-discharge over the spillway, and municipal pumpage; reduced

from five to two water-supply reservoirs

in central Illinois. Collection of data

at the three southern Illinois reservoirs

complete and terminated.

(h) Data to 19^-6 published as Water Survey

Bull. 38. Annual summaries 19I46 to 1956

for all five reservoirs and summaries for two central Illinois reservoirs for 1956-57 water year available for distribution.

(552) SEDIMENTATION OF ILLINOIS RESERVOIRS.

(h)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

(h)

Laboratory project, cooperative with

Agricultural Research Service, Soil Conser- vation Service, University of Illinois

Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. J. B. Stall, Illinois State Water Survej Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

Field investigation; applied research. For design of water-supply reservoirs, measurements of sediment accumulation on 1 lakes in Illinois. Sediment samples are analyzed and complete surveys of watershed

soil type, slopes, land use, and conserva- tion practices are made. Results of Lake Decatur, Illinois, showed

correlation between rate of sedimentation

and land use on watershed.

Reports of Investigation Nos. k, 7, 8, 9> 10, 12, 15, 16, and l8; sedimentation sur- j veys of Spring Lake, Ridge Lake, Lake

26
00

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

00

(c)

(d)

(e)

00

00

(d)

(e)

(g)

00

(d)

(e)

(g)

Chautauqua, Carbondale Reservoir, Lake

Bracken, West Frankfort Reservoir, Lake

Calhoun, Lake Springfield, and Lake

Carthage, respectively.

RADAR-RAINFALL PROJECT

Laboratory project, cooperative with Signal

Corps Engineering Labs.

Mr. G-. E. Stout, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

Field investigation; basic research.

Radar is being used to determine precipitation quantitatively. Emphasis is being

concentrated on the measurement of raindrop size distribution at Miami, Fla.; Cor- vallis, Ore., and Champaign, 111., to determine climatic variation of drop size. Data being collected.

Reports of Investigation 13, 19, 21, 27, 29 and Circular ^9 of Water Survey; Prog- ress report to Signal Corps.

EVAPORATION IN ILLINOIS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

Field investigation; applied research. Measurements are made of evaporation at four stations in northern, central, and

southern Illinois. Vapor pressure gradients are obtained at Urbana. Evaporimetexs

constructed and installed adjacent to pans

for year-round records. Measurements published in Climatological

Data, Illinois Section.

PERMEABILITY OF GRADED SAND MIXTURES.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; basic research.

Permeabilities of known mixtures of graded

sand are measured to determine functional

changes

Sand mixtures containing 60 to 70 percent

of fine material in ^0 to 30 percent of

coarser from 2 adjoining sieves of the y/2~

series have less permeability than the

material of the fine screen alone. Evidence

accumulates that the permeability is not much influenced by the amount of voids but

greatly by the size of the smallest opening

between sand grains.

TURBULENT FLOW THROUGH GRANULAR MEDIA.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; basic research.

Critical flow is determined to define con- ditions under which turbulent flow occurs outside well screens. In flow through granular media, the Reynolds

number cannot be calculated from ordinary

formulas. By assuming a critical Reynolds

number as existing at the determined critical flow conditions, the corresponding pore size can be calculated. This has been done in preliminary tests, but further work is

needed to obtain a correlation with screen

analysis

(558) STUDY OF CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF SAND BOILS

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Sand boils occurring during floods in levied

districts are mapped, classified, and

sampled. Also sampled are river and near- by well waters.

(g) From chemical analyses and temperature

measurements, it was found that the water

flowing in typical sand boils (those free from pipe connections towards the river) is

different from the river water and similar

to well water in neighboring wells . Such

sand boils can be stopped from flowing by

damming them up to a level that is below

that of the river stage . They are not caused by leaks through the levee.

(559) ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUND WATER,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental laboratory and field investigation; basic research.

(e) Experimental pilot plant consists of river

intake, control tower with chlorination

and measuring devices, gravel pit with

bottom 10 feet below river pool stage,

sides and bottom covered with pea gravel.

A model of l/8 of pit (centerline to diagonal) is available to study different types

of pits and variations in ground water

gradients. A second pit has been built and

operated with a 20 ft x 75 ft bottom and

1:3 slopes. The first pit has hO ft x 62.5

ft bottom and 1:2 slopes.

(g) Pit in operation for seventh winter. Seven months of uninterrupted operation gave silting in only top 2 inches of 6-inch

layer of pea gravel. The pea gravel gave satisfactory filtration and nearly tripled

the inflow compared with using sand to give

a rate of inflow of from 20 to 25 million

gallons per day per acre. The second pit

gave operating rates double those of the

first pit.

(h) Mimeographed reports for each of first 6 seasons have been issued. "Water Survey Circ. 5k", Proc. ASCE, Jour. Irrig., Nov. 1956, Paper 1102.

(560) GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN THE PEORIA,

ILLINOIS, DISTRICT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) To determine the ground water resources of

the district, inventory of wells made, including construction and logs of wells.

Ground water levels are measured continuously, pumpage data collected, river stages

and rainfall recorded, chemical analyses

for changes in composition of ground water

are made, areas of infiltration are determined, and all data are correlated with

consideration of local ground conditions.

(g) To date conservation measures have shown more effect than artificial recharge.

27
(561)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(843)

(TO

(c)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(8U5)

(a)

(e)

(g)

GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN EAST ST. LOUIS AREA.

Laboratory project.

Mr. Otis E. Michels, Illinois State- Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. Field investigation; applied research. To evaluate the ground water resources of

American Bottoms (E. St. Louis region).

Ground water levels are measured continuously. Pumpage, river stage, and rainfall

data are collected; chemical quality of

ground water is measured. Areas of infiltration are to be determined and all data

correlated with consideration of local con- ditions. Statistical studies have been

made of the service lives of municipal

wells

.

GROUND WATER RESOURCES IN JO DAVIESS

,

STEPHENSON, AND CARROLL COUNTIES.

Laboratory project.

Mr. H. F. Smith, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

Field investigation; applied research. To determine ground water resources of

area, water level contours of sandstone

aquifers, transmissibility and storage

coefficients of aquifers, and quantity of water available were obtained.

Suspended. Data indicate piezometric surface conforms

generally with topography, with a 500-foot

drop in about 30 miles with no apparent

withdrawal. Sandstone aquifers overlain

by 100 to 300 feet and more of impervious

limestone

.

EXTENSION OF THEIS

FOR VARIABLE FLOW. NON-EQUILIBRIUM THEORY

Office project.

Theoretical; basic research.

Development of formulas that could be used

for conditions of variable flow. Formulas developed for most important types

of variable flow, but series obtained have

not been calculated for wide ranges.

(1092) HYDR0L0GIC CYCLE EVALUATION.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. H. F. Smith, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. (d) Field investigation; applied research.

( e ) Data from rain gage networks ( gathered

under Project 553) together with information from 5 stream gaging stations and 5 ground water level recorders are being main- tained. Data will be used in analyzing

storm rainfall-runoff relationships on small watersheds and effect of runoff on water table. Analysis in progress.

(1335) GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN THE CHICAGO

AREA.

(d) Field study on variations of natural re- sources. Investigation of artesian well

field with wells 1200 to 2200 feet deep,

locally heavily pumped. Study of ground water level recession, interferences,

transmissibilities, effect of additional

demands

.

(g) Results determine recession and give good

data for future prediction. Collection of

data continued.

(I3i+l) CORROSION STUDY.

(T> (c

(a

(e

(f

(i3te

(b

(c

(a

(e

(f

(1865

(b

(c

(a

(e

(f)

(g)

Laboratory project.

Dr. T. E. Larson, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. Experimental

.

Basic study of corrosion occurring at the

steel electrodes under flow through a 26- foot plastic tower. Delayed; lack of personnel.

Apparatus is being adjusted.

STUDY OF CORROSION AND DEPOSITION RATES WITH DIFFERENT FLOW RATES.

Laboratory project.

Dr. T. E. Larson, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. Experimental.

One-half inch pipes of different materials

are in service. Changes in flow due to corrosion and at constant head are being

measured.

Abandoned; lack of personnel.

HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF DROP-INLET SPILLWAY STRUCTURES FOR SMALL RESERVOIRS.

Laboratory project, in cooperation with

Agricultural Research Service, Soil Conser- vation Service, and University of Illinois

Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. H. W. Humphreys, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. Experimental; generalized applied research

for development and design. To determine the most desirable proportions

and shapes of drop-inlet spillway struc- tures that have unique flow characteristics

and to develop anti -vortex devices. To provide the necessary information on flow

relations and discharge coefficients so that these structures may be economically

designed. Initial phases of study con- cerned with hydraulics of square risers

with free discharge. Effect of lip or crest shape and anti -vortex devices being

studied. Second phase to include the com- plete spillway. New experimental apparatus being assembled

to test complete spillway.

Hydraulics of various types of flow possible in square risers are well defined as well as some of effects of non-square

crest shape.

(1866) GROUND WATER FORMULAS.

(b) Laboratory project. (b) Office project.

28
(d

(e

(h

(h

(c

(d

(e

(f

(h

(b

(c

(d

(e

(f

(h

:23i^

(b

(d

(e

(b)

(d)

(e)

(g)

Theoretical. (c)

Compilation of all published ground water

theories and formulas and a comparative (d)

evaluation of their range of usefulness.

Report in preparation. (e)

A METHOD OF DETERMINING PERMEABILITY AND WELL YIELD FROM THE EFFECTIVE GRAIN SIZE.

Laboratory project. (g)

Mr. H. F. Smith, Illinois State Water Sur- . (h) vey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. Field data; applied research.

Study to determine relationships between

effective grain size and permeability and

between coefficient of transmissibility anl specific capacity.

Completed.

Curves established to illustrate relationships . State Water Survey Circular 59-

GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION AT CRYSTAL LAKE, ILLINOIS.

Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. Field investigation; applied research,

design.

Experiments with monomolecular chemical

films to retard evaporation from a 3-acre

pond and a 230-acre lake in Illinois.

Laboratory studies continuing on smaller

containers

Analysis in progress

"Evaporation Suppression from Water Sur- faces", by W. J. Roberts, Trans. AGU, Oct. 1957-

(2533) MOISTURE INFLOW STUDY.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Laboratory project.

Mr. R. G. Semonin, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. Theoretical; applied research.

Computation of moisture inflow of Illinois

and subsequent correlation with precipitation. Moisture and wind data obtained from

ROAB data.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Laboratory project.

Mr. R. T. Sasman, Illinois State Water Sur- vey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. Field investigation; applied research.

To study correlation of lake levels and

ground water levels in vicinity of Crystal

Lake, McHenry County.

Completed.

Report of Investigation 32.

ELECTRICAL ANALOGUE OF CHICAGO GROUND WATER

CONDITIONS.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; applied research.

Tap water about 2 inches deep is held on a paraffin base. The boundary of the de- pression cone is given by a metal band. (f)

Wells or well groups are marked geographi- (h)

cally by metal rods. These are charged by

electrical voltage in proportion to existing or planned pumpage. A separate probe measures the location of equal potential

lines which correspond to equal heights of

ground water levels. Variations in perme- ability are represented by variations in water depth and determined by comparison

with the actual ground water levels as found in observation wells.

INTERFERENCE BETWEEN RECHARGE PITS.

Laboratory project.

Field investigation; basic research.

A recharge pit is being built about 200 (b)

feet from the pit mentioned in project 559 (c)

and the mutual influence of the two pits Is studied by a series of observation wells (d)

between the pits. (e)

Pit in operation. To date no interference

has been detected.

(253I+) DENSE RAIN GAGE NETWORK PROJECTS.

Field and laboratory project.

Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. Field investigation; applied research. Data from four rain gage networks, con- sisting of 50 gages in kOO square miles,

10 gages in 100 square miles, kO gages in

kOO square miles, and 10 gages in 8 square

miles. Obtained to study: (l) Rainfall

variability, (2) frequency of point and

areal mean rainfall rates, (3) area-depth

relations, (h) variation of point rainfall

with distance, (5) areal representativeness of point rainfall, and (6) reliability

of areal mean rainfall estimates.

Static; awaiting new data. Water Survey Bull, kk, "Rainfall Relations

on Small Areas in Illinois."

(2535) FILTERING THROUGH COARSE MATERIAL.

(b)

(d)

(g)

Laboratory project.

Various sizes of rounded gravel and of

broken limestone have been put in tile

rings into bottom of recharge pit to de- termine limit in coarseness of filter

material.

Filtering occurs through material up to

3/^-inch size.

(2532) EVAPORATION RETARDATION,

(b) Laboratory project.

(2787) PRECIPITATION FREQUENCY.

Laboratory project.

Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. Applied research. Recurrence intervals of heavy precipitation in periods of 1 to 10 days duration

are being determined on an annual and sea- sonal basis for Illinois, using data from

39 stations for a ^0-year period. Average

relations with definition of their reliability are being calculated for sections

29
(f)

(2788)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

of similar storm climate. Several statistical approaches used for frequency analysis are being evaluated.

Analysis nearing completion.-

METEOROLOGY OF FLOOD-PRODUCING STORMS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. R. G. Semonin, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

Theoretical and applied research.

Investigation of meteorological conditions

associated with flood-producing storms in

Illinois to obtain basic data for reliable

definition of time and space distribution

and calculation of probable maximum rainfall.

ILLINOIS STATE WATERWAYS DIVISION, Springfield.

(1863) EROSION CONTROL, ILLINOIS SHORE OF LAKE

MICHIGAN.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

State of Illinois.

Mr. Thomas B. Casey, Chief Waterway Engineer, Division of Waterways, Dept. of

Public Works and Buildings, 201 W. Monroe

Street, Springfield, Illinois.

Field investigation; applied research.

To obtain and correlate basic data on the

several forces and factors involved in

erosion processes along the Illinois Shore

of Lake Michigan to the end that future

efforts toward the prevention of erosion

might be founded upon a more definite and

factual basis with a consequent greater

degree of assurance that the works will

serve the intended purposes.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Soil and Water Conserva- tion Engineering Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 2316, 2317 3 and

2789 should be addressed to Prof. R. C. Hay, 100

Agricultural Engineering, University of Illinois,

Urbana, Illinois.

(2316) RUNOFF FROM SMALL AGRICULTURAL AREAS IN ILLINOIS.

(b) Laboratory project cooperative with ARS, USDA.

(d) Experimental and field investigation;

basic research.

(e) To determine frequencies of peak rates and total amounts of runoff from agricultural watersheds of 25 to 1,000 acres; to determine maximum rates of runoff from

agricultural watersheds in different soil

association areas in Illinois; to compare runoff from agricultural watersheds under

accepted soil conservation practices with

watersheds cultivated without soil conser- vation practices. Watersheds of k'y.'y, 63,

82, and 390 acres near Montlcello, 111.

(g)

are covered with a rain gage network, and

runoff is measured at weirs and spillway

structures by water level recorders. Max! mum stage recorders are installed at field structures on 25 watersheds in Champaign,

Piatt, Vermillion, and Ford Counties on watersheds ranging in size from 1+5 to 1,14-00 acres . Model studies and field calibrations are made on the field structures

.

Research bulletin covering first eight years of results under preparation.

(2317) A STUDY OF DRAINAGE OF SOME ILLINOIS SOILS

(b) Laboratory project cooperative with ARS, USDA.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To determine on different soil types the

effect of tile spacing and depth on (l) water table as measured by drawdown wells,

(2) on crop yields; to verify present tile

depth and spacing formulas for soil types

investigated; and to compare physical

laboratory measurements with field measurement s

.

The rate of water table drawdown is measured in wells perpendicular to tile

lines. Field permeability and laboratory

permeability measurements are made as well

as physical analysis of the soil type.

Crop yields are determined laterally from

the tile lines

.

LABORATORY MODEL STUDIES OF CONSERVATION AND DRAINAGE STRUCTURES.

Laboratory project.

Experimental investigation in the laboratory; applied and basic research,

(e) To investigate the performance of soil and water conservation structures by means of

hydraulic model studies, to study water

flow patterns into surface drains and to determine the cause of failures and re- medial measures of certain conservation

structures under flood conditions. This

project is to be carried out in connec- tion with Projects 2316 and 2317 . It has been initiated as a separate project in

1957.

(2789;

(h)

(a)

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS,

neering.

Department of Civil EngiI Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1097, 1589 j 2085 to 2088, Ind.j 2318, and 2790, should be addressed to Prof. J. C. Guillou, Civil Engineering

Dept., University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

(564) HYDROLOGY OF URBAN AREAS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with

Illinois State Water Survey.

(c) Prof. J. J. Doland and V. T. Chow, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field in- vestigation; applied research and design.

(e) Rainfall-runoff study of an urban watershed,

30
having an effective drainage area of k.k'y square miles and a population density of

lk persons per acre. Runoff is measured

l>y a U.S.G.S. stream gage and precipitation by a network of fourteen rain gages strategically located in and out of the

watershed. New type of evaporimeter have

"been developed and check studies are being

made

(h) "Hydrologic Studies of Urban Watersheds,

Rainfall and Runoff of Boneyard Creek

Champaign-Urbana, Illinois ", by Ven Te Chow, Civil Engineering Studies, Hydraulic

Engineering Series No. 2.

D97) CORRECTION OF SCOUR BELOW TWO PIER HIGHWAY

BRIDGE.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with

Illinois Division of Highways.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A 1:50 scale model of an overflow bridge

on flood plain of the Wabash River has

been constructed as an aid in determining

the cause of excessive scour just down- stream from the bridge. Remedial dikes a and topography changes have been tested

in the model to determine their suitability.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Hydraulic Studies of a Highway Bridge",

by Irby J. Hickenlooper, John C. Guillou,

and Ven Te Chow, Civil Engineering Study,

Hydraulic Engineering Series No. k, June

1957-

589) OPEN CHANNEL METER.

(a)

(e)

Laboratory project in cooperation with

Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Dept.

Experimental and analytical.

This study is concerned with a critical

depth meter >/hich may be economically

built in a sewer after the sewer has been

in service. Preliminary tests and analyses have been completed. Tests are underway using a l6-inch diameter pipe, with

adjustable slope, and lucite test section.

Laboratory results agree favorably with

theoretical indications.

DETERMINATION OF WATERWAY AREAS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with

Illinois Division of Highways.

(c) Prof. J. J. Doland and V. T. Chow, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Analytical and field investigation; applied

research and design.

(e) To determine the amount of water which wiH

reach openings of highway drainage structures, such as bridges and culverts and

provide a simple but scientific procedure

for use of engineers in establishing the

economical and adequate size of opening.

(g) Five preliminary reports and two field

reports have been prepared. The field re- ports are "Preliminary Report of the Study

of Culverts at Petersburg, 111." and "Pre- liminary Report of the Study of Channel

Relocation and Culvert Problem at Florence,

Illinois." The preliminary reports are: "A Compilation of Formulas for Waterway

Area Determination", "A Historical Review

of Engineering Studies of Waterway Area

Determination", "Annotated Bibliography of

Waterway Area Determination", "A Survey of

the Current Practice of Waterway Area De- termination Employed by Different State Highway Agencies in The United States",

and "The Development of a Tentative Pro- cedure for the Determination of Waterway

Areas .

(h) Publications are not yet available to the

public

(2085) CALIBRATION AND USE OF CERTAIN INLET GRATES.

(b) Illinois Division of Highways.

(d) Laboratory investigation; applied research.

(e) Full scale model tests of four standard

Division of Highways inlets. Original and

revised inlet grate designs have been

tested.

(h) Publication as a Civil Engineering Study

is In progress.

(2086) A STUDY OF FISHWAYS.

(b) Departmental graduate study.

(d) Laboratory investigation; basic research.

(e) Scale model tests of a pool type fishway to determine efficient orifice design and

ladder pool length.

(h) Preparation of final laboratory report is in progress.

(2087) EFFECTIVENESS OF SUBWAY GRATINGS FOR HIGHWAY DRAINAGE.

(b) Departmental special study.

(d) Laboratory investigation; applied research.

(e) Full scale model tests of two subway

grating designs are being tested in standard Illinois Division of Highways, Type II inlet frame

( f ) Suspended temporarily

(2088) DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF RECTANGULAR

TYPE INLET BOXES.

(b) Departmental study.

(d) Laboratory investigation; basic research.

( e ) Scale model investigation of rectangular

inlet box with long lucite discharge pipe

to verify or disprove the weir-orifice

discharge theory.

(f) Suspended temporarily.

(2318) FAUBER BIRDGE MODEL STUDY.

(b) Departmental graduate study.

(d) Laboratory investigation; applied research.

(e) A design has been developed whereby a three

tube culvert and an energy dissipator may

replace an Inadequate highway bridge.

Model studies have been conducted to verify

the proposed design.

(2319) FREQUENCY STUDY OF HYDROLOGIC DATA.

31
(b) Independent study.

(c) Dr. V. T. Chow, Civil Engineering Dept.,

University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) A survey of existing literature and applications of the log-probability law and a theoretical interpretation of the logarithmic normal distribution of hydrologic data. The method of analysis thus developed is applied to the runoff data of about forty

small watersheds in the State of Illinois

in order to expose the runoff characteristics of the watersheds.

(g) Results of the theoretical investigation

include the derivation of characteristic

values of the log-probability law and a theoretical interpretation of the logarithmic normal distribution of hydrologic

data. Results of the analysis of runoff

data obtained so far include the plotting

of data and derivation of characteristic

indexes of the runoff data.

(h) "The Log-Probability Law and its Engineering Applications", by Ven Te Chow, Pro- ceedings ASCE, Separate No. 536, Nov. 195

(2790) SIDE CHANNEL SPILLWAY STUDY.

(b) Department graduate study.

(d) Laboratory investigation, applied research.

( e ) Model investigation of flow conditions on the apron below the spillway crest and

above the spillway channel. The purpose of the investigation is to determine the

geometries of the apron and the necessity

of a critical depth control at the entrance to the spillway channel.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Fluid Mechanics and

Hydraulics Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 13^3 and 2083

should be addressed to Prof. S. M. Lansford, 219 Talbot Laboratory, and Projects Nos. 2320, 2321,

2536, and 2537, should be addressed to Prof. J. M

Robertson, 125 Talbot Laboratory, University of

Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

(13^3) VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION STUDY IN A FLOOD- PLAIN CHANNEL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research.;

(e) Effect of adverse pressure gradient on the

development of a turbulent boundary layer

is being studied in a 10-degree conical

diffuser. Air is the fluid medium being

used.

(g) Thesis completed; additional tests in 1 progress

.

(h) "Development of the Turbulent BoundaryLayer in a Conical Diffuser", by Harvey R. Fraser. Paper presented at annual meeting 1 ASCE, October 1957.

(2321) EFFECT OF ROUGHNESS ON VELOCITY PROFILE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Analytical.

(e) A reanalysis of rough pipe velocity pro- files in terms of the more recent concepts

of boundary layer flow. Thus the inner

wall region and outer region have been

analyzed separately.

(f) Analysis completed.

(g) Some anomalies in Nikuradse's rough pipe

data have been found. Need for additional

experimental data.

(h) "The Turbulent Velocity Distribution in

Rough Pipe", by J. M. Robertson. To be in Proc. of Fifth Midwest Conference on Fluid Mechanics, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1957-

(2536) STUDY OF HOMOLOGOUS TURBULENCE.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Basic research.

(e) The nature of turbulence, its production

and dissipation, are to be studied in the

simplest possible shear flow. This is to 1 be produced in plane conette flow in whick

the shear is constant and the turbulence

homogeneous but not isotropic.

(g) Tests under way.

(2537) WATER EXIT HYDROBALLISTICS

.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy., (d) Basic research; experimental.

(e) Information on water exit behavior of

ellipsoidal bodies of fineness ratios h to

12 is being obtained photographically.

(g) Tests under way.

(f) Inactive.

(2083) VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN AN OPEN CHANNEL

HAVING A TRIANGULAR CROSS SECTION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Basic research.

(e) Data were obtained from a channel artificially roughened.

(f) Suspended.

(h) "Some Observations on Open Channel Flow at Small Reynolds Numbers", discussion by

W. M. Lansford and J. M. Robertson, Jour,

of Eng. Mech., Div. ASCE, Vol. 83, EM 1, pp. 115^-5-13, January 1957-

(2320) TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER IN A DIFFUSER.

IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH, State University of Iowa.

(66) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, RALSTON CREEK WATERSHED.

(b) Cooperative with Dept. of Agriculture,

Geological Survey, and Iowa Highway Re- search Board.

(c) Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and

Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. (d) Field investigation; applied research, and master's theses.

(e) Study being made of relation between rain- | fall and runoff over a small area.
Discharge from a 3 _s<luare-mile area measured by U. S. Geological Survey; rainfall records at five automatic recording

stations collected by Soil Conservation

Service. Continuous records since 192U of

precipitation , runoff, ground water levels

and vegetal cover.

) Yearly records available for examination

at Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research.

) Reports prepared annually since 192^ available in files at the Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research.

) COOPERATIVE SURFACE-WATER INVESTIGATIONS

IN IOWA.

) Cooperative with Geological Survey.

) Mr. V. R. Bennion, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research , Iowa City, Iowa.

) Field investigation; collection of basic

stream-flow data.

) Stream-flow and sediment measuring stations

maintained throughout the State of Iowa cooperatively on a continuous basis. Records collected by standard methods of U.S. Geological Survey.

) Records of stream flow and sediment discharge computed yearly.

) Records contained in Water-Supply Papers

available through office of the Geological

Survey

) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, RAPID CREEK WATERSHED.

) Cooperative with Dept. of Agriculture and

Geological Survey.

) Mr. V. R. Bennion, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

) Field investigation; applied research and master's theses.

) Study being made of relation between rainfall and runoff over a small area. Discharge from a 25 -square-mile area measured

and flood runoff on main sub-basins determined by U. S. Geological Survey; rainfall

records at four automatic recording sta- tions collected by U. S. Weather Bureau. Continuous records since V-jkl of precipitation, runoff, and ground-water levels.

) Rainfall records published in Weather

Bureau Climatological Bulletins and sur- face runoff and ground-water levels published in Geological Survey Water-Supply

Papers

) MEASUREMENT OF TURBULENCE IN FLOWING WATER.

) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

) Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

) Experimental and theoretical.

) Instruments, primarily electrical in opera- tion, are being developed to measure the

characteristics of turbulent flow under a wide range of laboratory and field conditions. Both sensing and computing elemerts are involved.

) Complete analysis of the sensing element

operation and the circuit performance and

descriptions of finished instruments are presented in the publication below,

(h) "Operating Manual for the Hot -Wire and Hot- Film Anemometers", P. G. Hubbard, State University of Iowa Studies in Engineering,

Bulletin 37, 1957-

(79) CAVITATION.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search and graduate theses.

(e) Basic information is sought on cavitation

for systematically varied boundary conditions. Tests are conducted in two variable-pressure water tunnels and a special

cavitation tank. Studies of high-velocity

submerged jets are being continued, with

supplementary measurements of pressure fluctuation in air; instrumentation is being developed for measurement of the

correlation between the velocity and pressure fluctuations to make possible prediction of the incipient cavitation index for

given mean-flow conditions. Previous measurements of the pressure distribution

around rounded, ellipsoidal, and conical

head forms are being extended in one tunnel

to various angles of yaw. Previous meas- urements on normal cylinders are being ex- tended through use of dynamometer in other water tunnel.

(h) "Pressure and Velocity Fluctuations in a Submerged Jet", S. R. Carr, M. S. Thesis,

August 1957.

(8l) MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

and David Taylor Model Basin, Department

of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) (l) A theory of stream functions for gen- eral three-dimensional flow has been de- veloped and published. (2) The development

of a method for the determination of flow

about bodies of revolution and symmetrical

two-dimensional forms in arbitrary states

of motion, based on solutions of integral

equations of the first kind, has been com- pleted and a description of the method

will be submitted for publication. (3) An analog computer for potential flow, con- sisting of an array of electrical resistances, has been constructed. A manual de- scribing its application has been prepared.

(h) "Operating Manual for the IIHR Finite Difference Network Analog", P. G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research Con- tract Report, April 1957- "Stream Functions in Three-Dimensional

Flows", Chia-Shun Yih, La Houille Blanche,

July-August 1957-

33
(85*0 BOUNDARY-LAYER DEVELOPMENT ON SMOOTH AND ROUGH SURFACES.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search.

(e) Purpose of work is to determine the relations between boundary-layer characteristics for smooth and rough boundaries of

arbitrary shape. A critical study of the

boundary layer on a smooth flat plate in

zero pressure gradient has been completed

and a report written. The boundary-layer

on a smooth circular cylinder with axis

parallel to the stream, in a zero pressure gradient, has also been investigated.

(h) "Generalization of the Logarithmic Law of

the Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate", L. Landweber, Schiffstechnik Bd. k, Heft 21, 1957- "Comparison of Two Analyses of BoundaryLayer Data on a Flat Plage", L. Landweber

and T. T. Siao, Proceedings of the Eighth

International Towing Tank Conference,

Madrid, Sept. 1957; to be published in

Journal of Ship Research.

(1102) HISTORY OF HYDRAULICS.

(b) Institute project.

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(e) To trace the historical development of

the important theories of hydraulics,

covering the fundamental ideas of the

science, the critical periods of its de- velopment, and the personalities whose

contributions were of major importance.

(f) Completed.

(h) "History of Hydraulics", Hunter Rouse and

Simon Ince, published by the Iowa Insti- tute in the fall of 1957 as 280-page book

retailing at $5-00 per copy.

(1107) TRANSPORTATION OF SEDIMENT AS SUSPENDED AND TOTAL LOAD.

(b) Laboratory project; formerly cooperative

with the Office of Naval Research.

(c) Dr. Emmett M. Laursen, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

( e ) To determine the suspended and total load

as a function of hydraulic and sediment

parameters

.

(f) Suspended.

(g) An empirical relationship has been found

for the suspended, bed, and total load as a function of the velocity and depth of

flow, the shear velocity, the sediment

size and the fall velocity.

(h) "An Investigation of the Total Sediment

Load", E. M. Laursen, Final Report to the

Office of Naval Research, June 15, 1957.

(1870) EFFECT OF SHAPE OF VERTICAL DRAFT TUBES ON THEIR EFFICIENCY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and

Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa

City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; master's thesis.

(e) Comparative study of conical, Prasil, White,

and Moody draft-tube efficiency under iden- 1 tical conditions. 1 (f) Completed.

(g) Results of tests on conical and Prasil

tubes have been compared.

(h) "Relative Efficiency of Draft Tube Forms",

Benoyendra Chanda, M. S. Thesis, State University of Iowa, 1955- Available on loan.

(1871) CAVITATING FLOW AROUND HYDROFOILS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Purpose is to obtain forces and moments on cavitating hydrofoils at various angles of

attack. Hydrofoils are tested in a variable-pressure water tunnel on a balance

which records electrically the instantaneous forces on the models . One hydrofoil

of the NACA 66-series has been tested and

the results compared with a linearized

theory of cavitating hydrofoils.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Forces on Cavitating Hydrofoils",

Michel Hug, Ph. D. dissertation, State University of Iowa, February 1956. Available on loan. "Water-Tunnel Tests of a Cavitating Hydrofoil", Tsuyoshi Matsuoka, M. S. Thesis, State University of Iowa, August 1957- Available on loan.

(1875) CHARACTERISTICS OF STABLE EDDIES.

(b) Laboratory project, partially supported

by Office of Naval Research, Department of

the Navy.

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research

for doctoral dissertation.

(e) Distributions of velocity, pressure, and

turbulence are being measured in an air

tunnel and analyzed throughout the vicinity

of separation zones produced by abrupt

changes in flow section, to the end of

establishing the primary eddy characteristics as functions of the boundary geometry.

(g) Mean eddy patterns at conduit enlargements,

behind normal plates, in the wakes of jets,

and in the hydraulic jump have been inves- 1 tigated.

(h) "Diffusion in the Lee of a Two-Dimensional

Jet", Hunter Rouse, Proceedings Ninth

International Congress of Applied Mechanics,

Brussels, 1957- "Turbulence Characteristics of the Hydraulic Jump", Hunter Rouse, T. T. Siao

and S. Nagaratnam, Journal of Hydraulics,

ASCE, February 1958.
(2091) RESEARCH ON SHIP THEORY. 00

(c)

(a)

(e)

00

0>

(c

(a

(e

(c

(a

(e

(a

(e

Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Dept. of the Navy, and the Society of

Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental and theoretical basic research. Purpose is to determine the laws governing

the forces, moments, and motions of ships

in smooth and disturbed seas, in order to furnish design data to the naval architect. A towing tank 10 feet wide, 10 feet deep,

and 300 feet long has been constructed.

Theoretical work on the added-mass coefficients and the forces and moments on bodies is under way. Equipment has been

prepared for investigating the rolling of

ships

"Added Mass of Lewis Forms Oscillating in a Free Surface", L. Landweber, Proceedings

of the Symposium on the Behavior of Ships

in a Seaway, Netherlands Ship Model Basin,

September 1957 • "Added Mass of Two-Dimensional Forms Oscillating in a Free Surface", L. Landweber and M. C. de Macagno, Journal of

Ship Research, Vol. 1, No. 3, 1957- A STUDY OF THE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGHWAY CULVERTS.

Iowa Highway Research Board and U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

Prof. D. E. Metzler, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental; applied research.

The purpose is to determine the flow

characteristics of box culverts.

EFFECT OF RESERVOIR STORAGE UPON SUPERFLOODS.

Graduate project.

Prof. C. J. Posey, Dept. of Mechanics and

Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Theoretical, master's thesis.

To find what effect reservoirs of various

characteristics will have in decreasing

the peak of increasingly greater superfloods . A quick approximate method has been de- vised which takes the principal variables

into account. "Investigation of Storage Effect of Reservoirs Subjected to Superfloods ", S. Dola,

M. S. Thesis, State University of Iowa,

Feb. 1957. Available on loan.

FORMULATION OF STANDARDS FOR RESERVOIR

SAFETY.

Graduate project.

Prof. C. J. Posey, Dept. of Mechanics and

Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Theoretical, master's thesis.

There are standard unit stresses and loadings for buildings used by the public, but

(232^)

0>)

(c)

none for the design of reservoirs that may

menace populous communities. The possibility of formulating such standards will be

explored.

(g) Master's thesis completed which deals

primarily with hydrologic aspects of the

problem, including application of distribution graph method to this particular

problem.

(h) "Hydrologic Safety Standards for Spillway

Capacity", 0. M. Erickson, M. S. Thesis, State University of Iowa, August 1957- Available on loan.

ANALYSIS OF FLOW PATTERNS FOR SHARP-CRESTED

WEIRS.

Laboratory project.

Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Analytical and experimental; basic research

for doctor's and master's degrees.

( e ) Determination of streamline configuration

by means of relaxation process and electrical analog computer for various relative heights of weirs, supplemented by

experimental study for relatively low weirs

and sills.

(f) Experimental study of low weirs and sills

completed.

(h) "Characteristics of Flow over Terminal

Weirs and Sills", P. K. Kandaswamy and Hunter Rouse, Journal of the Hydraulics

Division, ASCE, August 1957-

(2328) INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS.

(b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental research for doctoral dissertation.

(e) Initial purpose is to determine effect of

areal distribution of roughness elements

on resistance in both subcritical and

supercritical flow. Tests are being con- ducted on cubical elements cemented to floor of 30- foot tilting flume in varying

concentration

EFFECT ON ANTECEDENT MOISTURE AND INTENSITY

OF RAINFALL ON INFILTRATION RATES ON RAPID

CREEK.

Laboratory project.

Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and

Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Analysis of hydrologic records, applied

research for master's thesis.

(e) The purpose is to determine the correlation of antecedent moisture index and

rainfall intensity with an infiltration

index derived by Song (M. S. thesis, 1956).

(2539) EFFECT OF ANTECEDENT MOISTURE AND INTENSITY

OF RAINFALL ON INFILTRATION RATES ON RALSTON CREEK.

(b) Laboratory project.

(2538)

00

(c)

35
(c) Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and

Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Analysis of hydrologic records, applied

research for master's thesis.

(e) The purpose is to determine the correlation of antecedent -moisture index and rain- fall intensity with an infiltration index

derived by Johnson.

(h) "Infiltration Frequency on Ralston Creek

Watershed", H. P. Johnson and J. W. Howe,

A.G.U., Vol. 37, No. 5, P- 593-

(251+0) SCOUR AT BRIDGE CROSSINGS.

(h) Cooperative with Iowa Highway Research

Board and U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

(c) Dr. Emmett M. Laursen, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To investigate the pattern of general

scour caused "by contracting the flow sec- tion at a "bridge crossing.

(g) Preliminary results indicate that the

depth and shape of the scour hole are functions of the geometry of the bridge

site and the ratio of the flow in the nor- mal channel to that on the floodplain.

(25hl) DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENTS FOR USE IN ANALYZING APERIODIC SIGNALS.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The purpose is to improve the analysis of

turbulent velocity and pressure fluctuations .

(2791) MIXING IN STRATIFIED FLOW.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Ordnance Research, Department of the Army.

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Basic research; experimental.

(e) To determine the characteristics of mixing,

due to inherent Instability, at the interface of stratified shear flow.

(2792) THE DECAY OF TURBULENCE IN A ZERO-MOMENTUM

WAKE.

(b) Cooperative with the Office of Naval Re- search, Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Powered models are driven through a towing

basin, and the wake is explored with a hot-wire anemometer.

(2793) FLOOD INSURANCE.

(b) Graduate project.

(c) Prof. C. J. Posey, Dept. of Mechanics and

Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

(a

(e

(279^

(h

(c

(a

(e

(2795

(a

(e

(2796

(a

(e

(2797)

(c)

(a)

(e)

Theoretical, master's thesis.

The feasibility of various flood insurance

plans will be investigated from the engineering viewpoint.

STUDY OF BACKWATER CURVE DATA.

Graduate project.

Prof. C. J. Posey, Dept. of Mechanics and

Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Analysis of experimental data; basic, master's thesis.

Analysis of backwater curves incidentally

obtained in UoO-foot variable -slope flume of Rocky Mountain Hydraulic Laboratory.

PREDICTION OF RUNOFF FREQUENCIES FROM PRE- CIPITATION AND INFILTRATION FREQUENCIES.

Laboratory project.

Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and

Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Analytical statistical study, master's

thesis

.

Correlation of actual runoff frequencies

with rainfall and infiltration frequencies estimated by statistical analyses to test possibility of estimating actual fre- quencies of large floods.

EXTENSION OF WIND TUNNEL STUDIES ON PRES- SURE DISTRIBUTION ON FLAT ROOFED, RECTAN- GULAR BUILDINGS.

Laboratory project.

Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and

Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental, basic research, master's

thesis

.

Rectangular, flat roofed building models

having height :width ratios from l/2 to

6 and length: width ratios from 1 to k ex- posed to uniform wind velocity in tunnel. Pressure variations at 3 orientations

observed.

OPTIMUM SHAPE OF 90 c CHANNEL. BEND IN RECTANGULAR

Laboratory project.

Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and

Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental, basic, master's thesis.

Determination of optimum shape of 90° rectangular canal bend for minimum head

loss due to bend.

IOWA STATE COLLEGE, Department of Agricultural

Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 2330 to 233^,

inclusive, should be addressed to Mr. H. P. Johnson, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Iowa

State College, Ames, Iowa.

36
(2330) DEPTHj SPACING AND HYDRAULICS OF TILE

DRAINS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic

and applied research; master's and doctoral

theses

(e) Analytical and physical approach is being

studied to determine depth and spacing of

tile drains by analyzing geometry of sys- tems and soil characteristics. Analogues

and field measurements of rate of drop of water tables between drains are being

studied. Studies of effect of tile misalinement and observations of nature of

flow in field tile lines are being made.

(g) On heavy soils tile affect drainage very

little more than one day after saturating

rainfall. Resulting water table almost

level

(h) "Effect of Tile Spacing on Crop Yield and Water Table Level in a Planosol Soil",

G. 0. Schwab, Don Kirkham, and H. P. Johnson. Soil Science Society of America

Proceedings, Vol. 21, No. k, pp. 4U8-V?2,

July-August 1957-

(2331) ESTIMATION OF SURFACE RUNOFF FROM AGRICUL- TURAL WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; applied research; doctoral

thesis

(e) The surface runoff volume for individual

storms is being estimated by superimposing

an infiltration curve on the rainfall histogram. Data from point rainfall records

is being analyzed. Hydrographs from water- sheds of up to 25 square miles are being

collected and analyzed.

(2333) IMPROVEMENT OF SURFACE DRAINAGE WITH TILE BLIND INLETS.

(b) Laboratory report.

(d) Field investigation; design.

(e) Field study is being made to determine the effect of different backfill materials on the flow of water to tile drains

(233*0 RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Agricultural Research Service, USDA.

(d) Field investigation; applied research,

design.

(e) Measurements are being made of watershed

rainfall and surface runoff on 10 agricultural watersheds . Sediment measurements

are being made in 6 small reservoirs in

the gaged watersheds

(g) Eight years of measurement completed.

(h) "A Runoff Sampler for Large Watersheds",

K. K. Barnes and H. P. Johnson, Journal

American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Vol. 37, No. 12, pp. 813-815, 82l+, Dec. 1956.

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, Applied Physics

Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. I876, 1877, and

2335 , should be addressed to The Director, Applied

Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University,

8621 Georgia Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland

(1876) ANALYSIS OF DYNAMIC OPERATION OF HYDRAULIC

(FORCE) AMPLIFIER TRANSFER VALVES.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search and development

(e) Designed to develop a set of linearized

differential equations to describe the

operation of single and double nozzle type,

hydraulic force amplifier, transfer valves.

(f) Suspended.

(g) The linearization of differential equations

complete. Have been completed and compare favorably with experimental results.

(h) Second report on complete equations and

their linearization in process.

(1877) ANALYSIS OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDRAULIC SERVO- MECHANISMS.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental, applied

research and design.

(e) Phase (l) covers derivation of equations

required in item 1876 above. Phase (2) covers the application of simple linearized

equations to study the effects of complex

mechanical loads and oil compressibility.

Phase (3) covers the use of more sophisticated describing function techniques to analyze the nonlinear characteristics of

transfer valve while operating in a closed

loop and driving complex mechanical loads

and including the effects of oil compressibility. Phase (3) includes single stage

and two stage hydraulic transfer valves.

The work under Phase (3) is being carried

out by McDonnell Aircraft Corporation,

St. Louis, Mo., under technical cognizance

of APL/JHU.

(f) Phase (2) completed. Phase (3) single

stage valve completed, two stage valve

suspended.

(g) Phase (2), linearized differential equa- tions produce reasonable correlations

between experiment and theory for small

changes in variables. Phase (3) describing function techniques have been success- fully applied to transfer valve hysteresis,

spool reaction forces, and square root characteristics, etc. (h) Phase (2); no unclassified report. Phase

(3) Contract No. NOrd 12826. Single Stage

Valve - MAC Report Nos. i+580, U581. Two Stage Valve - report in process.

(2335) APPLICATION OF SWITCHING TECHNIQUES TO HYDRAULIC CONTROL SYSTEMS.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Dept. of the Navy.

37
(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied de- velopment and design.

(e) Study of the dynamic properties of an acceleration switching hydraulic servo

while operating in a closed loop under the presence of various external loads and en- vironmental conditions on the transfer

valve and output actuator.

(g) The use of a two stage transfer valve and actuator as a double integrating switch

has been found to have superior static and

dynamic performance characteristics under

normal and adverse environmental conditions (ambient temperature to 700° F) over

the proportional flow control valve.

(h) "Design and Performance Criteria of the

Acceleration Switching Hydraulic Servo",

by Woodrow Seamone, APL/JEU CF-2652,

dated June 19, 1957-

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, School of Engineering.

(856) HYDROLOGY OF STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN URBAN AREAS.

(b) Baltimore City, Baltimore County, and

United States Bureau of Public Roads.

(c) Dr. John C. Geyer, Dept. of Sanitary Engineering and Water Resources, The Johns

Hopkins University, Baltimore 18, Md.

(d) Field investigation; basic research, and

design.

(e) Study of rainfall and runoff relationships

as affected by various drainage area pa- rameters. At present, runoff from seven urban areas ranging in size from ten to

four hundred acres is gaged by stage measurement. Two recording systems which

simultaneously record rainfall on and

runoff from fourteen inlet areas provide

opportunity for detailed study. About six

years of rainfall records now exist for a network of ten recording gages covering an area of about fifty square miles.

(g) A new method known as the Inlet Method of

estimating quantity of storm water on ur- ban drainage areas is being studied. The

Inlet Method is based on three years of

Baltimore rainfall-runoff measurements on fourteen inlet areas and three small urban

drainage areas. The method consists of

three parts: (l) Determining the peak flow

to each inlet based on a maximum five

minute rainfall intensity, (2) attenuating

the flow peak from each sub-area (group of

inlet areas) as it moves down the pipe,

and (3) summing each inlet hydrograph to determine the total hydrograph at the de- sign point.

The Inlet Method can be used for storms moving in any direction, localized storms

and for determining the effects of urbanization on different sub-areas. A quick

mass-production method can be set up to compute flows for past and future hypothetical storms on a given drainage area. Experimental data so far include urbantype areas on slopes between 2 and 7$>

steep roofs, i5 3" 3. 00 in./hr, inlet area imperviousness between 30$ and 70$. Ex- perimental data are needed for flat areas, and flat roofs, for I <- 30$ and I ^"70$.

(l) represents the percentage of Imperviousness and (i5) is the maximum five

minute rainfall intensity in inches per

hour.

(h) "Progress Report on the Storm Drainage Re- search Project" to be published in Feb. 1958, Paul Bock, Dept. of Sanitary Engineering and Water Resources, The Johns

Hopkins University, Baltimore 18, Md. A

limited number of copies will be available.

THE JAMES LEFFEL AND COMPANY.

(2336) DRAFT TUBE DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. J. Robert Groff, The James Leffel and

Co., h26 East St., Springfield, Ohio.

(d) Experimental and applied research.

(e) Program for testing of propeller type,

also medium and lower speed hydraulic tur- bines for horsepower, efficiency, thrust,

torque, runaway speed and leakage on various kinds of draft tubes and in different kinds of casings. Also a study of

draft tube action and ways and means of

improving of such action with regard to the simplest possible operation of hydraulic turbine units.

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Prof. W. J. Eney, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Fritz Engineering Laboratory, Lehigh

University, Bethlehem, Pa.

(1602) PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN CONDUIT BENDS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; undergraduate special problen.

(e) Study of a rectangular bend with a central

dividing wall, by means of electrical

analogy has been completed.

(f) Inactive.

(h) "Investigation by Electrical Analogy of

Potential Flow in a 90° Elbow with a Dividing Vane", by J. W. Glomb, undergraduate problem, Lehigh University

Library, May 1957-

(1603) BUTTERFLY VALVE STUDY.

(b) CDC Controls Services, Incorporated,

Hatboro, Pennsylvania,

(d) Experimental; applied research,

(f) Completed.

(h) "Butterfly Valve Flow Characteristics",

by M. B. McPherson, H. S. Strausser, and

J. C. Williams, Proceedings American

Society of Civil Engineers, Sep. No. 1167,

February 1957-

J8
(2339) BUCKET-TYPE ENERGY DISSIPATOR CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Gannett, Fleming, Corddry and Carpenter,

Inc., 600 North Second Street, Harrisburg,

Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental; for general design.

(h) "A Study of Bucket-Type Energy Dissipator

Characteristics", by M. B. McPherson and

M. H. Karr, ASCE Proceedings, Sep. No. 1266, June 1957.

(25^3) STUDY OF CONDUIT EXIT PORTALS.

(a)

(f)

(g)

Laboratory project.

Experimental; M. S. Thesis.

General Press -Distribution study completed. Tests of square and circular conduit with

free-jet, horizontal apron, and three different wall flares, have been completed.

"Exit Portal Pressure Study", by A. R. R. Morel, M. S. Thesis, Lehigh University

Library, June 1957- "Outlet Portal Pressure Distribution", by

M. B. McPherson and Alain R. R. Morel,

paper to be presented at ASCE Meeting in

Chicago, February 1958.

(2798) STUDY OF BROAD- CRESTED WEIRS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Discussion of Seven Exploratory Studies

in Hydraulics", by M. B. McPherson and

R. G. Dittig, ASCE Proceedings, Sep. No. 1230, April 1957-

LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND A AND M COLLEGE,

Agricultural Engineering Department.

(23UO) HOSE TESTS.

(b) Cooperative with State Anhydrous Ammonia

Commission.

(c) Prof. Harold T. Barr, Head, Agricultural

Engineering Dept . , Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 3> La.

(d) Experimental and applied research.

( e ) To determine suitability of hose for anhydrous ammonia service. Hose is subjected

to anhydrous ammonia, flexed in a specially designed machine, then proof tested.

(g) Regulatory bodies such as the Louisiana

Anhydrous Ammonia Commission are using

results of tests as criteria for approval

or disapproval of hose sold for use with

anhydrous ammonia.

(2799) CAPACITY OF ANHYDROUS AMMONIA VALVES.

(b) The Anhydrous Ammonia Commission of

Louisiana and interested valve manufacturers . (c) Prof. Harold T. Barr, Head, Agricultural

Engineering Dept., Louisiana State University, Baton Rouse 3* La.

(d) Experimental and applied research.

(e) Valves submitted to the laboratory are rated for capacity and for safety. Results

are made available to the Anhydrous Ammonia

Commission of Louisiana and to the manufacturers concerned. Vapor capacities are determined with compressed air, liquid

capacities with water.

(g) Standards are being established for rating

and labeling anhydrous ammonia valves.

(2800) HEAD LOSS DUE TO QUICK COUPLERS IN ALUMINUM

IRRIGATION PIPE.

(b) Cooperative with Civil Engineering.

(c) Mr. William F. Lytle, Agricultural Engineering Dept., Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 3, La.

( d ) Experimental

(e) To determine what head loss is caused by

addition of quick couplers to aluminum

irrigation pipe. Manufacturers give quite

a range of loss due to couplers. Some work has been done in testing couplers in

3-inch O.D. pipe. A complete series of tests is to be run on J,-, ^- » 5-, and 6- inch couplers. Pilot tests have been run to check the experimental setup. The

main series of tests will begin in the

spring of 1958.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Dept. of

Civil and Sanitary Engineering, Hydrodynamics

Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 577, 578, 2103,

25V7 to 25^9, incl., 2801 and 2802, and requests

for reprints and Technical Reports should be

addressed to Dr. Arthur T. Ippen, Professor of Hydraulics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

Cambridge 39 > Mass..

(307) STABILITY OF FLOW STRATIFIED DUE TO DENSITY DIFFERENCES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Mass. Inst, of

Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; graduate research.

(e) (l) Theoretical and experimental investigations have been made on steady-state uniform density current flows including de- termination of velocity distributions,

resistance laws and interfacial stability.

(2) Investigation of control structures

for stratified flow. (3) Investigation of

vertical intake structures for stratified

flow.

(g) Initial studies on phase (2) were concerned

with the design of curtain walls for con- denser water intakes in which the source of water consists of a warm layer over- lying a cold layer. Experiments to determine the maximum rate of flow which can be

discharged under the curtain wall without

drawing in water from the upper layer have

been completed. In phase (3) vertical intakes for a two layer stratified system

39
having a density difference of the order

of one percent have been investigated ex- perimentally. Interface drawdown curves and critical discharge rates have been ob- tained for various intake geometries,

(h) "Characteristics of Intakes near a Density

Interface", by H. Arnold, Jr. and P. Donohoe, M. Sc. Thesis, 1957-

(577) CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLITARY WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of

the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) (l) Experimental investigation of solitary

wave characteristics in a horizontal

channel. Measurements of attenuation for

various bottom roughnesses. (2) Investigation of amplitude change, profile deformation and breaking characteristics of the

solitary wave on a sloping beach. (3) Measurement of unsteady velocities in the

boundary layer region. (h) Experimental

investigation of wave characteristics in

the transition between oscillatory and

solitary waves. (5) Investigation of

the unsteady boundary shear due to the passage of a solitary wave.

(f) Completed.

(g) Phase (5) has been completed. Instantaneous force measurements by means of a shear plate on the channel bottom have

been made. A comparison with average re- sistance coefficients obtained in phase (l) was made and satisfactory correlation was

found. Due to the unsteady nature of the

flow under the solitary wave, the instan- taneous shear stresses cannot adequately

be described by steady state relations

except at the point of zero acceleration

under the crest.

(h) "Application of the Solitary Wave Theory

to Shoaling Oscillatory Waves", J. G. Housley and D. C. Taylor, American Geophysical Union, Trans. February 1957-

"The Effect of Boundary Resistance on Solitary Waves", A. T. Ippen and G. Kulin, La Houille Blanche No. 3, July-August 1957- "Measurements of Bottom Shear Stresses Under Solitary Waves", M. Mitchell and

J. Housley, Mc. Sc. Thesis, 1957-

(578) TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS IN FREE SURFACE FLOW.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; development of instrumentation.

(e) Studies of turbulence characteristics in open channel flow.

(f) Completed.

(g) Turbulence measurements in water with a Pitot tube-pressure cell combination have

been obtained with a frequency response of

the order of 150 cps. Oscilloscope records

have been analyzed by means of a digital

computer and auto-correlation curves, mean

intensity spectra and macroturbulence scale have been obtained. The results compare favorably with the work of other investiga-

(h)

( 1609

;

tors in air. Additional experiments on the turbulence

characteristics in the wake of a cylinder

in supercritical open channel flow have

been made. The decay of wake turbulence

with distance downstream has been obtained

by studying variations in the scale of macro

turbulence

.

"Some Turbulence Measurements in Water with

an Impact Tube-Pressure Cell Combination",

A. T. Ippen and F. Raichlen, Proc. ASCE.

Vol. 83, No. HY 5, October 1957-

(1355) CAVITATION INCEPTION FOR STEADY MOTION.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of

the Navy.

(c) Prof. J. W. Daily, Hydrodynamics Laboratory,

Mass. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass

.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Cavitation inception for steady motion is being studied for systematic variations in

boundary layer development and in the tur- bulence level for the zone of minimum

pressure

.

(g) A closed- jet water tunnel with a rectangular test section has been developed. The

working section is arranged so that the

boundary layer growth is controlled by a systematic change of its shape. Provision

is also made for control of turbulence

level, pressure intensity and air content. Experiments involving the effect of velocity variation on incipient cavitation and

on the influence of dissolved air content have been completed. Information on the

turbulence of the flow in the cavitation

region has been obtained by high-speed

photographs of the cavitation bubbles

.

Explorations in the boundary layer are being made to determine the local mean

pressure intensities and their relation to

the local velocity and turbulence. It is planned to extend this investigation to include cases of boundary roughness.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE SORTING OF BEACH

SEDIMENTS BY WAVE ACTION.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, U. S. Army Corps of

Engineers

.

(c) Prof. P. S. Eagleson, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Mass. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge

39, Mass.

(d) Experimental basic research.

(e) Quantitative study of the sorting action

and selective transport of beach material

by shallow water waves moving on a plane,

granular beach.

(g) Equipment consists of a wave channel 30 inches wide, 36 inches deep and 100 feet in length together with a piston-type wave generating mechanism. The wave generator

is controlled by a hydraulic servomechanism

which permits continuous variation of both wave amplitude and frequency during operation.

A systematic series of observations of

velocities of spherical bottom sediment

ho
particles for a horizontal "bottom and two

"beach slopes has been completed for various surface roughnesses including a smooth

"beach. The data are shown to verify a derived

equation of net sediment motion. A study of bottom resistance is currently

underway involving direct measurement of

boundary shear stress and boundary layer

velocity distribution,

(h) "Resistance Coefficients for Spheres on a Plane Boundary", J. J Carty, Jr., B. S. Thesis, 1957-

"The Mechanics of the Motion of Discrete

Spherical Bottom Sediment Particles Due to Shoaling Waves", P. S. Eagleson, R. G. Dean, and L. A. Peralta, Technical Report

No. 26, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, MIT, 1957-

l88l) WAVE FORCES ON OFFSHORE STRUCTURES.

(b) Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston, Tex.

(c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Hydrodynamics

Laboratory, Mass. Inst, of Technology,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Objective is the determination of the design forces to be expected on offshore

structures subjected to shallow water

wave action.

(g) Experimental equipment includes a 100-foot

wave tank, an oscillatory wave generator

of variable amplitude and frequency and

dynamic lift and drag balances for the measurement of forces due to wave motion. Tests have been completed on a series of

vertical cylinders in waves of various

characteristics. Lift and drag measurements have also been made on horizontal

and vertical cylinders with variable submergence and on basic shapes such as spheres and cylinders

Various configurations of bouyancy members

for a movable platform have been tested

to obtain dynamic forces when the platform

is rigidly fixed. Tests have been extended

to include a study of mooring cable forces on a floating platform subjected to wave

forces. A study is underway on the dynamics of partially restrained submerged ob- jects in waves.

(h) "An Experimental Determination of Particle

Velocities in the Oscillatory Water Wave",

T. A. Marlow, II, M. Sc. Thesis, 1957-

2103) ENERGY DISSIPATION IN STILLING BASINS AND DOWNSTREAM EROSION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; graduate theses.

(e) General study of energy dissipation in

stilling basins and erosion conditions

downstream.

(g) Hydrodynamic forces on a single baffle pier

have measured as a function of the initial

Froude number and the distance between the toe of the hydraulic jump and the pier.

Additional studies have also been made on

the arrangement and position of baffle

piers in stilling basins.

Studies on the similitude characteristics

of rip rap regions below stilling basins

have been made. Flow and sediment (gravel)

characteristics at Incipient motion are correlated with particle fall velocity,

particle edge velocity, energy gradient,

specific gravity and relative roughness,

(h) "Similitude in Incipient Motion", by R. A. Roberge and E. D. Peixotto, M. Sc. Thesis,

1956.

( 23^1 ) FLUID MECHANICS OF TURBOMACHTNERY COMPONENTS.

(b) Office of Ordnance Research, Department of

the Army.

(c) Prof. J. W. Daily, Prof. R. E. Nece, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Mass. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge 39 > Mass.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Investigation of problems connected with

the several secondary effects in a turbomachine such as seal ring friction and

leakage, rotor-to-wall clearance effects,

and vane tip clearance.

(g) The investigation is concerned with the

effect of roughness, chamber dimensions

and disk shape on disk friction. Torque

tests have been conducted over a wide

range of disk Reynolds numbers for smooth

and rough disks of 19-3/^- inches diameter

rotating within a symmetrical casing at various disk-to-wall clearances. Both

plane and tapered disks have been tested. Pressure and velocity distribution measurements within the chamber are being made

for correlation with theoretical and ex- perimental determinations of friction and

torque.

(23^2) DIFFUSION OF SUBMERGED JETS WITH DENSITY

DIFFERENCES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Hydrodynamics

Laboratory, Mass. Inst, of Technology,

Cambridge 39 .> Mass.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research.

(e) General study of the diffusion of submerged

jets whose density is either greater or less than that of the surrounding fluid.

(g) A series of experiments have been made on the diffusion characteristics of submerged

jets discharging horizontally and vertically into a reservoir using various salt

and fresh water combinations. A small

conductivity probe has been designed to measure and record salinity diffusion in

the jet. Comparisons of mass and momentum

diffusion for water and gaseous jets have, been made.

(2545) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE PROTECTION FOR NARRAGANSETT BAY NAVAL FACILITIES.

(b) District Public Works Office, First Naval

District, Boston.

(c) Prof. P. S. Eagleson, Hydrodynamics Lab.,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

467776 O - 58 -4 1+1
(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(25^6)

(D)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(25V7)

0>)

(d)

(e)

(g)

Experimental; design.

Model to determine size and location of

breakwater to provide optimum protection

from wave action for berthing facilities.

Completed

.

A distorted scale (1:1+00 horizontal, 1:120

vertical) model encompassing approximately

3.5 sq. prototype miles was tested with

selected waves generated by a 20 foot long,

movable, plunger type wave generator having

continuously variable speed and stroke. Mean ebb and flood tidal currents were re- produced by circulation of water through

the basin.

The optimum breakwater size and location

were determined.

"Hydraulic Model Study of Protective Works

for Fleet Berthing Facilities in Narragansett Bay, R. I.", F. J. Turpin,

M. Sc. Thesis, 1957- "Hydraulic Model Study of Protective Works

for Fleet Berthing Facilities in

Coddington Cove, Naragansett Bay, R. I.",

P. S. Eagleson, T. A. Marlow, C. T. Luke,

F. J. Turpin, Technical Report No. 25,

Hydrodynamics Laboratory, MIT, 1957-

CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOW WITH DILUTE FIBER

SUSPENSIONS

.

Technical Association of Pulp and Paper

Industries

.

Prof. J. W. Daily, Hydrodynamics Laboratory,

Mass. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass

.

Experimental and analytical; basic research. Basic investigation of the hydrodynamic

features of paper fiber suspensions

.

Following a survey of existing knowledge of

the fluid mechanics of the flow of fiber

suspensions as related to the flow in paper making machines, an experimental program

was initiated for investigating the hydrodynamic characteristics of fiber suspensions

in fully developed shear flows and in non- shear fields for both the laminar and tur- bulent ranges

.

"Pertinent Factors in Flow Research on Dilute Fiber Suspensions", by A. T. Ippen,

J. W. Daily, and G. Bugliarello. TAPPI

Vol. ho, No. 6, June 1957-

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CIRCULAR HYDRAULIC

JUMP.

Laboratory project.

Theoretical and experimental; graduate

theses

.

A study of the characteristics of the circular hydraulic jump which is formed by

axially symmetrical supercritical flow from a source or to a sink. A lucite water table has been constructed

to obtain supercritical flows issuing

radially outward from a source or directed

inward toward a sink. By proper control

of tailwater hydraulic Jumps circular in plan view are created. Measurements of

depths and velocities are being made for comparison with the momentum equations for

the two types of jumps described above. (25W) MECHANICS OF WASTE WATER DIFFUSION.

(b) U. S. Public Health Service.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search.

(e) An investigation of various turbulent

diffusion processes for application to waste disposal in streams, lakes and oceans.

(g) Experimental facilities have been construc- ted to study the diffusion of salt concen- tration in a one-dimensional field of uniform turbulence. Turbulence is created

mechanically in a body of water contained

in a 32 foot long channel by means of a stack of expanded aluminum sheets oscillating vertically with amplitudes up to one inch and frequencies up to six cycles per

second.

Concentrations versus time are measured

and recorded electrically at various sta- tions by means of probes sensitive to the

changes in resistivity of the saline solution. Initially experiments were made to

determine: rate of energy dissipation,

longitudinal and vertical turbulent diffusion coefficients, as a function of amplitude and frequency of oscillation.

Subsequent experiments will simulate the

mixing process which occurs in an estuary

under conditions of varied rates of fresh water inflow and of salt water entrainment

.

(25^9) SURGE TANK MODEL STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Hydrodynamics

Laboratory, Mass. Inst, of Technology,

Cambridge 39 , Mass.

(d) Experimental; graduate and undergraduate

theses.

(e) General investigations on the validity of

the hydraulic analog model for the solution

of the differential equations for surge tanks.

(f) Completed.

(g) A hydraulic analog model surge tank system

has been used to reproduce a wide range of

prototype operating conditions. Investigations have been made on both simple and

restricted orifice surge tank systems.

Comparison of model results with graphical

and analytical solutions shows good agree- ment .

(2801) INTERACTION OF WAVES WITH FLOATING BODIES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the

Navy.

(c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Prof. F. Ursell, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Mass. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search.

(e) Analytical and experimental study of the

interaction of floating bodies and waves. Results to be applied to development of

movable breakwaters for shallow and deep water waves.

1*2
(g) Initial studies are concerned with experimental verification of wave-maker theory

and a precise determination of the reflection characteristics of the 100- foot wave tank used in this program.

j(2802) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF WAKE MECHANICS.

(h) Office of Naval Research, David Taylor

Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Prof. P. S. Eagleson,

Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Mass. Inst, of

Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Definition of flow conditions immediately

downstream of a thin flat plate with spe- cial emphasis on vortex shedding in relation to transverse plate vibration.

(g) Construction of an open circuit water tun- nel with 7-1/2 by 9 inch closed jet test section is currently under way.

(2803) PROXIMITY EFFECTS ON DRAG COEFFICIENTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. R. E. Nece, Hydrodynamics Laboratory,

Mass. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass

(d) Experimental; undergraduate theses.

(e) Study of resistance of submerged objects

due to variations of geometry of group

spacing.

(g) Drag coefficients for the center one of

three equally spaced circular cylinders

aligned normal to the free stream velocity

were determined at a Reynolds number of

2 x 10^ for a range of lateral spacings

Tests were performed in a free surface water channel. Experimental procedures

check the drag coefficient of a single

cylinder in an infinite fluid.

(2801+) FLOOD FREQUENCY STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. G. R. Williams, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Mass. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge

39, Mass.

(d) Analytical; graduate theses.

(e) Investigation of theory that the complete

series of annual flood peaks in a record

may represent sampling from more than one statistical population and that the flood

frequency relation may be best represented

by more than one curve.

(g) The results of this type of study for a

number of river basins in the North Eastern

states confirmed the theory for some rivers.

Further investigations are contemplated.

(h) "Flood Frequency Studies", by L. FranceschiAyala, M. Sc. Thesis, 1957-

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department

of Mechanical Engineering.

(880) RECOVERY FACTORS AND HEAT-TRANSFER COEFFI- CIENTS FOR SUPERSONIC FLOW OF AIR IN A

TUBE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of

the Navy.

(c) Prof. Joseph Kaye, Mech. Engineering Dept.,

MIT, Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search for M.S. and Sc. D. degrees.

(e) The project objectives are to measure re- liable heat-transfer coefficients for super- sonic flow of air in a tube to study characteristics of such flow by investigation

of the fundamental differential equations,

and to measure boundary layer characteristics such as velocity and temperature profiles for such flows.

(f) Completed Sept. 30, 1957-

(g) The publications now being written will

summarize results obtained.

(18810 EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION

OF CYCLONE DUST SEPARATOR.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. J. H. Keenan, Room 3-25*4-, Mass. Inst,

of Technology, Cambridge 39 , Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical applied re- search.

(e) Observation of patterns of flow by means of velocity and direction probes. Variation in radial flow distribution is being

observed for a range of ratio of inlet area to cylinder cross-sectional area. Analytical studies are in progress to ex- plain the observed effects.

(g) Variation in radial flow distribution.

(h) Master's Thesis by Rodney Shuart and R. J. Salter; Doctor's Thesis by Helmut Weber.

"Head Loss in Flow Through a Cyclone Dust Separator or Vortex Chamber", by Weber and

Keenan, ASME Paper No. 56-A-8.

(1901) THREE-DIMENSIONAL TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER

IN A VANELESS DIFFUSER.

(b) Gas Turbine Laboratory.

(c) Mr. Ernest B. Gardow, Gas Turbine Laboratory, Mass. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge

39, Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Study of three dimensional boundary profiles and vaneless diffuser performance.

(g) Boundary layer has been studied in detail

over range of inlet swirl angle of prac- tical interest.

(1903) STALL PROPAGATION IN AXIAL COMPRESSORS.

(b) National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.

(c) Prof. Alan H. Stenning, Mech. Engineering

Dept., Mass. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge

39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental fundamental

investigation of the phenomenon of stall

propagation in cascades and compressors.

(e) An investigation of the phenomenon of

rotating stall in axial compressors, and

unsteady flow effect which has been responsible for many structural failures In gas turbine engines. Experimental study is

being made with a circular cascade and a single stage compressor.

k3
(f) Completed.

(g) A good understanding of the mechanism of

stall propagation was obtained, with fair

correlation between theoretical and experimental propagation velocities. No explanation for the varying size of stall cells

has been found.

(h) "Stall Propagation in a Cascade of Airfoils"

by A. H. Stenning and A. R. Kriebel, ASME

preprint 57-SA29-

(23MO ATOMIZATION STUDY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. K. R. Wadleigh, Mech. Engineering

Dept., MET, Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied re- search, mostly S.M. and Sc.D. theses.

(e) Study of the atomization of liquid streams injected into high-velocity gas streams. Simplified theoretical models of the various phenomena are used to guide experimental programs. Considerable instrument

development has been necessary.

(g) A theoretical study of the dynamics of

break-up of a large liquid droplet in a

gas stream predicts that such break-up

will occur at a critical value of the

Weber number. Experimental verification

has been achieved.

A photometric device for measurement of mean droplet size in high velocity gas streams has been developed.

(2550) BOUNDARY LAYER IN A CORNER AT THE JUNCTION

OF TWO PERPENDICULAR WALLS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. A. H. Shapiro, Room 3-26U, Mass.

Inst, of Technology, Cambridge 39 , Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search for doctoral degree.

(e) The Interference of two boundary layers

such as occurs near the corner of a rectan- gular duct is being investigated experimentally and theoretically. Important aspects

of the investigation include: (l) Growth

of laminar boundary layer, effect of pressure gradient; (2) growth of turbulent

layer, effect of pressure gradient, examination of secondary flows; (3) separation

in adverse pressure gradient; and (h)

Transition from laminar to turbulent flow.

(g) A theory for the laminar layer now nearly

complete. Experimental results for the

laminar layer being collected.

(2552) TWO-PHASE FLOW STUDIES IN PIPES.

(b) Babcock and Wilcox Co., Alliance, Ohio.

(c) Prof. M. A. Santalo, Mass. Inst, of Technology, Room 3-l6U, Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; one doctor's

thesis, two master '6 and several bachelor's.

(e) Study of the basic mechanism of the simul- taneous flow of two phases in a vertical

pipe. An experimental apparatus uses Freon-12 as working fluid and permits measurement of pressure drop in a vertical test section with and without boiling. A

preheater enables a varying inlet quality

from subcool to saturated vapor. The ulti-

;

mate goal is an understanding of flow distribution and stability in parallel circuits.

(h) "Study of Two-Phase Flow in Pipe Bends", 1 J. R. Castillo, S.M. Thesis, June 1957.

"An Investigation of Two-Phase Two-Compo- nent Flow in Bends", M. I. Cohen, B. S. Thesis, June 1957.

(255*0 FLOW OF FLUIDIZED SOLIDS

(b) M. W. Kellogg Company, New York City.

(c) Prof. K. R. Wadleigh, Mass. Inst, of Technology, Room 3-166, Cambridge 39 > Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; one doctor's

thesis, several master's and bachelor's.

(e) Study of the characteristics of the downflow of fluidized solids near the packing

regime. The major experimental apparatus

permits pressure drop measurements and

control of flow regimes.

(f) Discontinued.

(g) A criteria for packing or fluidization of

solids once end effects are known.

(h) "A Batch-Flow Apparatus for the Investigation of Dense-Phase Down-Flow of Fluidized

Solids", S. Yamamoto, S.M. Thesis, MET, June 1957.

(2560) UNSTEADY-STATE CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER

PROCESSES.

(b) Wright Air Development Command, USAF.

(c) Prof. R.J. Nickerson, Mass. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge 39 > Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search.

(e) The effect of oscillations on the forced

convective heat transfer from a body is being Investigated. Thus far, oscillations

of a plate parallel to a stream and oscillations of a cylinder in cross-flow in

directions parallel and perpendicular to

the stream have been investigated.

(g) The results for flat plate oscillations

parallel to the main stream are summarized

In a WADC Technical Report to be submitted

in the near future. No significant effects

on the steady rate of heat transfer from

the plate were noted.

(h) Progress reports have been submitted to WADC. Summary technical reports are in preparation.

(2805) UNSTEADY BOUNDARY LAYER.

(c) Mr. Philip A. Hill, Research Assistant,

Gas Turbine Laboratory, Mass. Inst, of

Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental study of a laminar boundary

layer in a streamwise-constant pressure

gradient when the main stream velocity

fluctuates harmonically; for doctoral

thesis

.

(2806) GEAR PUMP STUDY,

(b) Chandler Evans Co.

hh
(c) Prof. K. R. Wadleigh, Mass. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.. (d) Experimental and theoretical, applied re- search and design.

(e) Study of the performance characteristics and

losses in aircraft gear pumps to permit

optimization of designs for specific per- formance requirements.

(g) Predictions of mechanical friction losses

and fluid leakage losses agree well with

experimental data.

i (2807) UNSTEADY TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW IN A PARTIAL ADMISSION TURBINE.

(b) U. S. Underwater Ordnance Station, Newport,

Rhode Island.

(c) Prof. Robert W. Mann, Mass. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental investigation;

applied research for doctoral and master 1 s theses

(e) In a partial admission turbine as rotor

channels filled with relatively stagnant

fluid enter the active nozzle jet the fluid

in the rotor channels wants to be accelerated. If the active nozzle jet to blade

spacing ratio is large enough, steady-state

velocities will be achieved in the rotor blading after which a deceleration of the

fluid In the rotor passages occurs as the rotor passage moves out of the nozzle jet.

The substantial contributor to the low

efficiency of the partial admission turbine

is this acceleration-deceleration problem.

The purpose of this project is to develop

an understanding of this flow by theoretical and experimental means in order to develop design criterion which will permit

an improvement in turbine performance . The

experimental work will include the use of

hydraulic analogy for supersonic flow and/ or high speed interferometric and Schlieren

photography.

(2808) INTERACTION OF LINE VORTICES.

(c) Prof. A. H. Shapiro, Room 3-26k, Mass.

Inst, of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search.

(e) Interaction of several line vortices, with

emphasis on whether the mutually-induced

motions tend to increase or decrease the

spatial concentration of vorticity.

(e

Reduction projects and general information.

Rainfall and runoff studies will be made

on small drainage areas which when com- bined with other hydrologic factors such

as temperature, vegetal cover, ground

water, etc., will provide a better basis

for design of small reservoirs whose chief

purpose is reduction of flood peaks,

(g) Project in initial stages.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Department of Civil Engrg.

(2129) DEVELOPMENT OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOW CONTROL.

(b) Rackham Research Grant.

(c) Prof. V. L. Streeter, University of Mich.,

322 W. Engineering Bldg., Ann Arbor, Mich.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

(e) Determination of effectiveness of the

principle of single-orifice flow control

with a non-linear spring resistance as applied to open channels

(f) Completed.

(g) The general principle of a spring force

varying exponentially with displacement

and an orifice area varying exponentially

with spring displacement yielding substantially constant flow control over the

design head range has been confirmed.

(2562) MODEL TEST OF BOOSTER PUMPING STATION FOR WATER WORKS PARK, DETROIT, MICHIGAN.

(b) Detroit Board of Water Commissioners.

(c) Prof. V. L. Streeter, University of Mich.,

322 W. Engineering Bldg., Ann Arbor, Mich.

(d) Experimental.

(e) A plexiglas scale model (l:2l) of a pumping station includes complete

hydraulic system within caisson except pump vanes, for four 66-Inch diameter

vertical shaft axial-flow pumps.

(f) Completed.

(g) By installation of turning vanes before

the pump pit and baffles within the pump

pit the overall hydraulic losses through

the pump were reduced by 50$ and flow

conditions improved in the pump pit.

(h) University of Michigan Engineering Re- search Institute Report, April 1957-

(2561+) DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM FLOODS ON ROUGE

RIVER.

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS, Department of Civil

Engineering.

(256l) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES IN WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS.

(b) Cooperative with Soil Conservation Service,

U.S. Weather Bureau, U.S. Geological Survey.

(c) Dean George A. Marston, Director, Engrg.

Research Institute, Univ. of Mass ., Amherst,

Mass

(d) Experimental; field and laboratory; for

design of Watershed protection, Flood Peak

(b) Wayne County Road Commission.

(c) Prof. E. F. Brater, University of Michigan, 320 W. Engineering Bldg., Ann Arbor,

Mich.

(d) Analytical.

(e) To determine infiltration capacities and

unit hydrographs for the Rouge River

basin for the purpose of determining the

magnitude of future floods and the ef- fectiveness of various methods of reducing flood stages.

(f) Completed.

(g) The project was completed. An improved

^5
(h)

method of predicting flood frequency was developed.

Report published by sponsor.

ship models of different sizes and full- nesses to establish optimum techniques

for use in the ship model tank.

(2809) ELIMINATION OF WAVE MOTION IN MENTOR

HARBOR, OHIO.

(c)

(d)

(e)

The Mentor Harbor Yachting Club. Prof. E. F. Brater, University of Michigan,

320 W. Engineering Bldg., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Model study. A 1:50 model of the harbor area was con- structed. Prototype wave conditions were reproduced in the model and methods of

eliminating the objectionable conditions

are being tested.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Ship Model Tank.

Inquiries should be addressed to Prof. R. B. Couch,

Chairman, Dept. of Naval Architecture and Marine

Engineering, k^O West Engineering Bldg., University

of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

(1378) VIBRATION ELIMINATION.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(23^9

Cb

(c

(d

(e

(f

(2810

(b

(c

(d

(e

(f

(2811

(h

(c

(d

(e

Laboratory and field projects.

Prof. L. A. Baier, (ret.) 32h West Eng.

Bldg., Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Experimental; applied research.

Design and testing of vertical and horizontal flow control fins fitted to both

single and multiple screw hulls in way of

propeller in order to control feed water

flow and eliminate fantail vibration. Recent emphasis placed on triple screw stern vibration in river towboats.

OIL BARGE DESIGN.

Union Industrial of Astilleros Barranquilla, Colombia.

Prof. L. A. Baier, (ret.) 32U West Eng.

Bldg., Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Experimental

.

Determination of best barge form for flo- tilla operation under local conditions.

75$ completed.

VESSEL STABILITY.

U.S. Steel Corp., Monroeville, Pa. Prof. L. A. Baier, (ret.) 32l+ West Eng.

Bldg., Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Experimental.

Effect of and changes in loading iron ore concentrates in Great Lakes vessels.

50$ completed.

TURBULENCE STIMULATION ON SHIP MODELS.

Laboratory project.

Prof. R. B. Couch, Dept. of Naval Archi- tecture and Marine Engrg., 1*50 West Eng.

Bldg., Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Experimental and applied research.

Testing of various turbulence stimulating

devices, Buch as girth wires and studs on

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, Agricultural Experiment

Station.

(1929) DRAIN TILE JUNCTION LOSSES.

Cooperative with St. Anthony Falls

Hydraulic Laboratory. See Page No. 63.

(2350) DRAINAGE OF AGRICULTURAL LAND BY PUMPING.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(2576)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Laboratory project

.

Prof. Curtis L. Larson, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, University of Minn.,

St. Paul 1, Minnesota.

Theoretical and field investigations;

applied research.

The project has three phases: (l) The

development of basic relations for planning pump drainage systems, (2) the study

of rates of drainage, and (3) the study

of factors affecting the efficiency.

Expressions for the amount of storage

required by automatic and non-automatic

pumping plants have been developed. A

new device for measuring effluent from

partially filled pipes was developed in

laboratory tests. "Planning Pump Drainage Outlets", Curtis

L. Larson and Evan R. Allred. Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 37., No. 1, pp. 38-UO, Jan. 1956. "Tests of New Device for Measuring Pipe

Effluent", Curtis L. Larson and Lee F. Hermsmeier. Agricultural Engineering

(publication pending).

CONSTRUCTION, DEVELOPMENT, AND PUMPING

OF SHALLOW WELLS FOR IRRIGATION.

Field project.

Prof. Evan R. Allred, Dept. of Agricultural Engrg., Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul

1, Minn.

Field investigation; applied research

and development

.

The objectives of the project are: (l) To study and develop inexpensive methods

for construction of shallow irrigation

wells, (2) determine hydraulic permea- bility and characteristics of various

aquifers, and (3) to survey and determine extent and availability of shallow

ground water sources for irrigation in

Minnesota.

MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES AND METALLURGY,

Department of Civil Engineering.

( 317 ) VELOCITY STUDIES IN A VERTICAL PIPE FLOWING FULL.

(b) Laboratory project.
(c) Prof. Clifford D. Muir, Civil Engineering

Dept., Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy, Rolla, Mo.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis

(e) Tests were conducted on vertical flow in

l/2-inch hard-drawn copper pipe to investigate flow with pipe flowing full and under

positive pressure.

(g) The experimental results obtained were in

agreement with theoretical computations.

Continuing studies confirm the previous re- sults .

(319) WEIR STUDIES

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. E. W. Carlton, Civil Engineering Dept., Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy,

Rolla, Mo.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis

(e) Tests on rectangular weirs were made to de- termine effect of velocity of approach on the relation between crest depth and critical depth of an imaginary open channel

having same dimensions as the weir opening.

(g) Study produced a simple, accurate and quick

solution for plotting of M function. Re- lationship between the M function and the

critical depth is logarithmic. This greatly

simplifies determination of critical flow

where the critical depth is known or vice

versa. A relationship exists between M

function of channels of same shape but

different dimensions. The velocity of

approach does not affect the relationship

between physical depth and crest depth.

(2134) HEAD LOSSES IN STORM DRAIN JUNCTION BOXES.

(b) Missouri State Highway Department in coop- eration with U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

(c) Prof. Horace W. Wood, 150 Engineering Bldg.,

University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.

(d) Experimental and analytical; applied re- search, development

(e) Model study of inlet junction boxes and

manholes for use in urban highway design;

determination of coefficients by which

pressure changes at junctions can be accu- rately anticipated for various common con- figurations; preparation of design charts

and instructions for their use.

(f) Experimental work completed; final report

with design material in preparation.

(g) The design section, which will be published

under separate binding, will enable designer to determine the pressure change

occurring at open junctions when the pipes

are flowing full and the liability of over- flow is a consideration.

(h) "Progress Report on Investigation of Head

Losses at Junctions in Storm Drains" pre- sented by William M. Sangster at January

1957 meeting of the Highway Research

Board.

MONTANA STATE COLLEGE , Agricultural Experiment

Station.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 2579 and 2580

should be addressed to Mr. 0. W. Monson, Head,

Agricultural Engineering Dept., Montana State

College, Bozeman, Mont.

!2578) CORRELATION OF WEIR CREST DEPTH AND WEIR

FLOW CHARACTERISTICS.

!2579) STREAM FLOW FORECASTING BASED ON SNOW

SURVEYS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Clifford D. Muir, Civil Engineering

Dept., Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy, Rolla, Mo.

( d ) Experimental

(e) Tests on several cipoletti weirs were made

in order to determine the effect of weir

thickness, H/P ratio, and Froude's number

on the ratio of crest depths to the critical depth of an imaginary open channel

having the same dimensions as the weir flow

section.

(g) This study indicated a definite relationship between the crest depth to critical

depth ratio and the Froude number of the

imaginary channel. However, the ratio

tended to become constant at either high

or low Froude numbers . The H/P ratio had

no noticeable effect on this relationship. A continuation of this study indicates the

probable superiority of crest depth flow

relationships when weirs having a narrow width with respect to head are being used.

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI, Engineering Experiment

Station.

(b) Cooperative with Soil and Water Conserva- tion Research Branch, Agricultural Re- search Service.

(d) Experimental; to improve methods of forecasting stream flow and seasonal runoff

for irrigation, power, flood control and

other uses

(e) A network of snow survey courses has been

established on all the principal watersheds of Montana. Snow measurements are made at these points during the winter and

spring months. The water equivalent of

the snow is correlated with subsequent run- off from the watershed. Provisional forecasts are published as early as March of

each year. Final forecasts are amended as necessary in A pril and May.

(g) Statistical treatment of data directed

towards the possibility of making 10-day

forecasts of natural stream flow available

for diversion for irrigation. Some progress noted. Studies confined to West Gallatin River at Gateway.

(h) Published forecasts are sent to a selected

list of agencies, libraries, and water

users

(2580) EFFICIENT APPLICATION OF IRRIGATION WATER.

hi
(b) Cooperative with the U. S. Bureau of

Reclamation.

(d) Experimental and field investigations.

(e) This study is an attempt to correlate the

size of irrigation stream with the rate of

infiltration of the soil and the length of

run and the slope of field.

(g) Field tests to show practical application

of equation giving Q in (cfs) as related

to "1" infiltration; "S" slope or gradient

of field; "W" width of strip, ft.; "L" length of strip, ft.; and "7" a coefficient

corresponding to Horton's "7"- Field tests

gave promising results. More detailed work

needed.

(h) Annual reports prepared for cooperating

agencies. No published reports.

NEWPORT NEWS SHIPBUILDING AND DRY DOCK COMPANY .

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos . 123, 12k, 896,

901, 1132, 1133, 1136, and 2582 should be addressed

to Mr. C. H. Hancock, Hydraulic Laboratory, Newport

News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company, Newport

News, Virginia.

(123) HYDRAULIC TURBINE TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Scale model turbines, using either Francis

or propeller type runners, are tested for power and efficiency at various speeds.

(124) METER CALIBRATION TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To establish calibration curve for determining correction for various rates of flow. Meters are tested at various rates of flow

by weighing tank method. Time is recorded

electronically by decade counters.

(896) VANE MOMENT TESTS ON ADJUSTABLE BLADE

RUNNERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Tests are to determine vane moment diagrams.

The turbine load is applied by an electrical dynamometer and the gate openings are controlled by a governor. The blades

adjust automatically and the blade moment

is measured by a spring dynamometer.

(901) SHIP MODEL RESISTANCE TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Scale ship models are towed to determine

the effective horsepower, bare hull, re- quired by the ship. Because of their small

size, several models may be towed in a short period of time thus allowing much pre- liminary work to be done on the choice of

lines. The final lines are checked by the

David Taylor Model Basin. To eliminate a

large portion of this preliminary testing, | a schedule of systematic models was arranged in which the beam-draft ratio,

the displacement-length ratio, and the pris- 1 matic coefficient are varied over a wide h range. Towing this set of models is con- tinuing and when completed will provide de- I] sign data for a standard offset series

covering a wide range. :

(1132) HYDRAULIC PUMP TESTS.

ii (b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Scale model pumps centrifugal and propeller ! types, are tested at constant speeds for

head developed, power consumption, and

efficiency at various rates of discharge.

Cavitation tests are sometimes conducted

by lowering the suction head to a point

where the developed head and efficiency

break down.

(1133) CAVITATION TESTS OF HYDRAULIC TURBINE

MODELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Scale model turbines are tested on cavitation stand to determine sigma at which

cavitation starts. By the use of a Plexiglas throat ring and a Strobolux light

synchronized with the shaft rotation,

visual observations are made to determine

the location on the blade where cavitation

starts. Tests also run to determine runa- way speeds at low sigma values.

! (1136) WAVE TESTS ON SHIP MODELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Ship models are tested with scaled waves

to determine speed reduction in waves for the pull required for various still water

speeds. Pitching periods and angles are determined from light trace photographs

.

Wave tests were conducted for the ICSH Sea- worthiness Committee and the results were reported at the Seventh International Con- ference on Ship Hydrodynamics in Scandinavia

in August 195^ • These tests were made on

a Todd-Forrest Series 60, Block 0.60 model,

at three radii of gyration, at five tow- line pulls, in four wave lengths of a single wave height. Wave tests are being

made in conjunction with the ATTC Seaworthiness Committee program.

(2582) AIR TESTS ON HYDRAULIC TURBINE MODEL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Plexiglas hydraulic turbine model is tested

with air. Smoke and tufts are used in the

flow visualization studies. Velocity and pressure distribution studies are made

using a sensitive differential manometer. I The gate moments obtained from the pressure distribution will be checked with a strain
gage dynamomete r

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Department of Chemical Engrg.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos . 2135, 2583, 2584,

and 2812, should be addressed to Prof. John Happel,

Dept. of Chemical Engineering, New York University,

University Heights, New York 53, N. Y.

(2135) EFFECT OF A CYLINDRICAL BOUNDARY ON STEADY VISCOUS FLOW PAST SINGLE SPHERES.

(b) Grant from Texas Company; laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research for doctoral

thesis

(e) A study of the effect of a cylindrical

boundary on steady flow past spheres as a function of Reynolds number, sphere-tocylinder diameter ratio and distance of

sphere from cylinder axis by measurement of drag on spheres and pressure drop

caused by their presence.

(g) Experimental pressure drop and drag measurements in "creeping motion" indicate

very good agreement with existing theoretical treatments, however at high Reynolds

number marked deviations occur.

(2583) EFFECT OF PARTICLE CONCENTRATION ON PRES- SURE DROP AND SEDIMENTATION VELOCITY IN DILUTE BEDS OF PARTICLES.

(b) Grant from Texas Company; laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for doctoral

thesis

(e) The slow translational motion of dilute

beds of particles settling through a viscous fluid subjected to the influence

of spherical and cylindrical boundaries is

being studied. This will ultimately

enable a theoretical prediction of the

effect of particle concentration on pressure drop and sedimentation velocity in

beds of particles.

(g) The velocity field created by the settling

of a single spherical particle at an arbitrary location within a spherical con- tainer has been solved by the "method of

reflections." The field is expressed as a convergent series of solid spherical

harmonics

(2584) AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE SLOW MOTION

OF TWO SPHERES IN A VISCOUS FLUID.

(b) Grant from the American Petroleum Research

Fund of the American Chemical Society;

laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis

(e) Determination of the terminal settling

velocity of two equal size spheres moving

(1) parallel to their line of centers, and

(2) perpendicular to their line of centers

as a function of ratio of sphere diameter

to center-to-center distance, and Reynolds

(g)

( 2812

(b)

(a)

(e)

number. An attempt to verify existing

theoretical solutions of this problem for

the case of "creeping motion" as well as a determination of the upper Reynolds

number limit beyond which the theoretical

treatment becomes invalid.

Trial experiments for settling of two

spheres parallel to their line of centers show that total drag diminishes as the

distance between spheres is decreased.

EFFECT OF AN AXIALLY LOCATED SPHERE ON

THE PRESSURE DROP OF A VISCOUS FLUID

FLOWING THROUGH A CYLINDRICAL TUBE.

Grant from the American Petroleum Research

Fund of the American Chemical Society;

laboratory project.

Theoretical and experimental; basic

research for master's thesis.

Theoretical analysis of the pressure at all distances from a single sphere located

at the axis of a cylindrical tube through

which a viscous fluid is flowing. The

expression for pressure so obtained will

be experimentally verified in the laboratory.

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory.

(1912) DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF A SIDE WEIR.

0>)

(c)

(a)

(g)

Laboratory project.

Prof. A. H. Griswold, New York University, New York 53, N. Y. This is an applied research project in

which a theoretical analysis Is being

checked experimentally. A test program has been completed that

included tests of two widths of channel, two lengths of crest and two crest heights. The analysis of this data is underway.

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Department of Meteorology

and Oceanography.

(2354) INTERACTION BETWEEN OCEAN AND ATMOSPHERE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE HYDRAULIC

CIRCULATION.

(b) Geophysics Branch, Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Gerhard Neumann, Professor of Oceanography, New York University, College of

Engineering, New York 53, N. Y. (d) Theoretical research including evaluation

of oceanographic observations.

(e) The aim of the project is to study the

interrelationships between the atmosphere

and the oceans with special consideration

of the wind driven oceanic circulation

and the stratification of the water masses . (f) Completed.

(g) The horizontal circulation of wind-driven

h9
ocean currents was examined by taking Into account the average vertical densitystratification and the spherical shape of

the earth. The variable depth of the

lower boundary of the wind-driven circulation plays an important role in the hydrodynamic analysis of the circulation system. A numerical solution was given for the

horizontal mass transport in the North

Atlantic Ocean, and a theoretical study

deals with a three-dimensional model of

wind generated currents in a stratified

ocean. The analysis of the dynamical

structure of the Gulf Stream and its mass

distribution indicates that the current system approaches equivalent barotropic

conditions

.

(h) "Wind Stress on Water Surfaces ", G.Neumann,

Bull, of the Amer. Meteor. Soc, Vol. 37, No. 5, PP- 211-217, May 1956.

"Notes on the Horizontal Circulation of Ocean Currents", G. Neumann, Bull, of the

Amer. Meteor. Soc, Vol. 37 > No. 3j PP- 96-

100, March 1956. "Zum Problem der "Dynamischen Bezugsflache",

insbesondere im Golfstromgebiet ", G. Neumann, Deutsche Hydr. Zeitschr., Vol. 9, No. 2, 1956, pp. 66-78. "Contributions to the Study of the Oceanic

Circulation", New York University, College

of Engineering, Research Division, Contract Nonr 285(12), Office of Naval Research:

G. Neumann and F. Ostapoff, The mean water

transport by wind driven ocean currents in

the North Atlantic for the month of Feb- ruary; F. Ostapoff, On the depth of the

layer of no motion in the Central Pacific

Ocean; El Sayed M. Hassan, On the ocean

circulation. Preliminary distribution,

September, 1957.

(2355) OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH WAVE PROJECT.

(b) Geophysics Branch, Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Prof. Willard J. Pierson, Jr., Research

Associate Professor of Meteorology, New York University, University Heights, New York 53, New York.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and

applied research.

(e) Study of the generation and propagation of waves in deep water; of wave observation

and forecasting techniques and of waves as a three variable stationary Gaussian process; digital analysis of stereo aerial wave photographs to determine the two dimensional spectrum of the waves as a function of wave frequency and direction. A study of the capillary wave spectrum is partially completed.

(g) Information on the spectrum of waves as a function of frequency and direction has

been obtained. A study of swell records

obtained by J. E. Dinger at N.R.L. at Barbados is under way. Further work on Project 235U will be combined with this

project for the coming year.

(h) "The Directional Spectrum of a Wind Gen- erated Sea as Determined From Data

Obtained by the Stereo Wave Observation

Project", by Joseph Chase, L. J. Cote,

W. Marks, E. Mehr, W. J. Pierson, Jr.,

F. C. R6"nne, G. Stephenson, R.C. Vetter,

and R. G. Walden. Technical Report for the Office of Naval Research.

"A Comparison of Various Theoretical Wave

Spectra", G. Neumann and W. J. Pierson,

Jr. Proc. of the Symposium on the Behavior

of Ships in a Seaway, Netherlands Ship

Model Basin, Wageningen.

"A Detailed Comparison of Various Theoretical Wave Spectra and Wave Forecasting

Methods", G. Neumann and W. J. Pierson, Jr. (To appear in Deutsche Hydrogr. Zeitschr.)

(2356) SHIP MOTIONS PROJECT.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of

the Navy.

(c) Prof. Willard J. Pierson, Jr., Research

Associate Professor of Meteorology, New York University, University Heights, New York 53, New York.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and

applied research.

(e) Studies of the theory of a stationary

Gaussian process as applied to the motions

of ships in waves; experimental and theoretical determination of co-spectra and

quadrature spectra.

(g) Theoretical studies of cross spectra, and

theoretical papers on wave theory and

ship motion theory.

(h) "On the Joint Estimation of the Spectra,

Co-Spectra and Quadrature Spectrum of a Two-Dimensional Stationary Gaussian Process", by N. R. Goodman. Technical

Report No. 8, prepared for David Taylor

Model Basin.

"Some New Developments in Probabilistic

and Statistical Methods Applied to the

Study of Ship Motion", by L. J. Tick and

W. J. Pierson, Jr. Proc. of the Symposium on the Behavior of Ships in a Sea- way, Netherlands Ship Model Basin,

Wageningen

.

"On the Phases of the Motions of Ships in

Confused Seas", by W. J. Pierson, Jr. Technical Report No. 9> prepared for the

David Taylor Model Basin.

(2357) WAVE PROJECT.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.

(c) Prof. Willard J. Pierson, Jr., Research

Associate Professor of Meteorology, New York University, University Heights, New York 53, New York.

(d) Theoretical and experimental, and basic

and applied.

(e) Attempt to formulate the zero crossing

problem of a stationary Gaussian process and solve It for spectra like those of ocean waves.

(g) Unpublished results which look quite pro- mising have been obtained and the results

will appear shortly.

(h) "On the Joint Estimation of the Spectra,

Co-Spectra and Quadrature Spectrum of a

50
T

Two -Dimensional Stationary Gaussian Process ", by N. R. Goodman, Technical Report

prepared for the Bureau of Ships

NORTH CAROLINA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND

ENGINEERING OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA,

Department of Engineering Research.

(593)

(a

(e

(f

(1636

(g)

DYNAMIC SIMILARITY OF SMALL HYDRAULIC

MODELS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. N. W. Conner, Director of Engineering

Research, North Carolina State College,

Raleigh, N.C. Experimental and theoretical; basic

research. An experimental determination and theoretical study of dynamic similarity of small

hydraulic models by large scale ratios.

Completed.

RAINFALL, INTENSITY, DURATION, FREQUENCY, CURVES FOR NORTH CAROLINA.

Laboratory project.

Prof. Charles Smallwood, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, North Carolina State College,

Raleigh, N. C. Experimental; basic and applied research.

The collection and analysis of data pertaining to intensity, duration, and frequency

of rainfall in North Carolina.

Since work is continuing, no conclusive

results are available at this time.

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, The Technological Institute.

(2137) SPRAY DROPLET FORMATION.

(b) Laboratory project, supported in part by

Project SQUID, Princeton University.

(c) Prof. Wm. F. Stevens, Northwestern Univ.,

Evanston, Illinois.

(d) Experimental and theoretical investigation,

involving basic research, in part for thesis

work.

(e) In order to understand more completely the

operation of a spray nozzle, information is being sought concerning the mechanism of spray formation. Drop- size distribution

data are being obtained, using a new technique involving capture of the spray in

liquid nitrogen.

(g) Project being continued. Results will be

reported.

(h) Project SQUID Semi-Annual Progress Reports - October 1, 1956, April 1, 1957, and October

1, 1957-

research of Mr. Ivor Thomas,

(e) Study of the fate of fission products

when injected into the Chicago Sanitary

Ship Canal near Lemont, 111.

(2585) MODEL STUDY ON SAVANNAH TIDAL ESTUARY.

(b) U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.

(c) Prof. Carlos G. Bell, Northwestern Univ.,

Evanston, 111.

(d) Experimental, doctoral research.

(e) Study of feasibility of using a tidal

model as an aid in the study of the fate of radioactive wastes in a tidal estuary.

(f) Completed.

(2586) DISPERSION OF FLUID IN POROUS MEDIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Robert B. Banks, Northwestern Univ.,

Evanston, 111.

(d) Theoretical, experimental; doctoral thesis

of Mr. Aklo Ogata.

( e ) Packed column apparatus permits sampling

of fluid flow to determine effects of

dispersion, diffusion and convection on the change in solute concentration.

(g) A theoretical analysis of the problem

indicates that the phenomena is described

by an equation similar to the heat con- duction equation. Attempts are being

made to correlate the dispersion coefficient in terms of a modified Reynolds

number

(2813) CAVITATION DAMAGE RELATED TO WAVE PATTERNS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. W. S. Hamilton, Northwestern Univ.,

Evanston, 111.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; for master's

thesis

(e) Damage to samples of granular material

placed near a collapsing cavity occurs in

patterns that seem to depend on pressure- wave reflections. An attempt is being

made to construct the wave patterns and

relate them to the damage.

(g) Samples were tested in a piston-andcylinder apparatus filled with water.

(28l10 TORQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF A BUTTERFLY GATE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. W. S. Hamilton, Northwestern Univ.,

Evanston, 111.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; for master's

thesis.

(e) Torques on a sluice gate are to be com- puted from potential-flow patterns and

compared with values measured in a model.

(g) Model has been tested and torque characteristic established for certain conditions.

(2361) FATE OF FISSION PRODUCTS IN SURFACE WATERS. (2815)

(b) U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.

(c) Prof. Carlos G. Bell, Jr., Northwestern

University, Evanston, 111.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; doctoral

LIQUID DROP ENTRAINMENT DUE TO CROSS- FLOW OF AIR.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. W. S. Hamilton, Northwestern Univ.,

Evanston, 111.

51
(d) Experimental; master's degree thesis for

Mr. J. S. Millar.

(e) The features of tropical rainstorms have

been analyzed and an apparatus to simulate

such rainstorms in the laboratory has been

constructed. Louvre angle may be varied

to obtain variation of air-liquid entrain- ment ratio as function of blade angle.

(g) Particle trajectory, drop size distribution

and liquid entrainment information has been

obtained.

(2816) UNSTEADY FLOW ABOUT CYLINDERS AND SPHERES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Robert B. Banks, Northwestern Univ.,

Evanston, 111. (d) Theoretical, experimental; master's degree

research.

(e) An experimental apparatus Is under con- struction which will allow determination

of unsteady forces on submerged bodies

.

Velocities, accelerations and forces will

be measured for flows around cylinders and

spheres

.

(f) Commencing.

(2817) UNSTEADY FLOW THROUGH EARTH DAMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Jorj 0. Osterberg, Northwestern Univ.,

Evanston, 111.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; doctoral

research for Mr. William Fead.

( e ) An analog model for the unsteady flow of

liquid through earth dams has been con- structed. Studies of sudden reservoir

drawdown and filling have resulted in

information on the development of seepage

in earth dams

.

(f) Completed.

(g) Experimental results compare favorably with

relaxation method computations. Dimensionless plots of degree of drainage versus time

factor have been obtained.

(2818) DIFFUSION IN TIDAL ESTUARIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Carlos G. Bell and Prof. Robert B. Banks, Northwestern University, Evanston,

111.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; doctoral

thesis of Mr. P. G. Huiswaard.

(e) Experimental work is being conducted in

long, variable slope channel, modified to simulate a tidal estuary. Test results

will be interpreted in the light of turbulent diffusion coefficients obtained by measurement of the longitudinal distribution of fluid tracers.

(2819) NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID FLOW IN PIPES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Robert B. Banks, Northwestern Univ.,

Evanston, 111.

(d) Theoretical; master's thesis for Mr. John

Curtis.

(e) Analysis of existing data of flow of nonNewtonian fluids in pipes. Computation

of friction factors and modified Reynolds

numbers for laminar, transition and turbulent regions.

(2820) OBSERVATIONS IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLUIDIZED

BEDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. W. T. Brazelton, Northwestern Univ.,

Evanston, 111.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Photographic study of an approximate two- dimensional bed to observe bubble growth

factors and the onset of slugging.

(2821) PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUIDIZED

BEDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. W. T. Brazelton, Northwestern Univ.,

Evanston, 111.

(d) Experimental; doctoral thesis.

(e) Use of radiation absorption to determine

density variations and describe particle

motion and agglomerative tendencies.

Physical characteristics as a function of

bed position to correlate and explain

heat and mass transfer.

(g) Bed densities from gamma ray absorptions

available

.

(2822) HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN FLUIDIZED BEDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. W. T. Brazelton, Northwestern Univ.,

Evanston, 111. (d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) A study considering usual variables of

particle size, gas rate, settled bed

height but giving particular attention to parameter of bed position. Similar con- ditions are maintained for heat and mass transfer for comparative purposes

.

(g) Effect of longitudinal position has been

demonstrated for case of heat transfer. To test same for mass transfer.

(2823) HEAT TRANSFER IN THE FLOW OF GASES THROUGH GRANULAR BEDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. George Thodos, Northwestern Univ.,

Evanston, 111. (d) Experimental, applied research; doctoral

research for Mr. Yin-Chao Yen.

(e) Considerations are given for the better

understanding and prediction of heat

transfer coefficients involved in the

flow of gases through granular packings.

This work finds applicability in studies

involving catalytic reactions. The effect

of the geometry of the particles on heat

transfer coefficients is being studied.

(g) Direct temperature measurements of gases

and solids in bed made possible the direct

calculation of the heat transfer coefficient for the gas film. Colburn heat

transfer factor has been correlated to a modified Reynolds number.

52
(2821+) RANQUE-HTLSCH VORTEX TUBE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. G. M. Brown, Northwestern University,

Evanston, 111.

(d) Experimental, basic research; for doctoral

thesis

(e) Investigate flow pattern, pressure, temperature, velocity vector throughout vortex

flow region. Explain resulting tempera- tures . (h) "The Ranque-Hilsch Vortex Tube", William

Alfred Scheller and George Martin Brown,

Ind. Eng. Chem. 1+9, 1013-16 (1957).

(2825) SPRAY DROPLET VAPORIZATION.

(b) Laboratory project, supported in part by

Project SQUID, Princeton University.

(c) Prof. Wm. F. Stevens, Northwestern Univ.,

Evanston, 111.

(d) Experimental and theoretical investigation,

involving basic research, in part for

thesis work.

(e) As a prelude to the study of droplet com- bustion, droplet vaporization studies are being made. A mathematical model has been

developed, and computer calculations are being carried on, leading to an understanding of the complex mass and heat transfer

taking place.

(g) Project being continued. Results will be

reported.

(h) Project SQUID Semi -Annual Progress Reports. AICHE Journal, 2, 555 (1956), Culverwell,

et al.

UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME, Department of Civil Engrg.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 2826 and 2827

should be addressed to Dr. S. Kolupaila, Dept. of

Civil Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre

Dame , Ind

(2826) PROPORTIONAL WEIR,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental investigation; for design.

(e) A hyperbolic notch has been designed; the

bottom width limited to 1.00 ft and a com- pensation of 0.01 ft added at the center. A satisfactory straight relationship

obtained with a discharge coefficient of

0.60.

(2827) OBLIQUE RATINGS OF A CURRENT METER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental investigation.

(e) A small laboratory current meter by A. Ott,

Kempten, Bavaria, has been rated at oblique

angles for every 10° up to ±90° in the

rating channel of the Hydraulics Laboratory.

Deviations were determined from the cosine

law for three available runners, one of

them so-called "component runner."

(h) "The Use of a Current Meter in Turbulent

and Divergent Channels", submitted to the

XI General Assembly of the International

Union of Geodesy and Geophysics in Toronto

Sept. 1957. To be published in the Pro- ceedings of the Association of Scientific

Hydrology.

OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY, Agricultural Engrg.

Dept.

(2365) HYDR0L0GIC STUDIES ON SMALL GRASS-COVERED

WATERSHEDS.

(b) Agricultural Experiment Station cooperative with Agricultural Research Service.

(c) Prof. F. R. Crow, Okla. State Univ., Dept.

of Agri. Engineering, Stillwater, Okla.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Measurements are being made to provide

hydrologic data on total watershed runoff

and peak rates of runoff from three small

grass-covered watersheds (17 to 206 acres)

in north central Oklahoma. Highway culverts, modified by the addition of weir

sills, are being used as runoff measureing devices.

(f) Intensive model tests of culverts equipped

with weir sills completed. Seven year

data on precipitation and runoff completed

(h) "Runoff from Small Watersheds in the Reddish Prairie Grasslands of Oklahoma",

W. 0. Ree and F. R. Crow. Oklahoma

Agricultural Experiment Station Technical

Bulletin (in press), Spring 1958.

(2828) THE EFFECTIVENESS OF M0N0M0LECULAR FILMS FOR REDUCING EVAPORATION FROM RESERVOIRS.

(b) Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. F. R. Crow, Oklahoma State Univ.,

Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Stillwater, Okla.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Studies are being made on evaporation

pans, existing farm reservoirs and plastic lined experimental evaporation reservoirs to develop methods of application

and determination of effectiveness of

hexadecanol and octadecanol films for reducing evaporation. Effect of wind on stability of monolayers is being studied

in low- speed laboratory wind tunnel.

OREGON STATE COLLEGE, Department of Civil Engrg.

(918) RELATION BETWEEN RAINFALL AND RUNOFF FROM

SMALL WATERSHED IN WESTERN OREGON.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. W. C. Westgarth, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oregon.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Watershed 7-3^ sq mi partly wooded, partly

farmed; automatic recording rain gages and

flow recording gages on loan from U. S. Weather Bureau and U.S. Geological Survey.

53
(f

(1651*

(D

(c

(d

(e

(f

(h

(2829

(b

(c

(d

(e

Suspended.

MODEL INVESTIGATION OF FISH-LADDERS IN BOX

CULVERTS.

Cooperative with Oregon State Highway Dept.

and Bureau of Public Roads.

Dr. Roy H. Shoemaker, Jr., Oregon State

College, Corvallis, Oregon.

Experimental; design.

Scale model of box culvert with fish-ladder

baffles installed to determine discharge

characteristics of culvert forvariable

baffle height and spacing.

Completed.

Energy losses evaluated in terms of DarcyWeisbach pipe friction formula. "Hydraulics of Box Culverts with Fish-Ladder Baffles . " Proceedings of Highway

Research Board, Volume 35, pp 196-209

.

MODEL INVESTIGATION OF AN ARTIFICIAL OUTLET FOR DOWNSTREAM MIGRATING FISH AT PELTON

DAM, OREGON.

Portland General Electric Company.

Dr. Roy H. Shoemaker, Jr., Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oregon.

Experimental; applied research, design.

Scale model of artificial outlet tested in

model reservoir to determine (a) typical

patterns of flow in reservoir as affected

by discharge from penstocks, (b) effect of

artificial outlet upon magnitude and direction of currents in forebay, ( c ) effective limits of the zone of influence of

the artificial outlet in the forebay and

(d) optimum flows into the artificial out- let for satisfactory operation.

PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, Hydraulics Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning projects Nos . 283O and 283I

should be addressed to Prof. Sam Shulits, Hydraulics Laboratory, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Perm.

(2830) EDDY VISCOSITIES IN OPEN CHANNELS.

(b)

(d)

(e)

(g)

Laboratory project.

Theoretical, basic.

To determine magnitude of eddy viscosities

in open channels from measured velocity

profiles; to investigate suspected corre- lations with open channel parameters; to explore questioned constancy of Von Karman 1 s "universal constant", k. A systematic relationship seems to exist

between k and the channel roughness

coefficient.

(2831) FORCES ON RIPRAP REVETMENT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic.

(e) A single rectangular block as an idealized

stone will be studied first on the bottom

of a flume (uniform depth of water on top

of block) and then on an inclined surface

(non-uniform depth). The block will then

be surrounded with other blocks, in a series of orderly patterns, to simulate a riprap-protected bank. Perhaps systematic

relations can be found between physical

dimensions of the block pattern and the

hydrodynamic parameters due to the flow- ing water, in the manner in which

Nikuradse and Schlicting organized their

experimental research on surface rough- ness . Exploratory test on one block. Systematic

experimentation starts February 1958.

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, Ordnance

Research Laboratory, Garfield Thomas Water Tunnel.

(2369) TURBULENCE DETECTION THROUGH THERMISTORS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. A. F. Lehman, Ordnance Research

Laboratory, University Park, Penn.

(d) Experimental; developmental.

(e) A thermistor was used in exploring the possibilities of using this device as a turbulence detector or as a means of

measuring turbulence in water.

(f) Completed.

(g) Thermistor information obtained by tra- verses in radial planes in the wake of a powered model was evaluated through a comparison of air turbulence sphere and water tunnel turbulence sphere data to derive turbulence (intensity) levels. While the thermistor is limited in terms

of frequency response to about 250 cps and a number of assumptions were made in

obtaining thermistor-level turbulencelevel correlation, the technique should

prove worthwhile in normal engineering

applications

.

(2370) MASS TRANSFER DEVICE FOR MEASURING VELOCITIES AND TURBULENCE IN WATER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. W. E. Ranz, Ordnance Research Laboratory, University Park, Penn.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied

research.

(e) The study concerned the basic problem of

measuring turbulence in water and also

concerned the investigation of flow con- ditions in water through a mass transfer

phenomena

.

(f) Completed.

(g) A series of experiments were performed

which showed that a working instrument

could be designed on the principle of

convection-controlled electrolysis

.

Disappointing was the lack of a simple

relationship between current and velocity.

Beyond purely chemical limitations, fac- tors such as the contamination of the sur- face area which changed the calibration

5^
of the probe, size of the probe necessary

for mechanical strength to withstand hydrodynamic forces together with a limitation

of turbulence scale and frequency by probe

size were also considered. Practical

instruments appear to be possible but only

after long development and considerable

study of chemical mechanisms,

(h) "Electrolytic Methods for Measuring Water

Velocities", by W. E. Ranz, ORL Unclassified

Technical Memorandum, File No. TM I9.885U-5,

dated Feb. 20, 1957'

(259*0 SCALE EFFECTS ON THE INCIPIENT CAVITATION

CONNECTED WITH LOCAL SURFACE IRREGULARITIES.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau of Ordnance.

(c) Mr. J. William Holl, Ordnance Research

Laboratory, University Park, Penna.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) An investigation of the effect of the ratio

of the roughness height to the boundary

layer thickness as isolated from the effect

of the over-all shape of the parent body.

Investigations will be performed on a flat

plate spanning the 12-inch diameter working

section of the high speed water tunnel.

Heights of irregularities will range down

to .005 inch.

(g) Results of tests conducted in the ^8-inch

tunnel on irregularities from l/l6 inch to l/2 inch in height in boundary layers

ranging up to 1 inch thickness indicated

significant variations of the incipient

cavitation number with -both size and

velocity.

(h) "Cavitation Inception of Surface Irregularities", by J. William Holl, ORL Unclassified Technical Memorandum, File No. TM

5.31+10-03, dated Dec. 1957-

(2832) MEASUREMENT OF FORCES ON A MODEL IN A

WATER TUNNEL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Messrs. T. E. Peirce and G. B. Gurney,

Ordnance Research Laboratory, University

Park, Penna.

(d) Experimental; developmental.

(e) The problem concerns the measurement of

forces on models in a water tunnel over a velocity range up to 80 fps, pressure

ranges of 3 to 60 psia.

(g) Methods for waterproofing strain gages per- mitting application to flooded internal

balance systems satisfactorily developed. A three-component balance (lift, pitching

moment, and roll) for use with an 8-inch

diameter model at velocities to approximately 1+0 fps over the stated pressure

range now in operation.

(2833) EXCITATION OF CAVITY RESONANCE BY WATER

FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. A. F. Lehman, Ordnance Research Laboratory, University Park, Penna.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Several models will be constructed and

tested in the ORL Garfield Thomas Water

Tunnel for the purpose of experimentally

investigating the excitation of cavity

resonance by water flow past an opening.

(283I+) INCIPIENT CAVITATION UNDER UNSTEADY

CONDITIONS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. J. J. Eisenhuth, Ordnance Research

Laboratory, University Park, Penna.

(d) Theoretical; experimental.

(e) This investigation is concerned with the

unsteady interaction between propeller

blades and the wakes of stationary control

surfaces. The particular goal is to learn

the effects on incipient cavitation of

propeller blades when passing through

these wakes.

(d

(e

(2596

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agricultural

Engineering.

(2595) A MODEL STUDY OF BREATHERS AND RELIEF WELLS FOR TILE DRAINS TILE LINES.

(b) Department of Agricultural Engineering,

Purdue University.

(c) Mr. Harold Honeyfield, Department of

Agricultural Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

Experimental, for a master's thesis.

Work is being done to determine whether

breathers are necessary in tile lines.

THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF A RAINFALL

SIMULATOR FOR SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT

STUDIES.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, SWC, ESW,

USDA and Purdue University.

(c) Mr. L. Donald Meyer, ARS, Agricultural

Experiment Station, Purdue University,

Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental, development, operation.

(e) Methods of simulating rainfall, using the

kinetic energy of the drops as the primary

comparison, have been investigated. A

portable rainfall simulator has been

designed, constructed, and is in use as a tool to aid in the rapid evaluation of

factors that influence runoff, erosion,

and infiltration. Commercial spray nozzles are used to apply intensities of

2l/2 and 5 inches per hour to standard

runoff study plots. Construction of the

simulator in units makes it possible to vary the number and size of plots that

are covered simultaneously. Present use of the simulator is primarily for qualitative evaluations of various topographic,

soil, water, crop, and management factors

under controlled field conditions.

(2835) A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF WATER

TABLE CONTROL IN SANDY LOAM SOIL IN NORTHWESTERN INDIANA.

55
(2836

(b

(c

(2837

(b

(a

(e

Departments of Agricultural Engineering

and Agronomy, Purdue University.

Mr. Walter D. Lembke, Instructor in

Agricultural Engineering, Purdue University.

Field investigation, applied research.

Piezometers and observation wells are being

used to measure how effective are present

attempts to control the water table.

THE EFFECT OF VERTICAL MULCH CHANNELS ON THE INFILTRATION RATE IN A PASTURE SOIL.

Department of Agricultural Engineering,

Purdue University.

Mr. Donn DeCoursey, Graduate Student,

Department of Agricultural Engineering,

Purdue University.

Field investigation, applied research. A rainfall simulator is used to apply con- trolled rainfall on small plots. The

resulting runoff hydrographs are analyzed

for depression storage and infiltration.

TREATMENT OF SURFACE WATERS FOR DOMESTIC

USE ON THE FARM.

Department of Agricultural Engineering,

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Indiana, and State Board of

Health, Indianapolis, Indiana.

Mr. Carroll R. Amennan, Graduate Assistant,

Department of Agricultural Engineering,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

Field investigation for a master's thesis.

Work is being done to compare effectiveness

of slow sand filters and diatomaceous

earth filters.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering.

(2838

(b

(c

(d

(e

(f

(g

OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE JET SPRAY

DRYER.

U. S. Army Chemical Corps Biological

Warfare Laboratories.

Dr. E. W. Comings, School of Chemical and

Metallurgical Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Indiana.

Experimental investigation; applied

research for M.S. and Ph.D. theses. A jet spray dryer has been built and

operated over a range of conditions using

a solution of aqueous sodium sulfate and

a suspension of serratia marcescens.

Completed.

An improved model of the jet spray dryer

has been used to dry sodium-sulfate solution, a suspension of serratia marcescens,

milk, and eggs. The drying of sodiumsulfate solution is described. The product

was composed of solid spheres with a geometric-mass-mean diameter of 3-2 to h.h microns. Calculated drying times of

2 to 20 milliseconds and particle travel

during drying of less than 2 feet were

consistent with the observed results. Some of the operating variables were as

(h)

follows

:

Primary-air temperature 350 to 550°F. Secondary-air temperature 125 and 175 °F. Liquid feed rates 2 and 3 gal/hr. Btu added per lb. water

evaporated 2^00 to 10,000

The jet spray dryer was used to dry sus- pensions of serratia marcescens, a bacterium, under a variety of operating

conditions. Recoveries of viable cells were measured, and ranged from 1.8 to 91.8 percent. For more than half of the

drying runs the viable recovery was between ho and 60 percent. The moisture

content of the dried product was between

h and 8 weight percent. The particle

size of the dried product, as measured

in one experiment, had a mass mean diam- eter of 5-1 microns with a geometric mean

deviation of 1.6. Half-life values were determined for the dried organisms stored

under various conditions and the maximum

value was found to be 2^5 days for bacteria stored under partial vacuum

(pressure of 0.05 mm Hg) at -30°C. "Drying Aqueous Sodium Sulfate in the Jet Spray Dryer", H. A. McLain, E. W. Comings,

and J. E. Myers. Submitted for presentation at the Boston meeting of the American

Institute of Chemical Engineers, December

9-12, 1956. "Spray Drying of Serratia Marcescens in

the Jet Spray Dryer", E. W. Comings,

Harry Higa, Henry Koffler, and H. A. McLain. Submitted for presentation at the Miami meeting of the Division of

Industrial and Engineering Chemistry of

the American Chemical Society, April 7-12,

1957-

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Civil Engineering.

( 2599 ) MODEL STUDY OF A PORTION OF THE WHITE

RIVER.

(b) Indianapolis Power and Light Company,

Indianapolis, Indiana.

(c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, Civil Engineering,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental; for design, for master

thesis

.

(e) Investigation and improvements in the

hydraulic flow patterns of the White

River in the vicinity of Harding Street Power Plant of the Indianapolis Power

and Light Company.

(f) Completed.

(g) Dredging of the stream bed and installation of a submerged groin were recom- mended in order to eliminate the con- tinual deposition of sediments in the vicinity of the intake, and to permit a larger pumping rate. Recirculation was

was also considered.

(h) "Model Study of the White River in the

Vicinity of Harding Street Power Plant",

56
by J. W. Delleur, J. M. Alexander and

C. Venkatadri, Purdue University, School

of Civil Engineering, Hydraulics Laboratory,

March 1957-

(2839) HYDRAULICS OF RIVER FLOW UNDER ARCH BRIDGES.

(b) State Highway Department of Indiana.

(c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, School of Civil Engrg.,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental, master theses.

(e) The purpose of the research is to study

systematically the hydraulic efficiency of

waterways under arch bridges, to provide a criterion for determining the proper clear span of arch bridges so as to compensate

for the loss of efficiency at high flows,

and to provide a method for computing the

backwater upstream of arch bridges.

(g) The design of the laboratory flume and

models is under way.

(28^0) MECHANISM OF TURBULENCE IN FREE SURFACE

FLOW.

(b) Purdue Research Foundation Fellowship.

(c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, Civil Engineering,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Theoretical and experimental, for Ph.D.

thesis

(e) Theoretical and experimental study of the

turbulent velocity field and of boundary

layers in open channel flow. Measurement,

analysis and correlation of turbulent

velocity components and turbulent stresses.

( 281+1) STUDY RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS FOR HIGHWAY DRAINAGE DESIGN IN INDIANA. .

(b) State Highway Department of Indiana.

(c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, School of Civil Engrg.,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Analysis and field investigation.

(e) The purpose of the research is to study

the hydrology of watersheds less than 50 square miles throughout the State of

Indiana, to improve the existing methods

for estimating the runoff from these watersheds, and to improve the existing methods

of design of highway drainage structures servicing small watersheds.

(g) Runoff and rainfall data are being col- lected.

{28k2) FLOW THROUGH A POROUS MEDIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Warren E. Howland, School of Civil

Engrg., Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.

(d) Theoretical; mathematical consideration of

problem.

(e) A theoretical consideration of the flow

through a trickling filter used in the

purification of sewage. The theory was demonstrated to be true when substantiated

with laboratory test data-

(f) Completed.

(.g) The rate of flow through a trickling filter

can be calculated.

(h) "Flow Through a Porous Media, as in a

Trickling Filter", Proceedings of the

Twelfth Purdue Industrial Waste Conference,

Series 9^+> Engineering Extension Dept.,

Vol. k2, No. 2, June 1958.

(281+3) SELECTING IRRIGATION PIPE SIZES FOR

ECONOMY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Warren E. Howland, Civil Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. (d) Theoretical; mathematical consideration

of the problem.

(e) Two methods are presented for determining

the most economical combinations of

lengths and standard sizes for a pipe to

irrigate a narrow strip of field of a given length at a given rate of discharge

per unit length of pipe and at a given

total head loss.

(f) Completed.

(g) The most economical pipe sizes can be

determined.

(h) "Selecting Irrigation Pipe Sizes for

Economy", Warren E. Howland, Agricultural

Engineering, Vol. 38, No. 7, PP- 530-53^,

July 1957-

( 284*0 EXPERIMENTAL TRICKLING FILTER STUDIES.

(b) Ayer-McCarel Clay Company, Inc.; Bowerston Shale Company; Texas Vitrified

Pipe Company; Cannelton Sewer Pipe Co., Natco Corporation and Pomona Terra Cotta

Company.

(c) Prof. D. E. Bloodgood, Civil Engineering,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental research in laboratory.

(e) The experimental filter used in this

research consisted of a trough 4-5 inches

long, 7 inches wide, one inch deep, hinged

at the lower end so that the slope of the

trough could be varied. The trough filter

was supported on a beam scales so that

the contact time could be determined from

the weight of liquid on the surface of

the filter. The effect of slime on the

rate of passage was studied.

(f) Completed.

(g) "Influence of Contact Time Upon Purification of Capacity of an Experimental

Trickling Filter", Master's Thesis by

Joseph Ernest Rempe.

( 2845 ) INFLUENCE OF MEDIA SURFACE AREA UPON THE PERFORMANCE OF AN EXPERIMENTAL TRICKLING

FILTER.

(b) Ayer-McCarel Clay Company, Inc., Bowerston Shale Company; Natco Corporation; and Pomona Terra Cotta Company;

and Cannelton Sewer Pipe Company.

(c) Prof. D. E. Bloodgood, Civil Engineering,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental research of basic factors

involved in flow and removal of organic

matter.

(e) A single string of 3-1/3 inch diameter

rubber balls which was 23 feet long was

constructed. The apparatus was dosed

467776 O -58 -5 57
with single passes of synthetic sewage with

concentrations between 28.8 ppm of C.O.D. and 1020 ppm of C.O.D. which were applied

at continuous application rates between

18.5 MGAD and 272 MGAD.

( h) "Influence of Media Surface Area Upon the

Performance of an Experimental Trickling

Filter", Master's Thesis by James H. McDermott

.

(2846) CORROSION OF WATER MAINS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Harvey R. Wilke, Civil Engineering,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental; laboratory testing.

(e) The determination of the effect of high

dosages of chlorine on the lining of cast iron pipe used in the distribution of

potable water.

(f) Completed.

(g) If the coal tar lining is free of defects

there is no increase of iron in the water.

(h) A thesis is being prepared on the research.

1956. "Investigation of the Factors Affecting

the Attachment of a Liquid Film to a Solid Surface", C. F. Warner and B. A. Reese. Jet Propulsion, Vol. 27, No. 8, pp. 877 to 881, August 1957.

(237*0 THE MECHANISMS OF TWO PHASE FLOW OF ANNULAR LIQUID FILMS IN A VERTICAL TUBE.

(b) Project Squid, Contract N6 ori-105 T.O.

Ill, Phase II, Problem 11 R3.

(c) Dr. M. J. Zucrow, Jet Propulsion Center,

Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic

research for doctoral thesis.

(e) This problem is concerned with the

analytical and experimental study of the

mechanisms of the downward flow of a liquid film on the inside wall of a ver- tical circular tube with co-current gas flow in the core of the tube.

(g) Experimental program is in progress.

(h) "Project Squid Progress Report", October

1957 and references therein.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Jet Propulsion Center.

(2373) A STUDY OF THE MECHANISM OF FILM COOLING

INCLUDING MASS TRANSFER.

(b) Project Squid, Contract N6 ori-105 T.O.

Ill, Phase II, Problem 11 R2, PRF 1079 - Fund 5976 M-226.

(c) Dr. Maurice J. Zucrow, Jet Propulsion

Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette,

Ind.

(d) Experimental and theoretical investigation;

basic research, partially for master's and

doctoral theses

.

(e) This problem is concerned with the experimental investigation of the stability of

liquid films formed by injecting a liquid

through spaced parallel disks Into a gas stream, and the heat and mass transfer

between the gas stream and the liquid

film. One of the objects of the study Is to obtain data which will establish the

conditions for producing a stable liquid

film, for cooling purposes, on the walls

of the duct through which a hot gas is flowing. The criterion of film stability

adopted for this investigation is the

magnitude of the critical velocity of

injection, defined as the maximum mean

velocity of the injected liquid that does not produce separation of the liquid film

from the test section wall.

(f) Completed.

(g) A systematic investigation of the critical

velocity of injection as a function of air

velocity, slot configuration, duct con- figuration, liquid properties and gas stream properties has been undertaken.

The results of the investigation showing

the effects of all of the variables given

above with the exception of the viscosity

of the flowing gas, has been reported.

(h) "Project Squid Progress Report", April

REED RESEARCH INCORPORATED.

(2375) ON THE CODIFICATION OF HYDRAULICALLY ROUGH SURFACES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of

the Navy, (David Taylor Model Basin

Technical Supervision).

(c) Mr. Robert Taggart, Reed Research, Inc.,

10^ Potomac St., N.W. , Washington 7, D.C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Direct measurements of wall shear stress

are made on a series of U-lnch square plates containing randomly distributed

projection-type roughness elements.

Velocity distributions are measured at the downstream end of the plate. The

roughness effect of each of 16 roughened

surfaces is being studied by measuring

the downward shift of the logarithmic

region of the velocity distribution from

that of a smooth case. Experiments are being carried out in a rectangular water

channel (aspect ratio 9:1) and the range

of Reynolds numbers is from R = 1.1 x 105 to R = 7-5 x 105 (based on tunnel size).

(f) Suspended.

(g) Te6t results demonstrated excellent cor- relation between tests on small plates

and tests conducted in completely roughened tunnels. Extremely minute rough- nesses were shown to have a measurable

effect on resistance and velocity distribution.

(h) "Preliminary Report on Roughness Characteristics", by Matthew Stevenson, Reed

Research, Inc. Report Number RR-682, h6 pages, 26 April 1957- Copies may be

obtained from Reed Research, Inc.

(2601) MEASUREMENT OF NOISE CREATED BY UNDER- WATER EMISSION OF AIR BUBBLES.

58
(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of

the Navy, (David Taylor Model Basin Technical Supervision).

(c) Mr. Robert Taggart, Reed Research, Inc.,

10i+8 Potomac St., N.W., Washington 7, D.C.

(d) Experimental.

(e) A quiet 12,000 gpm flow facility has teen

constructed for the purpose of measuring

the noise created by underwater emission

of air bubbles, at various water velocities. The fundamental requirement for

this facility is that it provide a quiet

flow of water up to a speed pf twenty feet

per second through a one-foot diameter

test section into which the experimental

devices can be inserted. Hydrophones are placed, out of the flow, in an acoustically

and optically transparent enclosure, to measure the waterborne noise. Photographs

can be taken of the bubbles.

(g) The facility has proved to be exceedingly

quiet up to the maximum rate of flow. Tests have been completed on two bubble

emitters. Noise levels were found to increase only slightly with increasing water velocity and air flow rate.

(281+7

(a

(e

(f

RESEARCH AND INVESTIGATION ON THRUST

DEDUCTION.

Office of Naval Research, Department of the

Navy (David Taylor Model Basin Technical

Supervision)

Mr. Johann Martinek, Research Division,

Reed Research Inc., 10k8 Potomac Street,

N.W., Washington 7, D. C. Theoretical; basic research.

The conditions for maximum useful power

output for given power input of a deeply

submerged body of revolution of prescribed

displacement volume are analyzed.

Completed. An analysis is presented leading to a system of algebraic equations which determines certain body shape and propeller

characteristics of a self-propelled body

of revolution moving at constant speed at zero angle of incidence in an infinite

ideal fluid domain at a maximum useful

power for a given constant power input and

prescribed displacement volume. The equa- tions give a relationship between the body

shape parameters and all other parameters

defining the body, propeller, body-propeller relative position, and flow. By means of Weiss' "Sphere Theorem" and Dickmann's

concept, employing a single sink as a sub- stitute for a propeller, an analogy has

been established between the system spheresink and body-sink based upon the equivalence of the interaction forces. The

frictional interaction force is then

approximately derived by the use of Hoerner's resistance formula and the pro- peller flow as given by Dickmann. The

diameter of the frictional belt which is needed for determining the potential interaction force has been found by qualitative

comparison of plate and body turbulent

boundary layer flow.

(h) "Final Report on Research and Investigation on Thrust Deduction", by J. Martinek,

G.C.K. Yeh and L. Crawford to Office of

Naval Research for Contract NOnr 1117(00),

Oct. 31, 1953-

"On Potential Wake and Thrust Deduction",

by J. Martinek and G.C.K. Yeh, Interna- tional Shipbuilding Progress, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 89-92, 195*+.

(281+8) THEORETICAL STUDIES OF WAKE AND THRUST

DEDUCTION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of

the Navy (Bureau of Ships Fundamental

Hydromechanics Research Program).

(c) Mr. Johann Martinek, Research Division,

Reed Research Inc., 10U8 Potomac Street,

N.W., Washington 7, D.C

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) This is the continuation of a theoretical

study of ideal incompressible fluid flow

related to the problem of interaction

between propeller and ship (Project No.

28*4-7 above). The objective was to explore

and investigate the basic elements of flow

interaction and to approach gradually the

extremely complicated phenomena of shippropeller-rudder interaction. Body shapes

are extended from spheres to spheroids

Propeller representations are extended

from a single sink to sink disks, vortex

cups and vortex disks. Survey of litera- ture pointed to the need of additional

mathematical tools and new theorems.

(f) Completed.

(g) The study led to a significant contribution to potential theory in three dimensions. "The Sphere Theorem in Potential

Theory", "A General Sphere Theorem for Hydrodynamics, Heat, Magnetism and

Electrostatics", and "A Double Sphere

Theorem" have been established. The

potentials due to a source-sink pair, a general doublet and circular vortex ring

inside and outside a fixed sphere have

been derived. The potentials due to a uniform flow, a sink, a radial doublet, a vortex ring, a sink cup and a sink disk

outside a prolate spheroidal body have

been obtained. Image of a variable vor- tex disk in a sphere has been found with

application to propeller flows. The

essential results have been published in

leading international journals.

(h) "Final Report II on Theoretical Studies of

Wake and Thrust Deduction - A Contribution

to Potential Theory in Three Dimensions",

by J. Martinek, G.C.K. Yeh and H. Zorn, for Contract NOnr 141+5(00), Bureau of

Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics Research

Program (NS-715-102) June 30, 1955.

"The Sphere Theorem in Potential Theory",

by G.S.S. Ludford,J. Martinek and G.C.K.

Yeh, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Vol. 51, pp. 389-393,

1955-

"The Potentials Due to Certain Singularities in the Presence of a Fixed Sphere",

by G.C.K. Yeh, J. Martinek and

59
G.S.S. Ludford, Journal of the Society of

Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Vol. 3, pp. 1U2-152, 1955-

"A General Sphere Theorem for Hydrodynamics,

Heat, Magnetism and Electrostatics", hy

G.C.K. Yeh, J. Martinek, and G.S.S. Ludford,

Zeitschrift fur angewandte Mathematik und

Mechanik, Vol. 36, pp. 111-116, 1956. "Potential and Stream Function of a Vortex Disk in the Presence of a Rigid Sphere", by

J. Martinek, G.C.K. Yeh and H. Zorn, Pro- ceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical

Society, Vol. 53, PP- 717-727, 1957-

"The Potential of a General Dipole in a Homogeneous Conducting Prolate Spheroid",

by G.C.K. Yeh and J. Martinek, Annals of

the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 65, Art. 6, pp. 1003-1006, 1957-

(281+9) EFFECTIVE WAKE AND THRUST DEDUCTION FOR DEEPLY SUBMERGED BODIES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the

Navy (Bureau of Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics Research Program).

(c) Mr. Johann Martinek, Research Division,

Reed Research Inc., 101+8 Potomac Street,

N. W., Washington 7, D. C. (d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) The hydrodynamic interaction of a hullpropeller combination moving at a great

depth under the free surface is analyzed.

(f) Completed.

(g) On the basis of Oseen's form of the motion

equations, Euler's theorem, and Lagally's

exterior theorem for a stream with singularities at a finite distance from a closed

body, a general expression for the thrust

deduction fraction © (which is also valid

for highly loaded propellers) is derived.

The application of the theory to the ovoid

hull combinations tested by Weitbrecht

gives values of ® slightly lower than the

measured ones. This confirms the opinion

of Dickmann and van Manen that for the case of radial symmetry the frictional thrust

deduction is small. Numerical results for

different configurations of a prolate ellipsoid hull and propeller are presented in tabular form. The results indicate that

the thrust deduction fraction exhibits a rapid diminution with the increase of the

distance of the propeller from the stern and with the increase of propeller diameter.

(h) "Report on Effective Wake and Thrust Deduction for Deeply Submerged Bodies", by R. Hunziker, April 2, 1956. "Final Report III on Effective Wake and

Thrust Deduction for Deeply Submerged

Bodies - The Influence of Body Shape Variation on the Thrust Deduction Coefficient",

by R. Hunziker, Aug. 30, 1956. Both re- ports to David Taylor Model Basin for Con- tract NOnr lM+5(00), Bureau of Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics Research Program,

Project NS-715-102.

(2850) THRUST DEDUCTION EVALUATION OF A SUBMARINE.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of

the Navy.

(c) Mr. J. Martinek, Research Division, Reed

Research Inc., 101+8 Potomac Street, N.W.

,

Washington 7, D. C. (d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) In Projects 28U7 and 2814-8 above, a theoretical foundation is laid for analyzing

the thrust deduction of a deeply submerged

self-propelled body of revolution. It is the purpose of this project to demonstrate

the use of the analyses by carrying out a numerical evaluation for an actual vessel. The hydrodynamic test submarine Albacore

is thought to be the most appropriate one. The following steps will be worked out

:

(1) To approximate the shape of Albacore

by various shapes or equivalent shapes

considered in Projects Nos . 281+7 and 2dh8.

(2) To approximate the propellers of Al- bacore by various combinations of singularities discussed in Projects Nos. 281+7 and 281+8. (3) By means of the theorems

and formulas in Projects Nos. 281+7 and

281+8 evaluate for each combination of the

bodies and singularities obtained in (l)

and (2) the potential interaction force,

the frictional interaction force, and the

thrust deduction. (1+) To compare the

results for various combinations and de- termine the plausible choice.

(2851) THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE TOTAL HARMONIC VELOCITY FIELD AROUND A GENERAL ELLIP- SOIDAL SUBMARINE.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of

the Navy (Bureau of Ships Fundamental

Hydromechanics Research Program).

(c) Mr. J. Martinek, Research Division, Reed

Research Inc., 101+8 Potomac St., N.W.,

Washington 7, D. C. (d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) As an extension of Project No. 281+9 it is proposed to carry out the hydrodynamical

analysis and effective construction of

the velocity field (in steady flow approximation) around an arbitrary ellipsoidal

hull (a shape of three unequal axes) with

one or more propellers . A new type of

expansion in terms of Lame' functions will

be used. The general formulas for the average nominal potential wake fraction

ty± and effective average potential wake

fraction ^ + c/U ^2 f°r the ellipsoidal

hull and propeller combination can be de- rived. ( -U is the absolute velocity of

the hull and c is the net augmentation

of velocity in the propeller slipstream

at infinity. ) Then i|n , , and the

potential thrust deduction fraction <9 for some specific configurations can be tabulated

.

(2852) STEADY FLUID MOTION UNDER A FREE SURFACE.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of

the Navy (Bureau of Ships Fundamental

Hydromechanics Research Program).

(c) Mr. J. Martinek, Reed Research, Inc., 10U8 Potomac Street, N.W. , Washington 7, D. C.
(d) Theoretical; "basic research.

(e) The Laplace equation, which is the usual

field equation used when trying to solve

problems of wave resistance, wave profile,

etc., has known solutions in the infinite

domain. In most cases the phenomenon under

consideration can he established mathematically in an infinite domain. Yet whenever

the problem occurs of finding a solution to

the same phenomenon subjected to a free surface, great difficulties are encountered.

Moreover, if the source of disturbance lies

close to the free surface, the functions

used to present the potential solution in

series form will fail to converge rapidly

enough to be useful for numerical computation. It is the object of this project to produce new tools for such problems in

closed forms which can be easily and quickly handled by an average engineer. Two theorems will be established for expressing

the disturbance velocity potential due to the presence of a free surface in terms of any given potential in an unlimited domain.

The first theorem deals with stationary and

oscillating phenomena; the second theorem

deals with steadily moving phenomena.

Specific applications of the theorems to moored and moving self-propelled bodies are also proposed.

(2853) SLAMMING DUE TO PURE PITCHING MOTION WITH

CONSIDERATION OF THE ELASTICITY OF THE SHIP.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin (Bureau of Ships

Fundamental Hydromechanics Research Program).

(c) Mr. J. Martinek, Research Division, Reed

Research Inc., lOkd Potomac Street, N.W.,

Washington 7, D. C. (d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) In all previous theoretical investigations

on slamming the ship has been assumed rigid

and the resulting pressure distribution and moments are then applied to the main struc- ture of the hull to obtain information on strength requirements. It is, however,

well known that the real problem of mutual

interaction between fluid (water) and elastic solid (ship) leads to pressure distribution and moments which can be in considerable discord with the results of rigid

body mechanics. With the increase of

speeds and sizes of modern vessels the

effect of ship elasticity on slamming

becomes more and more important. It is the purpose of this project to carry out an analysis of slamming due to pure pitching

motion of an elastic beam by the principle

of work and energy. Forces considered include the inertia force, lift force, weight

of ship, dynamic pressure, force due to piled-up water, force due to added mass, and the propulsive force. An attempt will

be made to obtain the pressure distribution on a model test set up.

(285*0 HEAT TRANSFER IN TURBULENT PIPE FLOW.

Force

(c) Mr. Johann Martinek, Research Division,

Reed Research Inc., lOkd Potomac Street,

N.W., Washington 7, D.C.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Heat transfer to and from fully developed

turbulent flow with or without heat

sources in a circular pipe and between

parallel plates is analyzed. The corre- sponding boundary value problems for tem- perature distribution are also solved.

(f) Completed.

(g) The use of Pai's velocity and correlation

distribution allows a consistent determination of the eddy diffusivity of heat

e H ^ . With the classic hypothesis a = 1 a new and better fitting to the

experimental Nusselt number data for

liquid metals is obtained. The distributions of local Nusselt number over the

walls for various heat source intensities

are determined. Prandtl's "heat source theorem" is generalized for fluid containing real volume heat sources, giving the

asymptotic distribution of temperature as proportional to the velocity profile,

(h) "Heat Transfer in Turbulent Pipe Flow",

by R. R. Hunziker, Technical Note No. 1 to Mechanics Div., Office of Scientific

Research AFOSR No. TN-57-219, ASTIA Doc.

No. AD 126517, April 1957-

"Heat Transfer in Turbulent Pipe Flow

with Volume Heat Sources", by J.S. Florio

and R. R. Hunziker, Tech. Note No. 2 to Mechanics Div., Office of Scientific

Research for Contract No. AF l8(603)-10U,

April 1957.

"On Turbulent Flow and Eddy Heat Transfer

Diffusivity in a Pipe", by R. R. Hunziker

and J.S. Florio, Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Oct. 1957, PP- 782-781+

ROCKY MOUNTAIN HYDRAULIC LABORATORY.

(21^0

(a

(e

(h

EVALUATION OF OPEN-CHANNEL FRICTION

LOSSES.

National Science Foundation, U.S. Geological Survey, State Univ. of Iowa, Ohio State

Univ., and Colo. State Univ. cooperating.

Prof. C.J. Posey, Director, Rocky Mountain

Hydraulic Laboratory, Allenspark, Colorado

(summer). State University of Iowa, Iowa

City, Iowa (winter).

Experimental; basic.

Variable slope flume long enough to permit

accurate evaluation of open-channel friction losses is being tested at slopes into

the steep range. Active experimentation during summers. V-shaped flume tested with batten rough- nesses during summer of 1957- "Tests of the Flow of Water in a Smooth

V-shaped Flume", by R. W. Powell and C. J. Posey, Rocky Mountain Hydraulic Laboratory

Report No. 21, June 1957-

(b) Office of Scientific Research, U. S. Air

61
ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY, University

of Minnesota.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 100, 1665, 1669,

1928, 211+3, 2144, 2148,2603, 2604, 2605, 2606,

2607, 2610, 2855 to 2859, inc. should be addressed

to Dr. Lorenz G. Straub, Director, St. Anthony

Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Mississippi River at 3rd Avenue S.E., Minneapolis 14, Minnesota.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. Ill, 1168, 1398,

1929, 2386 and 2860, which are conducted in coopera- tion with the Agricultural Research Service, should

be addressed to Mr. Fred W. Blaisdell, Project

Supervisor, Watershed Hydrology Section, Soil and Water Conservation Research Branch, Agricultural

Research Service, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Minneapolis lb, Minnesota.

Projects Nos. 19b, bl2, 985, 2670, 2923, and 2924,

which are conducted at the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory in cooperation with the Corps of

Engineers, St. Paul District, St. Paul, Minn., are listed on pages 104 and 105-

(100) AIR ENTRAINMENT RESEARCH.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the

Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) Investigation of self-aeration of high velocity open-channel flow. Air concentrations

distributions in the flow have been meas- ured for equilibrium aeration conditions in

smooth channel for discharges up to 10 cfs and slopes up to 45° and in artificially

roughened channels for discharges up to 15 cfs and slopes up to 75 °- (g) Air concentration distribution in both

smooth and rough channels indicates that

the flow consists of two parts: (l) open channel flow in lower region with air distributed by turbulent mixing, (2) an upper

region consisting of water particles or spray carried through a surface by intense transverse velocity fluctuations. Roughness coefficient for aerated flow decreases

with increasing air concentration which

depends primarily upon slope and less upon

discharge

.

(ill) CLOSED CONDUIT SPILLWAY.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, in cooperation with

the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Laboratory.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research

for development and design.

(e) Tests have been made on three different

sizes of Lucite pipe set on slopes ranging

from 2.5$ to 30$ to verify the similarity

relationships. Information on discharges, pressures, and flow conditions has been

obtained. Characteristics, performance,

losses, and pressures in the hood drop

inlet are currently being studied.

(g) Theory has been developed, verified, and

published. Generalized methods for

(1168

(b

(d

(e

(f

!1398

(b

(d

(f

(g

(1665

(b

(d

(e

(f

(1669

analysis and reporting results have been

developed. Pipe culverts laid on steep

slopes will flow completely full even though the outlet discharges freely. En- trained air did not invalidate the Froude

model law. A conduit on either steep or flat slopes will flow full if the hood

inlet is used, the hood being formed by

cutting the pipe so that the crown projects beyond the invert by 3/4 of a pipe

diameter.

"The Hood Inlet for Closed Conduit Spill- ways and Highway Culverts", by Fred W. Blaisdell and Charles A. Donnelly, Agricul

tural Engineering, Vol. 37j No. 10, pp. 670-672, October 1956.

A STUDY OF CANTILEVERED OUTLETS.

Agricultural Research Service, U.S. De- partment of Agriculture, in cooperation

with the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment

Station and the St. Anthony Falls Hydrauli

Laboratory.

Experimental; generalized applied research

for design.

Pipe outlet conduits for small spillways

are frequently cantilevered beyond the toe of the earth dam. Attempts will be made

to determine quantitatively the size of

the scour hole to be expected under various field conditions.

Suspended.

STRAIGHT DROP SPILLWAY.

Agricultural Research Service, U.S. De- partment of Agriculture, in cooperation

with the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment

Station and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

Experimental; generalized applied research

for design.

Spillway is used as a grade control struc- ture in ditches and streams. Study will

result in general design rules for the

spillway and outlet. Outlet studies have

been completed. Present studies are to determine spillway performance and capacity with various approach channel shapes

.

Suspended.

No method has yet been found by which the

discharge coefficient can be related to the variables

.

LOW VELOCITY WIND INSTRUMENTATION.

U. S. Army Signal Corps.

Experimental design and development.

Development studies on a thermal anemome- ter for measuring speed and three dimensional direction of atmospheric movements

from 1 to 50 fps and from ground to 500

ft elevation using a moored balloon sup- porting system.

Completed.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF BASIC EQUIPMENT AND METHODS ASSOCIATED WITH

LABORATORY WAVE STUDIES.

62
(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of

the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied.

(e) Investigation of absorbers and filters for use in laboratory wave studies.

(f) Completed.

(g) Experimental studies were conducted on absorbers and filters in both small and

large wave channels . Permeable materials

such as crushed- rock, wire-mesh and an arrangement of square bars were very beneficial in absorption of waves. Filter

tests indicated high attenuation could be

obtained without objectionable reflections.

(1928) DEPRESSED TEMPERATURE STUDIES. 00

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

Missouri River Division, Corps of Engineers.

Basic research; analytical and experimental. An investigation of the effect of temperature changes on the total sediment load in natural streams. The experimental program

includes the measurement in a flume of the

amount and size distribution of the sus- pended and bed load sediment in water at various controlled temperatures.

Completed; report being prepared for sponsor. The total transported load increases

markedly with temperature decrease. The rate with a water temperature of 35 °F was nearly three times that at 85 °F. Most of

this increase is apparently contributed

by the suspended load since the bed load

appears to remain essentially constant. The decrease in fall velocity with de- pressed temperature is found to sufficiently

explain the increased suspended load.

1929) DRAIN TILE JUNCTION LOSSES.

(b) Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station

in cooperation with the Agricultural Re- search Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture

and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

(c) Prof. Philip W. Manson, University of

Minnesota, St. Paul Campus, St. Paul, Minn. (d) Experimental; generalized applied research

for design.

(e) The junction losses in drain tile flowing

full are determined for laterals of different sizes entering mains of different

sizes at various angles . The laterals enter the main at the center line. Additional tests have been made with the crowns (or inverts) of both main and lateral in

the same plane.

(g) Tests have been completed on sharp edge

junctions entering the main at angles

varying in 15 degree increments from 15 degrees to 165 degrees. Both the lateral

and the main are completely full. The tests cover all possible combinations of

discharge in the lateral and the main.

Laterals having areas l/l, l/2, l/'+j and l/l6 that of the main have been tested. The results are presented in the form of

dimensionless curves. The data are being

analyzed and a comprehensive report is

planned.

(h) "Hydraulic Characteristics of the Junctions

of Equal-Sized Drainage Tile", by Fred W. Blaisdell and Philip W. Manson, Sixieme

Congres de la Science du Sol, VI, ih , pp. 561-568, Paris 1956.

(21^3) EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF SURFACE WAVE

ABSORPTION.

(a)

(e)

(g)

(21M+)

Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Experimental; basic research. Procurement of experimental data on performance and power requirements of pneu- matic and hydraulic breakwaters.

Using both small and large models data

were obtained on performance and power re- quirements of hydraulic breakwaters. High

attenuations were achieved for waves with

length-to-depth ratios between 1 and 2. Scale effects between the two models were

of minor importance. Preparations are being made for large-scale tests of pneumatic breakwaters.

EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF

HYDROFOILS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research.

(e) Investigation of the basic mechanism of

the ventilation of surface-piercing bodies,

such as circular cylinders and streamlined

lifting struts. Scale effect is of particular interest

(g) Fundamental studies of the ventilation of

semi -submerged circular cylinders coated

with Teflon were conducted in an attempt

to reduce the scale effect previously found

for small-diameter uncoated rods. Results

indicated that the Teflon rod data could

be more successfully correlated with the

Froude number. Studies conducted with

streamlined, lifting struts indicated that

the Froude number and submergence ratio

can be used for correlating ventilation

data at high yaw angles. Data for low

angle ventilation are not yet complete.

(21^8) AIR-WATER MIXTURES IN CLOSED CONDUITS. 00

(a)

(e)

(2386)

00

(e)

David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the

Navy.

Experimental research and analysis.

Straight, horizontal conduits involving

flow of air bubbles in water are considered. Bubble distribution, friction factor

and velocity profile are under study.

GENERALIZED DESIGN OF TRANSITIONS FOR SUPERCRITICAL VELOCITIES.

Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture, in cooperation with the

Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station

and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

Experimental; generalized applied research

for development and design.

Studies will be made to develop a transition

63
and to determine the rules for its design.

The transition will be used to change the

flow cross section from circular to rec- tangular when the velocities are super- critical . (f) Suspended.

(2603) WATER TUNNEL AIR CONTENT STUDIES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of

the Navy.

(d) Analytical and experimental.

( e ) Determination of improved method for con- trolling content of free air contained in water tunnel. System involves separation

and extraction of large circulating air

bubbles j controlled maintenance of small

air bubbles (cavitation nuclei) and measurement of the free air content

.

(260U) FULL-SCALE TEST OF CONCRETE PIPE.

(b) State Road Department of Florida and Bureau of Public Roads.

(d) Experimental; applied.

(e) Procure experimental data on friction coefficient for 2U-inch and 36-inch concrete pipe with (l) joints similar to field con- ditions and (2) smooth joints. Tests to

be performed on both machine-made and

Vibro-cast pipe.

(g) Preliminary results indicate that Darcy f for 2U-inch machine-made pipe with field

joints is about 0.0175; for same pipe with

smooth joints f is about 0.0159- Tests of 36-inch pipe are currently underway.

(2605) CALIBRATION OF LARGE VENTURI METERS.

(b) E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.

(d) Experimental; applied.

(e) Calibrate large Venturi meters.

(f) Completed.

(g) Measurements were made of differential pressure as a function of discharge for discharges up to 133 cubic feet per second. Accuracy of measurement was about plus or minus one-fourth of one percent.

(2606) PRIEST RAPIDS MODEL STUDIES.

(b) Public Utility District of Grant County,

Ephrata, Washington.

(d) Experimental; design and operation.

(e) A 1:120 scale model of the Priest Rapids

Development Project on the Columbia River

is reproduced to study the hydraulic design

of the spillway, powerhouse and fish facilities.

(g) Study in progress.

(2607) PRIEST RAPIDS (COFFERDAM MODEL).

(b) Harza Engineering Co., Chicago; Grant County Public Utility District, and

Merritt-Chapman and Scott, contractors.

(d) Experimental; design and operation.

(e) A distorted model, scale 1:60 vertical and

1:180 horizontal is used to determine the placement of the various stages of cofferdam construction. Measurements of channel

velocities to assure passage of fish mi- I grants during all phases of construction.

(2610) LABORATORY WAVE PROFILE RECORDER.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental; applied.

(e) Study of sonic-ranging type wave profile

recorder for specialized laboratory use. j (g) Studies indicate that the sonic ranging

principle in air can be successfully

applied to an instrument for the recording

of water surface-wave profiles. Performance tests were made with equipment mounting on a towing carriage for towing speed up to 20 feet per second and wave length

as short as 2 feet without apparent effect

on recording. Operation is limited to wave with a maximum incremental steepness

of .3.

(2855) PRIEST RAPIDS EAST BANK FISH FACILITIES

MODEL.

(b) Public Utility District of Grant County,

Ephrata, Washington.

(d) Experimental; design and operation.

(e) A 1 :2U scale model of Priest Rapids fish

ladder, junction pool, gravity intake

system, and attraction water supply

channel including experimental design of

all diffusion chambers, also a 1:W model >I of the gravity intake system. For design i and operational studies.

(g) Study in progress.

t (2856) SEEPAGE FROM EARTH CANAL.

L (b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and analytical; master's

thesis

.

( e ) Flow nets for the seepage flow from earth

canals were analyzed using an electric

field plotter and a hydraulic analog and were compared with an approximating trans- formation function.

(f) Completed.

(g) Shape factors for the flow nets were re- lated to canal geometries for side slopes

from 2.5:1 to vertical.

(h) "Study of Seepage from Earth Canals by

Hydraulic and Electric Analog", by Albert

G. Mercer, Master's Thesis, on file at the

University of Minnesota Library, Nov. 1957-

(2857) EFFECT OF BLOCKS ON HYDRAULIC JUMP,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and analytical; master's

thesis.

(e) To measure force on sills or blocks in hydraulic jump for generalized design criteria for stilling basins.

(f) Apparatus calibrated. Experiments just

started.

(2858) DESIGN OF WEIR FOR CONSTANT CHANNEL VEL0CHY!

(b) Laboratory project.
(d) Experimental and analytical; master's

thesis

(e) Investigation of weir shape to provide arbi- trary approach velocities in weir channel.

(f) Apparatus completed. Experiments just

started.

(2859) RESISTANCE TO FLOW THROUGH STRATIFIED

GRANULAR MEDIA.

(t>) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; master's thesis.

(e) To measure additional loss occurring at the

interface of a stratified medium.

(f) Study in progress.

(2860) CALIBRATION OF MEASURING WEIRS.

(a)

(e)

Agricultural Research Service , U. S. Dept.

of Agri culture , in cooperation with the

Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station

and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

Experimental; determination of rating

curves

Models of broad- crested V-notch weirs will

be constructed and test calibrated. Weirs

are used for measuring runoff from experimental watersheds.

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA, Civil Engineering

Division.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. k, 1631, and

1907 should be addressed to Dr. Harold Flinsch,

Civil Engineering Div., University of South

Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.

(k) THE DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACE WAVES BY WIND.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) General theoretical and experimental re- search.

(e) Research on the theories of surface wave

origin and growth, on measurements in the

laboratory and in nature, and on the com- parative results of theory and measurement

(f) Experimental equipment has been developed

particularly for the recording of wave

height and period, and is being developed

for the recording of wave direction.

(h) "Report on Wave Measurement in the Gulf of

Mexico", Proceedings of the Conference on Coastal Engineering Instruments, Berkeley,

1955-

(1631) THE EFFECT OF WAVES ON BEACHES,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) General theoretical and experimental re- search.

(e) Research on beach slopes and contours, in

the laboratory and in nature.

(g) General formulas have been developed, which

are now being applied to the Carolina capes and shores

(h) "The Effect of Waves on a Sand Beach",

Harold Flinsch, Proceedings of the

Minnesota International Hydraulics Convention, p. 231, 1953, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

"The Physical Development of the Gulf Coast Beaches of Western Florida, Alabama,

Mississippi, and Eastern Louisiana", Harold

Flinsch, Mississippi Academy of Science,

1955-

(1907) SHIP STABILITY AND ROLLING PERIOD.

(b)

(a)

(e)

(g)

Laboratory project.

General theoretical and experimental research. Rolling period and metacentric height re- lationships are studied, In the laboratory

and in nature, for stationary and moving

ships, in still water and under wave action.

Model experiments have been assembled in a brief report. Additional data under wave

action are being assembled.

SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITY, Hydraulics Laboratory.

(2861) A STUDY OF THE HEAD LOSS IN WATER TREATMENT

PLANT FILTER PIPING.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. I. W. Santry, Jr., Southern Methodist

University, Dallas 5, Texas.

(d) Field investigation; undergraduate special

problem

(e) The project is to establish the magnitude

on variation in head loss through various

types of piping used in operating a water

treatment plant stow, and filter.

(2862) RUNOFF CONDITIONS FOR LARGE URBAN AREAS.

(c)

(a)

(e)

Laboratory project.

Prof. I. W. Santry, Jr. Southern Methodist

University, Dallas 5, Texas. Field Investigation; undergraduate special

problem.

This project is to study the relationship

between the hydrologic approach to runoff

and the Rational Method for a large urban

area and to study the factors affecting

the runoff.

STANFORD UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 19kh, 19^5 > 19k6, 2863 and 2864 should be addressed to Prof.

Ray K. Linsley and Projects Nos. 2150, 2151, and

26l4 to Prof. John K. Vennard, Stanford University,

Stanford, California.

(19M+)

(b)

(a)

(e)

STUDY OF METHODS OF ESTIMATING RESERVOIR

EVAPORATIONS.

U. S. Weather Bureau. Field investigation; applied research. A small-scale radiation integrator patterned after Cumming's model is being de- signed and tested.

65
(g) Previous field work at campus reservoir

Is complete. Analysis of data underway.

Tentative analysis of reservoir study indi- cates no significant difference from con- clusions of Lake Hefner study.

( 19I4.5 ) ESTIMATING RAINFALL INTENSITY FROM TOPO- GRAPHIC PARAMETERS.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

(d) Statistical analysis; applied research.

(e) Hourly rainfall intensities in Northern

California for a two-year period are cor- related with various topographic and climatological parameters.

(f) Completed.

(g) A relation having a correlation coefficient of 0.88 and standard error of 0.77

inch per hour was derived. A rainfall in- tensity map for Northern California was

completed.

(1946) SYNTHESIS OF HYDROGRAPHS FOR SMALL AREAS.

(b) Jointly by U. S. Bureau of Public Roads,

Agricultural Research Service, and

Stanford University.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic

and applied research.

(e) An attempt to develop a universal method

for estimating the runoff hydrographs from

small areas.

(f) Completed.

(g) A simplified theory for non-equilibrium

conditions has been compared with experimental results taken under controlled

laboratory conditions. A statistical

analysis of data from several typical

basins has been started.

(h) "The Mechanics of Overland Flow", C. E. Behlke, Ph.D. Dissertation 1957- (Available from University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Mich.

)

(2150) STUDY OF FLOW FROM A SLOTTED PIPE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; engineer thesis.

(e) Extension of manifold port problem to con- tinuous slot

.

(g) Experimental work completed; thesis being

written.

(2151) MODEL STUDY OF PETERS DAM CHUTE SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; engineer thesis.

(e) Comparison of spillway performance and

design predictions.

(g) Experimental work completed; thesis being

written.

(26ll+) PIPE FRICTION IN UNSTEADY FLOW,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and analytical; Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Comparison of friction processes for steady

and unsteady states.

(g) Experimental program well along and analysis begun.

(2863) FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Prof. Byrne Perry, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.

'

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- 1 search.

(e) An attempt is being made to develop more

general analytical methods than are now

available for non-steady seepage flow with

a free surface, e.g., the seepage through

an earth dam. (f) In formative stage.

(286U") GRAVITY EFFECT ON POTENTIAL FLOW WITH A

FREE SURFACE.

(b) Laboratory project and Office of Naval

Research.

(c) Prof. Byrne Perry, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Extension of two-dimensional potential flow analysis to include the effect of gravity

in the free surface boundary condition.

(f) In formative stage.

(g) A perturbation theory has been developed

and used to calculate the coefficient of

discharge for a two-dimensional sluice

gate.

STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Experimental

Towing Tank.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. ll+10, 2155j

2390, and 2393 should be addressed to Mr. Edward

V. Lewis, and concerning Projects Nos. 2391> 26l6,

2617, and 2866, to Dr. John P. Breslin at Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, New Jersey.

(3^0) PLANING SURFACES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of

the Navy.

(c) Mr. Daniel Savitsky, Experimental Towing

Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology,

711 Hudson St., Hoboken, New Jersey.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search.

(e) A continuous series of theoretical and

experimental studies of the basic hydrodynamic processes involved in the planing

action of seaplane hulls and seaplane

alighting gear such as hydroskis and hydrofoils. In particular, the pressure distribution, wake, main spray formation,

steady and unsteady state loads are being

studied.

(g) Basic studies have been completed on the

pressures, wake, loads, and main spray associated with simple prismatic planing

surfaces and hydroski6. Studies are cur- rently underway on the steady and unsteady

forces on surface piercing hydrofoils.

(h) Fifteen papers on the results of research

conducted under the subject contract have

been prepared and published. One

66
additional paper on the subject of main

spray generated by planing hulls is cur- rently being published.

(llkLO) SELF-PROPELLED TESTING.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB Technical Supervision).

(d) Experimental; developmental research.

(e) To determine if successful self-propelled

testing can be conducted using models of

less than 12-foot length, and to determine

causes of scale effect in propulsion

factors

(f) Completed.

(g) Open-water tests have been completed on three different -si zed models of a propeller

designed by the Netherlands Model Basin

for the Victory type cargo ship. Hull

models of the Victory ship, 7-1/2 feet and

9 feet in length, were tested self-propelled. This work was carried out in coop- eration with the Netherlands Model Basin

where models 9 feet long and above are being tested.

(h) "Effect of Tank Size on Self-Propulsion

Tests of a Victory Ship Model", by E. Numata, Experimental Towing Tank Report

No. 635. "Final Report on Scale Effects on SelfPropulsion Testing", by E. V. Lewis,

Experimental Towing Tank Report No. 6^0.

( 215M INVESTIGATION OF SHIP MOTIONS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. (c) Prof. B. V. Korvin-Kroukovsky, Experimental

Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search.

(e) The development of a method of calculation

for predicting ship motions caused by head

or following seas. Towing tank tests of

ship forms differing widely from the forms

currently used in practice, in search of

considerable improvement in seakeeping

qualities of ships.

(g) Derivation of coupled equations of motion

and computations of motions for eight

models in several wave lengths have been

completed. This included the derivation

of expressions' for the forces and moments

exerted on the ship by waves, taking into account the ship-wave interaction. These

computations were compared wiih experimental measurements and good agreement was obtains!

Five models of widely varying form and pro- portions were tested in regular and irregular head seas and it was shown that a re- duction in displacement -length ratio leads to reduced amplitudes of motions and to higher attainable speed at sea, provided

that freeboard is adequate.

(h) "An Experimental Study of the Effect of Extreme Variations in Proportions and Form

on Ship Model Behavior in Waves", by E. Numata and E. V. Lewis, Experimental Towing

Tank Report No. 6U3. "Pitching and Heaving Motions of a Ship in

Regular Waves", by B. V. Korvin-Kroukovsky

and W. R. Jacobs, paper presented at the

November 1957 Meeting of the Society of

Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

(2155) INVESTIGATION OF THE SEAKEEPING QUALITIES

OF SHIPS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO MOTIONS IN IRREGULAR HEAD SEAS.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB Technical Supervision).

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search.

(e) A method of producing realistic irregular

long-crested waves in the model tank has

been developed and applied to a study of

the motions in head seas of two ship models

of the same proportions but different forebody form and of a high-speed ship hull

form. Results are compared with the

motions calculated by recently developed

methods from model performance in regular

waves of a wide range of frequencies. A

study of model performance over a range of

headings to regular waves is in progress.

(g) Good agreement has been obtained with the

three models tested between observed and

predicted motions in moderate irregular

seas, fair agreement in high irregular

seas where non-linear effects become pronounced.

(h) "Ship Model Tests in Regular and Irregular

Seas", by E. V. Lewis and E. Numata,

Experimental Towing Tank Report No. 5^7- "Motion, Bending Moment and Shear Measure- ments on a Destroyer Model in Waves", by

E. V. Lewis and J. F. Dalzell, Experimental

Towing Tank Report No. 656. "New Facilities at Stevens for Research on

the Seakeeping Qualities of Ships", by E. Numata, P. Spens, and A. Muley, Experimental

Towing Tank Report No. 677. "Developments at Stevens on Behavior in

Irregular Waves", by E. V. Lewis, Proceedings Symposium on Behavior of Ships in a

Seaway, Wageningen, Netherlands, Sept.

1957-

(2152) PLANING SURFACES IN ROLL AND YAW.

(b) National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.

(c) Mr. Daniel Savitsky, Experimental Towing

Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711

Hudson Street, Hoboken, New Jersey.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To conduct an exploratory investigation to

define generally the nature of the flow in

unsymmetrical planing, the magnitude of

steady-state forces and moments, and their

variation with yaw and roll angle.

(f) Completed.

(g) This project has been completed and the

results are presented in ETT Report 550. (h) "The High Speed Hydrodynamic Characteristics

of a Flat Plate and 20° Deadrise Surface in Unsymmetrical Planing Conditions", by D. Savitsky, R. E. Prowse, and Dennis Lueders, ETT Report 550, March 1957.

(2156) MOTION AND STABILITY OF HYDROFOIL SYSTEMS.

67
(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

(h)

Office of Naval Research, Department of the

Navy (DTMB Technical Supervision).

Dr. Paul Kaplan, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J. Theoretical; basic research. To determine the longitudinal stability

characteristics of tandem hydrofoil con- figurations in waves, including the effects

of unsteady forces and moments. The re- sulting motions of the system and the loadings on the foils can then be determined. A theoretical analysis of motion in smooth water has been completed. An analysis of

the forces and moments in waves has been

completed and tests have been made, the

results of which compare well with the

theory. The results have been incorporated

into a study of motions in waves, which has

been completed. A study has also been made

of the drag of hydrofoils in unsteady motion, together with a study of the surface waves created by oscillating and translating surface pressure distributions.

"The Forces Acting on Hydrofoils in Un- steady Motion", by Paul Kaplan, published in

the proceedings of the Ninth International

Congress of Applied Mechanics, Brussels,

Belgium, 1956.

"The Waves Generated by the Forward Motion

of Oscillatory Pressure Distributions", by

Paul Kaplan, to be published in the proceedings of the Fifth Midwest Conference

on Solid and Fluid Mechanics. Two other

reports completed; to be published in the near future

.

(2387) BENDING MOMENTS OF SHIPS IN WAVES.

(b) Society of Naval Architects and Marine

Engineers

.

(c) Mr. Edward Numata, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Experimental and analytical; applied re- search.

(e) Calculation of bending moments in waves, taking into account dynamic effects of ship

motions and forward speed, for comparison

with experimentally determined bending moments. Prediction of bending moments in

irregular waves and comparison with irregular tank wave results. Extension to meas- urements of model bending moments at a

range of headings to long crested regular waves

.

(g) Fairly good agreement has been obtained

between calculated and observed bending

moments in head seas, giving theoretical

confirmation of reduction of moments under

dynamic conditions of forward speed and

pitching and heaving motions.

(h) "A Study of Midship Bending Moments in Irregular Head Seas", by E. V. Lewis, Journal of Ship Research, Vol. 1, No. 1, April

1957, Society of Naval Architects and

Marine Engineers.

"The Analytical Calculation of Ship Bending

Moments in Regular Waves", by W. R. Jacobs,

(in preparation) Experimental Towing Tank

Note No. U02.

(2389) PERFORMANCE AND DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDROFOIL CRAFT.

(b) Office of Naval Research Dept. of the Navy. 1 (c) Dr. Paul Kaplan, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hud- son Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) To Investigate the scaling of performance

of hydrofoil craft of different sizes in

different seas and to develop a general

method for the evaluation of the stability

of various hydrofoil configurations while

in the preliminary design state.

(g) Three different scaling methods have been

applied to representative craft, and a measure of their performance in different

seas has been obtained. Motion spectra

in different irregular seas were determined for each scaling and probabilities of

broaching determined. Derivation of the

equations of longitudinal and lateral

dynamic stability has been accomplished

for tandem systems employing either flat foils or dihedral surface-piercing foils

.

(2390) CONTROLLED FINS FOR REDUCING SHIP PITCHING.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB Technical Supervision).

(d) Experimental and analytical, applied re- search.

(e) To determine the most desirable action of

controllable fins at the bow or stern of

a ship to reduce pitching In regular and

irregular head seas.

(g) Analytical studies indicate that a combination of fixed fins at the bow and con- trollable fins at the stern seems most promising in reducing ship pitching and

heaving motions; model experiments to verify these findings are in progress.

(2391) THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE HYDRODYNAMIC PRESSURE FIELD NEAR A ROTATING PROPELLER

BLADE AND FORCES APPLIED TO CERTAIN

SIMPLE NEARBY BOUNDARIES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department

.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Theoretical studies of the hydrodynamic

field about propeller-like singularities

have been undertaken because of the in- creasing concern of naval architects with

propeller-excited ship vibration. Theoretical calculations for the force produced

on a flat plate in the presence of a two- dimensional traversing vortex have been

made and, in addition, the force on the

same plate in the presence of a three-dimensional rotating bound vortex have been

made through the use of a strip theory.

(f) Project completed; final report submitted

to David Taylor Model Basin.

(g) Additional work has been done on the pressure field near a ship propeller to show

the agreement between results given in

68
ETT Report 609 and those obtained by Garrick

and Watklns for the sound pressure field on

an airplane propeller,

(h) "The Pressure Field Near a Ship Propeller",

by John P. Breslin, ETT Note No. i+57, Oct. 1957- Submitted to Journal of Ship Research,

Nov. 1957-

(2393) BENDING MOMENTS OF SHIPS IN WAVES.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB Technical Supervision).

(d) Experimental and analytical; applied re- search.

(e) Measurements of deflection of a jointed

model of a high-speed naval vessel (the

third model of project 2155 ) to determine

external bending moment underway in regular

and irregular waves; comparison with ana- lytically determined bending moments.

(g) Good agreement has been obtained between

calculated and experimentally observed

bending moments at low speeds in regular

waves. A gradual upward trend of the range of bending moments at the midship section was observed in all wave lengths as the

model's speed was increased. The waves re- sulting from the model's forward motion

produced an appreciable Increase in sagging

and decrease in hogging moments at higher

speeds

(h) "Motions, Bending Moment and Shear Measure- ments on a Destroyer Model in Waves," by

E. V. Lewis and J. F. Dalzell, Experimental

Towing Tank Report No. 656. "Introductory Remarks on Subject 8, Dynamic Forces and Moments in a Seaway", by E. V. Lewis, 8th International Towing Tank Con- ference, Madrid, Spain, Sept. 1957-

(2615) FORCES AND MOMENTS ON SUBMERGED BODIES BELOW WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the

Navy, (DTMB Technical Supervision).

(c) Dr. Paul Kaplan, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and

applied research.

(e) To measure the forces and moments acting on submerged bodies moving obliquely to the

crests of regular waves, and to compare the

results with available theory.

(g) Slender-body theory has been applied to de- termine the forces and moments acting on a submerged body and also on a surface ship

moving normal to the crests of regular

waves. Additional work has been carried

out for a submerged body moving obliquely

with respect to the waves, and the results

check with those obtained by more refined

theories . The forces have also been found

on body-appendage combinations by application of the same theory. Work is presently

underway to prepare a model for the necessary experiments using the new three-dimensional wave facilities.

(h) A paper dealing with the forces when moving

normal to the waves has been accepted for

publication in the Journal of Ship Research. It is also intended to submit the

work dealing with oblique waves to another

source for publication.

(2616) THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE TRANSIENT FORCES PRODUCED BY A SHIP PROPELLER.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Theoretical study of the forces produced

by a rotating propeller as represented by

rotating bound vortices in the neighborhood

of bodies representable by doublet distributions and source-sink distributions;

analysis limited to first order effects.

(g) Formulas for the transverse vibratory

force generated by an m-bladed propeller

(offset from a body of revolution) have

been found. Results will be published by

January 1958.

(2617) THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE VIBRATORY THRUST

PRODUCED BY A SHIP PROPELLER OPERATING IN THE WAKE OF A HULL.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Existing methods for computing the axial,

vibratory thrust produced by a ship pro- peller operating in a circumferentially

variable wake. Assume that the forces on

the blade elements are developed instantaneously, i.e., only quasi-steady forces

are considered. This study will attempt to determine the influence of unsteady

effects on the accuracy of the predictions

of existing methods.

(g) The study completed. Report in preparation. Results of one calculation show a considerable reduction in the vibratory

thrust and torque through the use of un- seady theory as compared to the quasi

steady method.

(2865) EFFECT OF SPEED AND FULLNESS ON HULL BENDING MOMENTS IN WAVES.

(b) American Bureau of Shipping.

(c) Mr. Edward Numata, Experimental Towing

Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) To determine to what extent, If any, different longitudinal strength standards

should be adopted for ships of different

fullness and service speeds. The hull

midship bending moments of three models

with block coefficients ranging from 0.68

and 0.80 will be determined in regular

and irregular head and following seas.

(2866; AN ANALYTIC STUDY OF THE PRESSURE FIELD

NEAR COUNTER-ROTATING PROPELLERS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

69
(e) In regard to the problem of mitigating the

vibratory hydrodynamic forces applied by a

ship propeller, the free-space field of a counter-rotating propeller is to be

studied. The study is to be divided into two parts: (l) The effects from each pro- peller are summed as though they were independent; (2) an approximate treatment of

the effect of blade interaction will be attempted.

(f) Suspended awaiting approval to proceed.

(g) Not available.

UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE, Hydraulic Laboratory,

Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 2159 > 26l9, and

2867 should be addressed to Dr. Harry H. Ambrose,

Department of Civil Engineering, University of

Tennessee, Knoxville 16, Tennessee.

(2159) DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS FOR TAINTOR GATES

ON SPILLWAYS.

(b) Cooperative with the Tennessee Valley

Authority.

(d) Experimental; for master's thesis.

(e) Discharge coefficients were determined for

a generalized model of a taintor gate on a spillway. The effect of the trunnion lo- cation as well as that of the relative

head and of the relative gate opening was

investigated.

(f) Experimental work completed, preparation

of thesis suspended temporarily.

(2619) BOUNDARY ROUGHNESS EFFECTS UPON TURBULENT

FLOW.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Measurements of velocity distributions and

head losses for turbulent flow in a pipe

with artificial boundary roughness are being made to assess the specific effects

of certain characteristics of the roughnesselement geometry (relative height, relative

spacing, continuous or discrete in form). It is anticipated that comparative tests

for the same roughness patterns will be

made in an open flume.

(f) Tests have been completed upon a series of

peg-type roughnesses which allow direct

comparison of the results with data obtained previously for geometrically similar

roughness patterns at half-scale. Tests

are currently underway with ring- and groove

type patterns which will have the same re- lative height and relative spacings as the

peg-type patterns.

(g) Velocity distributions and resistancecoefficient curves are similar for peg-type

patterns which are geometrically similar

with respect to longitudinal spacing. A

less important quantitative effect is in- volved in the size of the elements. Longitudinal spacing determines which of two radically different roughness actions will

take place at a given Reynolds number for the peg-type patterns,

(h) "An Experimental Study of Turbulent Flow

in Pipes with Geometrically Similar Roughness Patterns", by James T. Price, Univ.

of Tennessee, thesis for the Master's

Degree available from the University Library on an inter-library loan basis.

(2867) A MICROMANOMETER FOR WATER SYSTEMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) In connection with Project (2619) it was

found necessary to develop a very sensitive manometer for measuring head differences for the flow of water. Several

types of gages were investigated for accuracy, sensitivity, time response, and

simplicity of operation.

(f) Completed.

(g) A modification of the zero-displacement

micromanometer described by E. Kovacic,

Yugoslavia, in La Houille Blance, Vol.

10, No. 2, p. 177, was found to give

excellent results. Kerosene was used as the gage fluid with a small bubble of air

as the plug. Response was good for differences in head as small as 0.0001 feet of water.

TEXAS A AND M COLLEGE, Department of Oceanography

and Meteorology.

(2621) WAVE FORCE EXPERIMENTS ON 16-INCH AND 30- INCH DIAMETER PILES IN 40-FEET MEAN WATER

DEPTH.

(b) Gulf Oil Corporation.

(c) Mr. C. L. Bretschneider, original Project

Supervisor; Dr. B. W. Wilson, Project

Supervisor from Sept. 1955 j Texas A and M

College, College Station, Texas.

(d) Field investigation, experimental and

analytical; basic and applied research.

(e) Determination of actual wave forces on vertical cylindrical test piles of 16- inch and 30-inch diameter in mean water

depth of k0 feet at an oil platform ho

miles from the Louisiana coast near Eugene

Island. Each test pile was attached to the oil platform at two reaction points

above water level; horizontal and vertical

reactions to wave pressures were measured

electronically and results analyzed in

relation to physical characteristics of

the waves

.

(f) Initiated September 1952; completed July

1957-

(g) Analysis initially attempted to determine

values of drag coefficient and coefficient

of virtual mass for selected wave data on basis that wave force mainly comprises

drag and inertial components. In a second

approach numerical filtering techniques

employing high speed digital computers were used to separate out harmonic compo- nents in the waves and wave forces and

70
assess the correlating coefficients. Data

for the l6-inch diameter pile were finally

evaluated by determining drag and inertial

coefficients from the maximum range of to- tal wave force for selected waves . Data

for the 30-inch diameter pile were analyzed

by correlating an overall resistance coefficient with the Reynolds and Iversen Num- bers applicable to the fluid flow round the

pile; also by evaluating the corresponding

drag and inertial coefficients. Numerical

prediction techniques , utilizing high speed

digital computers, were used to determine

applicable water particle velocities and

accelerations from the surface observations,

(h) "Analysis of Wave Force Measurements on 16-

inch and 30-inch Diameter Piles in 40-Feet Mean Water Depth in the Gulf of Mexico", by

B. W. Wilson, Tech. Report No. 55-^, Texas A and M Res. Fdn., Oct. 1956. "Evaluation of Drag and Inertial Coefficients from Maximum Range of Total Wave

Force", by C. L. Bretschneider, Tech. Re- port No. 55-5 j» Texas A and M Res. Fdn., May

1957- "IBM Computer Procedures and Special Methods Used in Analysis of Wave Force Data -- 30-inch Diameter Test Pile", by B.W. Wilson,

Tech. Report No. 55-6, Texas A and M Res. Fdn., June 1957- "Results of Analysis of Wave Force Data -- Confused Sea Conditions Round a 30-inch

Diameter Test Pile, Gulf of Mexico", by

B. W. Wilson, Tech. Report No. 55-7, Texas A and M Res. Fdn., July 1957-

(2623) WAVE STATISTICS FOR THE GULF OF MEXICO.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Corps of Engineers,

U.S. Army.

(c) Mr. C.L. Bretschneider, original Project

Supervisor; Dr. B. W. Wilson, Project Supervisor from June, 1955'

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To determine the significant wave heights

and periods in different water depths at five locations in the Gulf of Mexico

(Brownsville, Caplen, Burrwood, Apalachicola, and Tampa) for hindcasts based on statistical weather data over the Gulf

covering a three-year period.

(f) Initiated June 195k; completed May 1957 • (g) Wind velocities, wind duration, fetch and

decay distances for hindcasting wave characteristics by the Sverdrup-Munk-Bretschneider method were determined from twelvehourly synoptic weather charts for the Gulf

of Mexico. Hindcasts of swell were made

for five deep water locations off Brownsville, Texas; Galveston, Texas; Burrwood,

Mississippi; Apalachicola, Florida; and

Tampa, Florida. Frequency diagrams of wave and wind conditions for these areas were

developed. A separate study was made of wave conditions at the five stations during passage through the Gulf area of typical

severe hurricanes occurring between 1900

and 1950. A moving fetch, variable wind

forecasting technique was used to perform

the hindcasts. Statistical data on

frequency of occurrence and magnitudes of

hurricane waves were compiled,

(h) "Wave Statistics for the Gulf of Mexico

off Tampa, Florida", by C.L. Bretschneider

and R. D. Gaul, Tech. Memo No. 89, Beach

Erosion Board, Oct. 1956. "Hurricane Wave Statistics for the Gulf of

Mexico" by B. W. Wilson, Tech. Memo No. 98,

Beach Erosion Board, June 1957-

(2868) INVESTIGATION OF STORM SURGES ALONG THE

SOUTH SHORE OF NEW ENGLAND.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Corps of Engineers,

U. S. Army.

(c) Prof. Robert 0. Reid, Project Supervisor.

(d) Numerical analysis; applied research.

(e) The hydrodynamic equations for a one- dimensional forced surge in water of variable depth are utilized in evaluating the

generation of storm surges on the continental shelf off Narragansett Bay. Both

graphical and numerical techniques have

been utilized in integrating the basic

equations. Numerical methods using high

speed computers are being utilized in

solving the problem of propagation of the

surge into Narragansett Bay. Bottom friction and wind stress are considered In

this analysis.

(g) A numerical procedure for computation of water level changes in coastal bays and

estuaries has been utilized for estimating the potential storm surges in Nar- ragansett Bay, Long Island Sound, and

Buzzards Bay for a selected design hurricane. The numerical calculations are based upon the quasi-linear, one-dimensional equations of motion and continuity. In

the numerical evaluation of storm surge generation over the continental shelf, the

equations are modified so as to allow for

long-shore dispersion of energy in an approximate manner. The calculations for

the modification of the surge as it enters

the bay include the provision for energy

loss by bottom friction and energy gain by

wind stress over the bay. In the calculations for Narragansett Bay, the latter is regarded as a network of interconnecting

channels, each of which are considered to

be of uniform width and depth. The method

of calculation has been "calibrated" by

using the known data for the September 21,

1938, hurricane as a control. The calibration involves the selection of appro- priate friction, reflection, and refraction conditions for the system, which will

allow the best fit of the numerical re- sults with the control data.

(h) "Dynamic Storm-Tide Potential: Approxi- mate Response of Water Level on a Sloping

Shelf to a Wind Fetch Which Moves Directly

Toward Shore", by R. 0. Reid, Tech. Memo

No. 83, Beach Erosion Board, June 1956. "Modification of the Quadratic BottomStress Law for Turbulent Channel Flow in

the Presence of Surface Wind Stress", by

R. 0. Reid, Tech. Report No. 2 (Ref. 56-

27T), Texas A and M Res. Fdn., Oct. 1956.

71
Final report in preparation.

(2869) INVESTIGATION OF PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH

PREDICTION OF STORM- INDUCED WATER LEVELS.

(b) U. S. Weather Bureau, Dept. of Commerce.

(c) Prof. R. 0. Reid, Project Supervisor.

(d) Theoretical with verification from existing data; applied and basic research.

(e) The generation of two-dimensional surges

in deep water for a moving radially symmetric storm, including the effects of the

earth's rotation, is being investigated

analytically. In addition the modification

and generation of surges on a continental

shelf of variable depth is being investigated numerically, with the aim of compar- ing computed water levels at shore with

those observed for past hurricanes along

the U. S. coast (East coast and Gulf coast

areas )

.

(g) Analytical and numerical methods of evaluation of storm surges for deep water and

coastal waters are being investigated. The

work underway at present Includes the ana- lytical Investigation of two-dimensional

waves on a continental shelf, taking Coriolis force into account. An investigation

of the free modes has been carried out,

and the forced response is currently being

investigated.

(h) "A Forced Wave Caused by Atmospheric Disturbances in Deep Water", by K. Kajiura,

Tech. Report 133-1 (Ref. 56-26T), Texas A and M Res. Fdn., October 1956. "Forced and Free Surges in a Narrow Basin

of Variable Depth and Width: A Numerical

Approach", by R. 0. Reid, Tech. Report

(Ref. 57-25T), Texas A and M Res. Fdn.,

Aug. 1957-

(2870) MODEL STUDY OF SURGE ACTION IN A PORT.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Project NR O83-

036, Contract N7onr-U8702.

(c) Dr. B. W. Wilson, Principal Investigator

(Dr. D. F. Leipper, Project Supervisor).

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) To collate results and conclusions from a model study of long period wave action in

a harbor (Gulf of Mexico).

(g) Model experiments have been completed and

results analyzed. Final reporting of re- sults remains

.

(2871) DIFFRACTION OF PLANE GRAVITY WAVES CAUSED

BY A HORIZONTALLY SUBMERGED CIRCULAR

CYLINDER

.

(b) Department project.

(c) Prof. R. 0. Reid, Chairman (Faculty Committee).

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and

applied research; for Ph. D. thesis.

(e) To investigate experimentally and theoretically the effects of a stationary horizontal circular cylinder submerged to a given

level in different depths of water upon the passage of plane gravity waves around it and normal to its length.

(g) This project has necessitated construction

of a special wave tank, wave generator and pressure recording devices for registering

wave pressure anomalies. Experimental

data has been collected and is currently

being analyzed. 1

(2872) LONG WAVES GENERATED BY ATMOSPHERIC DIS- TURBANCES IN AN OPEN OCEAN.

'4 (b) U. S. Weather Bureau, Con. No. CWB-9071.

(c) Prof. R. 0. Reid, Project Supervisor and

Chairman (Faculty Committee).

(d) Theoretical; basic research; Ph. D. thesis.]

( e ) To determine the nature of long waves gen- erated in an open ocean by travelling

atmospheric disturbances.

(g) Theoretical investigation of the influence

on the water surface of a radially symmetric storm, such as a hurricane or typhoon,

suddenly generated and advancing at a uniform speed over water of uniform depth

in a two-layered ocean of infinite expanse

has been completed in the first phase.

(2873) COMPUTATION OF DESIGN STORM TIDE FOR THE NEW YORK BAY AREA.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Corps of Engineers,

U. S. Army and New York Division, Corps

of Engineers

.

(c) Dr. B. W. Wilson, Project Supervisor.

(d) Numerical analysis, applied research.

(e) This project represents an extension of

the work performed for the New England

area, aimed at defining the critical storm

tides that could develop in the New York

area from severe hurricane attack. The

methods to be used are numerical, utilizing the facilities of high-speed digital

computers. Three phases are planned:

(l) Investigation of two-dimensional

effects of the storm surge on the continental shelf at the bay mouth; (2) com- putation of storm tide in New York Bay

for the conditions of the hurricane of

September lk, l^hk; (3) computation of storm tides for a design hurricane moving

at two possible speeds along a northwest

path into New York Bay.

UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 9hd, 2162,

2396, 2397, 2629, and 2873, should be addressed

to Dr. Walter L. Moore, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

University of Texas, Austin 12, Texas.

(9U8) DIFFUSION OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL SUBMERGED

JET.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Basic experimental.

(e) An investigation is being made of the

diffusion of momentum in a two-dimensional

Jet as influenced by the proximity to a plane boundary. Apparatus was constructed

72
for measuring the velocity field in the

diffusion region of an air jet 0.05 feet

thick and 3-0 feet wide with a plane parallel boundary at various distances from the

axis of the jet.

(f) Inactive. (One phase of project is nearly

complete. ) (g) Measurements are complete covering a range of "boundary distance from to 1.8 ft. Results indicate that the boundary has a stabilizing influence and tends to reduce

the rate of diffusion. As the distance to the plane boundary is increased the diffusion increases. Mean flow streamlines

obtained in the diffusion region defined a stable eddy between the jet and the boundary and indicated a linear spread of the jet

downstream from the eddy. Velocity profiles

in the zone of linear spread were all re- ducible to a single dimensionless curve. Measurements of static pressure in the sta- ble eddy indicated significant negative

pressures according to a systematic pattern.

Checks of momentum and energy flux gave reasonable values

(h) Unpublished annual report to National Sci- ence Foundation is available on two weeks

loan.

(2161) CHARACTERISTICS OF A HYDRAULIC JUMP AT AN

ABRUPT CHANGE IN BOTTOM ELEVATION.

(b) University of Texas Research Institute and Bureau of Engineering Research.

(c) Prof. C. W. Morgan, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Texas.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Experimental determinations are made of the

flow characteristics at two-dimensional

channel drops and rises. The velocity distribution and surface profile will be de- termined throughout the length of the jump

for various relative changes in bottom elevation. The longitudinal location of the

jump in relation to the change in bottom

elevation will be varied over a broad range

in distinction to previous related investigations in which relative location of the

jump was held constant.

(g) Results for the abrupt drop are complete

and have been published. For a given en- tering Froude No. lying between 2 and 8 three types of jump may form, the type and

its longitudinal location depending only

on the relative downstream depth. The velocities near the bottom below the drop are always less than the mean velocity in the

downstream channel for the jump type of

maximum height. Experimental measurements

have been made on the related investigation

for an abrupt rise

(h) "The Hydraulic Jump at an Abrupt Drop", by

W. L. Moore and C. W. Morgan, Proceedings,

A.S.C.E., Vol. 83, No. HY6, pp. 1M9-1-21,

Dec. 1957.

(2162) HYDR0L0GIC STUDIES, WALLER CREEK WATERSHED.

(b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey,

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Measurements of rainfall and runoff for a

k square mile and 2 square mile portion

of the Waller Creek watershed are being

made to provide basic information for estimating runoff from small urban watersheds

in the southwest area. Two streamflow

stations and a rain gage net are in operation. Studies of the correlation between

runoff, rainfall, and the characteristics

of the drainage basin are being made by

various proposed methods to serve as a base for comparison with the data as it is collected from the stream.

(h) Master's thesis on analysis.

(2396) RESISTANCE OF PIERS IN FREE SURFACE FLOW,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental (thesis).

(e) An investigation is being made of the drag

resistance of piers as a function of shape,

relative submergence, spacing, and Froude

numbers. The pier resistance is being

correlated with the head loss for flow in

a channel.

(g) A phase of the investigation has been com- pleted for Froude numbers less than 0.5 with cylindrical piers at various submergence and spacing. An investigation of

the resistance of H sections piers at various orientations and longitudinal spacings

has been completed. Another phase has

been completed which demonstrates that

the velocity gradient along a cylindrical

pier affects the drag coefficient. The

local drag coefficient decreases along

the pier In the direction toward the end

of the pier where the velocity is high.

The reduction in drag coefficient is re- lated to a dimensionless measure of the

velocity gradient along the cylinder.

(h) "The Relationship Between the Head Loss

at Bridge Piers and the Drag Resistance

of the Piers", by Jerry Garrett, M.S. Thesis, January 1956.

"The Effect of a Velocity Gradient on the

Drag Coefficient for Circular Cylinders",

by Frank D. Masch, M.S. Thesis, August

1957-

(2397) EFFECT OF UPSTREAM DEVELOPMENT ON THE RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS IN THE

SOUTHWEST.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Fieia investigation (thesis).

(e) For a selected watershed rainfall and

runoff relations before the period of up- stream development are being analyzed.

The relations obtained for this period will

be applied to the rainfall records after

the upstream development and the predicted

runoff compared with the actual runoff,

(g) Sources of data have been located, the

available information tabulated, and a method of evaluating the runoff devised

that appears to be reasonable.

(2629) A MECHANICAL TURBULENCE INDICATOR FOR

LIQUIDS.

67776 O - 58 - 6 73
(b) Bureau of Engineering Research, University

of Texas.

(d) Experimental instrument development.

(e) There is need for a relatively simple de- vice to give a quantitative measure of the

degree of turbulence in a flowing fluid.

Electrical instruments commonly measure

the root mean square of the turbulent fluc- tuations as an indication of the intensity.

The instrument being developed measures the

maximum turbulent fluctuation as an indication of the intensity. The instrument is similar to a l/2 inch diameter Prandtl velocity tube except that it has two stagnation

openings; the conventional one which gives

the mean stagnation head and an additional

one which leads through a sensitive check

valve and accumulator to a manometer tube. The check valve and accumulator elements

are located in the tube less than 3/8 of an inch from the stagnation opening to minimize inertia effects.

(g) The instrument has been built and a membrane

for the check valves developed. Turbulence

data measured in a hydraulic jump and in a circular jet appear reasonable in relation

to published data for similar flows. Calibration of the instrument is being made with

a controlled pressure fluctuation at various

frequencies

.

(287^) AN INVESTIGATION OF THE SCOUR RESISTANCE OF

COHESIVE SEDIMENTS.

(b) Bureau of Engineering Research, University

of Texas.

(d) Analytical and experimental (laboratory).

(e) An attempt is being made to evaluate the scour resistance of cohesive sediments by

means of a standardized scour test. An

approximate analysis indicated that a nominal value of the shear stress at sediment

surface could be obtained for radially out- ward flow between a circular disk and the

sediment sample. An apparatus was con- structed with which the net force on the

circular disk and the rate of flow could be

adjusted to desired values and accurately

measured. Preliminary tests have been made

on several molded samples and the rate of

penetration of the disk measured as a function of the rate of flow and net disk load.

It is hoped that as a minimum an arbitrary

scale can be set up for comparing the scour resistance of various cohesive sediments

and that possibly this scale can be related

to flow parameters for other situations and

to other measureable soil properties.

THE STATE COLLEGE OF WASHINGTON, The R. L. Albrook

Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1689, 2l65, 2166,

2398, 263O to 263U incl. and 2875 to 2879 incl.,

should be addressed to Dr. E. Roy Tinney, Head, The

R. L. Albrook Hydraulic Laboratory, Division of

Industrial Research, State College of Washington,

Pullman, Washington.

(I689) STUDY OF FLUID FLOW IN PIPE NETWORKS.

(b) Designers and managers of water and gas distribution systems.

(d) Analyses by analogue and digital computers.

(e) Studies of distribution systems by the

Mcllroy Pipeline Network Analyzer. Ana- lyses have been made of the water supply

systems for over 30 cities. Gas systems

have also been analyzed as well as the

cooling system of a large hydro plant. An analysis is being developed whereby

some of the problems not readily solvable

by the Mcllroy Analyzer can be carried out on an IBM 650 digital computer.

(2-165) THE INFLUENCE OF LOGGING OPERATIONS ON RUN-OFF FROM PRECIPITATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Analytical with field investigation.

(e) The run-off from water sheds on which

extensive logging has been made is being

conducted to determine the correlation

between run-off and logging In regions

where the rainfall is heavy and regrowth

rapid.

(f) Inactive.

(h) "The Effect of Logging on the Run-Off of

a Stream Near the Columbia River Estuary",

presented at the Seattle Conference of the

American Geophysical Union, November 1956. This paper has been prepared for publication.

(2166) NOXON RAPIDS HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Ebasco Services, Incorporated, for Washington Water Power Company.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:50 model of this development has been

constructed to study cofferdam construc- tion procedures, spillway capacity, training wall design, diversion, and tailrace

excavation. A 1:70, two dimensional model

of the spillway has been made to study

various dentated sills and a 1 : 30 model

of the penstock intake has been built to study entrance losses. A distorted model,

vertical scale 1:100 and horizontal scale

1:250, was built of the Clark Fork River

to determine the scour pattern in the

realigned river for a new bridge crossing.

(f) Completed.

(h) Final report prepared by Ebasco Services,

Inc

.

(2398) PLEASANT VALLEY HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Ebasco Services, Incorporated for the

Pacific Northwest Power Co. (d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:50 model of a 53^ ft high arch dam

has been made to study conditions at the

base of the free over-fall. Of particular

Importance are the waves and surges along

the powerhouse walls, the design of outlet

works, and the rating of the free overfall spillway. A pilot model, at a scale

of 1:175, has been constructed to aid in

7*
selecting the best overall design,

(f) Inactive.

(2630) BROWNLEE HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

(b) International Engineering Company for the

Idaho Power Company.

(d) Analytical and experimental.

(e) A 1:70 comprehensive model of the complete

development has been constructed. Detailed

tests have been made on the intake channel,

the low level outlets , the spillway chute,

and the spillway bucket. Comparisons have

been made on the advantages of flip buckets,

cascade type spillways, and a partially submerged horizontal apron. Particular atten- tion has been given to eliminating erosion

occurring at the toe of the dam. In addition, a 1:35 model of the spillway crest and low level outlets has been constructed

in a k ft wide glass sided flume. Studies

have been made of the pressures on the

crest, on the piers, and on the roof, in- vert and sides of the low level outlets. Tests have also been made to determine the

discharge capacity and to determine the most suitable method of eliminating the

disturbance at the junction of the outlet

and spillway crest flows.

(f) Completed.

(h) Final report prepared by the International

Engineering Company.

(2631) ROCKY REACH HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT

(b) Chelan County Public Utility District No.l.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:75 model 109 ft by h0 ft has been con- structed of 7500 ft of the Columbia River

to study construction phases and the opera- tion of the complete development of the

Rocky Reach site. Studies have been com- pleted on the cofferdam layouts and tests

are now underway on the operation of the

spillway and fishway entrances. In addition, a 1:1+^.9 scale model of two bays of

the spillway has been constructed in a large glass sided flume to determine specifically the design of baffles on the apron

and nappe splitters on the ogee

(h) Status reports to the client.

(2632) PRIEST RAPIDS PENSTOCK GATE STUDIES.

(b) Pacific Coast Engineering Company.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:18 model of fixed wheel intake gates

for the Priest Rapids Hydroelectric Project

has been constructed to determine the hydraulic downpull for several lip designs. A generalized study has also been made to investigate various designs of intake gates

with a view toward a more economical design

of gates and gantry cranes.

(2633) WATER WALL FOR ATOMIC REACTORS.

(b) General Electric Company, Hanford Atomic

Products Operation,

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:3 model of a large manifold has been

constructed to determine the hydraulic sta- bility, flow patterns, and pressure losses.

(263*0 KARNAFULI HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT.

(b) International Engineering Company for the Government of Pakistan.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Model investigation at a scale of 1:70 of

the spillway of the Karnafuli project.

Particular attention has been paid to the

discharge capacity of the spillway, to the

action in the stilling pool, and to the

hydraulic behavior of the diversion channel.

(h) Final report being prepared.

(2875) OXBOW HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

(b) International Engineering Company.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:72 model of the rock fill dam and the

two spillway crests and chutes have been

constructed to study the optimum alinement

of the spillway axes. Attention is also

being focused on the approach channels and

on the flow patterns in the neighborhood

of the fish trap.

(2876) BROWNLEE FISH BARRIER.

(b) Idaho Power Company.

(d) Analytical and experimental.

(e) An analytical development is being pursued

to determine the forces and three-dimensional shape of a 2800 ft long and 120 ft deep fish barrier that is proposed for installation in the Brownlee hydroelectric

development reservoir. The solution of

the differential equations developed will

be carried out on an IBM 650 digital computer. In order to check the theory, a 1:150 scale model of the fish barrier is being built. The model will also be used

to design the anchorage system.

(2877) FISHWAY MODELS.

(b) Chelan County PUD No. 1. (d) Experimental; design.

(e) Two 1:12 scale models have been built of

the fish transportation facilities for

the Rocky Reach Hydroelectric Development.

One model is of the upper end of the ladder and orifice section of the facility

and the second model is of the trifurcation at the junction of the powerhouse and

spillway.

(2878) HYDRODYNAMICAL STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) A mathematical analysis of segmental flip

buckets has been developed using free streamline theory. The analysis shows

the relation between the dimensions of

the bucket, the thickness of the nappe, the face angle of the dam, and the exit

75
angle of the jet. The evaluation of the integrals arising from the conformal trans- formation is being made using an IBM 650

digital computer.

(2879) HYDRAULICS OF LEVEL IRRIGATION.

(b)

(d)

(e)

Laboratory project cooperative with the

Department of Agricultural Engineering.

Theoretical and experimental.

An analysis is being developed to define

the rate of advance and recession of the water front on a level irrigation border

talcing into account the infiltration. A

tilting flume 75 feet long, 3 feet wide

and 2 feet deep is being erected with a mechanical apparatus to simulate infiltration.

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Dept. of Civil Engineering.

(2636) RATE OF FLOW THROUGH HORIZONTAL AND SLOPING

SCREENS AT END OF FLUME WITH RESPECT TO DISTANCE ALONG THE SCREEN.

(f

(h

(2637

(b

(c

(d

(e

(2880

CD

(c

(d

(e

Laboratory project.

Dr. Eugene P. Richey, University of Wash.,

Seattle 5> Washington.

Experimental and theoretical; for master's

thesis

.

An experimental investigation of the actual

behavior of the energy change through the screen by the pressure drop coefficient or screen coefficient, and to measure the

actual depths to furnish verification of a theoretical of the surface profile.

Completed.

Very good correlation was found between

the analytical and the experimental results,

except when the water depth in the channel

is less than 0.2 feet. Thesis by Ling-Sheng Miao is on file at the

University of Washington Library.

INFLUENCE OF PROXIMITY OF ORIFICES TO EACH OTHER ON THEIR DISCHARGE.

Laboratory project.

Dr. Joseph C. Kent, University of Wash.,

Seattle 5> Washington.

Experimental; for master's thesis.

Discharge of orifices placed close together

compared to similar orifices placed remoteiy.

MODEL STUDY OF PUMP SUCTION CHEST FOR ARD37 AUXILIARY FLOATING DRYDOCK.

Project conducted for W. C. Nickum and

Sons, Architects and Engineers.

Prof. Harold K. Moritz and Prof. William M. Miller, University of Washington, Seattle

5, Wash. Experimental; for design. An experimental study to determine flow

distribution into the pump, and pressures

on the interior walls with particular

attention to possibility of cavitation,

(f)

(g)

(h)

(2881)

(D)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f

(2882

(D

(c

(d

(e

(h

(2883

(288U

(g)

(2885)

made on a plexiglas model 1:6 ratio,

under various conditions of manifolding.

Completed.

Favorable to contemplated design.

Results are contained in 53 page report

submitted to sponsor.

TO INVESTIGATE THE PRESSURE FIELD INDUCED

ON A FLOATING BRIDGE BY THE PASSAGE OF A LARGE VESSEL.

Washington Toll Bridge Authority.

Dr. Eugene P. Richey, University of Wash.,

Seattle 5> Washington.

Theoretical

.

A theoretical analysis was made of the pressures that would develop on the open

faces of a floating bridge due to the passage of a large vessel moving at a moderate speed. A related study was made of

the hydraulic forces to be overcome during

the opening cycle of the floating spans. Completed.

Results contained in report to sponsor.

SALMON FATIGUE STUDY.

State Fisheries Dept.

Dr. DeLacy, Dept. of Fisheries, and Dr. Joseph C. Kent, Univ. of Washington,

Seattle 5, Wash. Field investigation.

To test swimming speeds of salmon as they

migrate up the Columbia River.

Report in preparation.

ENERGY DISSIPATION MANIFOLD FOR THE TOLT RIVER PIPELINE.

City of Seattle, Board of Public Works.

Dr. Eugene P. Richey and Prof. H. S. Strausser, Univ. of Wash. , Seattle 5, Wash. Experimental; for design. An attempt to determine the mode of energy dissipation achieved by introducing high

velocity pipe flow into a large conduit in

a tangential fashion.

SPILLWAY AND ENERGY DISSIPATION SYSTEM

FOR THE TOLT RESERVOIR DAM.

City of Seattle, Board of Public Works.

Dr. Eugene P. Richey and Prof. H. S. Strausser, Univ. of Wash. , Seattle 5j Wash. Experimental; for design.

The hydraulic performance of the different

design arrangements for the proposed Tolt

River Reservoir Dam was investigated on a model scale. Features of particular

interest were "the flow conditions at the entrance to the spillway and the diversion

of the jet from the spillway back into the

natural river channel. Design was completed on basis of tests.

THE LADDER AND POWERHOUSE COLLECTION CHANNEL: PART OF THE UPSTREAM MIGRANT SYSTEM, MAYFIELD FISH FACILITIES.

(b) City of Tacoma, Dept. of Public Utilities,
(c)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(2886)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

(2887)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(2888)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

Light Division.

Dr. Eugene P. Richey, Univ. of Washington,

Seattle 5, Wash. Experimental; for design.

The sponsor's design and model of the col- lection system for upstream migrants was tested through a wide range of operating

conditions. Features requiring special

attention were the methods of supplying

auxiliary water to the system and various

types of weirs and baffles

Completed.

Results contained in report to sponsor.

THE SKIMMER: A PART OF THE DOWNSTREAM

MIGRANT SYSTEM, MAYFIELD FISH FACILITIES.

City of Tacoma, Dept. of Public Utilities,

Light Division.

Dr. Eugene P. Richey, Univ. of Washington,

Seattle 5, Wash. Experimental

A study was made of a 1:3 model of the hydraulic performance of a device designed

as part of the downstream migrant system

for the Cowlitz Dam at present under con- struction. The purpose is to reduce the

initial quantity of water needed for at- tracting fish to a level deemed adequate

for subsequent transportation of the fish.

Results contained in report to sponsor.

COMPARISON OF RIGID PLATE WAVE GENERATOR WITH FLEXIBLE PLATE WAVE GENERATOR.

Engineering Experiment Station, Univ. of

Washington, Seattle 5 > Wash.

Dr. Joseph C. Kent, Univ. of Washington,

Seattle 5, Wash. Experimental, theoretical; master's thesis.

Performances of flexible plate wave genera- tor analyzed and compared with rigid plate wave generator.

ANALYSIS OF STATUS OF LONG-TERM PREDICTION

OF STREAMFLOW.

Laboratory project.

Prof. T. H. Campbell, 201 More Hall, Univ.

of Washington, Seattle 5 > Wash.

Experimental; basic research.

Comparative study of approaches which have

been proposed for long-term forecasting of

streamflow, with a view to determining

usefulness of each. This study probably

will continue over a long period of time

WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Alden Hydraulic

Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos . 19^>3> 21+11, 2638, 261+0 to 261+5, incl., 2647 and 2888 to 2896,

incl., should be addressed to Prof. L. J. Hooper,

Director, Alden Hydraulic Laboratory, Worcester

Polytechnic Institute, Worcester 9, Mass.

(1963) METER CALIBRATION.

(b

(a

(e

(21+11

(b

(a

(e

(2638

(b

(a

(e

(2640

(b

(d

(e

(f)

Foxboro Co. Experimental; for design.

Weighing tank calibration of 1, 2, 4, 6,

8, 10, 12" Magnetic flow Meters.

METER CALIBRATION.

Foster Engineering Co. Experimental; for design.

Calibration of several designs of Gentile meters in 4 inch to 18 inch diameter range.

METER CALIBRATION.

Perm Instrument Division, Burgess-Manning

Company

Experimental, for design.

Calibration of several types of flow meters in 4 inch to 20 inch diameter range.

BAKER RIVER HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

Stone and Webster Engineering Corp.

Experimental; for design. A l/50 scale model of the intake structure

was constructed in the 3-foot glass sided

flume including the intake, transition and

twin penstocks. The tests were made to

determine the flow conditions in the tran- sition and intake.

Completed.

(2641) BAKER RIVER HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Stone and Webster Engineering Corp.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l/40 scale model including the spillway,

chute and section of the river bed down- stream were set up in a wooden flume. The tests involved determination of discharge

coefficient and gate calibration, design

of walls on chute and the position of

downstream protection.

(f) Completed.

(2642) PELTON HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

(b)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(26U3)

(b)

(a)

(e)

(f)

Ebasco Services, Inc. Experimental, for design.

A l/60 model of a section of the arch dam,

the spillway, the spillway chute, the

powerhouse and a section of the river bed

was constructed. The flow for a range of

discharges was studied.

Completed.

NORTH FORK HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

Ebasco Services, Inc. Experimental; for design. A 1/60 model including the arch dam,

powerhouse, sluice gates, spillway, spillway chute and a section of the river bed

was constructed. Studies were made of

the performance of various flow conditions

Completed, report being written.

(2644) ROCKY REACH HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT,

(b) Stone and Webster Engineering Corp.

77
(a)

(e)

(f)

Experiment al, for design. A 1/60 wooden model of a section of spill- way including 3-l/2 inch gates was con- structed. Flow studies were made of various aprons, walls and gates.

Completed, report being written.

( 26U5 ) ELMHURST DAM - WATER SUPPLY

.

00

(d)

(e)

(f)

Thomas H- Wiggin.

Experimental, for design. A 1/50 model of the original spillway,

section of dam, new spillway and river bed

downstream was constructed. Flow studies were conducted on walls, deflectors and energy dissipators. Tests in progress.

( 261+7) SHERMAN HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

(b) New England Power Service Co. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l/ho model of the dam, spillway, spillway

chute, powerhouse and river bed are being

constructed. Studies will include means

of increasing capacity of spillway and

allied structures as well as results of

same

.

(2889) POTOMAC PROJECT.

(b) Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) A distorted model with a vertical scale of

l/80 and a horizontal scale of 1/20 was constructed of a section of the Potomac

River. The velocity distribution and heat

transfer characteristics of the river in

the area near the intake and outlet of the

power plant are being studied.

(f) Tests in progress.

(2890) NEW JERSEY ZINC COMPANY. oo

(a;

(f)

Albright and Friel, Incorporated.

Experimental; for design. A 1/250 horizontal scale and a l/80 vertical scale model of a section of the Dela- ware River was constructed to study the

flow pattern in the area of the New Jersey

Zinc plant. Tests in progress

.

(2891) PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD COMPANY.

(b) Pennsylvania Railroad Company.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1/200 horizontal scale and a l/60 vertical scale model of a section of the Dela- ware River was constructed. The flow pat- tern in the river near the Pennsylvania

Railroad pier is being studied.

(f) Tests in progress.

(2892) 16 INCH SWING CHECK VALVE.

(b) Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Flow data on the valve in various orientations obtained.

It

(2893

(b

(d

(e

Cf

(2891+

(b

(d

(e

(f

(2895

(b

(d

(e

(f)

00

(a)

(e)

(f)

Completed.

16 INCH SWING CHECK VALVE.

Walworth Company.

Experimental; for design.

Flow data on the valve in various orientations obtained.

Completed.

16 INCH SWING CHECK VALVE.

Atwood and Morrill Company.

Experimental; for design.

Flow data on the valve in various orientations was obtained.

Completed.

GUADALUPE DEVELOPMENT

.

Gannett Fleming Corddry and Carpenter, Inc Experimental; for design. A 1/35 model including a sectiofl of the

Guadalupe River, a lucite intake and a section of lucite tunnel was constructed

in order to study the velocity distribution in the intake and operating characteristics of the tunnel and intake under

various flows and heads. Completed.

(2896) PEIXOTO DEVELOPMENT.

Ebasco International.

Experimental; for design. A l/l+O scale model of a section of the

spillway and river bed downstream was built to study the operating characteristics of the spillway and the erosion

pattern in the river bed. Completed.

(2897) ELRAMA POWER PLANT.

(b) Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A distorted model with a vertical scale

of 1/90 and a horizontal scale of l/30

was constructed of a section of the

Monongahela River upstream and downstream

of the power plant. Velocity distribution

in the area of the intake and outlet as well as heat transfer characteristics of

the river are to be determined.

(f ) Tests in progress.

78
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE , AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division.

EASTERN SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT RESEARCH BRANCH.

Runoff and Erosion Control Section .

(1966) IMPROVED SYSTEMS FOR CONTROL OF RUNOFF AND

EROSION.

(b) Cooperative with the following state Agricultural Experiment Stations and other

agencies for use throughout the 31 Eastern

States: Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa,

Maryland, Mississippi, Miisouri, New Hampshire, New York, South Carolina, Wisconsin.

Some studies under this project are re- ported in more detail as cooperative re- search under the respective states.

(c) Dr. L. B. Nelson, Eastern Soil and Water

Management Research Branch, Plant Industry

Station, Beltsville, Maryland.

(d) Experimental and field investigations,

applied research for development and design.

(e) The purpose of these studies is to obtain

fundamental information on the mechanics of

rainfall runoff and erosion, to determine

the effects of the basic factors - climatic,

topographic, soil and cover on runoff and

soil loss, and to evaluate various soil and water management practices from the standpoint of runoff and erosion control in the

humid region. Supporting erosion control

practices including terracing and strip

cropping are developed and improved to function effectively in the present day

multiple-row-power system of farming. The

relationships and evaluations secured from

the studies are combined into equations or graphs for estimating runoff and individual

field soil loss for use in the design of

conservation farm plans and in determining

probable sediment production for use in

watershed protection programs. Grass waterways are studied from the standpoint

of establishment and maintenance and their

use coordinated with grade stabilization

structures and supporting erosion control

practices. Methods for the establishment

and maintenance of vegatation for erosion

control on areas of exposed subsoil, including roadside areas are under development. The integration of soil and water

management, supporting erosion control

practices and waterways are studied on individual fields and in farm-sized units

to determine and improve their practicability for farm use. Improved techniques

and devices are developed to facilitate the

making of required research measurements.

The work is carried on in carefully con- trolled laboratory and fractional acre plot studies and on primary unit or field

sized watersheds in different cover or management practices. Both meteorological

and hydrological measurements are made. A

field plot size rain simulator is under

development to hasten evaluation of practices. The basic data are assembled in a

central statistical laboratory for place- ment on punch cards for machine and graphical correlation analysis.

(g) A rainfall parameter has been identified

that accounts for a high percentage of

individual storm erosion from fallow plots.

It is rainstorm energy times maximum 30 minute intensity. This will enable the es- tablishment of erosion potentials for different climatic areas and increase the ac- curacy of the erosion equation by inclusion

of an efficient rainfall factor.

(h) "A Brief Summary of Runoff and Erosion

Studies at Watkinsville, Ga. ", A. P. Barnett, Agr. Engin. (in press).

"A Second Look at Brighton", C. S. Britt

and C. S. Slater, USDA Soil Conserv. 22:33-3^ (1956).

"Soil and Water Conservation Research",

C. S. Britt and C. S. Slater, Univ. of

Maryland 69th and 70th Annual Reports.

"Costly Erosion Can be Controlled", J. R. Carreker, Cotton Trade Jour. -August 1956 Cotton Mechanization and Insect Control

Supplement, 36 (3U):l-l6 (1956).

"Soil and Water Conservation in Cotton Production", J. R. Carreker, Cotton Trade

Jour. ( in press )

"Making Terraces Parallel", J. R. Carreker,

Prog. Farmer (in press).

"Effects of Good Management Following Soil

Erosion", G. R. Free, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc . ( in press )

"Soil Erosion on Long Island-Its Control",

G. R. Free, C. S. Winkelblech, and H. M. Wilson, Cornell Extension Bui. No. 968

(1956.) Revision.

"Keep the Soil in its Place", G. R. Free,

Rural New York, 107:359-360 (1957).

"Control of Runoff and Erosion on Almena

Silt Loam in Wisconsin", 0. E. Hays and

A. J. Attoe, ARS i+l-l6 (1957). "Factors Affecting Sheet and Rill Erosion",

D. D. Smith and W. H. Wischmeier, Trans. AGU (in press )

"Terrace Maintenance", D. D. Smith, Hoard's

Dairyman, 102(10) : 53^-535 (1957). "Factors Affecting Rainfall Erosion and

Their Evaluation", D. D. Smith, Report

Commission of Continental Erosion, IASH, IUGG (in press).

"Progress in Erosion Control Over the Last Fifty Years", M. L. Nichols and D. D. Smith,

Agri. Engin. 38(6) :422-h25 (1957).

"Rainfall Energy and its Relationship to

Soil Loss", W. H. Wischmeier and D. D. Smith, Trans. AGU (in press).

"Erosion Control Practices for the Fayette

Soil Area", 0. E. Hays and R. E. Taylor,

USDA Agr. Inf. Bui. (in press).

"Evaluation of Factors in the Soil Loss Equation", W. H. Wischmeier, D. D. Smith,

and R. E. Uhland, Agr. Engin. (in press).

Irrigation and Drainage Section .

(2898) IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE PRACTICES AND

REQUIREMENTS.

(b) Cooperative with the following state

79
Agricultural Experiment Stations and other

agencies for use throughout the 31 Eastern

States: Alabama, Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, Miss.,

Missouri, New Jersey, North Carolina, Penn- sylvania, Puerto Rico, South Carolina,

Virginia, Wisconsin. Some of the studies

under this project are reported in more

detail as cooperative research under the

respective states.

(c) Dr. L. B. Nelson, Eastern Soil and Water

Management Research Branch, Plant Industry

Station, Belts ville, Maryland.

(d) Experimental and field investigations in- cluding both basic and applied research for development purposes.

(e) The purpose of these studies is to obtain

information on soil-plant-water relationships as they influence irrigation and

drainage requirements of crops which are adapted to farm conditions in the humid

regions. Investigations range from care- fully controlled studies on soil-plant- water relationships to irrigation and

drainage field trials. Under controlled

environment conditions the effects of the

physical state of soil moisture on water

uptake and on ion uptake by plants is in- vestigated. Under similar conditions the rate of removal of excess moisture which

is required to maintain adequate aeration

is evaluated at different temperatures and

at different stages of plant development.

The quantities of water necessary to meet requirements of major crops at various

stages of growth are determined. Evapotranspiration under different climatic con- ditions is measured, which, along with

soil moisture retention characteristics

and rooting depths, forms a basis for the survey of frequencies and intensities of

moisture deficiencies and excesses that is in progress. The effects of brackish water on plants and soil is evaluated along the Eastern Seaboard where hurricanes and

other weather disturbances may subject soil and plants to saline water from the ocean.

( g ) Data were obtained and evaluated during

the past year on the water requirements of

corn, peanuts, cotton, tobacco, soybeans

and several forage crops.

(h) "Make Full Use of Stored Soil Moisture",

V. C. Jamison, Jour, of Soil and Water

Conserv. 12:122-125 (1957)-

"Influence of Soil Moisture Levels and

Seasonal Weather on Efficiency of Water

Use by Corn", D. B. Peters and J. Letey,

Agron. Jour. 1+9:362-365 (1957) illus. "Water Uptake Under Systems of Moisture

Content and Moisture Tension", D. B. Peters, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. (in press )

.

"Field Evaluation of Evapotranspiration",

(abstract) W. A. Raney, Agr. Engin. (in press )

.

"Soil Physical Characteristics in Relation

to Soil Groupings", W. A. Raney and R. R. Bruce, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. (in press )

.

"Soil Moisture Evaluation", W. A. Raney

and M. D. Thorne, ARS 1+1-6 (May 1956).

"Evaluation of Evapotranspiration in Field

Plots", W. A. Raney, Agr. Engin. (in press). "Neutron and Gamma Radiation as Applied to Measuring Certain Physical Properties of

Soil in its Natural State", C. H. M. van Bavel and N. Underwood, Proc. 6th Int. Cong. Soil Sci. B: 355-360 (1956).

"A Simplified Procedure for Sampling Soil

Moisture", H. A. Weaver, Agr. Engin.

37(10) :676 (1956). "Water in Agriculture", J. R. Carreker,

Academy of Sci. Bui. (in press).

"Evapotranspiration Rates for Alfalfa and

Vegetable Crops in New York State", N. H. Peck, M. T. Vittum, and R. D. Miller, Soil

Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. (in press).

"Place of Irrigation in Grassland Agriculture", W. A. Raney, Agr. Engin. (in press).

"Cylinder Infiltrometers for Determining

Irrigation Application Rates", C. S. Slater, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc.

21:1+57-1+60 (1957), illus.

"Irrigator for Research Plots", G. N. Sparrow, R. L. Carter and J. R. Stansell,

Agr. Engin. (in press). "Cotton Irrigation in Southeast", J. F. Thornton, Cotton Gin-Oil Mill Press

58(1) :22, 23 (1957) illus.

"Estimating Soil Moisture Conditions and

Time for Irrigation with Evapotranspiration Method", C. H. M. van Bavel, ARS

1+1-11:16 pp. (1956).

"Practical Use of Knowledge about Evapotranspiration", C. H. M. van Bavel, Agr.

Engin. (in press).

"A Regional Approach to the Analysis of

Drought Incidence", C. H. M. van Bavel, Proc. 6th Int. Cong. Soil Sci. D:653-66o

(1956) . "Can We Predict Drought?", C. H. M. van

Bavel, Better Farming Methods, 29(1+): 20-22

(1957) illus.

"Agricultural Drought in Virginia", C. H.

M. van Bavel and J. H. Lillard, Tech. Bui. 128, Va. Agr. Expt. St a. 38, (1957) illus.

(2899) IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE FACILITIES.

(b) Cooperative with the following state Agricultural Experiment Stations and other

agencies for use throughout the 31 Eastern

States: Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana,

Minnesota, Missouri, New York, North

Carolina, Virginia, Vermont, Illinois, Ohio,

Wisconsin. Some of the studies under this

project are reported in more detail as cooperative research under the respective

states

.

(c) Dr. L. B. Nelson, Eastern Soil and Wpter

Management Research Branch, Plant Industry

Station, Beltsville, Maryland.

(d) Experimental and field investigations and

applied research for design purposes.

(e) The purpose of these investigations is to develop irrigation and drainage facilities

for adequate control of water on to and

off of farm land in a manner that will

allow maximum conservation of soil and water resources. The various steps

80
required in land conditioning and forming

for efficient use of soil and water re- sources are investigated as a segment of water control research. Factors which

modify or control the development and storage of water resources on the farm are investigated. Tile , mole, and surface drainage systems of varying designs and material

are investigated with respect to their efficiencies in controlling rates of removal

of excess water. Studies are conducted to determine soil, crop, and cultural practices that will improve internal drainage

of the soil profile, and that will insure

long-time functioning of the drainage installations. Studies are made of improved

engineering designs and techniques for

maintaining controlled water table levels

under hoth organic and mineral soils.

Attention is given to development of more rapid drainage research techniques.

(g) Data were obtained during the past year on the effectiveness of various systems for

managing water in the course of irrigation

as well as during removal of excess water. Additional data were obtained on the hydraulics of tile junctions.

(h) "Hydraulic Characteristics of the Junctions

of Equal-Sized Drainage Tile", F. W. Blaisdell and P. W. Manson, Proc. 6th Int. Cong. Soil Scl. (Watershed Technology).

"Drainage Problems and Methods", T. W. Edminster and R. C. Reeve, U. S. Dept. Agr.

Yearbook of Agriculture, 1957, Soil: 378-385

(1957).

"Drainage in the Lower Southeastern Coastal

Plain", R. L. Green, E. A. Schlaudt, and

S. Krock, Agr. Engin. (in press).

"Energy Losses at Drain Tile Junctions",

P. W. Manson and F. W. Blaisdell, Agr.

Engin. 37( 1+) : 21+9-252 (1956).

"Land Forming for Drainage in Louisiana",

I. L. Saveson, Assoc. South. Agr. Workers

Proc. 51+th Ann. Conv. 50-51 (1957)-

"Flat Planting of Sugarcane on Graded Land",

I. L. Saveson ARS 1+1-12 :10pp (1956).

Soil-Plant Relationships Section .

(26) DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS IN COACHELLA

VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.

See University of California, College of

Agriculture, Division of Irrigation and

Soils, page 6.

(II9IO PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING THE MOVEMENT OF AIR AND WATER INTO AND THROUGH SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. C. Reeve, U. S. Salinity Laboratory,

P. 0. Box 672, Riverside, California.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

( e ) To investigate the factors that influence

the flow of water and air into and through

soils

(2172) NOVEMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER AND SALTS IN UNSATURATED SOIL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. L. A. Richards, P. 0. Box 672,

Riverside, California.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(h) "Soil Moisture", L. A. Richards and S. J. Richards, Yearbook of Agriculture (USDA)

1957, SOIL, p. 1+9-60. "Analysis of Soil Water-Content Changes

Following the Irrigation of Alfalfa", Gen

Ogata, L. A. Richards and W. R. Gardner,

manuscript

(2173) MOVEMENT OF WATER AND SALTS FROM A WATER

TABLE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. W. R. Gardner, P. 0. Box 672, Riverside, California.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search.

(e) Equations describing evaporation from a water table have been formulated and solved. Data on evaporation from laboratory soil

columns agree very well with theory.

(h) "Some Steady State Solutions of the Unsatu- rated Moisture Flow Equation with Application to Evaporation from a Water Table",

W. R. Gardner, Soil Science, 1957 (in press )

"Laboratory Studies of Evaporation from

Soil Columns in the Presence of a Water

Table", W. R. Gardner and Milton Fireman,

Soil Science, 1957 (in press).

(217U) MATHEMATICAL THEORY FOR THE MOVEMENT OF SOLUBLE SALTS BY LEACHING.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. W. R. Gardner, P. 0. Box 672, Riverside, California.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search.

(e) Purpose is to derive a mathematical theory

for the leaching of soluble salts from

soils. The soil properties which govern

the amount of leaching are determined.

Mathematical results are checked experimentally in laboratory soil columns.

(f) Completed.

( g ) Good agreement between theory and laboratory and field plot results.

(h) "A Descriptive Theory of Leaching", W. R. Gardner and R. H. Brooks, Soil Science

83: 295-30U, 1957.

(261+8) EVALUATION OF THE LEACHING REQUIREMENT THEORY FOR CONTROLLING SOIL SALINITY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. C. Reeve, U. S. Salinity Laboratory,

P. 0. Box 672, Riverside, California.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Involves the measurement of both inflow

and outflow of both water and salt from

soil columns in lysimeters in which crops

are grown under varying water table depths

and irrigation regimes. To test the va- lidity of the leaching requirement theory

for controlling soil salinity and to

81
determine the effects of soil salinity and water table conditions on the growth of

crops

.

(2900) ENTRY OF WATER INTO SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. W. R. Gardner, P. Box 672, Riverside,

California.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search.

(e) The diffusion equation is applied to the movement of water into soil. The effect

of water content and soil properties on in- take rates is determined. The influence of exchangeable sodium and salinity of irrigation water is also included,

(h) "Solutions and Tests of the Diffusion

Equation for the Movement of Water in Soil", W. R. Gardner and M. S. Mayhugh, Soil Sci

.

Soc . Amer. Proc . (in press).

WATERSHED TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH BRANCH.

(150) EXPERIMENTAL WATERSHED STUDIES.

See also Stanford University Project 19^-6, page 66.

(b) Cooperative with State Agricultural Experi- ment Stations Soil Conservation Service,

U. S. Weather Bureau, U. S. Geological

Survey, U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, U. S. Bureau of Public Roads, Stanford University,

University of Iowa, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Central and Southern

Florida Flood Control District, and the

Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company.

(c) Mr. Austin W. Zingg, Watershed Technology

Research Branch, Plant Industry Station,

Beltsville, Md.

(d) Experimental; field and laboratory; for design of Watershed Protection and Flood

Prevention Projects and general information

in planning farms for soil and water con- servation.

(e) Rainfall and runoff are measured on watersheds ranging from 1 to 75 , 000 acres. In additon to rainfall and runoff measurements,

studies are made on small Government -oper- ated areas of evapotranspiration, moisture

storage, moisture transmission through the

soil, hydrologic effect of physiography,

tillage, and ground surface conditions,

vegetal covers and soils and geology, and

the effect of conservation farming on run- off and erosion, as well as the characteristics of flood runoff from agricultural

watersheds. Hydrologic records of various

kinds are being obtained on some 115 watersheds at: Safford and Tombstone, Arizona;

Ft. Lauderdale and Vero Beach, Florida;

Watkinsville, Georgia; Iowa City, Iowa; College Park and Hagerstown, Maryland; East Lansing. Michigan; Oxford, Mississippi;

McCredie, Missouri; Hastings, Nebraska;

Newell, South Dakota; Albuquerque and Santa

Rosa, New Mexico; Cohocton and Dutchess

County, New York; Coshocton, Ohio; Stillwater, Oklahoma; Riesel (Waco), Texas;

Blacksburg, Virginia; Colby, Fennimore and

LaCrosse, Wisconsin; Montpelier, Vermont. Other studies include (l) analysis and

interpretation of accumulated records and

(2) development of procedures for generalizing synthetic unit hydrographs for watersheds primarily under 3000 acres In size

and (3) unit established at Lincoln, Nebr. cooperatively by U. S. Soil Conservation

Service, U. S. Bureau of Reclamation and

U. S. Agricultural Research Service to develop methods for estimating the influ- ence of watershed protection programs upon water yields

.

(g) Amounts of runoff during selected time

intervals from 1 hour to 7 days and peak

rates are being compiled for 366 agricultural watersheds, ranging in size from less

than 5 acres to 256 square miles, at 60

locations in 27 states.

(h) "Monthly Precipitation and Runoff for Small

Agricultural Watersheds in the United

States", USDA, ARS, Soil and Water Conser- vation Research Branch in cooperation with

State Agr. Expt. Sta. "Subsidence of Organic Soils in the Florida

Everglades", J. C. Stephens, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 20:77-80 (1956) illus.

"Can We Save our Organic Soils", J. C. Stephens, USDA Soil Conser. 22 : 5^-59, 72,

(1956) illus.

"Soil Moisture Measurements in Irrigating

Sweet Corn", F. R. Driebelbis and R. E. Youker, Jour. Soil and Water Conser. 11:215-218, 1956. "Contour Plowing in the USA", L. L. Harrold, World Plowing Organization Guide

Book, pp. 59-61, 1956. "Minimum Water Yield from Small Agricultural Watersheds", L. L. Harrold, Amer. Geophys. Union Trans. 38:201-208 (1957)

illus

.

"Average Monthly Percolation from the

Coshocton Monalith Lysimeters, 1938-1955",

F. R. Dreibelbis, Jour. Soil and Water

Conser. 12:85-86, 1957-

"A Short Method of Obtaining Mean WeightDiameter Values of Aggregate Analyses of

Soils", R. E. Youker and J. L. McGuinness,

Soil Sci. 83:291-29U, (1957) illus.

"The Future of Arid Lands", G. F. White,

Book Review by A. W. Zingg, Sci. Monthly

81+: 267-268, 1957.

"Soil Moisture Distribution on Irrigated

Corn Plots", F. R. Dreibelbis and R. E. Youker, Soil Sci. Amer. Proc. 20:292-295,

1956.

"A Capacitance Meter for Estimating Forage

Weight", J. E. Fletcher and M. E. Robinson,

Jour. Range Mgt. 9=96-97, (1956) illus.

"Research - The Basis of Sound Conservation

Planning", L. L. Harrold, Land and Water 1 (10:11-15, (1956) illus.

(1723) THE HYDRAULICS OF CONSERVATION STRUCTURES.

See St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory

Projects Nos. Ill, 1168, 1398, page 62; 1929, 2386, page 63; and 2860, page 65. (b) Cooperative with the Oklahoma and Minnesota

82
7

Agricultural Experiment Station, the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, and

Colorado A and M College, Department of

Civil Engineering, and Illinois State Water

Survey, Urbana, Illinois.

(c) Mr. Austin W. Zingg, Watershed Technology

Research Branch, Plant Industry Station,

Beltsville, Maryland.

(d) Experimental; applied research for development and design.

(e) Research dealing with the design, construction, and testing of structures for con- trolling and conserving soil and water are carried out under this project. Field

studies are made to determine the causes of deterioration of drainage ditches, terrace outlets, and hydraulic structures

that have failed in service. Laboratory

experiments in methods of preventing such

deterioration are supplemented by field

tests of those measures or devices that

appear promising. Models of hydraulic

structures are built and tested in the

laboratory; and when the design has been

developed to seemingly satisfactory operation, full-scale structures are tested before they are recommended for field use.

At the Stillwater, Oklahoma Outdoor Hydraulic Laboratory tests are being made to es- tablish friction coefficients of various

crops for use in the Manning channel flow

formula, and studies are being continued

on the use of highway culverts for measuring flow rates. At the St. Anthony Falls

Hydraulic Laboratory studies were con- tinued on the capacity and performance of

the hood inlet to the closed conduit spillway and on the hydraulic design characteristics of drain tile. Cooperative studies

on drop inlets were initiated with the

Illinois State Water Survey at Urbana, 111. Tests under contract at Colorado A and M

College to develop the optimum dimensions

of cantilever outlets for circular discharge conduits from water retardation

structures were concluded. A terminal re- port was received,

(g) Equations were defined for weir flow in

the Hood Inlet

For square edged,

Q/D5/2 _ (1.83S

1/15 + 0.60 §) f

and for well rounded inlet

These equations are valid between h/D

and h/D = 0.8. The hood inlet study provided considerable

data on the position of the hydraulic grade

line at the conduit exit. The exit position of the hydraulic grade line varies

with the discharge from well above the

centerline at low flows to well below the

centerline at high flows when the outlet

discharges freely. Particularly in the

case of large conduits and low total heads

the position of the hydraulic grade line

significantly and detrimentally affects

the discharge. At Stillwater, Oklahoma

tests on flow retardance properties of cotton and sudangrass provided basis for

estimating "n" values for use in Manning's

formula

Cotton: N = O.O36 for 3" deep flows N = 0.13 for 2 ft. deep flows

Broadcast Sudangrass

N = 0.33 for 9" deep flows

N = 0.10 for 3 ft. deep flows

The contrary trends are due to differences

in physical characteristics of the vegetation. Tests on Bermuda grass - Reed Canary

grass channels showed no harmfull effects

from three wet and dry cycles of five days

of continuous low flow and fifteen days of

no flow. Model studies at Stillwater were used to

calibrate a twin barrelled culvert in

Virginia for runoff measurement and also

for testing a rate measuring flume for

measuring flashy sand laden flows in the

Southwest

(h) "Hydraulic Characteristics of the Junctions

of Equal-Sized Drainage Tile", F. W. Blaisdell and P. W. Manson, Int. Cong. Soil

Sci. Proc. 6th Cong. D:56l-568, (1956)

illus

"Hydraulic Research", W. 0. Ree, Soil Conser. 22:21+6-21+9, (1957) illus.

"Energy Losses at Draintile Junctions",

P. W. Manson and F. W. Blaisdell. Agr.

Eng. 37:21+9-252, 257, (1956) illus.

"Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillway",

F. W. Blaisdell, Part I Theory and its

Application. Tech. Paper No. 12 Series B and Part VIII Misc. Lab. Tests, Part IX Field Tests, Tech. Paper No. 19, Series B, University of Minnesota, St. Anthony Falls

Hydr . Laboratory

"Straight Drop Spillway", F. W. Blaisdell

and A. F. Moretz, Agr. Eng. Handbook to be published by McGraw-Hill Co. "The Box Inlet Drop Spillway and Its Outlet by F. W. Blaisdell and C. A. Donnelly",

Discussion by N. E. Minshall, Trans., ASCE

Vol. 121, pp 955-99^, 1956.

(2175) SEDIMENTATION IN RESERVOIRS, STREAMS AND

VALLEYS.

(b) Cooperative with State Agricultural

Experiment Stations in Mississippi, Nebraska and New York, and with the Univ. of

Mississippi

(c) Mr. Austin W. Zingg, Watershed Technology

Research Branch, Plant Industry Station,

Beltsville, Md. (d) Experimental; field end laboratory, for

design of Watershed Protection and Flood

Prevention Projects and general information

in planning farms for soil and water con- servation.

(e) Field and laboratory studies are made to determine sediment sources in watersheds,

the character and amount of sediment car- ried out of watersheds, the nature and

83
rate of movement in channels, the nature

and rate of streambank erosion, and the nature and rate of deposition of sediment

in channels, on flood plains and in reservoirs and harbors. Field studies generally

are confined to watersheds of less than 100 square miles in area. Evaluation studies

are made of various types of control measures to determine their effectiveness in

reducing sedimentation damages. The work

is oriented to meet the immediate and specific needs for information for planning and

design of watershed treatment programs in

connection with soil conservation and flood

prevention work. Studies are being carried

on from field headquarters at Oxford, Miss.; Lincoln and Hastings, Neb.; and East

Aurora, New York,

(g) In Mississippi a new technique was developed

for studying the depth and pattern of mo- mentary scour in sandbed streams. Log

chains 20 to kO feet long, anchored to

stakes driven in the streambed, were laid

on the streambed surface in the direction

of flow. Subsequent measurements of the

positions of these chains has revealed that

substantial channel scour occurs with in- creased stages of flow but that the streambeds essentially resume their former level

as the stages recede. It is anticipated

that continued observations along these

lines will provide qualitative and perhaps

quantitative information on the role of bed

changes in sediment transport.

In further study of the mechanics of sedi- ment transport a major research contract was negotiated with the California Inst, of

Technology for investigating some of the

pertinent factors affecting sediment move- ment which cannot be isolated and evaluated

under the flow conditions of natural stream

channels. This research is basic in nature

but closely coordinated with and supplemental to the studies on natural watersheds

.

On a bend of Buffalo Creek, near East

Aurora, New York it was found that an ex- perimental revetment of newly developed

cellular concrete blocks successfully withstood the high velocities and ice flow

abrasion during a rather severe flood. The

protection provided, when compared with

adjacent reaches of stone revetment, was encouraging. The cellular blocks are also

being used in an exploratory study of a method for determining the stream forces

along the banks of streams. The depth of

removal of material placed in the open

cells of the blocks is believed to be a measure of the forces. Knowledge of the

magnitude of these forces would help mate- rially in the design of streambank protection works. Research was continued on the relation of

sediment yield rates to watershed characteristics. In this connection reservoir sedimentation surveys were made on 30-odd stock- water ponds in both the Alamogordo Creek

watershed in New Mexico and in Walnut Gulch

watershed in Arizona and on Mission Sabetha

reservoirs in Kansas. Similar studies are

being initiated on the fifteen reservoirs

instrumented in South Dakota for hydrologic

investigations. At Hastings, Nebraska sedi- ment measurements were initiated on a U8lacre mixed cover watershed farmed with pre- vailing practices and on a Ull-acre con- servation treated watershed. Studies of

sediment production and delivery rates are

a major aspect of the expanded studies in

Mississippi as carried out on Pigeon Roost Creek watershed and on lands of the

Holly Springs Branch of the Mississippi

Agricultural Experiment Station.

At Lincoln, Nebraska available information

was assembled, compiled and partially

analyzed in studying the vertical and longitudinal distribution of sediment in more

than 60 reservoirs . A study of the shapes

of dams resulted in development of new

formulas for more refined computation of

reservoir sedimentation surveys. Cooperation was continued with the Inter-Agency

Sedimentation Project at the St. Anthony

Falls Hydraulic Laboratory to develop an instrument to automatically measure sedi- ment concentration in stream flow. Architectural and engineering designs are now being made for a major sedimentation

research laboratory to be constructed at Oxford, Mississippi during fiscal year

1959- It is proposed that this facility

will be used for both basic and applied

research on the mechanics of sediment movement and deposition and in conjunction

with increased emphasis on evolution of

improved means and measures for stream

channel stabilization. Studies will be continued on factors affecting sediment

production and delivery rates of watersheds in relation to causal factors. In- vestigations into the principles of reser- voir silting, including studies of the

density and distribution of sediment, will

be continued and strengthened as facilities permit,

(h) "A Study of Relative Erodibility of a Group of Mississippi Gully Soils", R. Woodburn and J. Kozachyn, Amer. Geophys.

Union Trans. Dec. 1956.

"Some Aspects of Streambank Protection",

D. A. Parsons, approved for publication

in Agr. Eng. Jour.

WESTERN SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT RESEARCH BRANCH.

(151) LINING OF IRRIGATION CANALS AND RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project; Agricultural Research

Service, Utah State University, and Bureau

of Reclamation cooperating.

(c) Dr. C. W. Lauritzen, Agricultural Research

Service, Box 177, College Hill, Logan,

Utah.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) Linings for irrigation canals and reser- voirs are being tested to develop more

effective and lower cost methods of re- ducing seepage losses in irrigation systems. The investigation includes: (l)

Evaluation of physical properties of

3h
00

(820)

(f)

00

'(2177)

00

(c)

(d)

(e)

lining materials; (2) model testing of

linings in an outdoor laboratory; and (3)

field testing at selected sites to determine relative durability under varying subgrade and climatic conditions. A built-up asphalt lining,, consisting of

alternate layers of sprayed asphalt and

treated jute burlap, has shown good durability as an exposed lining. Installation

costs vary with site conditions but have

been lower than costs for concrete or pre- fabricated asphalt linings. Installations

have been made at a number of locations to test durability under widely varying climatic conditions. Additional installations to extend the range of test site con- ditions are planned.

"Canal and Reservoir Lining Materials",

C. W. Lauritzen, Proceedings New Mexico Water Conference, November 1956 (in press).

"Seepage Control with Plastic Film", C. W. Lauritzen, Irrigation Engineering and

Maintenance Magazine, March 1957- "Canal and Reservoir Lining Materials",

C. W. Lauritzen, Proceedings Third Congress,

International Commission on Irrigation and

Drainage, Reports for Discussion, Qu.es. 7, R. 16, May 1957-

THE STUDY OF SEEPAGE LOSSES FROM IRRIGATION

CHANNELS.

Suspended. "Measurement of Canal Seepage", A. R. Robinson and Carl Rohwer, American Society

of Civil Engineers, Separate No. 728, 1956.

WATER REQUIREMENTS IN THE IRRIGATED AREAS

OF THE PACIFIC SOUTHEAST.

Laboratory project, cooperative with West- ern States' Agricultural Colleges, State Engineers, Soil Conservation Service, and Bureau of Reclamation.

Mr. Harry F. Blaney, 1509 Post Office and

Court House Building, Los Angeles, Calif.

Field experiments and office analysis,

(l) To determine the consumptive use of water by agricultural crops and native

vegetation and water requirements for irrigated crops . ( 2 ) To compile and prepare

for publication available data relating to irrigation requirements and consumptive

use as determined by field experiments.

(3) To estimate water requirements from

climatological and other data. Normal rates of consumptive use and irrigation water requirements have been estimated and provisional reports prepared for several western states and Colorado River

Basin. These values have been computed by

the Blaney-Criddle formula: U = KF. Where U is a consumptive use in inches, K is an empirical coefficient based on experimental measurements and F is a fac- tor determined from monthly mean temperat

tures and percent day-time hours.

"Consumptive Use of Ground Water by Phreatophytes and Hydrophytes", Harry F. Blaney,

Proceedings Tenth General Assembly of the

International Union of Geodesy and Geo- physics, Rome, Italy, September 195^- "Evapo-Transpiration Measurements in Western United States", Harry F. Blaney, Pro- ceedings Tenth General Assembly of the

International Union of Geodesy and Geo- physics, Rome, Italy, September 195^- "Evaporation and Evapo-Transpiration

Studies by the U. S. Department of Agriculture in the Pacific Southwest", Harry

F. Blaney, Publication No. ^0, Association

Internationale d'Hydrologie (de 1' U.G.G.

F.), Dejon, France, 1956. "Research on Evaporation and Evapo-Transpiration in the United States", R. K. Linsley, H. F. Blaney, G. E. Harbeck, M. A. Kohler, Publication No. hO, Association

Internationale d'Hydrologie (de 1' U.G.G.F.

Dejon, France, 1956.

(2179) EVAPORATION AND CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY AND ADJACENT AREA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Div.

of Water Resources, State of California;

and the Corps of Engineers, San Francisco

Bay District, U. S. Army.

(c) Mr. Dean C. Muckel, P. 0. Box 180,

Berkeley, Calif.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) To determine rates of evaporation from

fresh water surfaces, the consumptive use of fresh water by marshland vegetation

(tules and cattails), and the consumptive

use of water by salt grass at varying

depths to water table in the San Francisco

Bay and adjacent areas.

(h) "Second Progress Report on Evaporation

Investigations in the San Francisco Bay

Region, California", Dean C. Muckel,

Mimeographed report to the Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, Nov. 1956.

(2180) EVAPORATION LOSSES FROM RESERVOIRS. 00

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

Laboratory project, cooperative with the

State of California and County Flood Con- trol Districts.

Mr. Harry F. Blaney, 1509 Post Office and

Court House Bldg., Los Angeles, Calif.

Field investigation.

To determine evaporation losses from res- ervoirs and lakes in California and com- pile and prepare for publication reliable

evaporation and related data measured

since 19^-5 in cooperation with the State Engineer of California. Field measurements are being made in cooperation with

the State and local agencies on fifteen

stations ranging in elevation from -2^0

feet below sea level at Salton Sea to 9,19^ feet at Kaiser Pass in the SierraNevada mountains

Monthly evaporation from pans, temperature,

humidity, wind movement, and precipitation

are being compiled for the various sta- tions . Evaporation from Lakes' surface is being

computed by reduction factors. In the

85
mountain areas , records are being kept at Shaver Lake (elevation 5.>376 feet); Hunt- ington Lake (elevation 6,95^ feet);

Florence Lake (elevation 7,3^5 feet);

Kaiser Pass (elevation 9>19^ feet),

(h) "Evaporation from Free Water Surfaces at High Altitudes", Harry F. Blaney, Paper

1104, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,

American Society of Civil Engineers, Nov. 1956. "Evaporation Study at Silver Lake in the

Mojave Desert, California", Harry F. Blaney, Trans. Am. Geophys . Union, Vol. 38:2, April 1957-

(2l8l) STORAGE OF WATER UNDERGROUND FOR IRRIGATION

IN CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project

.

(c) Mr. Leonard Schiff, P. 0. Box 513, Bakers

field, California.

( d ) Experimental applled research.

(e) To determine the factors affecting the per- colation rate on water -spreading areas, and

to devise ways and means to increase the

percolation rate . In some soils the perco- lation rate decreases during spreading,

and the objectives are to determine the

cause of the decrease and to find practical

methods of maintaining the high initial

rates. Field tests are being made on test

ponds and strips

.

( 218*0 DRAINAGE OF IRRIGATED LAND IN THE UPPER

COLORADO RIVER BASIN.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Col- orado Agricultural Experiment Station and

the Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. M. M. Hastings, P. 0. Box 786, Grand

Junction, Colorado.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; ap- plied research.

(e) (l) To develop procedures for making drainage investigations involving the source, amount and distribution of excess water,

and (2) to evaluate the effects of water

logging on soil permeability and crop response

.

(2185) SPRINKLING AS A METHOD OF APPLYING WATER

TO IRRIGATED FARM LANDS, ITS PROBLEMS AND

LIMITATIONS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Claude H. Pair, P. 0. Box 835, Boise,

Idaho

.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The objectives of this study are: (l) To obtain more precise information for the

design, layout, installation and operation

of sprinkler irrigation systems on various

soil types, slopes and crops under various

weather conditions; (2) to determine the

effect of sprinkling upon various soils

and crops; (3) to determine the economic

limitations in the use of sprinkler irrigation systems; and (k) to assist in the de- velopment and testing of better sprinkler

equipment and more efficient operating

procedures. Work is continuing on items

j (l) and (2) of (e) along with testing

pressure regulating valves for use in sprinkler systems.

(2279) LABORATORY AND FIELD STUDY ON THE VORTEX , TUBE SAND TRAP.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Colorado State University.

(c) Mr. A. R. Robinson, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental; applied research; field

evaluations; for design.

(e) Tests have been completed on full scale

' vortex tubes using laboratory facilities . I Efficiencies of trapping sediment under

various conditions are being computed.

Tubes of different shapes and sizes were

tested. Field evaluations of existing

sand trap installations are being planned.

j

(g) Tubes of different shapes seem to operate i equally well. The critical points of de- sign seem to be the size and length of

tube. The efficiency of trapping varies

with the velocity of flow and the size of j material being moved.

(26^9) DEVELOPMENT OF DRAINAGE DESIGN CRITERIA

FOR IRRIGATED LANDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with

Colorado State University.

(c) Mr. A. R. Robinson, Agricultural Research

Service, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Mr. N. A. Evans, Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colorado

.

(d) Experimental; applied research for field

design.

(e) Both field and laboratory studies are being made to determine the relationship

of discharge, farm water supply, physicalfeatures of the drain systems, and drainage characteristics of the soil. Another

objective is to check the theoretically

derived relationships between soil drainage properties and the shape of the water

table after drainage. Work is underway

to determine if a detailed knowledge of

the geometry and hydraulic conductivities

of the soil system in a small area can be

extrapolated to a large area to enable

the rational design to be made. This

study makes use of electric analog technique.

(2650) EFFECT OF WATER TABLE DEPTH ON IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS AND YIELD OF LAH0NTAN ALFALFA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Nev. Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Victor I. Myers, Nevada Agricultural

Experiment Station, Reno, Nevada.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The water use and growth of alfalfa as related to varying water table depths,

soil texture and irrigation regimes are being evaluated in field lysimeters.

86
items

1

(2651)

in

ORTEX

00

1(c)

» Colo. (a)

iiv.,

I (e)

Id

:ale

ties,

ider

d, (f)

were

"6 (2652)

erate

f de- 00

of

ries

ze of (c)

M

(e)

arch (2653)

ort

Colons, 00

eld (c)

Up (a)

ical (e)

iini.er

ty

inter

y

ies

te (2901)

h- 00

TAN (c)

Lun

ALFA. (a)

(e)

il

(2902)

DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS IN THE NORTH SHORE AREA OF CARSON LAKE, NEVADA.

Laboratory project , cooperative with Nevada

Agricultural Experiment Station, Soil Con- servation Service and Truckee -Carson Irrigation District.

Mr. Victor I. Myers, Nevada Agricultural

Experiment Station, Reno, Nevada.

Field investigation; applied research.

Drainage investigations are being conducted

in an irrigated area north of Carson Lake

to determine the causes for drainage problems in the study area and to develop improved equipment and procedures for con- ducting investigations and methods for

alleviating drainage problems

Active.

UTILIZATION OF AVAILABLE WATER SUPPLIES IN THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN OF NEVADA.

Laboratory project, cooperative with Nevada

Agricultural Experiment Station and the

Soil Conservation Service.

Mr. Victor I. Myers, Nevada Agricultural

Experiment Station, Reno, Nevada.

A study to determine the present disposition of water in the Colorado River Basin

within Nevada and to evaluate the potential

water supply available for beneficial use

in this basin.

CONSUMPTIVE USE, WATER SUPPLY AND IRRIGA- TION STUDIES IN SANTA BARBARA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.

Laboratory project, cooperative with the

U.S.B.R., the U.S.G.S., and the Santa Barbara County Water Users Assn.

Mr. Paul Nixon, USDA Agricultural Research

Service, Lompoc, Calif.

Basic and applied research.

Objectives are: (l) To obtain basic data

on consumptive use of water by irrigated

crops and native vegetation; (2) to determine the contribution of rainfall and return waters from irrigation to the

ground water supply; ( 3 ) to make irrigation efficiency studies to improve irrigation practices.

FOR IRRIGATION WELLS.

Laboratory project; cooperative with the

Colorado State University.

Mr. E. G. Kruse, Agricultural Research

Service, Colorado State University, Fort

Collins, Colorado.

Experimental; applied research.

Laboratory studies are being conducted to: (l) Determine the relationship of packaquifer ratio and the pack and aquifer uniformity for stable conditions, and (2)

develop generalized criteria for the selection and placement of gravel pack materials.

DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF WATER

MEASURING DEVICES.

00

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

00

Laboratory project; cooperative with the

Colorado State University.

Mr. A. R. Robinson, Agricultural Research

Service, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

Experimental; applied research.

This project includes laboratory and field

studies relative to evaluation and improvement of existing water measuring devices

and to develop new measuring devices, primarily for irrigation purposes. Work on small Parshall flumes has been completed.

Development and calibration of trapezoidal

flumes is being initiated.

Small measuring flumes of the Parshall type

were designed and calibrated.

"Parshall Measuring Flumes of Small Sizes",

A. R. Robinson, Colorado Agricultural

Experiment Station, Tech. Bui. 6l, October

1957.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE

Alaska Forest Research Center.

(265>0

00

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

(h)

EFFECT OF LOGGING ON PHYSICAL CHARACTER- ISTICS OF SALMON STREAMS IN SOUTHEAST

ALASKA.

Laboratory project.

Mr. R. F. Taylor, Forester in Charge,

Alaska Forest Research Center, Box 7^0,

Juneau, Alaska.

Field investigation; applied research.

In developing the timber resources of the

region, it is essential that adequate

steps be taken to safeguard the important

fisheries resource. The objective is to determine whether logging, carried out in

accordance with provisions required by the

Forest Service to protect salmon spawning

streams, causes physical changes to the

watershed and stream regimen which might

be harmful to the stream for salmon protection. The following factors are being in- vestigated: (a) Changes in the stream

regimen; (b) erosion and sedimentation;

(c) stream channel change; (d) accumulation of debris in streams; (e) change in stream bottom material; and (f) water

temperature

The first, or calibration, phase of this

study has resulted in information on the

hydrological characteristics and other

factors, such as water temperatures, accu- mulation of debris, stream bottom changes

of undisturbed streams in a glaciated

region with heavy precipitation.

"Watershed Management and Research on Salmon Streams of Southeast Alaska",

Harold E. Andersen and George A. James,

Journal of Forestry 55(l) :1^-17, 1957.

"The Effect of Logging on Discharge,

Temperature, and Sedimentation of a Salmon

Stream", George A. James, Alaska Forest Research Center Technical Note No. 39? 2 pp., 1957.

87
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

California Forest and Range Experiment Station.

(26l) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, SOUTHERN

CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. R. Keith Arnold, Dir., California

Forest and Range Experiment Station, P. 0. Box 2l+5, Berkeley 1, California.

(d) Experimental; field investigations; basic

and applied research.

(e) Purposes are (l) to determine how watersheds function: what happens to the precipitation, and how water and soil movement

are influenced by conditions of vegetation,

soil, geology, and topography; and (2) to develop methods of watershed management,

including treatment of areas denuded by

fire, to insure maximum yield of usable water and satisfactory flood runoff and

soil erosion control. Major work center

is the San Dimas Experimental Forest situated in the San Gabriel Mountains of south- ern California. Here rainfall, runoff,

and erosion are measured on two major

drainage areas, on 10 large and 7 small

watersheds within these areas, and on 2h experimental plots . Vegetation cover on the watersheds is mostly mature brush or chaparral, unburned for 36 years or more. However, in 1953 about one-third of one large watershed was burned-over by wildfire

and in 19 3^ one -fourth of another large

watershed, 3 small watersheds, and 9 plots were denuded by wildfire. Fifteen other

plots are equipped to obtain detailed in- formation on the disposition of rainfall

from annual ryegrass, native scrub oakchaparral, and a 28-year-old Coulter pine

plantation. Twenty-six large lysimeters

furnish comparisons of water use and surface runoff control by five species of na- tive shrubs, one species of pine, and a bunch-grass association. Climatic data

are obtained from several meteorological

stations . Ways of improving the native

vegetation cover to reduce soil movement

on mountain slopes are being studied in the Los Angeles River watershed. Measurements

to determine kinds, rates, and volumes of

soil movement (soil, rock, and organic de- bris ) are made on eight study sites repre- senting typical watershed soil and vege- tation conditions. After normal erosion

rates have been established, the above

sites will be used to evaluate effects of

promosing cover improvement practices upon

soil stability,

(g) Some marked effects of different kinds of

plants on water yield and loss were indicated by a long-term lysimeter study. The

lysimeters have soil six feet deep and veg- etation cover of pine, chamise, grass, buckwheat or oak, with one lysimeter kept

bare as a control. Results for the first

four years indicate (l) water yield from

bare soil was greater than from soil in which vegetation was growing, but the yield was entirely as surface runoff; (2) water

yield from grass was much less than the

yield from bare soil, but the grass in- creased infiltration and, thus, reduced

surface runoff. Further, ground water

yield occurred even in this period of subnormal precipitation; (3) all of water

available to evaporation in the lysimeters

with other vegetation and lost during each

dry season, with no ground water yield re- sulting. Studies were made of defoliation

at various times during the spring and summer as a means of saving water in small

lysimeters with two feet deep soil. Re- sults were: (l) Defoliation changed the

rate of evaporation use, but had little

effect upon total summer use. (2) Defoliation decreased transpiration by as much

as 0.11 inches of water per day during the

period of high moisture availability and

(3) plants defoliated on May 1 and June 1 survived the summer drought with a few new \ green leaves, while plants defoliated on July 1 or August 1 appeared dead at the

end of summer. In plot studies, on soils 12 foot deep, the brush was killed with 2,

k, 5j-T early in 1957- Water losses

through evaporation and transpiration

during the 1957 growing season were less than half the loss from full-foliaged brush

areas, 9-0 inches versus 19-7 inches.

Poisoning of brush from deep soil areas and

removal of trees in riparian areas of two experimental water sheds are underway to test effects of treatment on streamflow

and sedimentation,

(h) "Uses of Soil-Vegetation Survey Information in Watershed Management", by P. B. Rowe and E. A. Colman, Soil Sci . Soc. Amer. Proc. 2l(l):112-ll4, 1957.

(2415) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, NORTHERN

CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. R. Keith Arnold, Dir., California

Forest and Range Experiment Station, P. 0. Box 2^5, Berkeley 1, California.

(d) Experimental; field investigations; basic

and applied research.

(e) The aim is to develop a hydrologic base

for land management decisions. The hydrologic effects of wildfires, of attempts at conversion of brushlands to grass, and of

logging and other land uses are to be evaluated. Present studies emphasize develop- ment of methods of management of high ele- vation snowpacks for maximum control and

yield of water. Major work center is in

Berkeley with studies being conducted

throughout northern California in the head- waters of the Kings, American, Yuba, Truckee

and Feather Rivers. At Teakettle Snow Laboratory in the Kings River Basin five small

watersheds are under calibration for evaluation of streamflow and sedimentation.

In the Onion Creek Watersheds in the

American River Basin four streams are being

gaged and sediment measured. Castle Creek

in the Yuba River Basin is being gaged,

suspended sediment measured, and basic snow

88
physics studies are under way. Daily me- teorological measurements are being taken

at three stations and radiation and snow physics at the headquarters station. At Sagehen Creek in the Truckee River Basin

sediment and streamflow and their effects

on fishlife are being studied in coopera- tion with the Department of Zoology, Univ.,

of California. At Swain Mountain Experimental Forest in the Feather River Basin

snow is being measured in forests to be

cut in strips and blocks next year.

(g) Snow accumulation and melt at 31 snow

courses as related to solar radiation, ex- posure, slope, azimuth, and forest cover. Snow accumulation and melt were found to be more closely related to the heat received

by a slope than to any other single factor

studied. Hot south slopes received three

times the winter heat than cooler north

slopes; consequently, south slopes had 22 inches less water at the time of maximum

winter snowpack. Spring melt was nearly

twice as fast on the hot slopes. Shade of trees acts principally in delaying snow

melt. Spring melt rates tended to be

greater in very sparsely stocked forests

than in the open and, progressively, less

in more densely stocked forests . Studies

of wind speeds and directions during snowfall hours showed 88 percent of the winds were from the south and southwest. Average

storm winds varied from 2 to ik mph. Inter- storm winds were about one-half of the

speed and less dominantly from the south. The studies are being expanded by study of snow accumulation and melt at 55 snow

courses selected to give a wide range in

sizes of forest openings, forest densities,

on various slopes and azimuths. Wind ve- locities and directions and snow physics

will be studied at some of these sites. Summer evapo-transpiration losses are being

studied at 75 different forest sites. In- ventories of Sierra Nevada hydrologic and

forest conditions are continuing.

(h) "Relating Sediment Yield to Watershed Variables", Henry W. Anderson, Amer. Geophys.

Union Trans. 38(6).

"Operation Wet-Blanket Gets Underway",

Henry W. Anderson, Amer. Geophys. Union

Trans. 38(3):l+lU (Abstract).

"Snow on Forested Slopes", Henry W.Anderson

and T. H. Pagenhart, Proc. Western Snow

Conf., 1957. "Forest-Cover Effects on Snowpack Accumulation and Melt", Henry W. Anderson and J. E. Church, Central Sierra Snow Laboratory,

Amer. Geophys. Union Trans. 38(1) :ll6 (Discussions )

"Wind Direction During Snowfall at Central

Sierra Snow Laboratory", Arnold Court, Proc. Western Snow Conf. 1957- "Watershed Management Considerations for Sanitation-Salvage Logging in Southern

California", Walt Hopkins, CF and RES For- est Research Note No. 121, pp 1-k. "Anti -Freezing Hoods for V-Notch Weirs",

C. 0. Johannesen, Jour. Forest. 55(8) :590. "Reconnaissance Methods of Measuring

Erosion", Clark H. Gleason, Jour. Soil and Water Conserv. 12 ( 3 ) : 105 -107

"Suggestions for Revision of Terminology

Dealing with Fire", Arthur W. Sampson and

Clark H. Gleason, Jour. Forest. 55(3):219,

also Jour. Range Managt. 10(3):i-

"New Meteorological and Snow Studies in

the Central Sierra", Kenneth J. Walsh,

Proc. Western Snow Conf. 1957- "Snow Surveying from the Snow Surveyors

Side", Peter J. Wyckoff, Proc. Western

Snow Conf. 1957-

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. Reed W. Bailey, Director,

Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station,

Ogden, Utah.

(2903)

(*>) (a)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(290^;

STUDIES OF HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES ON FOREST,

BRUSH, AND RELATED RANGELANDS IN CENTRAL AND NORTHERN UTAH AND SOUTHWESTERN IDAHO.

Laboratory project.

Experimental and field investigations;

basic and applied research.

Studies include the determination of variability and probability of amount, rate,

duration, time of occurrence, and depth- area and depth-area-intensity relations of

gross rainfall and snowfall; determination

of forces and factors affecting water con- tent, accumulation, movement, freezing,

ripening, melting, and evaporation of snow; determination of forces, factors, and soil

profile characteristics affecting the ca- pacity of soil and rock mantles for absorption and storage of soil water and the ex- tent to which storage functions can be

altered by modifying the soil, vegetation,

and associated soil organisms and animals;

determination of forces and factors involved in water loss by evaporation and

evapo-transpiration processes and the ef- fects of altering vegetation and site con- ditions on these processes. Maintained records at four elevational

zone stations and on three snow courses in

central Utah; maintained records at 20 rainfall recording stations and three snow

courses in northern Utah; five additional

snow storage gages added to networks; com- menced an analysis of snow and related

climatic and soil moisture data in northern Idaho; initiated plot work in aspen

and mountain brush sites to determine

consumptive water requirements of different vegetation; completed installation of

measuring equipment on subalpine -herbaceous range test areas.

"Air Movement Under an Aspen Forest and on

an Adjacent Opening", R. B. Marston. Journal of Forestry 5M7) :U68-U69, 1956.

STUDIES OF ER0SI0NAL PROCESSES ON FOREST,

BRUSH, AND RELATED RANGELANDS.

467776 O -58 -7 89
(b) Laboratory project.

(f) Inactive, pending development of program.

(2905) IMPROVED WATERSHED MEASUREMENTS AND EVALUA- TION TECHNIQUES FOR FOREST, BRUSH, AND RELATED RANGELANDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and field investigations;

basic and applied research.

(e) These studies include the development of

an improved, portable type-F infiltrometer

of suitable accuracy and operability to meet the needs of the Watershed Management

Research program, and the development of

methods and procedures for predicting various characteristics of water yields and

other aspects of water quality from ungaged

drainage basins

.

(g) Published report on the design, development,

and operation of a portable type-F infiltrometer. Developed a multiple -linear re- gression equation for predicting annual

runoff from western white pine forest lands in northern Idaho, in which annual runoff

was found to equal the sum of 98 percent

of winter precipitation, plus 72 percent

of spring and fall precipitation, plus Ik percent of summer precipitation, plus 28 times the antecedent September runoff,

minus a constant 23.6; all expressed in

inches

.

(h) "Intermountain Infiltrometer", Paul E. Packer, Intermountain Forest and Range Ex- periment Station Misc. Pub. No. Ik, kl pp., processed, illus., 1957-

(2906) METHODS OF CLASSIFYING AND INVENTORYING WATER RESOURCES, WATER USES, AND SOILS OF

FOREST, BRUSH, AND RELATED RANGELANDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(f) Inactive pending development of program.

(2907) METHODS OF PREVENTING WATERSHED DETERIORA- TION ON OPERATED FOREST, BRUSH, AND RELATED

RANGELANDS IN IDAHO AND UTAH.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; basic

and applied research.

(e) Studies to develop, apply, and evaluate

the hydrologic and soil stabilizing effects

of modified or new logging and post-logging

rehabilitation practices in preventing ero- sion of slopes and channels and minimizing

flood and sediment discharges; and to de- velop guides for locating, constructing,

and maintaining logging haul roads to prevent serious erosion or damaging runoff

from granitic soils in southwest Idaho.

(g) The amount of soil bared by harvest cutting

timber from 35 logging compartments in southern Idaho was found to increase with

an increase in amount of timber cut. Cutting by single tree selection caused

significantly greater increases in soil

disturbance than did cutting by group se- lection. Results are being prepared for publication.

(2908)

The distance sediment is carried from

logging road fill slopes was found to be

related to: (l) Number of obstructions

below the road fill; (2) spacing between

cross-ditches on roadbed; (3) road gradient

and (k) road embankment slope length. Results of this study are being prepared for

publications

.

METHODS OF REHABILITATING FLOOD AND SEDI- MENT SOURCE AREAS ON DAMAGED FOREST, BRUSH, AND RELATED RANGELANDS

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and field investigations;

basic and applied research.

(e) Studies to develop and evaluate methods and

techniques of controlling excessive surface

runoff and sheet and rill erosion from

seriously depleted or inadequately pro- tected sloping forest, brush, and related

rangelands; and to develop and evaluate

methods of stabilizing eroding cut and fill

slopes bared by construction or other disturbances to lessen sediment production

and improve the regularity and quality of

streamflow.

(g) Four years after plowing and seeding a de- pleted subalpine range in central Utah

forage production had doubled, but storm

runoff, infiltration capacity, or sediment

production was unchanged. Further thickening of vegetation in future years is ex- pected to show an improvement in these con- ditions. Data obtained from a flood

source watershed now being treated show

that infiltration rates increase and surface runoff and erosion decrease with in- creasing amounts of plant and litter cover. Continued yearlong streamflow records on 5 streams, and obtained spring, summer, and

fall records on 8 additional streams on the Davis County Experimental Watershed.

Began a study to determine effects of

seeding and fertilizing on establishment

of plant cover on contour trenched flood

source areas near Morehead Mountain in southwestern Idaho. Obtained first-year

records of seedling survival in plant

cover establishment tests on four timber

sale areas on national forests in south- western Idaho and installed an additional

test area on another timber sale road.

(h) "Effects of Plowing and Seeding on Some Forage Production and Hydrologic Characteristics of a Subalpine Range in Central

Utah", Howard K. Orr, Intermountain Forest

and Range Experiment Station Research

Paper No. 1+7, 1957-

(2909) METHODS OF IMPROVING WATER YIELDS FROM

FOREST, BRUSH, ALPINE, AND RELATED RANGELANDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and field investigations;

basic and applied research.

( e ) A study to develop and evaluate methods of

converting vegetation types on welldrained slopes to increase amount or

91

1
improve timeliness of water yields to streams and ground-water basins without ac- celerating erosion, increasing flood and

sediment discharges or impairing water quality in norhtern Utah; to develop and evaluate methods for artificially controlling

snow accumulation and behavior characteristics to increase amount or improve timeliness of water yields without accelerating

erosion, increasing flood and sediment discharges, or impairing water quality on aspen covered well-drained slopes,

(g) Continued calibration measurements of run- off and determined areas of the two drainages involved in the vegetation conversion

study. Converted stream-gaging devices,

provided sediment trap basins, and con- tinued calibration of streamflow on the al- pine snow control study area in central

Utah.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. Ralph W. Marquis, Director

Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 102 Motors

Avenue, Upper Darby, Pennsylvania.

(656) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, DELAWARE- LEHIGH-EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) Laboratory project; in cooperation with

the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters and U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied re- search.

(e) A study was started in I9U8 on the Delaware- Lehigh Experimental Forest, Monroe County,

Pa., to determine the water economy for a 1,530-acre watershed covered with scrub

oak. Afterwards, the cover will be con- verted by planting and fire protection to

a commercially valuable type, and the

effect on water relations will be measured.

Installations have been established to evaluate all components of a water balance

equation for the watershed.

(g) The watershed was calibrated on the basis

of 6 years of daily climatic and streamflow records; 282 acres of root-raked area

were planted in 1955 and 1956.

(h) "Factors Influencing Streamflow From Two Watersheds in Northeastern Pennsylvania",

by Howard W. Lull and Herbert C. Storey,

Jour. Forestry 55:198-200, 1957- "Physical Properties of 13^ Soils in Six

Northeastern States", by A. R. Eschner,

B. 0. Jones, and R. C. Moyle, Northeastern

Forest Exp. Sta. Paper 89, 11 pp., illus.,

1957-

"A Program of Watershed-Management Research

on Forest Lands in the Upper Delaware and

Susquehanna River Basins", by Howard W. Lull and Irvin C. Reigner, Northeastern

Forest Exp. Sta. Paper 92, 33 pp., illus.,

1957.

(966) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, P0C0N0 EX- PERIMENTAL FOREST, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied re- search.

( e ) Studies have been started on the Pocono Experimental Forest, Wayne County, Pa., to determine effects of forest management

practices and logging operations upon the

quantity and quality of water yielded by a small watershed. Installations have been

established to measure precipitation,

streamflow and rainfall interception.

(1187) FROST STUDIES IN THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED

STATES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To determine the effect of land use and

condition upon type and depth of frost formation. Periodic observations of frost

type and depth, snow depth, and water con- tent were made on 186 plots throughout the

Northeast during the winters 1950-51 and

1951-52.

(g) A report of results has been prepared for

publication.

(1188) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FERN0W EX- PERIMENTAL FOREST, WEST VIRGINIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) Studies were started in 1951 on the Fernow

Experimental Forest, Tucker County, W. Va.

to determine the effect of different levels

of cutting practices and different logging

methods upon water quantity and quality.

Five watersheds were equipped with streamgaging stations and raingages. No logging

will be done on these watersheds during a calibration period. Measurements are being made on areas adjacent to the gaged watersheds to determine

erosion rates on logging roads as influenced by length and steepness of grade and

various erosion control measures.

(g) Five watersheds were calibrated and treatment was started on four of the watersheds. Four additional experimental watersheds

were added: two forested and two in

abandoned pasture

(h) "Water Yields From Small Forested Watersheds", by Sidney Weitzman and Kenneth G. Reinhart, Jour. Soil and Water Conserv. 12:56-59, 1957.

(2lkL9) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, HUBBARD BROOK EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) The objective is to determine the effect

of forest type, condition, and treatment

on quantity and quality of streamflow.

91
Studies are conducted in plots and experimental watersheds on the 7500-acre experimental forest in the White Mountains at West Thornton, New Hampshire.

(g) Three weirs have been constructed and

climatic stations established.

(h) "The Role of Forest-Humus in Watershed

Management in New England", by G. R. Trimble, Jr. and Howard W. Lull, Northeastern For. Exp. Sta. Paper 85, 3U pp., illus.

"New Hampshire Guides for Logging Roads and

Skid Trails", by George R. Trimble, Jr.,

K. E. Barraclough, Theodore F. Breon, and

Leslie Sargent, Jr., Extension Folder 35, Univ. of N. H., k pp., illus., 1957- "How Far From a Stream Should a Logging

Road be Located?", by George R. Trimble, Jr. and Richard S. Sartz, Jour. Forestry 55: 339-3^1, 1957- "Snow and Frost Measurements in a Watershed

Management Research Program", by Richard S. Sartz, Northeastern Forest Exp. Sta. Paper

96, 9 PP-, illus., 1957- "Influence of Land Use on Time of Soil

Freezing and Thawing in the Northeast", by

Richard S. Sartz, Jour. Forestry 55:716-

718, 1957.

(2910) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, LEADING RIDGE

WATERSHED, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) Laboratory project; in cooperation with the

School of Forestry, Pennsylvania State Univ.

and the Pennsylvania Department of Forests

and Waters

.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied re- search.

(e) A cooperative study was started in 1957 to determine the effect of forest cover and

treatment on quantity and quality of

streamflow in the oak-hickory type in Pennsylvania, and to study various basic soil- water relationships as they affect watershed management.

(g) Three experimental watersheds have been

selected. One weir has been constructed

and a climatic station established.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Sta- tion.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos . 969) 2187, 2911,

and 2912, should be addressed to Mr. R. W. Cowlin,

Director, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experi- ment Station, P. 0. Box U059, Portland 8, Oregon.

(969) EFFECT OF LOGGING, CLEAR CUTTING AND OTHER FOREST OPERATIONS ON STREAMFLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, McKenzie

River drainage, west central Oregon.

Streamflow from three small experimental

watersheds in virgin Douglas-fir has been

measured for five years by means of trapezoidal flume stream gages. These observations provide a pretreatment calibration

which will be carried on for three years

or more . Planned treatments will test effect of two systems of timber cutting on water yield and erosion.

In i960 it is planned to construct roads

in one of the three watersheds to supply

information on sediment yields. Survey

for these roads began in 1957- Bull Run watershed in cooperation with City

of Portland Water Bureau. Pretreatment calibration measurements now being taken

on three small watersheds within the Bull

Run watershed, source of Portland's water

supply. Cover is virgin Douglas-fir.

Streamflow is being measured by trapezoidal

flumes. Results of this study will help

determine the future management policy on

the watershed.

(2187) EFFECT OF CATTLE GRAZING ON EROSION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) Starkey Experimental Forest and Range,

northeast Oregon. Study to determine the ! effect *of heavy, moderate and light graz- ing on erosion, sediment production and

runoff. Sediment catchment basins have

been constructed in small drainages, one in each of six pastures in which are tested three rates of grazing and two

systems of management: deferred-rotation

and season-long use. Major effect on ero- sion will be determined by volume of sedi- ment accumulated in the basins. Study now

in its fourth year.

(2911) INFLUENCE OF FOREST COVER ON INTERCEPTION

OF PRECIPITATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Blue Mountains, northeast Oregon. A study

of the effect of lodgepole pine timber

cover on the interception of snow and rain

was begun in October 1956. Net rainfall

and snowfall were measured during fall and I winter months on five plots and compared

with gross precipitation received in an adjoining opening.

H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest. A study

of interception in old-growth Douglas-fir

was begun in the summer of 1957- Net pre- cipitation is measured by moving rain gages located at six representative sites; measurements of gross precipitation are being made in adjoining cutover areas.

(g) Blue Mountains. During winter and spring

of 1956-57, gages in the forested plots

averaged 76 percent as much precipitation

as that recorded in openings, indicating

2h percent of winter and early spring pre- cipitation was lost by interception.

(h) "Snow Interception Accumulation, and Melt

in Lodgepole Pine Forests In the Blue

Mountains of Eastern Oregon", Norman H. Miner and James M. Trappe, Pacific North- west Forest and Range Expt. Sta. Res. Note

153, pp. , illus., 1957 (Processed).

92
(2912) EFFECT OF LOGGING ON EROSION,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation, basic and applied re- search, (h)

(e) Corvallis watershed, Oregon Coast Range.

Soils from three cutover areas were ana- lyzed to determine the effect of logging

and slash burning on physical properties

of soils. Cutover areas were classified

according to surface conditions into un- disturbed, disturbed-unburned, lightly

burned and severely burned. These were compared with adjoining uncut-undisturbed (377)

surface conditions

Wenatchee River drainage, central Washington. Soils derived from three major parent (b)

materials were sampled and are being ana- (c)

lyzed to determine their basic physical

and chemical characteristics. Parent ma- terials are Swauk sandstone, basalt and

granite. (d)

(f) Corvallis watershed study terminated 1957- (e)

Wenatchee River drainage study active.

(g) Corvallis watershed. Study results indicated that physical properties of soils

are affected significantly where slash

burning has been severe. Physical properties of soil in undisturbed, disturbedunburned and lightly burned patches of the cutover areas remain closely similar to those under adjacent uncut timber stands.

(h) "Some Effects of Logging and Slash Burning

on Physical Soil Properties in the Corvallis Watershed", C. T. Dyrness, C. T. Youngberg, and Robert H. Ruth, Pacific

Northwest Forest and Range Expt. Sta. Res. Paper 19, 15 pp., illus., 1957, (Processed) .

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. (f)

(376) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, MANITOU (g) EXPERIMENTAL FOREST.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Raymond Price, Dir. Rocky Mountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station, Room

221 Forestry Building, Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Field investigations; applied research.

(e) Studies of the influence of grazing, timber cutting, and revegetation of depleted

watershed lands upon water supplies, ero- sion and sedimentation, to solve problems

in management of watershed lands of the

Rocky Mountain Front Range such as: (l)

Effect of grazing intensity on the water

absorption of granitic soils; (2) runoff

and erosion from natural storms on bunchgrass plots; (3) runoff and erosion from

natural storms on young pine plots; (k)

effect of type conversion on runoff and

erosion from small watersheds; and (5)

characteristics of runoff from cloudburst

storms on a large watershed.

(g) The recording of rainfall, runoff, and

erosion from plots and watersheds

representing different complexes of soil,

vegetation, and treatment has been con- tinued in conformance with the long-term

nature of the study.

Annual report, 1956, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort

Collins, Colorado.

"Infiltration as Affected by Vegetation,

Soil, and Cattle Grazing in Colorado

Ponderosa Pine Ranges", E. J. Dortignac

and L. D. Love. Manuscript in prepara- tion 1957.

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FRASER HYDROLOGIC LABORATORY.

Laboratory project

Raymond Price, Director, Rocky Mountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station, Room 221 Forestry Building, Fort Collins,

Colorado

Field investigations; applied research,

(l) To determine influence of lodgepole

pine and spruce-fir forests and of the

management of these forests on the yield

of water. (2) To evaluate the alpine

snowfields of the Colorado Rockies with

respect to their contribution to summer

streamflow. (3) To test amount of drifted snow held by several snow fence pat- terns under high alpine conditions. Purpose is to determine most desirable pat- tern for snow fence installations to increase amount of snow deposited in

alpine snowdrifts. (k) To measure the

rate of snow accumulation in natural

catchment basins under alpine conditions.

This is the pretreatment calibration of

a series of drift sites, part of which

will be supplemented by drift fences at a later date to test the effectiveness

of such structures in enlarying and deepening such alpine snow drifts. All active except (3) above, which has

been temporarily suspended.

The cutting and removal of half of the

timber from one 71^-acre watershed was completed in 1956. Eighty percent of

this treatment was complete in 1955- The streamflow in 1956 was significantly

increased by the timber removal. The

apparent increase in water yield was 37 percent. The 1956 peak rate of discharge

from spring snowmelt was also increased

considerably, but in 1957 the peak was appreciably below that which would have

occurred without the timber removal.

Apparently weather sequences during the

snowmelt period determine whether higher

or lower peaks result from timber removal. The following data were taken for the

third summer on an alpine snowfield In the Front Range of Colorado: Water

equivalent, rate of depletion and relation between depletion rates and weather

factors. A study of the moisture ex- change between an alpine snow surface

and the atmosphere showed that under con- ditions prevailing during the last of

August 1957, the snow pack gained

93
moisture at the rate of 1,300 gallons of water per acre of snow per week. This

study also showed a close agreement be- tween the volume of melt water as computed

from ablation and density and that measured

from plastic lysimeters.

(h) Annual report, 1956, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins,

Colorado.

(657) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, TEMPE, ARIZONA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Raymond Price, Director, Rocky Mountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station, Room

221 Forestry Building, Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) The purpose is: (l) To study the disposition of rainfall as influenced by watershed

vegetation; (2) to determine the influence

of various types of forest and grassland

vegetation as well as vegetation modified

by cultural treatment such as grazing and

timber harvest, on streamflow, water use, water loss, and erosion and sediment yield;

(3) to determine for phreatophytic vegetation (water-loving plants) the amount of water used, methods for reducing water use by phreatophytes or for replacing them with

more useful plants; and {h) for chaparral

vegetation to determine the hydrologic

characteristics of natural watershed, and

the effect of cover modification upon water

and sediment yields.

At Sierra Ancha Experimental Watersheds in

central Arizona, rainfall, runoff, and

erosion are measured on three watersheds

in the pine-fir vegetation type at high

elevation, on two watersheds in the pon- derosa-chaparral type, and from four watersheds in the grassland- chaparral type at intermediate elevation, and on nine small

watersheds in the semidesert- chaparral type

at low elevations. Water use by different

types of plants in various soils is studied

on eleven large lysimeters . Three watersheds have also been established in the

pure ponderosa pine type to test the ef- fects of logging practices upon water yield

and sedimentation. Gaging stations for

four watersheds in the pure chaparral type

are also available to evaluate watershedgame interrelations.

Ecology of Tamarix is under investigation.

Germination, seedling survival, and rate of spread studies have been started. A

field apparatus employing the infrared

analyzer for detecting moisture has been

developed for detailed measurement of

evapo-transpiration

.

(g) No significant increases in water yield

have been detected from removing riparian

vegetation amounting to 0.6 percent of the

basal area on a watershed in the pine-fir

type. A Villamonte type weir was installed

to gage streamflow from a ponderosa pine

watershed of about 10 sections. Pine roots were found at a depth of 12 feet in a pine

forest. Chaparral watersheds were found to

yield streamflow from February until

May. Number of shrub live oak sprouts

was not materially reduced after five an- nual burns. Increases occurring after

the first year were counteracted by de- creases following the second, third, and

fourth burns. Tamarisk seed has a short

period of viability, and requires con- tinuously wet soils for two or more weeks

for establishment of seedling. Regulation

of the water level and control of flood

plains may be methods for discouraging

spread of this plant,

(h) "A Method of Measuring Intact Plants Under

Controlled Light, Humidity, and Temperature", J. P. Decker, and B. F. Wetzel,

Forest Science, 1957 (in press).

(1967) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO.

Cc)

(a)

(e)

(f

(h

(1968

(f)

Laboratory project.

Mr. Raymond Price, Director, Rocky Moun- tain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Room 221 Forestry Building, Fort Collins,

Colorado

.

Applied research.

Evaluation of reseeded rangelands for infiltration, soil stabilization, and soil

productivity in woodland- sagebrush zone of north central New Mexico.

Rocky Mountain infiltrometer was used to measure infiltration and erosion rates from reseeded and adjacent native range- lands under grazing and nonuse. Measure- ment of selected vegetation and soil fac- tors included in this study.

Field study completed. Conducted during

summers of 1952, 1953, 1951*, 1955, and

1956. Compilation and analyses completed on major effects.

Annual reports of the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, NORTH

CENTRAL, NEW MEXICO.

Laboratory project.

Mr. Raymond Price, Director, Rocky Moun- tain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Room 221 Forestry Building, Fort Collins,

Collins, Colorado.

Applied research.

Range and watershed condition, trend, and

potential in north central new Mexico.

Rocky Mountain infiltrometer was used in 1953 and 195^ to measure infiltration and

erosion rates from about 20 fenced-in

enclosures installed in 1939 and 19^+0 on native pinyon- juniper sagebrush range- lands and from adjacent open range. De- tailed soil and vegetation measurements

were taken at each infiltrometer plot lo- cation. In addition, re -examination was made and quantitative measurement of

vegetation taken, both inside and outside

the enclosure, for comparison with meas- ured conditions in 1939-^0. Infiltrometer studies completed in 1953

oil
and 19514-. (h) Station Paper, Rocky Mountain Forest and

Range Experiment Station, summarizing findings planned.

(1969) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO.

(b) Cooperative study with Bureau of Land Man- agement and Geological Survey.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Evaluation of range-watershed conditions on small watersheds in the San Luis drainage

of the Rio Puerco. Three contiguous watersheds, ranging from U30 to 680 acres located ahout 8 miles north of the San Luis com- munity and west of the Rio Puerco main channel provide the study area. Water and sedi- ment inflow are measured in small reservoirs formed hy earthen dams. Precipitation amounts and vegetation changes are (h)

periodically measured over the watersheds.

The preliminary survey and investigation

phase is completed; exterior "boundary fences

installed; and interior fences are under

construction. Uniform grazing during a 6- month over-winter period (October 1 to April l) at medium intensity of use will he

practiced on all three watersheds for a 5- year period commencing October 1955- Thereafter, treatments will be applied to each of three watersheds as follows: Medi- um grazing use - no change; medium grazing use plus mechanical land treatments including gully control; and heavy grazing use.

(h) Annual reports of the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

(1971) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, GRAND JUNCTION, COLORADO.

Laboratory project, in cooperation with

Bureau of Land Management, Bureau of Re- clamation, Geological Survey, and Fish and

Wildlife Service.

Mr. Raymond Price, Director, Rocky Mountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station, Room

221 Forestry Building, Fort Collins, Colo. Experimental; applied research.

To determine the effect of exclusion of (b)

livestock grazing on erosion and runoff ( c

from semidesert lands in western Colorado, eastern Utah, and southern Wyoming. Pretreatment measurements were made in 1953

and 195^ of infiltration and erosion, using (d)

the Rocky Mountain infiltrometer . Measure- (e) ments during the period of treatment will

be made at 5-year intervals, commencing in

1958.

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO.

Laboratory project.

Mr. Raymond Price, Director, Rocky Mountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station, Room

221 Forestry Building, Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Soil moisture studies. Colman soil electrical units are installed at 3-inch depth

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

(2188)

00

(c)

intervals from the 1 l/2-inch soil depth to bedrock or to a depth beyond any anticipated moisture penetration. Recording

and standard gages are used to measure

precipitation. Moist pinyon- juniper zone (17-inch annual precipitation). A record

of precipitation and soil moisture is

maintained under three ground-cover conditions; under pinyon trees and in a woodland opening; in grassland; and in a bared

area kept free of vegetation by chemical

spraying. Dry pinyon- juniper-sagebrush

zone (13-inch annual precipitation). A

record of precipitation and soil moisture

is maintained under four conditions: Na- tive sagebrush under protection from livestock grazing, and in crested wheatgrass

under 25 percent utilization, under 75 percent utilization, and under full pro- tection from cattle grazing.

Annual reports of the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

(2k20) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, GRAND

JUNCTION, COLORADO.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Raymond Price, Director, Rocky Moun- tain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Room 221 Forestry Building, Fort Collins,

Colorado

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Purpose of 1957 measurements is to compare the amount of soil moisture withdrawal

under aspen, spruce, and a mixed grass- weed type. Three sites were sampled in

each type. Seven gravimetric samples were taken at random on a 30-foot grid

superimposed on each site. Samples were taken approximately July 1 and November 1, the difference in water content representing gross use by vegetation. Water use

values will be adjusted for current precipitation. Samples were taken in 1-foot

increments to a depth of 8 feet.

(2657) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, GRAND

JUNCTION, COLORADO.

Laboratory project.

Mr. Raymond Price, Director, Rocky Moun- tain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Room 221 Forestry Building, Fort Collins,

Colorado.

Field investigation; applied research.

Purpose is to determine the effect of

range conditions and related factors on sediment production and runoff on three

mountain grassland watersheds in western

Colorado. Range condition is being meas- ured by means of 30 or more 3-step transects on each watershed. Ninety degree

V-notch weirs are used to gage the watersheds which vary in size from 86 to 272

acres. Water samples are taken several

times daily during snowmelt and periods

of storm runoff for determination of sus- pended sediment; bed load is measured in

the weir ponds . Measurement of all fac- tors was started in 1956

95
(2658) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, RAPID CITY, SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Raymond Price, Director, Rocky Mountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station, Room

221 Forestry Bldg., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) (l) To determine how heavy grazing of bluegrass range in the Black Hills has influenced soil structure. The study involves measurement of bulk density and pore space of soil inside and outside of livestock

enclosures. (2) To study basic soil-water

relationships under dense ponderosa pine

in the Black Hills and to determine how

thinning influences amount of water available for streamflow. The study involves measurement of precipitation in the open, through- fall precipitation under thinned

and unthinned pine, stem flow, and soil

moisture

.

(g) Soil has significantly lower bulk density

and greater detention pore space from the

soil surface to k inches depth inside than

outside enclosures protected from grazing

for 10 and 17 years. There was little difference from k to 12 inches. At enclosures

protected from grazing for only 6 and 7 years there was little apparent difference

in the entire surface foot of soil inside

and outside.

(h) Annual report, 1956, Rocky Mountain Forest

and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins,

Colorado.

(2913) BEAVER CREEK WATERSHED PROJECT.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Coco- nino National Forest, Flagstaff, Ariz.

(c) Mr. Raymond Price, Director, Rocky Mountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station, Room

221 Forestry Building, Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Calibration of 12 small watersheds, 6 in

the ponderosa pine type, 3 in "the alligator

juniper type, and 3 in the Utah juniper

type. A newly designed modified trapezoidal

Venturi flume is being used to measure discharge from these steep ephemeral streams

.

(g) A discharge estimated at 38O sec-ft occur- red on a pine watershed August 13, 1957- Complete photos were taken during the flow.

(h) Report in preparation.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.

( 38O ) WATER RESOURCE AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

RESEARCH.

(b) Laboratory project. For general public use

and information.

(c) Mr. J. F. Pechanec, Director, Southeastern

Forest Experiment Station, U. S. Forest

Service, P. 0. Box 2570, Asheville, N. C. (d) General investigation of forest influences

in the southeastern United States,

including fundamental hydrologic research

and applied research in watershed management . (e) To determine the effect of forest vegetation and land management practices on the

components of the hydrologic cycle, includ

ing the effects on water yield and quality

To develop methods of watershed management

which will result in the greatest benefit

from the land and water resources of the

southeastern United States. Most of the experiments and hydrologic

data collection are carried out on the

5600-acre Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, 1 located in the zone of maximum precipitation in the eastern United States (Nantahala Range of the Southern Appalachians).

Thirty-three individual watersheds whose

streamflow is being continuously gaged

provide the basis for the experimental program. The laboratory has 16 recording and

69 non-recording (standard) rain gages, 8 recording ground water wells, 8 recording

hygrothermographs , 2 recording anemometers,

and 2 evaporation pans . Water samples for

quality analysis are collected from selected watersheds on a daily and storm period

basis

.

On the Calhoun Experimental Forest, near

Union, S. C, research is concerned with

the problems and factors involved in re- habilitating Piedmont soils. Studies

include measurement of the soil moisture

regime under different cover types, and

different densities of vegetation, hydrologic properties of forest soils, and

index values of runoff and sediment pro- duction from several small watersheds

.

The forest has 5 recording and 15 standard

rain gages as well as a standard Weather

Bureau weather station.

Research projects include: (l) Evapotranspiration from forest land; hydrologic

effects of cutting timber stands with re- growth permitted; hydrologic effects of

cutting timber stands with regrowth cut back each year; hydrologic effects of cut- ting laurel-rhododendron understory on a small mountain watershed; effect on water

yield of cutting deep soil, cove-type

vegetation; and hydrologic effects of re- ducing basal area 50 percent; (2) rehabilitation treatment of experimental

watersheds formerly used in studies of

mountain farming, woodland grazing, and

exploitive mountain logging; (3) type con- versions on drained slopes; comparative water yields from grass, conifer, and

hardwood cover; (k) precipitation network

requirements for small Southern Appalachian watersheds; (5) soil moisture re- gime in relation to evapo-transpiration;

(6) rainfall interception at Coweeta; and

(7) operating forest pilot watersheds to demonstrate proper location and layout of

logging roads.

(g) Studies of woodland grazing, mountain

farming and improper logging have demonstrated the extremely detrimental effects

of poor land management on water quality
I

I!

nclud.

ality,

profor

lect-|

iod

and storm peaks. Ten to fifteen years data

furnish information on the time required

for adverse effects to show up. Various

types of forest cuttings on selected watersheds have yielded information on annual

and seasonal water "balance, storage and

depletion of ground water, and the use of water by forest vegetation. For example,

removing all forest vegetation from a small

watershed gave increases in steamflow

equivalent to 60 percert of the average pre- treatment flow, with increases gradually

subsiding as the forest regrew. Piedmont studies are showing that the or- ganic layers of forest soil are a valuable

diagnostic tool for timber and watershed

magangment. Also through studies of soil

moisture under different types of cover, information is being obtained regarding

consumptive use of water, percolation

rates, and seasonal storage potentials of

forest soils.

"A Guide to the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory", by Robert E. Dils, Southeastern

Forest Experiment Station, pp kO, Sept. 1957- "Annual Report of the Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.

"Effects of Land Use on Streamflow", Donald

E. Whelan. Alabama Academy of Science

Journal, Vol. 29, Sept. 1957-

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Southern Forest Experiment Station.

(291U) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH TALLAHATCHIE RESEARCH CENTER, MISSISSIPPI.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with

the Soil Conservation Service and the Univ.

of Mississippi.

(c) Mr. Philip A. Briegleb, Director, Southern

Forest Experiment Station, 70^ Lowich Bldg.,

2026 St. Charles Avenue, New Orleans 13,

Louisiana.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied re- search.

(e) During 1957 , nine small natural headwater

catchments, two to four acres in size, were installed to determine rates and

amounts of surface runoff and erosion from

representative soil-cover complexes on for- est and potential forest lands. Pre- treatment calibration measurements will

provide information needed for the planning

and design of the watershed treatment pro- gram on the Yazoo-Llttle Tallahatchie basin

in north Mississippi. After suitable calibration the hydrologic effects of remedial- treatments, and changes in cover type will

be measured. Three small watersheds are installed on each of three cover types

with similar soils—abandoned old-fields;

depleted upland hardwoods, and pole-size

loblolly pine plantations growing on severely eroded sites.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS,

Beach Erosion Board.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos . l8l, 660, 975 , 976, 977, 2190, 2191, 2193, 2195, 2659, 2660,

266l, and 2915 to 2917, incl., should be addressed

to the President, Beach Erosion Board, 5201 Little

Falls Road, Washington l6, D. C.

(I8i;

(D)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(13 ) (a)

(e)

(a)

(h)

EQUILIBRIUM PROFILE OF BEACHES AND STUDY OF MODEL SCALE EFFECT.

Laboratory project.

Experimental

Equilibrium beach profiles will be determined experimentally for waves up to 6 feet in height in a prototype tank; the waves will be modeled at a 1 to 10 scale

in small laboratory tanks for various

median diameter sand sizes to determine

scale effect.

Profiles were determined for 2-, h- , and

6-foot 11-second waves and for a 5-foot

6-second wave and for 1:10 and 1:15 models of these, using, however, the same sand size for both model and full scale

tests. Results show that the deformation

of a beach under wave attack is as much

a function of absolute size of wave as of wave steepness; and that the laboratory determined initial value of deep- water wave steepness of about 0.025 de- termining whether a beach foreshore will

erode or prograde may not apply to prototype conditions.

"Scale Effects in Two Dimensional Beach

Studies", T. Saville, Jr., International

Association for Hydraulic Research (Lisbon, Portugal, Congress 1957) in press.

[660) OBSERVED WAVE CHARACTERISTICS.

Laboratory and field project.

Field investigation; basic research.

To secure a more thorough knowledge of

the characteristics of ocean waves . A

number of electrical recording wave gages have been installed in coastal waters and

these records are analyzed for significant

height and period.

A new wave recording station was installed

at Steel Pier, Atlantic City, New Jersey. A new type plastic wave gage will be installed at this station for test purposes, in the near future

"Wave Statistics for the Gulf of Mexico

off Brownsville, Texas", Beach Erosion

Board Technical Memorandum No. 85, 25 pages, Sept. 1956. "Wave Statistics for the Gulf of Mexico

off Caplen, Texas", Beach Erosion Board

Technical Memorandum No. 86, 25 pages,

Sept. 1956. "Wave Statistics for the Gulf of Mexico

off Burrwood, Louisiana", Beach Erosion

Board Technical Memorandum No. 87, 25 pages, Oct. 1956.

"Wave Statistics for the Gulf of Mexico

off Apalachicola, Florida", Beach Erosion

Board Technical Memorandum No. 88,

97
25 pages, Oct. 1956. "Wave Statistics for the Gulf of Mexico off

Tampa, Florida", Beach Erosion Board Technical Memorandum No. 89, 25 pages, Oct. 1956.

(975) METHODS OF BY-PASSING SAND PAST INLETS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To study methods and requirements for pump- ing sand past inlets and to determine the

applicability of the methods in stabilization of beaches adjacent to inlets. In connection with this project a study is being made of the sand by-passing operation

carried out by the Corps of Engineers at Port Hueneme, California in 1953 and 195^-

Data, including hydrographic surveys and

aerial photographs before, during, and at intervals after the dredging, and records

of wave height and period are being studied

to obtain any pertinent information on sand

by-passing which may be applicable in fu- ture operations of this type.

(h) "Sand By-Passing at Port Hueneme, California", Rudolph P. Savage, Beach Erosion

Board Technical Memorandum No. 92, March

1957-

(976) ESTABLISHMENT OF CRITERIA FOR CONSTRUCTION

OF ARTIFICIAL BEACHES.

(b) Laboratory.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) The purpose of this project is to provide

a method for determining optimum material

to be used for beach fill.

(f) Reopened.

(g) A statistical method for the determination

of the size characteristics of an existent

beach from a limited number of samples is presented. Specifications for fill material may be derived from the size data.

(h) "A Method for Specification of Sand for

Beach Fills", Dr. William C. Krumbein,

Beach Erosion Board Technical Memorandum

No. 102, 8k pages, Nov. 1957-

(977) DEVELOPMENT OF WAVE HEIGHT AND WAVE DIREC- TION GAGES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) To develop wave height and wave direction

gages for use in securing accurate records

of wave characteristics.

(g) Additional development of recording parallel wire resistance and capacitance gages

for laboratory use has been made to obtain

constant linear calibration characteristics A plastic wave height gage has been fabricated for laboratory and field use in lieu

of the neoprene coated aluminum channel

type. A less expensive gage and longer

life is expected. Preliminary laboratory

experiments for a wave direction gage are under way. Progress not sufficient for definite conclusion - work is being carried

forward

.

(2190) STUDY OF EFFECT OF A GROIN SYSTEM ON THE RATE OF LITTORAL MOVEMENT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To study the effect of groins on the rate of littoral drift passing a groin system.

Installation of test setup in the Shore Processes Test Basin has been completed.

Initial tests consist of waves generated

at 30-degree angle to the sand beach. Measurement of material movement is being

made at the down-beach end. (g) A total of 5 tests were made during the

year, each 50 hours in length. The first test established the drift rate along the

beach with no groins as approximately 330

lbs per hour ( dry weight ) . One low short

groin temporatily reduced the drift rate about 12$ and a high groin of the same length temporarily reduced the drift rate

about 25$. A long high (barrier) groin

temporarily reduced the drift rate about

50$.

(2191) SAND MOVEMENT AT MORICHES INLET, LONG

ISLAND, NEW YORK.

(b) Laboratory project

.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) To investigate the pattern of movement

and deposition of the littoral materials

in the vicinity of a newly opened inlet. Movement of the littoral material is being

traced by means of hydrographic surveys of

both the ocean and bay sides of the

inlet, and through variation in size characteristics and heavy mineral composition

of the littoral material. An attempt is being made to correlate movement of the

littoral material with the natural forces

involved.

(2193) SHORE PROTECTION PLANNING AND DESIGN.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Design.

(e) The purpose of this project is to supple- ment and revise the Beach Erosion Board's

Technical Report No. U, "Shore Protection

Planning and Design" as new data and techniques are developed for use in the solution of coastal engineering problems.

(g) The first addenda sheets to Beach Erosion

Board Technical Report No. k were compiled

and dispatched to recipients of this re- pot . (h) "Corrections, Revisions, and Addenda for Technical Report No. k, Shore Protection

Planning and Design", Beach Erosion

Board, August 1957-

(2195) RE-EXAMINATION OF ARTIFICIALLY NOURISHED

AND CONSTRUCTED BEACHES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The purpose of this project is to study

the behavior of beach fills which have

been placed to nourish and protect

98
adjacent shores. A selected number of lo- cations where beach fills have been made

are being re-examined.

(2659) WAVE FORCES ON PILES,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research., design.

(e) The purpose of the study is to determine

the nature and magnitude of forces on piles

caused by breaking and non-breaking waves.

(f) Additional testing is planned.

(g) Forces as high as 300 lbs per foot have

been observed on a pile 12 3/^ inches in

diameter with breaking waves' about 6 feet high. Non-breaking waves about k feet high

caused forces on the pile as high as 30 lbs

per foot. Preparation of the report is currently in progress.

(2660) WAVE TANK STUDY OF QUANTITY OF SAND IN SUSPENSION IN THE SURF ZONE (INCLUDING TEMPERATURE EFFECTS).

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental ; basic research.

(e) A vacuum pump type suspended sediment samp- ler will be used to collect suspended sand

samples under various conditions of waves

water temperature and sand. A large field

sampler will be used to obtain suspended

samples in the prototype wave tank. The purpose of the study is to determine the

relationships between wave, water, and sand

characteristics and the amount of material

maintained in suspension and hence available

for longshore transport by currents

(g) Surf zone suspended sampling has been car- ried out in the prototype wave tank for waves from 2 to 6 feet in height. Wave periods were 11-33 and l6.0 seconds in water depths of 2 to 10 feet. Concentrations up to 28 PPT have been measured.

Suspended samples collected in the Shore Processes Test Basin under waves of 0.25

feet in height and l.h to 1.75 second

period reflect concentration of 0.1 to 10

PPT. Lower water temperatures in wave

action sampling tends to increase the mean

grain size and the total quantity of sedi- ment in suspension.

(2661) WAVE RUN-UP ON SHORE STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Wave run-up is determined experimentally

by various waves for different types of

shore structures . Effect of both structure roughness and permeability is being investigated.

(g) Wave run-up on roughened structures has

been related to the deep water wave steepness, beach or structure slope, and median

diameter of the roughness material. Wave

run-up on permeable slopes has been related

to the deep water wave steepness, beach or structure slope, and the permeability in

ft2 of the slope material.

(h) "Wave Run-Up on Roughened and Permeable

Slopes", Rudolph P. Savage, Paper presented at October 1957 American Society of

Civil Engineers meeting.

(2915) COASTAL DUNE STABILIZATION BY VEGETATION,

(b) Laboratory.

(d) Field and laboratory investigation; ap- plied research.

(e) The purpose of this project is to compile

all available data and information on the

techniques for stabilizing coastal dune

formation by vegetation.

(f) Completed.

(g) Various species of vegetation are recom- mended for use in coastal dune stabilization for zones landward of mean high water

and for various climate sectors.

(h) "Dune Formation and Stabilization by Vegetation and Plantings", Dr. John H. Davis,

Beach Erosion Board Technical Memorandum

No. 101, 59 pages, Oct. 1957-

(2916) WAVE FORECASTING RELATIONSHIPS AND TECHNIQUES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation.

(e) To select and evaluate new methods of wave forecasting to be used in determining the

design wave for offshore structures. To expand and improve current methods of wave

forecasting for specific application to the design of hurricane protective struc- tures . (g) Methods have been presented for computing

the significant wave (average of highest

l/3) and the maximum waves for a hurricane

moving from deep water over a Continental

Shelf to the coast. A method for obtaining hurricane storm

surge is presented.

Theoretical formulae and empirical data

have been adapted and modified for use in

the selection of a design wave for offshore structures. Selection of a design

wave requires data on the design wave

height, period, crest elevation and wave

length.

Work is in progress on the revision of wave forecasting techniques.

(h) "Wave Forecasting Relationships for the

Gulf of Mexico", Beach Erosion Board

Technical Memorandum No. 8^, 28 pages,

Dec. 1956, C. L. Bretschneider

"Hurricane Wave Statistics for the Gulf

of Mexico", Beach Erosion Board Technical

Memorandum No. 98, 6l pages, June 1957 > B. W. Wilson.

"Hurricane Design Wave Practices", pro- ceedings of the American Society of Civil

Engineers, Vol. 83, No. WW2, paper 1238,

May 1957, 33 pages, C. L. Bretschneider.

"Selection of Design Wave, for Offshore Structures" presented at the 1957 annual

convention of the American Society of

Civil Engineers, October Ik - 18, 1957,

C. L. Bretschneider.

"Revisions in Wave Forecasting Techniques",

Sixth International Conference on Coastal

99
Engineering, Gainesville, Florida, Dec. 2,

1957, C. L. Bretschneider.

(2917) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE RUN-UP AND OVERTOPPING

ON LAKE OKEECHOBEE LEVEES.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Jacksonville,

Florida.

(d) Model study; for design.

(e) A 1 to 2.5 scale model of the proposed Lake

Okeechobee levee design ( 1 on 3 and. 1 on 6 slopes ) will be tested under wave action up

to k feet in height (10 feet prototype) to determine heights of wave run-up and quan- tities of wave overtopping for two crest elevations. Results will be compared with

those in smaller laboratory flumes (l to

30 model) to determine existence of any

scale effect,

(g) Preliminary results (initial test only)

indicate that overtopping is greater and

there is a scale effect in such tests in

that the small-scale model indicates less

overtopping (to scale) than the large-scale

model

.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS

,

Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. lk62, lk6k, and

lk66 should be, addressed to District Engineer,

U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland, 628 Pittock

Block, Portland 5j Oregon.

(14-05) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF ICE HARBOR DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON

.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash.

(c) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Walla Walla, Building 602, CityCounty Airport, Walla Walla, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:100-scale, undistorted, fixed-bed model

reproduces 2.7 miles of the Snake River at the dam site. The proposed structures in- clude a 6-unit powerhouse ( 3-unit initial

installation), 10-bay (tainter-gate controlled) spillway, 86- by 675-foot navigation

lock and facilities for migrant fish. The

latter include two 1 on l6-slope fish ladders, l6 feet wide on north bank and 2k feet wide on south bank, and a powerhouse

collection system. Auxiliary flow for both

ladders and collection system will be pro- vided by low-head pumps. Studies will be

made to determine flow conditions during

various construction stages and with pro- posed structures installed.

(g) Tests of first-step cofferdam were completed.

Results indicated that realignment of up- stream corner of cofferdam would reduce

backwater effect and lower water-surface

elevations along face of cofferdam. Mova- ble bed studies were made to assist in es- timating amount and location of erosion in prototype. Effect of rock groins along

river bank opposite cofferdam were

investigated as an aid to fish migration

during first-stage construction. General 1 flow conditions were observed with the pro1 posed structures installed. Three tailrace

alinements were investigated and tests were made to determine best alignment of north | fish ladder wall. Two-foot sills installed

in end bays of spillway provided downstream

flow at spillway entrances to fishways.

Second-stage cofferdam tests were begun and

indicated that improved entrance conditions

to temporary fish ladder and reduced velocities along downstream fill could be ob- tained by realigning downstream lag of

cofferdam.

(h) Five memorandum reports have been issued;

three are in preparation.

(k06) MODEL STUDY OF ICE HARBOR SPILLWAY, SNAKE

RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash.

(c) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Walla Walla, Building 602, CityCounty Airport, Walla Walla, Washington.

J (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The l;l4-0-scale model consists of a 3-bay

section of the 10-bay spillway. Tests were made to determine hydraulic performance of the proposed spillway and stilling

basin and to develop revisions in design

that would improve performance or reduce

construction and maintenance costs.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Satisfactory design of spillway and stilling basin and determination of crest

rating, pressure data, and method of gate

operation were accomplished.

(h) Two memorandum reports have been issued.

(14-07) MODEL STUDY OF ICE HARBOR NAVIGATION LOCK, J SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash.

(c) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Walla Walla, Building 602, City- ( County Airport, Walla Walla, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Two models are being used to test performance of the proposed design for the hydraulic system and develop modifications

for improvement if necessary. A 1:25-

scale model will reproduce the 86- by 675-

foot lock chamber, culvert systems, and

portions of the upstream and downstream

approach channels. A l:l6-scale model

of a single lateral culvert of the lock

filling system was used to determine

designs that will produce uniform flow

distribution from the culvert ports.

(f) Active.

(g) Lock model is under construction; tests on

1 lock lateral model have been completed.

(h) Memorandum report on lock lateral tests is in preparation.

(1U62) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF THE DALLES DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

100
(Id) U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland,

Corps of Engineers, Portland, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:80-scale, undistorted, fixed-bed model

reproduces 2.7 miles of the Columbia River

at the dam site. The original layout con- sisted of a circular-arc, 30-bay spillway,

a 22-unit powerhouse, an 86- by 675 -foot

navigation lock, a rock-fill nonoverflow

section, and facilities for passing fish over the dam. Maximum head is 90 feet. Revised layout has a straight 23-bay spillway. Purposes are to study the structures alinement and flow conditions affecting

navigation, power generation, cofferdam

placement, rock- fill dam construction, and

fish passage.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Four major layout plans were tested and

the most economical plan that effected

satisfactory hydraulic conditions was se- lected. Tests indicated ability to reduce

length of spillway and to reduce forebay

excavation by 30 feet. Data relative to water-surface elevations and velocities in

the tailrace, and the effects of excess

fill placed in the forebay have been ob- tained. Flow conditions during various

stages of construction and with the project

completed have been observed with special

attention given to navigation and fish

migration problems. Tests were conducted

to compare flow conditions in model and

prototype with the 1957 peak discharge of

6^3 500 cfs when all flow was through

spillway. Test was repeated with five

powerhouse units operating - expected installation at time of 1958 high water.

(h) Twenty-nine memorandum reports have been

issued; one is in preparation.

(lk6h) MODEL STUDY OF ROCK FILL, THE DALLES DAM,

COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland,

Corps of Engineers, Portland, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The l:^0-scale model of the 500-foot-wide

closure section of the rock-fill nonoverflow section of the Dalles Dam included

portions of the river channel upstream and

downstream therefrom and the eight partially-completed units at the upstream end of

the powerhouse through which the river flow was diverted as the closure fill was con- structed. A study of the rock sizes and

placement procedure required to construct

the fill at a river flow of 200 000 cfs and for stability at 300 000 cfs was made.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) The fill has been constructed by placing

quarry-run rock ( 1000 lb and less) in 10- foot lifts or by end-dumping from the

Oregon shore at river discharges of 200

000 cfs and less. Owing to the faster

placing program possible with the end-dump

procedure, studies were concentrated on this method of closure. The 1000 lb and

smaller material was placed without loss

in bottom velocities of 17 fps and surface

velocities of 2k fps. The higher velocities caused some movement of material but

owing to the 250-foot width of fill the

material did not move beyond the confines

of the fill. Flow data were obtained

during the prototype closure for correlation with model data. A model check of

three stages of the prototype closure

showed good agreement of flow conditions

(h) Twelve memorandum reports have been issued

in addition to a summary report to supply

information to prospective bidders.

(lk66) MODEL STUDY OF THE DALLES DAM NAVIGATION

LOCK, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland,

Corps of Engineers, Portland, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:25-scale model of the 86- by 675-foot

lock chamber including its culvert systems

and portions of the upstream and downstream

approach channels was reproduced. Maximum

lift is 90 feet. Studies were made of

various types of filling and emptying sys- tems to determine the most advantageous

design from the standpoints of rate of

operations, degree of turbulence, and

economy. The several proposed plans included lateral culverts within the lock

chamber combined with several locations

of intake ports, longitudinal culverts,

and outlet ports.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Designs have been selected for all fea- tures of the lock. A valve-opening

schedule of k minutes resulted in a filli ng time of 12.5 minutes and a maximum

hawser force of 8 tons without supplemental use of the upstream lock tainter gate.

The lock emptied in l6 minutes. Studies

have shown that staggered valve operation

will reduce maximum hawser stresses. Operational tests of the final design were made with several heads and barge

positions using a k-minute valve-opening

schedule. One combination of head and

barge position corresponds to expected

conditions of prototype tests to be per- formed in Dec. 1957-

(h) Six. memorandum reports have been issued

and two are in preparation.

(2662) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF JOHN DAY LOCK AND

DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash.

(c) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Walla Walla, Building 602, CityCounty Airport, Walla Walla, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A fixed-bed model constructed to an un- distorted l:80-scale will reproduce the

Columbia River from Mile 213.7 to 216.8. The structures will be at approximately

Mile 215-5- Investigation of flow con- ditions will be conducted for construction

101
(2664

(b

(c

(f

(h)

stages and for completed project in the

interests of design, navigation, fish migration, and power. Construction of model and verification test have been completed.

MODEL STUDY OF EAGLE GORGE TUNNEL, GREEN

RIVER, WASHINGTON.

U. S. Army Engineer District, Seattle,

Corps of Engineers, Seattle, Washington.

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Seattle, 4-735 East Marginal Way,

Seattle 4, Washington.

Experimental; for design. A l:25-scale model of regulating tunnel re- produced the tunnel intake, one emergency

gate, control valves, approximately 700

feet of 500-foot-radius, 22- by 22-foot

horseshoe tunnel, stilling basin, and outlet channel. Tests completed. Tests showed that center pier of intake

section could be reduced in length without

adversely affecting flow conditions. Original stilling basin was changed to a nonbaffled type, floor elevation lowered 6 feet,

and a 45 -degree end sill used to allow un- impeded passage of rocks through structure. Pressure, water-surface, velocity, and

valve rating data were obtained for all

anticipated operating conditions. Although

hydraulic downpull on an emergency closure

gate could not be measured directly for

prototype conditions, maximum values of

downpull, as computed from pressures indicated in the model, ranged from 177 "to 186 kips

.

Five memorandum reports have been issued.

(2665) MODEL STUDY OF ICE HARBOR POWERHOUSE INTAKE

GATES, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

(c) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Walla Walla, Building 602, CityCounty Airport, Walla Walla, "Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The l:25-scale model contains a test unit

consisting of intake and scroll case with emergency closure gates and gate slots. The middle closure gate is reproduced in

plastic with a synchronous-motor-operated

lifting mechanism to simulate prototype

operating speed. Provision was made to measure pressures on the gate lip with

several lip designs. Tests are being made

to determine the gate design producing the

least downpull force during emergency

closure

.

(g) Tests have been made on a l:25-scale model

of one unit of Chief Joseph powerhouse to correlate model downpull forces on intake

gate with tests made at Chief Joseph power- house during 1955- Correlation was made

to obtain a basis for evaluating tests of

Ice Harbor powerhouse intake gates . The

powerhouse intake gate for Ice Harbor Project has been tested with 12- and 20-inch

lip extensions and with a 45 -degree lip.

(h) Memorandum report on Chief Joseph tests

has been issued. Report of Ice Harbor

test is in preparation.

(2666) MODEL STUDY OF ICE HARBOR DAM FISH LADDERS, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash.

(c) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Walla Walla, Building 602, CityCounty Airport, Walla Walla, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:10-scale model reproduces a 4l-pool

tangent of the 1 on 16 slope, 24- foot-wide,

south fish ladder in addition to the 6- pool orifice control section of the, south

fish ladder. Investigations are concerned

with fish ladder surge and its elimination

and the size and locations of orifices in

the control section (no overflow) to func- tion with a 5 -foot change in pool elevation without creating undesirable flow

conditions. Model was modifiecl to include

l6-foot-wide orifice control section and

pools of l6-foot-wide 1 on 16 slope fish

ladder to check design of orifice control

section and determine flow characteristics

in typical fish ladder pool.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Results with 24-foot-wide ladder indicated

that surge would occur within operating

range of fish ladder unless a weir crest approximating a sharp edge was used. Surge was reduced with a contracted weir.

Uniformity of heads in control section was obtained by varying the spacing of orifices in alternate baffles. Flow conditions in typical pool of l6-foot-wide ladder were satisfactory and plunging flow

continued to a head of approximately 15 inches on a weir. Uniformity of heads in

control section of l6-foot-wide ladder

was obtained by varying the spacing of

the two orifices in each baffle.

(h) Two memorandum reports have been issued; one is in preparation.

(2918) MODEL STUDY OF NORTH HARTLAND DAM, OTTAUQUECHEE RIVER, VERMONT.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer Division, New England,

Corps of Engineers, Boston, Massachusetts.

(c) Division Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

Division, New England, 150 Causeway St., Boston l4, Massachusetts.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:50-scale, fixed-bed model reproduces

a portion of the 185- foot -high, 1520-

foot-long earth embankment dam, sufficient

forebay area and topography to simulate

natural flow conditions, and the 4-50- footlong spillway crest and 50-foot-wide

trapezoidal side channel through the left

abutment of the dam. The spillway is de- signed to pass a maximum flood of l60 900

cfs under a head of 20-3 feet. The study

is necessary to insure that the spillway

of adopted design will be economical to

102
[

(f

(g

(h

(2919

(c

(d

(e

(g)

(2920;

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

construct and will perform satisfactorily. Tests completed.

Although the original design straight

crest was satisfactory, tests showed that

an L-shaped crest 485 feet in length would

be adequate and would require less rock

excavation. Two memorandum reports are in preparation.

MODEL STUDY OF CHANNEL IMPROVEMENT PLANS, PALOUSE RIVER, COLFAX, WASHINGTON.

U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash. District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Walla Walla, Bldg. 602, CityCounty Airport, Walla Walla, Washington.

Experimental; for design. A l:40-seale flume model will "be used to determine the extent of channel enlarge- ment and modification, levees, flood walls,

and revetments necessary to protect the town of Colfax, Washington, from the fol- lowing higher-than-record discharges:

Ik 500 cfs in the South Fork, l6 800 cfs in the Palouse River above the mouth of

the South Fork, and 28 000 cfs in Palouse

River below the mouth of the South Fork. Space limitations require sharply curved

channels of varying cross section which

are further restricted by bridge piers at several locations.

Model design and construction have been

initiated.

MODEL TESTS OF SERVICE GATE SEALS, EAGLE

GORGE DAM, GREEN RIVER, WASHINGTON.

U. S. Army Engineer District, Seattle,

Corps of Engineers, Seattle, Washington.

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Seattle, 4735 East Marginal Way,

Seattle h, Washington.

Experimental; for design. A square bulb, "J" type rubber seal with

and without a brass chafing strip cast into the bulb will be tested to determine

(l) maximum satisfactory clearance between

retainer bar and sealing plate; (2) maxi- mum seal and support plate clearance that

will be closed by the force from the top

seal; and (3) friction factors. Heads of

100, 150, and 200 feet will be tested.

Construction of apparatus has been initiated.

measurement of hydraulic load on stop log

as it is lowered into place in high velocity flow.

(g) Design and construction will be initiated.

(2921) MODEL STUDY OF ICE HARBOR SPILLWAY STOP

LOG, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash.

(c) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Walla Walla, Bldg. 602, CityCounty Airport, Walla Walla, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:20-scale model of a single bay of Ice Harbor spillway dam will be installed in

an existing Laboratory flume. Structural

features of stop log will be reproduced

and facilities will be provided for direct

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, Los Angeles District.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1732, 2198,

2667, and 2922, should be addressed to U.S. Army

Engineer Dist., Los Angeles Corps of Engineers,

P.O. Box 17277, Foy Sta., Los Angeles 17, Calif.

(1732) MODEL STUDY OF SAN ANTONIO OUTLET WORKS

CHANNEL

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) The outlet channel which will carry discharges from the ih. 5-foot diameter tunnel of San Antonio Dam will be 14.5 feet wide, curved in alinement, and will carry

the design discharge of 8,000 cfs at a depth and velocity of 9 feet and 6l fps,

respectively. A diversion structure to turn out flood flows from the high velocity channel for conservation use is required. The intake for the proposed diversion consists of a slotted opening

across the bottom of the outlet channel.

Flow passing through the slot will enter

a chamber under the channel. Discharge

from the chamber will be regulated by

slide gates, k feet wide by k feet high.

There will be four gates on the left side

to pass 600 cfs, and two gates on the

right side to pass 300 cfs. Test of the

design are being conducted in a 1:20-

scale model.

(g) Results indicated satisfactory flow con- ditions in all portions of the structure.

(2198) MODEL STUDY OF SUPERELEVATED FLOW IN CURVED TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) Tests are being conducted in curved trapezoidal channels to determine the characteristics of flow, and the effectiveness

of spiral easement curves in maintaining

equilibrium of flow in the curve and in

the downstream tangent. A l:25-scale

model having a base width of 62.5 feet,

side slopes of 1 on 2.25, a curve with

centerline radius of 885 feet, and spiral easement curves 325 feet long at the be- ginning and end of the circular curve, is being used for the tests. Tests were conducted with discharges of 35>000 cfs and 45,000 cfs in which the velocity of

flow was 35 fps and 4-3 fps, respectively.

(2667) MODEL STUDY OF SANTA ANA RIVER LEVEES AT RIVERSIDE, CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental for design.

103
1

(e) The Santa Ana River is an alluvial stream which carries considerable bedload during

floods . Rock revetted levees having a 1 on 2 side slope are proposed to confine

the design flood of 195,000 cfs. Two bridges are located 1,300 feet apart. The left levee is continuous upstream and down- stream from the bridges, and the right

levee extends downstream from the abutment

of the upstream bridge to form a trapezoidal channel having a base width of 930

feet . Flow will be subcritical upstream

from the bridges, and supercritical down- stream from the bridges. Tests are being

conducted in a movable bed model having a horizontal scale ratio of 1:120 and a ver- tical scale ratio of l:h0 to determine re- lative scour due to alinement of levees

and bridge piers.

(g) Stone protection was added to prevent

scouring along the right abutment of the

upstream bridge. Further investigations

to be conducted on relative scour around

bridge piers of the upstream bridge.

(2922) MODEL STUDY OF WALNUT CREEK INLET CHANNEL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) Walnut Creek Inlet Channel consists of a trapezoidal transition channel 1,000 feet in length. The upstream end is connected

to a 110 foot rectangular concrete channel.

The downstream end joins a natural 350 foot wide trapezoidal channel with grouted stone side slopes 1 on 2. Velocities for a discharge of 40,000 cfs range from 35 fps at the upstream end to 13 fps at the down- stream end of the transition. Tests were conducted in a l:60-scale model to determine the stability of the loose stone in

the transition, and the relative scour occurring in the invert just downstream of

the transition.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) A satisfactory design was obtained by lining the invert of the transition with

grouted stone for the first 300 feet and

dumped stone for the remaining 700 feet

.

Scouring of the natural stream bed immediately downstream from the end of the tran- sition was negligible.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS,

St. Paul District.

IN COOPERATION WITH ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY

.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos . 194, 4l2, 985 > 2670, 2923, and 2924 should be addressed to the

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District,

St. Paul, 1217 U. S. Post Office and Custom House,

St. Paul 1, Minnesota.

(19U) A STUDY OF METHODS USED IN THE MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT LOADS IN STREAMS.

(b) Subcommittee on Sedimentation, Inter-Agency

Committee on Water Resources.

(d) Experimental; applied research and develop- j ment

.

(e) Plans and specifications to facilitate the ' manufacture of suspended sediment and bed

material samplers, particle size analyzers 1 and associated laboratory apparatus have

| been prepared. Approved designs available

include a hand operated sediment sampler

weighing 4 pounds, a medium weight sedi- ment sampler (62 pounds), heavy sediment

samplers (100 and 300 pounds), a sediment

sample splitter, a bottom withdrawal tube,

a hand operated bed material sampler, a heavy bed material sampler (100 pounds),

and a particle size analyzing apparatus

using visual-accumulation sedimentation

tubes for sand samples.

(g) Tests are in progress on an automatic

single-stage suspended sampler for flashy

and intermittent streams. Prototype tests 1 on an intermittent pumping and settling

type sampler were started at a field test- ing station. Tests are progressing on experimental apparatus developed for de- termining suspended sediment concentration

and particle size distribution by means of pressure differential and acoustical de- vices . Report No. 12, "Some Fundamentals of Par- ticle Size Analysis", is ready for re- production.

(h) "Automatic Single-Stage Sampler", Byrnon

C. Colby, 17 pages, dated November 27, 1956.

"The Development and Calibration of the

Visual-Accumulation Tube", report No. 11, 1 109 pages, 1957.

(412) ST. ANTHONY FALLS LOCKS.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, St. Paul.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The lower lock has a single-culvert sys- tem and chamber laterals; the upper lock

has culverts in each side wall and chamber

laterals alternating from the two culverts. - The two locks will have lifts of 25 and

49 feet, respectively. Tests were made on [ the hydraulic system for the upper lock in I a model at a scale of 1:22.4.

(f) Testing completed.

(g) The upper lock will have intake manifolds

located in both sides of the upstream

approach walls to alleviate adverse cur- rents at the lock entrance. Model tests showed that the lock could be filled in 8 minutes and that the maximum hawser pull

on a tow would be about 2 tons . The

emptying system provides a split discharge

to reduce turbulence in the lower approach

bay. The land wall culvert will discharge

into the lower approach through diffusers

and the river wall culvert discharges into

a stilling basin riverward of the lock.

(h) Final report is being prepared.

(985) FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEMS FOR HIGH- LIFT LOCKS.

(b) Office, Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army,

10*4
Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To develop adequate criteria for the de- sign of filling and emptying systems for

high-lift locks. Tests will be conducted

in prototype locks , in model locks for definite projects, and in a general lock

model simulating a maximum lift of 150

feet.

(g) Sinkage tests were made in the general

model on tows moving out of the lock. Sinkage was recorded hy linear transducers

at midlength of chamber and at the lower

sill on tows moving 0.66 to 3-0 miles/hour

(prototype). Factors affecting sinkage

included the draft and size of tow, its

speed, the width of lock, and the depth of

water over the sill.

(2670)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(h)

(2923)

MODEL STUDY OF FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEM

FOR JACKSON LOCK, TOMBIGBEE RIVER, ALABAMA.

U. S. Army Engineer District, Mobile.

Experimental; for design.

The model was built to a scale of 3 "to 100-- simulating a lock 110 feet wide by 670 feet

long with a lift of about 3k feet. The per- formance of the proposed design of the hydraulic system was tested and modifications

to improve performance were developed.

Testing completed.

Final report in preparation.

FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEMS FOR FORT GAINES LOCK, CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Mobile.

(d) Experimental; for design.

( e ) The Fort Gaines Lock will be 82 feet wide

by i+50 feet long with a lift of 88 feet. The filling and emptying systems include

sill intakes, side wall culverts, a split

system of chamber laterals, and discharge

outlets located riverward of the lock and

downstream from the spillway section of

the dam. Because of poor foundation ma- terial at the site, lock culverts will not be located at a low elevation relative to

the downstream pool. It is planned to have the culverts submerged only 8 feet below tail water. A section of the culvert at the valve was tested in a pilot model at a scale of 1 to 2h.2k to determine whether the culvert immediately downstream should be modified to alleviate low pressures. The complete

hydraulic system is being tested in a general model at a scale of 3 "to 100.

(f) Testing is in progress.

(292U) MODEL STUDY OF FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEMS

FOR BARKLEY LOCK, CUMBERLAND RIVER.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Nashville.

(c) Experimental; for design.

(e) The Barkley Lock will be 110 feet wide and

800 feet long with a dual culvert system

and a maximum lift of 73 feet. Intake port

manifolds will be located in the upstream

approach walls and bottom lateral culverts

(f)

in the lock chamber. Both culverts will

discharge into the filling basin of the

adjoining spillway. Tests in the model,

built to a scale of 3 to 100, will determine the adequacy of the hydraulic system

and develop necessary improvements.

Testing is in progress.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS,

Waterways Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to The Director, Waterways Experiment

Station, Corps of Engineers, P. 0. Box 631, Vicksburg, Mississippi.

(218) CONDUIT INTAKE MODEL TESTS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Scale models are being used for a general

study of the hydraulic characteristics of entrance curves for (l) a gated tunnel

having a rectangular entrance with floor

at same elevation as approach channel

(entrance flared in three directions),

and (2) a rectangular conduit in which

parallel side walls are extended upstream

from the entrance and only the roof is flared (entrance floor at same elevation

as approach channel). Tests involve de- termination of pressures and discharge

coefficients. A study of rectangular con- duits with entrance flared in four directions has been completed.

MODEL STUDY OF FLOOD CONTROL, CUMBERLAND,

MARYLAND.

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Washington, Corps of Engineers,

Washington, D. C. Experimental; for design. A fixed-bed, 1:60 model of the critical

portions of Wills Creek and the North

Branch of the Potomac River was used to study and develop proposed plans for pro- tection of Cumberland from floods. The principal design problems centered around

the determination of satisfactory sidewall alinements, bridge pier and abutment

designs, and junction design, adequate

stilling basin below industrial dam, and

amount of dredging that can be eliminated

below the industrial dam. The model was adjusted hydraulically to reproduce three

floods of record.

(f) Completed.

( g ) The final plan developed from the model

tests resulted in lowering stages below

the confluence of Wills Creek and North

Branch by about 3 feet by increasing channel capacity, and in permitting the use of

a relatively high velocity channel through

the lower reaches of Wills Creek without

the need for excessively high side walls.

(h) "Flood Protection Plans for Cumberland, Md.

(230)

(D)

(a)

(e)

67776 O - 58 - 8 105
and Ridgeley, West Virginia; Hydraulic

Model Investigation", Waterways Experiment

Station Technical Report No. 2-kkQ, Jan. 1957 • ( Available on loan .

)

(236) MISSISSIPPI BASIN MODEL.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The project provides for construction and

operation of a model of the Mississippi

River Basin including the Mississippi, Ohio,

Missouri, White, Arkansas, and Red Rivers,

and their principal tributaries. All ex- isting and proposed flood-control reservoirs, dikes, floodwalls, and other pertinent works will be reproduced. The model

area comprises 200 acres, and measures

U,500 feet east and west, and 3,900 feet north and south. Completed construction

consists of the Upper Mississippi River

from Hannibal, Missouri, to Tiptonville,

Tennessee; the Missouri River from Sioux

City, Iowa, to the mouth; the Arkansas

River from Blackburn Dam Site, Oklahoma,

to Pine Bluff, Arkansas; the Ohio River

from Louisville, Kentucky to the mouth;

the Cumberland River from Old Hickory Dam, Tennessee, to the mouth; and the Tennessee River from Pickwick Dam to the mouth. The

topography of the streams and flood plains

are being reproduced to a horizontal scale

of 1:2,000 and vertical scale of 1:100. Water-surface elevations are measured by

electrically operated stage devices with

the recorders located in central control

buildings. Stream flow is introduced and

controlled by automatic instruments called

inflow controllers. The model was designed

to aid in the development of coordinated

basin-wide plans for flood control and

operation of flood-control structures,

(g) The extent of operation of the model is determined each year by the testing programs requested by the Districts and Divisions that have operable sections on the

model. Tests were conducted during the

current year for the Missouri River Division,

Ohio River Division, Lower Mississippi Valley Division, and the Southwestern Division.

The tests consisted of studies of floodrouting methods to aid in flood forecasting

and reservoir operations on the Missouri

River, verification tests of the Kentucky

reservoir and Tennessee River reservoir

operation tests on the Cumberland River,

hypothetical and project floods to aid in planning flood protection on the Mississippi River, and the development of stage and

discharge data for ungaged tributary inflow

points on the Arkansas River.

(1+25) COMPREHENSIVE MODEL STUDY, DELAWARE RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Philadelphia, Corps of Engineers,

Philadelphia, Pa.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) To develop and test plans for reduction

of shoaling in several ranges of the navigation channel, the entire Delaware River

estuary from the Atlantic Ocean to Trenton j is reproduced in the model which is of

the fixed-bed, silt-injection type, with P scale ratios of 1:1,000 horizontally and

1:100 vertically. Tides and tidal cur- rents are reproduced by automatic tidegenerators. Observed prototype salinities

are reproduced in the Delaware Bay portion

of the model, and provisions made for the 1 injection of silt, and for measuring silt

^ deposits. Studies are also made of sa- linity intrusion and the dispersion and

dilution of wastes discharged into the

estuary.

(g) Studies were made of effluent dispersion

from several industrial plants located

on the New Jersey shore. Results of these

studies indicate that river discharge is the dominant factor controlling effluent

concentration and upstream intrusion; outfall location may affect effluent concen- trations along the shore in the vicinity

of the plants, but will have little effect

on concentrations throughout the river or

on the extent of upstream intrusion.

The results of tests of a depened channel

from Philadelphia to the sea are being

analyzed, while results of tests of a complete or partial closure of Burlington

Island back channel indicate that shoaling in the back channel would be materially reduced but that an opening through

the fill would be required to prevent pollution of the remaining portion of the

back channel.

(h) "DuPont Plantfs Effluent Dispersion in Delaware River; Hydraulic Model Investigation", and "Dispersion of Effluent in

Delaware River from New Jersey Zinc Co. Plant; Hydraulic Model Investigation.

U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station Miscellaneous Paper No. 2-222,

May 1957, and Technical Report No. 2-457, June 1957; respectively (available on loan)

.

(673) GENERAL SPILLWAY MODEL TESTS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept.

of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A likO model is being used to study hydraulic characteristics of the standard

spillway shape with heads up to 1-1/3

times the design head of the crest, in- cluding the effect of crest piers and

gates, elevation of downstream floor of

spillway, and downstream slope of spillway. Tests will also be made to establish

general rules for design of roller-type energy dissipators. The drop from spill- way crest to bucket is varied to study

the effect of nappe thickness. Tests to study pressures on a flat apron-type en- ergy dissipator, to determine the effect

of tainter gate location on spillway pressures and discharge characteristics,

106
and to study the effect on discharge coefficients of the location of the toe curve

on a low ogee spillway have "been completed,

(f) Suspended.

(6lh) MODEL STUDIES OF FORT RANDALL DAM, MISSOURI

RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA.

(h) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

Dist., Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha,

Nebraska.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:100 comprehensive model was used to determine effects on velocities of depth

and curvature of the approach channel; to investigate flow over the chute-type,

tainter-gate-controlled spillway, and de- velop a good stilling basin design; and to study flow conditions in the exit area. A 1:50 outlet stilling basin model was used: to develop a satisfactory stilling basin

below the eight 28-foot-diameter conduits

which were being used for diversion during

construction and which will eventually be

incorporated in the powerhouse substructure;

to verify the design of the stilling basin

for the four 22-foot-diameter flood-control

conduits to insure satisfactory operation

under present and future tailwater conditions; and to determine the limit of re- quired tailrace paving and the necessity

for bank protective works by study of cur- rents and wave action. A 1:25 intake and

flood-control conduit model was used to determine the character of flow for various reservoir levels; measure loss coefficients of the intake structure; investigate

pressures in the transition section; and

determine the effects of partial gate

operation upon downpull and oscillation of

the gates and upon air requirements.

(f) Testing completed.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(678) MODEL STUDY OF CHARLESTON HARBOR, SOUTH

CAROLINA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Charleston, Corps of Engineers,

Charleston, S. C. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests were made to determine whether channel realinement, the provision of channel

control works, or other remedial measures will be effective in reducing the present

heavy rate of shoaling in certain reaches

of the harbor navigation channels. The

fixed-bed model had scales of 1:800 horizontally and 1:80 vertically.

(f) Testing completed.

(g) Tests show that diversion of 8ofo or more of

fresh water discharge would reduce shoaling

throughout harbor by 90$. Tests further

show that channel realinement in conjunction

with dikes at 3 shoals will reduce shoaling

by l&fo and will reduce total shoaling by 26$.

(993) CAVITATION RESEARCH.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The purpose of the investigation is to study the cavitation characteristics of

such structures as baffle piers, steps in

stilling basins, and offset joints. The

models are tested in a vacuum tank or a variable-pressure, closed-jet water tun- nel . An investigation is being conducted

to determine flow characteristics in gate

slots with upstream and downstream seal

gates. Flow from the lower lip of the

upstream seal gate "expanded" into the

slot and created severe turbulence and vortex action, indicating possible cavitation for prototype conditions. A review

of literature is under way to evaluate the

many variables that affect cavitation re- sults .

(99*0 EFFECTS OF MODEL DISTORTION.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A general study was made to determine the

hydraulic effects of various types and

degrees of model scale distortion on velocity distribution and other hydraulic con- ditions, with the ultimate aim of establishing limits of permissible distortion

for the various types of models. Tests were conducted in a triangular flume

having an adjustable central angle and

adjustable slope; tests are in progress

of a rectangular flume having a 90-degree

bend with provisions for changing the ver- tical scale to provide a distortion of

to 10. (g) Idalized triangular- flume studies were

successful in establishing quantitatively

the influence of channel shape on the channel resistance function for the cases

studied. Continuation of studies of this

type should be of value in the planning

of model experiments and the interpretation

of results, and should permit tabulation

of parameters which would establish limits

and effects of distortion for various types

of models. However, much more extensive

studies are required before such parameters

can be determined. Because of economic

factors the idealized studies have been

discontinued in favor of a more direct and

paractical approach.

(h) "Hydraulic Effects of Model Distortion:

Report 1, Triangular-Flume Study of Distortion Effects", U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Sept. 1957. (Available on loan.)

(998) STUDY OF WAVE FORCE ON BREAKWATERS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A general investigation of wave phenomena

and resulting forces is to be conducted

in a wave tank to develop formulas, sup- ported by experimental data, from which

107
wave pressures on impervious surfaces, ver- tical and inclined, can be determined.

(999) STABILITY OF RUBBLE- MOUND BREAKWATERS.

(b)

(a)

(e)

(g)

Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. Experimental; applied research.

Rubble -mound structures are studied in a wave tank to determine criteria for design

and construction. Test data will be pre- sented in dimensionless form; therefore no model scale is used. Test results on breakwaters constructed of

shaped and sized cap rock (quarry stone)

and protective layers of molded tetrapods

and tetrahedrons indicate that the relationship between the more important variables

is

7 H" r

k, (S d r cot a

where W is weight of individual armor

r units, y is the specific weight of the armor unit, H is height of selected de- sign wave, S is the specific gravity of armor units relative to the fluid in which

the structure is located (7 /y ), a is the angle of the breakwater ¥ace, measured

from the horizontal, and k is a dimensionless coefficient. For breakwaters

constructed of armor stone, k, varies

d from about 3 for the no-damage criterion

to l6 when as much as 30-60 percent of the armor stone is removed from the design sec- tion by wave action. For breakwaters con- structed with protective cover layers of

tetrapods and tetrahedrons it was found

that k was about 8 and 6, respectively,

for no damage. Test results on breakwaters

constructed of armor rock, tetrapods, and

tetrahedrons have shown that wave run-up

decreases with decreasing values of the

angle between the face of the breakwater

and the horizontal. Also, wave run-up de- creases as wave steepness increases . The wave run-up factor (ratio between height of

wave run-up and wave height) for rubble

breakwaters varies from a maximum of about 1.1 for a 1-on-l-l/^ slope to a minimum of

about 0.2 for a l-on-5 slope. On tetrapod

slopes, the maximum and minimum run-up fac- tors are about 1.1 for a l-on-l-l/3 slope

and about 0.6 for a l-on-3 slope. Prelimi- nary analysis of wave run-up data on tet- rahedron slopes indicates that the maximum

and minimum run-up factors are about 1.1

for a l-on-l-l/3 slope and O.h for a l-on-3

slope

.

(1000) ROUGHNESS STANDARDS FOR HYDRAULIC MODELS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A general study was conducted to evaluate

resistance of definite types of roughness

(b)

(a)

(e)

(1207)

(b)

(a)

(e)

(d)

(e)

in terms of Manning's "n" and other parameters, so that much of the trial-and-error

process of adjusting the surface roughness

of river models can be eliminated. Tests have been performed in three rectangular

flumes and a triangular flume. Inactive

.

(1002) SCALE EFFECTS IN HARBOR MODELS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Tests are being conducted to determine more efficient procedures of operating wave action models and analyzing the re- sults of wave studies . The program in- cludes wave damping, model boundary effects

and the techniques of generating longperiod waves

.

( 1001+ ) INSTRUMENTATION

.

Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. Experimental; development.

Various types of measurement and control

equipment for use in hydraulic studies

are being developed. These include equip- ment for measurement of velocity and di- rection of water flow, an acoustic flow- meter, equipment for generating model

tides, measuring wave heights, and dynamic

calibration of pressure cells.

MODEL STUDY OF PENSTOCK INTAKE AND SLUICE COASTER GATES.

Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. Experimental; applied research. A general study of relative merits of

various penstock intake and sluice coaster

gate lip shapes, seals, and recesses is being conducted. The investigation in- cludes determination of downpull effects

of changes in gate lip shape, length and

shape of seals, size and shape of the recess in the face of the dam, and need

for an air vent in the entrance. The 1:20 model of the sluice coaster gate is being tested in combination with a typical

sluice which includes a slide gate, standard entrance curves conforming to the

elliptical equation

(x

2/D2

) + (y

2/(D/3)

2

) = 1.

(1211) MODEL STUDIES OF H00SIC RIVER, ADAMS AND

NORTH ADAMS, MASSACHUSETTS.

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, New York, Corps of Engineers, New York, New York. Experimental; for design.

Three models were used to verify the hydraulic design for improvement of certain

sections of the North and South Branches

of Hoosic River in North Adams, Mass.,

and of the main channel in Adams, Mass.,

10c
and to determine whether changes should be

made for safety, increased efficiency, or economy. The flow in the major portion of

these channels will be below critical

depth. In Phase 1 of the North Adams study

a 1 : 30 model reproduced the lower sections

of the North and South Branches and about

1,300 feet of the main stream below the

confluence of the North and South Branches

.

In Phase 2 North Branch was extended to include the control weir at the upstream

limit of the improvement works for North

Adams . In Phase 3 South Branch was ex- tended upstream to include the debris basin

at station 182+75 . A 1:20 model reproduced

a section of the main channel beginning in

Adams approximately 8 miles above that re- produced in the 1:30 model. About 1,200

feet of Tophet Brook, which joins the

Hoosic River, also was reproduced. The

models were used to check such design fea- tures as channel alinement, transitions,

superelevation in bends, characteristics

of weirs, stilling basins, drop structures,

the treatment of intakes and outlets, wall

heights, and elevations of bridges,

(f) Inactive.

(h) "Flood Control Project, Hoosic River,

Adams, Massachusetts: Report No. 2, Model

Investigation of Phase II of Improvement

Works", Waterways Experiment Station Technical Memorandum No. 2-339, Feb. 1957-

( Available on loan .

)

(1212) MODEL STUDIES OF OUTLET WORKS, OAHE DAM, MISSOURI RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha,

Nebraska.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Three models were constructed for complete

investigation of the outlet works proposed

for Oahe Dam. A 1:60 model, reproducing

the downstream portion of six l8.25-footdiameter outlet tunnels, the stilling basin, and 2,300 feet of the discharge and

pilot channels, was used to investigate

the performance of the outlet works and to effect revisions demonstrated to be desirable. A 1:25 model of the upstream portion

of one of the flood-control tunnels, the

control structure, and a short length of

tunnel downstream was used to: (l) check

piezometric pressures in the intake struc- ture and transition, particularly pressure

variations in the bulkhead slot area; (2)

determine the effect of curvature on flow

conditions in the upstream tunnel and

critical areas downstream therefrom; (3)

check piezometric pressures at various

points in the gate chamber of the control

shaft and the upstream and downstream

transitions, with particular attention to pressures near the gate slots and (h) test

surge conditions in the emergency gate

well. A 1:25 model of one of the regulatory tunnels consisted of a short length

of upstream tunnel, the control structure,

and all of the downstream tunnel and was

used to: (l) check piezometric pressures

in the gate slots, gate lip, transitions,

and gate passage; (2) study the effects

of forces acting on the service and emergency gates; (3) determine partial

.gate discharge ratings for the regulatory

gate; (k) measure air demand characteristics; (5) determine flow characteristics

in downstream transition and downstream

tunnel for any condition of partial gate

operation; (6) check piezometric pressures

in the downstream tunnel; and (7) determine most suitable length of fillets re- quired at outlet portal.

(f) Inactive.

(1U67) ANALYSIS OF HYDRAULIC EXPERIMENTAL DATA

(MODEL AND PROTOTYPE) AND DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN CRITERIA.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Analytical (model and prototype) and

field investigations; for design.

(e) A general study to develop, analyze, and

disseminate to Corps of Engineers establishments, hydraulic design criteria to insure adequate capacity, economy of con- struction, and safe and satisfactory

operation. Criteria are developed from

model and prototype tests relating to the

design of spillways, outlet works, gates

and valves, channels, and navigation

structures . Program also includes pro- totype tests in cooperation with other

Corps of Engineers establishments.

(g) "Hydraulic design criteria" charts have

been prepared on air entrainment in wide

chute flow, low ogee spillway discharge

coefficients, pressure drop coefficients

for sluice entrances flared on four sides,

intake losses for concrete conduits, discharge characteristics of gate valves,

rock criteria for riprap and river closures. Design aid charts have also been

prepared for gate vibration studies.

Operating forces on prototype tainter

valves were measured at Cheatham and

McNary Locks . Vibrations of a submergibletype spillway tainter gate at Cheatham

Dam and of a tainter valve and lock wall

at McNary Dam were measured in the prototype. Piezometric pressures along prototype conduits and in their intakes were measured at Whitney and Denison Dams. Piezometric pressures and their rapid

fluctuations in the vicinity of a prototype lock culvert tainter valve were re- corded at McNary Lock.

(h) "Hydraulic Design Criteria" Issue No. 7-

( Available for purchase in limited quan- tities. )

(1V72) INDIANA HARBOR, INDIANA (LAKE MICHIGAN)

,

MODEL STUDY OF WAVE ACTION.

(b) Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. and Inland

Steel Co., East Chicago, Indiana.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Investigation of a proposed bulkhead was

109
(f)

conducted in a 1:150 fixed-bed-type model

which reproduced all of Indiana Harbor.

Sufficient area of adjacent shore line and

hydrography lakeward of the harbor were re- produced to insure proper approach of waves

from critical storm directions. Model

waves were generated by a plunger-type wave machine 60 feet in length. Companion tests were performed in a small wave flume to de- termine the optimum design of a rubble wave

absorber, using an undistorted scale of

1:50. Completed.

(147*0 OPERATING FORCES OF MITER-TYPE LOCK GATES.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A general study to collect basic data on operating forces of miter-type lock gates

and to determine the effect of various ele- ments upon these forces is being conducted

in a 1:20 model. A lock chamber 110 feet wide is reproduced with provisions for vary- ing the length up to 600 feet on each side

of the gate. Forces required for operation

of miter gates will be measured for variations of the following elements : gate leaves,

speeds and accelerations of operation, sub- merged depths, recess shapes, bottom clearances, chamber lengths, and nonsynchronous

operation of gate leaves. Variations in the

type linkage driving the gate also will be investigated.

(f) Suspended.

(1V75) SIPHON ACTION AT PUMPING PLANTS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This study is being conducted to aid in

developing design criteria for pumping

plants that depend upon development of si- phonic action in the discharge side of the

pumps to yield the required discharge. A

full-size model of a 6-inch plastic discharge line with a lift of 30 feet has pro- vided data on the minimum initial priming

velocity and length of time required to ex- pel air from (prime) the siphon. Variables

investigated during the tests were: rates of flow, water levels in the discharge side

of the pumps, slopw and length of the riverward leg, and venting conditions at the

crown. A full-size model of a 12-inch plastic discharge line has been constructed to

aid in verifying design criteria.

(g) Analysis of test data has resulted in the

fol Lowing equation for the minimum velocity

required to start siphonlc action:

0.121

00

(a)

(e)

where V = velocity in full pipe in feet per second, D = diameter in feet, L = length of the sloping section

of the riverward leg,

S = sine of angle with horizontal,

g = acceleration due to gravity.

The generalized priming equation was de- rived from model data and checked against

prototype siphons of various lengths,

slopes, and diameters ranging from 12 to

72 inches. The observed velocities and

priming times agreed very satisfactorily

with the values computed by the generalized

priming equation and the priming time

curve obtained in the model tests. The following formula will give conserva- tive size air vents at the summit (to re- duce the positive phase of the priming

cycle )

:

d= 0.25 d( 5) where d = diameter of air vent in feet, D = pipe diameter in feet,

h = depth of submergence over the

outlet in feet.

(1735) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE RUN-UP ON SHORE

STRUCTURES.

(b) Resident Member, Beach Erosion Board,

Corps of Engineers, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Tests were conducted in a wave flume,

using a scale of 1:17, to investigate the

relationship between water level, wave

height, wave period, and beach slope and wave run-up on selected types of shore structures used to prevent erosion caused

by wave action.

( f ) Suspended

.

(1736) MODEL STUDY OF EFFECTS OF INLETS ON ADJACENT BEACHES.

Resident Member, Beach Erosion Board,

Corps of Engineers, Washington, D. C. Experimental; applied research.

To determine the effects of natural or artificial inlets on adjacent beaches for various conditions of waves, tides, rate of littoral drift, and other factors, tests are being made in a basin simulating an ocean and a lagoon separated by a barrier beach of sand that can be breached

to reproduce the desired inlet,

(f) Inactive.

(h) Preliminary Report: "Laboratory Study of

the Effect of an Uncontrolled Inlet on the Adjacent Beaches." Beach Erosion

Board Technical Memorandum No. 9k. (Copies available from the Beach Erosion

Board.

)

(1738) MODEL STUDIES OF GREENUP LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Huntington, Corps of Engineers,

Huntington, West Virginia.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:120 model of the nonnavigable-type

dam and twin parallel locks was used to

110
determine the best arrangements of locks

and appurtenant walls, to study approach

conditions under various flows and methods

of operation of control gates, and to de- monstrate to navigation interests the ac- ceptability of the proposed design from a navigation standpoint. Additional tests were conducted to determine the feasibility

of replacing portions of the upper and

lower guard walls with pontons and cells. A 1:25 model reproduced the proposed

emergency gate and a portion of the upper

approach to the lock. The purpose of the

model investigation was to determine the

vertical forces acting on the 110-foot-wide

by 11-foot-thick emergency gate as its crest is raised from elevation 497 to above

the upper pool, elevation 515 j under all possible conditions of tailwater.

(f) Testing completed.

(h) Final reports in preparation.

(1739) MODEL STUDIES OF MARKLAND LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineers, U. S. Army Engineer

Districts, Huntington and Louisville, Corps

of Engineers, Huntington, W. Va.,and Louisville, Kentucky.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A comprehensive 1:120 model of the nonnavigable-type dam and twin parallel locks, a 1:36 section model of the spillway and

stilling basin, a 1:4 section model of the

gate sill and gate lip and two 1:25 models

of a vertical-lift-type spillway gate and

a submergible-type spillway tainter gate were constructed to: (l) Determine best

arrangements of locks and appurtenant walls;

(2) study approach conditions under various

flows and methods of operation of control

gates and powerhouse; (3) demonstrate to navigation interests the acceptability of

the proposed design from a navigation

standpoint; (4) investigate the design of

the spillway and stilling basin elements;

and (5) determine the hydraulic characteristics of a vertical-lift spillway gate

and a submergible, tainter spillway gate.

(f) Testing completed; preparation of final

report on section models in progress.

(g) Tests on the 1:120 model indicated that

navigation conditions in the upper approach

can be improved by straightening the aline- ment of the left bank upstream of the dam

and dredging the right bank to reduce velocities in the upper approach. Additional

ports will be required in the upper guard

wall to reduce currents sweeping around

the end of the wall. The top elevation of

ports should be lowered to prevent tows

from being drawn against the wall. The

number of gate bays in the dam can be re- duced from 13 to 12 without adversely af- fecting navigation. Any undesirable con- ditions in the lower approach resulting

from operation of the powerhouse during

low flows can be eliminated by operation

of selected dam gates. Tests on the 1:36

model indicated the most satisfactory

stilling basin design to consist of a 74-

foot -long basin with two rows of 6- foot

high baffle piers and a 4- foot -high endsill. This model also showed that the

vertical-lift gate of original design was satisfactory. The gate indicated no tend- ency to vibrate and maximum uplift and

downpull forces on the gate were approximately 8 percent of the dry weight of the

gate (653 kips). Tests on the 1:25 model

of a submergible-type tainter gate also

revealed satisfactory performance. Maxi- mum downpull increased hoist loadings by

about 50 percent while uplift forces were

negligible. Vibration data indicated a maximum displacement of the gate of 0.225

inch at random frequencies ranging from

0.0 to 0.10 cycle per second,

(h) "Navigation Conditions at Markland Locks

and Dam, Ohio River; Hydraulic Model In- vestigation. " U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report

No. 2-446, January 1957- (Available on

loan.

)

(1979) MODEL STUDY OF STILLING BASIN, BULL SHOALS

DAM, WHITE RIVER, ARKANSAS.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

Little Rock, Arkansas.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The spillway was constructed with a steppedtype stilling basin designed to spread the

jets issuing from the conduits. After a period of operation the steps were damaged

by cavitation. A 1:12 model was used to develop a satisfactory method of repairing

the basin for conduit discharges; a 1:50

section model was used to check the per- formance of the modified basin with spillway discharges.

(f) Testing completed.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(1980) MODEL STUDIES OF TABLE ROCK DAM, WHITE

RIVER, MISSOURI.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

Little Rock, Ark.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:50 section model of the stilling basin

was used to determine the adequacy of the

basin for spillway flow, and a 1:12 model

of the stilling basin was used for tests of the basin under conduit flow. Current patterns and velocities around the training walls and in the powerhouse area were

studied in a 1:100 general model.

(f) Testing completed.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(1982) MODEL STUDIES OF OLD RIVER LOW-SILL CON- TROL STRUCTURE, OLD RIVER, LOUISIANA.

(b) President, Mississippi River Commission,

Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Miss.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The Old River low-sill control structure

111
will control flow into Old River, which

links the Miss, and Atchafalaya Rivers, so that the Mississippi River flows will be

divided "between the lower reach of the

Mississippi and Atchafalaya. Flow through

the structure will be regulated by eleven,

multiple -leaf, vertical-lift gates. Tests

of 1:36 models were made to study the over- all performance of the structure with spe- cial attention to flow conditions at the

abutments and the effectiveness of the

stilling basin in dissipating energy under

all tailwater conditions, and the adequacy

of the downstream riprap placement plan. Because the possible range of headwater and

tailwater elevations at the structure is

extreme, studies were made on 1:36 and 1:60

models of the vertical-lift gates to determine the vertical forces that the gate

leaves will be subjected to so that the

suspension system and hoist machinery could

be designed for maximum loading.

(f) Completed.

(g) Tests indicated that improved flow conditions could be obtained by realinement of

the upstream and downstream training walls.

It was demonstrated that the horizontal

stilling basin could be raised from elevation -12.0 msl to elevation -5-0 msl, and

that certain revisions to basin components

produced improved stilling action. Down- pull tests of the vertical-lift gates

showed that the two lower gate leaves

should be operated together in order to eliminate destructive bouncing which oc- curred when the bottom leaf was operated

by itself. The model riprap failed at a discharge slightly less than the maximum

design flood and at a tailwater 5 feet deeper than the minimum predicted. Model

tests failed to produce a riprap placement

plan which was significantly better than

the proposed design.

(h) "Old River Low-Sill Control Structure: Report 1, Downpull Forces on Vertical-Lift

Gates; Hydraulic Model Investigation", and

"Report 2, Studies of Riprap Placement

Plans; Hydraulic Model Investigation.

U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station Technical Report No. 2-UU7, Dec. 1956 and July 1957, respectively. (Available on loan.

)

(1983) MODEL STUDY OF SEDIMENT DIVERSION THROUGH

OLD RIVER CONTROL STRUCTURES, LOUISIANA.

(b) President, Mississippi River Commission,

Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Miss.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 10-mile reach of the Mississippi River

upstream of the mouth of Old River was re- produced in fixed-bed and movable-bed

models to scale ratios of 1:^00 horizontally and 1:100 vertically. Tests were con- ducted on the fixed-bed model to determine

a suitable location and design for control structures (consisting of an overbank and

a low-sill structure) that will permit the

same percentage of sediment to enter the

Atchafalaya River as now enters that stream

through Old River, when Old River is closed with a lock and dam. Tests were

then made on the movable-bed model to ob- 1 tain indications of: (a) Future develop- ments in the configuration of the Miss.

River channel in the vicinity as a result

' of the diversion, and the effects of such

developments on sediment distribution

between the river and control structures; and (b) the effects of the diversion channel entrance shape and alinement on sedi- ment diversion and scour of the channel

banks

.

(f) Completed.

(g) Principal conclusions were that the con- figuration of the portion of river channel

reproduced would remain fairly stable if

no diversion were made and that changes

resulting from the diversion would be

gradual under normal conditions . With the

diversion normal to the river channel

about 60 percent of the river sediment

load would be diverted. Means of regulating the amount of sediment diverted and

of protecting the diversion channel banks

from scour were developed. j (h) "Old River Control Structure Sediment

Diversion (second phase)." U. S. Army

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station

Technical Memorandum No. 2-388, Report 2, Oct. 1957. (Available on loan.)

( 19814- ) MODEL STUDY OF CONTROL GATE FOR TUNNEL

NO. K, FORT PECK DAM, MISSOURI RIVER, MONTANA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Garrison, Corps of Engineers,

Riverdale, North Dakota.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests to study methods of eliminating

cavitation on the port liner and vibration of the cylinder gate in the main con- trol shaft of tunnel No. h were conducted

on a 1:25 model. Discharge capacities, pressures, air demand, and gate vibration

were determined for the existing cylinder

gate installation.

(f) Testing completed.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(1985) DEVELOPMENT OF TURBULENCE METER.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept.

of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; development.

(e) The investigation is being conducted to develop instruments that will: (2) Indicate the speed and direction of fluid currents at both great and shallow depths

and at both high and moderate velocities;

(b) receive signals from (a) and separate

them into (l) instantaneous velocity and

direction, (2) mean velocity and direction, and (3) the root -mean- square deviations from the mean.

( f ) A contract with the Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research for delivery of a pro- totype instrument has been continued for additional refinement of the instrument.

112
(1986) SALT WATER INTRUSION AND RELATED PHENOMENA.

(b) Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, Corps of En- gineers ( correspondence should be addressed

to Mr. C. F. Wicker, Chairman, Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, U. S. Army Engineer District, Philadelphia, Corps of Engineers,

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania).

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine the effects of salinity and

related phenomena on the vertical distribution of currents and shoaling characteristics in estuaries, tests are being made in

a lucite flume 327 feet long, 1.5 feet

deep, and 0.75 foot wide. One end of the

flume is connected to a 25 -foot -square tidal basin in which any desired tide may be produced and in which the salinity may be

controlled. The opposite end is connected

to a fresh-water source.

(1987) MODEL REPRODUCTION OF PROTOTYPE EROSION

BELOW STILLING BASINS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Initially, the investigation will be con- ducted on a model of a selected dam with

provisions for studying sands of different

sizes in the channel below the stilling

basin. Later, models with two or more different linear scales will be constructed

to verify findings using suitable bed ma- terials .

(1988) WATER TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON BED FORMS AND

ROUGHNESS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A laboratory flume, in which water temperatures can be varied to simulate normally

experienced summer and winter temperatures,

is being constructed for investigating the

effects of water temperature on bed forms

and bed roughness of various types of bed

materials

.

(2201) MODEL STUDY OF LAKE REGULATION, LAKE ERIE.

(b) District Engineer, U S. Army Engineer

District, Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, N. Y. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) An existing model of Niagara River and

Falls was used to determine the nature and extent of excavation in Niagara River that

would be required to increase the outlet

capacity of the river at high lake levels

.

The design of a regulatory structure that

would control flow into the river during

low lake levels was also investigated. The

fixed-bed model, constructed to scales of

1:360 horizontally and 1:60 vertically,

reproduced 26 miles of the Niagara River

from Lake Erie to the Falls.

(f) Completed.

(g) Two excavation plans were investigated:

one based on a wide, shallow channel and

the other on a deep, narrow channel. Test results indicated that either plan

would produce substantial lowering of lake

levels through excavation of up to about

10,000,000 cubic yards; greater amounts

of excavation would produce only slight

additional lowerings. Of the two plans,

the deep, narrow design was found more

efficient

.

Two locations of the regulatory structure were studied; one about k,000 feet up- stream from Peace Bridge, and the other

about 700 feet downstream from the bridge.

At each location tests were made of the

structure closing from both the American

and Canadian sides. Test results showed

that at the above-bridge location a shorter length of the structure could be closed

on the American side than on the Canadian

side and the desired regulation achieved;

downstream from Peace Bridge the reverse

was true

.

(h) "Plans for Regulation of Levels of Lake

Erie; Hydraulic Model Investigation.

U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station Technical Report No. 2-U56, June

1957- (Available on loan.)

(2203) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE RUN-UP AND OVERTOPPING, LAKE OKEECHOBEE LEVEE SECTIONS,

FLORIDA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Jacksonville, Corps of Engineers,

Jacksonville, Florida.

(d) Experimental; applied research and design.

(e) A model investigation of levee sections

proposed for impounding Lake Okeechobee

was conducted to determine the effectiveness of different types of sections in

preventing excessive overtopping of the

protective levees by hurricane-generated

waves. Most of the tests were conducted

on l:30-scale models of the levee sec- tions installed in a wave flume 9^ feet long with a testing section 1.5 feet deep

and 1 foot wide. A few tests were con- ducted in a larger wave flume (119 feet

long, k feet deep, and 5 feet wide) using

a linear scale of 1:17, model to prototype. The height of wave run-up on and

volume of water overtopping levee sections

of various slopes, crown elevations, and

lakeside berms for several depths of water

at beach toe and levee toe were determined.

Based on model test data, a method for se- lecting optimum designs for the different

reaches of levee at Lake Okeechobee was

developed.

(f) Completed.

(g) Test results showed that the height of wave run-up and quantities of overtopping

water vary with wave height, wave period,

levee slope, shape of levee face, depth

of water at toe of levee slope, and depth

of water at break in grade of composite

levee slopes. The height of wave run-up

and quantity of overtopping water de- crease as the slope of the levee decreases

113
and increase as the wave height and wave period increase. The construction of

terms on the lakeside of the levee face and a decrease in water depth at the toe of the levee slope decrease the height of wave run -up. An increase in the model

scale results in a small increase in wave run-up and an increase in overtopping which

increases as the quantity of overtopping

decreases. Although there is evidence of

scale effect, the model data are believed

to he sufficiently accurate for selection

of an efficient levee section. Test re- sults showed that, excluding levee slopes

of 1 on 2 and 1 on 10, which are considered

impractical, a levee slope of 1 on 6 would

he very efficient,

(h) "Wave Run-up and Overtopping Levee Sections,

Lake Okeechobee, Florida; Hydraulic Model

Investigation." Waterways Experiment Sta- tion Technical Report No. 2-1+1+9 , January

1957. (Available on loan.

)

(2U26) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION LOCK, PORT ALLEN, LOUISIANA.

(b) President, Mississippi River Commission,

Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Miss.

(d) Experimental; for design.

( e ) A new channel in the Gulf Intracoastal

Waterway from Indian Village to Port Allen,

Louisiana, includes a navigation lock in

the Mississippi River levee at that point.

Several designs for the lock ports were tested in a preliminary culvert and single

port model constructed to a l:25-scale

ratio. The major investigations were con- ducted in a 1:25 model reproducing 150 feet of upstream approach, intake manifolds,

1,250 feet of lock chamber, culverts, lateral ports, outlet manifolds, and 1,000

feet of downstream topography.

(f) Final report in preparation.

(g) Satisfactory designs were developed for the

ports and intake and outlet manifolds.

Valve schedules for filling and emptying

operations were developed.

(21+27) MODEL STUDY OF OUTLET WORKS, ABIQUIU DAM, RIO CHAMA, NEW MEXICO.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Albuquerque, Corps of Engineers,

Albuquerque, New Mexico.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:20 model reproduced the 12-foot-diameter outlet tunnel including the control

section consisting of twin gate passages

and a flip-bucket energy dissipator. Of particular interest were the transitions

between the rectangular gate passages and

the circular tunnel.

(f) Testing completed.

(g) A satisfactory gate transition section and

a junction for the controlled and uncon- trolled outlets were developed. Also a flip-bucket design was developed that gives

reasonable distribution of flow in the exit

area.

(h) Final report in preparation.

Hi

(21+28) MODEL STUDY OF SAVANNAH HARBOR, GEORGIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Savannah, Corps of Engineers,

Savannah, Georgia.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The investigation is being conducted in a model which reproduces the following: (a)

that portion of the Atlantic Ocean, adjacent to the harbor entrance, from Caliboque Sound on the north to Wassaw Sound

on the south; (b) the Savannah River and

its flood plain to the head of tide at Ebenezer Landing; and (c) that portion of

the Intracoastal Waterway which crosses the area included in the model. The model I is of fixed-bed construction with scale

ratios, model to prototype, of 1:800 horizontally and 1:80 vertically. Automatic

tide generators are used to reproduce

tides and tidal currents throughout the

harbor, and salt water is used in the model ocean to reproduce the effects of

density difference on current velocities

and distributions. Shoaling studies are made by injecting finely ground gilsonite

into the model to reproduce the patterns j of shoaling as observed in the prototype,

following which the effects of proposed

improvement plans on shoaling patterns

may be observed and evaluated. Studies

are also made of the effects of proposed

improvement plans on dispersion and dilution of contaminants discharged into

the harbor.

(g) Tests of plans designed to reduce shoaling in the harbor, or to shift the location of major shoals to areas where

dredged spoil disposal can be accomplished

without difficulty, indicate that diverj sion of fresh water would greatly reduce

shoaling, and off-channel sediment traps

would be effective in localizing shoaling, ' thus reducing maintenance dredging costs.

(21+29) MODEL STUDIES OF THE CORNWALL ISLAND AND EARNHART ISLAND - LAKE ST. FRANCIS

REACHES, ST. LAWRENCE RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Buffalo, Corps of Engineers,

Buffalo, N. Y. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Two fixed-bed models are being used to study plans for navigation improvement in

the lower portion of the International

Rapids section of the St. Lawrence River. A 1:100 model of the Cornwall Island

Reach reproduces all features of the

river from just below the tailrace of the

proposed Barnhart Island powerhouse to

about the mid-point of Cornwall Island,

and includes portions of both the north

and south Cornwall Island channels,

Polly's Gut, and the entrance to Grass River locks. A model of the Barnhart

Island-Lake St. Francis Reach, built to scales of 1:300 horizontally and 1:100

vertically, reproduces a greater area upstream and downstream of Cornwall
Island. Both models are being used to study navigation conditions in the approach

to the Grass River locks, proposed plans

for excavations in "both Cornwall Island

channels to effect navigation improvement

in South Channel, and to determine conditions that will he encountered by navigation during the construction of the project

features in the Cornwall Island Reach.

(2U30) GARY HARBOR, INDIANA (LAKE MICHIGAN), MODEL

STUDY OF WAVE ACTION.

(b) U. S. Steel Corporation, Gary Steel Works,

Gary, Indiana.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Investigation of a proposed bulkhead was conducted in a 1:150 fixed-bed-type model

which reproduced Gary Harbor. Sufficient area of adjacent shore line and hydrography

lakeward of the harbor was reproduced to

insure proper approach of waves from various storm directions. Model waves were generated by a movable plunger-type wave machine ko feet in length. Tests were con- ducted in a small wave flume to determine

the optimum design of a wave absorber to reduce wave reflection from the proposed

bulkhead, using a 1:50 scale in the flume tests

.

(f) Completed.

(2^31) MODEL STUDIES OF STILLING BASIN, WARRIOR

DAM, WARRIOR RIVER, ALABAMA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Mobile, Corps of Engineers,

Mobile, Alabama.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Two section models were used to determine

a stable slope for dumped riprap immediately downstream from the stilling basin and

to verify the adequacy of the spillway and

stilling basin designs for this proposed

navigation structure: (a) A 1:20 model re- producing kOO feet of the approach area, a portion of the spillway crest, left em- bankment, and stilling basin (2 full gate

bays and adjacent half bays), and 800 feet of the exit area; and (b) a 1:60 model of

the center section of the spillway and

stilling basin reproducing one full gate

bay and adjacent half bays.

(f) Testing completed.

(g) Satisfactory design of spillway and stilling basin, method of spillway gate operation, and determination of a stable slope

for dumped riprap below the stilling basin

were accomplished.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(2^32) MODEL STUDIES OF FORT GAINES LOCK AND DAM, CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER, GEORGIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Mobile, Corps of Engineers,

Mobile, Alabama.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Two models were used to study the hydraulic

characteristics of the spillway and

stilling basin, orientation of spillway

and powerhouse in the river channel, and

the alinement and location of the lock

for this proposed navigation structure:

(a) A 1:80 model reproducing the entire

problem area, including 1,500 feet of the

approach area, the spillway, and navigation lock, and 3.* 500 feet of the exit area

and (b) a 1:^0 model of the center section

of the spillway and stilling basin repro- ducing one full gate bay and adjacent

half bays,

(f) Testing completed.

(21+34) MODEL STUDY OF VERMILLION BAY, LOUISIANA.

(b) Department of Public Works, State of

Louisiana.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Vermilion Bay, on the Louisiana coast, Is connected with the Gulf of Mexico through

the deep and narrow channel of Southwest

Pass, and is part of a bay system consisting of East Cote Blanche, West Cote Blanche, and Atchafalaya Bays. The Ver- milion River and several smaller streams

flow into Vermilion Bay, but their com- bined discharges are too small during the

summer to prevent intrusion of saline

Gulf waters into the bay through South- west Pass. On the other hand, because of

barrier reefs and the discharge of the

Atchafalaya River, the waters of East

Cote Blanche, West Cote Blanche, and

Atchafalaya Bays are fresh enough for irrigation purposes during most of the year. The plan of improvement contemplates

closure of Southwest Pass in an attempt

to bring the salinity of Vermilion Bay

into agreement with that of these other

bays. Should this plan not be effective,

the shallow entrances to the other bays

might also be closed, provisions being

made to pass the discharge of the tributary streams over the closures

.

A fixed-bed model, to linear scales of

1:100 vertically and 1:2,000 horizontally,

reproduces a part of the Gulf of Mexico,

Vermilion, East Cote Blanche, West Cote

Blanche, and Atchafalaya Bays, and por- tions of the tributary streams. Provisions were included for reproducing salt water, as well as fresh water, flow.

(f) Testing completed.

(2673) MODEL STUDY OF BARKLEY DAM, CUMBERLAND

RIVER, TENNESSEE.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Nashville, Corps of Engineers,

Nashville, Tennessee.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:120 model, reproducing the Cumberland

River from mile 29. k to 32.2, the lock,

dam, and powerhouse, is being used to investigate flow characteristics in the

approaches to the lock. A 1:36 model,

reproducing the riverward downstream lock

wall including the culvert manifold which

discharges into the spillway stilling

115
basin, a discharge manifold discharging

through the stilling basin, five spillway

bays, 32k feet of approach channel, and

596 feet of exit channel, is being used to investigate flow characteristics in the

stilling basin and exit channel,

(g) Flow conditions were observed and watersurface profiles and velocities measured

throughout the models

.

(267U) MODEL STUDY OF CALUMET RIVER LOCK, SOUTH

CHICAGO, ILLINOIS.

(b) District Engineer,. U. S. Army Engineer

District, Chicago, Corps of Engineers,

Chicago, 111.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The Calumet River Lock in South Chicago

will be part of a project for widening and

deepening the Calumet-Sag Channel, an important link in the Great-Lakes-to-the-Gulf

Waterway. The lock will be 1,000 feet long,

110 feet wide, and will provide a depth of

12 feet over the sills. Normal lifts will

be of the order of 5 feet; however, extreme

conditions can produce head differentials

as great as 9 feet. Also, normal operation

will require lifts from the navigation pool

to lake elevation but reversal in head

during periods of low lake level is possible. Filling and emptying of the lock

will be accomplished between the leaves of sector gates, supplemented by loop cul- verts around the lakeside sector gates.

Filling and emptying characteristics were studied on a 1:20 model which reproduced

the immediate approaches and entire lock. Provisions were made for mechanical opera- tion of the sector gates and automatic

recording of pertinent data.

(f) Final report in preparation.

(2675)

(t)

U)

(e)

glass side so that flow patterns can be

observed directly.

(2676) HIGH VELOCITY PITOT TUBE.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- 1 ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; development.

(e) A cantilevered strut is being developed

for holding a pitot tube in open channel

flows with maximum depths of 5 feet and

maximum velocities of 60 feet per second.

(g) The submergible part of the strut has

been fabricated from 2-l/2-inch-diameter,

high strength tool steel. The traversing

mechanism for a ll4-l/2-foot-wide channel 1 will be manufactured upon completion of

design by the U. S. Army Engineer District,

Los Angeles

.

(2677) MODEL STUDY OF KALAMAZOO RIVER, BATTLE

CREEK, MICHIGAN.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Detroit, Corps of Engineers,

Detroit, Mich.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The project includes enlargement of por- tions of Battle Creek and Kalamazoo River,

which join within the city of Battle

Creek, and construction of a cutoff chan- nel to carry Kalamazoo River flow through

part of the city to the confluence. A

l:h0 model was used to study flow conditions at Fountain Street bridge over the

cutoff and at the confluence, and to de- termine necessity for superelevation of

channel curves.

(f) Completed.

(g) Channel realinement at the bridge and

addition of sharp-nosed extensions to the

upstream bridge piers improved flow. At MODEL STUDIES OF DARDANELLE DAM, DARDANELLE,

ARKANSAS.

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

Little Rock, Arkansas.

Experimental; for design. Two models are being used for the investigation. A 1:120 model reproduces the structures and 4,000 feet of approach chan- nel and 8,000 feet of exit channel. The

approach channel is molded in concrete to overburden contours while the exit channel

is molded in concrete to bedrock contours

but has the overburden topography molded

in pea gravel in order to facilitate re- vision of the channel configuration. It is proposed to measure currents around the

lock approaches for all arrangements of

structures; measure forces against barge

tows in the lock approaches; and introduce

some type of lightweight material into the

model to reveal sedimentation tendencies.

A 1:50 section model reproducing one full and two adjacent half-bays of the spillway

and stilling basin is being utilized for studies of the adequacy of the weir and

stilling basin design. This model has a

the confluence satisfactory flow conditions were produced by a longer curve on

one wall and an extension into the river

of the other wall. Superelevation of

channel curves was found unnecessary.

Tests were also made to determine if abutments of two railroad bridges could

be permitted to encroach on the cutoff

channel to shorten the bridge spans, but this was found undesirable,

(h) "F1 ood-Control Project for Kalamazoo

River at Battle Creek, Michigan." U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta- tion Technical Report No. 2-465, Oct. 1957. (Available on loan.)

(2678) MODEL STUDY OF LOCKS AND DAM NO. 1+1, LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Louisville, Corps of Engineers,

Louisville, Kentucky.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A fixed-bed, 1:120 model reproduces a four-mile reach of the Ohio River including adjacent overbank areas, the locks

and dam structures, and all bridges and

other structures that might affect flow

116
conditions. Investigations are being made

to: Determine the effects of location,

size, and alinement of a new approach channel on navigation and surge conditions; de- termine the "best location for a new navigable span on the Pennsylvania Railroad

bridge; determine a method of operating the

dam for optimum navigation conditions ; study navigation conditions in the lower

approach as affected "by flow through dam,

powerhouse, and lock-emptying system; and

provide a means for navigation interests to satisfy themselves as to the acceptability

of the proposed plan by observing the model

in operation.

(g) Tests indicate that enlarging the existing

canal would provide better entrance conditions. Navigation conditions were satisfactory in the lower approach for the flows

tested.

2679) MODEL STUDY OF PANEL GATES, OLD RIVER OVERBANK STRUCTURE.

(b) President, Mississippi River Commission,

Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Miss.

(d) Experimental; for design.

( e ) The Old River overbank structure will help

to control diversion from the Mississippi

River to the Atchafalaya River during flood

stages. The structure will consist of a low weir with crest elevation of 52.0 msl

surmounted by piers and panel gates for

controlling discharge. The spillway will

contain 73 gate bays with clear widths of

kk feet. Each bay will be fitted with 15 panels measuring 2 feet 10-1/2 inches by

18 feet. The panels will be hinged to the

superstructure above the weir and will seal

against the weir at the lower ends . The

gates will be operated by a crane cable

attached to the lower ends of the panels. A 1:8 section model of the spillway and

stilling basin, reproducing one full bay

and about 36 percent of each of the two

adjacent bays, was used for the study.

(f) Testing completed.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(2680) MODEL STUDY OF HURRICANE TIDES IN NARRAGANSETT BAY, RHODE ISLAND.

(b) Division Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Div.

,

New England, Corps of Engrs., Boston, Mass.

(d) •Experimental; for design.

(e) A fixed-bed model, 1:1,000 horizontally and

1:100 vertically, reproduces all of Narragansett Bay and an adjacent portion of the

Atlantic Ocean. An automatic tide genera- tor reproduces normal tides throughout the

model, and a separate, manually operated

generator reproduces hurricanetides of the

desired characteristics at the bay entrance Numerous barrier plans for prevention of

hurricane -tide damage have been proposed.

The relative and absolute effectiveness of

these plans in reducing hurricane-tide

elevations throughout the bay system were determined and the effects of the best plan

on such important factors as tidal

circulation, pollution, salinity, and

shoaling for normal conditions are under

investigation. Fresh water only was used

in the model during tests of the proposed

barrier plans, but both salt and fresh water are being used in the tests to de- termine the effects of the best barrier

plan on all significant factors for nor- mal conditions. Model appurtenances con- sist of automatic tide gages to record

both hurricane-tide and normal -tide elevations at critical points, recording sa- linity meters, recording dye meters for

observing pollution and/or flushing characteristics, current velocity meters, and

equipment for simulating shoaling of the

channels and other navigation facilities

.

(g) Tests of 36 plans for reduction of hurricane-tide heights in the bay area indicated that the most satisfactory plan con- sisted of a barrier in the upper bay near

Fox Point and barriers in the lower bay

near the Jamestown Bridge in West Passage,

Bull Point in East Passage, and Tiverton

in the Sakonnet River. All of the lower

bay barriers include fixed openings for navigation. The results of supplementary

tests to determine the effects of these

structures on salinity, pollution, and

shoaling are being analyzed.

(h) "Protection of Narragansett Bay From

Hurricane Tides." Interim Report, Feb. 1957- (Available on loan.)

(2681) LARGE SCALE TESTS OF RUBBLE-MOUND BREAKWATERS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept.

of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Tests are to be conducted by the Beach

Erosion Board, under the general super- vision of the Waterways Experiment Sta- tion, to investigate the effects of model

scale on the results of experimentally

determined criteria for the design of

rubble-mound breakwaters. Stability tests will be conducted on breakwater slopes of

1 on 1-1/2 and 1 on 2-1/2, using wave

periods of 3.36, 5-60, and 7.87 seconds. Tests in the Beach Erosion Board wave

flume (15 feet by 20 feet by 635 feet)

are being conducted using a linear scale

of 7-5 to 1 based on the tests conducted

in the Waterways Experiment Station 5- by

h- by 119-foot wave flume. Stability

tests have been conducted in the Waterways Experiment Station small wave flume

(l foot by 1.5 feet by 9h feet) using a scale of 0.5 to 1 based on tests conducted in the 5- by h- by 119-foot wave flume. Therefore, data on the stability of

rubble-mound breakwaters will be available

for three different linear scales, 0.5 to

1, 1 to 1, and 7-5 to 1.

(2682) SACRAMENTO BARGE CANAL LOCK MODEL STUDIES, SACRAMENTO RIVER, CALIFORNIA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

117
District, Sacramento, Corps of Engineers,

Sacramento, Calif.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The Sacramento Barge Canal Lock on the Sacramento River is part of the proposed

improvement for the Sacramento River Deep Water Ship Canal. The project plan con- sists of (a) a deep water channel from

Suisan Bay to Washington Lake, 30 feet deep

at mean low water, 200 feet wide in tan- gents and 300 feet wide in curves and

through existing channels, (b) a 70-acre,

30- foot -deep harbor at Lake Washington,

( c) a connecting barge canal from Washing- ton Lake to Sacramento River, 13 feet deep

and 120 feet wide with a navigation lock

86 by 600 feet, and a combination highway

and railroad bascule bridge. The maximum

anticipated lock lift determined from a study of proposed flow conditions is 21.1

feet. A minimum depth of 13 feet is pro- vided over the upper and lower gate sills. Because of the possibility of a reversal

of head, sector gates were selected as the means of filling and emptying the lock. Flow will pass directly into or from the

lock between the gate leaves as they are

opened. In addition the gate leaves and

recesses have been designed so that flow

will pass between the face of the leaves

and the wall of the recesses, thereby pro- viding three flow passages at each end of

the lock. The immediate approaches and

entire lock were reproduced in a 1:20 model.

Provisions were made for mechanical opera- tion of the sector gates and automatic re- cording of pertinent data.

(f) Completed.

(g) Operating schedules have been developed for lifts through 21 feet with hawser stresses

not exceeding 5 tons.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(2683) MODEL STUDY OF SURGES, LONG SAULT CANAL,

ST. LAWRENCE RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer,

District, Buffalo, Corps of Engineers,

Buffalo, N. Y. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Surges in the intermediate pool produced

by failure of the upstream lock (Eisenhower

Lock) gates were studied in a fixed-bed

model built to linear scale ratios of 1:200

horizontally and 1:100 vertically. The

model reproduced all pertinent features of

the portion of Long Sault Canal extending

from just upstream of Eisenhower Lock to

the downstream end of the Grass River Lock. Included in the model were Eisenhower and Grass River Locks, Dike No. 6, and the

18, 000- foot -long intermediate pool.

(f) Testing completed.

(268U) SUPERELEVATED FLOW INVESTIGATIONS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This study will be an extension of the work

performed by the U. S. Army Engineer

District, Los Angeles, CE, involving model

study of superelevated flow in curved open

channels . It will be concerned with the

use of superelevated spirals in simple and

S-curves of very short radii. A second

phase of the study will be concerned with

design of curves for equal distribution of energy across the channel at the down- stream end of the curve.

( 2685 ) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE ACTION, SUPERIOR

ENTRY, DULUTH- SUPERIOR HARBOR, LAKE

SUPERIOR.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, St. Paul, Corps of Engineers,

St. Paul, Minn.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:150 fixed-bed model reproduces all the navigation approach channel and harbor

breakwater structures as well as the inner

harbor dock area serving Superior, Wis.

The model consists of adjacent lake and

shore-line areas to permit reproduction

of storm waves from all critical directions. Investigations are being made: To determine the reasons for the wind-wave

problems that exist and cause ship damage

in the vicinity of the Superior Entry; and

to develop the most effective remedy pos- sible so that navigation and docking

hazards now prevailing will be adequately

reduced.

(g) Results of a wave-refraction study indi- cate that storms from N 5i+°E and N 62°30'E

are critical for this harbor. Tests per- formed to date show that severe wave

action now obtains along the Great North- ern Railway ore docks during storms from

these directions. A detached breakwater

about 1,500 feet long will provide adequate protection to the inner harbor if

the navigation aspects are judged satisfactory.

(2686) MODEL STUDY OF W00NS0CKET FALLS DAM,

BLACKST0NE RIVER, RHODE ISLAND.

(b) Division Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

Division, New England, Corps of Engineers,

Boston, Mass.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:50 fixed-bed model reproduced the

Blackstone River from about 1,600 feet above to about 600 feet below the dam, and

included provisions for measuring pressures

on the downstream side of the dam. The flood-control project channel improvement

includes reconstruction of the dam and

rock excavation between the toe of the

dam and a bridge just downstream to minimize submergence of the dam. (f) Testing completed.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(2925) ULTRASONIC FLOW MEASUREMENT.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept.

of the Army, Washington, D. C.

118
(d) Experimental; for design

(e) Various types of ultrasonic equipment will

be investigated in a 12-inch by 8-inch con- duit , with full and partial flow, to determine the relative accuracy of each type.

2926) FLOOD-CONTROL MODEL, LOWER MISSISSIPPI

RIVER.

(b) President, Mississippi River Commission,

Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Miss.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The Mississippi River flood-control model

is of the fixed-bed type with a horizontal

scale of 1:2,000 and a vertical scale of

1:100, and reproduces the Mississippi

River from Helena, Arkansas, to Donaldsonville, Louisiana, the Arkansas -White,

Yazoo, and Red-Ouachita backwater areas, the Old River Channel from Angola to Barbre Landing, Louisiana, the Atchafalaya

River and Basin to the Gulf of Mexico, and

the Morganza and West Atchafalaya Floodways. A series of tests was conducted to obtain stage and discharge data on past

floods of record, adjusted to 1950 prototype conditions, with the proposed Yazoo

River backwater levee in place. Another

series of tests, concerned with the

Atchafalaya River basin, was conducted to determine the effects of side channel clo- sures and dredging on stages in the main

channel within the Atchafalaya basin and

to obtain data for the development of fu- ture dredging programs.

2927) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, TROY LOCK AND DAM, HUDSON RIVER, NEW YORK.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, New York, Corps of Engineers, New

York, New York.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Navigation conditions at Troy Lock are ad- versely affected by the facts that the

lock and dam are the upper limit of tide- water in Hudson River, and a branch of the

Mohawk River enters the Hudson in an up- stream direction just above the lock. Tests to determine the most effective and

economical plan for eliminating the hazardous navigation conditions at the upper en- trance to the lock are being conducted in

a 1:100 model of the pertinent reach of

the Hudson and the lower 1,800 feet of the

Mohawk branch. The model includes the

lock and dam, all bridge piers within the

model limits, and sufficient overbank area

to reproduce flood flows. A remote-con- trolled towboat with tow is used to determine the effect of currents on tows enter- ing and leaving the locks,

(g) Tests indicate that the navigation problem

is due principally to the positions of

lock and upper guard wall, which are not in line with the project channel and main

currents, and to the limited maneuver area

available for tows attempting to overcome

effects of adverse currents rather than to the Mohawk River branch flow.

(2928) MODEL STUDY OF LOWER REACHES, ARKANSAS

RIVER NAVIGATION PROJECT.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, Vicksburg, Corps of Engineers,

Vicksburg, Mississippi.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Several alternate routes have been pro- posed for the lower 5^+ miles of the navigation project between Pine Bluff, Ark.

,

and the Mississippi River. A fixed-bed

model with scales of 1:600 horizontally

and 1:100 vertically, and reproducing

pertinent portions of the Mississippi River

channel, the White River channel, and the

Arkansas River channel, and adjacent over- bank areas, will be used to determine the

effects of stage fluctuations, overbank

flow, channel alinements, and other hydraulic features on the proposed routes

for the lower reaches of the navigation

channel and on the location and alinement

of the entrance from the Mississippi River.

The investigation will also serve to de- termine the necessity for special studies

in connection with the project.

(2929) MODEL STUDY OF NEW RICHMOND LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(a)

(e)

(g)

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, Huntington, Corps of Engineers,

Huntington, West Virginia.

Experimental; for design. A 1:120 model reproducing three miles of

the Ohio River and the main and auxiliary

locks together with the dam structures is being used to: Determine the best arrange- ment of the locks and appurtenant walls;

study approach conditions under various

river flows and methods of operation of

dam control gates; develop modifications

required to overcome any undesirable con- ditions; and demonstrate to navigation

interests the acceptability of the pro- posed design from a navigation standpoint.

Results indicate that there should be no serious navigation difficulties in the en- trances to the upper and lower approaches to the locks . It was recommended that the

elevation of the top of ports be lowered

to reduce the tendency for tows to be

pulled towards the upper guard wall.

;2930) MODEL STUDIES OF SPILLWAY AND STILLING

BASIN, AND NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, JACKSON LOCK AND DAM, T0MBIGBEE RIVER, ALABAMA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, Mobile, Corps of Engineers, Mobile,

Alabama.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Three models are being used to develop profiles and capacities of a fixed-crest and

a gated spillway, dimensions of the stilling basins below each, and to study cur- rents and velocities in the lock ap- proaches. A 1:36 model of a section of the

approach area, fixed-crest spillway, stilling basin, and exit area, and a 1:50 model

119
of a like section of the gated spillway are being tested. Navigation conditions at the

locks are being investigated in a 1:120

model of a 1.5 -mile reach of the river in- cluding the lock and dam and approach channels. The effects of currents and velocities on tows entering or leaving the lock

are observed, and modifications in lock or

channel configurations are tested to modify

any undesirable conditions noted.

(2931) MODEL STUDY OF SOUTHWEST PASS, MISSISSIPPI

RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, New Orleans, Corps of Engineers, New Orleans, Louisiana.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) To determine the effectiveness of proposed

improvement works (jetty extensions, chan- nel realinements , and contraction works)

in eliminating or reducing the periodic

maintenance now required in order for deepdraft vessels to navigate the jetty and

bar channels of Southwest Pass, the lower

12 miles of the Pass and the adjacent area

of the Gulf of Mexico will be reproduced

in a movable-bed model to scale ratios of

1:500 horizontally and 1:100 vertically.

Tides, tidal currents, littoral currents,

and wave action in the Gulf of Mexico, and

salt- and fresh-water flows in Southwest Pass and the bar channel will be simulated.

Model reproduction of existing hydraulic,

salinity, and shoaling conditions will

first be verified; then plans for reducing

maintenance dredging will be tested.

(2932) MODEL STUDY OF HUDSON RIVER, NEW YORK.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, New York, Corps of Engineers, New

York, New York.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A fixed-bed model study, built to scales

of 1:100 vertically and 1:1,000 horizontally, is to be used to determine the source of material shoaling the Hudson

River in the vicinity of Edgewater and

Weehawken piers and the most effective means of reducing or eliminating this

shoaling. The model reproduces Upper and Lower New York Bays, Raritan Bay, Hudson

River to Hyde Park, East River to Throg's

Neck, and tributaries flowing into the

modeled bodies of water. Provisions are made to reproduce tides, fresh-water discharge, salinity intrusion, and shoaling.

(2933) STUDY OF HARBOR DESIGN.

(b) Office of the Clv'ef of Engineers, Dept. of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A testing program is being prepared to de- termine general criteria for designing

harbors and harbor works to obtain optimum

protection from wave action. Program will

include both wind waves and seiches, and wave refraction and diffraction as applied

to harbor and breakwater planning will

be investigated.

(293U) DESIGN OF RUBBLE WAVE ABSORBERS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept.

of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

( e ) Rubble wave absorbers are to be studied

in a wave flume to determine criteria for

the design and construction of such structures. The study will include investigation of the effects of slope and shape of

face of the structure, and size, shape,

volume, and porosity of materials on the wave -absorbing characteristics of the structure

.

(2935) MODEL STUDY OF BUFFALO HARBOR, LAKE ERIE.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Buffalo, Corps of Engineers,

Buffalo, New York.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:125 model is being used to determine

(a) the feasibility of relocating the

navigation approach channel to the harbor, and (b) whether a detached break- water is necessary to reduce storm wave

action at the proposed new entrance of

the approach channel. The model reproduces about 13.2 square miles, including

nearly all of Buffalo Harbor and sufficient adjacent lake area to permit re- production of storm waves from all critical directions. Currents caused by discharge from Lake Erie into Niagara River

are simulated.

(g) Results of wave height tests performed

to date indicate that a detached break- water 1,800 to 2,000 feet long will provide adequate protection to the inner

harbor against storm wave action, with

the relocated navigation approach channel

installed.

(2936) MODEL STUDY OF BARCELONA HARBOR, LAKE

ERIE.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Buffalo, Corps of Engineers,

Buffalo, New York.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The site of the proposed harbor, located

on the south shore of Lake Erie, is ex- posed to waves from west-southwest clockwise to north-northeast. A fixed-bed

type, 1:68 model is being used to develop

a system of breakwaters to protect pleasure and fishing craft from these windgenerated waves. The model reproduces a sufficient area in the harbor vicinity,

up- and downshore and lakeward, to permit

generation of waves. Various breakwater

schemes will be installed in the model

and wave heights measured. Currents gen- erated by waves breaking near the navigation opening will be studied.

(g) Tests indicate that wave action in the protected area is appreciably lessened by

120
reducing the width of the navigation open- ing from 200 feet to 150 feet. Also, the

addition of a 100-foot lakeward extension

to the east "breakwater would "be desirable.

937) MODEL TESTS OF CULVERT TAINTER VALVES FOR NEW LOCK WO. 19, MISSISSIPPI RIVER, KEOKUK,

IOWA.

("b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, Rock Island, Corps of Engineers,

Rock Island, 111.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) One of the main features of the filling

and emptying system of new Lock No. 19 is the longitudinal culverts in each wall,

which are filled and emptied through re- verse tainter valves. Trial operation in

the prototype disclosed that when the

valves were operated at greater than twothirds angular opening, a pulsating load

was transmitted through the strut arm, re- sulting in reversal of load on the gear train of such severity that remedial action

is necessary if normal valve operation to the completely open position is to be

achieved. A 1:12 model is being tested in

an effort to eliminate or reduce the magnitude of the pulsating load. Data con- cerning rating, flow conditions, pressures, and valve loading are to be obtained to evaluate possible changes in the valve design.

(g) Hoist load test of the original design

valve revealed load reversals at large

openings. Revisions to the valve are now being studied.

(2938) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, TOWNSHEND DAM, WEST RIVER, VERMONT.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Garrison, Corps of Engineers,

Riverdale, North Dakota.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:50 model reproducing a portion of the

spillway approach channel, a section of

the dam, the spillway and its outlet channel, and the outlet tunnel, including intake and outlet, was used to: (a) Calibrate

the side-channel spillway and determine

the effectiveness of its upstream portion;

(b) study flow conditions in the approach, over the spillway, and in the outlet channel; (c) determine the effect of submer- gence of the crest on the discharge; (d)

determine the minimum amount of rock ex- cavation necessary in the approach area;

(e) determine if the spillway channel wall

properly confines the flow to the discharge

channel; (f) study the effects of tunnel

discharges downstream of the dam; and (g)

determine the water-surface profiles

throughout the model.

(f) Inactive.

(g) The model study indicated that the spillway and approach functioned satisfactorily.

Savings in rock excavation in the side and

discharge channels were effected by raising the original grades . The spillway

channel wall did not improve flow conditions in the discharge channel sufficient

ly to justify its cost.

(2939) MODEL STUDY OF STILLING BASIN, EAST BARRE

DAM, WIN00SKI RIVER, VERMONT.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, New York, Corps of Engineers, New York, N. Y. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:8 model that reproduces the down- stream end of the outlet tunnel, the out- let portal, stilling basin, and about 80

feet of the outlet canal is being used to

study means of increasing the discharge

capacity of the existing East Barre Dam

so that it will pass safely a maximum

probable flood based on recently revised

meteorological and hydrological data.

(g) Model tests indicated that the existing

stilling basin did not adequately dissipate energy at flows above 500 cubic feet per second.

(29^0) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, MCGEE BEND DAM, ANGELINA RIVER, TEXAS.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Fort Worth, Corps of Engineers,

Fort Worth, Texas.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) To verify spillway discharge coefficients

and resulting required length of weir, tests were conducted on a 1:12 model of

a section of the spillway and approach

and exit areas.

(f) Testing completed.

(g) Tests indicated that a vertical-face

broad- crested weir located at elevation

176.O was satisfactory for all conditions

of discharge. The model showed that this

design was more efficient than computations had indicated, and that predicted

backwater had no effect on discharge

characteristics

.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(29*a) MODEL STUDIES OF KEYSTONE DAM, ARKANSAS

RIVER, OKLAHOMA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Tulsa, Corps of Engineers,

Tulsa, Oklahoma.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Several models will be required to determine : The adequacy of design of the

stilling basin, weir, and training walls;

the best spacing for the nine flood-control sluices; and the alinement and outlet design of the sluices. A 1:100 gen- eral model will be used to study flow

patterns in the approach and exit channels, develop a satisfactory alinement

of the right training walls, and determine the required spacing of the floodcontrol sluices. A 1:36 spillway section

model will be used for the stilling basin

and sluice alinement tests. Final refine ments in the sluice outlet design, if

467776 O -58 -9 121
needed, will probably be developed In an existing conduit model at a scale of about

1:20 or 1:25-

(g) A basic series of tests in the 1:36 section

model have established the height, location,

and spacing of the baffles; the height and

location of the end sill; the elevation of

the basin floor; and the shape of the con- duit outlets

.

(29U2) OLD RIVER ROCK-FILL CLOSURE DAM MODEL

STUDIES

.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, New Orleans, Corps of Engineers, New Orleans, La.

(d) Experimental; for design.

( e ) Initial closure of the present Old River

channel will be accomplished by dumping

rock into low velocity water. A 1:10 model

of the rockfill dam will be constructed in

order to test the stability of the down- stream slope under critical flow conditions

and to determine the maximum amount of

seepage which will occur.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF PUBLIC

ROADS.

(856) HYDROLOGY OF STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN URBAN AREAS.

Cooperative with The Johns Hopkins Univ. See page 38-

(1071+) HYDRAULICS OF STILLING BASINS.

Cooperative with Colorado State University.

See page ik.

(1654) MODEL INVESTIGATION OF FISH-LADDERS IN BOX

CULVERTS.

Cooperative with Oregon State College. See page 5I+.

(191+5) ESTIMATING RAINFALL INTENSITY FROM TOPO- GRAPHIC PARAMETERS.

Cooperative with Stanford University. See page 66.

(19I+6) SYNTHESIS OF HYDROGRAPHS FOR SMALL AREAS.

Cooperative with Stanford University. See page 66.

(2066) STUDY OF OPEN CHANNEL CONSTRICTIONS IN A SLOPING FLUME.

Cooperative with Colorado State University.

See page 15

•

(213U) HEAD LOSSES IN STORM DRAIN JUNCTION BOXES.

Cooperative with University of Missouri.

See page 1+7-

(2266) HYDROLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS OF SMALL DRAIN- I AGE BASINS IN CALIFORNIA.

Cooperative with University of California.

See page 10.

(2320) A STUDY OF THE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGHWAY CULVERTS.

Cooperative with Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research. See page 35-

(2U35) HYDRAULICS OF PIPE CULVERTS.

Cooperative with National Bureau of

Standards . See page 123

•

(25I+O) SCOUR AT BRIDGE CROSSINGS.

Cooperative with Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research. See page 36.

(2604) FULL-SCALE TEST OF CONCRETE PIPE.

Cooperative with St . Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. See page 6k.

(2767) EDUCATIONAL FILMS ON OPEN CHANNEL FLOW.

Cooperative with Colorado State University.

See page 19-

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL BUREAU OF

STANDARDS, Fluid Mechanics Section.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 159 > 1^77,

11+78, 11+82, 171+2, 21+35 and 2I+36 sould be addressed to the Chief, Fluid Mechanics Section, National Bureau of Standards, Washington 25, D. C.

(159) MODEL LAWS FOR DENSITY CURRENTS.

(b) Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of

Engineers, Department of the Army.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and

applied research.

( e ) To determine model laws for models involvj

ing the motion of stratified liquids. The 1 two major problems are (l) the motion of

a heavy liquid initially confined in a "lock" when released into a long channel

containing a stationary lighter liquid, | and (2) the motion of a heavy liquid from

a "sea" into a long channel with either

still or flowing lighter liquid,

(h) "An Experimental Study of the Motion of

Saline Water from Locks into Fresh Water ' Channels", by Garbis H. Keulegan. NBS

Report No. 5l68, March 1+, 1957-

"The motion of Saline Fronts in Still

Water", by Garbis H. Keulegan (in preparation )

.

•

(11+77) TURBULENT EXPANSION OF JETS IN WATER.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of

the Navy.

122
(a

(e

(h

(1U78

(*

(a

(e

(1482

(a

(e

(a

(e

(f

(h

(b

(a

(e

(a

(e

Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search. To determine experimentally the nature of

turbulent expansion of jets in water with

relation to Reynolds number, using jets

of hot water, salt water, etc. Report in preparation.

WIND WAVES.

Office of Naval Research, Department of

the Navy.

Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search. Includes mathematical and experimental

studies of (l) wind tides (setup), (2)

growth of wind waves, and (3) surface

traction of wind on wavy surfaces

.

INITIAL VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS IN SALT WATER WEDGE.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; basic research.

To determine velocities and particle trajectories during initial motion when a gate

separating two bodies of liquids of different densities is suddenly opened.

Report in preparation.

MECHANISM OF TURBULENCE.

Office of Scientific Research, Air Research

and Development Command.

Expe riment al

.

To study with the aid of dye-tracer techniques the manner in which turbulence origi- nates and sustains itself in shear flow. Completed.

Report in preparation.

HYDRAULICS OF PIPE CULVERTS.

Bureau of Public Roads.

Experimental; applied research. To determine hydraulic characteristics of

various types of culvert entrances and to develop inlets of improved design.

FLOW OVER HYDROPHOBIC MATERIALS.

Office of Naval Research, Department of

the Navy.

Experimental; applied research.

To determine coefficient of hydrophobic

disks and plates oscillated in various

fluids.

00

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WEATHER BUREAU.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos . 1011 1015,

rjkk, 17^5, 1750, 1751, 21+37, 2M+0 to 241+3, incl.,

and 294-3 to 294-5, incl., should be addressed to

Mr. William E. Hiatt, Chief, Hydrologic Services

Division, U. S. Weather Bureau, Wash. 25, D. C.

(b)

(a)

(e)

(g)

Laboratory project.

Field investigation; operation and applied

research. To develop relations between streamflow

resulting from melting snow and appropriate meteorological parameters using a statistical approach.

Inactive.

Testing has been limited due to scarcity

of required data.

(1015) MEASUREMENT OF EVAPORATION.

(h)

Laboratory project.

Theoretical and field investigation;

applied research.

Studies are directed toward the derivations of reliable procedures for estimating evaporation from reservoirs (existing

and proposed) and land surfaces, utilizing

readily available meteorological data and pan evaporation observations.

Weter-loss project at Lake Mead applying

methods and techniques developed at Lake

Hefner has been completed and final report

has been prepared for publication. This

project, like the Lake Hefner study, was

a cooperative investigation involving

Bureau of Reclamation, Navy, Geological

Survey and Weather Bureau. Another such study was made at Felt Lake, on contract with Stanford University, and

the observational program has been com- pleted. These data have been analyzed

and a report is being prepared for publication.

Evaporation-pan studies are being made at the Silver Hill Observatory, Md. An in- sulated BPI pan has been installed to

study the transfer of heat from the pan

to the ground; heat flux plates have been

attached to the standard BPI pan in order to obtain a continuous record of the heat

flux. Class A pans made of monel metal

and stainless steel are being compared

with the standard galvanized iron pan. A study of evapotranspiration has been

initiated. The purpose is to develop an accounting method for estimating soilmoisture deficiency. Test on two basins

has indicated that the soil moisture de- ficiency provided an improved antecedent

index for rainfall-runoff relations. The

procedure is being tested on a third area

and then a report will be prepared.

"Water-Loss Investigations: Lake Mead

Studies", U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper No. 298, 1957- "Meteorological Aspects of EvaporationPhenomena", by Max A. Kohler, presented

at IUGG Meeting in Toronto, Canada, Sept. 1957- "Computation of Evaporation and Evapotranspiration from Meteorological Observations", by Max A. Kohler, presented at AMS Meeting in Chicago, 111., March 1957

( mimeograph )

.

(1011) SHORT RANGE SNOWMELT FORECASTING. (17M0 DEVELOPMENT OF RIVER FORECASTING METHODS.

123
(b) River Forecasting Centers for Ohio River

Basin, Cincinnati, Ohio; Susquehanna and

Delaware River Basins, Harrisburg, Pa.; Lower Missouri River Basin, Kansas City,

Mo.; Tennessee River Basin, Knoxville,

Tenn.; Columbia River Basin, Portland,

Ore.; Middle and Upper Mississippi River

Basin, St. Louis, Mo.; Arkansas and Red

River Basins, Tulsa, Okla.; New England

and Hudson River Basins, Hartford, Conn.; South Atlantic and East Gulf Basins,

Augusta, Ga.; and Middle Atlantic Basins,

Washington, D. C. (d) Theoretical and field investigation; opera- tion and applied research.

(e) The purpose of these investigations is to develop modern river forecast procedures

for all ranges of flow for various streams

of each basin. Procedures include: (l)

rainfall-runoff relations involving con- sideration of the physics of soil moisture,

vegetative reception, transpiration, evapo- ration and geological features of the

basins; (2) snowmelt forecasting relations

involving consideration of the physics of snow and heat transfer; (3) unit hydrographs; and (k) streamflow routing procedures, based upon adaptations of basic hydraulic principles, using electronic ana- logues . (g) Forecasting procedures have been developed

for key points; refinement of these procedures and development for other basins

are under way.

(17^5) WATER SUPPLY FORECASTS FOR WESTERN UNITED

STATES.

(b) Work being conducted in following field

offices: River Forecast Center, Portland,

Ore.; Water Supply Forecast Unit, Salt Lake

City, Utah; River Forecast Center, Kansas

City, Mo.; and Weather Bureau Office,

Sacramento, Calif.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; opera- tion and applied research.

(e) The purpose of these investigations is the

development of precipitation-runoff relations for water supply forecasting utilizing statistical methods to correlate pre- cipitation during the winter with runoff

during the melting season.

(g) Water Supply Forecasts are prepared for over 300 points in the Western United

States. These forecasts of water year and

residual flow are released in Monthly Water

Supply Forecast Bulletions, January through

May. This research program is of a con- tinuing nature designed to improve and

extend the present forecasting service.

(1750) CRITICAL METEOROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF MAJOR

STORMS.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Detailed hour-by hour analysis of all meteorological data available during se- lected major winter rainstorms.

(1751) MAXIMUM STATION PRECIPITATION.

! (b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army.

j

(d) Analysis of data.

(e) Tabulations of maximum recorded 1-, 2-,

3-, 6-, 12-, and 21+-hour precipitation,

for automatic recording rain gage stations,

by states

.

(h) Weather Bureau Technical Paper No. 15,

Ohio nearing completion, parts for other

states (20) completed (listed in previous

years )

.

(1993) PRESSURE JUMP LINES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Morris Tepper, Office of Meteorological Research, U. S. Weather Bureau,

Washington 25, D. C. (d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic

and applied research.

(e) Investigate the properties of and the

mechanisms producing pressure jump lines

in the atmosphere. These lines, identified by means of discontinuities in microbarograms, have been found to be correlated

very strongly with severe local storms. The study is based on (l) observational

data collected from a special field program, and (2) theoretical models in which

the pressure jump line is interpreted as

a gravity wave propagating on an inversion

surface between stratified atmospheric

layers

.

(g) Medium scale atmospheric disturbances

(mesostructures ) are consistently found

which are well ordered and move with

chronologic continuity from one hour to the next. Local weather is directly

associated with the passage of these mesostructures

.

(h) "Squall Lines, Pressure Jump Lines and

Atmospheric Gravity Waves", by M. Tepper,

submitted for publication to Swiss Aero

Review.

"Mesometeorology - the Link Between the

(Macro) Synoptic Scale and Local Weather",

by M. Tepper (manuscript, U. S. Weather

Bureau) presented at XI General Assembly

of IUGG, Toronto, Canada, September 1957-

I (199I4) SHORT PERIOD FLUCTUATIONS IN GREAT LAKES WATER LEVELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. D. Lee Harris, Scientific Services

Division, U. S. Weather Bureau, Wash.

25, D. C. (d) Theoretical and field investigation;

basic and applied research.

(e) The continuous records of lake level

gages, belonging to the U. S. Lake Survey

and several other organizations, for the year 1950 and selected periods of other

years are being examined to learn the

properties of the seiche-like phenomena

observed on the Great Lakes. A theoretical model, which appears to explain the

observations, has been derived. This

12U
work was undertaken to investigate the

possibility of forecasting the floods

which are due to the oscillations of the

lakes

.

(f) Suspended.

( 21*37) UNITED STATES STORM CHARACTERISTICS

PROJECT.

(b) Soil Conservation Service, Department of

Agriculture.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; ap- plied research and design.

(e) Studies to provide rainfall data for design

criteria in estimating required capacities

of hydraulic structures. Work includes

(1) development of a generalized relationship between depth, area, duration and

frequency for areas up to 1+00 square miles,

durations of 20 minutes to 2k hours, and return periods from 1 to 100 years; and

(2) development of a generalized portrayal

of the probable maximum precipitation for areas up to 1+00 square miles, and durations

up to 2l+ hours in the United States west of

longitude 105 • (h) "Rainfall Intensity- Frequency Regime - Part 1 - The Ohio Valley", U. S. Weather

Bureau Technical Paper No. 29. Part 2 will

be Southeastern United States, and Part 3 will be Middle Atlantic.

(21+38) STORM TIDE PREDICTIONS .

(b) Laboratory projects.

(c) Mr. D. Lee Harris, Scientific Services

Division, U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington

25, D. C. (d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic

and applied research.

(e) The differences between the observed and

predicted tides during storms are being

studied with the goal of improving the accuracy of storm tide forecasting.

(g) Empirical methods of forecasting these

inundations are being developed and used

in the Weather Bureau's hurricane and storm warning service. Continued improvement in

these forecasts Is expected to result from

this research.

(h) "Empirical Methods for Forecasting the

Maximum Storm Tide Due to Hurricanes and

Other Tropical Storms", by W. C. Conner,

R. H. Kraft, and D. L. Harris, Monthly

Weather Review, Vol. 85, pp 113-116, 1957-

"An Index of Tide Gages and Tide Gage

Records of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of

the United States", by D. L. Harris and

C. V. Lindsay, National Hurricane Research

Project Report No. 7, Washington, 1957-

(21+1+0) REGIONAL FREQUENCIES OF SELECTED HURRICANE

CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; ap- plied research and design.

(e) Collection, analysis, and presentation of

available observations pertinent to hurricane minimum pressure, , direction of

movement, speed, wind- structure and other

characteristics, and their relationship

to each other.

(21+1+1) HURRICANE RAINFALL AND ITS QUANTITATIVE

FORECASTING.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Dept. of the Army.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation;

applied research and design.

(e) Collection, analysis, and effective pre- sentation of existing data on hurricane

rainfall and evaluation of suggested

methods of forecasting the intensity and

quantity of rainfall from future hurricanes for design of protective works,

students of quantitative precipitation

forecasting, planning of evacuation procedures, etc.

(21+1+2) HURRICANE WIND ANALYSIS.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation;

applied research and design.

(e) Development of methods for obtaining de- tailed wind speeds and directions in

hurricanes just above the sea-surface

indirectly from available data, which is mostly on land. Also construction by

indirect means of detailed analyses of

winds over specific areas of the sea where the energy of the wind develops waves and tides damaging to specific

coastal areas.

(h) "Hurricane Characteristics Pertinent to

the Design of Protective Works in South- ern New England", - report submitted to

sponsor.

(21+1+3) RADAR-RAINFALL PROJECT.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with

University of Miami, Coral Gables, Fla.,

and Texas A and M College, College Station, Texas

.

(d) Experimental; operation.

(e) Integration of the instantaneous PPI scope image over time by both photographic process and electronically by electrostatic

storage tube, to provide a pattern of

accumulated rainfall over an area that can

be calibrated with key rainfall observations for the period of integration. To be used in flood forecasting with other

radar intelligence.

(h) "Investigation of Rainfall Measurement by Radar" (second report, 1 August 1956

to 1 August 1957) by H. W. Hiser, L. F. Conover, Marine Laboratory, University of

Miami

.

"Use of Radar in Severe Storm Detection,

Hydrology and Climatology", by M. G. H. Ligda, S. G. Bigler, R. D. Tarble and

L. E. Truppi, Texas A and M Research

Foundation, College Station, Tex., 1956.

"The Use of Redar in Detecting Flood

Potential Precipitation and its Application to the Field of Hydrology", by R. D. Tarble, Masters Thesis, Department of

125
Oceanography and Meteorology, A and M

College of Texas, 1957-

(29U3) RADAR BEACON FOR REPORTING RAINFALL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) A compact device capable of being installed

in relatively remote areas within line of

sight of a radar. Activated by a tipping

bucket rain gage and pulse signal from the

radar, instrument transmits delayed pulse

which appears on radar scope indicating

accumulated amounts of precipitation.

(g) Initial field installation now operational;

additional beacons being built

.

(2<?M0 PROBABLE MAXIMUM PRECIPITATION OVER FEATHER RIVER AND OTHER CALIFORNIA BASINS.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army.

(d) Design and applied research.

(e) Estimate of probable maximum precipitation

over basins in mountainous areas of Calif,

based on simple model of wind flow up oro- graphic slopes, checked against December

1955 flood-producing storm.

(g) Estimates furnished sponsor. Methods being

refined.

(29^5) MECHANICAL FLOOD ROUTING ANALOGUE,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; operation and applied

research.

(e) A mechanical analogue has been developed

which will solve flood routing based on a variable lag and variable storage factor

( K) . The analogue can be operated by one person and the size is such that it can be

placed on a desk.

(g) The pilot model has been constructed and

will be tested thoroughly in order to de- termine refinements necessary.

(h) "Graphical Flood Routing and Related Me- chanical Analogues," by Max A. Kohler, pre- sented at Annual Meeting of ASCE, New York,

N. Y. in October 1957-

(c) Mr. R. R. Bennett, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C. (d) Applied research.

(e) Preparation of electric flow net models

using graphite paper, conductive paints,

etc. Includes design and construction of

a variable resistor grid analogous plotter

(1755) CHARACTERISTICS OF SAND CHANNEL STREAMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Tate Dalrymple, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C. (d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The research is conducted at a 1,900 foot

reach. The following factors are being

investigated; variation of value of "n" with stage; extent of scour and fill; reliability with which scoured depths can

be determined by subsequent prodding; and

quantity of suspended sediment in transport .

(1764) COMBINED PHYSIOGRAPHIC AND HYDRAULIC

STUDIES

.

(b) Laboratory project

.

(c) Mr. Luna B. Leopold, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C. (d) Field and office research.

(e) Hydraulic and physiographic factors con- trolling slope and pattern of natural

river channels

.

(1765) SONAR INVESTIGATIONS (EQUIPMENT DEVELOPMENT).

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. A. N. Sayre, U. S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. (d) Development; theoretical laboratory.

(e) To adopt the sonar principle of the fa- thometer as method of delineating under- water sediments of moderate thickness

(several hundred feet) and depth to underlying bedrock. Development work is pre- sently in progress to modify and simplify

the procedures of interpretation and use of the sonar technique for geophysical

investigations on land.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

(690) DISCHARGE THROUGH MULTIPLE OPENINGS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. H. J. Tracy, U. S. Geological Survey,

Atlanta, Georgia.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Laboratory studies to define the distribution of flow through multiple bridge openings with any given natural distribution

and varied number, size, and location of

openings

.

(f) Laboratory tests and analyses are continuing.

(1221) STEADY STATE ELECTRIC FLOW NET MODELS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(1995) COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOIL MOISTURE EQUIPMENT

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Irwin Remson, U. S. Geological Survey,

Trenton, N. J. (d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A comparative study of all commercially

available instruments for measuring soil

moisture, possible design of new instruments.

(1998) DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENTS AND TECHNIQUES

FOR SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION OF GROUND WATER;

(b) Cooperative with the State of Arizona.

(c) Mr. H. E. Skibitzke, U. S. Geological Survey, Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Applied research.

126
(e) To adapt instruments and techniques for

solving problems of the occurrence of water

in alluvial fill; including electrical re- sistivity methods, electric logging, and

deep well current meters

.

(2000) GHYBEN-HERZEERG LENS.

(2210

(b

(c

(d

(e

(f

(h

'2kkk

(a

(e

{2kh6

(d

(e

(h)

Laboratory project.

Mr. Dan A. Davis, U. S. Geological Survey,

Honolulu, T. H. Field investigation.

Study of ground-water body in marine

islands, to determine the relationship of

fresh water storage to the geology of the

island, rainfall, head, tidal fluctuations,

leakage, and draft.

THERMAL STRUCTURE OF COOLING POND.

Cooperative with Texas Board of Water En- gineers . Mr. Trigg Twichell, U. S. Geological Survey,

Austin, Texas. Field investigation at Lake Colorado City, Texas

.

Observations of effect of advected heat

upon thermal structure, evaporation, and

radiation from cooling pond at power plant.

Field work complete.

Report in preparation.

REDESIGN OF PRICE CURRENT METER DEVELOPMENT )

.

Laboratory project.

Mr. A. H. Frasier, Equipment Development

Laboratory, U. S. Geological Survey, 1509

Hess Street, Columbus 12, Ohio.

Development

.

To design a rotor for Price current meter

that can be mass-produced with identical

rating calibration and be affected little

or not at all by vertical components of

the velocity.

Twelve models tested.

METHODS OF DETERMINATION OF PHYSICAL AND

CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER.

Laboratory project.

Mr. L. L. Thatcher, Quality of Water Branch, Water Resources Division, USGS, Wash., D.C. Experimental and applied research.

Continuing study and development of methods

for analysis of water. "Modified Zirconium - Eriochrome Cyanine R Determination of Fluoride", by L. L. Thatcher, Analytical Chemistry, pp. 1709-

1712, Nov. 1957-

''Colorimetric Method for Determining Ar- senic", by H. Levine, in process of publication, open file release.

(2^7) RECORDING CONDUCTIVITY OF WATER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Quality of Water Branch, USGS, Wash., D.C.

(d) Laboratory and field study; applied re- search.

(e) study of performance and utilization of a meter for determining and recording con- ductivity of water in a stream under field

conditions

.

(h) "A Study of the Field Performance of a Con- tinuous Conductivity Recorder", by J. D. Weeks, open file release.

(2687) AQUIFER ANALYTICAL METHODS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. H. Brown, U. S. Geological Survey,

Washington, D. C. (d) Analytical; applied research.

(e) To develop more versatile and comprehensive

methods of determining and evaluating

aquifer and ground-water reservoir hydrologic characteristics.

(2688) MECHANICS OF AQUIFERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. J F. Poland, U. S. Geological Survey,

Sacramento, California.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied re- search.

(e) To determine the principles and factors involved in the strain, deformation, and com- paction of water-bearing rocks resulting

chiefly from changes in hydrologic environ- ment .

; INSTRUMENT ( 2689

)

DIFFUSI0NAL PROCESSES AND HYDRODYNAMICS OF SALT-FRESH WATER INTERFACE IN AQUIFERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. H. H. Cooper, U. S. Geological Survey,

Tallahassee, Florida.

(d) Field and laboratory investigation; basic

and applied research.

(e) To determine the factors affecting the distribution of salt water in coastal aquifers

subject to salt water encroachment.

(2690) MICROSCOPIC FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. E. S. Simpson, U. S. Geological Survey,

Mineola, L. I., New York.

(d) Laboratory investigation; basic research.

(e) To determine the factors affecting the

pattern of microscopic flow of water and

other liquids through porous media.

(2691) ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE THROUGH WELLS.

(b) Cooperative with Arkansas Agricultural

Experiment Station and Corps of Engineers,

U. S. Army.

(c) Mr. P. E. Dennis, U. S. Geological Survey,

Little Rock, Arkansas.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Study of the physical and chemical factors

affecting the introduction of water in aquifers through recharge wells.

(2692) ANALOGUE COMPUTER FOR ANALYSIS OF GROUND- WATER FLOW SYSTEMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

127
(c)

(a)

(e)

Mr. H. E. Skibitzke, U. S. Geological Survey, Tucson, Arizona.

Theoretical study and instrument develop- ment . Development of the physical and mathematical theory of ground-water flow systems and

construction of an analogue computer for analyzing ground-water flow systems under

transient conditions.

(269U) FLOW OF WATER OVER WEIRS AND SPILLWAYS.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(h)

(2695)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(2696)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(2698)

(h)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(e

[2700

Laboratory project.

Prof. C. E. Kindsvater, Georgia Institute

of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.

Library search, re-analysis and correlation

of published data, plus some original re- search. A comprehensive study of the discharge

characteristics of practical forms of weirs

and spillways. Objectives include the publication, in generalized form, of available

experimental data. "Discharge Characteristics of Rectangular

Thin-Plate Weirs", by Carl E. Kindsvater

and Rolland W. Carter submitted for publication in Proceedings, of ASCE.

CONTINUOUS DISCHARGE RECORDS IN TIDAL

STREAMS.

Laboratory project.

Prof. H. R. Henry, Michigan State University,

Lansing, Mich.

Theoretical and applied research.

The objective of this study is to develop

methods of obtaining continuous discharge

records in tidal streams. Equations de- veloped from theoretical considerations

will be checked by field observations.

VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN NATURAL STREAM

CHANNELS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. H. J. Tracy, U. S. Geological Survey,

Atlanta, Georgia.

Analytical

.

Velocity distributions in natural stream

channels that represent a wide range in

boundary geometry are being studied.

EVALUATION OF EFFECT OF CHANNEL STORAGE ON PEAK DISCHARGE.

Laboratory project.

Mr. W. D. Mitchell, U. S. Geological Survey, Champaign, 111. Analytical and experimental.

The objective of the project is to develop

parameters that describe channel storage

effectively in an areal correlation of

peak flow.

(d

(e

(h

(2701

(b

(c

(d

(e

(g)

(2699) UNIFORM FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS.

(b)

(h)

( 2702

)

Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. H. J. Tracy, U. S. Geological Survey,

Atlanta, Georgia.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic

(b)

(c)

research. A comprehensive laboratory study of uniform flow in open channels

.

PARAMETERS CONTROLLING THE SHAPE AND PATTERN OF NATURAL STREAM CHANNELS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. M. G. Wolman, U. S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. Basic research.

The effect of discharge, load, grain size,

and slope will be studied in a small chan- nel free to adjust both bed and side walls. Report in preparation.

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT INVESTIGATIONS.

Field project (cooperative with Bureau of

Reclamation)

.

Mr. D. M. Culbertson, U. S. Geological

Survey, Lincoln, Nebr. Field observations and theoretical analysis . Field and theoretical investigations of

the methods, equipment, and computations

used for determining sediment movement

and the theory of sediment transport

.

Specifically included are studies on sampling techniques; the effect of water

temperature on sediment transport; the

relationship of roughness to sediment discharge, slope, and width-to-depth ratio;

the effect of Kolk action on the vertical

distribution of velocity and sediment;

the revaluation of Von Karmen's Universal

Constant of momentum exchange for sedimentladen flow; the influence of suspended

sediment on vertical distribution of velocity; the influence of ice cover on sedi- ment transport; the influence of cobblebed streams on total sediment transport;

and other related sediment transport pro- blems . Evaluation of the equal -transit-rate

(ETR) method of measuring suspended- sedi- ment discharge indicates the method is satisfactory when properly used. Tests

of a new (petrolatum-type) surface bedmaterial sampler give results that compare favorably with the core-type of sampler.

The modified Einstein procedure is ade- quate for computing total load when water temperature is near freezing. In general

low values of roughness are associated

with low temperatures and high sediment

loads on Middle Loup River at Dunning,

Nebraska.

"Investigations of Some Sedimentation

Characteristics of a Sand-Bed Stream", by

D. W. Hubbell and others, open file re- lease .

ROUGHNESS AND WATER -SEDIMENT MOVEMENT IN ALLUVIAL CHANNELS.

Laboratory project.

Dr. D. B. Simons, Geological Survey,

Colorado A and M College, Fort Collins,

Colorado.

128
(A)

(e)

Basic and applied research.

Attention is currently directed to the de- termination and correlation of factors

which influence water-sediment movement

and roughness in alluvial channels under

selected laboratory conditions. Subsequent

studies will he conducted for the purpose of defining (l) variation in roughness pro- perties with the range in standard deviation and skewness exhibited by bed material

in natural streams; (2) influence of fine

suspended sediments on roughness and sedi- ment transport; (3) relation of these findings to channel geometry; and (k) adaptation of findings to conditions in natural

streams

.

(2703) EVAPORATION SUPPRESSION.

(29A9) ULTRASONIC FLOW METER.

00

(c)

(a)

(e)

(29^6)

00

(c)

(a)

(e)

(29^7)

00

(c)

(a)

(e)

(29U8)

00

(c)

(a)

E (e)

Work coordinated with, and executed in con- junction with, that of the Southwest Re- search Institute and the U. S. Public

Health Service.

Mr. G. E. Harbeck, U. S. Geological Survey

Denver, Colorado.

Basic and applied research.

Evaporation from test reservoirs, both with

and without monomolecular surface films,

is being measured. Laboratory tests will

be made to determine the effects of mono- molecular films on emissivity and reflectivity and on the vertical humidity profile.

STUDY OF AGGRADATION AND DEGRADATION IN

MODEL STREAMS.

Laboratory project.

Dr. M. Gordon Wolman, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C. Basic research.

Aggradation and degradation of channel beds

will be studied by varying the amount of

seepage along the channel and by varying

sediment concentration.

STUDY OF AGGRADATION AND DEGRADATION IN ALLUVIAL CHANNELS.

Laboratory project.

Dr. Lucien M. Brush Jr., U. S. Geological

Survey, Washington 25, D. C. Basic research.

A study of channel and hydraulic parameters

associated with aggradation and degradation

in Muddy Creek, near Baggs, Wyoming.

ANALOGUE MODEL ANALYZER FOR STEADY-STATE GROUND-WATER FLOW PROBLEMS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. R. W. Stallman, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C. Theoretical study and instrument develop- ment . Design and development of a variableresistance grid analyzer for use in ana- lyzing steady-state ground-water flow problems in which the transmissibility varies

in space.

00

(c)

(a)

(e)

(2950)

00

(c)

(a)

(e)

00

U. S. Geological Survey.

Mr. R. W. Carter, U. S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. Experimental.

The objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility of measuring discharge

in a natural stream channel by ultrasonic means

.

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND CHANNEL ROUGHNESS

IN NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL CHANNELS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. Thomas Maddock Jr., U. S. Geological

Survey, Washington 25, D. C. Basic research.

Field and laboratory studies, original and

other investigations will be analyzed in terms of sediment movement, channel roughness, shear distribution in channel prism

and other effects on shape of natural

channels

.

Report in preparation.

JOINT INTER-AGENCY INVESTIGATION.

(19k) A STUDY OF METHODS USED IN THE MEASUREMENT

AND ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT LOADS IN STREAMS.

See Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, page 10k.

(2951) A STUDY OF THE DENSITY OF SEDIMENTS DEPOSITED IN RESERVOIRS. 00

(c)

(a)

(e)

(f)

00

Inter-Agency Committee on Water Resources,

Subcommittee on Sedimentation.

U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo. Experimental; applied research and de- velopment . Development of a radio-isotope-densitometer to determine density of deposited

sediments in place.

Laboratory tests completed. Field tests

are now being made by interested agencies

.

"Density Measurement of Saturated Sub- mersed Sediment by Gamma Ray Scattering",

Chemical Engineering Laboratory Report

No. SI-11, U. S. Bureau of Reclamation,

Denver, Colorado.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF

RECLAMATION.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. L. N. McClellan, Assistant

Commissioner and Chief Engineer, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado.

(1^95) YELLOWTAIL DAM SPILLWAY AND OUTLET WORKS.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Yellowtail

Dam Spillway and Outlet Works", Report

Hyd-UlU, by G. L. Beichley is in prepara- tion but temporarily suspended.

129
(1U98) WEIR STANDS- -IRRIGATION WATER DISTRIBUTION

SYSTEM.

(f) Completed.

(h) Preparation of report suspended.

(IU99) CANAL TURNOUT--METER LOCATION,

(f) Completed.

(h) Preparation of report suspended.

(1502) STABLE CHANNEL STUDIES- -TRACTIVE FORCES REQUIRED TO MOVE NONCOHESIVE MATERIALS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests are conducted in a trapezoidal channel to determine tractive forces required

to scour observed sizes of materials in a pit run gravel mixture. Information ob- tained will be used in design of canals in

noncohesive materials and in choosing

gravel for protective canal cover.

(f) Active; testing and analysis continuing,

(h) Progress report for straight section in

preparation.

(1777) SIPHON SPILLWAY STUDIES,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Combined field investigation and applied

research; for design.

(e) Purpose is to develop improved design for lower priming head and short priming time

.

Attempts will be made to design a partialization device to regulate the degree of

prime through the automatic control of air

intake, thereby enabling the siphon to operate more or less continually at reduced

flow rather than intermittently at full

capacity.

(f) Tests of standard design complete; tests

on proposed design in progress.

(g) Hydraulic characteristics of proposed de- sign partially defined; new model to be

equipped with partialization device.

(h) Formal report not yet written. Paper de- livered at October 1957 meeting of ASCE, New York, "Some Experiments with Emergency

Siphon Spillways", by Warren B. McBirney,

preprint copies available.

(2005) CAVITATION EROSION ON ROUGHENED SURFACES.

(f) Work completed.

(h) "Cavitation Erosion of Roughened Concrete

Surfaces", PAP-88, by D. Colgate.

(2009) NIMBUS DAM SPILLWAY.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Nimbus Dam

Spillway, Folsom Unit, American River

Division, Central Valley Project, California", Report Hyd-1+31, by T. J. Rhone.

(2015) DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW VELOCITY CURRENT METER.

(f) Completed.

(h) Preparation of report suspended.

(2224) SHERBURNE LAKES OUTLET WORKS,

(f) Suspended.

(h) Report to be prepared. ,

(21+51) WU-SHEH DAM TUNNEL SPILLWAY,

(f) Completed.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies, Wu-Sheh Dam, Tunnel Spillway, Wu-Sheh Dam Project,

Taiwan, China", Report Hyd-1+30, by T. J. Rhone

.

(2454) GATE SLOT STUDIES.

(f) Completed.

(h) Results will be included in a general

report on gate slots.

(2455) CASA COLORADA CHANNEL ALINEMENT- -MIDDLE RIO GRANDE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests are continuing on a 1:140 horizontal

and 1:22 vertical scale model to aid in channelization and levee protection by

steel jetties. A 1:16 sectional model is being used to study small areas of the

jetty field. Plastics with a specific

gravity of 1.06 are being used as sus- pended sediment in the distorted model.

(g) The energy loss in typical jetty layouts

has been investigated for a limited number

of depths and velocities.

(h) Progress report in preparation—paper presented at Hydraulics Division meeting,

ASCE, Madison, Wisconsin, August 22-24,

1956--"Use of Steel Jetties for Bank Pro- tection and Channelization in Rivers",

by Enos J. Carlson and Phillip F. Enger.

(21+57) EROSION AND TRACTIVE FORCE STUDY OF UN- LINED AND EARTH- LINED CANALS.

(b) Laboratory and field project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Soil samples and hydraulic measurements to

determine tractive force distribution are being taken on stable canals and on canals

where deposition and scouring are occurring. Different soil types are being

investigated and main stress will be on cohesive soils. Correlation of hydraulic

and soils data will improve data for design.

(f) Hydraulic measurements have been taken on

44 field sites. Additional sites will be

selected as needed.

(h) Progress Report of Canal Erosion and

Tractive Force Study, Lower-cost Canal

Lining Program, General Report No. 21, by

P. F. Enger and J. Merriman.

(2458) HEATED PRECIPITATION STORAGE GAGE.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report to be prepared.

(2705) TRINITY DAM MORNING-GLORY SPILLWAY.

130
I

(b)

(a)

(e)

(h)

(2707!

(f)

(h)

(2709:

(f)

,2710;

(f)

(h)

(27li:

(f)

(2712;

(f)

(h)

(2711*;

(f)

(h)

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for design.

Trinity Dam utilizes a morning-glory en- trance in conjunction with a 50° sloping

tunnel. Testing of 1:30 scale model is concerned with development of crest profile

which will operate with acceptable pressures and, with placement of auxiliary rib

vanes and aerated deflector, to minimize

spiral flow in shaft and tunnel, and to ventilate tunnel. A 1:80 scale model is being used to develop a flip bucket at the

end of the spillway tunnel.

Spillway crest profile and antivortex fea- tures determined; tests on both models

continuing.

Reports to be prepared on studies in both

models

.

HYDRAULIC DOWNPULL STUDIES- -PALISADES-TYPE

SLIDE GATES AND GLENDO FIXED-WHEEL GATES.

Completed.

"Model Studies of Hydraulic Downpull Forces That Act on the Palisades-type Regulating

Slide Gate, and on the Glendo Fixed-wheel

Gate", Report Hyd-1+21, by W. P. Simmons,

Jr. and D. Colgate.

FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN PIPE WITH SQUARE- CORNERED ENTRANCE.

Completed.

"Flow Characteristics in a Pipeline Down- stream from a Square-Cornered Entrance",

Report Hyd-422, by H. A. Babcock and W. P. Simmons , Jr

.

TUMUT AND EUCUMBENE TUNNEL CONTROL STRUCTURES.

Completed.

"Hydraulic Model Studies of the Control

Structures for Tooma-Tumut and Tooma- Eucumbene Tunnels", Report Hyd-U29, by W . P . Simmons , Jr

.

GATE SLOT MODIFICATIONS TO IMPROVE SUB- MERGED PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE GATES- -TOOMA- TUMUT AND VAQUERO CONTROL STRUCTURES.

Completed.

"Air and Hydraulic Model Studies of the

Effect of Moving the Slots Upstream in a Slide G^te, and of Reducing the Slot Size Near the Floor", Report Hyd-i+32, by W. P. Simmons , Jr

.

VAQUERO DAM OUTLET WORKS.

Completed.

Report in preparation.

ANCHOR DAM SPILLWAY AND OUTLET WORKS.

Completed.

"Hydraulic Model Studies of Anchor Dam

(Earthfill) Tunnel Spillway and Outlet

Works", Report Hyd-1+37, by G. L. Beichley.

(2715) ROBLES DIVERSION DAM.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Robles Diversion Dam Spillway", Report Hyd-1+27, by

G. L. Beichley.

( 2717 ) FLAMING GORGE DAM OUTLET WORKS

.

(f) Cancelled. Structure eliminated from

project planning.

(2718) TRINITY DAM OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:28 scale model was constructed to de- velop the stilling basin design.

(f) Completed.

(g) The length of the basin was reduced so that upstream undercurrents did not carry bed material into the basin. The slope

of the discharge channel was increased to

fit the natural slope at which bed material was deposited during operation at de- sign flow.

(h) Report in preparation.

(2719) GLEN CANYON DAM SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) The model is being built to a scale of

1:63.5 and will include the tunnel spillways on both sides of the river, the

curved arch dam, the outlet works, the

powerhouse and a section of the Colorado

River upstream and downstream from the

dam. The tunnel spillways are to be

modeled in transparent plastic so that

flow conditions can be thoroughly investigated. Other features to be studied will

be the approach channels to the spillway,

the discharge capacity of the spillways,

the pressures on the face of the crests,

the flip buckets at the downstream portal

of the tunnels, and the effect in the

river when all structures are discharging.

(2722) YANKEE DAM SPILLWAY.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Yanhee Dam

Spillway, Yanhee Project, Thailand",

Report Hyd-428, by W. E. Wagner.

(2723) HOWARD PRAIRIE DAM OUTLET WORKS.

(f)

(272*0

Completed.

"Hydraulic Model Studies of Howard Prairie Dam Outlet Works, Rogue River Basin Project, Oregon", Report Hyd-U36, by W. E. Wagner.

FRICTION FACTOR TESTS IN LARGE PRESSURE

CONDUITS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; design.

131
(e) Purpose of the project was to determine

friction factors by prototype tests of

large concrete pressure conduits up to 20

feet in diameter. This information is needed to correlate friction factor data

with smooth interior finishes of concrete

conduits that can he consistently produced

with present-day construction methods.

Tests have been completed on an inverted

siphon with a diameter of 14,666 feet where

the friction-head measuring section was

372 diameters in length. Friction-head

values were determined by use of four-tap

piezometer installations that isolated

siphon entrance and outlet losses from the

measuring section. Average velocities of

flow were determined by salt-velocity discharge measurements

.

(g) The test described above covered a Reynold's

number range from K.*J x 1C)6 to 8.1 x 10&

and the friction factor as computed by use of the Darcy-Weisbach formula was 0.011

compared to 0.015 used for design.

(h) Report to be prepared.

(2726) VANE SHEAR TESTER FOR FIELD AND LABORATORY

USE.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Design, Assembly, and Use of a Portable

Vane Shear Tester", Report No. Hyd-^, by

P. F. Enger and T. J. Rhone.

(2952) W00DST0N DIVERSION DAM- - GENERAL STUDIES OF HEADWORKS AND SLUICEWAY STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:8 undistorted scale hydraulic model was used to study the headworks and sluiceway

of Woodston Diversion Dam of the Missouri

River Basin Project. Tests were conducted

to develop a design that would pass the

maximum amount of sediment through the

sluiceway, thus keeping as much sediment

as possible from entering the canal headworks . (g) A satisfactory design was found by using

guide walls and a headworks overhanging sill

to control flow near the headworks and

sluiceway.

(h) Report in preparation.

(2953) STUDIES OF WIND WAVES ON CANALS .

(b) Laboratory and field project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Field studies are being conducted to de- velop relationships to predict wave char- acteristics in canals from data concerning

canal size and wind velocity and direction.

Testing facilities will be built for the

laboratory study and earth materials, and protective covers will be subjected to si- mulated wind waves.

(g) Motion pictures have been obtained of wind

waves occurring in the field, and wave height and frequency data have been obtained

from the film.

(h) Report will be prepared following completion

of the tests.

(295^) GLEN CANYON TUNNEL PLUG OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Air and hydraulic model studies are being

made to develop the rectangular bellmouth I shapes and conduit alinement for 3> slidegate- controlled, 7 x 10.5-foot outlet con-'i duits in the left, hi- foot -diameter diversion tunnel.

(f) Testing in progress.

(g) Air tests have shown that satisfactory

pressures will exist on the surfaces of

the proposed bellmouths for any symmetrical or unsymmetrical operation of the

gates. Hydraulic tests are showing that

smoother flow will occur in the tunnel

downstream from the outlet works when the

conduit alinement s are changed from the

initial design.

(h) Report to be prepared.

\ (2955) CAVITATION IN SUDDEN ENLARGEMENTS DOWN- STREAM FROM GATE VALVES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests are being made at heads from 200 to

hOO feet to determine the critical cavitation indexes for gate valves operating at partial openings and discharging into pipe;

sections l-5j 1-75, and 2.0 times the

nominal valve diameter.

(f) Testing in progress,

(h) Report to be prepared.

1 (2956) MURRUMBIDGEE- EUCUMBENE TUNNEL FIXED-WHEEL | GATE AND STILLING BASIN.

(b) Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Authority,

Australia.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Studies were made to determine the proper bottom shape of the 6- x 7- foot fixedwheel gate, and the configuration of the

gate chamber flow passages, to permit the

gate to be used for control for heads up

to 1^-5 feet . A control structure stilling

basin was designed which would permit a t tranquil flow to enter the 10-mile-long

unlined tunnel.

(f) Testing completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(2957) PA0NIA DAM SPILLWAY AND OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:36 scale model was constructed to de- velop the design of the side channel

spillway entrance, the spillway chute,

the stilling basin, and the outlet works

tunnel junction with the spillway chute.

(f) Completed.

(g) The side channel basin floor was elevated

to make full use of a shallower basin and to eliminate a step between the basin

floor and the chute floor. The height of {

132
(f

(h

the chute walls was increased for more

freehoard. Five stream-lined "baffles were placed on the stilling basin floor to re- duce wave heights on the tail water surface. The outlet works tunnel junction

with the spillway chute performed very well

as preliminarily designed,

(h) Report has been temporarily suspended.

[2958) HOLLOW-JET VALVE STILLING BASINS FOR OUTLET

WORKS.

(i>) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for research.

(e) A 3-inch hollow- jet valve and a model stilling basin were constructed to generalize

the basin dimension.

Completed. A stilling basin for the discharge from a hollow-jet valve has been developed and

standardized for general use. Report in preparation.

STILLING BASINS FOR SLIDE GATE CONTROLLED

OUTLET WORKS.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for research. A model is being constructed to generalize

stilling basin dimensions , using either

one or two slide gates.

FLAMING GORGE DAM SPILLWAY.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for design. A 1:36 scale model has been constructed to develop satisfactory features for the ap- proach channel j crest section, and tunnel

transition of the spillway. Tests in progress. A satisfactory approach channel has been

developed, and good flow conditions in the crest section and transition have been

obtained by the use of an unusual center

pier. Tests are being continued to determine other hydraulic characteristics of the

transition and tunnel sections,

(h) Report to be prepared.

(296l) CLEAR CREEK POWER CONDUIT SURGE TANK.

(2959

(a

(e

(2960

(b

(d

(e

(f

(h)

(a)

(e)

(f)

00

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for design. To design parts for the proper control of

flow between the kk- foot -diameter surge tank and a l6-inch-diameter stand pipe or riser in the center of the surge tank, and to design a vibration-free crest for the

top of the 210-foot-high riser.

Completed.

"Model Studies of Clear Creek Power Conduit

Surge Tank, Trinity River Division, Central

Valley Project", Report Hyd-438, by D. Colgate

.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, DAVID TAYLOR MODEL

BASIN.

Inquiries concerning the following projects

should be addressed to Commanding Officer and

Director, David Taylor Model Basin, Washington 7

D. C.

(1+67) DEVELOPMENT OF A HOT-WIRE INSTRUMENT FOR TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS IN WATER.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Flow instrumentation.

(e) Development of the hot-wire technique for

measuring turbulent velocity components

in water.

(f) Completed.

(g) During the course of development of such

an instrument, exchange of information

was frequently made between TMB and the Iowa Inst, of Hydraulic Research. Most of

the inherent difficulties associated with

the use of hot-wire in water have been

eliminated. However, the accumulation of

dirt on the wire still prevents obtaining

a stable wire calibration. To this end, Iowa has suggested the use of a hot-film

plated on the end of a glass wedge. It was decided then to suspend the work at DTMB pending the outcome of the Iowa University efforts. The hot-film instru- ment has been purchased by TMB recently.

It shows a stable linear calibration. A report on the theoretical study of the

time response of a coated wire has been

published.

(h) "Time Constants and Frequency Response of

Coated Hot-Wire Used As Turbulence-Sensing

Elements", by A. Borden, TMB Report 952

of June 1957- "Summary Report on the Development of a Hot-Wire Turbulence-Sensing Element for

Use in Water", by R. G. Stevens, A. Borden

and P. E. Strausser, TMB Report 953 of

December 1956.

(h70) FLOW INSTRUMENTATION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Flow instrumentation research.

(e) Various types of flow instrumentation are being developed including an electrical

analogy to obtain pressure measurements

on and about various bodies in a fluid. Hot film anemometer for turbulence measure- ments in water and a micro pressure range

for the shallow water towing basin.

(g) An electrolytic tank has been developed

for obtaining the pressure distribution

about cylindrical bodies. A single probe

method is used to obtain potential differences on the body and a double probe

method is used for obtaining the potential

differences in the surrounding field.

Improvements in design of probe and car- riage are under way. A hot -film anemome- ter for turbulence measurements in water

is being tested.

(h) "The David Taylor Model Basin Micro- Pressure Range", by J. A. Luistro, J. P. Craven and P. Eisenberg, TMB Report 779, June 1957.

133
(709) THEORY OF WAVE RESISTANCE.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) A mathematical study of the theory of wave resistance for the purpose of establishing

methods for extending the theory to the

analysis of ship resistance. Studies will

include the general theory of waves in

liquids and will encompass a review of ex- isting theory and comparisons with existing

experimental data.

(g) A synopsis has been written on the application of theory to the calculations of wave resistance

.

Calculations were made to obtain general

information about wave resistance of sub- merged bodies of revolution. The forms con- sidered are ellipsoids, Rankine ovoids, and

a simple family of streamlined bodies. A

report of this work is to be published.

(h) "The Wave Resistance of a Floating Slender

Body", by W. E. Cummins, dissertation pre- sented to American University, May 1956.

(710) RESEARCH ON MAIN INJECTION SCOOPS AND OVER- BOARD DISCHARGES.

(b) Bureau of Ships, David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) Investigations to determine the characteristics of a broad series of injection

scoops and discharges to provide design

data for use in design of future high-speed

ships

.

(g) An improved method for estimating the ve- locity profile and thickness of a ship's

boundary layer is being developed.

(h) "Boundary Layer Investigation on the USS TIMMERMAN EAG152 (ex-DD828)", by C . I. Cayre Jr., TMB Report No. 1170, to be published.

(711) CAVITATION RESEARCH.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model "Rnsin. (d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) Research on the mechanism and effects of

cavitation phenomena including the physics

and analytical description of steady-state

cavities in real and ideal fluids and in- vestigations of the inception of cavitation, the growth and collapse processes of

transient cavities, and the effects of

cavitation on the forces on underwater

bodies. Studies will be made on the application of linearized theorv to problems in

cavitation. Additional studies will be made on the effects of roughness elements

on cavitation inception and of body form on cavitation and degassing. Cavitating

vortex cores as produced by shear flows

will be investigated. Such cavitating

sources have been observed on appendages to ships and may be responsible for flow noise excitation at high speeds.

(g) In one case the excitation of vibration of

a ship has been traced to cavitation on

rudder. (See DTMB Report 1158).

(h) "An Investigation of Flow Excitation of

Vibration of the USS FORREST SHERMAN,

DD931", by M. S. Macovsky, R. J. Duerr and

D. A. Jewell, TMB Report No. 1188, to be published.

(1268) STUDIES OF THE INTERACTION OF APPENDAGES

AND BODIES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamics of submerged bodies.

(e) An investigation of potential flow and

boundary layer phenomena associated with

appendage -body combinations in order to determine the nature of interference ef- fects. The generation of lift and moments by fins in non-uniform flows is being

studied. A theoretical and experimental

investigation is being made in order to determine the mutual interference effects

of appendages and bodies. In addition an experimental investigation is being carried

out in order to determine the effects of

non-uniform flows on the lift and moments

of a low aspect ratio fin.

(f) Suspended.

(1505) EFFECT OF TRANSVERSE CURVATURE ON FRICTIONAL

RESISTANCE.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Frictional resistance research.

(e) Studies to determine the effect of transverse curvature on the frictional resistance to motion of a body through a liquid.

Shear stress measurements and velocity profiles will be obtained at 10-foot intervals

along a 150-foot length of towed cylinder.

Results will be extended to determine flat plate resistance without surface and edge

effects normally present.

(f) Suspended.

(g) A theoretical analysis of the laminar flow

case for slender cylinders has been made

to determine significant parameters and

the expected magnitude of the curvature

effect . Equipment for the experimental

phase has been completed.

(1506) STIMULATION OF TURBULENCE ON SHIP MODELS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Frictional resistance research.

(e) Development of a turbulence stimulating

device which will insure adequate turbulence in the boundary layer over the en- tire length of any ship model. Empirical

and theoretical studies will be conducted

to evaluate the relative effectiveness of

turbulence rods, trip wires, sand roughness, isolated stubs, noise makers and

vibrators. Their relative effectiveness

will be calculated by studying the model

resistance and the character of the boundary layer flow around ship models as de- termined by the dye-method, the chemical

compound, and the hot-wire survey method.

(f) Suspended.

(g) The work of the previous year was devoted

to the study of the stimulating effect of

studs and the development of the technique of the chemical compound. The effect
of Various stimulators on the BSRA model

has been established and the evaluations

work will compare the results for each

stimulator with the results obtained by

the English tanks. The evaluation of the

stimulators used is still continuing.

(1511) SERIES 60 SEAWORTHINESS

.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Experimental and theoretical investigation

of the effect of changes in certain fea- tures of hull shape on the seaworthiness

characteristics of a series of ship models.

Three single screw ship forms of 0.60, 0.70 and 0.80 block coefficient have been adopted for this purpose. Tests to determine

the motion and speed reduction characteristics of the 0.60 block model were com- pleted.

(g) The phase between pitching and heaving

motion affects the seaworthiness characteristics such as wetness, slamming, and

speed reduction. Consequently this phase

relationship was further studied both ex- perimentally and theoretically.

(1512) EFFECTIVENESS OF BILGE KEELS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental testing.

(e) Measurements of the amplitudes of roll

versus rolling moment and frequency at or near resonance for a ship model with and

without bilge keels; the increase in re- sistance of a model due to rolling and

roll-induced yawing; and the lift, drag,

and torque developed by fins. Data will

be used in arriving at criteria for the

design of fin stabilizers.

(f) Completed.

(g) Roll tests have been made in the basin on

a ship model with and without bilge keels

.

Also, wind tunnel measurements have been

made to determine the effect of variation

in fin stabilizers on lift, drag, and

torque characteristics.

(151*0 MANEUVERING CHARACTERISTICS OF SINGLE

SCREW VESSELS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental testing.

(e) Measurements of side forces on propeller,

rudder, and hull of a single-screw ship

model during successive phases of starting,

stopping, and backing maneuvers.

(f) Inactive.

(g) A test program has been formulated. A

side-force dynamometer has been designed

and completed. Testing is expected to begin when priority considerations permit.

(1516) STUDIES OF RESISTANCE PREDICTION METHODS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Frictional resistance research.

(e) The theoretical possibility of separating

the viscous and wave drag for surface

flows by means of wake surveys has been

demonstrated. Experiments are to be per- formed on ship models to verify the prac- tical possibility of using this method to improve resistance predictions.

( f ) Suspended

.

(g) Instrumentation for the wake survey, in- cluding pitot rakes and traversing mechanisms are completed. The use of pressure transducers rather than manometric systems

is being investigated.

(1517) VORTEX-EXCITED BODIES IN A MOVING STREAM.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

-

(d) Experimental basic research.

(e) Measurements have been made of fluctuating

lift and drag forces on a 2- and U-inch

circular cylinder towed in minature Model

Basin. Further work will include wind

tunnel investigations of the relationship

between Strouhal number and shape for a family of struts in an attempt to correlate

wake frequency and shape parameters. In addition, an investigation will be made of

the spanwise correlation of vortex shedding on circular cylinders as a function

of Reynolds number.

(g) For a rigid cylinder fluctuating lift

coefficients of the same order of magnitude as the steady drag coefficient have

been found in the sub-critical range of

Reynolds numbers. There is evidence for lack of two-dimensionality in the vortex

shedding.

(h) "Vortex-Induced Vibration Studies", by

M. S. Macovsky, DTMB Report 1190, in preparation.

(1521) 36 -INCH VARIABLE PRESSURE WATER TUNNEL.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) New facility.

(e) Design and construction of a 36-inch

variable pressure water tunnel for investigation of propulsion, cavitation, and

noise characteristics of propellers as well as tests on sub-surface bodies.

Interchangeable test sections of open and

closed jet type will be provided. The

maximum design speed is 85 f.p.s.

(g) A construction contract was awarded in

December 1955 with a completion date in

early 1958.

( 1522 ) WAVEMAKER STUDIES .

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research and facility develop- ment . (e) Theoretical and experimental studies of

surface wave generators to develop criteria for the design and construction of

a large-scale wavemaker installation. A

program of research on wave absorbers is also underway. Prerequisite to this lat- ter investigation is the development of

practical means for evaluating the effectiveness of a given absorber.

(f) Completed.

135
(g) A small pilot model of a pneumatic wave- maker has been developed and successfully

operated. Improvement has been made in the means of controlling amplitude and

frequency of generated waves. A much

larger pneumatic wavemaker has been in- stalled in the lUO-foot model basin, and

has been in regular operation generating

waves for ship model tests. A 51-foot

wide pneumatic wavemaker has been installed

in the deep water basin. A method of

making measurements and determining wave absorption characteristics therefrom has

been developed analytically. The accuracy with which wave height can be determined

has been improved by the development of an electronic wave-height recorder which

operates on a change of capacitance principle .

(1778) HYDRODYNAMIC NOISE.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) Investigations of the characteristics of

underwater noise associated with various

hydrodynamic phenomena such as cavitation,

bubble oscillation, turbulence and splashing.

(g) Experimental and theoretical studies have

been made of noise produced by cavitation,

splashing, oscillating air bubbles, and

turbulence.

(h) "Some Measurements of the Fluctuating Pressures and Velocities in the Wake Behind a Cylinder", by M. Strasberg and R. D.Cooper,

Paper 1-707 in Proceedings of 9th Interna- tional Congress on Applied Mechanics, Sept. 1956.

(1779) TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; DaVid Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Frictional resistance research.

(e) A theoretical and experimental investigation of the velocity profile and wall

shearing stresses in turbulent boundary

layer. In order to provide a simple and

accurate determination of shear stress at the wall, the use of surface tube technique

for measuring this characteristic has been

investigated in both zero and adverse pressure gradients.

(1780) BUBBLE FLOW STUDIES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) Theoretical computations of bubble paths

for various shapes to determine points of

collision and conditions for non-collision

will be made. The validity of the theory

will be checked experimentally in a few cases

.

(h) "Experimental Study of Bubbles Moving in Liquids", by W. L. Hagerman, Paper in Trans. ASCE, Volume 121, 1956.

(1781) ROTATING-ARM AND MANEUVERING BASIN.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) New facility.

(e) Design and construction of a circular

basin of 260-foot diameter with a rotating

arm whose radius can be varied from 18 to 120 feet. To be used for towing tests of

surface and sub-surface models. Also,

design and construction of a maneuvering

basin 350 feet long and 230 feet wide,

equipped with traveling bridge and towing

carriages, and wavemakers for the purpose

of making maneuvering tests on ship models.

(g) Construction contract awarded in May 1956

with a completion date in early 1959

•

(1782) SHIP MOTIONS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Determination of ship motions in a regular seaway when coupling exists between heave

and pitch. The work is to be based on the linear theory and is a continuation

of work on uncoupled motion. It is in- tended to extend the applicability of the

linear theory to a larger number of vessels of various type.

(f) Inactive.

(1783) MATHEMATICAL SHIP LINES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical research.

(e) Development of a suitable method for the mathematical determination of ship lines

which can be applied to a wide variety

of ship forms especially to those of

modern design.

(g) A method has been developed for the

mathematical fairing of graphical lines.

This is a first step toward the development of a flexible system of mathematical

ship lines. Future work is directed

toward the development of a system of

mathematical lines which will permit the derivation of a hull form for a given set of parameters.

(1784) RESEARCH ON UNSTEADY FLOW PROBLEMS-

UNSTEADY EFFECTS ON STABILITY DERIVATIVES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) Studies of the effect of oscillation fre- quency and amplitude, speed of advance

and geometry on the stability derivatives

of an oscillating body in a fluid.

(f) Discontinued.

(g) The effect of the various parameters has

been studied with a spheroid of 7 to 1 fineness ratio. It was shown that un- steady effects may be of importance

especially when combined with non-linearity.

(1785) RESEARCH ON UNSTEADY FLOW PROBLEMS-

GENERAL THEORY.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

136
(d) Theoretical research.

(e) A general theoretical study of the field

of time-dependent hydrodynamic phenomena.

(f) Discontinued.

(g) Flows with d'Alemhert type unsteadiness,

unsteady jet problems, decay of vorticity,

d'Alembert flows, Gerstner's waves, potential waves, have been studied. It was shown that the dimensionless parameter

which describes the unsteadiness of general

fluid motion reduces to the conventional

Strouhal number (or dimensionless frequency

ratio) for oscillatory flows under certain

conditions

.

(1786) STUDIES OF THE SLAMMING OF SHIPS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Computations and measurements of the maxi- mum pressure and impact forces on the bot- toms of slamming ships for the purpose of

developing design criteria to effect their

reduction.

(g) Studies with ship models were made to de- termine hydrodynamic impact forces on ships.

Regular and confused seas were studied to determine conditions favorable for slamming.

(h) "Experiments on Rotational Impact", by F. N. Schwartz and M.D. Bledsoe, TMB Report llk-5 .

(1788) WAX DEVELOPMENT.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental testing.

( e ) Development of a wax composition and manufacturing techniques for the manufacture of

ship models up to 30 ft. on water-line

length.

(f) Completed.

(g) The blend developed is entirely suited to the climatic conditions existing in Wash.,

D.C. The strength of this material is such

that all types of models, including sub- marines, may be constructed and handled with

no greater care than is given to corresponding wood models. Ninety-one models, varying

in length between 19 and 2h ft. and in

weight between 1,000 and h,500 lbs., and

four 30 ft. models have been successfully

manufactured and tested since the develop- ment of this new wax blend. The introduction of wax model construction technique

has resulted in a substantial saving in time

and cost of ship model manufacturing at TMB.

(h) The following reports are being reviewed

prior to publication:

"The Development of a N-Butyl Methacrylate Wax Blend for Manufacturing Wax Models at TMB", by W. Hinterthan.

"Development and Application of a Wax Com- position for the Manufacture of Experimental

Ship Models", by W. Hinterthan.

"Methods to be Followed in the Blending of Wax for TMB Wax Model Production", Memorandum, by W. Hinterthan.

(1789) PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON SHIP MODELS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Frictional resistance research.

(e) Measurements of pressure distribution and

resistance with photographs of wave pro- files and flow lines for a series of ship

models. Data are to be used for the design

of turbulent boundary layer stimulators

and the improvement of resistance prediction technique.

(g) A bank of diaphragm-type pressure gages has been constructed to determine the pressure distributions, and tests on a specific model are in progress. Tests on the first model have been completed.

(2018) SERIES 60 - RESISTANCE OF VARIOUS RELATED

HULL FORMS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; Maritime Commission;

David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental testing.

(e) The dependance of resistance upon the

coefficients of hull form for a practical

range of single-screw ship forms is to be determined. The history of the project,

the scope of the proposed series is given

in (h) for Series 57- The resistance re- sults of the original Series 57 models

were somewhat disappointing and therefore

careful thought was given to the problem

of improving the original parents. As a result, new parent forms have been drawn

out, together with necessary contours and

models run for resistance. The new family

was designated number Series 60.

(f) Completed.

(g) It is believed that the new Series 60 con- tours now are such as to justify their use

as a starting point for future research in

a number of fields. Suggestions as to such systematic research were made in the

earlier paper, and include the evaluation

of the effect of LCB position, L/B and

B/H ratios etc.

(2019) PROPELLER EXCITED VIBRATION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin and Society of

Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

(d) Experimental basic research.

(e) Investigation, measurement and prediction

of propeller excited vibratory forces on

ship models

.

(g) Development of the instrumentation and

testing technique for single screw vessels

has ,been completed and refined. Tests are in progress to correlate model results

with the Gopher Marines full scale results.

Investigations are planned to determine

the effects on vibratory force of hull

form propeller design and location and

rudder design and location. Measurements of instantaneous pressure have been made

on the hull of USS TIMMERMAN and on the

hull of a 30 foot model of USS TIMMERMAN. The results agreed well with the predicted

scaling law. A report is being prepared.

(2229) NEAR SURFACE EFFECTS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

467776 O - 58 - 10 137
(d)

(e)

Hydrodynamic research. A mathematical study of the forces and moments acting on bodies due to the proximity of a free surface. The studies will

include both the case in which the surface

is initially undisturbed and the case in

which there are disturbances originating

at a distance.

Methods have been developed for computing

the forces and moments acting on bodies of

revolution, both due to waves generated by

the body itself and to regular trains of waves

.

(2230) THEORY OF SEAWORTHINESS.

(g)

(0)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Hydrodynamic research. A theoretical and experimental study of

factors affecting the seaworthiness of

ships, for the purpose of developing procedures for predicting their motion. Tests have been completed on two geometrically similar ship models of different

lengths. The analysis of these tests will

aid in estimating the validity of model

tests for predicting full-scale behavior. A ship model has been oscillated in heave

and pitch to determine the dependency of

the damping and added mass forces on speed,

frequency and amplitude of oscillation.

Comparisons will be made with theoretical

methods currently used to compute these

forces

.

"A Study of the Forces and Moments on a Surface Ship Performing Heaving Oscillations", by Paul Golovato, Journal of Ship

Research, Vol. 1, No. 1, April 1957-

(2231) HYDRAULIC ROUGHNESS STUDIES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Frictional resistance research.

(e) Theoretical and experimental research on methods for analyzing and predicting the

frictional resistance of arbitrary rough

surfaces, especially the painted surfaces

of ship hulls. The geometrical characteristics of arbitrary rough surfaces are to

be analyzed by amplitude-frequency spectra

while the hydrodynamic characteristics are to be analyzed by similarity laws.

(g) The low frequency characteristics of the

roughness records necessitate the develop- ment of a low frequency spectrum analyzer.

The analytical procedures for predicting

the frictional resistance of arbitrary

rough surfaces from similarity laws have

been completed. A method has been derived

for predicting full scale resistance of

arbitrary rough surfaces from tests of

model plates. Relations for the local skin

friction and shape parameter have been de- rived for use in calculating the develop- ment of turbulent boundary layers in pressure gradients for rough surfaces. Boundary layer measurements are being made in a wind tunnel on randomly rough surfaces

using a floating element dynamometer.

(h) "The Frictional Resistance and Turbulent

(2232)

(b)

(d)

(e)

(g)

Boundary of Rough Surfaces", by P. S. Granville, TMB Report 102U.

PRESSURE AND VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS ON TWO-DIMENSIONAL AND AXISYMMETRIC THREE- DIMENSIONAL FORMS.

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Potential flow research.

Investigate analytic techniques for de- termining the pressure and velocity distribution on two-dimensional and axisymmetric three-dimensional forms. The solution is to be amenable to coding for UNIVAC computation. An iterative solution has been developed

and coded for the UNIVAC. The pressure distribution for a number of bodies whose pressure distribution is known have been

completed and verified. Some difficulty

is experienced however, with convergence in certain portions of the calculations.

THE STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE IN BOUNDARY

LAYERS AND WAKES.

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Turbulence research. A study to Investigate the behavior of

the basic turbulence quantities in boundary layer and wake flows. Investigations

of the effect of background turbulence

level on the turbulence characteristics

of the wake behind two-dimensional forms and circular disks will be continued.

Experimental results indicate that the

intensity decay and width increase of

the turbulent wake in its downstream

course behind three-dimensional bluff

bodies (discs and plates) are in agree- ment with those theoretically predicted.

Future tests will be extended to include

practical configurations which will be investigated in both unpowered and

powered conditions

.

(223U) SURFACE WAKES BEHIND TOWED STRUTS.

(2233:

(b)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(b)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Hydrodynamic research.

Research on the mechanism of plume and

wake formation of surface piercing struts,

including the determination of wave drag, spray drag, and induced drag for geometrically varied series.

Inactive

.

Tests on a series of struts have been

completed.

(2235) LIBERTY SHIP SEAWORTHINESS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Thorough seaworthiness investigations of

a Liberty Ship and a modified Liberty

Ship Hull. The aspects of this investigation includes speed reduction, ship

motion, and slamming. Model experiments

have been conducted with 5- foot models

in waves. This work will be extended to

138
20-foot models and full-scale sea trials,

(f) Inactive.

(2236) OSCILLATING PRESSURES IN THE VICINITY OF PROPELLERS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied re- search.

(e) Studies of the oscillating pressures on

boundaries and in the free space produced

by propeller operation. The purpose of

the work is to determine the magnitude of

the hydrodynamic propeller excited vibratory forces acting on ship's hulls and the

effect of operating parameters

.

(f) Completed.

(g) Experimental results have been completed.

(h) "The Measurement of Thrust Fluctuation and

Free-Space Oscillating Pressures for a Propeller", by A. J. Tachmindji and M. C. Dickerson, DTMB Report 1107, January 1957-

"The Measurement of Oscillating Pressures

in the Vicinity of a Propeller", by A. J. Tachmindji and M. C. Dickerson, DTMB Report

1130, April 1957.

(2237) LIFTING SURFACE THEORY OF PROPELLERS.

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Studies of the corrections on lifting line

theory which arise from the finite extent

of the blades

.

(f) Application of an approximate lifting surface theory is completed. Development of

a rigorous theory temporarily inactive.

(g) The available results are being applied to propeller design methods.

(2238) THE EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF SHIFTING THE LONGITUDINAL CENTER-OF-BOUYANCY (LCB) UPON THE RESISTANCE AND PROPULSIVE CHARAC- TERISTICS OF VARIOUS RELATED HULL FORM OF SERIES 60.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental testing.

(e) Four models for each of the five block

coefficients, to which the parent models

were built, were constructed from the

Series 60 contours. Resistance tests were conducted for each of these hulls to find

the effect on resistance of varying the

LCB. Concurrently, the relation between

the propulsion coefficients and LCB position was obtained from propulsion tests.

(f) Completed.

(g) The effect of the LCB positioning on the

propulsive coefficients has been obtained.

Also an optimum location of LCB for each

block coefficient, of this series, has

been established from the resistance

characteristics of this hull.

(2239) PROPULSIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS RELATED HULL FORMS - SERIES 60.

(b) Bureau of Ships; Maritime Commission;

David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental testing.

(e) The dependance of propulsion characteristics upon the coefficients of hull form

and propeller diameter for a practical

range of single-screw ship forms are to be determined. Series 60 parent models

are used for this project.

(f) Completed.

(g) The dependance of wake, thrust deduction,

propulsive coefficient, etc. upon the

block coefficient, propeller diameter,

trim etc. has been obtained.

(21+62) PITCH REDUCTION STUDIES.

( b ) Bure au of Ships

.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) To investigate the effect of horizontal

fin appendages on the motion of surface

ships in a seaway. A motion prediction

theory is being developed and experimental

investigations will be conducted.

(h) "Model Experiments with Fixed Bow Antipitching Fins", by G. P. St e fun, TMB

Report 1118, in publication.

(2463) STUDIES OF LOW ASPECT-RATIO CONTROL SUR- FACES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin; laboratory project.

(d) Experimental investigation; basic re- search.

(e) Determine the aerodynamic characteristics

of a family of low aspect-ratio control

surfaces which can be used by the designer of submarines and surface ships.

Phase I is an investigation of a family

of all-movable control surfaces . Phase II

is an investigation of the same family

with plain flaps of different chord

length.

(f) Phase I, completed; Phase II, active.

(g) The results of Phase I indicate that many

of the aerodynamic characteristics of low

aspect-ratio surfaces can be accurately

predicted from lifting surface theory.

(h) The results of Phase I and comparisons

with lifting surface theory are presented

in DTMB Report No. 933.

(2k6h) THE EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF CHANGING

THE LENGTH TO BEAM (L/B) AND BEAM TO DRAFT (B/H) ON THE RESISTANCE CHARACTER- ISTICS AND PROPULSIVE COEFFICIENTS FOR

THE VARIOUS RELATED HULL FORMS OF SERIES

60.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental testing.

(e) For each block coefficient (Cg) models

are being built from the offsets of the

model with the optimum location of the

longitudinal center-of-bouyancy . This

model will have been established by the

program - "The Evaluation of the Effect

of Shifting the Longitudinal Center-of

Bouyancy upon the Resistance and Propulsive Characteristics of Various Related

Hull Forms of Series 60".

139
(f) Completed.

( h) "Series 60 - The Effect Upon Resistance

and Power of Variation in Ship Proportions", by Dr. F. H. Todd, Mr. G. R. Stuntz, and Dr. P. C. Pien, Society of

Naval Architects and Marine Engineers paper was presented during November 1957

meeting.

(2*+66) TOWING EQUIPMENT AND MOTION RECORDING

INSTRUMENTATION FOR SHIP MODEL TESTS IN

WAVES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin laboratory project; specfically for TMB's proposed

Maneuvering Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

( e ) The purpose of the equipment and instrumentation is respectively, to tow models

in waves and to measure and record various

types of model motions. Surface models

will be tested under partially-restrained

conditions, the restraints being those of yaw and sway; or, of yaw, sway, and roll. Model tests will be conducted in head and

following seas.

(f) Specifications were completed while the

design of the equipment and instrumentation is being done presently.

(21+67) DEVELOPMENT OF OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH

VESSEL.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Prediction and experimental determination

of the motion of research vessel in seaway.

(f) Completed.

(21+68) EFFECT OF WAVES ON STANDARDIZATION TRIALS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To establish a method for determining the

conditions under which standardization

trials might be adversely affected. Experimental studies are underway on models of

three typical vessels of varying block

coefficients to determine the combination

of speed, wave length and wave height which

influence smooth water speed. As a byproduct, this work will furnish general

information on factors governing speed

reduction in a seaway. A theoretical

method has been developed to determine

added resistance due to waves. It is in- tended to compare experiment with theory.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Speed Reduction in Waves", by Margaret D. Bledsoe, TMB Report IO83 (awaiting publication )

.

(21+69) INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON TESTS- -SEAWORTHINESS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin

Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) To obtain seaworthiness information for comparison purposes by means of a 10 foot

l'+0

fiber glass plastic self-propelled model

of the Series 60, 0.60 block coefficient

form. The effect of self-propulsion on the motion and speed reduction character- 1 istics of this model is compared with the

effects previously studied by means of a gravity type towing arrangement . Com- parison between results obtained in three

large basins (DTMB, Wageningen, Haslar),

equipped to handle 10 foot self-propelled

models, will also be made.

(21+70) HELMHOLTZ RESONATOR.

\ (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical investigation

of the excitation of HeLmholtz Resonator by fluid flow.

(e) Studies to determine the mechanism of

excitation of the HeLmholtz Resonator by

fluid flow past orifice will be undertaken. The experimental investigation

will employ the Low-Turbulence Wind Tunnel. The amplitude of pressure fluctuations in the cavity will be investigated

as function of the size, shape and number

of orifices, as well as the turbulence

characteristics in the boundary layer

flow.

(h) "Excitation of Cavity Resonance by Air

Flow", by M. C. Harrington, Journal of

Acoustical Society of America, Volume 29,

p. 187 (1957).

"Experimental Investigation of Cavity

Resonance Excited by Air Flow", by M. C. Harrington, presented at the meeting of

the Division of Fluid Dynamics of the

American Physical Society, New York of

30 January 1956.

(21+71) THEORY OF CONTRA-ROTATING PROPELLERS

.

(b) Cooperative with the Bureau of Ships.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Studies of the theory of contra-rotating

propellers without assumptions regarding

the orientation of the resultant induced

velocity.

(g) Application to open water and wake

adapted propellers.

(h) "Effect of Propeller Pitch Changes on Torque Unbalance of Contra-Rotating

Propellers", by W. B. Morgan, DTMB Report

1121+, March 1957-

(21+72) COOPERATIVE TESTS ON A VICTORY SHIP

DESIGN.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin; Skin Friction

Committee of the International Towing

Tank Conference.

(d) Experimental testing; basic research.

(e) The investigation was authorized by the International Committee on "Scale Effect

on Propellers and on Self-Propulsion Factors" as part of the international

cooperative test program in ship basins.

The International Committee will compare

the results from the various basins and present a report to the coming
International Conference. The tests will

"be carried out with a wax model of scale

1:23 equipped with different kinds of

stimulators. The friction corrections

will be calculated by the various basins

according to their methods.

(g) The specified program of model testing has

been completed. The required calculation

for the power predictions have to be done

before the evaluation work can proceed.

(h) Results will be published before the coming

International Towing Tank Conference.

(2^73) FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE OF GEOSIM MODELS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin; Skin Friction

Committee of the International Towing Tank

Conference

.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Representatives of the various towing tanks

of the ITTC have been unable to agree on a friction line. The Skin Friction Committee

of the ITTC was therefore directed to de- velop a universally acceptable "Engineering

Line" for use in extrapolating from ship

models to full-scale. Model resistance

data for geosim series are therefore being

assembled and analyzed according to each

of several currently proposed friction

lines. Resistance data for geosim models

tested at TMB are being distributed to other basins for analysis and TMB will

analyze all model data from other tanks

using the Schoenherr formula.

(f) Completed.

(g) According to present status, the Schoenherr

line seems to represent a reliable average friction line.

(2k7k) CALCULATION OF GOLDSTEIN FACTORS FOR 3, k,

5 AND 6 BLADED PROPELLERS.

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Calculation of Goldstein factors, particularly for the case of large advance ratios

where the approximations made in the original equations are not valid.

(f) Completed.

(g) Application to propeller design.

(h) "The Calculations of Goldstein Factors for Three, Four, Five and Six Bladed Propellers", by A. J. Tachmindji and A. B. Milam, DTMB Report No. 103^.

(2727) THE EFFECT OF HUB DIAMETER ON THE OPTIMUM

DISTRIBUTION OF CIRCULATION OF PROPELLERS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Studies of the effect of hub diameters on the optimum distribution of circulation.

(g) Calculations have been completed.

(h) "The Calculation of the Circulation Distribution for Propellers with Finite Hub

Having Three, Four, Five and Six Blades",

by A. J. Tachmindji and A. B. Milam, DTMB

Report llUl, July 1957 and International

Shipbuilding Progress, September 1957-

"The Ideal Efficiency of Optimum Propellers

Having Finite Hubs and Finit e Number of

Blades", by J. W. Shultz,Jr. DTMB Report

1148, July 1957.

(2728) SEAWORTHINESS OF U. S. COAST GUARD

VESSELS.

(b) U. S. Coast Guard; David Taylor Model

Basin.

(d) Experimental (research and development).

(e) Three designs for a 160 ft. Water Patrol

Craft were investigated for seaworthiness

characteristics. Experiments were con- ducted for several wave conditions in order to determine the best design with

respect to amplitudes of motions and

accelerations, speed reduction in waves, wetness, etc.

(g) The effect of the LCB positioning on the

propulsive coefficients has been obtained.

Also an optimum location of LCB for each

block coefficient, of this series, has

been established from the resistance

characteristics of this hull.

(h) "Series 60 - The Effect Upon Resistance

and Power of Variation in LCB Position",

by Dr. F. H. Todd and P. C. Pien, A Society of Naval Architects and Marine

Engineers paper, May 1956.

( 2729 ) HULL FORM RESEARCH BY USING A FLEXIBLE

MODEL.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Development and experimental work.

(e) A flexible model which can be quickly

changed to have any fullness and any

shape of section area curve is to be de- veloped first. The effect of section area curve parameters, such as tp, tA,

CPF> CPA' lEj lx > xF> XA> etc -> uP°n re- sistance will be systematically investigated by using this flexible model,

(g) The flexible model has been built. The

experimental work will be started very

soon.

(2730) MOLECULAR - PHYSICAL SKIN EFFECT.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The frictional resistance of a "new" plate consisting of a special molecular

coating will be compared with the frictional resistance of a hydraulically

smooth brass plate and of a mirror smooth

glass plate. The test equipment will be

designed and constructed to study wave

and spray formation for the determination

of the true wetted surface. The plate

will be tested with maximum speed of 15-0

knots and with various stimulation de- vices . (g) The Nikuradse coated plates have been

tested. Significant resistance differences between coated and non-coated

plates have been measured on a coated

brass plate and an uncoated aluminum

plate. Since the contours of the leading

and trailing edges of the two plates vary
considerably a doubt is raised at whether

the coating or the difference in the con- tours caused the resistance differences.

There fore j an aluminum plate having the

same contours as the coated brass plate

will be constructed and tested in order to evaluate this phenomena,

(h) "Skin Friction Experiments on Test Plates

with Nikuradse Coatings", by W. B. Hinterthan, DTMB Report 1159, August 1957-

(2962) SHIP MOTION.

(b) Bureau of Ships, David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Field investigation (full scale trials).

(e) An account of seakeeping trials carried

out jointly by the Royal Netherlands Navy

and the United States Navy with three

destroyers

.

(f) Complated.

(g) Measurements were made of motions of slamming pressures and of stresses. These were analyzed to determine the effect of

the seaway, of speed and of relative

course. Evaluation of the three vessels

was made based on the foregoing.

(h) Proceedings Symposium on the Behavior of

Ships in a Seaway, September 7"th - 10th,

H. Veenman and Zonen - Wageningen.

(2963) SHIP MOTIONS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Outline of a method for testing models in confused seas and for reducing the observed

data to given standard conditions. The introduction of standard conditions is necessary for the proper interpretation of experiments and for the purpose of comparing one model against another. The method

will also allow predicting the behavior of the same model in other seaways which de- part not too strongly from the test conditions . (f) Completed.

(h) Proceedings Symposium on the Behavior of

Ships in a Seaway, September 7th - 10th,

1957, H. Veenman and Zonen - Wageningen.

(296M TRANSITION ON A SPHERE AT HIGH REYNOLDS

NUMBERS.

(b) Naval Ordnance Laboratory; David Taylor

Model Basin.

(d) Experimental basic research.

(e) An experimental investigation of the position of transition from linear to turbulent flow on an 18-inch sphere at a Reynolds numbers approximately 2.2 to

3.5 x 10^. The investigation was conducted

in both the Transonic Wind Tunnel and the

towing basin, using the hot-wire technique

to detect transition.

(f) Completed.

(g) The results indicate transition in a re- gion 90° from the stagnation point in agreement with predictions based on neutral stability theory.

(h) DTMB Report 1110, "Measurement of

Transition on a Sphere at High Reynolds

Numbers", by E. Y. Hsu and M. S. Macovsky,

June 1957-

( 2965 ) HYDRODYNAMIC STUDIES OF THE HEAVE AND PITCF OF HYDROFOIL CRAFT IN REGULAR WAVES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. I (d) Experimental and theoretical applied re- search.

(e) Measurements of the heave and pitch of a model hydrofoil craft have been made and

correlated with theoretical predictions

given by Weisblum's approximate linerized

theory (TMB Report C-V79).

(f) Completed.

(g) The theoretical heave and pitch amplitude

magnifications are greater than the meas- ured for most conditions, particularly

heave magnifications in following seas. The approximate linerized theory is con- sidered qualitatively useful.

(h) "Experimental and Theoretical Studies of

Hydrofoil Configuration in Regular Waves", CDR Patrick Leehey, USN, and John M. Steele, Jr., October 1957, TMB Report llUo.

(2966) STUDY OF BOUNDARY LAYERS OF SUBMERGED

BODIES OF REVOLUTION.

(b) Bureau of Ships, David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental basic re- search.

(e) Experiments have been carried out on an elongated body of revolution in 8 x 10 ft subsonic wind tunnel. The model consists

of a basic body of revolution with removeable model deck, conning tower, and tail

control surfaces, to simulate the geo- metrical form of a submarine. The meas- urements consisted of boundary layer sur- vey and local skin friction measurements

by surface pitot tubes at various angular

locations throughout a range of speeds.

(f) Completed.

(g) Results conform to those expected from

considerations based on potential flow theory.

(2967) CONTROL SURFACE FLUTTER.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic investigation.

(e) Experiments are being conducted with a flutter apparatus to determine flutter

speeds as a function of inertias, spring

and damping constants. The results will

be compared with a simplified rudder

flutter theory which can then be applied

to design procedures.

(g) Testing is in progress.

(2968) STUDIES OF LIFT FORCES ON HYDROFOILS IN REGULAR WAVES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical applied re- search.

(e) Measurements of the lift force on a

lh2
restrained foil in regular waves have been

made and will be correlated with the quasisteady lift theory and the unsteady lift

theories of Kaplan (ETT Report 506) and

Leehey (TMB Report 1077)-

(g) No conclusive results at this time.

(2969) FLOW STUDIES ON THREE-DIMENSIONAL FORMS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic re- search.

(e) Pressure distributions and flow studies

have been made in a wind tunnel on several

shapes similar to those of certain sonar

domes. Data will be used in predicting

those conditions of ship speed, yaw and

pitch which are conducive to cavitation on sonar domes

.

(h) "Sonar Dome Cavitation - Correlation

Studies on USS TIMMERMAN (EAG152)", by M.

S. Macovsky and R. J. Duerr, DTMB Report

1023, May 1956.

(2970) STUDIES OF HYDRODYNAMIC LOADING ON BARE AND FAIRED CABLES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental investigation; basic research.

(e) Measure the tangential and normal hydrodynamic forces acting on a long cylinder

towed at various angles to the stream over

a range of Reynolds' numbers. Tests will

be made with various degrees of roughness

simulating stranded cable, and various

trailing-type fairing designs.

(2971) FULL SCALE TRIAL AND MODEL PREDICTION

CORRELATION.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental testing and re-evaluation of

existing test data.

(e) The accuracy of full scale power predictions from model test results depends upon

the selection of the proper roughness

allowance (AC-p) to be used in model calculations. The results of approximately 32 trial correlation tests will be analyzed

and new model tests conducted to compile

data on the variation of AC^ with ship

type.

(g) This work has been started and is scheduled for completion by July 1958- The presentation of a paper to the Society of Naval

Architects and Marine Engineers is projected.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, NAVAL BOILER AND TURBINE LABORATORY.

(1523) HIGH PRECISION POWER INSTRUMENTS.

(b) Bureau of Ships and Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Commanding Officer and Director, U. S. Naval. Boiler and Turbine Laboratory, Naval Base,

Philadelphia 12, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) For improvement of fluid flow measurement. Work is currently being undertaken to de- termine the effect of two phase flow. Data to date have been obtained for moisture contents in the order of 20 percent.

(g) Preliminary results indicate that additional correction for wet steam Is essen- tial over and above compensation for density.

(2731) EFFECT OF PIPE ROUGHNESS ON ORIFICE METER

ACCURACY.

(b) American Gas Association.

( c ) American Gas Association, k20 Lexington

Ave., New York 17, New York.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This project is under the cognizance of

the A.G.A. Supervisory Committee to Study

Pipe Roughness. The scope of the project

is, initially, limited to investigation of

the effect of pipe roughness on two-inch meter runs using water as a media.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST

STATION.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos . 2^77 and 2972

should be addressed to the Commander, U. S. Naval

Ordnance Test Station, Attn: Mr. John C. Waugh,

3202 East Foothill Blvd. , Pasadena, California.

(2^77) WATER ENTRY CAVITY MODELING.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Navy Department.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) For missile water entry at high speeds, the

initial regime of underwater trajectory

motion takes place with a cavity. It is known that cavity size and shape affect the

underwater trajectory behavior of the missile. Hence successful modeling of under- water trajectory in cavity motion necessarily includes modeling of the cavity. The purpose of this experimental project is to investigate the importance of gas-density

scaling in conjunction with Froude and

cavitation-number scaling in water-entry

cavity modeling.

(f) Modeling studies completed.

(g) The oblique water entry of a truncatedcone missile forms a cavity which is sensitive to variations in the gas density co- efficient, particularly in the range

0. \<- p ' < 0.8. One-to-one scaling of Froude

number and gas-density coefficient with or without scaling of the cavitation number,

resulted in excellent cavity modeling, but

when the gas-density coefficient was not scaled modeling did not occur. All scaling

techniques modeled the position of the missile during the first 20 diameters of under- water travel.

The cavities and trajectories of a rightcylinder missile are almost independent of

scaling conditions for the first 15 diam- eters of underwater travel. Beyond 15

1^3
(h)

diameters, however, they and the missile

attitude are greatly affected by changes

in either cavitation number or gas-density

coefficient. No modeling can be expected

unless both parameters as well as the

Froude number are scaled. "Water-Entry Cavity Modeling. Part 1. Ver- tical Cavities", by J. G. Waugh and G. W. Stubstad, China Lake, Calif., NOTS, 8 Oct. 1956 (NAVORD Report 5365, NOTS 1597)-

"Water-Entry Cavity Modeling. Part 2. Oblique Cavities", by G. W. Stubstad and

J. G. Waugh, China Lake, Calif., NOTS (to be published as NAVORD 5365, NOTS 1597)-

(2972) WATER-ENTRY PITCH MODELING.

(b)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

Office of Naval Research, Navy Department.

Experimental; basic research.

The purpose of this project is to develop

a technique whereby the water-entry and

underwater trajectory in cavity behavior

or proposed service missiles can be rapidly

and economically predicted by the use of

small-scale models.

Modeling studies completed.

Water-entry pitch modeling studies were

made using (a) one-to-one Froude and cavitation number scaling and (b) one-to-one

Froude and cavitation number and gas-density scaling. Prototype missiles consisted

of six full scale (22.1+-inch diameter)

dummy Mk 25 aircraft torpedoes with ogive

and disk-ogive heads. Head configurations

consisted of 1-5- and 3-5-caliber ogives,

a hemisphere, disk 0.25- and 0.1-caliber

ogives and a disk-cylinder head. Launchings

were made with fresh water with atmospheric pressure over the water surface. Nominal

prototype water-contact conditions were:

1+00 feet per second velocity, -20. 5 -degree

trajectory angle, and zero angle of attack. Two-inch diameter geometrically and dynamically similar models of the prototype missiles were launched with fresh water under

scaled water-contact conditions. Both pro- totype and model water-entry data were ob- tained by photographic techniques. Modeling studies were made over approximately 5 calibers of missile water penetration.

Studies with one-to-one Froude and cavitation number scaling were made on all heads.

Modeling to within the accuracy of the pro- totype data was obtained for all heads ex- cept the disk 0.1-caliber ogive which showed

the least change in water-entry pitch. It

is concluded that the technique may be in- adequate for heads which show small change

in water-entry pitch.

Studies with one-to-one Froude and cavitation number and gas-density scaling were made on the hemisphere, disk 0.1-caliber

ogive and disk-cylinder heads. Modeling

to within the accuracy of the prototype

data was obtained. It is concluded that

the technique will be adequate for all head

configurations, and can be used to model

simultaneously missile water-entry and

underwater trajectory in cavity behavior.

Report In preparation.

Special problems in hydrodynamics.

Hydraulic breakwater. Water exit hydroballistics

Measurement of turbulence in flowing

water. Cavitation.

Mathematical analysis of pressure

distribution.

Boundary-layer development on smooth

and rough surfaces.

Characteristics of stable eddies.

Research ship theory.

Development of instruments for use i analyzing aperiodic signals.

The decay of turbulence in a zero- momentum wake

.

Characteristics of solitary waves. Turbulence measurements In free surface

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, OFFICE OF NAVAL

RESEARCH.

For sponsored projects see the following:

Project

(15^8

(2753

(2537

(73

(79

(81

(85U

(1875

(2091

(25 hi

(2792

(577

(578

(1355

(2801

(2802

(880

(235^

(2355

(2375

(100

(2601

(281+7

(211+3

(211+1+

(2861+

(3^0

(215I+ (2156

(2389

(2615

(2870

(1^77

(11+78

(21+36 (1523

(2972

211

32

33

33

33

3h

3h

35

36

36ho

flow. 1+0 Cavitation inception for steady motion. 1+0 Interaction of waves with floating

bodies

.

Experimental study of wake mechanics.

Recovery factors and heat -transfer

coefficients for supersonic flow of

air in a tube

.

Interaction between ocean and atmos- phere with special reference to the

hydraulic circulation.

Office of Naval Research wave project. On the codification of hydraulically

rough surfaces.

Air entrainment research. Measurement of noise created by under- water emission of air bubbles.

Research and investigation on thrust

deduction.

Experimental studies of surface wave

absorption.

Experimental and analytical studies

of hydrofoils.

Gravity effect on potential flow with

a free surface.

Planing surfaces

.

Investigation of ship motions.

Motion and stability of hydrofoil

systems

.

Performance and dynamic characteristics

of hydrofoil craft. 68

Forces and moments on submerged bodies

below waves. 69 Model study of surge action in a port. 72 Turbulent expansion of jets in water. 122 Wind waves. Flow over hydrophobic material.

High precision power instruments. Water entry pitch modeling.

1+2 ^3

h3

1+9 50

5862

58

59

63

63

66

66

67

67

123

123 lh3

11+ 1+

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY, Hydraulic Data Branch.

Inquiries concerning all TVA projects should be addressed to Mr. Albert S. Fry, Hydraulic Data

11+1+
Branch, Tennessee Valley Authority, Khoxville, Tennessee.

Hydraulic Operations and Tests Section .

(731) SOUTH HOLSTON DAM, SURGE TANK MODEL STUDY.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:50 model of the penstock and surge chamber was used to determine (l) the orifice size and characteristic shape to produce favorable pressure and water surface

elevations to he expected in the surge

chamber; and ( 2 ) the operational characteristics or the selected design.

(f) Model studies completed.

(g) With the proper orifice between the riser

and the surge chamber as satisfactory re- sults can be obtained as with the differential riser type of surge tank.

(h) Report in preparation.

(739) CHEROKEE DAM, SLUICE RATING.

(a)

(e)

Field investigation; operation. Measurement of discharges and differential

pressures in the sluices, supplemented by

model test data, will be used to establish

the discharge ratings for the eight sluices. Tables of discharge for any gate opening

at any headwater elevation within the oper- ating range are to be prepared.

(7^5) FONTANA DAM, SLUICE RATING.

(a)

(e)

(f)

(a)

(e)

(g)

Field investigation; operation.

Model tests, checked by field measurements,

are to be used in determining the discharge

ratings for all anticipated operating con- ditions. Discharge tables for operating

purposes will be prepared.

Model studies completed.

(758) CHEROKEE DAM, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Periodic checks and observations will be

made on the various hydraulic appurtenances

to determine the operating characteristics

of the structures and the effect of opera- tion on the structures.

(g) Measurement of pressures in the sluice barrel have been obtained and will be compared

with pressures obtained in model tests. The apron and sluice barrels were inspected in 1953 "to determine the effect of in- termittent operation during the past 11 years

.

(h) Report in preparation.

(759) DOUGLAS DAM, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

Field investigation; applied research.

Periodic checks and observations will be

made on the various hydraulic appurtenances

to determine the operating characteristics

of the structures and the effect of opera- tion on the structure

.

Measurement of pressures in the sluice barrel have been obtained and will be compared

with pressures obtained in model tests. The apron and sluice barrels were inspected

in 1953 to determine the effect of intermittent operation during the past 10 years,

(h) Report in preparation.

(762) SOUTH HOLSTON DAM, SURGE TANK PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

(a

(e

(1038

(d

(e

(f

(153*

(a

(e

Field investigation; applied research.

The prototype installation was equipped to allow testing in a manner similar to that

used in the model studies which established

the design. A check on the model accuracy

can thus be obtained.

Initial tests made in February 1950.

HALES BAR DAM, SPILLWAY APPROACH STUDIES.

Experimental; for design. Tests are made on a 1:65 model to determine effect of the remains of cofferdam

structures upstream of the spillway on the

spillway discharge and to determine amount

of the obstructions which should be re- moved.

Model tests completed.

FORT PATRICK HENRY DAM, SPILLWAY MODEL STUDIES

.

Experimental; for design. Tests are being conducted on a 1:50 scale

and 1:112-5 scale model to determine the

apron design, training wall dimensions,

and other related data,

(f) Model studies completed. An apron using a single row of rectangular

baffle blocks was developed on the 1:50

scale model. This apron was then used in

the 1:112.5 scale model and the necessary

appurtenant structures developed. Of main

interest in the developed design was the

lack of training walls. Studies to determine the effect of vegetative growth on the island areas below the spillway showed

which areas must be kept free of growth and

which may be allowed to grow up. Installation completed and instruction manual par- tially completed and issued,

(h) Report in preparation.

(1536) VHF RADIO GAGES FOR REPORTING RAINFALL AND RIVER STAGES.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) Standard FM tone modulated 169 - 172 Mc. radio equipment has been modified to trans- mit pulsed signals produced in a specially

designed electro-mechanical converter unit

(keyer). This keyer can be directly

operated for river stage measurement by the conventional float system. By use of an electrical servo system, rainfall caught in

a standard weighing type gage can be trans- mitted to the keyer unit. Standard VHF radio station transmitter-receiver units

have been modified for use as automatic

repeater units. A printing type recorder

operated by a standard VHF, FM receiver

1*5
suitably modified, records and prints all transmitted signals on a 5-inch tape. All transmitting units are supplied with at least 3 days emergency power in case of AC power failure. Suitable signals indicate

when any gage is on emergency power.

(g) Seven receiving systems which include 19 stream gages, 22 rainfall gages, 13 re- peater stations, and 7 receivers have "been installed. Some units have operated for 3 years very satisfactorily. Keyer unit has

been patented.

(h) "Automatic VHF Radio Telemetering of Hydrologic Data", by James A. Dale, ASCE Proc. Paper No. 1278, Jour. Hydraulics Div., Vol.

83, No. HY3, June 1957-

( 179*0 WATTS BAR LOCK PROTOTYPE TESTS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The prototype installation was equipped

with piezometers to allow checking of cul- vert and port pressures and discharges.

The culverts and ports were designed from

model studies. Thus, measurement on the

prototype would provide model-prototype

verification data.

(f) Complete field tests were conducted in 1952- (h) Reduction of data is being completed.

(1796) KINGSTON STEAM PLANT, CONDENSER WATER IN- TAKE TEMPERATURE STUDIES.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; de- sign.

(e) The condenser water intakes and outlets

draw water from and discharge into Watts

Bar Reservoir (Tennessee River). During

the warmer portions of the year this reser- voir becomes stratified and the inflowing

waters pass through the reservoir as den- sity currents. By means of theoretical

considerations and field observations, the proper location and shapes for the intakes

and outlets were determined and the probable intake temperature calculated.

(g) Six-point recording temperature gages were installed on the Tennessee, Clinch, and

Emory Rivers and data obtained during the

period of stratification in 1953 and 195^- Velocity and temperature profile measurements were made at eight sections in the

Clinch and Emory Rivers for period of

steady flow to define thermal density under- flow. Theoretical analyses were made to show the benefits that could be derived by

the installation of a submerged dam in the

Clinch River below the mouth of the Emory

River to divert the density underflow up

the Emory River. Studies indicate that

temperature reductions effected by the

structures will result in coal savings of

$100,000.00 annually. The cost of the structures is about $+00,000.00.

(h) Report in preparation.

(1797) GALLATIN STEAM PLANT, CONDENSER WATER IN- TAKE TEMPERATURE STUDY.

(d) Theoroetical and field investigation; design.

I

1 (e) The condenser water intakes and outlets

are to draw water from and discharge into , the proposed Old Hickory Reservoir (Cumber- ! land River). The entire setup is to be 1 analyzed to determine the type of flow

conditions to be expected in the reservoir;

the temperatures to be expected at the in- lets; and the best design for the inlets

and outlet structures

.

(g) Single-point temperature recorders were installed at six stations which, in combination with turbine intake temperature re1 corders at three upstream dams, will be

used to determine temperature increases

between points on the Cumberland River for c various conditions. Data are being col- lected and evaluated.

(2241) KINGSTON STEAM PLANT - CONDENSER COOLING WATER CONDUIT LOSS.

I (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Longitudinal Interior support was required

for 96-inch concrete pipe conduit. A study! was made of the relative loss for a sixinch thick vertical concrete wall, I beams

separated by h-l/2 inch pipe columns and I beams separated by streamlined k-l/2 inch

pipe columns

.

(f) Laboratory studies completed; partial field

tests performed.

(2^79) WILSON LOCK HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The new Wils on lock will be 110 feet long, 675 feet center-to-center pintles with a 100-foot maximum lift. Three models are projected: A 1 : 36 scale model of a single \ transverse lateral with 12 ports to determine proper lateral and port designs; a l:l6 scale model of lock chamber, intakes,

culverts, gates, and other details to de- termine overall designs; and a 1:100 scale

j model of the river and navigation channel

confluence to study navigation problems. t (f) Laboratory studies completed on the 1:36

and l:l6 scale models. Studies are con- tinuing on the 1:100 scale model.

(g) The basic design for the filling and emp- tying systems was determined from the model

studies. Filling will be achieved through 1 the use of 6 lateral culverts each containing 12 equally spaced ports 3-5 ft high by

1.5 ft wide. The upper three laterals will

be fed from the landward main culvert and

the lower three laterals by the riverward

culvert. At minimum tailwater elevation

only 23 ft of water cushion is available

at the bottom of the controlling reverseflow tainter valves. Dangerously low pressures were eliminated by use of a fast initial opening rate followed by a slow

rate for the major portion of the opening

and by modifications of the valve shape and

of the upper seal nose design. A stepped

lateral design was found necessary to produce stable flow conditions.

(h) Report on lock filling and emptying system

in preparation.

Ih6
2973) REVISION TO PRESENT WILSON NAVIGATION LOCK.

(d) Experimental; for design.

( e ) Upon completion of the new Wilson Lock con- struction, the tailwater in the navigation

canal at the dam will "be lowered 10 feet. To make the present two-lift lock operable

under the new conditions, the lower chamber

floor will be lowered 10 feet and a new

filling and emptying system provided.

(f) Model studies are under way to determine

the exact hydraulic design to be used in

the renovations.

297*0 DEVELOPMENT OF IMPACT TUBE-PRESSURE TRANS- DUCER TURBULENCE PROBE.

(d) Experimental; applied research in field

investigations

.

(e) Development of a turbulence probe and

auxiliary analog computer for field use.

( f ) Development active

.

(g) Based on project (578) of Mass. Inst, of

Tech., a turbulence probe for use in

natural streams is to be developed. An

analog computer which will produce auto- correlation factors directly from the pressure cell data is also under development.

Hydraulic Investigation Section .

(76U) DETERMINATION OF SEDIMENT CARRIED IN SUS- PENSION BY TENNESSEE RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) To provide data for estimating effective

life of storage reservoirs, and loss of

soil from the land. Samples of water were collected periodically at stream gaging

stations in the watershed, analyzed to de- termine the sediment content, and corre- lated with river discharge to determine the

suspended sediment load at each station.

(h) Report in preparation.

(765) EVAPORATION IN THE TENNESSEE BASIN.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To provide data for estimating reservoir

losses and derive a general rule, applicable to the Basin, permitting computation

of evaporation from pans at six locations

in Basin, together with standard meteorological readings.

(h) "Precipitation in Tennessee River Basin",

published in monthly and annual bulletins.

(768) PRECIPITATION IN TENNESSEE RIVER BASIN.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) A comprehensive study of rainfall and other

weather phenomena for purposes of water

dispatching and improvements in water control; storm studies as related to maximum

precipitation, rainfall-runoff, spillway

design and operation, etc.

(h) Monthly bulletin, "Precipitation in Tenn. River Basin." Also annual summary.

( 769 ) RESERVOIR AND STREAM TEMPERATURES

.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Study of water utilization and water move- ment as concerns industrial plant locations

and stream pollution. Variations in tem- perature from surface to bottom in reser- voirs throughout the year are determined

by soundings, and by continuous recording

gages in natural streams.

(771) GALLERY DRAINAGE IN LARGE DAMS.

(d) Field investigations; design.

(e) Weirs are placed in main galleries and

drainage measured as check on tightness

and stability.

(785) SEDIMENTATION OF EXISTING RESERVOIRS

.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Selected ranges in reservoirs are probed

and sounded, volumetric samples are collected and analyzed, quantity and distribution of sediment are computed to determine deposition by stream, probable life

of reservoir, effect of sediment storage

on navigation channels and sedimentation

of downstream reservoirs, and probable

sedimentation in future reservoirs.

(h) "Measurement of Sedimentation in TVA

Reservoirs", by Edwin H. McCain, ASCE

Proc. Paper No. 1277, Journal of the

Hydraulics Division, Vol. 83, No. HY3, June 1957.

(786) WATER TRAVEL IN NATURAL STREAMS.

(d) Field investigations; applied research.

(e) Sanitary and chemical changes in water

during passage downstream are determined.

A given mass of water is identified by

electrical conductivity or chemical

titration.

(f) No work done in recent years.

(787) MOVEMENT OF WATER THROUGH LARGE RESERVOIRS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Because of slow water travel, samples are collected by traverse through lake.

(f) No work done in recent years.

(g) Water entering a reservoir does not intermix with the rest of the reservoir, but

remains as a density current as a result

of the difference in temperature between

the inflowing water and that in the reservoir. During certain seasons of the year, In Watts Bar Reservoir the cold water re- leased from Norris Reservoir passes up- stream along the bottom of the Emory River

arm of the former reservoir.

Hydrology Section .

(777) RUNOFF-EROSION INVESTIGATIONS ON SMALL

WATERSHEDS.

(b) Certain projects involve cooperation with

North Carolina State College of Agri . and

Engrg. , and The Univ. of Tennessee.

(d) Field investigation and office analysis;
basic and applied research,

(e) To evaluate, hydrologically, existing and

changed land-use practices or management. Data are obtained on rainfall and runoff on watersheds, and in some instances include

sediment load measurements, ground-water

levels, soil moisture storage and transmission, potential evapo-transpiration,

vegetal covers, and soils as well as char- acteristics of runoff from agricultural and

forested watersheds.

(g) During the 10-year period 19U1-1950 the

cover improvement and erosion control in

the Pine Tree Branch watershed ( formerly

Henderson County project ) have resulted in

a decrease in surface runoff volumes and an increase in ground-water discharges, marked

reductions in summer and winter peak flood

discharges, a reduction in overland surface

velocities, a prolongation of the period of

draining of surface runoff from the channel

system, and a 90 percent reduction in the

sediment load. During the 21 -year period

1935-I955, the forest cover improvement in the White Hollow watershed has resulted in

greater watershed protection with measurable decrease in water yield, no change in

volume of either surface runoff or ground- water runoff, marked reductions in summer peak rates of discharge with lesser reductions in winter rates, a prolongation of

the period of draining of surface runoff

from the channel system, and a 96 percent

reduction in the sediment load.

(h) "Influences of Reforestration and Erosion

Control upon the Hydrology of the Pine Tree Branch Watershed - 19U1 to 1950", Technical

Monograph No. 86, Khoxville, Tennessee,

1955. TVA, Treasurer's Office, Knoxville

($1.50). Report in preparation covering

the forest cover improvement influences on hydrologic characteristics of White Hollow

watershed (1935-1955).

(779) MAXIMUM POSSIBLE PRECIPITATION IN TESSESSEE

VALLEY.

(b) Cooperative with U. S. Weather Bureau.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Hydrometeorological analysis of large

storms with upward adjustments of controlling factors to maximum limits as applied

to the Tennessee Valley and subdivisions.

(g) Results to be published as one of current

series of hydrometeorological reports by

the U.S.W.B. and cooperating agencies.

(780) PERIODIC EVALUATION OF GROUND-WATER STORAGE.

(d) Theoretical; operation.

(e) By analysis of current records of stream

discharge, the volumes of runoff in ground- water and channel storage are determined

for use in operation of multi-purpose

reservoirs.

(g) Results reported monthly and weekly within

the organization.

(22k8) RAIN GAGE LOCATION STUDIES- -FLINT RIVER

WATERSHED.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A study, similar to that on the South

Chickamauga Creek Watershed (l80l), to determine the most advantageous location

and necessary density of rain gages to obtain the desired accuracy in storm rainfall for river forecasting purposes, on a watershed having in general a gently rolling topography. In addition to one existing nonrecordlng rain gage and two existing

recording rain gages in or adjacent to the

area, eight nonrecording gages were es- tablished on the watershed, which has a drainage area of 3^-2 square miles. These

gages were located to provide approximately

uniform distribution throughout the watershed.

(f) Daily observation beginning November 1, 195* and ending April 30, 1956. Statistical

analysis of data has been completed.

(h) Report completed for internal use.

( 2U80 ) FONTANA RESERVOIR BANK STORAGE

.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Bank storage is indicated if during the

annual operation of a storage reservoir more water enters into or is withdrawn from

storage than is determined from the topographic storage curve. This bank storage

is defined as the water that is stored in the bottom and sides of the reservoir. A study is being made to evaluate the amount of bank storage in Fontana Reservoir during

the large annual fluctuations of 1953 and

195^- Reservoir storage volumes will be

computed from inflows and outflows by

using U. S. Geological Survey average daily flows and making proper allowance

for rain falling directly on the reservoir

surface, evaporation from the reservoir

surface, leakage, and diversion. The difference between these computed storage

volumes and those Indicated by the topographic reservoir storage curve will re- present the bank storage.

(f) Completed.

(g) Results indicate that discrepancies in observed data used for study obscure the effect of bank storage.

(h) Report in preparation for internal use.

(2975) SUPPLY AND UTILIZATION OF WATER IN THE TENNESSEE VALLEY.

(c) Mr. Reed A. Elliot, Chief Water Control

Planning Engineer, Tennessee Valley

Authority, Knoxville, Tennessee.

(d) Assembly and analysis of basic information

on water resources and uses, including

field investigation of water uses for irrigation, mining operations, industry,

and other purposes.

(e) All available data will be analyzed to present a comparison of the water re- source of the area with the present and

expected 1975 demand upon that resource. Problems of shortage and conflict will be developed and possible solutions sug- gested.

1U8
UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, Hydraulics Lab.

(lOhk) FRASER RIVER MODEL.

(b) Hydraulic model studies cooperative with

the Department of Public Works of Canada,

Vancouver, B. C. (c) Prof. E. S. Pretious, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia,

Vancouver, Canada.

(d) Experimental project to aid engineering

studies of navigation requirements involving river regulation and control.

(e) An outdoor erodible-bed tidal river model

to study methods for improving and maintaining the navigation channels of the Fraser River estuary. Horizontal scale 1:600,

vertical scale 1:70. The model occupies

approximately K acres of the campus and

represents the tide-water reaches of the

lower Fraser River extending from its sea- ward end at the Strait of Georgia to the

head of tide water at Sumas, a distance of

approximately 60 miles . Pitt River and

Pitt Lake ( 30 square miles in area) are subject to tidal influence and are included

in the model. Natural tides and river discharges can be synchronized and simulated

on the model and are controlled automatically by electronic servo-systems. Sand

injection can be controlled automatically

as a function of river discharge. Instan- taneous water surface slopes can be ob- tained over the whole model by automatic

electrically- recording point gauges situated at controlling points. Natural river

sand of appropriate grain size is used for the bed material.

(h) Progress and technical reports submitted

periodically to the Dept. of Public Works

of Canada.

(2736) FRASER RIVER HYDRO AND FISHERIES RESEARCH

PROJECT.

(b) Project financed by a grant from the Western Development and Power Corporation.

(c) Dr. G. M. Shrum, Chairman, Fraser River

Hydro and Fisheries Research Project Com- mittees . (d) Engineering research on the design of fishhandling facilities at power dams.

(e) A study of existing facilities including

fish ladders, fish locks of the pressure

and gravity types, power-house collecting

systems, auxiliary flow systems, spillways,

turbine intakes, fingerling by-passes,

aerial and inclined tramways, rotary-drum

screen installations and hatcheries was made at the multipurpose projects on the

Columbia River and elsewhere in Washington

and Oregon. The purpose of the study was

to find If suitable methods could be evahed

for passing upstream and downstream migrant

salmon at two proposed power dams on the Fraser River, one 700-feet high at Moran,

and the other 100- feet high in the lower Fraser Canyon. The anadromous salmon of

the Fraser River system include the spring,

sockeye, coho, pink, chum and steelhead.

(h) "Fish Protection and Power Development on the Fraser River", prepared by E. S. Pretious, L. R. Kersey and G. P. Contractor.

"Some Notes Following a Visit to the U. S. Pacific Northwest Concerning Recent Developments in Fish Facilities and Research",

by E. S. Pretious and L. R. Kersey, in process of preparation.

(2737) CURVED CHANNEL FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project - financed by National

Research Council grant.

(c) Dr. A. W. Marris, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia,

Vancouver, Canada.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) An experimental study of the mean radial

velocity distribution for fully developed

turbulent flow under pressure in a curved

channel was undertaken to check the theoretical radial mean velocity distribution

obtained by the author the previous year. The mean radius of the channel was h inches

and its section was 2 x 12 inches. Flow

rings were installed to cut down secondary

flow. Radial velocity traverses were made

at two stations at the equator of the channel utilizing small Pitot tubes made of

stainless steel hyperdermlc tubing, O.O58

inch O.D. Two types of Pitot tubes were used in order to investigate the flow in

the convex and concave boundary layers

.

The Pitot tubes were traversed across the

2-inch channel width by micrometer tra- versing mechanics which positioned the

Pitot tubes to 0.001 inch. The Pitot tubes were calibrated by traversing the flow in

a long straight pipe along perpendicular

diameters

.

(g) Consistent results were obtained with the

small Pitot tubes their coefficient being

close to the standard value 0.865- Three

flows were employed to date, mean velocities 5-622, 10.09, 12.58 ft/sec and it was found that the "reduced" distributions

obtained by dividing the velocity at the

point by the mean velocity coalesced to a single curve as required by the theory.

The distribution is of the form predicted

by the theory. It is intended to obtain

distributions for a wider range of channel

Reynolds number before submitting data for publication.

(h) "Steady State Heat Transfer to Fully De- veloped Turbulent Flow in a Curved Channel",

by A. W. Marris, Can. J. Physics, 35, klOh3k, 1957-

"On Fully Developed Turbulent Flow in

Curved Channels", by A. W. Marris, Can. J. Physics, 3k, II3I+-IIU6, 1956.

(2976) DEAS ISLAND TUNNEL.

(b) Hydraulic model studies cooperative with

the Foundation of Canada Engineering

Corporation Limited, Montreal, Canada, and

Christiani and Nielsen, Ltd., Copenhagen,

Denmark

.

(c) Prof. E. S. Pretious, Department of Civil

n>9
Engineering, University of British Columbia,

Vancouver, Canada.

(d) Experimental project to study the effect of the Deas Island Tunnel on the local shoal

and scour behavior of the bed of the lower

Fraser River and to study the effect of the tunnel on flow patterns and velocities at the tunnel, near the banks, and at the

Ladner Reach bifurcation immediately downstream.

(e) The Fraser River Model (already described)

was used for these tests because the Deas Island Tunnel crosses under the lower estu- ary and joins Lulu Island on the north side to Deas Island on the south. The tests

were necessitated by the fact that the tun- nel projects above the river bed for a con- siderable portion of its length. The tun- nel is a highway crossing being built by

the B. C. Government and will accommodate

2 roadways each 27 feet wide. The tunnel

elements are made of reinforced concrete

and steel, each element being 3^ feet

long, 78 feet wide and 23 feet 6 inches

high and weighing 18,000 tons. There are

6 elements in all.

(f) Completed.

(g) The studies indicated that the presence of

the tunnel will have no major effect on

the regime of the river. The discharges

and flow pattern into Ladner Reach will re- main essentially the same. Navigation will not be hampered and the depth clearances

will be adequate. Some scour of the bed

and south bank occurred during the imposition of the 1,000-year flood.

(h) Report submitted to the Foundation of

Canada Engineering Corporation Limited and

Christiani and Nielsen.

(2977) DEAS ISLAND TUNNEL.

(b) Hydraulic model studies cooperative with

the Foundation of Canada Engineering Cor- poration Limited, Montreal, Canada and

Christiani and Nielsen Ltd., Copenhagen,

Denmark

.

(c) Prof. E. S. Pretious, Department of Civil

Engineering, University of British Columbia,

Vancouver, Canada.

(d) Experimental project to aid engineering de- signs for a stable and economical rock blan- ket to cover the Deas Island Tunnel.

(e) An undistorted 1:50 scale model representing a 100- foot length of the prototype tunnel and preliminary rock blanket designs was placed in a steel and glass flume in

the University hydraulic laboratory. The

erodible-bed material was natural Fraser River sand with a median diameter of 0.18

mm. The bed conformed to the deepest

soundings on the tunnel center line and extreme conditions of discharge and watersurface elevations based on probability,

were imposed on the model in the steady

state. A wide range of discharges and

water-surface elevations were used in the tests to cover the most adverse hydraulic

conditions that might occur as a result of

a combination of very high river flows and

very low tides. The model was non-tidal

and was operated in accordance with the

Froude Law for dynamical similarity.

(f) Completed.

(g) The studies indicated the best weight of

rock to use for the tunnel blanket in order

to ensure the safety of the tunnel and also

indicated the most economical and efficient

size of blanket.

(h) A report is in preparation which will be submitted to the Foundation of Canada En- gineering Corporation Limited and Christiani' and Nielsen.

(2978) K00TENAY RIVER BRIDGE.

(b) Hydraulic model studies cooperative with

the Foundation of Canada Engineering Cor- poration Limited, Montreal, Canada.

(c) Prof. E. S. Pretious, Department of Civil

Engineering, University of British

Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

(d) Experimental project to study the action

of the river at the proposed bridge site

which is part of the southern Provincial

Highway between Creston and Salmo involving the crossing of the Kootenay River.

(e) The model was designed for a study of river

action and the influence of proposed struc- tures at the bridge site under selected

conditions obtained by analysis of available records. The model had a horizontal

scale of 1:160 and a vertical scale of

l:k0 and the erodible bed was composed of

sand having a median diameter of 0.18 mm. The steep banks were moulded in concrete and the model length represented a river

reach extending 2,000 feet upstream and

2,000 feet downstream from the bridge

center line. The model was constructed in

a large concrete flume in the hydraulics

laboratory and was operated in accordance

with the Froude Law for dynamical similarity. Studies were made of bank erosion,

effects of pier location on flow patterns

and the maneuverability of log booms and

rafts, effect of pier shape on bed scour and the effect of a shear boom on flow

patterns and erosion.

(f) Completed.

(g) The test results answered all the questions

relative to this study. Piers of various

shapes on a larger undistorted scale (l:6o) were tested separately in a steel and glass flume to determine more exact details of

local bed scour.

(h) A report has been prepared by the Foundation of Canada Engineering Corporation

Limited and submitted to the Minister of

Highways for the Province of British

Columbia.

(2979) HARRISON RIVER.

(b) Hydraulic model studies cooperative with

the Department of Public Work6 of Canada, | Vancouver, B. C. (c) Prof. E. S. Pretious, Department of Civil

Engineering, University of British Columbia,

Vancouver, Canada.

150
(d) Experimental project to aid engineering

studies to provide low water navigation on the Harrison River at Harrison Mills, B.C. The inside of a fairly sharp "bend has re- quired intermittent dredging to provide a depth of 6 feet at local low water.

(e) A model study seemed feasible for obtaining some information for the placement of

control structures to alleviate dredging

maintenance, improve velocities and direction for tows approaching the shear boom

at the C. P. R. bridge piers. The piers were originally constructed at a skew ang]e

with the current making navigation difficult and hazardous. The model was con- structed with an erodible bed in an out- door testing basin measuring ko feet long

and 20 feet wide, adjacent to the Fraser

River Model. The model had a horizontal

scale of 1:186.5 and a vertical scale of

1:33-3-

(f) Completed.

(g) Several combinations of structures were

tested. Structures similar to ones located in the Port Mann channel of the Fraser River seemed to provide the desired results. (h) A report will be prepared by the Department

of Public Works of Canada, Vancouver, B.C.

2980) BRIDGE RIVER POWER PLANT NO. 1 TUNNEL IN- TAKE TOWER AND CYLINDER GATE.

(b) Hydraulic model studies cooperative with

the B. C. Engineering Co. Ltd., Vancouver,

B. C. (c) Prof. E. S. Pretious, Department of Civil

Engineering, University of British Columbia,

Vancouver, Canada.

(d) Experimental project to check the action of

hydraulic forces on the existing cylinder

gate for various gate openings at maximum

and minimum flows. The cylinder gate was designed for emergency closures in the event of a break in the penstock leading to the power house . The penstocks take the water

from the tunnel which is over 2 miles long

to the power house on the north shore of Seton Lake over 1,000 feet below the tunnel

portal.

(e) The model of the tunnel intake tower and

cylinder gate is made entirely of laminated

and stretch- formed plexiglass to an undistorted scale of 1:36 or 1 inch = 3 feet. The complicated shape of the intake transitions made it necessary to construct plas- ter of paris core moulds on which to

stretch-form the plexiglass intake walls.

Attempts were made initially to cast the

intake transitions from liquid polyester

resins (monamers), to which a catalyst and

a promoter had been added. The heat of

polymerization in the thicker castings set up severe internal thermal stresses and

subsequent cracking which could not be

eliminated, consequently this method was abandoned in favor of laminating and

stretch-forming. An attempt is being made

to measure the dynamic forces of the flowing water on the cylinder gate by means of

SRk type A- 7 strain gauges connected to

two Universal amplifiers and a 2-channel

brush oscillograph. To eliminate statical

indeterminacy of forces only two pairs of

compensating strain gauges are being used

on cantilevered brass shim stock, one near

the top and one near the bottom of the

gate in the fore and aft position with re- spect to the flow. Considerable difficulty

is being encountered in making the strain

gauges waterproof since they are inside the

intake tower. Provision is also made to measure the hydraulic down-pull forces on the cylinder gate,

(h) A report will be issued to the B. C. Engineering Co^ Ltd.

(2981) SURGE TANK.

(b) Laboratory project financed by National

Research Council grant.

(c) Dr. A. W. Marris, Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia,

Vancouver, Canada.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search.

(e) Application of the mathematical methods of

non-linear mechanics to the differential

equation describing large oscillations of water level in a simple surge tank operating under the condition of constant hydraulic power acceptance by turbine. Em- ployment of the hydraulic model previously

constructed in which the constant power

condition at the turbine was realized by a specially shaped plunger valve operated

through levers by a slider with which the

surge tank water level could be manually

followed, for investigating: (l) The condition for stationary oscillations for the

case of sudden acceptance of full load by

turbine from an initial zero flow condition, and (2) the condition for drainage

at low friction for the case of sudden ac- ceptance of full load by turbine from an initial zero flow condition.

(f) Completed.

(g) It was found that in addition to the singularity at the point corresponding to the

steady flow water level which accounts for

small displacement phenomena, the equation

possesses a second singularity which ac- counts for the phenomena of drainage at low friction, and indirectly for the fact that the classical Thoma condition gives

instability. A condition for this type of

drainage for case of instantaneous acceptance of full load by the turbine from an initial zero flow state was derived. Data

from the model for low friction drainage

was found to compare satisfactorily with

the theoretical condition. Data from the

model for the condition for stationary

oscillation showed that the Thoma condition gave instability and the data ob- tained was more In agreement with the con- dition as derived on the basis of a limit

cycle by G. Evangelisti: Sopre la Stabilita

delle grand! oscillazioni nei pozzi piezometrici - L'energia elettrica, Vol. XXVIII,

1951, Milano, and with the condition given

151
by H. M. Paynter, Electrical Analogies and

Electronic Computers, Trans. ASCE 962.

(h) "Large Water Level Displacements in Simple

Surge Tank", by A. W. Marris, presently

under review by American Society of Me- chanical Engineers.

"Hydraulic Stability in the Simple Surge

Tank", by A. W. Marris, Can. J. Technology,

3U, 182-210, 1956.

I different construction phases and after

completion on the water-level lines in

the river and to obtain the field of

velocities for these cases and specially near the entrance of the channel in Lake ' St. Louis,

(g) The model is in operation.

(2985) MODEL OF THE CHANNEL OF THE SEAWAY IN THE MONTREAL HARBOUR SECTION.

LASALLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY, Division of Neyrpic

Canada Ltd.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 2982 to 2991, in- clusive, should be addressed to Mr. E. Pariset, La- Salle Hydraulic Laboratory, 0250 St. Patrick St.,

Ville LaSalle, P. Q. , Canada.

(2982) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON TRANSPORT OF FLOATING

BODIES IN OPEN CHANNELS.

(d)

(e)

(f)

Laboratory project.

Basic research both theoretically and ex- perimentally.

To find the basic laws governing the phe- nomenon of entrainment of floating bodies

held against a surface cover in a flow. Calculations were made to determine the

velocity of the flow for which a floating

particle will start to be entrained under

a retaining cover and experimental check

was made with wooden blocks in a flume

.

The preliminary stage of the work is com- pleted.

It was possible to find the general law of

entrainment and to determine the form fac- tor experimentally for blocks of simple

form.

(2983) MODEL TESTS TO DETERMINE THE LOCATION OF VICTORIA BRIDGE PIERS.

(b) Canadian National Railways.

(d) Model tests to help in the design of a bridge

.

(e) A side-tracking of the railroad was to be built with a junction on the actual Victoria Bridge. To insure the least possible

obstruction in the flow of the new piers,

to prevent the formation of ice jams, tests were carried out to find their best location.

(f) Completed.

(g) The piers were located along the lines of current with very satisfactory results.

(2981+) MODEL OF THE CHANNEL OF THE SEAWAY IN THE LACHINE RAPIDS SECTION.

(b) St. Lawrence Seaway Authority.

(d) Model studies to verify the effects of the

construction of the Seaway.

(e) The model representing a section of the

St. Lawrence River at the Lachine Rapids

section was built at a scale of 1/125 ver- tically and 1/200 horizontally. The pur- pose of the model was to check the effect

of the construction of the dyke, during its

(b) St. Lawrence Seaway Authority.

(d) Model studies to verify the effects of the

Seaway on the hydraulic conditions in the

Montreal Harbour.

(e) This model represents the St. Lawrence River at the Montreal Harbour at a scale of 1/200 horizontally and 1/125 vertically.

It was built to verify the effect of the

construction of the dyke of the Seaway on the water level In the Harbour. One spe- cial point of the study was to determine

the pattern of surface velocities before

and after the construction of the entrance I section of the Seaway in the Harbour.

(2986) MODEL OF THE DAM AT BACK RIVER.

(b)

(a)

(e)

(f

(2987

(b

(a

(e

(g)

Quebec Hydro-electric Commission.

The experimental tests were carried out to determine the most economical form of

the structure. This dam will be equipped with gates and

will serve a dual purpose . It will be used to limit the discharge of the River

during periods of formation of ice jams

at the power plant which is farther down- stream the river and it will help to raise

the level of the reservoir at other periods

in order to divert more water in another

outlet of this pond. The model of the structure was built at a scale of 1/50.

Completed.

To obtain the results desired, it was possible to reduce by more than half the

number of gates used in the original de- sign with a substantial economy in the

project

.

MODEL OF THE SPILLWAY OF THE LACHINE POWER

PROJECT.

Model built for the Quebec Hydroelectric

Commission by Neyrpic Canada Ltd. and was operated with the full collaboration of

"Ecole Polytechnique " of Montreal.

The tests were carried out in order to ameliorate certain features of the design

of the structure to be built in nature. The model represents three gate-ways of

the spillway in a glass flume. Special

study was to be made of the form of the

piers to obtain a low contraction coefficient. The main purpose of the model

was to check the extent of scouring at the downstream end and to find ways of

protecting the structure against undermining.

Main results up to date were the determination of an hydrodynamic form for the

152
upstream end of the piers which reduced the

coefficient of contraction to 0.01.

'2988) MODEL OF THE CONTROL DAM AT THE MILLE-ILES

RIVER.

("b) Quebec Hydro-electric Commission.

(d) These experimental tests were made to determine with precision the form of the structure.

(e) To prototype the dam will serve to regulate

the level of the Lake of Two-Mountains, for

which the Mille-Iles River is an outlet.

The model reproduces a basin representing

the lake and the control section of the

river to a scale of l/50. The purpose of

the study was to design a structure that

would give automatically a desired relation

between the discharge of the dam and the

level in the lake.

(f) Completed.

(g) An overflow weir was adopted with a central pass specially designed to maintain the

natural discharges for the low levels of

the lake.

(2989) GENERAL STUDY OF THE LACHINE POWER PROJECT.

I (b) Quebec Hydro-electric Commission.

(d) Model tests to study the general hydraulic

problems of the Lachine Power Project.

(e) The model built at a scale of 1/125 vertically and 1/200 horizontally is used to study the problems brought about by the

construction of the project. Main problems

are the determination of the river stages

during the different phases of construction,

and after completion of the project, the

problem of the intake of the turbines and

of the outlet of the draft tubes in the

tailrace, and finally the problem of the

formation of an ice cover in the forebay.

(2990) STUDY OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE COFFERDAM

FOR THE LACHINE POWER PROJECT.

(b) Quebec Hydro-electric Commission.

(d) Model tests to design a cofferdam.

(e) Systematic tests are carried out to determine the characteristics of material to be

used and the relative length of the cofferdam to be built by the method of dumping

at the toe of the advancing dyke and the

method of tipping the rockfill in horizontal layers from a bridge.

(2991) DESIGN OF AN ORIFICE-METER IN A SEWER.

(b) City of Montreal.

( d ) Experimental

.

(e) The meter is to be installed in a main

sewer which flows in a river, with a per- manent recording station in order to control

the discharge for all conditions of flow. A model was made to calibrate the orifice

for all conditions of tall water level and

discharges and to make a special study of

the forms to assure proper operation

through very dirty water.

(f) Completed.

(g) An adequate design was found to solve the

special problems encountered.

ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE DE MONTREAL, Hydraulics Laboratory.

(266) HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF DIFFERENT SPILL- WAY PROFILES.

(b) Laboratory project. ^ (c) Prof. Raymond Boucher, Ecole Polytechnique,

Montreal 18, Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) In order to establish a comparison between

discharge capacities of different spillway

designs, systematic testing has been undertaken on scale models of existing and

recommended spillway profiles. Pressure distribution on spillway faces and coefficients of discharge are determined for

various heads up to the design head. The

effect of gate piers of various designs

is also investigated,

(g) Studies have been conducted on eight different spillway models. It is proposed

to test two more profiles before this in- vestigation is completed.

(268) CALIBRATION TESTS OF A SHARP-CRESTED

PARABOLIC WEIR.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Raymond Boucher, Ecole Polytechnique,

Montreal 18, Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To obtain the head- discharge curve and

head-coefficient of discharge curve for a sharp-crested parabolic weir designed for

a maximum capacity of 3 cfs. The influence

of viscosity is also investigated. This

weir will be utilized to measure with pre- cision the discharge into a glass-sided

channel for scale model testing and open

channel flow studies.

(f) This study has become active again in

order to obtain additional data needed in

the study of the influence of viscosity.

(21+83) MODEL STUDY OF ENERGY DISSIPATOR FOR THE CITY OF MEGANTIC DEVELOPMENT ON THE CHAUDIERE RIVER, QUEBEC, CANADA.

(b) Cote', Lemieux, Carignan, Bourque, Consulting Engineers, Sherbrooke, Que., Canada.

(c) Prof. Andre Leclerc, Ecole Polytechnique,

11+30 St. Denis St., Montreal 18, Canada.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The spillway channel consists of a con- crete flume (bottom slope 8$) with the

velocity at the lower end being 65 feet per second. The soil and foundation down- stream is a very thick layer of varved

clay. Tests were made on a 1:^0 scale

model in order to design a dissipation

structure and protection for the earth

channel which extends downstream from the concrete flume.

(f) Completed.

467776 O -58 -11 153
(g) A deeply submerged upturned bucket was adopted together with some rip-rap for a short distance downstream from the bucket.

(h) Report has been submitted to the sponsors.

(2992) MODEL TESTS OF SNOW-SLIDE OR AVALANCHE

DEFLECTORS.

(b) The Aluminum Company of Canada Limited,

Montreal, Canada.

(c) Mr. J. W. Forster, Aluminum Laboratories,

1800 Sun Life Bldg., Montreal, Que., Canada.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) To provide data for design of snow-slide or avalanche deflectors to protect towers and

other structures along a mountain trans- mission line. Tests were conducted on scale-model deflectors in a glass-sided

channel. Water flowing at high velocity

was used to simulate snow slides and ava- lanches . (f) Completed.

(g) Data on shape and dimensions of deflectors

were incorporated in final designs of both

splitter type deflectors to protect high

structures and "overshot" deflectors to protect low structures.

(h) Report submitted to the sponsor.

(2993) HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF A LOG CHUTE FOR

THE MERCIER DAM, GATINEAU RIVER, QUE.

,

CANADA.

(b) Department of Hydraulic Resources, Quebec,

Canada.

(c) Prof. Andre Leclerc, Ecole Polytechnique,

1^30 St. Denis Street, Montreal 18, Canada.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The logs floated on the Gatineau River vary

in length from k to l6 ft or more. The

width of the existing log chute is only 12

ft, and consequently it cannot be used

efficiently for important logging operations. A 1:2k scale model has been built to in- vestigate the most economical design of a new log chute. The model logs have been

reproduced to the same scale. The roughness

of the model downstream from the spillway

has been adjusted to verify the slope of

the water surface and the formation of jams

experienced on the prototype.

(g) Two adjacent spillway-gate openings each

having a width of 20 ft have been modified

in order to obtain an efficient log chute.

It has been found that a logway channel

6hould be excavated In the river bed down- stream from the spillway, therefore the two

gate openings have been located where the

excavation required will be minimum.

(299U) HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF THE SPILLWAY FOR THE LACHINE POWER PROJECT.

(b) Quebec Hydro -Electric Commission and Neyrpic

Canada Limited.

(c) Mr. Bernard Michel, Hydraulic Engineer,

0250 St. Patrick Street, Ville LaSalle, Que., Canada.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:7b. k scale model of three spillway

gate openings has been built in a 30-in. ! glass-sided channel. These studies are being carried out in order to improve cer- 1 tain features of the design of the strucf ture to be built in nature. The form of

the pier noses has been carefully studied

to obtain a low coefficient of contraction.

The main purpose of these model tests was i to check the extent of erosion of the

river bed downstream from the spillway and to provide means of protecting the struc- ture against undermining. |i (g) The main result to date is the determination of a hydrodynamic profile for the

pier noses which reduces the coefficient

of contraction to 0.01.

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, Division of Mechanical

Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1806, 20kl, 2kQl

2k88, 21+90, 2995 to 2998, inc., should be addressee to Dr. D. C. MacPhail, Director, Division of Mechar ical Engineering, National Research Council,

Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

(1806) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - PRESCOTT- CARDINAL REACH.

(b) Department of Transport.

(d) Experimental project.

(e) A l:2k0 by l:hd scale model of the St. Lawrence River, representing about ten

miles of river channel between the towns 1 of Prescott and Cardinal, has been con- structed and a comprehensive test program

carried out. The model study was initiated1 to study the effect of engineering works in the form of navigational aids and channel

changes in the Galop Rapids Reach, on the water level relationships throughout the

reach.

(f) Testing program completed.

(g) Report in preparation.

(20kl) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - CORNWALL ISLAND : REACH.

(b) St. Lawrence Seaway Authority.

(d) Experimental project; for design and development . (e) A 1:1*80 by 1:96 scale model of five miles

of the St. Lawrence River in the vicinity

of the City of Cornwall has been constructei to study extensively both the navigation

and power phases of the St . Lawrence Seaway

and Power Project in the immediate area.

(g) The model is now being used to evaluate

the construction procedures for the above

project in its advanced stage.

(h) Interim reports have been submitted to the

sponsor.

(2U85) MODEL OF S0ULANGES LOCK.

(b) St. Lawrence Seaway Authority.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:30 scale model of an 895 by 80-foot

15I+
(f)

(g)

navigation lock with a 1+5 -foot lift has

been constructed. The filling and emptying times and the hawser stresses on a vessel during these operations are the

prime factors of interest. Three different

vessels, typical of those which will use

the St . Lawrence Seaway, have teen used in

these tests. Testing program completed.

Reports to sponsor in preparation.

21+88) MODEL OF PORT AUX BASQUES, NEWFOUNDLAND.

("b) Department of Public Works, Canada.

(d) Experimental project; for design.

(e) A 1:128 undistorted model of the harbor

has been constructed and operated satisfactorily with the aid of a wave machine and

wave profile recorders which were designed

and built in the laboratory.

(f) Test program completed.

(g) A scheme to reduce wave agitation within

the harbor by means of breakwaters and

other harbor improvements was effected. In

addition, a laboratory investigation of

the stability of the breakwater design has

been carried out and recommendations made

to the sponsor.

(h) Final report issued to sponsor.

[21+90) FLOW OF FIBRE SUSPENSIONS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental study for basic research.

(e) Mechanics of flow of fibre suspensions,

particularly those used in the pulp and paper industry are being studied in a specially constructed pipeline. It is hoped to evaluate the properties of the

suspension by means of velocity and pressure measurements.

(g) Preliminary measurements have been made on

a suspension of synthetic fibres. This

has shown that for concentrations under 2$, the suspension behaves as a Newtonian fluid. More extensive study was made of a typical

sulphite pulp. This material was found to have three regimes of flow. For low velocity there Is a plug containing all the

fibre in the center of the pipe surrounded

by an annulus of water in laminar flow. As the velocity increases the flow changes to

one of a plug surrounded by a turbulent

annulus and, finally, to fully turbulent

flow. In many cases friction factors of

the order one-half those for water have

been measured.

(h) "The Mechanics of Flow of a Dilute Fibre

Suspension", W. Douglas Balnes. Proceedings of Symposium on Flow of Suspensions,

National Research Council, pp. 39-5^, Nov. 1956.

(2995) LOG CHUTE MODEL.

(b) Shawinigan Engineering Co. Ltd., Montreal,

Canada.. (d) Experimental for design and development.

(e) A 1/25 scale model of a log chute to be

used for transporting logs over a dam, as

(f)

(g)

part of a power development in Northern

Quebec, was constructed. Tests have been

conducted to evaluate the hydraulic char- acteristics of the chute with emphasis on the motion of masses of logs down the chute. Completed.

Report issued to sponsor.

(2996) MODEL OF SPILLWAY AND APRON.

(b) Northern Canada Power Commission.

(d) Experimental for design and development.

(e) A l/60 scale model of a spillway being

built as a part of a power project In the

Yukon, incorporating a short reach of the

river above and below the dam, was con- structed. The model has been tested to study the flow characteristics of the spillway and specifically to study the construc- tion of the dividing walls and a flip bucket on the apron. All tests were performed

with a view to minimizing the scour down- stream of the structure.

(f) Completed.

(g) Report being prepared for sponsor.

(2997) ST. MAURICE RIVER MODEL. 00

(a)

(e)

(2998)

(a)

(e)

(g)

Shawinigan Engineering Co. Ltd., Montreal,

Canada.

Experimental project for design and development . A l:2l+0 by 1:80 scale model of a 2 l/2-mile

reach of the St. Maurice River has been con- structed. The purpose of this study is to

evaluate the extensive dredged channel

which is required to reduce the river slope so that the tailwater at an adjacent power

plant can be materially reduced.

A STUDY TO DETERMINE THE CHARACTERISTICS

OF SIDE-DISCHARGE ORIFICES.

Laboratory project.

Experimental study for basic research. An experimental determination of the flow

characteristics of short, side-discharge

orifices is under way. A 6-inch square pipe is used as the conduit and the orifices are short, straight tubes 1-inch long

with diameter varying from l/2 inch to 2 inches. The characteristics under study

are the contraction coefficient of the jet,

the change of the piezometric head between

the conduit and the outside and the jet deflection angle, which all vary with orifice

and conduit discharge.

The results so far show that three different types of flow are possible. The first two are flow from a sharp-edged orifice

and a short tube which are identical to

the flow from an end orifice. The third

is a distinctive type in which there is separation at the upstream edge of the hole but not at the downstream edge.

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,

neering Science.

Department of Engi155
(2U92) RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. D. F. Witherspoon, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Relationship of precipitation and snow melt

to runoff characteristics on four watersheds of 20 acres each under various land

use practices is being evaluated.

(g) Winter surface runoff from watersheds with

good grass legume cover is greater than

from watersheds ploughed the previous fall.

(2U98) THE USE OF INFILTRATION DETERMINATIONS FOR RUNOFF ESTIMATES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. H. D. Ayers, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Experimental; basic research, development.

(e) The purpose of the project is to evaluate

the separate factors affecting infiltration

and to develop a technique for runoff estimation on a watershed utilizing infiltration data.

(f) Suspended.

(h) "The Effect of Crop Cover on the Infiltration Characteristics of Guelph Loam Soil",

H. D. Ayers, Canadian Journal of Soil

Science, Vol. 37:2, 128-133, 1957-

"The Effect of the Water - Storage Capacity

of the Soil on Mass Infiltration", H. D. Ayers and V. E. A. Wikramanayake, Canadian

Journal of Soil Science (in press).

(2739) PERMEABILITY OF THE SOIL IN THE FROZEN

STATE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. D. F. Witherspoon, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Air permeabilities will be obtained of soils

at various moisture content in the frozen

state. The results will be used to determine if there is a correlation of moisture

content and permeability of frozen soils on experimental watersheds

.

(27UO) MAIN TILE DRAIN SIZES FOR COMPOSITE DRAIN- AGE OF BR00KST0N CLAY SOIL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. F. R. Hore, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Discharge measurements from lateral tile

drains in Brookston clay soil are being

made to determine the proper drainage coefficient to use in the design of main tile

drains and to determine the effect of lateral tile drain spacing on the drainage

rate

.

(2999) MECHANICAL DRAINAGE OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Professors R. W. Irwin and F. R. Hore,

Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ont.

I

(d) Field investigations; design

(e) A survey was made of pump drainage installations to review their effectiveness, de-i sign criteria, costs and maintenance. ,. This study is to be used as a guide for future designs of pump drainage installations . (f) Completed.

(g) Of the llh pumping plants assessed, It was found that there was no consistent design

criteria being used throughout. The re- sults indicated that the necessary pumping

capacity in gallons per minute should be

approximately equal to 200 times the acreage to the 0.6l power.

QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY, Hydraulics Laboratory.

(20kh) ECONOMICAL CONSTRUCTION OF SAFE PULPWOOD

HOLDING GROUNDS.

(b) Pulp and Paper Research Institute of

Canada Limited, 3^20 University Street,

Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

(c) Prof. R. J. Kennedy, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston,

Ontario, Canada.

(d) Applied research; experimental field and

laboratory investigation.

(e) Field and laboratory model investigation

of forces acting on various types of pulpwood holding grounds.

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, Dept. of Mechanical Engrg.

(1298) DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF WEIR TYPE

SPILLWAYS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research for Master's theses.

(e) A long term research carried out with a view to systematizing discharge characteristics for spillways having various pier

spacings and proportions.

(3000) STABILITY OF CANAL LININGS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. G. Ross Lord, University of Toronto, Toronto 5> Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research for Master's thesis.

(e) An investigation to correlate size of rock

lining with dynamic stability.

( 3001 ) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXTREME PRECIPITATION

AND FLOOD FLOW IN THE TORONTO AREA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. D. G. Huber, University of Toronto, Toronto 5> Canada.

(d) Office investigation; applied research for Master's thesi6.

156
(e) A study to correlate field data observed

during Hurricane Hazel.

3002) PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF PLUNGER

TYPE WAVE GENERATORS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto, Toronto 5> Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research for Master's theses.

(e) Studies to relate shape, frequency, stroke

and mean penetration of plunger with the

characteristics of the generated waves.

: 3003) ROUGHNESS PHENOMENA IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto, Toronto 5 5 Canada.

(d) Experimental; basic research for Doctoral

thesis

.

(e) An investigation into the mechanism of open

channel roughness, with ultimate reference

to distorted scale models.

(300U) FLOW CONFIGURATION IN A NUCLEAR REACTOR

CORE ASSEMBLY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research for Master's thesis

.

(e) A study of fuel rod size and spacing in re- lation to coolant flow configuration.

( 3005 ) GRADING OF PARTICLE SUSPENSIONS BY CENTRIF- UGAL METHODS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto, Toronto 5> Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research for Master's thesis

.

(e) A study of the dynamics of centrifugal

separation of fine particles from a liquid

carrier.

157
SUBJECT INDEX

Accelerated motion, cylinders (2265) 10

Air entralnment, flumes (100) 62

pipes (1303) 7 Air-liquid entralnment (2815) 52 Air-water flow (183U) 13 Air-water mixtures, closed channels (2148).... 63 Apparatus

precipitation gage (2080) 26 rainfall similator (2596) 55 rotating arm (1781) 136

sediment sampler (194) 104

ship models (1788) 137

sonar (1765) 126 spray formation (2730) l4l

tank, electrolytic (470) 133

turbulence, measurement of (2370) 54 turbulence probe (2974) ikj

vane shear tester (2726) 132

velocity, measurement of (2370) 54 water tunnel (79) 33 water tunnel (1521) 135 wave (1669) 62

wave formation (2730) l4l wave gages (977) 98 wave generator (l522) 135 wave generator (2887) 77 wave generator (3002) 157 wave profile recorder (26l0) 64 Atomization of gases (2344) 44 Backwater curves, analysis (279*0 36 Baffle piers, basic research (993) 107

cavitation (993) 107

offset joints (993) 107

pipe bends (993) 107

Barges, design ( 23U9 ) 1+6 Beach fills (2195) 98

Be ache

6

artificial (976) 98 by-passing sand, inlets (975) 98 effect, inlets (1736) 110

equilibrium profile (l8l) 97

variation of profile (2297) 22 wave action (l8l) 97 wave action (529) 8 wave action (660) 97 wave action ( 1609 ) 40 wave action (1631) 65 Boundary layer

in corners (2550) 44 submerged bodies (2966) l42

surfaces (854) 3I+ turbulent (1779) 136 unsteady (2805) kk Boundary shear stress (2770) 20

Breakwaters

hydraulic (2753) 11 movable (2801) k2 pervious and impervious (998) 107 rubble-mound (999) 108 rubble -mound (268l) 117 Bridge piers scour (1097) 31 location (2983) 152 Bubbles

diffusion (1780) 136 drag and shape (1780) 136

growth factors (2820) 52 measurement of noise (2601) 58

Bubbles vapor (l5*+8) 2

1

vibrating liquid (2772) 20

Canals

density currents (l482) 123

earth, seepage (2856) Ski irrigation

linings (151) 84 I linings (1966) 79 seepage (820) 84! linings (151) Sk

linings (1837) 15 linings (1859) 25 linings, seepage (1859) 25 linings, stability (3000) 156

sand deposits (2507) 10 ; Cavitation

baffle piers (993) 107 basic research (993) 107

basic research, Calif. Inst, of Tech. ( 1548) 2 basic research, David Taylor Model Basln(71l) I3I+ Iowa State University (79)(8l) 33 | : Waterways Experiment Station (993) 107

damage (2813) 51 gate slots (993) 107

gate valves (2955) 132

inception (1355 ) kO

incipient (2594) 55 incipient (2834) 55 intake (674) 107

noise (1778) 136

mechanics of (2502) 3 offset joints (993) 107 } pipe bends (993) 107

rough surfaces (2005) 130

sluice gates (79) 33 stilling basin steps (993) 107 !

! turbines, models (1133) 48 I turbines, propeller (271) 1 water tunnel (79) 33 Waterways Experiment Station (993) 107

Cavities, design criteria (2470) 140 Cavity resonance (2833) 55 Channel improvement

flood control (2919) 103 j Cumberland, Md. (230) 105 Hoosic River, Mass. (1211) 108

Middle Mississippi River (236) 106 jetties (2455) 130

navigation

Charleston Harbor, S. C. (678) 107 Delaware River, Pa. (425) 106 Eraser River (1044) 149

St. Lawrence River (2429) 114 Channels ( see Open channels

)

aggradation (2946) 129

alluvial (2505) 10

alluvial (2516) 18 j aggradation (2947) 129 bed roughness (2514) 17 degradation (2947) 129 hydraulics of (2764) 19 roughness (2702) 128

boundary roughness (l854) 24 conservation linings (1723) 82

constricted flow (1855) 24 degradation (2946) 129 effect 90° bends (2797) 36

158
Channels

film Of flow (2767) 19 flood control (2747) 4 inlet, Walnut Creek (2922) 104

regime, theory of (1839) 15

St. Lawrence Seaway

Lachlne Rapids Section (2984) 152

Ifcntreal Harbour Section (2985) 152

sediment concentration (2737)>«-« •• 1^9 sediment concentration (2763) 19 side flow (2073) 21 tidal flow (2758) 13 trapezoidal (2520) 20

velocity distribution (1343) 32 velocity distribution (2737) 149 velocity profile (2763) 19 water-sediment movement (2702) 128

Coefficients

hydrophobic disks and plates (2436) 123

cofferdams

Dalles Dam, Oregon (l462) 133

Lachine Power Project (2990) 153

Priest Rapids (2607) 64 Conduits

circular, exit transitions (2543) 51 circular, free overfall (2273) 12

condenser cooling water loss (224l) 146

exit pressure distributions (2543) 39 inlets (218) 105 pressure, friction factors (2724) 131

Corrosion

basic research (l34l) 28 pipes (13^2) 28

plumbing (49) 12 Culverts

discharge characteristics (2435) 123

drop inlet (ill) 62

full-scale tests (26o4) 64

self draining stilling device (2749) 11 Cylinders

accelerated motion (2265) 10

unsteady flow (2816) 52 vibrating (1517) 135 Damsdesign flow discharge (2715) 131

gallery drainage (771) l47

Density currents

canals (l482) 123

model laws (159) 122 reservoir, cold water (1796)(1797) 146

salt water intrusion, Delaware River ( 425 ) • 106

sedimentation (307) 39 tidal estuaries (1986) 113

Diffusers

turbulent boundary layer (2320) 32 vaned (1901) 43 Diffusion

particles in fluid (1331) 24 waste water (2548) 42 Dispersion, dissolved tracer (2519) 20

Distillation, sea water (1554) 8 Distribution system, flow equations (2785) 25 Draft tubes

efficiency (1870) 34 efficiency (2336) 38 Drag coefficients (2803) 43 Drag coefficient, cylinders (2265) 10

Drag resistance, piers (2396) 73 Drain, storm, head loss (2134) 47 Drain tile, breathers, relief wells (2595) 55

Drain tile

depth and spacing (2330) 37 discharge measurements (2740) 156 junction losses (1929 ) 63 Drainage

Coachella Valley, Calif. (26) 6 design facilities (2899) 80

Florida (1966) 79 galleries, dams (771) l47

Illinois soils (2317) 30

* mnrovement surface (2333) 37 irrigated lands (1819) 5 irrigated lands (1966)^... 79 practices and requirements (2898) 79 Upper Colorado River Basin (2184) 86

Upper Colorado River Basin (2511) 17 Drainage, by pumping (2350) 46 Drainage improvement, surface (2333)---- 37 Drainage systems, design (2504) 7 Droplet vaporization (2825) 53 Dust separators, cyclone (l884) 43 Eddies, effect boundary geometry (1875) 34 Embankments (291) 24 Entrainment, gas-liquid flow (2303) 25 Erosion, Kbotenay River (2978) 150

Erosion research

Baker's Haulover, Fla. (2782) 23 canals, ditch linings (1966) 79 canals, earth lined (2457) 130

canals, unlined (2457) 130

Captiva Island, Fla. (2784) 23

conservation farming (150) 82 conservation farming (2187) 92 Deerfield Beach, Fla. (2781) 23 effect logging (2912) 93 effect vegetation (261) 88

effect vegetation (376) 93 forest influences (380) 96

forest influences (657) 94

forest influences (2904) 89

Ft. Pierce Beach, Fla. (2783) 23 Jupiter Island, Fla. (2527) 23 Lake MLchigan (1863) 30 mountain watersheds (261) 88

mountain watersheds (376) 93 range management (27) 6 semi-desert vegetation (657) 94

Evaporation

evapo- transpiration (1996) 79 evapo-transpiration (2l88) 95 Illinois (555) 33 lakes (1944) 65 measurement (1015) 123 measurement ( 2179 ) 85 reduction of (2828) 53 reservoirs (765) 147

reservoirs (2l8o) 85

soils (2277) 16 suppression, reservoirs (2703) 129 urban areas (564) 30 watersheds, Tennessee Basin (765) l47

Filter study (2844) (2845) 57 Filtering (274l) 1 Filters (2535) 29 Filters (2837) 56 Fish ladders

culverts (1654) 54 dams

Dalles Dam, Oregon (l462) 133 Frasier River (2736) l49

159
Fish ladders

dams

Ice Harbor (2666) 102

Fish screens, revolving (2752) 11 Fishway model study (2086) 31 Fishway model study (2885) 76 Brownlee Reservoir (2876) 75 Cowlitz Dam (2886) 77 Priest Rapids (2855) 6*4- Rocky Reach Hydroelectric Development (2877) 75 Flood control

Arkansas River (2928) 119

crop rotation (1966) 79 Lower Mississippi River (2926) 119 reservoir storage (2322) 35 rivers

Blackstone River, R. I. (2686) 118

Cumberland, Md. (230) 105 Kalamazoo River (2677) Il6

Mississippi Basin (236) 106 Old River overbank structures (2679) 117 Rouge River (256*0 *45 Vermilion Bay (2*43*0 115 Flood discharge measurement ( 2266 ) 10

Flood frequency control (280*0 U3 Flood insurance (2793) 36 Flood routing (29*i5) 126

Flow, fibre suspensions (2U90) 155 Flow, fibre suspensions (25^6) 42

Flow, granular media (2859) 65 Flow, nonsteady (2509) 11 Flow, river under arch bridges ( 2839 ) 57 Flow, single and two-phase in tube (237*0 58 Flow measurement (2925) 119 Flow nozzles, calibration (2776) 22 Flow in porous media (2771) 20

Flow properties, fluidized solids (255*0 kk

Flow, steady viscous

effect cylindrical boundary (2135) *+9 Flow studies, 3-dimensional forms (2969) 1*4-3 Flow, surface, free (286*0 66 Flow tube, calibration (2775) 22 Flow, two-phase, pipes (2552) hh Flumes

air entrainment (100) 62 flow measurement ( 2513 ) 17 Parshall (2902) 87

screens, flow rate (2636) 76 trapezoidal (2902) 87

Forces, riprap revetment (2831) 5**- Forces, wind-tunnel measurement (2832) 55 Frost in ground (1187) 91

Gates, cylinder (2980) 151

Gas -liquid

distribution, porous media (1830) 9 flow (1829) 9 Gate slot studies (245*0 130 Gate slot studies (2711) 131 Gatescavitation (993) 107 cavitation (198*0 112 hydraulic downpull forces (2707) 131 lock (1U7I+) 110

sluice (1207) 108

Gates, service, Eagle Gorge Dam (2920) 103 Ground water

aquifers, mechanics of (2688) 127 aquifer potential (2311) 29 aquifer potential (2687) 127

I

Ground water

aquifers, salt water encroachment (2689)... 127 Arkansas (2255) 1 artificial recharge (559) 27 artificial recharge (1966) 79 artificial recharge (2255) 1 artificial recharge (2315) 29 artificial recharge (2691) 127

Carroll County, 111. (8*t-3) 28

Chicago area (1335) 28

Coachella Valley, Calif. (26) 6 compilation of theories, formulas (1866)... 28

Crystal Lake, 111.(2313) 29 East St. Louis area (561) 28

effect forests (656) 91

electric flow net (1221) 126

electrical analogue (2314) 29

electrical analogue (2692) 127

flow problems (29*48) 129

fluctuations (821) 1*+ fresh water storage (2000) 127

hydrologic cycle (1092) 28

instruments, adaptation (1998) 126

irrigation (1966) 79

Jo Daviess County, 111. (8U3) 28

Lower Bijou Basin, Colo. (276l) 18 Peoria area, 111. (560) 27 Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) 32 Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) 33 root zone (2172) 8l

Stephenson County, 111. (8*13) 28 stream flow (2063) 9 Tennessee Valley (777) 1**7 Tennessee Valley (780) 1*1-8 variable flow (8*45) 28 water table control (2835) 56 Gutters, side flow (2073) 21 Harbor design (2933) 120

Harbor improvement

Charleston, S. C. (678) 107

Indiana Harbor, Ind. ( 1*1-72) 109

Savannah, Ga. (2*4-28) 11k Harbor models, scale effects (1002) 108

Heat and mass transfer (2822) 52 Heat transfer (2821) 52 cooling pond (2210) 127

gas stream to liquid film (2373) 58 gases (2823) 52 Potomac River power plant ( 2889 ) 78

supersonic flow (880) *+3 turbulent pipe flow (285*1) 6l

unsteady-state convective (2560) hk Highway drainage

culverts (ill) 62

culverts (1591) 31 culverts (2318) 31 culverts, flow characteristics (2320) 35 embankments (291) 27 energy dissipator (2318) *i0 subway grating design (2087) 31 Hose tests (23*40) 39 Hurricanes, data of characteristics (2*+*+0).... 125 Hydraulic control systems, valves (2335) 37 Hydraulic history (1102) 3k Hydraulic jump (2l6l) 73 Hydraulic Jump, circular (25H7) 42 Hydrodynamic forces, underwater bodies (27*16). 3 Hydrodynamic studies, heave and pitch (2965). • 1**2 Hydrofoils

cavitating flow (1871) 3**

160
Hydrofoils

craft, study of (2389) 68

lift forces (2968) 142

study of (l8l6) 3 study of (2144) 63

Hydrofoil systems, motion, stability (2156)... 67 Hydrologic studies

Florida (150) 82

frequency (2319) 31 Waller Creek Watershed (2l62) 73 Infiltration

effect vegetation (376) 93

effect vegetation (1966) 79 soil (25) 5 soil (1058) 7 soil (2879) 76 Infiltration ratio (2836) 56 Inlets

culverts (ill) 62

gutters (1080) 21 gutters (2085) 31 theory (2088) 31 Instrumentation, flow (470)... 133 Instruments anemometer ( 1665 ) 62

hot-wire meter (467) 133

micromanometer (2867) 70

motion recording (2466) 140

pitot tube, high velocity (2676) Il6

precipitation gage (2080) 26 precipitation gage, heated (2458) 130

precision power (1523) l43

pressure cells (1004) 108 pressure fluctuation (254l) 36 pulp densimeter (2282) 13 radar raingage (2943) 126

radio raingage (1536) l45 river gage (1536) 145 river, stage measuring (l86l) 25 soil moisture (1995) 126

thermistors (2369) 54 turbulence indicators (2629) 73 turbulence meter (1985) 112

velocity meter (1004) 108

velocity profile, measurement of (26ll).... 86 wave gage (660) 97

wave gage (977) 98 wave gage (1004) 108

Intakes

Baker River Dam (2640) 77 condenser water ( 1796) (1797) 146

conduit, design (2l8) 105 dams (674) 107

Ice Harbor model (2665) 102

Irrigation

canals

infiltration (2580) 68

linings (1966) 79 seepage (820) 84 seepage (1966) 79 concrete pipe (24) 4 control of water (1966) 79 drainage design (2649) 86

drainage design (2899) 80

drainage studies (1723) 82

drainage studies ( 1819 ) 5 drainage studies ( 1966 ) 79 drainage studies ( 2651 ) 87

efficiencies (2786) 26 farm structures (24) 4

Irrigation

infiltration (1966) 79 infiltration (2580) 47 meters (l499) 130

percolation (1966) 79 pipe friction (24) 4 practices and requirements (2898) 79 snow surveys (55) 13 snow surveys ( 1966 ) 79 soil moisture (26) 6 soil permeability (1966) 79 sprinkling systems ( 21 ) 4 sprinkling systems (1966) 79 sprinkling systems ( 208l ) 26 sprinkling systems (2185) 86 structures (24) 4 water application (1966) 79 water control devices (2304) 26 water measurement (24) 4 water measurement (2650) 86 water supply (23) 4 water supply (27) 6 water supply (55) 13 water supply ( 1966 ) 79 water supply Santa Barbara Co., Calif. (2653) 87 weir stands (l498) 130

well drilling (24) 6 Jet spray dryer ( 2838 ) 56 Jetssubmerged diffusion (948) 70

submerged diffusion (2342) 4l turbulent expansion (l477) 122 Jetties

design, location (38) 7 effect littoral drift (2190) 98

effect wave action (529) 8 Lake levels Great Lakes (1994) 124 Lake Erie (2201) 113

Lake Worth (2299) 22 Locks, approaches (1738) 110

Locks, approaches (1739) HI

Locks

filling, emptying systems (2670) 105 Berkley Dam (2673) H5

Barkley Lock (2924) 105 Soulanges (2485) 154

Calumet River (2674) Il6

Dalles Dam, Oregon (l466) 101

Dardanelle Dam (2675) Il6

Fort Gaines (2923) 105 Ice Harbor Dam (407) 100

Louisville, Ky. (2678) Il6

Miss. River, Keokuk, Iowa (2937) 121 New Richmond, Ohio River (2929) 119 Port Allen, La. (2426) 114 Sacramento Barge Canal (2682) 117

St. Anthony Falls (412) 104

Troy Dam (2927) 119 Watts Bar <1794) 146 Wilson (2973) 147 high-lift (985) 104

John Day (2662) 101

miter gates (l474) 110

navigation conditions (2927) 119 Manifolds (2633) 75 Manifolds (2883) 76 Mass transfer (2821) 52 Meanders (1764) 126

161
Meanders, hydraulics of (2766) 19 Meteorology (2533) 29 Meteorology, pressure Jump lines (1933) 124 Meteorological observations (2760) 18 Meters calibration (124) 48 calibration (1963) 77 calibration (2411) (2638) 77 current, low velocity (2015) 130

current, ratings (2827) 53 current, redesign Price (2444) 127

current, testing (2762) 19 elbow (1602) 38 flow (1963) 77

flow, performance characteristics (2769)... 20

flow, ultrasonic (2949) 129 hot-wire (467) 133

irrigation (24) 4 open channel ( 1589 ) 31 turbine, calibration of (2765) 19 turbulence (578) 40 water (2447) 127

Model distortion (994) 107

Model distortion (2897) 78 Model laws

density currents (159) 122 scale effects, harbors (1002) 108 small models ( 593) 51 Model roughness standards (1000) 108

Model studies

Back River Dam ( 2986 ) 152

Barcelona Harbor, Lake Erie (2936) 120

Buffalo Harbor, Lake Erie (2935) 120

complex seaway (2278) 16 control dam, Mille-Iles River (2988) 153

Cumbaya by-pass, Ecuador (2768) 19 Hudson River, N. Y. (2932) 120

Lachine Power Project (2989) 153

Mercier Dam (2993) 154

St. Maurice River (2997) 155 spillway (2996) 155 spillway, Lachine Power Project (2987) 152

spillway, Lachine Power Project (2994) 154

Model study, seawall (2525) 23 Model verification

Lewiston Power Plant (2742) 2 pressure measurement

penstocks, South Holston Dam (762) l45 sluices, Cherokee Dam (758) 145 sluices, Douglas Dam (759) 145 prototype confirmation (l467) 109 Rocky Reach Site, Columbia River (2631) 75 Savannah Tidal Estuary (2885) 51 Southwest Pass, Miss. River (2931) 120

spillway piers and baffles

Ice Harbor Dam (405) 100

White River, Indianapolis (2599) 56 Wilson Lock (2479) 146

Noise, hydrodynamic (1778) 136

Nozzles, calibration (2780) 22 Nozzles, mixing (40) 7 Open channels (see channels)

air entrainment (100) 62 alluvial, hydraulics of (2764) 19 boundary roughness (l854) 24 constricted flow (1855) 28

constricted flow (2066) 15 curved, flow in (2684) 118

eddy viscosities (2830) 54 effect discharge (2700) 128

Open channels

effect load (2700) 128 effect slope (2700) 128 entrainment floating particles (2982) 152

film of flow (2767) 19 friction losses (2l4o) 6l grain size (2700) 171 intermittent flow (2773) 21 orifice flow control (2129) 45 roughness (3003) 157 sediment concentration (2763) 19 steep slope (100) 62

supercritical flow, air entrainment (100).. 62

tidal flow (2758) 13 trapezoidal (2198) 103 uniform flow (2529) 25 uniform flow (2699) 128 velocity distribution (1343) 32 velocity distribution (2083) 32; velocity distribution (2696) 128

velocity profiles (2763) 19 width enlargements (1854).. 24 Orifice meters

design (2991) 153

effect pipe roughness (2731) 143 Orifice plates, calibration (2777) 22 calibration (2778) 22

Orifices, design criteria (2470) 140

discharge measurements (2285) 21

discharge measurements (2637) 76 side-discharge (2998) 155 unsteady flow (2276) 13 Outlets, artificial (2829) 54 Outlets, pipe, cantilevered (ll68) 62 Outlet works

Glen Canyon Tunnel (2954) 132

dams

Abiqulu (2427) 11

4

Anchor (2714) 131 Bocomo (2512) 17 Flaming Gorge (2717) 131

Howard Prairie (2723) 131

Oahe, S. D. (1212) 109

Paonia (2957) 132

San Antonio (1732) 103

Trinity (2718) 131 Vaquero (2712) 131

Yellowtail (l495) 129 model studies

Pleasant Valley (2398) 74 Sherburne Lakes (2224) 130

Penstocks, Priest Rapids (2632) 75 Percolation studies (1966) 79 California (2l8l) 86

rates (2745) 2 Permeability, effect grain size (228l) 13 Pipe fittings, bends, elbows (l602) 38 Pipe fittings, cavitation (993) 107 Pipe flow (2759) 13 Pipe sizes, irrigation (2843) 57 Pipes

aluminum, head loss (2284) 21 aluminum, head loss (2800) 39 cavitation (993) 107

corrosion (1342) 28

corrosion (2846) 58

flow characteristics (2709) 131

flow of mixtures

gas-liquid (2303) 25 liquid-solid (2275) 13

162
Pipes

flow of mixtures

solid-gas (UO) 7 friction

concrete (24) 4 roughness (2619) 70

steady and unsteady states (26l4) 66 head loss (286l) 65 heat transfer (40) 7 heat transfer (880) 43 manifold ports (2150) 66 networks (1689) 74 Non-Newtonian fluid flow (2819) 52 pressure distribution (2709) 131

surges (1303) 7 turbulence (467) 133

verticle (317) 46 Plates, rough (854) 34 Plumbing

backflow prevention (49) (2270) 12 corrosion (49) 12 cross-connections (49) 12 fixtures (49) 12 Porous media

dispersion of fluid (2586) 51 flow (2842) 57 flow (2863) 66 microscopic flow (2690) 127 turbulent flow (557) 27 Potential flow (2864) 66 Pressure distribution

basic research (79)(8l) 33 Pressure drop, viscous fluid (2812) 49 Pressure measurement

electric analogy (470) 133 floating bridge (288l) 76 ship models (1789) 137

sluices

Cherokee Dam (758) 145 Douglas Dam (759) 145 wave action ( 38 ) 7 Propellers

bearing tests (2743) 2 circulation (2727) l4l

rotating, hydrodynamic pressure (2391) 68

theory (2474) l4l

theory, lifting (2237) 139

transient forces ( 26l6 ) 69 vibratory thrust (2617) 69 Prototype check tests penstocks (762) 145 sluices (758) (759) 145 Pulpwood holding grounds ( 2044 ) 156

Pump drainage installation (2999) 156

Pumps

axial flow (2500) 1 cavitation (2880) 76 gear (2806) 44 research (1548) 2 tests (1132) 48 tests, pumping station (2562) 45 turbine model tests (2050) 1 Rainfall

effect forest cover (29II) 92

gages (2248) l48

hydrologic cycle (1092) 28

infiltration rates Rapid Creek, Iowa (25 38) (25 39) 35 intensity (1945) 66 intensity (2787) 29

Rainfall

intensity hurricane (244l) 125 maximum (779) 148

maximum (l750)(l75l) 124

maximum (2788) 30 radar research (553) 27 radar research (2443) 125 rainfall-runoff (68) 33 rainfall -runoff (564) 39 rainfall-runoff (768) (777) 147 rainfall-runoff (856) 38 rainfall-runoff (918) 53 rainfall-runoff ( 1078 ) 21 rainfall-runoff (2l62) 73 rainfall-runoff (2561) 45 rainfall-runoff (3001) 156

rainfall-runoff relations (2397) 73 records (1636) 51 records (2534) 29 research

Southern California (26l) 88

United States (2437) 125 Tennessee River Basin (768) 147 Tennessee River Basin (779) 148

Range management practices (27) 6 Reservoirs

artificial recharge (2757) 12 evaporation (765) l47

evaporation (2180) 85 evaporation, retardation (2532) 29 linings (151) 84

linings (1837) 15 safety standards (2323) 35 sedimentation (307) 39 sedimentation (2175) 83 sedimentation, measurements (2334) 37 silting

Illinois (552) 26

temperature gaging (769) 147 Tennessee River (764) 147 Tennessee River (785) 147

Texas (1966) 79 water supply, Illinois (551) 26 water travel (787) l47

storage (2480) l48 water supply, Illinois (551) 26

River control structures Harrison River (2979) 151

Old River, La. (1982) Ill

Old River, La. (1983) 112 River flow (2698) 128

River flow pattern (2890X2891) 78

Rock fill

closure dam (2942) 122

model tests (l464) 101

Roughness

artificial channels (2950) 129

artificial

open channels (l854) 24

standards, models (1000) 108

surfaces ( 2328 ) 35 surfaces (2375) 58 surfaces, drag (854) 34 velocity profile (2321) 32 effect of water temperature (1988) 113

Runoff

control of (2908) 90

denudation effects (23) 4 denudation effects (27) 6 effect of forest (376) 93

163
Runoff

effect of forest (377) 93 effect of forest (656) 91 floods (2795) 36 hydrologic cycle (1092) 28 Infiltration determinations (21+98) 156 infiltration determinations (2795) 36 rainfall-runoff (561+) 30 rain fall -runoff (777) 1^7 rainfall-runoff (856) 38 rainfall-runoff (918) 53 rainfall-runoff (1078) 21

rainfall-runoff (1723) 82 rainfall-runoff (17^0 123

rainfall-runoff (17^5) 12*+ rainfall -runoff (2l62) 73 rainfall-runoff (2165) Ik rainfall-runoff (2331X233I+) 37 rainfall-runoff (2795) 36 rainfall -runoff relations (2397) 73 small areas (191+6) 66 small areas (2316) 30 small watersheds (21+92) 156 small watersheds ( 281+1 ) 57 urban areas (56I+) 30 urban areas (856) 38 urban areas (2862) 65 watersheds

Idaho (1862) 25 Illinois (551) 26 Lafayette, Ind. (1966) 79 Ohio (1966) 79 Ohio and Great Plains (150) 82

Pennsylvania (656) 91

Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) 32 Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) 33 Tennessee River Valley (777) 1^7

Tennessee River Valley (780) ll+8 Salt water intrustion

Delaware River (1+25) 106

Florida (1966) 79 Sand boils (558) 27 Sand mixtures, permeability (556) 27 Sand transport

influence of waves and currents (2191) 98

Sand traps, design (2279) 86 Sand-water mixtures, shear (2062) 9 Scour

bridge crossings (25I+O) 36 bridge piers (2978) 150

Deas Island Tunnel (2976) 15 Fraser River bed (2976) 150

dams, Ft. Randall, S. D. (67I+) 107 Seaplane hulls (l567)(l570) Ik Seawalls, design (2528) 23 Seaway, St. Lawrence ( 1806 )( 201+1 ) Vjk

Sediment

bed load formulas (2506) 10 bed load motion (2059) 9 density in reservoirs (2951) 129 suspended (2517) 18 Sediment, cohesive

scour resistance (287U) 7I+ Sediments

tagged by radioactive minerals (2755) 12 Sediment transport

artificial channels (2950) 129 natural channels (2950) 129 Sediment transportation (27I+8) k analysis (2701) 128

Sediment transportation

beaches (529) 8

bed load (1107) 3k

bed load | Delaware River ( 1+25 ) 106 wave action, effect (1823) 8 critical tractive force (1502) 130

density currents (307) 39! forces on particles (280) 7 measurement (19I+) 10*+ reservoirs (1966) 79 suspended load (1107) 3k

suspended load

internal mechanics (6) 3 measurement ( I9I+ ) 10k measurement ( 1966 ) 79 temperature changes (1928) 63 Tennessee River (76U) 1I+7 Sedimentation (2821) 52 Sedimentation

basins (2258) 2 reservoirs (552) 26 reservoirs (785) ikf

reservoirs (2175) 83

rivers (2175) 83

velocity of particles (2583) 1+9 waves (2660) 99 Seepage

canal linings (1859) 25 canals (820) 8k

canals (1966) 79 earth dams (2817) 52 soil sediments (1859) 25 Servomechanism, closed loop (1877) 37 Ships

appendage -body interaction (1268) I3I+ bending moment (2387) 68

bending moment (2393) 69 bending moments (2865) 69

bilge, keels (1512) 135 control surfaces (2I+63) 139 design (2^72) 11+0 effect waves (21+68) l!+0 forces (2091) 35 forces, on bodies (2229) 137

hull form research (2729) ikl

hull-propeller combination ( 281+9) 60

injection scoops (710) 13*+ lines (1783) 136

lines (2262) 10

maneuvering (l5ll+) 135 models

towing test maneuvering basin (1781).... 136 turbulence stimulation (1506) 13It- motion (1782) 136

motion (I838) 15 motion (2091) 35 motion (215l+)(2155 ) 67

motion (2356) 50 motion (21+62) 139 motion (21+66) ikO

motion (21+67) ll+0 motion (2853) 61 motion (2962) ll+2 motion, models (2963) ll+2 pitching (2390) 68

planing surfaces (3^0) 66

planing surfaces (2152) 67 pressure distribution (1789) 137 pressure distribution (2232) 138

161+
Ships

j pressure distribution (2853) 6l

11 propellers

contra-rotating (2471) 1^0

i counter-rotating (2866) 70

oscillating pressures (2236) 139

jO propulsive characteristics (2239) 139

jo I resistance

frictional (1505) 134

1 frictional (2231) 138

hull forms (2018) 137

jj hull forms (2238) 139 hull forms (2464) 139 measurement (1516) 135

3

jj

1 models (901) 48 models (2473) l4l prediction (1516) 135

,j j theory (709) 134

g

I seaworthiness (l51l) 135 seaworthiness (2230) 138

2 seaworthiness (2235) 138

^

I seaworthiness (2469) 1*40

« seaworthiness (2728) l4l

self-propelled models (l4l0) 67

, slamming (1786) 137

q stability (1907) 65

I stability (2810) 46 thrust deduction (2848) 59

c velocity distribution (2232) 138

jj vibration (1378) 46

. vibration (2019) 137

wake formation (2234) 138

, wake studies (2848) 59 wave tests (1907) 65 Shore protection

I Longboat Pass, Fla. (2526) 23 methods, techniques (2193) 98

j structures (38) 7

j structures (529) 8

j Silting

j reservoirs

Illinois (552) 26 Tennessee Valley (785) 1^7

small watersheds (777) l*+7

1 Siphons

irrigation ( 24 ) 4

j pumping plants (1V75) 110

Sluice gates

cavitation (79) 33

! torque characteristics (28l4) 15 Sluiceways

dams

Woodston (2952) 132

dams, discharge ratings

Cherokee Dam (739) 1^5 Fontana Dam (7*4-5) l*+5 dams, pressure measurement

Cherokee (758) 1^5 Douglas Dam (759) 1^5

Snow, forecast, melting (1011) 123

Snow surveys Colorado (55) 13 runoff forecasting (55) 13 runoff forecasting (1966) 79 Soil moisture . effect denudation (23) k effect timber cutting (377) 93 evaporation ( 2173 ) • 8l

evaporation (2277) l6 forest influences (380) 96

Soil moisture

forest influences (657) 94

forest influences (2188) 95 forest influences (2420) 95 measurement ( 26l ) 88 movement (1058) 7 movement ( 205 5) 6 movement (2173) 8l

permeability ( 119*0 8l

permeability (2739) 156 semi-desert vegetation (657) 94

small watersheds (777) lV7

Southern California (26l)... 120

Soil permeability (119*4-) 8l

Soil salinity (2648) 8l

Spheres

motion, viscous fluid (2584) 4-9 unsteady flow (28l6) 52 Spillways

barrel type (2751) 11 basic research (1584) 24 comparison, profiles (266) 153 dams

Anchor (2714) 131

Baker River (264l) 77 Brownlee (2630) 75 Elmhurst (2645) 78

Flaming Gorge (2960) 133

Fort Gaines (2432) 11

5

Fort Patrick Henry (1534) l45 Fort Randall, S. D. (674) 107

Glen Canyon (2719) 131 Hales Bar Dam (1038) 145

Ice Harbor, Oregon (406) 100

Jackson (2930) 119 Kamafuli, Pakistan (2634) 75 Markland, Ohio River (1739) HI

McGee Bend (2940) 121 Nimbus (2009) 130

North Fork (2643) 77 North Hartland (2918) 102 Noxon Rapids (2l66) 74 Oxbow (2875) 75 Paonia (2957) 132

Pelton (2642) 77 Peters (2151) 66 Rocky Reach (2644) 77 San Antonio (1732) 103 Sherman (2647) 78

Tolt River (2884) 76 Townshend (2938) 121 Trinity (2705) 130 Wu Sheh (2451) 130

Yanhee (2722) 131

Yellowtail (l495) 130

design (673) 106 design

Priest Rapids (2606) 64

discharge capacity (2159) 70

discharge characteristics (2694) 128

discharge coefficients (2159) 70

discharge ratings, dams

Pleasant Valley (2398) 74

drop, design (1398) 62

drop, design (1865) 28

energy dissipator (2339) 39 energy dissipator (2483) 153 energy dissipator (2878) 75 Ice Harbor, stop log (2921) 103

operating characteristics (2896) 78

165
Spillways

profiles (266) 153

roller-type tucket (673) 106

side channel study (2790) 32 siphon (1777) 130

weir type (1298) 156

Spray, droplet formation (2137) 51 Sprinkling systems

irrigation (2185) 86

jets, distribution (21) k Spur dikes, hydraulics of (2766) 19 Stability, wave tests (II36) 1+8 Stall, rotating (1903) 1+3 Stilling basins

dams

Bull Shoals, Ark. (1979) HI

East Barre (2939) 121 Fort Gaines ( 21+32 ) 115

Ft. Randall, S. D. (67I+) 107

Keystone (29I+I) 121

Markland, Ohio River (1739) Ill

Nimbus (2009) 130

Table Rock, Mo. (1980) Ill Warrior ( 21+31) 115 design (107*0 1^ design (2857) 6k

dimensions (2959) 133 energy dissipation (2103) ^1 erosion below (1987) 113 hollow- jet valve (2958) 133

Murrumbidgee-FAicumbene Tunnel (2956) 132 self draining (2750) 11 Stratified flow, mixing (2791) 36 Stream gaging

bridges (690) 126

radio gages (1536) 1I+5 Tennessee Valley (769) ll+7 Streamflow forecasts (17M+) 123 Streamflow forecasts (17I+5) 12l+ Streamflow forecasts (2248) ll+8 Streamflow forecasts (2579) 1+7 Streamflow forecasts (2888) 77 Streamflow forecasts

Colorado (55) 13 snow surveys (55) 13 snow surveys (1966) 79 Streamflow records (2266) 10 Streams discharge records (2695) 128 effect logging (969) 92 flood peaks (2667) 103

sand channel (1755) 126

stage discharge Iowa (67) 33 water quality (786) ll+7 Structures conservation (1723) 82 conservation (2789) 30 drainage (2789) 30 wave forces on (l88l) 1+1 Strut wake (223I+) I38

Submerged bodies

forces (2615) 69 moments (2615) 69 pressure distribution

theoretical analyses (8l) 33 Surge tank (2961) 133

Surge tank (2981) 151 Surge tanks

model studies (25 1+9) 1+2

Surge tanks

South Holston Dam (731) 1I+5 Surges

Long Sault Canal (2683) 118 New England South Shore (2868) 71 pipes (1303) 7 Thrust deduction research (281+7) 59 Tidal entrances, analysis of data (2296) 22 Tidal estuaries, diffusion (28l8) 52 Tidal flow

channels

Charleston Harbor, S. C. (678) 107 Delaware River, Pa. (1+25) 106 Tides

Narragansett Bay (2680) 117 storm (2873) 72 storm prediction (2I+38) 125 Transition

spheres (296I+) 1U2

supercritical velocities (2386) 63 Tunnels

check tests (2977) 150

control structures (2710) 131

Eagle Gorge (2661+) 102 water air content ( 2603 ) 61+ Turbines

cavitation (1133) 1+8 model tests (123) 1+8 model tests (2582) 1+8 model tests (27I+I+) 2 performance (123) 1+8 propeller

cavitation (271) 1 performance (271) 1 unsteady two-dimensional flow (2807) 1+5 vane moments (896) 1+8 Turbulence

boundary layer (2233) 138 characteristics (2058) 9 decay (2792) 36 granular media (557) • 27 low level (2510) 16 measurement

apparatus (73) 33 apparatus (578) ko hot-wire, water (1+67) 133 techniques (578) 1+0 mechanism (17I+2) 123

mechanism (2536) 32 mechanism ( 281+0 ) 57 pipes

basic research (I+67) 133 stimulation (1506) I3I+ stimulation (28ll) 1+6 wakes (2233) 138 Unsteady flow (178I+X1785 )(l786) 136 Underwater missiles (275^) 12 Valves

butterfly (1603) 38 capacity (2799) 39 check (2892) (2893) (289I+) 78 pressure loss tests (2779) 22 safety (2799) • 39 transfer (1876) 37 Velocity distribution

air, over ocean waves (l82l+) 8 Guadalupe River (2895) 78 Potomac River, power plant (2889) 78 Velocity measurement

electro-magnetic (73) 33

166
106

HI

12]

Velocity measurement

electro-magnetic (467) 133

hot-wire (73) 33 hot-wire (467) 133 Venturi, characteristics (2286) 21

Venturi, meters , calibration (2605) 64 Virtual mass (2064) 13 Vortex flow (2503) 3 (Vortex flow (2824) 53

|Vortex shedding (2802) 43

[Vortices, line, interaction (2808) 45

(Water, consumptive use (1966) 79 irrigated crops (2177) 85 San Francisco Bay Area (2179) 85

jtfater control facilities, design (1723) 82 Water entry (2900) 82 Water entry, modeling (2477) 143 Water exit, ellipsoidal bodies (2537) 32 Water levels, storm induced (2869) 72 Water measurement

irrigation (23) (24) 4 irrigation (26) 6 stream flow (67) 33 Water resources classification (2906) 90

development (2756) 12 Tennessee Valley (2975) l48

Watershed management

Arizona (657) 94 Beaver Creek (2913) 96

Colorado (1971) 95 Continental Divide (377) 93

Grand Junction, Colo. (2657) 95 Idaho (2907) 90

infiltrometer development ( 2905 ) ... 90 New Mexico (1967) 94 New Mexico (1968X1969) 95 Northern California (2415) 88

Pennsylvania (656) 91 Pennsylvania (2910) 92

research (2658) 96 Rocky Mountain Front Range (376) 93 Southeastern United States (380) 96 Southern California (26l) 88

Tallahatchee Research Center (29l4) 97

Utah (1971) 95 Wayne County, Pa. (966) 91

White Mountains, N. H. (24l9) 91

Wyoming (1971) 95 Watershed studies

Arizona (150) 82

Central Utah (2903) 89 Colorado (1971) 95 effects logging (969) 92

effects logging (2654) 87 Florida (150) 82

forest influences (376) 93 forest influences (377) 93

forest influences (380) 96 forest influences (656)(966)(ll88) 91

frost studies (II87) 91 hydrologic cycle (1764) 126 hydrologic cycle (2l62) 73 Idaho (2903) 89 Illinois (150) 82 Illinois (55l)(552) 26 Illinois (657) 94

Illinois (966) (1188) 91 Illinois (2316) 30 Iowa (150). 82

Watershed studies

Lafayette, Ind. (1966) 79 Maine (150) 82 management (26l) 88 Maryland (150) 82 Michigan (l50) 82 Nebraska (150) 82 New Jersey (150) 82 Northern Utah (2903) 89 Northern Utah (2909) 91

Oklahoma (2365) 53 Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) 32 Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) 33 Tennessee River Valley (768) (777) 147 Tennessee River Valley (780) 148 Texas (150) 82 Virginia (150) 82

White Mountains, N. H. (2419) 91 Wisconsin (150) 82 Water supplies

Colo. River Basin of Nevada (2652) 87 Water utilization (769) 147 Wave absorbers, design of (2934) 120 Wave action

beaches (l8l) 97 beaches (529) 8 beaches (660) 97 beaches (1609) 40 beaches (1631) 65 breakwaters, harbors

Duluth-Superior (2685) 118 Indiana Harbor, Ind. (l472) 109 pervious, impervious (998) 107

rubble -mound (999) 108

bulkhead, Gary Harbor (2430) 115 Fernandina Beach (2300) 23 harbor (2870) 72 harbors, design (l472) 109 model, Port aux Bosque (2488) 155 Narragansett Bay (2545) 4l shore protection works ( 38 ) 7 shore protection works (529) 8 spillways (674) 107 Wave forecasting, methods (2916) 99 Wave motion (2809) 46 Wave research (2357) 50 Wave run-up, model study

Lake Okeechobee (2917) 100 Waves

forces, submerged structures (2621) 70

forces, submerged structures (2659) 99 generation (1825) 9 generation, deep water (2355) 50 measuring techniques (226l) 9 propagation, deep water (2355) 50 run-up (1735) HO

run-up (2203) 113 run-up, shore structures (2661) 99 shallow water (1825) 9 ships, waterways (2508) 11 statistics, Gulf of Mexico (2623) 70

wind generated (1825) 9 Waves, gravity, diffraction of (2871) 72 Waves, long, generation of (2872) 72 Waves, surface

absorption (2l43) 63 characteristics, observed (660) 97 contours (340) 66 energy losses (2298) 22 gages (977) 98

167
Waves , surface

generation (k) 65 generation (1*478) 123

resistance (709) 13*t- solitary (159) 122 solitary (577) ^0

Weirs

basic research (319) ^7 basic research (158*4) 28

basic research (2578) *47 broad crested (2798) 39 calibration (2860) 65 deep notch (2280) 13 design (2858) 65 discharge characteristics (269*4) 128

proportional (2826) 53 rectangular (1852) 2*4 sharp crested (232*0 35 sharp crested, parabolic (268) 153

side (1912) 1+9

I

Weirs

submerged (277*0 22 unsteady flow (2276) 13 \ Wells

casing perforations (2056) 6 construction (2576) h6 drilling (2*+) k Wells, irrigation

filter design (2901) 87 Well screens, turbulence (557) 27 Wind

pressure distribution (2796) 36 j velocity (1665) 62 ' velocity ( 2*4-14-2 ) 125 j •Wind effects, structures (1079) 21 Wind stress, large lakes (235*4) 1+9 Wind stress, ocean (235**-) *49

' Wind tides, research (1*478) Wind tides, research (2*4*42) Wind waves, canals (2953)

168 U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1958 O -467776
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its headquarters in Washington,

D. C, and its major laboratories in Boulder, Colo., is suggested in the following listing of the divi- sions and sections engaged in technical work. In general, each section carries out specialized re- search, development, and engineering in the field indicated by its title. A brief description of the

activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside front cover. WASHINGTON, D. C.

Electricity and Electronics. Resistance and Reactance. Electron Devices. Electrical Instru- ments. Magnetic Measurements. Dielectrics. Engineering Electronics. Electronic Instrumentation. Electrochemistry.

Optics and Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Optical Instruments. Photographic

Technology. Length. Engineering Metrology.

Heat. Temperature. Physics. Thermodynamics. Cryogenic Physics. Rheology. Engine Fuels. Free Radicals Research.

Atomic and Radiation Physics. Spectroscopy. Radiometry. Mass Spectrometry. Solid State

Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics. Neutron Physics. Nuclear Physics. Radioactivity. X-rays. Betatron. Nucleonic Instrumentation. Radiological Equipment.

Chemistry. Organic Coatings. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Analytical Chemistry. Inorganic Chemistry. Electrodeposition. Molecular Structure and Properties of Gases. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Spectrochemistry. Pure Substances.

Mechanics. Sound. Mechanical Instruments. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering MechanicsMass and Scale. Capacity, Density, and Fluid Meters. Combustion Controls.

Organic and Fibrous Materials. Rubber. Textiles. Paper. Leather. Testing and Specifications. Polymer Structure. Plastics. Dental Research.

Metallurgy. Thermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy. Mechanical Metallurgy. Corrosion.

Metal Physics.

Mineral Products. Engineering Ceramics. Glass. Refractories. Enameled Metals. Concreting Materials. Constitution and Microstructure.

Building Technology. Structural Engineering. Fire Protection. Air Conditioning, Heating,

and Refrigeration. Floor, Roof, and Wall Coverings. Codes and Safety Standards. Heat

Transfer.

Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physics.

Data Processing Systems. SEAC Engineering Group. Components and Techniques. Digital

Circuitry. Digital Systems. Analog Systems. Application Engineering.

• Office of Basic Instrumentation. • Office of Weights and Measures.

BOULDER, COLORADO

Cryogenic Engineering. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Processes. Properties of Materials.

Gas Liquefaction.

Radio Propagation Physics. Upper Atmosphere Research. Ionospheric Research. Regular

Propagation Services. Sun-Earth Relationships. VHF Research.

Radio Propagation Engineering. Data Reduction Instrumentation. Modulation Systems.

Navigation Systems. Radio Noise. Tropospheric Measurements. Tropospheric Analysis.

Radio Systems Application Engineering. Radio Meteorology.

Radio Standards. High Frequency Electrical Standards. Radio Broadcast Service. High

Frequency Impedance Standards. Electronic Calibration Center. Microwave Physics. Micro- wave Circuit Standards.
Hydraulic Research in the United States

Guides to projects conducted by various hydraulic and hydrologic laboratories

in the United States and Canada during 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956,

and 1957. Project reports cover work done at 74 private or State laboratories

in the United States, 23 Federal laboratories, and 7 Canadian laboratories.

These publications outline individual projects on nearlv 200 subjects in the

field.

Order:NBS Miscellaneous Publication 201, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1951, 190 pages. Price: $1.25.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 205, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1952, 200 pages. Price: $1.00.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 208, Hydraulic Researcli in the United States, 1953, 215 pages. Price: $1.25.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 210, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1954, 207 pages. Price: $1.25.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 215, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1955, 197 pages. Price: $1.25.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 218, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1956, 216 pages. Price: $1.50.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 221, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1957, 220 pages. Price: $1.50.