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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

Docket No. 38496

MARTHA A. ARREGUI,

 Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

ROSALINDA GALLEGOS-MAIN, an 

individual; FULL LIFE CHIROPRACTIC, 

P.A., an Idaho professional association,

 Defendants-Respondents,

and

JOHN and JANE DOES I through X, whose 

true identities are unknown,

 Defendants.

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Boise, February 2012 Term

2012 Opinion No. 75

Filed: May 4, 2012

Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk

 

 

Appeal from the District Court of the Third Judicial District of the State of 

Idaho, Canyon County. Hon. Renae Hoff, District Judge.

The decision of the district court is affirmed. Costs are awarded to 

respondent.

Johnson & Monteleone, L.L.P., Boise for appellant. D. Samuel Johnson 

argued.

Greener, Burke & Shoemaker, P.A., Boise, for respondents. Loren K. 

Messerly argued.

____________________________

W. JONES, Justice

I. NATURE OF THE CASE

This appeal involves a medical malpractice claim brought against a chiropractor for 

negligently causing a patient to suffer a stroke after treatment. On or about June 4, 2007, 

Appellant, Martha Arregui, sought treatment for her neck and back pain from the Respondent, a 

local chiropractor, Dr. Rosalinda Gallegos-Main. Arregui originally alleged that Dr. GallegosMain owed her a duty to treat her in a medically competent manner under Idaho’s Medical 

Malpractice Act, and failed to do so when Arregui was diagnosed several weeks later as having 
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suffered a stroke after a neck manipulation by Dr. Gallegos-Main. Arregui filed suit against the 

chiropractor and the facility, Full Life Chiropractic, on April 1, 2009. Dr. Gallegos-Main 

deposed Arregui’s expert witness, Dr. Sarah Tamai, a chiropractor practicing in Oceanside, 

California, and discovered that she had no knowledge of the local standard of care in NampaCaldwell. Consequently, Dr. Gallegos-Main filed a Motion for Summary Judgment arguing that 

Arregui failed to meet the requirements for establishing a claim for medical malpractice which 

requires expert testimony regarding the local standard of care. Three days after the deadline, 

Arregui filed her Memorandum in Opposition to Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment 

and included an affidavit from her expert, Dr. Tamai, with a sworn statement that she consulted a 

local chiropractor and was now familiar with the local standard of care. Dr. Gallegos-Main filed 

a Motion to Strike the Affidavit of Sarah Tamai as untimely and as a sham affidavit. 

After hearing oral arguments on both pre-trial motions, the district court granted the 

Motion to Strike Dr. Tamai’s affidavit and Dr. Gallegos-Main’s Motion for Summary Judgment. 

Arregui filed a Motion for Reconsideration, claiming that the court erred in striking Dr. Tamai’s 

affidavit and presented a new argument in the alternative that the court improperly granted 

summary judgment because the Medical Malpractice Act does not apply to chiropractors. The 

district court entered a final order denying Arregui’s Motion for Reconsideration. Arregui now 

appeals to this Court.

II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On or about June 4, 2007, Appellant, Martha Arregui (“the Patient”), sought chiropractic 

treatment of her back and neck pain with Respondent, Dr. Rosalinda Gallegos-Main. Dr. 

Gallegos-Main diagnosed the Patient’s presented symptoms as torticollis and used a Pettibon 

Tendon Ligament Muscle Stimulator device and an ArthroStim device to loosen the muscles in 

the Patient’s neck. The Patient returned to Dr. Gallegos-Main’s office later that day for more 

treatment and to discuss an on-going treatment plan. The Patient alleges that during one of the 

two visits to Dr. Gallegos-Main’s office, the chiropractor performed a cervical adjustment 

(commonly referred to as a neck manipulation). Dr. Gallegos-Main denies that she ever 

performed an adjustment on the Patient and the chiropractor’s records do not indicate that a 

cervical adjustment was ever performed. The next day, on June 5, 2007, the Patient went to the 

emergency room complaining of a painful, stiff neck and dizziness. The Patient was evaluated, 

given a diagnosis of torticollis, and sent home. Several weeks later, the Patient went to another 
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health care provider who diagnosed her as having suffered a posterior inferior cerebellar artery 

stroke, referred to as a “PICA stroke.” 

The Patient filed her Complaint on April 1, 2009, suing Respondents Dr. Gallegos-Main 

in her capacity as a health care professional, and Full Life Chiropractic, P.A., in its capacity as a 

chiropractic facility (collectively referred to as “Dr. Gallegos-Main”). In her Complaint, the 

Patient alleged that Dr. Gallegos-Main owed the Patient a duty as a health care professional to 

treat her in a non-negligent manner under the Medical Malpractice Act. See I.C. §§ 6-1012–

1013. The Patient argues that Dr. Gallegos-Main’s negligent treatment of the Patient’s torticollis 

proximately caused the Patient to suffer a stroke. On August 16, 2010, the Patient disclosed Dr. 

Sarah Tamai as her expert witness to testify at trial about whether Dr. Gallegos-Main breached 

the standard of care ordinarily exercised by chiropractors working in the Nampa-Caldwell area

under similar circumstances. 

On October 15, 2010, the Patient submitted Dr. Tamai’s expert report outlining Dr. 

Tamai’s opinions on Dr. Gallegos-Main’s alleged breach of care in her treatment of the Patient 

on or about June 4, 2007. A few days later, on October 19, 2010, counsel for Dr. Gallegos-Main 

deposed Dr. Tamai in Oceanside, California. In her deposition, Dr. Tamai acknowledged that 

she had no personal knowledge of the local standard of care for chiropractors in the NampaCaldwell area. Near the end of Dr. Tamai’s deposition, she testified that she was not planning on 

altering her opinion “[u]nless something in terms of evidence comes up that someone would ask 

me to render my opinion upon.” 

On October 26, 2010, Dr. Gallegos-Main filed a Motion for Summary Judgment, arguing 

that the Patient failed to present any direct expert testimony establishing the local standard of 

care among chiropractors, and as such, the Patient failed to submit evidence that Dr. GallegosMain breached the applicable standard of care in her treatment of the Patient. Three days after 

the deadline to file opposing affidavits, on November 12, 2010, the Patient filed her 

Memorandum in Opposition to Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment accompanied with 

an affidavit from Dr. Tamai. In opposing summary judgment, the Patient contended that Dr. 

Tamai contacted a local Idaho chiropractor and familiarized herself with the applicable standard 

of care as set forth in Dr. Tamai’s affidavit. On November 16, 2010, Dr. Gallegos-Main filed a 

Motion to Strike the Affidavit of Sarah Tamai, arguing that the affidavit was untimely under 

Idaho Rule of Civil Procedure 56(c), that it was a sham affidavit, and that it did not satisfy the 
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foundational requirements of admissibility under Idaho Rule of Civil Procedure 56(e) and Idaho 

Code section 6-1013(c)(1). 

On November 23, 2010 the district court held a hearing on the Motion for Summary 

Judgment and the Motion to Strike. The court granted the Motion to Strike Dr. Tamai’s 

affidavit, ruling that it was untimely and contradicted Dr. Tamai’s prior deposition testimony. 

The court then granted the Motion for Summary Judgment, finding that based on Dr. Tamai’s 

deposition, the Patient failed to prove that Dr. Tamai was familiar with the local standard of care 

and thereby was not allowed to offer expert testimony indicating that Dr. Gallegos-Main was 

negligent under Idaho Code section 6-1013. On December 2, 2010, the court entered Final 

Judgment dismissing the case. On December 3, 2010, the Patient filed a Motion for 

Reconsideration under Idaho Rule of Civil Procedure 11(a)(2)(B), arguing that the court erred in 

striking Dr. Tamai’s affidavit and in granting summary judgment in favor of Dr. Gallegos-Main. 

In the Patient’s Memorandum in Support of Plaintiff’s Motion for Reconsideration, the Patient 

argued that the affidavit was not a sham affidavit and that Dr. Tamai laid a proper foundation for 

the affidavit to be admissible under Idaho Code section 6-1013(c)(1). Alternatively, the Patient 

also raised a new argument that the Medical Malpractice Act does not apply to chiropractic 

physicians. Dr. Gallegos-Main filed her opposing brief, arguing that the Patient improperly filed 

her Motion for Reconsideration one day after the court entered its Final Judgment dismissing all 

claims. 

On January 27, 2011, the court held a hearing on the Motion for Reconsideration and 

concluded that no error was committed. The lower court considered Dr. Tamai’s affidavit, 

which was timely filed regarding the Motion for Reconsideration and found that it was still a 

sham affidavit. The court ruled orally from the bench, without drafting a memorandum decision, 

and did not articulate its ruling in great detail, but the record shows that the district court did 

consider the admissibility of the affidavit and found that it lacked a proper foundation to 

establish admissibility as expert testimony. The court also considered the Patient’s alternative 

argument and held that Idaho Code sections 6-1012 and 6-1013 applied to chiropractors. The 

Patient timely filed her Notice of Appeal on January 28, 2011.

III. ISSUES ON APPEAL

1. Whether the district court erred in striking Dr. Tamai’s affidavit?

2. Whether the district court erred in granting summary judgment?

3. Whether the district court erred in denying the Patient’s motion for reconsideration?
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4. Whether Dr. Gallegos-Main is entitled to attorney’s fees on appeal?

IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW

On appeal from the grant of a motion for summary judgment, this Court utilizes the same 

standard of review used by the district court originally ruling on the motion. Shawver v. 

Huckleberry Estates, LLC, 140 Idaho 354, 360, 93 P.3d 685, 691 (2004) (internal citations 

omitted). Summary judgment is appropriate “if the pleadings, depositions, and admissions on 

file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact 

and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” I.R.C.P. 56(c). When 

considering whether the evidence shows a genuine issue of material fact, the trial court must 

liberally construe the facts, and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party. 

Mitchell v. Bingham Mem'l Hosp., 130 Idaho 420, 422, 942 P.2d 544, 546 (1997).

The admissibility of expert testimony, however, is a threshold matter that is distinct from 

whether the testimony raises genuine issues of material fact sufficient to preclude summary 

judgment. Dulaney v. St. Alphonsus Reg'l Med. Ctr., 137 Idaho 160, 163, 45 P.3d 816, 819 

(2002) (citing Kolln v. Saint Luke's Reg'l Med. Ctr., 130 Idaho 323, 940 P.2d 1142 (1997); 

Rhodehouse v. Stutts, 125 Idaho 208, 868 P.2d 1224 (1994)). 

The liberal construction and reasonable inferences standard does not apply, 

however, when deciding whether or not testimony offered in connection with a

motion for summary judgment is admissible. The trial court must look at the 

witness’ affidavit or deposition testimony and determine whether it alleges facts 

which, if taken as true, would render the testimony of that witness admissible.

Dulaney, 137 Idaho at 163, 45 P.3d at 819 (internal citations omitted). This Court reviews a trial 

court’s evidentiary rulings under the abuse of discretion standard. Id. (citing Perry v. Magic 

Valley Reg'l Med. Ctr., 134 Idaho 46, 995 P.2d 816 (2000)). 

V. ANALYSIS

A. The District Court Did Not Err in Striking the Affidavit of Dr. Tamai

1. Dr. Tamai’s Affidavit Was Untimely

On October 26, 2010, Dr. Gallegos Main filed her Motion for Summary Judgment based 

on the argument that the Patient failed to present any direct expert testimony regarding the local 

standard of care and whether Dr. Gallegos-Main breached the applicable standard of care in her 

treatment of the Patient. In accordance with Idaho Rule of Civil Procedure 56(c), the adverse 

party must serve opposing affidavits at least fourteen (14) days prior to the date of the hearing. 

The court scheduled the hearing date for November 23, 2010. Therefore, the Patient had to serve 

any opposing affidavits by November 9, 2010 in order to be timely filed under Rule 56(c). The
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Patient filed her Memorandum in Opposition to Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment 

accompanied with Dr. Tamai’s affidavit on November 12, 2010, three days after the deadline 

passed. Dr. Gallegos-Main filed a Motion to Strike the Affidavit of Sarah Tamai. At the 

hearing, the court concluded that Dr. Tamai’s affidavit was untimely filed under Rule 56(c). 

After noting that Dr. Tamai’s affidavit testimony directly conflicted with her earlier deposition 

testimony regarding the applicable standard of care, the court held that Dr. Tamai’s affidavit was 

a sham affidavit because it was manufactured to produce a genuine issue of material fact to

defeat summary judgment. 

In Sun Valley Potatoes, Inc. v. Rosholt, Robertson & Tucker, this Court explained that the 

purpose of the rule requiring the adverse party to serve opposing briefs and affidavits no less 

than fourteen days before the hearing is to “give the moving party an adequate opportunity to 

respond.” 133 Idaho 1, 5, 981 P.2d 236, 240 (1999). The record clearly shows that the Patient 

filed her memorandum opposing summary judgment with her opposing affidavit on November 

12, 2010. Therefore, Dr. Gallegos-Main received Dr. Tamai’s affidavit just eleven days before 

the hearing date. Furthermore, the Court finds that there was no abuse of discretion. The lower 

court recognized its discretion, acted within the bounds of its discretion, and reached a decision 

through the exercise of reason. Therefore, this Court affirms the district court’s grant of Dr. 

Gallegos-Main’s Motion to Strike because Dr. Tamai’s affidavit was untimely filed pursuant to 

I.R.C.P. 56(c) and left Dr. Gallegos-Main without an adequate opportunity to respond at the 

hearing.

2. This Court Will Not Address the Sham Affidavit Issue

Idaho has not recognized the sham affidavit doctrine and because the affidavit was 

untimely, it was properly stricken and this Court need not address the issue here. The Court will

not use this appeal as an opportunity to create a new doctrine when it is unnecessary to do so.

B. The District Court Did Not Err in Granting Summary Judgment

After striking Dr. Tamai’s affidavit as untimely, the court analyzed whether to grant the 

motion for summary judgment based on the evidence presented in Dr. Tamai’s deposition. The 

district court concluded that “until the filing of that untimely affidavit, [Dr. Tamai] was not 

familiar with the local standard of care.” 

A movant is entitled to summary judgment if the nonmoving party fails to present a 

sufficient showing of an essential element of the claim. “To avoid summary judgment for the 

defense in a medical malpractice case, the plaintiff must offer expert testimony indicating that 
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the defendant health care provider negligently failed to meet the applicable standard of health 

care practice.” Dulaney, 137 Idaho at 164, 45 P.3d at 820. Further, Idaho Code section 6-1012 

states:

In any case, claim or action for damages due to injury to or death of any person, 

brought against any physician and surgeon or other provider of health care . . . 

such claimant or plaintiff must, as an essential part of his or her case in chief, 

affirmatively prove by direct expert testimony and by a preponderance of all 

the competent evidence, that such defendant then and there negligently failed to 

meet the applicable standard of health care practice of the community in 

which such care allegedly was or should have been provided, as such standard 

existed at the time and place of the alleged negligence of such physician and 

surgeon, hospital or other such health care provider and as such standard then and 

there existed with respect to the class of health care provider that such defendant 

then and there belonged to and in which capacity he, she or it was functioning.

(Emphasis added).

Throughout the deposition, Dr. Tamai repeatedly illustrated her lack of knowledge 

regarding the applicable standard of care in the Nampa-Caldwell area. Dr. Tamai is a 

chiropractor licensed in the state of California. During her deposition, she testified that she had 

never been to Idaho and had never spoken with an Idaho chiropractor about the practice of care. 

Dr. Tamai testified that she did not know whether there were different standards of care for 

chiropractors practicing in Idaho than chiropractors practicing in California. Dr. Tamai 

identified two national organizations that provide guidelines for chiropractic medicine, but did 

not know whether the guidelines were followed in Idaho. Based on Dr. Tamai’s deposition 

testimony, this Court affirms the district court’s grant of summary judgment because the Patient 

failed to present expert testimony that Dr. Gallegos-Main failed to meet the applicable standard 

of care when Dr. Tamai could not testify that she knew the local standard of care in the NampaCaldwell area at the time of the injury.

C. The District Court Did Not Err in Denying the Patient’s Motion for Reconsideration

On December 3, 2010, the Patient moved under Rule 11(a)(2)(B) for the lower court to 

reconsider its order granting the motion to strike Dr. Tamai’s affidavit and its order granting 

summary judgment. The Patient again raised Dr. Tamai’s affidavit on reconsideration. The 

Patient argued that Dr. Tamai’s affidavit was not a sham affidavit and that a proper foundation 

had been laid for admitting the opinions set forth in Dr. Tamai’s affidavit. The Patient raised a 

new argument and alternatively contended that Idaho Code sections 6-1012 and 6-1013 do not 

apply to claims brought against chiropractors. Dr. Gallegos-Main argued that the Patient could 

not bring a motion for reconsideration under Rule 11(a)(2)(B) after a final judgment had been 
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entered and asserted that the Patient should have filed a motion to amend or alter the judgment 

under Rule 59(e). Dr. Gallegos-Main also argued that Dr. Tamai’s affidavit presented an 

insufficient foundation to be admissible as expert testimony in a medical malpractice case. 

The court held a hearing on the Patient’s Motion for Reconsideration and made an oral 

ruling that the court did not err in striking Dr. Tamai’s affidavit as untimely or in granting 

summary judgment. On reconsideration, the court considered Dr. Tamai’s affidavit and found 

that it failed to set forth an adequate foundation to be admissible. Although the lower court 

failed to articulate its reasoning with specificity, this Court is convinced that the district court 

analyzed whether Dr. Tamai’s affidavit was admissible. The court explained that it found 

Dulaney to be “educational and dispositive” regarding the four requisite elements needed for 

expert testimony to be admissible under Idaho Code section 6-1013 and found Dulaney to be 

“instructional on the arguments of whether [Idaho Code sections] 6-1012, 6-1013 would apply to 

chiropractor standard of care.” Specifically, the lower court stated:

I concluded previously that clearly this did qualify under the sham affidavit 

doctrine as what was called manufactured testimony to create an issue of fact to 

prevent this court from ruling on summary judgments. And I also pointed out that 

Ninth Circuit ruling1

, the Dulaney case, was educational and dispositive. [The 

Patient’s lawyer] mentioned those four elements. I think that that case is also 

probably instructional on the arguments of whether 6-1012, 6-1013 would apply 

to chiropractor standard of care. I did strike the affidavit and then consequently 

granted defendants’ motion for summary judgment dismissing all of the plaintiff’s 

claims. This matter comes before me today on a motion to reconsider after final 

judgment was entered, and this motion comes before me under IRCP 11(a)(2)(B). 

. . . Plaintiff argues that the Tamai affidavit was not a sham affidavit, and the 

record is in conflict on the issue of whether or not Dr. Main actually performed a 

cervical adjustment. Plaintiff further argues that sufficient foundation was laid for 

Tamai’s opinions and, alternatively, that [s]ection 6-1012 and 6-1013 do not 

apply to chiropractors. . . . I conclude that the plaintiff has failed to demonstrate 

that the motion in this case should be granted, and I stand on the prior 

conclusions, page 36 through 40 of the transcript of the prior hearing. Having 

closely reviewed that, I cannot conclude that there was error or that 

reconsideration should be granted here today.

(Emphasis added). 

This language, where the court specifically referenced the four elements of the Dulaney 

case, coupled with the court’s analysis in its prior ruling on Dr. Gallegos-Main’s Motion for 

 1 This Court is of the belief that the lower court was confused and mistakenly referenced the “Ninth Circuit ruling” 

before explaining that the Dulaney case was educational and dispositive. After reviewing the record, it is evident 

that the only Ninth Circuit cases cited were in support of the argument that Dr. Tamai’s affidavit was a sham 

affidavit. Furthermore, when the court referenced the four elements after citing the Dulaney case, it becomes clear 

that the court was contemplating the foundation issue. 
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Summary Judgment, sufficiently persuades this Court that the lower court considered the 

admissibility of Dr. Tamai’s affidavit as expert testimony and used its discretion in ruling that 

the affidavit lacked an adequate foundation under Dulaney. The transcript from the district 

court’s prior hearing, specifically pages 36 through 40, shows that the court heavily relied on the 

Dulaney case to analyze whether Dr. Tamai’s deposition testimony had the proper foundation to 

be admissible expert testimony required by Idaho Code section 6-1013. In that prior ruling, the 

court identified the four elements needed to establish the foundation and quoted the Dulaney case

as follows:

To avoid summary judgment for the defense in a medical malpractice case, the 

plaintiff must offer expert testimony indicating that the defendant health care 

provider negligently failed to meet the applicable standard of health care practice. 

In order for such expert testimony to be admissible, the plaintiff must lay the 

foundation required by Idaho Code § 6-1013. To do so, the plaintiff must offer 

evidence showing: (a) that such opinion is actually held by the expert witness; (b) 

that the expert witness can testify to the opinion with a reasonable degree of 

medical certainty; (c) that the expert witness possesses professional knowledge 

and expertise; and (d) that the expert witness has actual knowledge of the 

applicable community standard of care to which his expert opinion testimony is 

addressed.

Dulaney, 137 Idaho at 163, 45 P.3d at 819. 

The court then concluded that Dr. Tamai “was not familiar with the local standard of 

care.” The four factors outlined in the Dulaney case, and emphasized by the district court, are 

used to determine the admissibility of both affidavit testimony and deposition testimony. See id. 

The fact that the lower court specifically cited to its prior ruling where it announced the four 

elements necessary to establish an adequate foundation to be admissible as expert testimony 

indicates that the court did in fact consider whether Dr. Tamai’s affidavit lacked foundation to be 

admissible. It is irrelevant that the court’s prior ruling was based on Dr. Tamai’s deposition 

testimony because the four foundational elements to determine the admissibility of an expert 

witness also apply to affidavit testimony. 

Furthermore, the district court was cognizant of the foundation concern because the issue 

of whether Dr. Tamai’s affidavit presented an adequate foundation was raised and argued by 

both attorneys during the hearing on the Patient’s Motion for Reconsideration. For instance, 

during the hearing on the motion to reconsider, the Patient’s attorney argued:

We believe that under the Dulaney case, your Honor, there are four elements, 

foundational elements, for the admission of testimony from experts in a case like 

this. I don’t think I need to go through each and every one of those elements. 
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They’ve been briefed before the [c]ourt. We think they’ve all clearly been 

satisfied in this particular case, your Honor.

Then, Dr. Gallegos-Main’s counsel addressed the issue of foundation during the hearing as 

follows:

I would also speak briefly, your Honor, to the issue of foundation. In 

addition to the fact that this affidavit directly contradicted the deposition, the 

affidavit also provided none of the foundation that’s required of affidavits through 

the case law.

The case law’s [sic] been clear that Idaho courts will strike down an 

affidavit that doesn’t provide the foundation and will grant summary judgment on 

that basis, the Dulaney case being the case that we’ve cited to and that was also 

referenced by plaintiff’s counsel.

Plaintiff’s counsel noted that their affidavit indicated that Dr. Tamai talked 

to a local physician and confirmed it was the same standard of care in Idaho. And, 

frankly, that is not just a summation, that is pretty much all that was in that 

affidavit, your Honor. It said nothing about who the local physician was, what his 

experience was, how he knew what the local standard of care was, just a 

conclusory statement that it’s the same standard of care.

Again, without beating what we’ve already briefed, without being too 

repetitive about that, that’s not sufficient to meet foundation to have that 

testimony be admissible, your Honor.

After analyzing all of the circumstances surrounding the district court’s oral ruling, it becomes 

clear that the parties requested the court to consider whether Dr. Tamai’s affidavit had an 

adequate foundation to be admissible as expert testimony under the four elements of Dulaney. 

This Court reviews a trial court’s decision of whether to grant or deny a motion for 

reconsideration under an abuse of discretion standard. Van v. Portneuf Med. Ctr., 147 Idaho 

552, 560, 212 P.3d 982, 990 (2009). “A trial court does not abuse its discretion if it (1) correctly 

perceives the issue as discretionary, (2) acts within the bounds of discretion and applies the 

correct legal standards, and (3) reaches the decision through an exercise of reason.” O’Connor v. 

Harger Constr., Inc., 145 Idaho 904, 909, 188 P.3d 846, 851 (2008) (citing West Wood Invs., 

Inc. v. Acord, 141 Idaho 75, 82, 106 P.3d 401, 408 (2005)). Idaho Rule of Civil Procedure 

11(a)(2)(B) states “[a] motion for reconsideration of any interlocutory orders of the trial court 

may be made at any time before the entry of final judgment but not later than fourteen (14) days 

after the entry of the final judgment.” The court considered Dr. Gallegos-Main’s argument that 

the Patient’s motion should have been brought under Rule 59(e), but recognized that a motion for 

reconsideration pursuant to Rule 11(a)(2)(B) was proper, even if filed after final judgment had 

been entered, because the Patient sought reconsideration of an interlocutory order. When 
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considering a motion for reconsideration under Rule 11(a)(2), the district court should take into 

account any new facts, law, or information presented by the moving party that bear on the 

correctness of the district court’s interlocutory order. Coeur d'Alene Mining Co. v. First Nat'l 

Bank of N. Idaho, 118 Idaho 812, 823, 800 P.2d 1026, 1037 (1990). However, new evidence is 

not required and the moving party can re-argue the same issues in addition to new arguments.

This Court affirms the district court’s denial of the Patient’s Motion for Reconsideration 

for the following reasons. The district court did not err in striking Dr. Tamai’s affidavit because 

it was untimely filed three days after the deadline to serve opposing affidavits for summary 

judgment had passed. Without Dr. Tamai’s affidavit, the court was left to analyze the motion for 

summary judgment based on Dr. Tamai’s deposition, which clearly showed that she was not 

aware of the local standard of care. As such, the court properly granted summary judgment 

because the Patient failed to present prima facie evidence that Dr. Gallegos-Main failed to meet 

the applicable community standard of chiropractic care. Then, the court correctly considered Dr. 

Tamai’s same affidavit when it was raised on reconsideration, because it was timely filed for the 

Motion for Reconsideration. Again, although the district court could have more clearly 

articulated its ruling on whether Dr. Tamai’s affidavit lacked foundation to be admissible as 

expert testimony, this Court finds that the lower court did consider the argument and found 

Dulaney to be dispositive.

The Patient did not lay an adequate foundation to show that Dr. Tamai had actual 

knowledge of the applicable standard of care for chiropractors in the Nampa-Caldwell area. In 

her affidavit, Dr. Tamai explained that she familiarized herself with the applicable standard of 

care by stating:

I have educated myself regarding the local standards of care prevailing in the 

Nampa-Caldwell area of Idaho, as they existed in June 2007. In addition to my 

education and experience, I have spoken with a local chiropractor, who 

maintained a chiropractic practice, in Caldwell, Idaho, in June 2007, the time 

period relevant to this litigation, as it was the time period, when Defendant 

chiropractically [sic] treated Plaintiff, Martha Arregui. It is my understanding 

that this chiropractor was appropriately licensed in Idaho as a chiropractor and 

maintained an active practice of chiropractic medicine during the relevant period. 

This chiropractor indicated to me that he was familiar with the local standards of 

care for performing chiropractic procedures in the Nampa and Caldwell 

communities by licensed chiropractors at the time that the chiropractic care at 

issue in this case was rendered to the patient. This physician further confirmed to 

me that the local standards of care at that time were, in all respects, consistent 

with and, in fact, identical to the standards of care upon which my opinions in this 
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case have been based, namely, the standards of care in Oceanside, California in 

June 2007.

An expert testifying about the applicable standard of care in medical malpractice cases

“must show that he or she is familiar with the standard of care for the particular health care 

professional for the relevant community and time. The expert must also state how he or she 

became familiar with that standard of care.” Dulaney, 137 Idaho at 164, 45 P.3d at 820 (internal 

citations omitted). In Dr. Tamai’s affidavit, she never identified the local chiropractor, she did 

not describe the type of chiropractic practice he ran, nor how he became aware of the local 

standard of care, how long he practiced in the Nampa-Caldwell area, or whether he was familiar 

with torticollis and the specific procedures allegedly used on the Patient. It is not enough to 

show that an out of state medical expert is a member of the same specialty as the defendant 

physician. Rather, in a medical malpractice case, it must be shown that the expert possesses 

sufficient knowledge of the specific procedures used by the defendant physician as the alleged 

malpractice. See Suhadolnik v. Pressman, 151 Idaho 110, 115–16, 254 P.3d 11, 16–17 (2011). 

Here, the Patient merely asked the district court to believe Dr. Tamai’s conclusory statements 

that the local unidentified chiropractor was familiar with the standard of care and because Dr. 

Tamai spoke with him, she was also now familiar with the local standard of care. Such meager 

information is insufficient.

In Dulaney, this Court held that Dulaney “failed to lay an adequate foundation showing 

that her out-of-state medical experts had adequately familiarized themselves with the standard of 

care” when Dulaney presented an out-of-state expert’s affidavit relying upon an anonymous 

professor’s knowledge of the standard of care. Dulaney, 137 Idaho at 169, 45 P.3d at 825. In 

Dulaney, the affidavit provided much more detail and facts regarding the anonymous professor’s 

knowledge and experience; nevertheless, the Court still found the affidavit lacked foundation 

because it did not relate the professor’s experience to the time period in question. Id. Based on 

the sparse explanation of how Dr. Tamai became familiar with the local standard of care, this 

Court finds that the district court did not err in ruling that the Patient failed to lay an adequate 

foundation for the admission of Dr. Tamai’s affidavit testimony. The district court also ruled 

that Dr. Tamai’s affidavit was a sham affidavit because it was manufactured to create a genuine 

issue of fact to preclude summary judgment. However, as stated earlier, this Court need not 

address that matter since the affidavit was inadmissible expert testimony on other grounds. 

Finally, the lower court correctly considered the Patient’s new argument and held that the 

Medical Malpractice Act, contained in Idaho Code sections 6-1012 and 6-1013, applies to 
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chiropractors. Although the district court did not articulate the specific grounds supporting her 

decision, this Court agrees with its interpretation of the statute. According to the plain language 

of Idaho Code section 6-1012, the Medical Malpractice Act applies to “any case, claim or action 

for damages due to injury to or death of any person, brought against any physician and surgeon 

or other provider of health care . . . .” (Emphasis added). In Jones v. Crawforth, this Court 

found that a cell saver technician was a health care provider protected under Idaho Code section 

6-1012. 147 Idaho 11, 15, 205 P.3d 660, 664 (2009). Because this Court previously interpreted 

the statute as being broad enough to extend “other provider of health care” to a cell saver 

technician, the lower court’s decision extending the statute to chiropractors is equally reasonable 

and is a valid statutory interpretation. The lower court’s interpretation is further supported by the 

fact that both the Chiropractic Practice Act and Idaho’s Workers’ Compensation Law define the 

term “physician” to include chiropractors. See I.C. § 54-703(3); I.C. § 72-102(25). The Court 

finds that the district court recognized its discretion in granting or denying the Patient’s Motion 

for Reconsideration, considered all the issues presented, applied the correct legal standard, acted 

within the bounds of its discretion, and reached its decision through an exercise of reason. 

Therefore, the district court did not err in denying the Patient’s Motion for Reconsideration.

D. Dr. Gallegos-Main Is Not Entitled to Attorney’s Fees

Dr. Gallegos Main argues that she is entitled to attorney’s fees on appeal under I.C. § 12-

121. Idaho Code section 12-121 “permits an award of attorney fees in a civil action to the 

prevailing party if the court determines the case was brought, pursued or defended frivolously, 

unreasonably or without foundation.” Newberry v. Martens, 142 Idaho 284, 292–93, 127 P.3d 

187, 195–96 (2005). Although Dr. Gallegos-Main is the prevailing party, the Patient’s

arguments are not frivolous or unreasonable. Furthermore, “[w]here an appeal turns on the 

question of law, an award of attorney feed [sic] under this section is proper if the law is well 

settled and the appellant has made no substantial showing that the district court misapplied the 

law.” Elec. Wholesale Supply Co., Inc. v. Nielson, 136 Idaho 814, 828, 41 P.3d 242, 256 (2001) 

(citing Andrews v. Idaho Forest Indus., Inc., 117 Idaho 195, 198, 786 P.2d 586, 589 (Ct. App. 

1990)). On her Motion for Reconsideration, the Patient properly raised a new argument 

regarding the statutory interpretation of Idaho Code sections 6-1012 and 6-1013. This precise 

issue has not yet been addressed by the Court. Therefore, this Court finds that the appeal was not 

unreasonable and denies Dr. Gallegos-Main’s request for attorney’s fees.

VI. CONCLUSION
14

This Court affirms the district court’s decision to grant the Motion to Strike Dr. Tamai’s 

affidavit as untimely with respect to the Motion for Summary Judgment, affirms the district 

court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Dr. Gallegos-Main, and upholds the court’s denial 

of the Patient’s Motion for Reconsideration. No attorney’s fees are awarded on appeal. The

Court awards costs on appeal to Dr. Gallegos-Main.

Justice J. JONES, CONCURS.

HORTON, J., specially concurring.

I join in the majority’s opinion, save for Part V.C, regarding the Patient’s Motion for 

Reconsideration. I join in that portion of Part V.C which holds that the requirements of I.C. §§ 

6-1012 and 6-1013 apply to medical malpractice actions against chiropractors. However, I am 

unable to concur in the majority’s decision to affirm the district court’s determination that Dr. 

Tamai’s affidavit failed to satisfy the foundational requirements of I.C. § 6-1013, as interpreted 

by this Court in Dulaney v. St. Alphonsus Reg’l Med. Ctr., 137 Idaho 160, 45 P.3d 816 (2002). 

Although I have grave misgivings as to whether the Court has elevated the requirements for an 

expert’s affidavit beyond the requirements of I.C. § 6-1013,2 I am unable to join this part of the 

decision for one simple reason: this majority purports to affirm a decision that the district court 

simply did not make. 

The majority states that “the record shows that the district court did consider the 

admissibility of the affidavit and found that it lacked a proper foundation to establish 

admissibility as expert testimony.” The majority later states: “On reconsideration, the court 

considered Dr. Tamai’s affidavit and found that it failed to set forth an adequate foundation to be 

admissible.” I have read, and re-read, the district court’s oral explanations for its decision to 

strike Dr. Tamai’s affidavit and its explanation for the denial of the motion for reconsideration. 

There is simply no basis for the majority’s determination that the district court struck the 

affidavit due to a failure of foundation. 

The majority correctly observes that the attorneys advanced arguments regarding the 

sufficiency of the foundation for the admissibility of Dr. Tamai’s affidavit. However, I believe 

 2 One example is the suggestion that the identity of the local health care provider with whom a Plaintiff’s expert 

consults must be disclosed as part of the foundation for that opinion. As a former trial court judge, I was called upon 

to resolve several discovery disputes in which defense counsel sought to learn the identity of the individuals 

consulted by Plaintiffs’ experts in the course of familiarizing themselves with the applicable standard of health care 

practice. In the course of those proceedings, it was clear that there is a fundamental disagreement among district 

judges as to whether this information must be disclosed. Although not necessary to resolution of this appeal, the 

majority appears to decide this question in a fashion which will be welcomed by the insurance defense bar and 

medical community.
15

that the majority mistakenly relies on those arguments to support its conclusion that the district 

court found that Dr. Tamai’s affidavit lacked adequate foundation. A judge’s decision to rule in 

one party’s favor does not mean that the judge has accepted every argument advanced by that 

party. The prevailing party does not have to persuade the judge of the correctness of its position 

on every issue in order to win; the party must only persuade the judge that it is correct on one 

dispositive issue. Thus, judges frequently accept some arguments advanced by a party, reject 

other arguments advanced by that party, and ultimately rule in favor of that party. In so doing, 

they frequently do not bother to address issues that they deem to be immaterial to their decision. 

It is for this reason that this Court evaluates a judge’s decision on the basis of the 

explanation provided by the judge, not on the arguments advanced by the parties. Thus, I will 

direct my attention to the district court’s comments explaining its decision. Unfortunately, in 

order to demonstrate the reason that I disagree with the majority’s assertion that the district court 

struck Dr. Tamai’s affidavit on the basis of a lack of foundation, I must consider everything that 

the district court said when ruling on the motion. The following is the entirety of the district 

court’s comments regarding the motion to strike: 

The defense has moved to strike the affidavit of Sarah Tamai that was 

filed on November 15th, 2010 in support of plaintiff's opposition to the motion for 

summary judgment. 

The defendant argues first that the affidavit is untimely under Rule 56(c) 

and that it is inadmissible under 56(e) and case law. 56(c) Rule of Procedure 

addresses summary judgment and provides, if the adverse party desires to serve 

opposing affidavits, the party must do so at least fourteen days prior to the date of 

hearing.

The defendant further argues that this is a sham affidavit -- and that is the 

term that has been used in the case law -- because it contradicts Dr. Tamai's

deposition testimony and was merely presented today to prevent summary 

judgment.

Boise Tower versus Washington, this is a District of Idaho 2007 case, L 

1035158, addresses the issue of sham affidavits in the Ninth Circuit.

And I quote, "The 'sham affidavit' doctrine prevents the use of 

manufactured testimony as a means of creating an issue of fact to get past 

summary judgment. Courts have held with virtual unanimity that a party cannot 

create a genuine issue of fact sufficient to survive summary judgment simply by 

contradicting his or her own previous sworn testimony by, say, filing a later 

affidavit that flatly contradicts the party's earlier sworn deposition without 

explaining the contradiction or attempting to resolve the disparity. The general 

rule in the Ninth Circuit is that a party cannot create an issue of fact by an 

affidavit contradicting prior deposition testimony."

I conclude that the affidavit was not filed timely and that there was no 

request for shortening of time. I further conclude that the affidavit clearly 

contradicts the prior deposition testimony and that it was clear that at that 
16

time, Dr. Tamai was not aware of the local standard of care in this 

community.

Pursuant to Rule 56(c), the opposing affidavit was not timely filed and 

clearly contradicts prior testimony. As a result I am going to grant the 

motion to strike the affidavit which leaves the remaining issue, then, of 

summary judgment.

(Emphasis added).

The district court’s decision to strike is notable in that the word “foundation” is utterly 

absent, as is any discussion of Dulaney. The only bases for the district court’s decision that I can 

discern are those that I have highlighted. These are the determinations that the affidavit was not 

timely filed and that Dr. Tamai’s affidavit was a “sham” because it contradicted her earlier 

deposition testimony. 

The district court’s decision with regard to the motion for summary judgment did address 

Dulaney. This is the entirety of the district court’s decision regarding summary judgment:

Having granted the motion to strike based on the plaintiff's failure to meet 

its burden with regard to local of standard of care and with regard to contradictory 

statements, I am called upon at this time to look at the summary judgment issue 

which the parties have been arguing here before me this morning.

And, of course, I cite to Idaho Code Section 6-1012 and 6-1013. 6-1012 

clearly provides that as an essential part of the plaintiff's case in chief, they 

affirmatively prove by direct expert testimony and by a preponderance of all the 

competent evidence that such defendant, then and there negligently failed to meet 

the applicable standard of health care practice of the community in which such 

care allegedly was or should have been provided, as such standard existed at the 

time and place of the alleged negligence of the purveyor -- alleged purveyor of 

negligence.

And I also cite, then, 6-1013, which provides under subsection (c) that 

such expert witness possessed professional knowledge and expertise coupled with 

the actual knowledge of the applicable said community standard to which his or 

her opinion testimony is addressed. It then goes on to say that the section shall not 

be construed to prohibit or preclude a competent expert who resides elsewhere 

from adequately familiarizing himself with the standards and practices of a 

particular area. 

In looking at the issue of summary judgment, I also am relying heavily on 

Dulaney versus Saint Alphonsus, 137 Idaho 160, and that's a 2002 case and the 

cite that Mr. Messerly in his responding argument made.

And that is, "The liberal construction and reasonable inferences standard 

does not apply, however, when deciding whether or not testimony offered in 

connection with a motion for summary judgment is admissible." And I'm going to 

leave out the cites.

"The trial court must look at the witness's affidavit or deposition testimony 

and determine whether it alleges facts which, if taken true, would render the 

testimony of that witness admissible."
17

"To avoid summary judgment for the defense in a medical malpractice case, the 

plaintiff must offer expert testimony indicating that the defendant health care 

provider negligently failed to meet the applicable standard of care. In order for 

such expert testimony to be admissible, the plaintiff must lay the foundation 

required by 6-1013. To do so, the plaintiff must offer evidence showing: (a) that 

such opinion is actually held by the expert witness; (b) that the expert witness can 

testify to the opinion with a reasonable degree of medical certainty; (c) that the 

expert witness possesses professional knowledge and expertise; and (d) that the 

witness has actual knowledge of the applicable standard of care to which his 

opinion testimony is addressed."

Now plaintiff has responded with the affidavit in this matter. 

However, the evidence in this case indicates that that affidavit contradicts 

prior opinions of Dr. Tamai from a deposition previously held, and that until 

the filing of that untimely affidavit, she was not familiar with the local 

standard of care.

As a result, I find that summary judgment is appropriately granted in this 

case as there is no issue -- genuine issue of material fact.

All of my stated findings and conclusions will stand for the record. Mr. 

Messerly, you shall draft an order striking the affidavit and granting summary 

judgment, submit a copy to opposing counsel.

 

(Emphasis added).

I do agree with the majority’s observation that the district court “did not articulate its 

ruling in great detail.” Unlike the majority, I cannot interpret the highlighted language as 

indicating that the affidavit lacked adequate foundation and was therefore inadmissible. Rather, 

it is evident to me that the district court’s evaluation of the sufficiency of the evidence to 

withstand the motion for summary judgment was focused upon the evidence set forth in Dr. 

Tamai’s deposition. That testimony unambiguously established that, at the time of the 

deposition, Dr. Tamai had no familiarity whatsoever with the applicable standard of health care

practice. Thus, assuming that the district court did not err in striking the affidavit and properly 

applied I.C. §§ 6-1012 and 6-1013, it was compelled to grant summary judgment. 

My conviction that the district court did not strike the affidavit as lacking foundation is 

reinforced by the statements of the district court when ruling on the motion for reconsideration. 

The entirety of that ruling is as follows:

All right. Thank you. The defendant previously moved me to strike the 

affidavit of Sarah Tamai, the chiropractor, that was filed on November 15th of 

2010. I previously ruled that the plaintiff filed the affidavit late and that the 

affidavit contradicted prior deposition testimony, that the expert Tamai was 

not aware of the local standard of community care.

At the time of her deposition, she was not aware of that. And in the 

affidavit, she was -- in response, she became aware, at least in 
18

communications with a chiropractor here, of the local standard of care in 

this community. And as Mr. Johnson pointed out, I find no -- no deception on the 

part of the chiropractor.

However, I concluded previously that clearly this did qualify under 

the sham affidavit doctrine as what was called manufactured testimony to create 

an issue of fact to prevent this Court from ruling on summary judgments.

And I also pointed out that the 9th Circuit ruling, the Dulaney case, was 

educational and dispositive. Mr. Johnson mentioned those four elements. I think 

that that case is also probably instructional on the arguments of whether 6-1012, 

6-1013 would apply to chiropractor standard of care.

I did strike the affidavit and then consequently granted defendants' motion 

for summary judgment dismissing all of the plaintiff's claims.

This matter comes before me today on a motion to reconsider after final 

judgment was entered, and this motion comes before me under IRCP 11(a)(2)(B).

And I do want to cite specifically the case of Carroll, C-a-r-r-o-1-1, versus 

Nakatani, 342 Federal 3d 934 at 945, a 2003 9th Circuit case. And I quote, "While 

Rule 59 permits a district court to reconsider and amend a previous order, the rule 

offers an extraordinary remedy to be used sparingly in the interests of finality and 

conservation of judicial resources."

"12 James William Moore, et al., Moore's Federal Practice Section 

59.30(4)(3d edition 2000). Indeed, a motion for reconsideration should not be 

granted absent highly unusual circumstances unless the district court is presented 

with newly discovered evidence, committed clear error, or if there is an 

intervening change in the controlling law. A Rule 59(e) motion may not be used 

to raise arguments or present evidence for the first time when they could 

reasonably have been raised in the earlier litigation."

Plaintiff argues that the Tamai affidavit was not a sham affidavit, and the 

record is in conflict on the issue of whether or not Dr. Main actually performed a 

cervical adjustment.

Plaintiff further argues that sufficient foundation was laid for Tamai's 

opinions and, alternatively, that Section 6-1012 and 6-1013 do not apply to 

chiropractors. So hence, the defendant has raised a new argument on 

reconsideration. 

The defendant asserts in their briefing that the motion should have been 

brought under 59(e) instead of 11(a)(2)(B). But both rules-- under both rules, the 

Court must exercise discretion in deciding the motion.

The defendant further points out, as noted, that the plaintiff is 

impermissibly rearguing issues that have already been rejected by the courts.

Defendant further emphasizes that the affidavit was untimely and, 

again, there was no explanation. Clearly, the affidavit was filed untimely and 

clearly the affidavit contradicted prior deposition testimony.

I conclude that the plaintiff has failed to demonstrate that the motion 

in this case should be granted, and I stand on the prior conclusions, page 36 

through 40 of the transcript of the prior hearing. Having closely reviewed that, 

I cannot conclude that there was error or that reconsideration should be granted 

here today.

So I'll ask that Mr. Messerly provide an additional order denying the 

motion for reconsideration.
19

(Emphasis added).

The first highlighted statement of the district court reiterates the bases for the district 

court’s order granting Dr. Gallegos-Main’s motion to strike Dr. Tamai’s affidavit, i.e., that the 

affidavit was untimely and it contradicted her earlier deposition testimony. There is no 

suggestion that the district court concluded that the affidavit lacked adequate foundation as to Dr. 

Tamai’s familiarity with the applicable standard of health care practice; to the contrary, the 

district court acknowledged that, as of the time of the preparation of the affidavit, “she became 

aware, at least in communications with a chiropractor here, of the local standard of care in this 

community.” Rather, as the second highlighted portion of the district court’s comments reflects, 

the district court simply continued to adhere to the earlier determination that the affidavit was 

untimely and a sham. It appears to me that the district court never addressed the parties’ 

arguments regarding the foundation for Dr. Tamai’s affidavit.

Despite the foregoing disagreements with the majority, I nevertheless concur in the result. 

Arregui’s motion for reconsideration only addressed the district court’s decision to strike Dr. 

Tamai’s affidavit as a sham. There was no mention of the untimeliness of the filing of the 

affidavit. Likewise, in this appeal, Arregui has not addressed the issue of the timeliness of the 

affidavit or this alternative ground advanced by the district court for denying the motion for 

reconsideration. Although I would be inclined to find that the district court erred in determining 

that the affidavit was a sham, this Court has consistently held that an appellant’s failure to 

address an independent ground for a grant of summary judgment is fatal to the appeal. See e.g., 

Andersen v. Prof’l Escrow Serv., Inc., 141 Idaho 743, 746, 118 P.3d 75, 78 (2005). Thus, I 

reluctantly concur.

Chief Justice BURDICK and Justice EISMANN CONCUR.