# Importation of Fresh Beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

, Shelled

or in Pods
, from Jordan into the Continental United States

A Qualitative, Pathway

- Initiated Risk Assessment

February 14

, 20 1 1

Version 2

Agency Contact:

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 ii 

## Executive Summary

In this risk assessment we examined the risks associated with the importation of fresh beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

, in pods ( F rench, green, snap, and string beans) or shelled

, from the Kingdom of Jordan into the continental United States. We developed a list of pests associated

with beans (in any country) that occur in Jordan on any host based on scientific literature, previous commodity risk assessments, records of int ercepted pests at ports

- of

- entry, and information from experts on bean production. This is a qualitative risk assessment, as we express estimates of risk in descriptive terms (High, Medium, and Low) rather than numerically in probabilities or frequencies.

We identified seven quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway of introduction

. We estimated Consequences of Introduction by assessing five elements that reflect the biology and ecology of the pests: climate

- host interaction, host range, dispersal potential, economic impact, and environmental impact. We estimated Likelihood of Introduction values by considering both the quantity of the commodity imported annually and the potential for pest introduction and establishment. We summed the Consequences o f Introduction and Likelihood of Introduction values to estimate overall Pest Risk Potentials, which describe risk in the absence of mitigation.

Five pests had High pest risk potentials, and two had Medium pest risk potential as follows:

Type Organism T axonomy Pest Risk

Potential
Arthropods Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae High

Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae High
Liriomyza huidobrensis Blanchard Diptera: Agromyzidae High

Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae High
Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae High
Lampides boeticus Linnaeus Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae Medium
Fungus Phoma exigua var. diversispora

(Bubák) Boerema Ascomycete: Mitosporic fungi Medium

For pests with High pest risk potential, mitigations beyond port

- of

- entry inspection are strongly recommended, and may be necessary for pests with Medium pest risk potential. We list ed risk mitigation options here (Appendix A). Detailed examination and cho ice of appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk are part of the pest risk management phase within

APHIS and are not addressed in this document.Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 iii 

## Table of Contents

Executive Summary

................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... ii

1. Introduction

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 1 1.1. Background

................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 1 1.2. Commodity information

................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 1

2. Risk Assessment

................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 2 2.1. Initiating Event

................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 2 2.2. Assessment of Weediness Potential of Beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

............................... 2 2.3. Current Status, Decision History, and Pest Interceptions

................................ .................... 4 2.4. Pest Categorization

- Identi fication of Pests of Beans in Jordan

................................ ......... 5 2.6. Consequences of Introduction

................................ ................................ ............................ 22

2.7. Likelihood of Introduction

................................ ................................ ................................ . 32

2.8. Pest Risk Potential and Conclusion

................................ ................................ ................... 35

3. Author and Reviewers

................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 36

4. Literature Cited

................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 36

5. Appendices

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 52 Appendix A. Risk management options for importation of beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) from

Jordan into th e continental United States.

................................ ................................ ................. 52 Appendix B. Countries with permitted entry of beans into the United States.

......................... 56 Appendix C. Decision sheets for Phaseolus spp. and beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris ).

................. 58 Appendix D. Pes t interceptions on beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) entering the United States

..... 61 Appendix E. Predicted distribution of Liriomyza huidobrensis in the conterminous United

States.

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 70 Appendix F. Predicted distribution of Maconellicoccus hirsutus in the conterminous United

States.

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 71 Appendix G. Field pest management, post

- havest practices, and Standard packinghouse procedures described for beans produced in Jordan (Jordan Ministry of Agriculture, 2008)

.. 72Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 1 

## 1. Introduction

1.1. Background

This risk assessment was prepared by analysts at the Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST) office in Colombia, Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). We

examine d potential p est risks associated with the importation of fresh beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

, in pods ( french, green, snap, and string beans ) or shelled

, from Jordan into the continental United States. This pest risk assessment is pathway

- initiated because it is based on the risks associated with the importation of this commodity. This risk assessment is qualitative : we

express risk in descriptive terms (High, Medium, and Low) rather than in probabilities or frequencies. The methodology and rating criteria are explaine d in the Guidelines for Pathway

Initiated Pest Risk Assessments , Version 5.02 ( PPQ, 2000 ).

International plant protection organizations such as the North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO) and the International Plant Protection Convention (IPP C) of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) provide standards for conducting pest risk Analyses (e.g., IPPC, 2009 : ISPM #2, #11). The methods we used to initiate, conduct, and report this plant pest risk assessment are based on these standards. Biological and phytosanitary terms used in this document are in accordance with those in the Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms ( IPPC, 2009 : ISPM #5). The IPPC standards describe three stages of pest risk analysis: Stage 1 (initiation), Stage 2 (ri sk assessment), and Stage 3 (risk management). A pest risk assessment is a component of an overall pest risk analysis; this document satisfies the requirements of IPPC Stages 1 and 2.

1.2. Commodity information

Beans originated in Central and South America and were widely disseminated in North and South America before European exploration (Rhodes, 2006). The beans belong to the Fabaceae family (NRCS, 2007). This plant species is currently cultivated and naturalized wor ldwide ( NGRP , 2007; Wiersema and León, 1999). The genus Phaseolus ( sensu stricto ) includes 55 species; five have been domesticated (Debouck, 1994). Phaseolus vulgaris is one of the most important legumes and is used as a pulse and as a green vegetable. It supplies edible young pods ( french, green, snap
, or string beans), unripe seeds (shell beans), or dried, mature seeds (dry beans), as well as valuable forage (the whole plant). In some parts of the tropics, young leaves are used as spinach, and in temperate regions, common bean is grown mainly for the g reen immature pods that are eaten as a vegetable, and are also canned and frozen (Bailey, 1976; CABI, 2007).

The fruits of bean plants are narrow and 20 cm (8 in) long, flat or nearly cylindrical; the seeds are elongate or globose and about 1.3 cm (0.5 i n) long. The seeds are red, brown, black, white, or mottled (Bailey, 1976). Pod texture is described as either leathery or stringless. Leathery pods

have reduced parchment tissue, and are used to produce both dry seed and green beans, as they

remain tender until the rapid phase of seed growth occurs . S tringless pods remain tender when seeds are large and are extensively traded as a frozen product (CABI, 2007).Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 2 According to the Jordan Ministry of Agriculture, beans are produced in the Jordan Valley and High lands. The Jordan Valley (north, middle, and south) receives about 250

- 360 mm of rain annually. In the highlands (mainly Baqa area and Yadodeh), annual rainfall is between 300 and 700 mm (EHKJ, 2004; Haddad, 1983 ; Jordan Ministry of Agriculture, 2007).

M ost bean plantations in Jordan (98 percent ) are cultivated using drip irrigation , in either open field plantations (OFP) or protected under standard plastic tunnels (SPT). In 2006, the total area planted was 235.4 ha, 202.4 ha in OFP and 33 ha in SPT (Jord an Ministry of Agriculture, 2007).

T otal produc tion was 3,307 tons : 2,404 tons from OFP

, and 903 tons from SPT.

The most commonly cultivated bean varieties in Jordan are Pronko (United States), Kentucky (United States), Leader (United States), Markony (I taly), Romano (Netherlands), and Destinctin (Chil e ) (Jordan Ministry of Agriculture, 2007).

Field pest management, post

- ha r vest practices, and standard packinghouse procedures are described for beans produced in Jordan (Jordan Ministry of Agriculture, 2008) (Appendix G).



## 2. Risk Assessment

The conceptual model for this analysis is APHIS’s Guidelines for Pathway

- Initiated Pest Risk
Assessments, Version 5.02 ( PPQ, 2000 ). In this r isk assessment, the first five risk e lements are

combined to estimate the Consequences of Introduction. To estimate the risk associated with the Likelihood of Introduction we evaluated pests based on six sub

- e lements. Together, the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction values estimate the Pest Risk

Pote ntial.

2.1. Initiating Event

This commodity

- based pathway

- initiated assessment is in response to a request made by the Kingdom of Jordan (EHKJ, 2004) to USDA to authorize the importation of Fresh Beans, in pods

or shelled which may present a potential p lant pest risk. In this case, importation into the continental United States of beans grown in Jordan is a potential pathway for the introduction of plant pests. USDA has regulatory authority for the importation of fruits and vegetables from foreign source s into the United States (7 CFR § 319, 2009).

2.2. Assessment of Weediness Potential of Beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

The results of the weediness screening for Phaseolus vulgaris did not prompt a weed

- initiated risk assessment (Table 1).Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 3 Table 1. Assessment of weediness potential of beans.

Commodity scientific name: Phaseolus vulgaris Linnaeus

Common name: Beans Synonyms ( NRSC , 2007) : Phaseolus aborigineus Burkart (= Phaseolus vulgaris var. aborigineus ) Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. humilis Alef. (N RCS, 2007) Phaseolus vulgaris var. mexicanus Freytag

Phaseolus vulgaris var. vulgaris : P

. compressus DC.

, P

. compressus var. carneus G. Martens

, P

. compressus var. cervinus G. Martens

, P

. compressus var. ferrugineus G. Martens

, P

. ellipticus var. albus G. Martens

, P

. ellipticus var. aureolus G. Martens

, P

. ellipticus var. helvolus Savi

, P. ellipticus var. mesomelos Haberle

, P. ellipticus var. pictus Caval.

, P. ellipticus var. spadiceus G. Martens

, P. gonospermus var. oryzoides G. Martens

, P.

gonospermus var. variegatus Savi

, P. nanus L.

, P. oblongus var. albus G. Martens

, P. oblongus var. spadiceus Savi

, P. oblongus var. zebrinus G. Martens

, P. sphaericus var. atropurpureus G. Martens

, P. sphaericus var. minor G. Martens

, P. vulgaris var. albus

Haberle

, P. vulgaris var. nanus G. Martens

, P. vulgaris var. niger G. Martens

, P. vulgaris var. ochraceus Savi

, P. vulgaris var. variegatus DC.

, P. zebra var. carneus G. Martens

, P. zebra

var. purpurascens G. Martens

Family: Fabaceae

Common Names: beans, common b ean, caraota, feijao, field bean, french bean, frijol, garden bean, green bean, haricot bean, kidney bean, navy bean, pinto bean, poroto, red bean, snap bean, string bean, white beans, and waxbean (NMSU, 2005 ; NRCS, 2007; PPQ, 2008a).

Phase 1:

Phaseolus vulgaris is reported in 18 states of the continental United States: Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maine, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Rhode Island, North Carolina, South Carolina, Wyomin g, Utah, and Virginia ( NRCS, 2007). It is considered to be widely distributed in the continental

United States.

Phase 2: Invasive / Weed Status: Listing as weed:

NO Geographical Atlas of World Weeds (Holm et al

. , 1991a).

NO World’s Worst Weeds (Holm et al

. , 1991b).

NO World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution (Holm et al

. , 1997).

NO Weed Science Society of America List (WSSA, 2007).

NO Federal Noxious Weed List (PPQ, 2006).

NO Economically Important Foreign Weeds (Reed, 1977).

NO Identification of disseminules listed in the Federal Noxious Weed Act (Gunn and Ritchie, 1988).

NO Global Invasive Species Database (ISSG, 2007).

YES A Global Compendium of Weeds (Randall, 2007).

NO Invasive Species of the World (Weber, 2003).

NO Alien Plant Invaders of Natural Areas (Swearingen, 2007).

NO Noxious Weeds in the United States and Canada (Skinner et al., 2007).

NO State Regulated Noxious Weeds (NPB, 2007). Other: Scientific literature, Internet sources, etc.:

NO AGRICOLA ( A GRICOLA , 2007 ), CAB (CABI, 200 7 ), AGRIS (AGRIS, 2007).Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 4 NO Florida's Invasive Species List, Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (FLEPPC, 2007).

NO Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (Forest Service, 2007).

Phase 3: Phaseolus vulgaris is widely prevalent in the continental United States and the answer to one of the above questions is yes . In this case, according to the APHIS PRA Guidelines, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000), additional comments on findings in the text are provided:

- In the “Gl obal Compendium of Weeds” (Randall, 2007), it is considered a weed in Mexico, Puerto Rico, and southern Florida.

Conclusion: We proceeded with the pest risk assessment for the following reasons: 1) Phaseolus vulgaris is listed as a world economic plant and is widely naturalized and cultivated for its edible seeds (Wiersema and León, 1999); and 2) this plant is not under official control

in the continental United States.

2.3. Current Status, Decision History, and Pest Interceptions

2.3.1. Current status Beans have been authorized for entry from the following countries: all countries of the West Indies [Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada; Guadeloupe and St. Barthelemy, Haiti, Jamaic a; Martinique, Montserrat, St. Eustatius or t he Netherlands Antilles, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, St. Martin (France and Netherlands), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Turks and Caicos Islands, and Virgin Islands, British], Aruba, Belgium

, Belize

, Colombia

, Costa Rica

, Ecuador

, El Salvador, France, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Italy (including Sicily), Japan, Korea, Mexico, Morocco, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Romania, Senegal, Spain, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and Ve nezuela (see Appendix B for details about common name cited, if accepted as pod or shelled, port

- of

- entry, and special procedures) ( PPQ, 2008a).

2.3.2. Decision history Prior decision history data sheets regarding the import of Beans into the United States are described in Appendix C. Data without clear information (particularly the date) were not included in this table and correspond to the following countries with their respective comments if described: Argentina, British Honduras (Belize), Costa Ri ca, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Dutch Guiana, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Panama, Peru, and the Virgin Islands (approved entrance but with special restriction: Nov

- Mar); Egypt, Portugal, Romania (rejected); Cuba (rejected entire year); and Grenada, H olland, Jamaica, and Mexico (without any comment) ( CPHST , 2008 a ).

2.3.3. Pest interceptions We listed p est interceptions from 1984 to 2007 on beans from different countries . Most of the intercepted pests belonged to insects in the Coleoptera and Lepidoptera families (Appendix D) ( PestID, 2011 ). Because m ost of the Col e o ptera were pests that infest dry grain, we did not include them in the pest list

.Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 5 2.4. Pest Categorization

- Identification of Pests of Beans in Jordan

Below w e present information on pests associated with beans (in any country) that occur in

Jordan and neighboring countries (i.e., Egypt, Israel, Iraq, Saudi Arabia,and Syria ). We based the assessment on these countries as well as Jordan to include potential pest s throughout th at ecological region (Near East) where fresh beans are grown (Table 2). The data includes (1) the presence or absence of these pests in the continental United States and pertinent citations for that distribution, (2) pertinent citations supp orting the association of the pest with beans (3) the association of the pest with plant parts and pertinent citations showing that association, (4) the quarantine status of the pest in the continental United States, and (5) whether the pest is likely to

f ollow the pathway into the United States on beans (pod or shelled).

Table 2. Pests reported on pod or shelled beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) anywhere in the world and present

in Jordan and neighboring countries (on any host).

Pest Distribution 1 Host plant

association 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part(s)

association 3

, 4 Follow

pathway 4

ARTHROPODS

Arachnida
Acari: Tenuipalpidae
Brevipalpus californicus (Banks) JO (Fauna europaea, 2004);US (CABI, 2007) 

### CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Brevipalpus obovatus

Donnadieu JO (Fauna europaea, 2004); ; US (CABI, 2007) 

### CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Acari: Tetranychidae
Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) JO (Bolland et al., 1998) Bolland et al.,

1998 Yes L (CABI, 2007) No

Tetranychus cinnabarinus

Boisduval JO, US (CABI, 2007) 

### CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Tetranychus urticae Koch JO (CABI, 2007; EHKJ, 2004); US (Bolland et al., 1998; CABI, 2007) 

### CABI, 2007;

EHKJ, 2004 No N/A N/A

1 Only geographic distribution in the continental United States

, Jordan , and its neighboring countries is considered. EG = Egypt, IS = Israel, IR = Iraq, JO = Jordan, SA = Saudi Arabia, SY = Syria, US = United States

. Specific U.S. States were

li sted only for quarantine pests : CA = Californi a F L = Florida , and HI: Hawaii.

2 Reported on beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) and some Phaseolus spp.

3 Acronyms used for plant parts: F = Fruit, F/P= Fruit or/and pods; Fl = Flowers; L = Leaf, P= Pods, R = Root, S = Stem, S d = Seeds, and Sh= Shoots.

4 N/A = Not Applicable. Even if non

- quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phytosanitary measures against these pests would not be justified considering the pest already occurs in the United States. Therefore , information on plant part

association is not needed for non

- quarantine pests.Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 6 Pest Distribution 1 Host plant

association 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part(s)

association 3

, 4 Follow

pathway 4

INSECTA
Coleoptera: Bostrichidae
Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) JO (AQIS, 2001: EPPO, 1999); US (CABI, 2007; Guedes et al., 1997) Koehler, 1999 No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Bruchidae
Bruchus rufimanus Boheman JO (AQIS, 2001; EPPO, 1999); US (Ebeling, 2002) Fraval, 1997 No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae
Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) JO, US (CABI, 2007) Avidov and Harpaz, 1969 No N/A N/A

Aulacophora foveicollis Lucas ; Syn = Raphidopalpa foveicollis Lucas EG, IR, IS, SA (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes F, L, P, S (CABI, 2007) No 5

Coleoptera: Curculionidae
Hypera postica Gyllenhal JO (AQIS, 2001); US (CABI, 2007; Radcliffe and Flanders, 1998) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Sitona lineatus Linnaeus JO (Abdel

- Dali, 2007); US (Clement, 2004) Fraval, 1997c; Graham, 2007 No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Nitidulidae
Carpophilus dimidiatus

Fabricius JO (AQIS, 2001; EPPO, 1999); US (Walker, 2007a) Mason, 2004 No N/A N/A

Carpophilus hemipterus

Linnaeus JO (AQIS, 2001; EPPO, 1999); US (CABI, 2007 Walker, 2007b) Mason, 2004 No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae

Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) JO (AQIS, 2001; EPPO, 1999); US (Walker, 2006) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Tribolium confusum Jacquelin

du Val JO (AQIS, 2001; EPPO, 1999); US (Walker, 2007c) Phaseolus sp.: Maes et al.,

1991 No N/A N/A

5 Aulacophora foveicollis larvae attack roots, young seedlings, and fruits in contact with the ground (Avidov and Harpaz, 1969). This pest is described as an external feeder, w ith larval stages easily detectable by visual inspection of fruits and pods (CABI, 2007). Therefore, A

. foveicollis i s highly unlikely to remain with the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 7 Pest Distribution 1 Host plant

association 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part(s)

association 3

, 4 Follow

pathway 4

Diptera: Agromyzidae
Chromatomyia horticola

Goureau ; Syn = Phytomyza

horticola Goureau; P.

atricornis Meigen JO (Fauna europaea, 2004) Phaseolus sp. : CABI, 2007 Yes L, S (CABI, 2007) No

Liriomyza bryoniae Kaltenbach JO (Abdel

- Dali, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes L, S (Dempewolf, 2004) No

Liriomyza huidobrensis

Blanchard JO (CABI, 2007; EPPO, 2005a); US (CA) (CABI, 2007; Malipatil, 2007; Scheffer, 2000) CABI, 2007 [ Yes ] 6 P (Steck, 2008); L, S (CABI, 2007, Dempewolf, 2004) Yes

Liriomyza sativae Blanchard JO (CABI, 2007; EPPO, 2005a); US (CABI, 2007; Dempewolf, 2004) CABI, 2007; Dempewolf,

2004 No N/A N/A

Liriomyza trifolii Burgess JO (CABI, 2007; EPPO, 2005a); US (CABI, 2007; Dempewolf, 2004) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Melanagromyza sojae (Zehntner) JO (Fauna europaea, 2004) Phaseolus sp. : Dempewolf,

2004 Yes L, S (Dempewolf, 2004) No

Ophiomyia phaseoli Tryon Syn

= Melanagromyza phaseoli Coquillet JO (Fauna europaea, 2004) ; US (HI) (CABI, 2007; Cousins, 2008) Dempewolf,

2004 Yes L (Dempewolf, 2004); R, S (CABI, 2007) No

Diptera: Anthomyiidae
Delia platura (Meigen) JO (Fauna europaea, 2004); US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Diptera: Tephritidae
Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) JO (AQIS, 2001; CABI, 2007; EPPO, 1999;

EPPO and CABI, 1997a), US (HI) (CABI, 2007) 7 Phaseolus sp. : CPHST

, 2008a ; Liquido et al.,

1990 [Yes] F, P (Liquido et al., 1990) No 8

6 Brackets “[ ]” indicate that this is a quarantine significant species with limited distribution in the United States.

7 Ceratitis capitata is only present in the United States in Hawaii (CDFA, 2003). This fruit fly is not established in California (Guidicipietro, 2003). Although this pest h as been introduced periodically into the continental United States, first in Florida (1929) and most subsequent infestations in California and Florida, it has not become established in the continental United States (Bergsten et al., 1999). In California, C . capitata infestations have been detected since 1975, all of which have been declared eradicated (Lance and Gates, 1994). A National Exotic Fruit Fly Detection Program is run cooperatively by APHIS and U.S. states susceptible to fruit fly establishment in order to prevent the establishment of C.Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 8 Pest Distribution 1 Host plant

association 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part(s)

association 3

, 4 Follow

pathway 4

Dacus ciliatus Loew JO (CABI, 2007) Phaseolus sp. : White and

Elson

- Harris,

1992 Yes F, P ( CPHST

, 2008a ) No 9

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) JO (CABI, 2007; EHKJ, 2004; EPPO, 1999); US (CABI, 2007; Miller et al

. , 2000) CABI, 2007 ; Pereira et al.,

2004 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Aphididae
Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji JO (Fauna europaea, 2004); , US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 200 7 No N/A N/A

Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) Syn = A. onobrychis Boyer

de Fonscolombe JO (CABI, 2007; EHKJ, 2004); US (CABI, 2007; Jensen et

al

., 1999) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Aphis craccivora Koch JO (CABI, 2007; EHKJ, 2004); US (CABI, 2007; Jensen et

al

., 1999) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Aphis fabae Scopoli JO (CABI, 2007; EHKJ, 2004); US (CABI, 2007; Jensen et

al

., 1999) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Aphis gossypii Glover JO (AQIS, 2001; CABI, 2007; EPPO, 1999); US (CABI, 2007; Jensen et

al

., 1999) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Aphis nerii Boyer de

Fonscolombe JO (Abdel

- Dali, 2007); US (Jensen et al

., 1999) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

capitata , thereby ensuring pest

- free status (Bergsten et al., 1999; Lance and Gates, 1994).

8 C. capitata is highly unlikely to follow the pathway because: 1) none of the cited references in Liquido et al. (1998), which

indicated that P. vulgaris was a host for C. capitata , included field or laboratory infestation data

, 2) beans are not a

confirmed host of C

. capitata (Liquido et al., 1990)

, and 3) in over 37 years of surveys

, C. capitata has never been intercept ed on P. vulgaris (Liquido et al., 1990). Based on this evidence, C. capitata is highly unlikely to follow the pathway and we do not further analyze this pest.

9 Phaseolus vulgaris as a host plant of Dacus ciliatus was reported by Munro (1984), and describe d by Hancock (1989) and

White and Elson

- Harris (1992) as an “unusual host.” Quilici and Jeuffraut (2001) reviewed the host plants of eight tephritid fruit fly species, including D

. ciliatus , found in Mauritius, La Reunion, and the Seychelles

. O ut of 101 pl ant species in the review, 16 cucurbitaceous and one solanaceous species we re listed as host plants , but no ne were in Fabaceae (Leguminosae). Munro (1984), Kapoor (1970), and Shaheen et al. (1973) reported that the primary host plants of D

. ciliatu s belong to family Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae, with the cucurbit crops being more preferred (Matanmi, 1975; Orian and Moutia, 1960). D acus ciliatus has never been intercepted in P

. vulgaris (PestID, 2011). Based on the stated evidence, we think D

. ciliatus is highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial shipments of P

. vulgaris (Liquido, 2011), and therefore we did not further analyze it.Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 9 Pest Distribution 1 Host plant

association 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part(s)

association 3

, 4 Follow

pathway 4

Aphis spiraecola Patch JO (CABI, 2007); US (CABI, 2007; Jensen et

al

., 1999) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Aulacorthum solani Kaltenbach JO (Blackman and Eastop, 2000), IS; US (Jensen et al

., 1999) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Thomas JO (CABI, 2007); US (CABI, 2007; Jensen et

al

., 1999) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Myzus persicae Sulzer JO (CABI, 2007; EHKJ, 2004; EPPO, 1999); US (CABI, 2007; Jensen et al

., 1999) Phaseolus sp. : CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale (Sasaki) JO (CABI, 2007); US (CABI, 2007; Jensen et

al

., 1999) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Pentatomidae
Dolycoris baccarum L. IR (Linnavuori, 2008), IS (CABI, 2007; Hodková et al., 1989 ) CABI, 2007; Panizzi et al.,

2000 Yes F, L, Sd (Panizzi et al., 2000) No 10

Nezara viridula Linnaeus JO (Abdel

- Dali, 2007); US (Arnett, 2000; CABI, 2007) Phaseolus sp. : Liebenberg,

2002 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae
Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) JO (Fauna europaea, 2004); ; US (CABI, 2007) Phaseolus sp. CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Syn = Phenacoccous

hirsutus Green JO (Halaybeh and

Katbeh

- Bader, 2010) ; EG, SA (CABI, 2007); US (CA, FL, HI) (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; Mani, 1989 [Yes] F, Fl, L, S, P (CABI, 2007) Yes

Planococcus citri (Risso) JO (Ben

- Dov, 2006); US (Ben

- Dov, 2008) Ben

- Dov, 2008 No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus longispinus Targioni Tozzetti JO, US (Ben

- Dov, 2008) Phaseolus sp. Ben

- Dov, 2008 No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Crambidae

Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) Syn

= Pyrausta nubialis (Hübner) JO (AQIS, 2001); US (Capinera, 2008) Burkness et al., 2002; CABI,

2007 No N/A N/A

10 Dolycoris baccarum extrude sap from developing seeds; infested plants produce degenerated and empty seeds (Paniz zi et al., 2000). Therefo re, D. baccarum is highly unlikely to remain with the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



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Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae

Tuta absoluta (Povolny) JO ( Omari, 2010 ; Russell IPM Ltd., 2010 ) EPPO. 2009; PPQ, 2010 Yes L (PPQ, 2010) No

Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae
Lampides boeticus Linnaeus JO (CABI, 2007,

Katbeh

- Bader et al., 1998), US (HI) (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; Grund, 2002 Yes F (CABI, 2007) Fl, P (Grund, 2002) Yes

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae
Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) JO (CABI, 2007; EHKJ, 2004); US (CABI, 2007; Capinera, 2006) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Agrotis segetum Denis &

Schiffermüller JO (CABI, 2007) Liebenberg,

2002 Yes L, S (Fraval, 1997a; Liebenberg, 2002) No

Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper) JO (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes F/P, L (CABI, 2007) Yes

Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) JO (CABI, 2007; EPPO, 1999) CABI, 2007; Liebenberg,
2002; NPPS,

2006 Yes F/P, L (CABI, 2007), Sd (Liebenberg, 2002) Yes

Helicoverpa sp. JO ( PestID, 2011 ) PestID, 2011 Yes F (Pest ID, 2007) Yes

Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) JO (AQIS, 2001); US (EPPO and CABI, 1997b; Robinson et al., 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Mamestra brassicae (L.) IS, JO ( PestID, 2011 ), SY (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes F (CABI, 2007; PPQ, 2002) No 11

Peridroma saucia (Hübner) IS, SY; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) JO (CABI, 2007); US (CABI, 2007; Robinson et al., 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) JO (CABI, 2007; EPPO, 2005a) CABI, 2007; EPPO, 2005a Yes F/P, L (CABI, 2007) Yes

11 Mamestra brassicae has been intercepted from Jordan only on c e
, on a commod it y other than beans ( PestID, 2011 ). T his is insufficient evidence that this insect actually occurs in Jordan. Therefore, this pest is highly unlikely to follow the pathway

.Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



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Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) JO (CABI, 2007); US (CABI, 2007; Robinson et al., 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae
Cynthia cardui Linnaeus Syn = Vanessa cardui JO ( Fauna europaea, 2004) ; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

Cadra cautella Walker JO (CABI, 2007); US (Arbogast and Chini, 2005; CABI, 2007;

Robinson et al., 2007) Phaseolus sp. Solis, 1986 No N/A N/A

Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke) EG, SA; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Sphingidae
Acherontia styx (Westwood) JO (CABI, 2007) Phaseolus sp. Robinson et al.,

2007 Yes L (CABI, 2007) No

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae
Cydia nigricana Fabricius JO (EHKJ, 2004); US (Robinson et al., 2007) EHKJ, 2004 No N/A N/A

Orthoptera: Acrididae
Locusta migratoria Linnaeus JO (CABI, 2007) Phaseolus sp. CABI, 2007; Munakata, 1977; ISPI, 2008) Yes F/P, Fl, L, S, Sd (CABI, 2007) No 12

Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål) JO (CABI, 2007) Dirsh, 1974 Yes F/P, Fl, L, S, Sd, Sh (CABI, 2007) No 13

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom) JO ( PestID, 2011 ), IR, IS (CABI, 2007); US (Mound, 2006,

Nakahara and Foottit, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

12 Locusta migratoria preferentially attacks plants in the Poaceae family (CABI, 2007). Beans are only minor hosts, because they are only attacked when Poaceae plant species or other monocotyledons are not available (CABI, 2007). This pest is a highly mobile external feeder, o viposits in pods in the ground (Hill, 1983), and is large (males: 35

- 40mm, and females: 40

- 50mm). For these reasons, it is highly unlikely to remain on the commodity through standard handling and processing.

13 Adults of S

. gregaria have color patterns varying between green, yellow, and sometimes black, and its size varies from 6

- 8cm (Cerda and Cermeli, 1988). Schistocerca gregaria migrates in a solitary or gregarious phase. Based on this information, this pest is highly unlikely to r emain on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



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Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom SA (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes Fl, L, P (CABI, 2007;

Plant Health Australia, 2009; Varela et al; 1999) No 14

Thrips tabaci (Lindeman) JO (CABI, 2007; EHKJ, 2004); US (CABI, 2007; Mound, 2007) EHJK, 2004 No N/A N/A

BACTERIA and PHYTOPLASMS 15

Pectobacterium atroseptica (van Hall) Gardan et al

., comb. nov. Syn = Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica (van Hall) Dye (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae) JO (Abdel

- Dali, 2007); US (Bradbury, 1986) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Jones)

Hauben et al ., comb. nov.; Syn = Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Jones) Bergey et al

. (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae) JO (CABI, 2007); US (Bradbury, 1986) Phaseolus sp. CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis (Brown) Stevens (Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae) EG (CABI, 2007); US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola (Burkholder)

Gardan et al. Syn = P. syringae pv. phaseolicola (Burkholder) Young et al. (Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae) JO (EHKJ, 2004; EPPO, 1999); US (Bradbury, 1986) Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi (Sackett) Young et al. (Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae) JO (EHKJ, 2004); US (Bradbury, 1986) EHKJ, 2004 No N/A N/A

14 Megalurothrips sjostedti infest flowering stages and has young fruits preference (CABI, 2007; Mound, 2005). These pods are aborted prematurely or become scarred and unmarketable (CABI, 2007; Varela, 1999). Therefore, M

. sjostedti is not expected to remain with fresh beans through harvest and standard handling and processing.

15 Bacteria classification and nomenclature are written according to Euzéby (2008) and NCBI (2008).Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



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Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae van Hall (Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae) JO (Abdel

- Dali, 2007); US (Bradbury, 1986) Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci (Wolf and Foster) Young et al. (Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae) JO (Abdel

- Dali, 2007); US (Bradbury, 1986) Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Pseudomonas viridiflava (Burkholder) Dowson (Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae) JO (CABI, 2007); US (Bradbury, 1986, CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Rhizobium radiobacter (Beijerinck and van Delden) Young et al

. (Rhizobiales: Rhizobiaceae) JO (CABI, 2007); US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. alfalfae (Riker et al.)

Vauterin et al. (Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae) SY (CABI, 2007); US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Smith) Vauterin et

al. Syn = X. campestris pv. phaseoli (Smith) Dye (Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae) JO (CABI, 2007; EPPO, 2005a); US (CABI, 2007) Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

FUNGI and STRAMENOPILES 16

Alternaria alternata (Fr.)

Keissl. Syn = A. tenuis Nees (Dothideomycetes:Pleosp orales) JO (EHKJ, 2004); US (Farr et al., 2007) Farr et al., 2007; Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Alternaria brassicicola (Schwein.) Wiltshire (Dothideomycetes: Pleosporales) IS, SA, EG (CABI, 2007); US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Aspergillus flavus Link (Eurotiomycetes: Eurotiales) JO (Abdel

- Dali, 2007); US (Farr et al., 2007) Farr et al., 2007 No N/A N/A

16 Fung i classification and nomenclature are written according to the NCBI Taxonomy Homepage (NCBI, 2008) and Index Fungorum (CABI Biosciences et al., 2007).Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



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Aspergillus niger Tiegh. (Eurotiomycetes: Eurotiales) JO (Abdel

- Dali, 2007; EPPO, 1999); US (Farr et al., 2007) Farr et al., 2007 No N/A N/A

Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) Tu

and Kimbr. Syn = Corticium rolfsii

Curzi (Agaricomycetes: Atheliales) JO (AQIS, 2001); US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2007) Farr et al., 2007 No N/A N/A

Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel Syn = Botrytis cinerea

Pers. (Leotiomycetes: Helotiales) JO (EHKJ, 2004; EPPO, 1999); US (Farr et al., 2007) Farr et al., 2007; Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Botryosphaeria rhodina (Berk. & M.A. Curtis)

Arx Syn = Lasiodiplodia

theobromae (Pat.) Griffon

& Maubl. (Dothideomycetes: Botryosphaeriales) JO (AQIS, 2001); US (Farr et al., 2007) Carmichael et al., 2007 No N/A N/A

Botrytis fabae Sardiña (Leotiomycetes: Helotiales) JO (Abdel

- Dali, 2007); US (CA) (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2007; Koike, 1998); (CT) (Horst, 2001); NY (Zitter, 2005) CABI, 2007; No N/A N/A

Choanephora cucurbitarum (Berk. & Ravenel) Thaxt. (Zygomycetes: Mucorales) IR; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Cochliobolus lunatus R.R.

Nelson & Haasis (Dothideomycetes: Pleosporales) EG, IR, SA; US (CABI, 2007) Phaseolus sp. CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Cochliobolus sativus (S. Ito & Kurib.) Drechsler ex

Dastur Syn = Helminthosporium

sativum Pammel, C.M. King and Bakke (Dothideomycetes: Pleosporales) JO (AQIS, 2001; EPPO, 1999); US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum truncatum (Schwein.) Andrus &

W.D. Moore (Ascomycetes: Phyllachorales) EG, SA; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/APest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



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Corticium rolfsii Curzi Syn: Sclerotium rolfsii (Basidiomycetes: Polyporales) 

### JO (AQIS, 2008; EPPO, 1999) ; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Diaporthe phaseolorum var. sojae (Lehman) Wehm. (Ascomycetes: Diaporthales) EG, IS; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Erysiphe betae (Vaňha)

Weltzien Syn = E. polygoni DC. (Leotiomycetes: Erysiphales) JO (CABI, 2007; EHKJ, 2004; EPPO, 1999); US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2007) Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Fusarium phaseoli (Burkh.)

T. Aoki & O'Donnell (Sordariomycetes: Hypocreales) JO (Haddad, 1983); US (Farr et al., 2007) Farr et al., 2007; Haddad, 1983 No N/A N/A

Fusarium oxysporum

Schltdl. (Sordariomycetes: Hypocreales) JO (CABI, 2007; EPPO, 1999); US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2007) CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2007 No N/A N/A

Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H.

Schrenk Syn = Colletotrichum gloesporioides (Penz.)

Penz. and Sacc. (Sordariomycetes: Hypocreales) JO (AQIS, 2001; EPPO, 1999); US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Glomerella lindemuthiana

Shear Syn = Colletotrichum

lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magnus) Briosi & Cavara (Sordariomycetes: Phyllachorales) JO (Abdel

- Dali, 2007; EHKJ, 2004); US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2007) Farr et al., 2007; Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Gibberella avenacea R.J.

Cook Syn = Fusarium

avenaceum (Fr.: Fr.) Sacc. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) IR, IS, EG; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Gibberella zeae (Schwein.)

Petch (Sordariomycetes: Hypocreales) JO (AQIS, 2001; EPPO, 1999); US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/APest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



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Haematonectria

haematococca (Berk. and Broome) Samuels and

Rossman Syn = Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc.; Nectria

haematococca Berk. and

Broome (Sordariomycetes: Hypocreales) JO (AQIS, 2001; Haddad, 1983); US (Farr et al., 2007) Haddad, 1983 No N/A N/A

Leveillula taurica (Lév.) G.

Arnaud (Leotiomycetes: Erysiphales) IR, IS (CABI, 2007; EPPO, 1999); US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Mycosphaerella cruenta

Latham (Ascomycetes, Mycosphaerellales) EG, IR, SA; US (CABI, 2007) Phaseolus sp. CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Nematospora coryli Peglion (Saccharomycetes, Saccharomycetales) IR, US (CABI, 2007) Phaseolus sp. CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Penicillium italicum

Wehmer (Eurotiomycetes: Eurotiales) JO (Abdel

- Dali, 2007); US (Farr et al., 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Phoma exigua var. diversispora (Bubák) Boerema (Ascomycete: Mitosporic fungi) JO (Abdel

- Dali, 2007) Allen et al., 1996; Schwartz, 2005b, Schwartz, 2008,

Farr and
Rossman, 2010 Yes 17 L, P, S, Sd (Snowdon, 1992) Yes

Phoma pinodella (Jones) Morgan

- Jones & Burch (Ascomycete: Mitosporic fungi) EG, SY; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Podosphaera xanthii (Castagne) U. Braun &

Shishkoff Syn = Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schltdl.)

Pollacci (Leotiomycetes: Erysiphales) JO (Al

- Jaa'freh, 1990); US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybr. & Laff. (Oomycetes: Peronosporales) JO (CABI, 2007); US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

17 Phoma exigua var. diversispora is considered a reportable pest (NIS, 2008).Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



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Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. (Oomycetes: Pythiales) JO (Abdel

- Dali, 2007); US (Farr et al., 2007) Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Pythium debaryanum Hesse (Oomycetes: Pythiales) JO (Abdel

- Dali, 2007); US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Pythium irregulare Buisman (Oomycetes: Pythiales) IR, IS, EG; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Pythium myriotylum

Drechsler (Oomycetes: Pythiales) IS; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Pythium ultimum Trow (Oomycetes: Pythiales) JO (CABI, 2007); US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2007) Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Rosellinia necatrix Berl. ex

Prill. (Sordariomycetes: Xylariales) JO (EPPO, 1999; Haddad, 1983); US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2007) Phaseolus sp. CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (Leotiomycetes: Helotiales) JO (CABI, 2007; EHKJ, 2004; EPPO, 1999); US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2007) Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk Syn = Rhizoctonia solani

J.G. Kühn (Agaricomycetes: Cantharellales) JO (AQIS, 2001; EPPO, 1999; Haddad, 1983); US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2007) Farr et al., 2007; Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. & Broome)

Ferraris Syn = Chalara elegans Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr. (Ascomycetes: Microascales) EG, IS; US (CABI, 2007) Phaseolus sp. CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Uromyces appendiculatus F.

Strauss Syn = U. phaseoli G.

Winter (Pucciniomycetes: Pucciniales) JO (AQIS, 2001; EHKJ, 2004; EPPO, 1999); US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2007) Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Uromyces viciae

-

fabae (Pers.) J. Schröt. (Pucciniomycetes: Pucciniales) JO (AQIS, 2001; EHKJ, 2004); US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2007) EHKJ, 2004; Farr et al., 2007 No N/A N/A

Verticillium dahliae Kleb. (Sordariomycetes: Phyllachorales) JO (CABI, 2007); US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2007) Farr et al., 2007 No N/A N/APest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



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MOLLUSCA
Theba pisana (Müller) (Helicidae) JO (CABI, 2007); US (CA) (Garrison, 1993) Garrison, 1993 [Yes] L, S, Sh (Fraval. 1997d) No

Helix aspersa Muller (Helicidae) EG, IS, SY, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes 18 F, P, L, R, S (CABI, 2007) No 19

NEMATODES 20

Ditylenchus dipsaci Kühn (Anguinidae) JO (CABI, 2007; EPPO, 2005a); US (Ferris, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb) Sher (Hoplolaimidae) JO ( PestID, 2011 ) ; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Helicotylenchus multicinctus (Cobb) Golden (Hoplolaimidae) JO (CABI, 2007); US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus (Steiner)

Golden (Hoplolaimidae) JO (CABI, 2007); US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Heterodera cajani Koshy (Heteroderidae) EG (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes R (CABI, 2007) No

Heterodera glycines

Ichinohe (Heteroderidae) EG, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Heterodera schachtii A. Schdmit (Heteroderidae) JO (CABI, 2007); US (CABI, 2007; Ferris, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Hoplolaimus seinhorsti Luc (Hoplolaimidae) EG (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes R (CABI, 2007) No

Meloidogyne arenaria Neal (Chitwood) (Meloidogyninae) JO (Abdel

- Dali, 2007); US (CABI, 2007) Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Meloidogyne hapla

Chitwood (Meloidogyninae) EG, IS; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White)

Chitwood (Meloidogyninae) JO (CABI, 2007); US (CABI, 2007) Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) (Meloidogyninae) JO (CABI, 2007; EHKJ, 2004); US (CABI, 2007) Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Pratylenchus brachyurus (Godfrey) Filipjev and

Schuurmans Stekhoven (Pratylenchidae) JO (Abdel

- Dali, 2007); US (CABI, 2007) Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

18 This organism is only ac tionable if intercepted on material going to AL, FL, or Puerto Rico (PestID, 2011).

19 Because of its large size, t his mollusk pest is highly likely to be removed during t he post

- harvest process

. 20 Nematode classification and nomenclature are written according to NEMAPLEX by Ferris (2007).Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



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Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Chitwood and

Oteifa (Pratylenchidae) JO (Abdel

- Dali, 2007); US (CABI, 2007) Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Pratylenchus thornei Sher

and Allen (Pratylenchidae) JO (CABI, 2007); US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Pratylenchus vulnus Allen

& Jensen (Pratylenchidae) EG, IS; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

VIRUS
Alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus (AMV) (Bromoviridae) JO (CABI, 2007); US (CABI, 2007) Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Bean common mosaic necrosis potyvirus (BCMNV) Syn = Bean common mosaic potyvirus (BCMV) (Potyviridae) JO (Abdel

- Dali, 2007); US (CABI, 2007) Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Bean leafroll luteovirus (BLRV) (Luteoviridae) JO (Abdel

- Dali, 2007); US (CABI, 2007) Brunt et al.,

1996 No N/A N/A

Bean yellow mosaic potyvirus (BYMV) (Potyviridae) JO (CABI, 2007; EHKJ, 2004); US (CABI, 2007) Brunt et al., 1996; Schwartz,

2005a No N/A N/A

Beet curly top curtovirus (BCTV) (Geminiviridae) IS, EG (CABI, 2007); US (Büchen

- Osmond, 2008) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Broad bean mottle

bromovirus (BBMV) (Bromoviridae) JO (Abdel

- Dali, 2007) Brunt et al.,

1996 Yes L, S (Brunt et al., 1996) No

Broad bean wilt comovirus (BBWV) (Fabaviridae) JO (CABI, 2007); US (CABI, 2007) Brunt et al.,

1996 No N/A N/A

Cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV) (Tentative

Carlavirus: Tentative Flexiviridae) JO (CABI, 2007; EPPO, 2005a) Schwartz, 2005a; Coutts,

2005 Yes L, S, P (CABI, 2007) No 21

Cucumber mosaic

cucumovirus (CMV) (Bromoviridae) JO (CABI, 2007); US (CABI, 2007) Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

21 We concluded that CPMMV is highly unlikely to follow the pathway for the following reasons: 1) CPMMV is not persistent in Bemisia tabaci and its biotypes (CABI/EPPO, 1997; Almeida et al., 2005); thus, transmission from pods is highly unlikely. 2) Seed transmission has been demonstrated only once under experimental conditions (Brunt and Kenten, 1973; cited by Coutts, 2005; Jeyanandarajah and Brunt, 1993). 3) Seeds in fresh beans for export are not physiologically

mat ure (whether they contain the virus or not); therefore, they will not grow into a plant that could serve as a source of inoculums for the vector to acquire the virus and then transmitted to a healthy bean plant. 4) Most Bemisia sp. interceptions are from l eaves with one on them intercepted on bean pods, ( PestID, 2011 ), this does not represent enough evidence to support that the pods are a pathway for the introduction of this vector.Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 20 Pest Distribution 1 Host plant

association 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part(s)

association 3

, 4 Follow

pathway 4

Faba bean necrotic yellows

nanovirus (FBNYV) (Unassigned Family) JO (CABI, 2007; EHKJ, 2004) Brunt et al., 1996; CABI,

2007 Yes L, S ( Al

Nsour et al., 1998; Brunt et al., 1996;

Ouizbouben and Fourtass, 1997) No

Peanut mottle potyvirus (PeMoV) (Potyviridae) EG, IS; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Soybean dwarf luteovirus (SbDV) (Luteoviridae) SY (CABI, 2007); US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Squash leaf curl begomovirus (SCLCV) Syn = Bean Calico

Mosaic Virus (Geminiviridae) JO (Abdel

- Dali, 2007); US (CABI, 2007) Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Tobacco mosaic

tobamovirus (TMV) (Unassigned Family) JO (Abdel

- Dali, 2007); US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Tobacco rattle tobravirus (TRV) (Unassigned Family) EG, IS; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Tobacco streak ilarvirus (TSV) (Bromoviridae) IS; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Tomato ringspot nepovirus (ToRSV) (Comoviridae) JO (EPPO, 2005a); US (CABI, 2007) Brunt et al.,

1996 No N/A N/A

Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) (Bunyaviridae) JO (Abdel

- Dali, 2007); US (CABI, 2007) Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Tomato yellow leaf curl begomovirus (TYLCV) (Geminiviridae) JO (CABI, 2007; EPPO, 2005a); US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Watermelon mosaic potyvirus (WMV) (Potyviridae) JO (CABI, 2007); US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A



### 2. 4.1 . Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway The quarantine pests that are expected to follow the pathway [i.e

. , be included in commercial shipments of beans (Table 3)] are analyzed in detail in this risk assessment [Steps 5

- 7 (PPQ, 2000)].Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 21 Table 3. Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway and selected for further analysis.

Type Pest Taxonomy
Arthrop ods Chrysodeixis chalcites Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Helicoverpa armigera Lepidoptera: Noctuidae
Lampides boeticus Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae
Liriomyza huidobrensis Diptera: Agromyzidae

Maconellicoccus hirsutus Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae
Spodoptera littoralis Lepidoptera: Noctuidae
Fungi Phoma exigua var. diversispora Ascomycete: Mitosporic fungi

2.4.2. Quarantine Pests Not Likely to Follow the Pathway Other quarantine plant pests in this assessment that we did not choose to analyze further may be detrimental to the agricultural production systems of the United States, but several reasons exist

for not analyzing them further

.

Not associated with fruit or pods

. For example, t he quarantine pest’s primary association is with plant part s other than the fruit or pods. This is the case for the arthropods: Acherontia styx, Agrotis segetum, Chromatomyia horticola

, Eutetranychus orientalis, Liriomyza bryoniae

, Locusta migratoria

, Melanagromyza sojae

, and Ophiomyia phaseoli ; the mollusca: Theb a pisana ; the nematodes: Heterodera cajani

, Hoplolaimus seinhorsti

, and the viruses: Broad Bean

Mottle Virus ( BBMV ) and Faba Bean Necrotic Yellows Viru s (FBNYV).

Not identified to species

. Generally, based on the IPPC guidelines ( IPPC, 2009 : ISPM #2), we do not further assess the risks associated with organisms identified only to the genus level if the genus in question is reported in the area of the United States to which the commodity will be shipped (the continental United States in the case of the pres ent risk assessment). Genera o ften

contain many species, and we do not know if the unidentified species occurs in the continental United States and, consequently, whether it meets the definition of a quarantine pest for the

continental United States. In th is risk assessment, the above statement applies to the arthropod Helicoverpa sp. P est risk assessments focus on those organisms for which adequate biological and taxonomic information is available. Lack of species identification may indicate the limits of the current taxonomic knowledge, the life stage, or the quality of the specimen submitted for identification. Lack of identification at the species level does not rule out the possibility that either a high

- risk quarantine pest was intercepted or the inter cepted pest was not a quarantine

pest. By developing detailed assessments for known pests that inhabit a variety of niches on the parent commodity, e.g., on the surface of or within the stem or fruit, on the flowers, etc., effective mitigation measures may be developed to eliminate the known pests and any similar

unknown ones that inhabit the same niches. If a pest identified only to higher taxa is intercepted on beans, then its risk may be reevaluated.

Quarantine pests for Jordan

. The fruit fly Bactrocera cucurbitae , the pyralid Cryptoblabes gnidiella ; the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa

, and Rodococus fascians ; and the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina are reported in Jordan’s neighboring countries (CABI, 2007). However, these pests are considered quarantin e pest s for Jordan (CABI and EPPO, 2007).Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 22 Consequently, we did not include these pests in the pest list

.

Storage pests . Some pests reported from Jordan and neighboring countries (in parentheses) are pests of mature

- dried pods and stored products (CABI, 20 07) and are unlikely to be shipped with

fresh beans: Acanthoscelides obtectus (Egypt, Iraq, and Israel), Araecerus fasciculatus (Egypt and Israel), Callosobruchus chinensis (Syria and Egypt), C

. maculatus (Egypt), Caryedon

serratus (Israel), Lasioderma serricirne (Egypt and Israel), Trogoderma granarium (Jordan), and Zabrotes subfasciatus (Israel) . Therefore, we did not include them in the pest list

.

Misidentifications

. Spodoptera litura has been reported on beans (Purwar et al., 2007), but we

did not i nclude it because all records from Jordan were misidentifications (Pogue, 2008). Likewise, Xanthomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola is reportedly on beans from Jordan ( EHKJ, 2004)

, but t h at is not a valid bacterium name ( Euzéby, 2008; NCBI, 2008). Therefore, this pest is

not included in Table 2.

Doubtful reports. Several references for Retithrips syriacus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) did not specifically associate that pest with beans (CABI, 2007). Therefore, we did not list R

. syriacus

above.

2.6. Consequences of Introduction

Details of all rating criteria that we used below are explained in the Guidelines for Pathway

Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000). For each of the quarantine pests further analyzed ( Table 3 )

, we rated the potential C onsequences of I ntroduction using five r isk

e lements: Climate

- Host Interaction, Host Range, Dispersal Potential, Economic Impact, and Environmental Impact. For each r isk e lement, we assigned pests a rating of Low (1 point), Medium (2 points), or High (3 po ints). We then calculated a c umulative r isk r ating by summing up all of the r isk e lement values. We summarized t h ose values for each pest below ( Table 4 )

.

Chrysodeixis chalcites Risk r atings

Risk Element #1: Climate

- Host Interaction Chrysodeixis chalcites is present in southern Europe, Mediterranean countries

, and much of Africa (CABI, 2007). Th o se areas correspond to USDA Plant

Hardiness Zones 8

– 13, and possibly Zone 7. Based on this, we estimated that C.

chalcites would be able to establish in Z ones 8

- 1 1 in the Continental United

States. Chrysodeixis chalcites has a large host range (CABI, 2007), of which many species are present throughout these Zones (NRCS, 2009). Because C.

chalcites is a greenhouse pest in more northern latitudes, where winter temperatures are generally unsuitable for its establishment (Sannino et al

. , 2005),

it could be a pest throughout the entire Continental United States and it may spread from greenhouses to field crops during each warm season. Consequently,

the risk rating for Host

- Climate is Medium (Zone 11 is too small to count toward the total)

. Medium (2)

Risk Element #2: Host Range Chrysodeixis chalcites is a polyphagous pest with 34 host plant species and 19 High (3)Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 23 Chrysodeixis chalcites Risk r atings

families. T he most important attacked crops belong to the following families: Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, Geraniaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Malvaceae, Moraceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae, Solanaceae, Ulmaceae, Urticaceae, and Verbenaceae ( CABI, 2007; Kravchenko

et al., 2005; Singh et al., 2003 ). Consequently, the risk rating is High

. Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential Under natural conditions, C. chalcites is a polyvoltine species, with up to eight or nine generations per year in Egypt (CABI, 2007). Male longevity is 11.4 days and female is 12.2 days. Considerable variation in the number of eggs oviposited per female is reported: means were 149 to 385 at 20°C , 640 at 25°C , and 405 eggs at 30°C (CABI, 2007). However, average fecundity has been recorded as up to 1060 eggs per female (Amate et al., 1998). Although C. chalcites has been recorded in northern Europe, winter mortality prevents its long

- term establishment. However, this pest has extended its natural distribution there by establishing in glasshouse s (CABI, 2007).

A massive natural migratory dispersion of this pest has been registered (Spitzer and Jaros, 2004). F ruit and leaves of the plants can also carry the larvae long

distances in trade (CABI, 2007) : C. chalcites larvae have been intercepted s ev eral

hundred times on different commodities ( PestID, 2011 ).

Overall

, we rated Dispersal Potential a s High for C. chalcites

. High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact Chrysodeixis chalcites and closely related species economic ally impact crop production by defoliat ing plants and feed ing on flowers and fruits ( CABI, 2007 ; Mau and Martin Kessing, 1991). This pest also attacks crops under glasshouse production (Amate et al., 1998).

C ontrol measures for C. chalcites include pheromone trapping, chemical, and biological practices ( CABI, 2007 ). T he main strategy to control this pest has been the use of insecticides (Medina et al., 2007; Thomas, 2004). The aforementioned practices lead to the increase of crop production costs (NAPPO, 2006). Chrysodeixis chalcites is a pest of national concern in the United States (APHIS

- , 2007a), and its i ntroduction and establishment will lead to loss of potential markets. The risk rating for Economic Impact is High

. High (3)

Risk Eleme nt #5: Environmental Impact This pest could attack the following f amilies containing Endangered and Threatened plant species that are present in the continental United States : Asteraceae ( Helianthus paradoxus

, H

. schweinitzii ), and Fabaceae ( Trifolium

amoenum , T

. stoloniferum , and T

. trichocalyx ) (USFWS, 2007). When C.

chalcites is introduced, eradication actions typically become components of agricultural programs (CFIA, 2006). Chemical and biological control are likely to be implemented. Based on th is evidence, we rated this element High

. High (3)Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 24 Helicoverpa armigera Risk r atings

Risk Element #1: Climate

- Host Interaction Helicoverpa armigera is distributed throughout Europe, the Middle East, Central and South Asia, the Far East, Africa, Australia, and Oceania (CABI, 2007). Based on this distribution, we estimate H

. armigera could establish in USDA

Plant Hardiness Zones 5

- 11 ( Magarey et al. , 2 008). Consequently, the risk rating

for Climate

- Host Interaction is High

. High (3)

Risk Element #2: Host Range Helicoverpa armigera is a pest of approximately 59 plant species (beans, cowpea, maize, onions, pinus, potatoes, oat, barley, sorghum, sunflower, tomatoes, and wheat, amongst others) widely distributed and cultivated in the

continental United States (NRCS, 2007). Female H

. ar migera can locate and use a wide range of hosts from families such as Amaranthaceae, Anacardiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Liliaceae, Linaceae, Malvaceae, Pinaceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae, and Solanaceae (CABI, 2007; Cunningham et al., 1999; Kulkarni et al., 2004; Sankar et al., 2004; Zhang, 1994). In terms of host selection, this pest has a greater preference for the more prevalent and abundant

host. Cabello and Belda (1994, as cited by Sanchez et al., 2000) report 181 plant

spe cies that belong to 45 families as hosts of this pest. Based on this evidence,

we rated this r isk e lement a s High for H

. armigera

. High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential Helicoverpa armigera completes its life cycle in 30

- 43 days (Akashe et al., 19 97; Amate et al., 2000; Kumar and Durairaj, 2006). However, the duration of different life history stages of this pest decreased as temperature increased from 13 °C (55.40 °F ), to 35 °C (59

- 95 °F ) (Jallow and Matsumura, 2001; Tiwari and Rahalkar, 2005). Th e mean number of eggs laid per female varies among hosts (Kulkarni et al., 2004; Liu et al., 2004). Under artificial conditions, fecundity varies based on diets, ranging from 525 to 1410 eggs per female with eggs hatching percentages of 74

- 87 percent (Devi et al., 2006). In China, this pest has three to five generations per year (Liu et al., 2004) but in New Zealand , the temperate climate in East Coast regions (mean summer daily maximum of 23.5 oC) limits H. armigera to two or three generations per year, which can restrict the ability of the pest to reach damaging population levels within one growing season (Cameron et al., 2001).

This pest is a migratory species and its abundance depends on environmental conditions (Vajgand, et al., 2004). A dult s move be tween fields, between areas within a region, and between regions ( Farrow and Daly, 1987, as cited by Scott et al., 2005)

. M any released H. armigera colonize crops within 10 km of their emergence site (Fitt and Dillon, 1993; as cited by Scott et al., 2005)

. This pest

also moves long distance s by wind at night ; radar observations show that the complete migratory flights by adult moths reach distances of up to 800

- 1000 km (Feng et al., 2004; Zhou et al., 2000). Movement in international trade is mainly

on orna mental plants, on cut flowers, in cotton bolls, and in tomato fruits (CABI, 2007). This pest has been intercepted 564 times since 1985 on different imported High (3)Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 25 Helicoverpa armigera Risk r atings

commodities ( PestID, 2011 ).

Based on this data, H. armigera has the reproductive and dispersion faculties needed to establish a successful breeding colony in the continental United States.

We rated th is r isk element as High

. Risk Element #4: Economic Impact This pest is considered a pest of national concern in the United States for soybean production (APHIS

- 2007a). Helicoverpa armigera prefers to attack the harvestable flowering parts of high

- value crops, including cotton, tomato, sweet corn, and the pulses (CABI, 2007). This causes yield loss, as well increasing

cost s due to monitoring, and use of control alternatives. Y ield reduction s by H

. armigera on different commodities are as follows: cotton in China (50

- 60 percent), cotton in Queensland Australia (7 p ercent yield loss ; control costs of A$800/ha), seed cotton in India ( 60 percent decrease from 1986

- 87 to 1987

- 88), pigeonpea and chickpea in India (up to 90

- 100 percent in 1992/93 and 1997/98), and on worldwide chickpea (10 percent) (Venette et al., 2003). Based on this

information

, we rated th is r isk e lement High

. High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact This pest could affect families containing Threatened and Endangered species,

such as Amaranthaceae (

Amaranthus pumilus ), Asteraceae ( Helianthus paradoxus

, H

. schweinitzii ), Caryophyllaceae ( Silene polypetala

, S. spaldingii ), Fabaceae (

Apios priceana

, Lupinus aridorum

, L

. nipomensis

, L

. tidestromii , and

L

. sulphureus ), Liliaceae ( Allium munzii ), Cucurbita ( Cucurbita okeechobeensis

ssp. okeechobeens is ), and Rosaceae ( Prunus geniculata ) (USFWS, 2007). If H

. armigera establishes in the continental United States

, biological or chemical control programs would likely be implemented. Consequently, we rated this

element High

. High (3)

Lampides boeticus Risk r atings

Risk Element #1: Climate

- Host Interaction Lampides boeticus is reported in Europe, Africa, Asia, India, China, Australasia, New Zealand, and the United States (Hawaii) (CABI, 2007; Zhang, 1994). Based on this distribution and the presence of Fabaceae hosts, such as Medicago spp., that are widespread in the United States, we estimate that L

. boeticus could

establish in USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 5

- 11 ( Magarey et al. , 2008; NRCS, 2008). Based on this , the rating is High

. High (3)

Risk Element #2: Host Range Lampides boeticus affects multiple genera within the Fabaceae family ( CABI, 2007; Zhang, 1994 ). These genus are: Alhagi

, Cajanus

, Canavalia

, Chamaecytisus

, Cicer

, Colutea

, Crotalaria

, Cytisus

, Dipogon

, Gliricidia

, Glycine

, Lablab

, Lathyrus

, Lupinus

, Medicago

, Phaseolus

, Pisum

, Psophocarpus

, Pueraria

, Sesbania

, Sophora

, Spartium

, Ulex

, Vicia

, Vigna

, Viminaria

, Virgilia , and Wisteria ( CABI, 2007; Zhang, 1994 ). Thus , we rated Medium (2)Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 26 Lampides boeticus Risk r atings

th is e lement Medium

. Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential In laboratory conditions, L. boeticus completes its life cycle in 3

- 7 weeks or 20

- 53 days, depending on the season ( Grund, 2002; Harding, 1971; APHIS, 2002b).

The mean total number of eggs laid by a single female during its lifetime is about

12 1 (Vijayachander and Arivudainambi, 2007). The eggs are laid singly or in groups of two or three on buds, unopened flowers, sepals, and flower

- stalks, but several females often oviposit at the same site (CABI, 2007; APHIS, 2002b).

A dults of this pest may fly throughout the year when conditions are favorable (Grund, 2002; Harding, 1971). In cold areas, this Lepidopteran normally overwinters as pupae (Grund, 2002) . In Israel, this pest produces 3

- 4 overlapping generations a year ( Avidov and Harpaz, 1969 ).

L

. b oeticus migrates yearly from the plains to the hills with hot weather because

it is an inhabitant of warmer regions (Harding, 1971). According to Common and Waterhouse (1981, as cited by CABI, 2007) and Smith (1990, as cited by CABI, 2007), vast numbers of individual L

. boeticus can move long

- distance s (CABI,

2007

, Buttiker, 1979). T his pest has been intercepted 260 times since 1985 at U.S. ports

- of

- entry ( Pest ID, 2008 ).

Based on this information, we rated Dispersal Potential as High

. High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact Lampides boeticus destroy s flowers and feed s inside the pods of Fabaceae plant species (Avidov and Harpaz, 1969; Harding, 1971; Hill, 1983). P opulations of this species seldom reach economic injury level (Hill, 1983). In c ontra st , this insect is considered a pest in Israel (Avidov and Harpaz, 1969) . E conomic losses

in commodities such as pods and locules in India are up to 8 percent (CABI, 2007)

, and in Hawaii this is currently the major pest of garden beans (this pest was first captured in Hawaii in 1982) and cause s considerable damage to crops locally (APHIS, 2007b).

Cultural and chemical controls or resistant varieties have been used to contr ol this pest ( CABI, 2007; Avidov and Harpaz, 1969 ). We assume that the implementation of any control strategy will have an economic impact in the Fabaceae production because of the cost increases.

Lampides boeticus would probably become a serious threat t o crops (CABI, 2007; Harding, 1971). This pest is considered a pest of national concern in the United States for soybean production (APHIS, 2007b). Based on this information, we rated the Economic Impact as Medium

. Medium ( 2 )

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact Lampides boeticus is only reported to attack plants in the Fabaceae family. The Endangered and Threatened plant species present in the continental United States for this family are Crotalaria avonensis

, Lupinus aridor um , L

. nipomensis

, sulphureus (= oreganus ) ssp. kincaidii (=var. kincaidii ), and L

. tidestromii High (3)Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 27 Lampides boeticus Risk r atings
(USFWS, 2007).

Lampides boeticus has established in Hawaii (APHIS, 2007b). I f L

. boeticus establishes a breeding colony in the continental United States, it could lead to the implementation of biological and/or chemical control programs . Consequently,

we rated the Environmental Impact a s High

.

Liriomyza huidobrensis Risk r atings

Risk Element #1: Climate

- Host Interaction

L. huidobrensis is present in Africa (Comoros, Mauritius, Reunion, and Seychelles ); Asia (China, India, Indonesia, Israel, Jordan, Korea, Lebanon, Malaysia, Phlilipines, Singapore, Syria,and Thailand ); Central and South America; and Europe (CABI, 2007). W e used geospatial analysis to estimate the potential establishment areas at risk for L. huidobrensis (Appendix E). We

considered areas where L. huidobrensis could complete nine or more generations (≥ 2,520 DD at a base temperature of 7.2°C) and winter temperatures did not consistently reach its supercooling point (

- 19.55°C) to be at risk (Luo et al

., 2002; NAPPFAST , 2007; Magarey et al., 2008 ; Wang et al ., 200 0; Yue and Bao, 2006). From that analysis , we estimate that L. huidobrensis could establish in

USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 5 to 11 in the conterminous United States (Appendix E). Based on this evidence we rated this element High

. High (3)

Risk Element #2: Host Range Liriomyza huidobrensis feeds on multiple plant species in multiple families (CABI, 2007, Steck, 2008). These include Brassica oleracea (Brassicaceae); Dianthus caryophyllus

, and Gypsophila spp. (Caryophyllaceae); Beta vulgaris

and Spinacia oler

aceae (Chenopodiaceae); Cucumis melo (Cucurbitaceae); Lathyrus odoratus

, Medicago

, Melilotus

, Pisum sativum , and Vicia faba ( Leguminosae); Allium cepa and A

. sativum ( Liliaceae); Linum usitatissimum (Linaceae); Oxalis ( Oxalidaceae); Phlox ( Polemoniaceae); Capsicum annuum

, Datura

, Lycopersicon esculentum

, Petunia , and Solanum tuberosum ( Solanaceae ); Tropaeolum majus (Tropaeolaceae); and Viola (Violaceae) ( Steck, 2008)

. Consequently, we rated Host Range a s High

. High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential Liriomyza huidobrensis can have nine generations per year in greenhouse conditions (Yue and Bao, 2006). A female can lay about 100

- 130 eggs in the laboratory ( Prando and da Cruz, 1986

, and Hincapie et al., 1993 ; cited by Dempewolf, 2004)

. In another study, h owever, each female laid as many as 250 eggs ( Parrella et al., 1981 ; cited by Dempewolf

, 2004). Adult flies are capable of limited flight ( CABI/EPPO, 1997 ). This pest can disperse long distances in agricultural commodities ( CABI/EP PO, 1997 ; Steck, 2008). Liriomyza

huidobrensis has been intercepted about 10,000 times at U.S. ports

- of

- entry since 1985 ( Pest ID, 2008 ). Therefore, we rated L

. huidobrensis High for th is r isk

e lement. High (3)Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 28 Liriomyza huidobrensis Risk r atings
Risk Element #4: Economic Impact Liriomyza huidobrensis is a major crop pest that mines leaves, pods and stems (Dempewolf, 2004). This feeding reduces quality and growth

, and increases host mortality (CABI, 2007; Steck, 2008). L

. huidobrensis is one of the main pests on potatoes grown in South America

, some times caus ing total crop loss (Larrain, 2004). It is also a quarantine pest that could cause a loss of markets if introduced ( PestID, 2011 ; CABI, 2007; Steck, 2008). Based on this evidence, we rat ed the Economic Impact a s High

. High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact Liriomyza huidobrensis could feed on the species Allium munzii

, Phlox hirsuta

, and P

. nivalis ssp. texens (USFWS, 2008) , which are listed as endangered or threatened in the continental United States (USFWS, 2008). The introduction of

L. huidobrensis could also cause the implementation of chemical and/or biological control programs (CABI, 2007). Based on this information, we rated

this element High

. High (3)

Maconellicoccus hirsutus Risk r atings

Risk Element #1: Climate

– Host Interaction

Maconellicoccus hirsutus is native to southern Asia (CABI, 2007). It is reported in northern and part of sub

- Saharan Africa, the Middle East, south and southeast Asia, the Far East, Central America, Australia and Oceania (CABI 20 07). Currently, this pest has a limited distribution in the United States (Hawaii, California, and Florida) (Hoy et al 2006). From this, we estimate that it could establish in the United States

in the Plant Hardiness Zones 9

- 11 (Appendix F). Because of its small size, Zone

11 does not count toward the total. One or more of its potential hosts occurs in these zones (USDA

- NRCS, 2008). Thus, we rated Climate

– Host Interaction

Medium for this pest. Medium (2)

Risk Element #2: Host Range This species is extremely polyphagous. It has been recorded on plants in over 200 genera from 73 families, showing some preference for hosts in the Malvaceae, Fabaceae, and Moraceae (CABI, 2007). Therefore, we rated this element High

. High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential Each adult female can lay from 80 to 600 eggs in one week (PPQ

, 2001; CABI, 2007). Hatching occurs in 6

- 9 days (CABI, 2007). As many as 15 generations per

year may occur. In warm conditions, a generation is completed in five weeks; in colder climates, the species can survive cold conditions (especially as eggs) on the host plant or in the soil. Local dispersal is accomplished by the first

- instar crawler via air, water, or on animals (CABI, 2007). All stages may disperse over longer distances through the transport of infested plant materials ( PestID, 2011 ). Based on this evidence, we rat ed the Dispersal Potential as High

. High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact

Maconellicoccus hirsutus attacks a wide range of (usually woody) plants, including agricultural, horticultural, and forest species (CABI, 2007). Feeding on young High (3)Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 29 Maconellicoccus hirsutus Risk r atings
growth causes severe stunting and distortion of leaves, thickening of stems, and a bunchy

- top appearance of shoots; in severe cases the leaves may prematurely fall. Honeydew and sooty mold contamination of fruit may reduce its value. In Grenada, estimated annual losses to crops and the environment from this mealybug were $3.5 million before biological controls were implemented (CABI, 2007). Other crops

seriousl y damaged by M

. hirsutus include cotton in Egypt, with growth sometimes virtually halted; tree cotton in India, with reduction in yield; the fiber crop Hibiscus sabdariffa var. altissima (roselle) in India and Bangladesh, with yield reduction s from 21 and 40 percent ; and grapes in India, with up to 90 percent of bunches destroyed. We assume that the widespread and establishment of this pest in United States could result in a loss of foreign markets for various commodities. T his pest is an A1 pest; thus, est ablishment in the United States may lead to loss of export markets (EPPO, 2005b). This species is an actual or potential pest of a wide range of economically important plants, and risk associated with its economic impact is

estimated to be High

. Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact Because of its extreme polyphagy, this pest threat ens plants in the continental United States listed as Threatened or Endangered, including the plant species Clitoria fragrans and Crotalaria avonensis (FL) (Fabaceae); Cucurbita

okeechobeensis ssp. okeechobeensis (FL) (Cucurbitaceae); Euphorbia telephioides (FL), Manihot walkerae (TX) (Euphorbiaceae); Helianthus
schweinitzii (NC, SC) and H

. paradoxus (NM, TX) (Asteraceae); Opuntia

treleasei (CA) (Cactaceae); Prunus geni culata (FL) (Rosaceae); Quercus hinckleyi (TX) (Fagaceae); and Ziziphus celata (FL) (Rhamnaceae) ( USFWS, 2008). As it also is a potential threat to a number of crops of considerable economic value in the United States ( e.g

. , soybean, cotton, corn, citrus, grapes; CABI, 2007), its introduction into additional mainland states would likely lead to the initiation of chemical or biological control programs. Currently, this species is the target of an official program of biological control throughout its present range in the United States (PPQ

, 2001). This pest has been targeted for biological control in regions and other countries, such as the Caribbean, Egypt, and India (EPPO, 2005b). Based on this information, we rat ed the Environmental Impact a s High

. High (3)

Phoma exigua var. diversispora Risk r atings

Risk Element #1: Climate

- Host Interaction Phoma exigua var. diversispora is distributed in mid

- to high

- altitude regions of

East and Central Africa, western Europe, and Central and South America (Boerema et al., 1981; Boerema et al., 2004; CABI, 2007; Hanson et al., 1993; Rossman, 2008; Shwartz, 1991; Shwartz, 2008). Based on this distribution, we

estimate it could establish in USDA Plant Hardi ness Zones 8

- 10 ( Magarey et al.

, 2008). Hence, we warranted the rating for this risk element a s Medium

. Medium ( 2 )

Risk Element #2: Host Range Phoma exigua var. diversispora attacks common beans, snap beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris ), and cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata ) (Boerema et al., 1981; Boerema et al., Medium (2)Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 30 Phoma exigua var. diversispora Risk r atings
2004; Hanson et al., 1993). is reported on beans and Vigna unguiculata , b oth of

which belong to the Fabaceae family (Boerema et al., 2004; Hanson et al., 1993). These hosts are present in the continental United States ( USDA

- NRCS, 2008 ). Overall, the risk rating for Host Range is Medium

. Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential Infection of the plant by conidia is favored by a relative humidity greater than 80

percent and temperatures between 15

- 20 °C (59

- 68 °F) and less than 28 °C (82.4 °F) (Boerema et al., 1981; Schwartz, 1991). Pycnidia (in concentric rings) are formed on pods that turn black at both ends; they are also formed on the stems and leaves (Boerema et al. , 1981). The fungus survives in crop debris and is

seed

- transmitted as pycnidia (Boerema et al., 1981; Schwartz, 1991). Plants from infected seed died soon after emergence (Boerema et al., 1981). Frequent rains accompanied by wind are needed for infection (Schwartz, 1991). Infected material planted in healthy plots of beans showed that the disease is spread to a

maximum distance of about 5 m within four weeks in wet weather conditions. Most of the time patches of several meters of diameter (in one case was found an elliptical infection site of 5 x 9 m) were formed after planting infected plants (Boerema et al., 1981). This pest has not been intercepted on imported Fabaceae ( PestID, 2011 ). Thus

, we rated Dispersal Potential Medium

. Medium (2)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact Phoma exigua var. diversispora cause s significant crop losses (CIAT, 2004). In a seed production trial in Colombia, losses were about 40 percent under moderate disease pressure ( Schwartz et al.

, 1981, cited by Hanson et al

. , 1993). Generally, seed yield losses are more severe following early infection and premature defoliation. Therefore, we rated Economic Impact for this fungi as High

. High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

No Threatened and Endangered species are related to the genera Phaseolus and

Vicia in the continental United States (USFWS, 2007) , and the fungi is unlikely

to affect other genera in the Fabaceae family. The establishment of this pathogen

in the continental United States could lead to the implementation of eradication and management strategies

. Based on this evidence, we rated this risk element

Medium

. Medium (2)

Spodoptera littoralis Risk r atings

Risk Element #1: Climate

- Host Interaction Spodoptera littoralis is reported throughout the Mediterranean countries, including Spain, Portugal, Greece, and Italy, as well as the Middle East, Israel, Egypt, and Africa. It was imported into central and southern Europe (CABI, 2007; Zhang, 1994). T he potential areas where t he pest could establish are Plant

Hardiness Zones 8 to 11 ( Magarey et al. , 2008). Because of its small size, Zone

11 does not count toward the total. Consequently, the risk rating for this risk

element for S. littoralis is Medium

. Medium (2)Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 31 Spodoptera littoralis Risk r atings

Risk Element #2: Host Range Spodoptera littoralis is a pest of greenhouse crops and vegetables ( CABI, 2007; Zhang, 1994). The host range of S. littoralis covers over 40 families, containing at least 87 species of plants of economic importance (CABI, 2007) , such as cotton ( Gossypium spp.), tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum ), potato ( Solanum

tuberosum ), tomato ( Lycopersicum esculentum ), onion ( Allium cepa ), citrus ( Citrus spp.), beans ( Phaseolus spp.), carrots ( Daucus carota ), peppers ( Capsicum annuum ), grapes ( Vitis spp.), and alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ) (CABI, 2007). Based on this evidence, we rat ed this risk element High for S. littoralis

. High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential The lifecycle of Spodoptera littoralis can be completed in about five weeks

CABI/EP PO, 1997 ). This species produces ten generations each year, but only seven generations in greenhouses (Fraval, 1997). Females lay 1000

- 2000 eggs in

masses of 100

- 300 CABI/EPPO, 1997 ). Fecundity is adversely affected by high temperature and low humidity; th e highest numbers of eggs (about 960) are produced at 30°C (86°F) and 90 percent relative humidity (RH) , and fewer eggs (145) at 35°C (95°F) and 30 percent RH CABI/EPPO, 1997 ). Newly laid eggs of

one strain of S. littoralis survive d exposure to 1°C (33.8°F ) for eight days CABI/EPPO, 1997 ).

T he moths can fly at least 1.5 km during a period of four hours overnight (Salama and Shoukry, 1972; cited by CABI and EPPO

, 1997 ) , facilitating dispersion and oviposition on different hosts. In international trade, eggs or larvae may be present on planting material, cut flowers, or vegetables CABI/EPPO, 1997 ). It has been intercepted 117 times at U.S. ports

- of

- entry ( PestID, 2011 ). Based on this evidence, we rat ed the Dispersal Potential for S.

littoralis a s High

. High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact Spodoptera littoralis is one of the most destructive agricultural Lepidopteran pests within its subtropical and tropical range. It can attack numerous economically important crops such as cotton, cowpea, groundnuts, potatoes, tomatoes, and other vegetable crops, including protected crops, year

- round CABI/EPPO, 1997 ) . These crops are widespread in the continental United States (NRCS , 2008) . This pest is a pest of national concern in the United States for soybean and oat production (APHIS, 2007a).

T he establishment of S

. littoralis increases costs because of the different control strategies (chemical, biological, phytosanitary measures) needed

, according to the New Pest Response Guidelines (USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ, 2005). In addition, this pest could cause the loss of international and inter state markets since it would be considered a quarantine pest by other countries CABI/EPPO, 1997 ). Based on this evidence, we rated Economic Impact for it as High

. High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

F amilies that S. littoralis attacks that contain Endangered and Threatened plant species in the continental United States are Amaranthaceae ( Amaranthus pumilus ), Asteraceae ( Helianthus paradoxus

, H

. schweinitzii

, Senecio High (3)Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 32 Spodoptera littoralis Risk r atings
franciscanus

, S

. layneae ), Cactaceae ( Opuntia treleasei ), Fabaceae ( Trifolium

amoenum , T

. stoloniferum

, T

. trichocalyx ), Fagaceae ( Quercus hinckleyi ), Liliaceae (

Allium munzii ), Cucurbitaceae ( Cucurbita okeechobeensis ssp. okeechobeensis ), Rosaceae ( Prunus geniculata ), and Verbenaceae ( Verbena californica ) (USFWS, 2007). T he establishment of this pest could lead to the implementation of chemical and biological control programs in an effort to eradicate the pest. Based on this evidence, we rated this risk element High

.

Table 4. Risk rating for consequences of introduction.

Pest Risk Elements Cumulative risk rating a 

### Climate

- host

interaction Host

range Dispersal

potential Economic

impact Environ.

impact
Chrysodeixis chalcites Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14)
Helicoverpa armigera High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (15)
Lampides boeticus High (3) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (13)
Liriomyza huidobrensis High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (15)

Maconellicoccus hirsutus Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14)
Phoma exigua var. diversispora Med (2) Med (2) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) Med (11)

Spodoptera littoralis Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14)

a 

### Low is 5

- 8 points, Medium is 9

- 12 points, and High is 13

- 15 points

2.7. Likelihood of Introduction

We rated e ach pest for the Likelihood of Introduction based on two separate components. First,

we estimate d the amount of commodity likely to be imported ( sub

- element 1). Secondly, we rated pest opportunity using five biological factors ( sub

- element s 2

- 6). We summarized t hese ratings and the value for the Likelihood of Introduction below ( Table 6 )

.

2.7.1. Quantity of commodity imported annually Volume imported is assessed in terms of the number of 40

- foot long sea shipping containers expected (approximately 18,143 kg, or 40,000 pounds ) (FAS, 2008). In Jordan in 2006, the total production of beans was 235.4 ha : 202 ha in open field plantations and 33 ha protected under standard plastic tunnels . T otal produc tion is 3,307 tons (Jordan Ministry of Agriculture, 2007)

, and they expect to export 200 tons (400,000 pounds ) of beans to the continental United States annually (EHKJ, 2004). Thus, t he volume of the commodity to be exported per year could be 10 containers, which represents a Medium risk volume.

2.7.2. Survive post

- harvest treatment

Little research has been done on post

- harvest treatment s for commodities from Jordan (MOP, 2000). However, fresh beans should be harvested when the fruit is bright green, the pod is fleshy and seeds are small and green (Cantwell and Suslow, 2007). A fter th en , seed development reducesPest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 33 quality and the pod becomes pithy and tough and looses green color. Beans should be removed cleanly without damage to the pods, and without expos ing harvested pods to the sun (Boyette et al., 1914). Postharvest and storage optimum s are 5

- 7.5°C (41

- 45°F) for temperature and 95

- 100

pe rcent for relative humidity (Cantwell and Suslow, 2007). We based o ur ratings on this

information and the post harvest processes described by the Jordan Ministry of Agriculture (Appendix G)

.

Lepidoptera

. Chrysodeixis chalcites larvae develop externally a nd excavate deep into the pods

, sometimes cutting them in two (CABI, 2007)

. Young larvae of Helicoverpa armigera feed on the flowers and then bore into the pods to eat the developing seed ; holes made in pods allow weathering, seed discolouration, and lead to the crop being downgraded (Brier, 2006)

. These lesions turn brown or black (CABI, 2007)

. Lampides boeticus larvae penetrate young seedpods, gnaw at the ripening seeds, and pass from pod to pod in order to obtain sufficient food (Avidov and Harpaz, 1969)

. Therefore, because these pests cause visible damage to pods, t he rating here

is Low

.

Spodoptera littoralis larvae burrow into the pods , however. Some would probably be detected

due to the presence of frass and visible feeding damage (CABI, 2007)

, but small neonate larvae may escape detection during normal post

- harvest procedures CABI/EPPO, 1997 )

. Thus, we rated this pest Medium

.

Liriomyza huidobrensis

. A dult females of this species produce visible punctures

, and the larva generate noticeable leaf mines lined with frass (CABI, 2006; Steck, 2008). Thus , the likelihood of survival for this pest is Low

.

Maconellicoccus hirsutus . This pest is an external feeder and can produce a woolly w ax covering, honeydew, sooty mold and fruit deformities that could be detected by visual inspection (CABI, 2007 ; PERAL, 200 9 ). Small infestations may be difficult to detect without a light microscope but we considered that the implementation of culling pro cesses in Jordan beans would

par tially mitigate this pest (CABI, 2007 ; PERAL

, 2009 ). Because of this, we ranked M. hirsutus

Medium to survive post harvest treatment.

Phoma exigua var. diversispora

. Post harvest procedures such as cooling typically do not mitigate fungi, but prompt cooling at 10 °C after harvest avoids decay of pods produced by Phoma exigua var. diversispora ( Snowdon, 1992 ). Likewise, infected pods with clear signs are culled but initially infections are highly unlikely to be detected visual ly during post

- harvest processing. We rated this sub

- element High for this pest.

2.7.3. Survive shipment Phoma exigua var. diversispora . This fungus survives in pods and is a seed

- borne pathogen ( Boerema et al., 1981; Schwartz, 1991 )

. D uring shipment , the fungus could continue to develop

on pods that escaped culling. Thus, we rated it High for this sub

- element.

Lepidoptera and Diptera

. Interception s of living pest stages from beans ( PestID, 2011 ) show that the Lepidopterans, Helicoverpa armigera and Lampides boeticus , as well as the Dipteran, Liriomyza huidobrensis

, can survive shipment ( Table 5). We rated these three pests High

.Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 34 Others . For the other pests, we had no detailed information on the transport of Jordanian beans, so we assumed that the transport conditions would be close to those recommended by McGregor (1987). Those conditions include temperatures of 4

- 7°C, w hich are not particularly severe. Therefore, we rated all other pests as High risk for this sub

- element

.

Table 5 . Organisms intercepted at U.S. ports

- of

- entry, and no. of individuals of different stages found (if applicable), from 1984 to 2010 on beans from any countries. Organism Interception s (no.) Alive individuals found (no.)

Immatures Pupae Adults Eggs Helicoverpa armigera 15 14 0 0 0 Lampides boeticus 23 50 0 0 0 Liriomyza huidobrensis 3 2 0 1 0

2.7.3. Not detected at the port

- of

- entry Phoma exigua var. diversispora . This pathogen infect s pods and is seed

- transmitted , but has

never been intercept ed at a U.S. port

- of

- entry

. Recently

- infected pods could not be detected during post

- harvest processing but signs appear within a week after infect ion occurs (Schmit and Baudoin, 1992) ; this fact would make visual inspection at the port

- of

- entry possible

. We rated it

Medium for this sub

- element

.

Liriomyza huidobrensis . This pest is an external feeder that is often intercepted at U.S. ports

- of

entry , s o we rated it Low

.

Other arthropods. T he Lepidopterans, Chrysodeixis chalcites

, Helicoverpa armigera , and Lampides boeticus have been i ntercepted often at U.S. ports

- of

- entry

, indicat ing that the ir risk is

Low for this sub

- element

.

We rated Maconellicoccus hirsutus and Spodoptera littoralis Medium, however. That was

because infestations of M. hirsutus are difficult to detect without a light microscope ( CABI,

2007 ) and first instars (neonates) of S

. littoralis larvae are not visually detected (CABI, 2007)

.

2.7.4. Moved to suitable habitat

Gr een beans are widely accepted across American society, so we assume they will be distributed throughout the c ontinental United States (PPQ, 2008). Therefore, our ratings are based on the proportional population in the areas suitable for pest establishment (Climate

- Host interactions, above). Zone 9, by itself, includes more than 20 percent of the population ( PERAL, 2008 b ), and all pests of concern here can establish in that and other zones. Therefore, the rating for this sub

element for a l l pests is High.

2.7.5. Come into contact with host material suitable for reproduction Even if the final destination of infested commodities is suitable for pest survival, pests must still come in contact with suitable host material. This process is dependent on two factor s: the pest’s potential for dispersal and the presence of host material in the region.Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 35 Fung us

. For Phoma exigua var. diversispora to establish

, pycnidia and conidia formed on debris pods or seeds would have to reach primary and susceptible hosts ( Allen et al., 1996; NRCS,

2010 ; Snowdon, 1992 ; Schwartz et al., 2005 b ) . This pathogen disperses short distance s in watersplash ( Allen et al., 1996 ). M ost unconsumed pods will likely be discarded , reducing the opportunity for this pathogen to reach other ho sts. Based on this data, we rated it Medium

.

Diptera

. Lyriomyza huidobrensis is likely to find numerous hosts available. Therefore, we rated

it High

.

Lepidopterans C

. chalcites

, H

. armigera

, L

. boeticus , and S

. littoralis oviposit and reproduce on numerous plants (Cunningham et al., 1999; Kravchenko et al., 2005; Zhang, 1994 ) . T hese Lepidopterans also have a very great migratory dispers al ability ( Spitzer and Jaros, 2004; Vajgand, et al., 2004; CABI, 2007; CABI and EPPO , 1997 ). These pests could reach either cultivated or native hosts that are present in the continental United States

. We rat ed the risk that these Lepidopteran pests will contact host material a s High

.

Mealybug : Maconellicoccus hirsutus disperses passive ly by wind , and actively in the crawler

stage

, but may not easily contact a host (CABI, 2007). Thus , we rated it Medium

.

Table 6

. Ris k rating for likelihood of introduction. The rating for all pe sts for ‘Quantity imported annually’ was Medium. a

Pest Sub

- Element Cumulative

Risk Rating b Survive
post

- harvest

treatment Survive

shipmen t Not detected

at port

- of

entry Moved to

suitable

habitat Contact

with host

material
Chrysodeixis chalcites Low (1) High (3) Low (1) High (3) High (3) Medium ( 13 )
Helicoverpa armigera Low (1) High (3) Low (1) High (3) High (3) Medium ( 13 )
Lampides boeticus Low (1) High (3) Low (1) High (3) High (3) Medium ( 13 )
Liriomyza

huidobrensis Low (1) High (3) Low (1) High (3) High (3) Medium ( 13 )

Maconellicoccus

hirsutus Med ( 2 ) High (3) Med ( 2 ) High (3) Med (2) Medium ( 14 )

Phoma exigua var. diversispora High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (3) Med ( 2 ) High ( 1 5 )

Spodoptera littoralis Med ( 2 ) High (3) Med ( 2 ) High (3) High (3) High ( 15 )

a 

### This rating adds 2 pts to each row total.

b 

### Low is 6

- 9 points, Medium is 10

- 14 points, and High is 15

- 18 points.

2.8. Pest Risk Potential and Conclusion

Chrysodeixis chalcites, Helicoverpa armigera

, Liriomyza huidobrensis

, Maconellicoccus

hirsutus

, and Spodoptera littoralis had High p est r isk po tential s (Table 7 )

. T he Lepidopteran

, Lampides boeticus

, and the fungus, Phoma exigua var. diversispora , had Medium pest risk potential s

. Port

- of

- entry inspection for these pests is not considered sufficient to providePest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 36 phytosanitary security. The choice of appropriate measures to mitigate risk is undertaken as part of Risk Management and is not addressed in this document , but w e present mitigation options

below ( Appendix A )

.

Table 7

. Pest risk potential.

Pest Cumulative Risk Ratings Pest Risk

Potential a 

### Consequences of

Introduction Likelihood of

Introduction
Spodoptera littoralis High (14) High (15) High (29)
Helicoverpa armigera High (15) Medium (13) High (28)
Liriomyza huidobrensis High (15) Medium (13) High (28)

Maconellicoccus hirsutus High (14) Medium (14) High (28)
Chrysodeixis chalcites High (14) Medium (13) High (27)
Lampides boeticus High (13) Medium (13) Medium (26)
Phoma exigua var. diversispora Med (11) High (15) Medium (26)

a 

### Low is 11

- 18 points, Medium is 19

- 26 points, and High is 27

- 33 points.



## 3. Author and Reviewers

Author: N. Arciniegas. Agronomist/Plant Pathologist a 

### , Pest Risk Analyst

Reviewers: Cynthia Landry, Pest Risk Analyst b


### John Rogers, Pest Risk Analyst b

a 

### USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ

- CPHST

- PERAL, Bogota, Colombia

b 

### USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ

- CPHST

- PERAL, Raleigh, NC



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### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 52 

## 5. Appendices

Appendix A. Risk management options for importation of beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) from

Jordan into the continental United States.

Above, we determined that the insects Chrysodeixis chalcites

, Helicoverpa armigera

, Liriomyza

huidobrensis

, Maconellicoccus hirsutus

, and Spodoptera littoralis , had High pest risk potentials,

and that the insect Lampides boeticus and the fungi Phoma exigua var. diversispora had Medium pest risk potential s

. Even if the commodity is subjected to port

- of

- entry inspections, t he quarantine significant pests in this document will require additional mitigation measures

.

B elow we present a list of alternatives for mitigat ing the introduction of the quarantine pests above ( Table A1 ) . This list is based on current existing fruits and vegetables regulations (7CFR §319.56) for approved beans and mitigation options specific to the quarantine pests of concern that could apply to bea ns or to the quarantine pests.

This document does not purport to establish specific work plans or to evaluate the reliability of a specific program or systems approach; it provides information regarding known mitigation measures. The specification and imp lementation of measures, as would be present in an operational work plan, is beyond the scope of this document. A detailed examination and selection of appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate risk for pests with particular Pest Risk Potential rating s is undertaken as part of the APHIS risk management phase. APHIS risk management programs are risk

- based and dependent on the availability of appropriate mitigation

methods.

Table A1. Risk mitigation options for beans from Jordan.

Measure(s) Pests Efficacy

Pest

- free areas or places of production All Inspections of a proposed work plan (Approved by

USDA

- APHIS) are required to demonstrate efficacy.

All these measures are used as a viable alternative to

post

- harvest processes and to quarantine treatments (NAPPO, 2004). These options could be used as a sole mitigation measure, or as a component of a systems approach. In any case, they may serve to sati sfy the appropriate level of phytosanitary protection and need to comply with international standards (IPPC, 2009: ISPM #10; IPPC, 2009: ISPM #14).
Areas of low pest prevalence All This alternative may satisfy requirements for appropriate level of protection alone, or in combination with other measures (IPPC, 2009: ISPM #14). Practices for low pest prevalence status need to comply with international standards (IPPC, 2009: ISPM #22).
Low pest prevalence as a part of a systems approach All Inspection s of the proposed work plan are required to demonstrate efficacy. For appropriate level of protection, a combination of measures is needed for this proposal.Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 53 Measure(s) Pests Efficacy

Control measures at production site: chemical, biological, cultural, physical

means, or integrated

management All A combination of field level controls (insecticidal sprays, natural enemies, trapping, sanitation, resistant plants etc.), followed by inspection at the packinghouse and the respective certificates from the NPPO could give a level of confidence that the produce is free of the quarantine pests to help meet requirements for areas of low pest prevalence or pest

free areas (IPPC, 2009: ISPM #10). Research is necessary to demonstrate effectiveness.
Helicoverpa armigera, Chrysodeixis chalcites There is availability of a Phytosanitary certificate of inspection that is required by §319.37

– 4 that accompanies plants of Pelargonium spp. from the Canary Islands for these Lepidopterans. Must contain additional declarations stating that the pl ants were produced in an approved Spanish (Canary Island) production site, that the production site is operated by a grower participating in the export program for Pelargonium spp. plants established by the national plant protection organization of Spain, and that the plants were grown under conditions (§319.37

– 5(u)) to prevent infestation with Helicoverpa armigera and Chrysodeixis chalcites . In this case, there are also product ion sites required in which produced Pelargonium spp. plants must be registered with the national plant protection organization of Spain. Such production sites must employ safeguards agreed on by APHIS and the national plant protection organization of Spai n, including, but not limited to, prescribed mesh screen size (if the production site is a screenhouse) and automatically closing doors, to ensure the exclusion of H. armigera. Inspectors from both APHIS and the national plant protection organization of Sp ain will have access to the production site as necessary to ensure that growers are employing the proper safeguards against infestation of H. armigera and , C.

chalcites and that those safeguards are correctly implemented (PPQ, 2009).
Helicoverpa armigera ; Spodoptera litura In peppers, the presence of these Lepidopterans is avoided by the following requirement: each consignment of peppers must be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate of inspection issued by the National Plant Protection Organization o f Korea bearing the following additional declaration: “These peppers were grown in greenhouses in accordance with

the conditions in 7CFR 319.56

- 2qq and were inspected

and found free from Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura .” Peppers must arrive at t he U.S.

port

- of

- entry in insect

- proof cartons or cartons covered with an insect proof tarpaulin ( 7 CFR § 319.37

- 5,Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 54 Measure(s) Pests Efficacy

2008 ).
Integrated control program and monitoring All (including fungi) Research is required to demonstrate efficacy.

Irradiation a All Irradiation practices are to comply with international standards (IPPC, 2009: ISPM #18). Approved by APHIS to treat internal and external pests. Except pupae and adults of the order Lepidoptera
Chrysodeixis chalcites

, Helicoverpa armigera, Lampides boeticus , and

S podoptera littoralis For l arvae of the order Lepidoptera a generic dose of 400 Gray

, bu t not exceeding 1000 G ra y
, c an be used ( 7 CFR § 301, 305, 318, 319. 2006 ; PPQ, 2009).

Lepidopterans MB approved for Helicoverpa armigera

, Spodoptera

li ttoralis, and other Lepidopterans in other

commodities different from beans.

Treatment:

T101: Methyl

Bromide Fumigation External feeders:

Lepidoptera and Thysanoptera T101. (T101

- b

- 1 and T101

- n

- 2). This treatment is

available for commodities different to beans. There is not information on the availability of this treatement for these pests in beans (PPQ, 2009 ).
Methyl Bromide Fumigation at

NAP

- tarpaulin or

chamber For other Lepidopterans

pests on fresh bean

different from the quarantine ones in this pest

risk assessment and leaf

miners

. T101

- k

- 2

- 1 MB is approved to mitigate the Lepidopterans Cydia fabivora

, Epinotia aporema , and

Maruca testulalis (exotic legume pod borers) and leaf miners in snap, string, yard

- long beans, peas, pigeon peas, and lablab bea ns. Temperatures used are as

follows: 1) 26.6 ° C ( 80 °F ) or above, dosage rate (lb/1,000 ft 3 ) is 1.5lbs, with minimum concentration readings of 19 and 14 ounces at 0.5 and 2 hours, respectively. 2) 21.1

- 26.1 ° C ( 70

- 79 °F ) , dosage rate (lb/1,000 ft 3 ) is 2 lbs, w ith minimum concentration readings of 26 and 19 ounces at 0.5, and 2 hours, respectively. 3) 15.5

- 20.5 ° C ( 60

- 69 °F ) , dosage rate (lb/1,000 ft 3 ) is 2.5 lbs, with minimum concentration readings of 32 and 24 ounces at 0.5, and 2 hours, respectively. 4) 10

- 15 ° C ( 50

- 59 °F ) , dosage rate (lb/1,000 ft 3 ) is 3 lbs, with minimum concentration readings of 38 and 29 ounces at 0.5, and 2 hours, respectively ( PPQ, 2009 ).
Methyl Bromide Fumigation in 15”

vacuum

- chamber For other Lepidopterans

pests on fresh bean

different to the quarantine ones in this pest risk

assessment and leaf

miners. T101

- k

- 2 MB is approved to mitigate the Lepidoptera Cydia fabivora

, Epinotia aporema , and Maruca

testulalis (exotic legume pod borers) and leaf miners in snap, string, yard

- long beans, peas , pigeon peas, and lablab beans. Temperatures used are as follows: 1) 32.2 ° C ( 90 °F ) or above, dosage rate (lb/1,000 ft 3 ) is 0.5 lbs, and exposure period of 1.5 hours. 2) 26.6

- 31.6 ° C ( 80

- 89 °F ) , dosage rate (lb/1,000 ft 3 ) is 1 lb, and exposure period of 1.5 h ours. 3) 21.1

- 26.1 ° C ( 70

- 79 °F ) , dosage rate (lb/1,000 ft 3 )Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 55 Measure(s) Pests Efficacy
is 1.5 lbs, and exposure period of 1.5 hours. 4) 15.5

- 20.5 ° C ( 60

- 69 °F ) , dosage rate (lb/1,000 ft 3 ) is 2.0 lbs, and exposure period of 1.5 hours. 5) 10

- 15 ° C ( 50

- 59 °F ) , dosage rate (lb/1,000 ft 3 ) is

2.5 lbs, and exposure period of 1.5 hours.

4.44

- 9.44 ° C ( 40

- 49 °F ) , dosage rate (lb/1,000 ft 3 ) is 3 lbs, and exposure period of 1.5 hours (PPQ, 2009).
The fungi: Phoma exigua

var. diversispora

. The

insects: Lepidopterans, and Liriomyza huidobrensis Commodi ty from greenhouses and field crops need to be inspected and found free of these pests.

Point

- of

- entry sampling and inspection including fruit cuttings Internal feeders:

Chrysodeixis chalcites Helicoverpa armigera, Lampides boeticus, and Spodoptera littoralis A cut fruit sampling size could be adequate to detect

infestation if other efficient additional measures to this proposal are used.

Systems Approach All (including fungi) This measure includes one or more of the above

mentioned practices (IPPC, 2009: ISPM #14). This measure, which is a combination of mitigation alternatives, meets the appropriate level of phytosanitary protection and confidence when supporting evidence is a vailable.

Approved by APHIS to manage and mitigate all quarantine pests. This measure, which is a combination of mitigation alternatives, meets the appropriate level of phytosanitary protection and confidence when supporting evidence is available. Additional research is required for all pests.

a The high level of security afforded by a quarantine treatment may be overwhelmed by a large volume of an infested commodity [as demonstrated in a fruit fly study by Powell (2003)]. For this reason, adoption of a particular quarantine treatment is to be used in conjunction with efforts that maintain pest populations in production zones below specified densities as would satisfy requirements for the establishment of areas of low pest prevalence ( 

### IPPC, 2009: IS PM #22 ).Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 56 Appendix B. Countries with permitted entry of beans into the United States.

Table B1. Countries from which beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) are allowed to enter the United States ( PPQ, 2008a ).
Country Common name Port

- of

- entry and

Procedures a

All countries of the West Indies (ACWI) Bean (pod or shelled) PR, US (VI)
Antigua and Barbuda (ACWI) Bean (shelled) All 1, 2

Aruba Bean, garden NA 1

Bean, garden (pod or shelled) SAG 1, 3

Bahamas Bean (pod) All 1, 2

Bean (shelled) All

Barbados Bean (shelled) All 1, 2

Bean (pod) NA 1, 2

Belgium Bean, garden (pod or shelled) NA 1

Belize Bean (pod or shelled) NA 1, 2

Cayman Islands Bean (shelled) All 1, 2

Bean (pod) NA 1, 2

Colombia Bean, garden (pod or shelled) NA 1

Bean, garden (shelled only) All 1

Costa Rica Bean, garden All and NP 1, 3

Dominica Bean (pod) NA 1, 2

Bean (shelled) All
Dominican Republic Bean (pod) NA 1, 2

Bean (shelled) All 1, 2

Ecuador Bean (pod or shelled) NA 1, 2

El Salvador Bean, garden (pod) All 1, 3

Bean, garden (shelled) All

France Bean (pod or shelled) All 4

Grenada Bean (pod) NA 1, 2

Bean (shelled) All
Guadalupe and St. Barthelemy Bean (pod) NA 1, 2

Bean (shelled) All

Guatemala Bean, garden (pod or shelled) All 1

Guyana Bean (pod or shelled) NA 1

Haiti Bean (shelled) All
Bean (pod) NA 1 : SAG location 3

Honduras Bean, garden, All 1, 5

Italy (includes Sicily) Bean, garden (pod or shelled) All 1

Jamaica Bean (shelled) All
Bean (pod) NA 1 : SAG location 3

Japan (from all areas other than Amami, Bonin, Ryukyu, Tokara, and Volcano Islands) Bean, garden (pod or shelled), (hothouse grown) Hawaii 6

Bean, garden (pod or shelled) Guam and CNMIPest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 57 Country Common name Port

- of

- entry and

Procedures a

Korea Bean, string (pod or shelled) Guam and CNMI
Martinique Bean (pod) NA 1

Bean (shelled) All

Mexico Bean (pod or shelled) All 1, 7

Montserrat Bean (shelled) All
Bean (pod) NA 1, 2

Morocco Bean, garden (pod or shelled) All 1

Netherlands Bean, garden (pod or shelled) All 1

Netherlands Antilles Bean (pod or shelled) NA 1

New Zealand Bean (pod or shelled) All 8

Nicaragua Green bean (pod) All 9, 10

Green bean (shelled) All

Panama Bean, garden (pod) All 9, 10

Bean, garden (shelled) All

Peru Bean (pod or shelled) NA 1

Romania Bean, lima and garden (pod or shelled) NA 1

Saint Kitts and Nevis Bean (pod) NA 1, 2

Bean (shelled) All

Saint Lucia Bean (pod) NA 1, 2

Bean (shelled) All

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Bean (pod) NA 1 : SAG location 3

Bean (shelled) All
Senegal Beans, garden (pod or shelled) NA 3, 9

Spain from Peninsular Spain and the Balearic Islands (Ibiza, Mallorca, and Menorca): Bean, garden (pod or shelled) All

Suriname Bean (pod or shelled) NA 1

Trinidad and Tobago Bean (shelled or pod) NA 1

Bean (shelled) All 1

Venezuela Bean (pod or shelled) NA 1

a ACWI : All cou n tries of the West Indies; All: All ports

- of

- entry; CNMI : Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana
Islands; G: Gulf Port; NA: North Atlantic; NP: North Pacific; PR: Puerto Rico; SA: South Atlantic ; SAG: South Atlantic Gulf; US (VI): The United States (Virgin Is lands).

1 Hold consignment and contact PPQ through proper channels. If Cydia fabivora, Epinotia aporema, or Maruca

testulalis is found, see the special procedures for taking regulatory action on beans infested with these pests.

2 If destined to a SAG locat ion, then require T104

- a

- 1.

3 T101

- k

- 2 or T101

- k

- 2

- 1 treatment(s) are required.

4 Must be accompanied by a certificate issued by an official of the French Ministry of Agriculture stating that the beans were grown and packed in France

— otherwise, prohibit entry.

5 T101

- k

- 23 treatment is required.

6 If a small quantity of Japanese produce entering Hawaii and a noncommercial consignment, see Non commercial Quantities of Japanese Produce Entering Hawaii.

7 Garden beans are not eligible for the NARP.

8 Ivy gour d ( Coccinia grandis ) is prohibited entry into Hawaii.

9 Because treatment is required, hold consignment and contact PPQ through proper channels.

10 T101

- k

- 2 or T101

- k

- 2

- 110 treatments are required.Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 58 Appendix C. Decision sheets for Phaseolus spp. and beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris ).

Table C1. Decision sheets of the United States for importing beans and Phaseolus spp. (CPHST, 2008)

Year Country Decision Commodity Port

- of

- Entry a Reasons/Conditions b

1923 Chile Rejected Phaseolus spp.

- - 1923 Mexico Approved Phaseolus spp. Border

1923 Bermuda Disapproved Phaseolus spp.

- - 1924 China Rejected Phaseolus spp.

- - 1925 Azores Rejected Phaseolus spp.

- - 1925 Bermuda Rejected Phaseolus spp.

- - 1925 Italy Rejected Phaseolus spp.

- - 1927 Palestine Rejected Phaseolus spp.

- - 1925 Bahamas Rejected Phaseolus spp.

- - 1927 Barbados Rejected Phaseolus spp.

- - 1932 Cayman Islands Rejected Phaseolus spp.

- - 1932 Mexico Approved Phaseolus spp.

- No records of fruit flies attacking

this host in Mexico

1936 Egypt Disapproved Phaseolus spp.

- Ceratitis capitata is reported attacking string beans in Hawaii and

lima beans Bermuda

1961 Aruba Approved Phaseolus spp. (String bean) NA, SA, G Mandatory fumigation at SA and

Gulf port

1962 Mexico Approved Phaseolus spp. (String bean) California Subject to inspection

1962 New Zealand Approved Phaseolus spp. (String bean) Honolulu Fumigation with methyl bromide

1965 Colombia Approved Phaseolus spp. (String bean) NA

-

1967 Brazil Disapproved Phaseolus spp. (String bean) - -

1969 Venezuela Approved Phaseolus spp. (Beans, green pod) NA Subject to inspection treatment if

warranted

1969 Japan Approved Phaseolus spp. (String bean) Hawaii Subject to inspection on arrival (hot

house grow)

1970 Thailand Disapproved Phaseolus spp. (String bean) Guam Fruit fly eradication in Guam

1970 Ecuador Approved Phaseolus spp. (Beans, pod or shelled) NA When destined N. of Baltimore and E. of Great Falls and Salt Lake City; fumigation not required for Maruca, Epinotia

, Laspeyresia

. 1970 Philipines Disapproved Phaseolus spp. All ports

1972 Hong Kong Approved Phaseolus spp. Guam (Adana) Subject to inspection

1973 Costa Rica Approved Phaseolus spp. NA Subject to inspection and Manual

instructionsPest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 59 Year Country Decision Commodity Port

- of

- Entry a Reasons/Conditions b

1974 Saint Vincent,

West Inides Approved Phaseolus spp. (String bean) PR Subject to inspection

1974 Andos island,

Bahamas Approved Phaseolus spp. (String bean) All Subject to inspection if warranted by pest findings

1974 Guyana Approved Phaseolus spp. (String bean) NA Inspection and treatment if warranted by pest findings

1978 Cook Islands Disapproved Phaseolus spp. (String bean) Los angeles No approved treatments for insect pests and exotic rust strain

1979 New Hebriedes

Islands Disapproved Phaseolus spp. (String bean) Honolulu, Los

Angeles, San Francisco,

Seattle Exotic borer, no treatment

1979 New Zealand Approved Phaseolus spp. (String bean) All Inspected and freedom from plant pest and diseases. Certification required for red legged earth mite

1979 Kenya Disapproved Phaseolus spp. (Beans) Various exotic fruit flies for which no approved treatments are

available. Ceratitis capitata and

Dacus cucurbitae are reported to rarely attack this host. Pest

- host data is lacking.

1980 Kenya Disapproved Phaseolus spp. (String bean) All No approved treatments

1980 Senegal Approved Phaseolus spp. (String bean) NA 1. Inspection and treatment if warranted by pest findings

2. Ceratitis capitata and Dacus

ciliatus are reported to rarely attack

this host. Pest

- host data is lacking.

1981 Guatemala Approved Phaseolus spp. (String bean) All Inspection and treatment

1981 Italy Approved Phaseolus spp. (String bean) All Inspection and treatment if

warranted

1981 Spain Approved Phaseolus spp. (String bean) All Inspection and treatment if

warranted

1981 South Africa Disapproved Green beans No approved treatment for complex of pests, including Dacus ciliatus

, Maruca testulalis , and Lampides

boeticus

1982 France Approved Phaseolus spp. (String bean) All Inspection and treatment

1983 South Africa Disapproved Phaseolus spp. (String bean) All No approved treatments for complex

pests

1983 Morocco Approved Phaseolus spp. (Green beans) Inspection and treatment if warranted by pest findings

1985 Costa Rica Approved Phaseolus spp. (Greenbeans) NA and NP Inspection and fumigationPest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 60 Year Country Decision Commodity Port

- of

- Entry a Reasons/Conditions b

1986 Phillipines Disapproved Phaseolus spp. (Greenbeans) All Not treatment available

1986 Ghana Disapproved Phaseolus spp. (Greenbeans) All Not treatment available

1986 Zimbabwe Disapproved Phaseolus spp. (Greenbeans) All Not treatment available

1986 Zimbabwe Disapproved Phaseolus vulagrais (String bean) - No approved treatments for b ean pod pests

, including Dacus ciliatus

and Esinoe phaseoli

1986 Ghana Disapproved Phaseolus vulagrais (String bean) - A rust disease for which there is no approved treatment

1986 Belize Disapproved Phaseolus spp. (Greenbeans) All Not treatment available

1986 Morocco Approved Phaseolus spp. (Greenbeans) - Inspection and treatment if

warranted

1986 Honduras Approved Phaseolus spp. (Greenbeans) - Inspection and treatment if

warranted

1987 France Approved Phaseolus spp. (Greenbeans) All Certification conferring product was produced in France

1987 Mauritius

Island Disapproved Phaseolus vulgaris (Green Beans) - No complete assessment done.

Dacus cucurbitae , for which no acceptable treatment is available

1988 Cameroon Disapproved Phaseolus spp. (Greenbeans) All No acceptable treatment

1988 Fiji Disapproved Phaseolus spp. (Greenbeans) All No acceptable treatment

1988 Mauritius

Island Disapproved Phaseolus spp. (Greenbeans) All No acceptable treatment for Dacus

cucurbitae

1989 Kenya Dissapproved Phaseolus vulgaris (Immature pods) All Prohibited due to Phakospora pachirhizi , also lack of treatment

data beans.

1990 Panama Approved Phaseolus spp. (Greenbeans) All Beans in pod (T104)/Beans without pods; inspected and treatment if

warranted.

1991 Senegal Disapproved Phaseolus spp. (String bean) All No approved treatments

1992 Kenya Disapproved Phaseolus spp. (Greenbeans) All Prohibited due to Phakospora pachirhizi , lack of treatment data on

beans.

1992

- 1994 El Salvador Approved Phaseolus spp. All Subjected to fumigation

1995 Nicaragua Approved Phaseolus spp. (Greenbeans) All Treatment T10 1

- k

- 2

a ACWI : All coutries of the West Inidies; All: All ports

- of

- entry; CNMI : Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands;
E: East; G: Gulf Port; NA: North Atlantic; N: North; NP: North Pacific; PR: Puerto Rico; SA: South Atlantic; SAG: South Atlantic Gulf; US (VI): The United States (Virgin Islands).Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 61 Appendix D. Pest interceptions on beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) entering the United States

Table D1. Pest interceptions on beans entering the United States from 1985 to 2010 ( PestID, 2011 ).

Pest Origin Where found a Intcpts. (no.)
Acalymma sp. Guatemala PC 2

Acanthoscelides argillaceus Mexico, Peru B 8

Acanthoscelides obreptus France, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Unknown B, PC, S 5

Acanthoscelides obtectus Brazil, Cameroon, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Iran, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Turkey B, GC, PC, S 76

Acanthoscelides obvelatus Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico B, GC, PC, M 47

Acanthoscelides sp. Arme nia, Chile, Guatemala, Honduras, Italy B, GC, PC 6

Acanthoscelides zeteki Honduras B 1
Acrolophus sp. El Salvador B 1

Adoretus sinicus Hawaii B 2
Agriotes sp. Kenya PC 1
Agromyzidae spp. Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, India, Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Unknown, Venezuela B, PC, S 40

Agrostothrips guillarmodi India B 1
Aleyrodidae spp. Mexico PC 1
Algarobius johnsoni Mexico B 1
Algarobius sp. Mexico B 1

Allonemobius sp. Mexico PC 1

Alternaria brassicola Mexico PC 1

Alternaria sp. Mexico PC 2
Ancylostomia stercorea Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Trinidad and Tobago B 4

Anomala sp. Guatemala PC 1

Anthonomus sp. Mexico PC
Aphelenchoides sp. Honduras B 1
Aphididae spp. El Salvador, France, Puerto Rico B, PC 5
Aphis craccivora India B 1
Aphis fabae Netherlands PC 1
Apion sp. El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua B, PC 70

Apionidae spp. Colombia, Guatemala, Mexico, Nigeria B, PC 48
Apis mellifera Mexico GC 1
Araecerus fasciculatus India B 1

Araecerus sp. El Salvador B 1
Arhyssus sp. Mexico PC 2
Artipus sp. Haiti B 1Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 62 Pest Origin Where found a Intcpts. (no.)
Ascochyta boltshauseri India B 1
Ascochyta sp. Brazil S 1
Asphodelus fistulosus Mexico B 5
Asphondylia sp. El Salvador, Guatemala B, PC 5

Ataenius sp. Mexico PC 1
Auchenorrhyncha spp. Dominican Republic B 1
Autographa sp. France PC 1

Avena sterilis Colombia B 1

Bactrocera cucurbitae Hawaii B 2

Bactrocera sp. Hawaii, Philippines B 2
Balanogastris kolae El Salvador B 1

Baridinae spp. El Salvador B 1

Bemisia tabaci Mexico PC 5
Blapstinus sp. El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico B, GC, PC 8
Bostrichidae spp. Mexico PC 1

Bothrotes sp. Mexico GC 1

Braconidae spp. Mexico B 1
Bruchidae spp. Cameroon, El Salvador, France, Honduras, Laos, Mexico, Portugal, Romania, Tanzania, Venezuela B, GC, S 34

Bruchidius atrolineatus Argentina, Cameroon, El Salvador, Eritrea, Ethiopia, France, Ghana, India, Kenya, Nigeria, Togo B 47

Bruchidius

endotubercularis South Korea, Vietnam B 2

Bruchidius sp. Nigeria B 2

Bulimulus corneus Nicaragua B 1

Cadra cautella Colombia, El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, Vietnam B, S 8

Callosobruchus analis India B 1

Callosobruchus chinensis Argentina, South Korea B 2

Callosobruchus maculatus Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Mexico, Morocco, Nigeria, United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland, Vietnam, Zimbabwe PC, B 41

Callosobruchus phaseoli Antigua and Barbuda, India, Kenya, B 15

Callosobruchus

rhodesianus Congo, Nigeria, Zimbabwe B 4

Callosobruchus sp. Ghana, India, Nigeria B 3
Camponotus abdominalis Mexico GC 1
Carpophilus sp. Vietnam B 1
Careydon cassia Ghana B 1
Careydon serratus El Salvador B 1

Catorhintha sp. Mexico PC 1
Cecidomyiidae spp. El Salvador B 1
Centrinaspis sp. Mexico PC 1
Cephaloleia pretiosa India B 1Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 63 Pest Origin Where found a Intcpts. (no.)
Cercospora sp. Haiti, Puerto Rico B 3
Ceroplastes sp. Haiti B 1
Cerotoma atrofasciata Mexico B 1
Cerotoma dilatipes Mexico PC 1

Chaetocnema sp. Guatemela PC 1
Chalcidoidea spp. Nigeria B 1

Chalcodermus aeneus Dominican Republic PC 1

Chalcodermus sp. Antigua and Barbuda, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, Soviet Union, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago B, GC, PC 170

Chrysomelidae spp. Nicaragua B 1
Chrysopogon aciculatus Honduras B 1
Cicadellidae spp. Japan, Nicaragua M, PC 2
Cladosporium cladosporioides Mexico PC 1

Cladosporium herbarum Guadeloupe B 1
Cladosporium sp. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, France, Kenya, Mexico, South Africa, Ukraine, Venezuela B, GC, Misc., PC, Q, S 16

Clinodiplosis sp. El Salvador B 1
Coccinellidae spp. El Salvador B 1
Coleoptera spp. Mexico PC 1
Colletotrichum crassipes Mexico B 1

Colletotrichum gleosporioides China S 1

Colletotrichum

lindemuthianum Guatemala, Mexico PC 3

Colletotrichum sp. El Salvador, Mexico, Venezuela B, PC, Q 5
Conoderus falli Unknown S 1

Conotrachelus sp. Guyana, Mexico B 3

Convolvulus arvensis Chile PC 1
Copitarsia sp. Mexico B, GC, PC, S 5
Corcyra cephalonica El Salvador, Sri Lanka B 2
Coreidae spp. Mexico B 1

Corticariidae Colombia B 1
Crambidae spp. Cambodia, Dominican Republic, South Korea B, PC, S 3
Crambinae spp. Guatemala PC 1
Crocidosema aporema Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Mexico, Panama, Peru, South America (country unknown), Venezuela B, GC, PC, S 398

Crocidosema sp. Guatemala, Mexico, Peru B, GC, PC 5
Cryptophlebia sp. Chile, Nigeria, Philippines B 3
Cucujidae spp. Ethiopia B 1Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 64 Pest Origin Where found a Intcpts. (no.)
Curculionidae spp. Brazil, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Japan, Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago B, PC, S 49

Curculioninae spp. Guatemala PC 1

Curculionoidea spp. El Salvador B 1
Cyclorrhapha spp. El Salvador, Mexico, Bosnia and Herzegovina B 4
Cydia fabivora Ecuador, Jamaica B, S 2
Cydia sp. Guatemala, Mexico B, PC 3

Dacus cucurbitae Hawaii B, M 2

Delia sp. France PC 1

Dermestes sp. Mexico B 1

Diabrotica sp. Guatemala, Mexico B, PC 4

Dinarmus sp. El Salvador, Honduras, Vietnam B 6
Diplotaxis sp. Guatemala PC 1
Diptera spp. Guatemala, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Venezuela PC, S 4
Disonycha sp. Mexico B 1
Drosophilidae spp. Mexico B 1
Ecdytolopha sp. Mexico, Peru B 2
Ectomyelois sp. Mexico B 1
Elsinoe phaseoli Dominican Republic B 1

Empoasca sp. Mexico B 2

Epicauta sp. Nicaragua B 1
Epilachninae spp. Mexico B 1
Epinotia sp. El Salvador, Guatemala, Japan, Mexico B, PC 11
Epiplema simplex Guatemala GC 1

Epitragus sp. El Salvador B 1
Erotylidae spp. Mexico PC 1

Etiella sp. Dominican Republic, El Salvador, France, Haiti, Hong Kong, India, Jamaica, Mexico, United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland B, PC 13

Etiella zinckenella Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guyana, Haiti, India, Jamaica, Mexico, United Kingdom of Gre at Britain and North Ireland, Unknown B 18

Euphorbia prunifolia Mexico, Nicaragua B 4
Euphoria basalis Mexico PC 1

Euschistus sp. Mexico PC 1

Faustinus sp. Honduras B 1
Ferrisia virgata Mexico B 1

Frankliniella insularis Guatemala PC 1

Frankliniella intonsa France, Guyana PC 2

Frankliniella occidentalis Mexico B, PC 3

Frankliniella schultzei Guyana PC 1

Frankliniella sp. Guatemala, Guyana, Mexico GC, PC 7
Fundella pellucens Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guyana B, PC 4Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 6 5 Pest Origin Where found a Intcpts. (no.)

Fusarium sp. Brazil, El Salvador, France, Mexico, Puerto Rico,

Venezuela B, GC, Q, S 7

Gelechiidae spp. Belize, Cape Verde, Ecuador, el Salvador, France, Mexico, Spain B, GC, S 8

Geometridae spp. Guatemala, Mexico PC 2
Grapholita sp. Guatemala PC 1
Gryllidae spp. Mexico PC 1
Gryllus sp. Mexico GC, PC 23
Guatemalica marginicollis El Salvador B 1
Helicoverpa armigera France PC 6
Helicoverpa sp. France, Guyana, India, Jordan, Pakistan, Peru, Senegal B, PC 13

Heliothis sp. Belgium, Cyprus, France, New Zealand, Nigeria, Senegal, Unknown B, PC 68

Heliothis virescens Dominican Republic B 2
Hybosa sp. Italy B 1
Hylesininae spp. Mexico PC 1
Hylurgus ligniperda Senegal PC 1
Hypothenemus sp. El Salvador B 1
Insecta spp. Algeria, Guatemala B, Q 2

Ipomoea aquatic Laos B 1

Ipomoea sp. Honduras, Mexico B 2
Ipomoea triloba Colombia, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico B, GC 43
Lampides boeticus Italy, Jordan B 3

Lasioderma serricorne Nigeria B 1

Lema sp. Senegal PC 1
Lepidoptera spp. India, Mexico B, S 6
Leptochloa sp. Mexico GC 1
Leucoptera spp. European country unknown S 1
Linepithema humile Mexico PC 2
Liometopum occidentale Mexico PC 1
Liriomyza huidobrensis Guatemala PC 1

Listronotus sp. Mexico B 1
Lobometopon metallicum Mexico B 1
Lobometopon sp. Mexico B 1

Lolium sp. New Zealand GC 1
Lonchaeidae spp. Guatemala, Jamaica B 2
Lycaenidae spp. Brazil, Cape Verde, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Hawaii, Italy, Lebanon, Mexico, New Zealand, Philippines, Syrian Arab Republic,

Venezuela B, PC, S 26

Lygaeoidea spp. Guatemala, Senegal PC 2
Lyonetiidae spp. Bangladesh B 1
Macrosiphum euphorbiae El Salvador B 1Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 66 Pest Origin Where found a Intcpts. (no.)
Magusa orbifera Guatemala PC 1

Malva sp. Mexico B 1

Maruca vitrata Bangladesh, Belize, Brazil, Cameroon, China, Côte d’Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Fiji, France , Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Hawaii, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Japan, Kuwait, Mexico, Netherlands, Panama, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Senegal, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland, Unknown , Venezuela B, PC, Q, S 178

Matsumuraeses phaseoli Japan S 2
Melanagromyza sp. Puerto Rico B 1
Membracidae spp. Mexico B 1

Membracis mexicana El Salvador, Guatemala B, PC 2
Miridae spp. Dominican Republic, Guatemala, India, Nigeria B, PC 11
Monomorium pharaonis Guatemala B 1
Mycodiplosis sp. Cambodia B 1
Neohydatothrips sp. Mexico B 1
Nitidulidae spp. Honduras B 2
Noctuidae spp. Dominican Republic, France, Guatemala, Guyana, Jordan, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico B, GC, PC, S 23

Notodontidae spp. Guatemala PC 1
Nysius sp. Mexico B, PC 4
Olethreutinae spp. Guatemala, India, Japan, Mexico, Peru, South Africa, Venezuela B, GC, PC, S 108

Ornebius sp. Guatemala PC 1
Oryzaephilus surinamensis Vietnam B 1

Ostrinia nubilalis Serbia and Montenegro B 1

Ostrinia sp. Japan S 1
Otitidae spp. Venezuela Q 1

Panicum sp. Mexico GC 1
Paragonatas divergens Trinidad and Tobago B 1

Parmemonta sp. Guatemala PC 1
Pentatomidae spp. India, Mexico B, PC 3
Pentatomoidae spp. Jamaica PC 1
Phaeoisariopsis griseola Puerto Rico PC 1

Pheidole sp. Guyana B 1
Phlaeothripidae Dominican Republic PC 1
Phoma exigua Mexico B 1

Phoma sp. Ecuador, Mexico, Suriname B, S 3
Phomopsis sp. El Salvador B 1
Phoridae spp. Nigeria B 1
Phycitinae spp. El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Thailand,

Vietnam B 12Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 67 Pest Origin Where found a Intcpts. (no.)
Phyllocnistis sp. Honduras B 1
Phyllophaga sp. El Salvador, Guatemala B, PC 3
Phytocoris sp. Guatemala PC 1
Pieridae spp. Israel S 1

Pieris sp. Japan B 1
Pityophthorus sp. Mexico GC, PC 14

Planococcus minor Cambodia B 1
Plodia interpunctella El Salvador, Pakistan B 2
Plusiinae spp. Mexico GC, PC 2
Poaceae spp. El Salvador, Nicaragua B 2

Proba sp. Mexico PC 1

Prosaldius sp. Mexico PC 1
Pseudaplusia includens Mexico PC 1

Pseudomonas sp. Argentina, Italy S 2
Pteromalidae spp. El Salvador,, Honduras, Mexico B 6
Pyralidae spp. Cape Verde, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Nigeria, Thailand B, GC, PC, S 12

Pyraustinae spp. Brazil, China, Guatemala, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico B, PC, S 7
Pyrrhocoridae spp. Mexico B 1
Reduviidae spp. Zimbabwe B 1
Rhipicephalus sanguineus El Salvador B 1

Rhizoctonia solani Mexico GC, PC, 19
Rhysomatus sp. Honduras B 1
Rhyzopertha dominica Honduras, Nigeria B 3
Riodinidae spp. Mexico PC 1

Rottboellia cochinchinensis Belize, China, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru,

Unknown B, Misc., PC, Q, S 406

Rottboellia exaltata Honduras B 1

Rottboellia sp. El Salvador B 1
Saturniidae spp. Kenya B 1
Scaphytopius sp. Mexico PC 1
Scolytidae spp. Mexico GC, PC 14

Sennius obesulus Mexico PC 1
Setomorpha rutella Ecuador, El Salvador B 2

Sitona sp. Senegal PC 1
Sitophilus sp. Guatemala, Mexico, Vietnam B, PC 3
Solanaceae spp. Mexico B 1

Solanum sp. Chile PC 1
Solenospis sp. Brazil S 1
Sorghum sp. China GC 1
Spermacoce alata Mexico B 2
Stenophorus sp. Mexico B 1Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 68 Pest Origin Where found a Intcpts. (no.)
Spodoptera frugiperda Guatemala PC 1
Spodoptera latifascia Guatemala PC 1
Spodoptera sp. Haiti, Poland, Unknown B, PC 3
Stagonomus sp. India B 1
Staphylinidae spp. Bulgaria B 1

Stator beali Mexico M 1

Stator limbatus Mexico B 3
Strymon sp. Mexico B 1
Tapinoma melanocephalum El Salvador B 1

Tarsonemus waitei Mexico B 1
Tenebrionidae spp. El Salvador, Mexico B 2
Tephritidae spp. Spain B 1

Tesserocerus sp. Guatemala PC 1
Tetranychus sp. Mexico PC 1
Tetranychus sp. near, prob.

U rticae Mexico B 1

Thripidae spp. Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Kenya, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago B, GC, PC 10

Thrips palmi Dominican Republic, Guyana GC, PC 4
Thysanoptera spp. Mexico PC 2
Tineidae spp. Mexico B 1
Tischeriidae spp. Guyana B 1

Tomarus sp. El Salvador B 1
Totricidae spp. Asian Country Unknown, Bangladesh, Brazil, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ghana, Guatemala, India, Mexico, Netherlands, Panama, Peru, Venezuela B, GC, PC, S 58

Totricinae spp. Guatemala, Mexico, Peru B, PC 8

Trialeurodes sp. Mexico PC 3
Trialeurodes vaporariorum Mexico PC 2

Tribolium castaneum Nigeria B 1
Tribolium confusum Zimbabwe B 1
Trogoderma granarium Iran B 1
Trogoderma sp. Mexico B 1
Trypetinae spp. Nigeria B 1
Tyrophagus putrescentiae Mexico PC 2
Uromyces appendiculatus Guatemala, Mexico PC 4

Uromyces sp. Kenya S 1
Xanthomonas campestris

pv. phaseoli Mexico B, PC 6

Xanthomonas sp. Mexico PC 1
Xerotricha conspurcata Senegal PC 1
Xyleborus ferrugineus Honduras B 1
Yponomeutidae spp. El Salvador B 1

Zabrotes sp. Nicaragua PC 1Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 69 Pest Origin Where found a Intcpts. (no.)
Zabrotes subfasciatus Belize, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Mexico, Peru,

Unknown B, M, S 66

a B = Baggage, GC = General Cargo, M = Mail, Misc. = Miscellaneous, PC = Permit cargo, Q = Quarters, and S = StoresPest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 70 Appendix E. Predicted distribution of Liriomyza huidobrensis in the conterminous United

States.

Figure E1. Results are reported in frequency of years (1997 to 2006) where enough degree days

occurred for L. huidobrensis to complete nine or more generations ( PERAL/CIPM

, 200 8 ).Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 71 Appendix F. Predicted distribution of Maconellicoccus hirsutus in the conterminous United

States.

Figure F1. Results are reported in frequency of years (1997 to 2006) where enough degree days

occurred for M

. hirsutus to complete nine or more generations ( P ERAL/CIPM , 2008 ).Pest Risk A ssessment for Beans from Jordan



### Ver. 2 February 14 , 201 1 72 Appendix G. Field pest management, post

- havest practices, and Standard packinghouse procedures described for beans produced in Jordan (Jordan Ministry of Agriculture, 2008)

The Jordan Ministry of Agriculture state that:

 Field manag ement of pests in that country usually implements IPM programs which includes biological control.

 The fresh green beans must meet the Jordanian standard and the technical regulation for this commodity.

 Most progressive farmers implement the, Global GAP as Jordan exports this commodity to many EC countries like the United Kingdom and Germany.

 Beans post

- harvest practices meet the following minimum requirements: beans need to be intact, fresh appearance, clean (in particular free from any impurity or any visi ble chemical trace), free from foreign smell or taste, free from all abnormal external moisture, and sufficient size. The state of the product must be such as to enable it to withstand; and transport and handling requires ensuring beans in good condition u ntil it reaches its place of

destination.

 Pesticide residues must be not exceeding the MRL according to Jordanian standard which are compatible with Codex alimentarius.

 Fresh green beans must be stored at 4oC

– 7 oC and 95 percent RH.

 Green beans are classified as follows: 1) Fine beans (Needle beans): are graded in three quality classes (Extra class: Beans in this class must be of superlative quality shape, size, color, the variety must be turgescent, very tender, and free from any defect; Class I : b eans in this class must be of good quality with slight discoloration, small seeds and short soft strings are permissible; and Class II: this class comprises fine beans of marketable quality with reasonable tender and the seeds must not be too large); sizin g is determined by the maximum diameter of the pod.. 2) Beans other: are graded into quality classes (Class I: can easily been broken by hand, young and tender, springless, except in the case of beans for slicing, and free from spots caused by the wind; Cl ass II: beans are reasonably young and seeds may be some what tender, larger than in class I but must be nevertheless be tender for the variety concerned).

 Standard packinghouse procedures: 1) The contents of each package must be uniform and contain only beans of the same origin, variety, and quality 2) Packaging must be of such a kind as to ensure that the beans are properly protected; any paper or other material used inside the package must be new and harmless to human food; and when printed matter is

us ed the printing must be on the outside only so as not to come into contact with the product.

 Each package must be legibly and indelibly marked on the out side with data for: 1) Packer and dispatcher identification: name, address or code mark 2) Nature of the product description: type (fresh beans, runner beans, and fine beans) or variety 3) Product origin: district or national, regional or local, and trader name 4) Commercial specification description: class, sizing, and classification 5) Official control mark.