# Patent

## Title
Use of nanodispersions in pharmaceutical end formulations

## Abstract

A description is given of the use of a nanodispersion, which comprises

    
    
        (a) a membrane-forming molecule,
        (b) a coemulsifier and
        (c) a lipophilic component,
        in pharmaceutical end formulations, the nanodispersion being obtainable by (α) mixing the components (a), (b) and (c) until a homogeneous clear liquid is obtained, and (β) adding the liquid obtained in step (α) to the water phase of the pharmaceutical end formulations, steps (α) and (β) being carried out without any additional supply of energy.
    
    


The nanodispersions used according to this invention are suitable as transport vehicles for pharmaceutical active agents.

## Background
The present invention relates to the use of nanodispersions in pharmaceutical end formulations, to pharmaceutical end formulations comprising said nanodispersions and to the different pharmaceutical uses of these end formulations.
Pharmaceutical end formulations are understood here to mean formulations which comprise, in addition to the basic substances responsible for forming the pharmaceutical formulation, other functional active agents. These are added to the pharmaceutical base formulations and can be used for the therapeutic treatment of the nervous system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system, respiratory tract, gastro-intestinal tract, kidneys and efferent urinary tracts, locomotor apparatus, immunological system, skin and mucosae and for the treatment of infectious diseases.
In order for these substances to have an effect at the desired site, they must be transported to the respective site. To optimise their availability at the site of action, many active agents are applied by means of so-called carrier and transport vehicles (carrier systems), for example mixed micelles, liposomes or nanoemulsions (nanoparticles). Examples of such active agents are amphotericin (NeXstar, Sequus, TLC), daunorubicin (NeXstar), doxorubicin (Sequus), inactivated hepatitis A viruses (Berna), or econazol (Cilag). Applying these active agents by means of said carrier systems results in therapeutic advantages such as fewer side-effects or better vaccinal effect.
Surprisingly, it has now been found that so-called nanodispersions of suitable composition can enhance the effectivity of medicinal agents in pharmaceutical end formulations.
Accordingly, this invention relates to the use of a nanodispersion, which comprises
(a) a membrane-forming molecule,
(b) a coemulsifier and
(c) a lipophilic component,
in pharmaceutical end formulations, the nanodispersion being obtainable by (α) mixing the components (a), (b) and (c) until a homogeneous clear liquid is obtained (so-called nanodispersion prephase), and
(β) adding the liquid obtained in step (α) to the water phase of the pharmaceutical end formulations, steps (α) and (β) being carried out without any additional supply of energy.
Step (α) is usually carried out at room temperature, where necessary with heating and under normal pressure conditions. Mixing is carried out using standard stirring apparatus, for example propeller, angled paddle or magnetic agitators, and without using any special mechanical stirring aids.
Components (a), (b) and (c) (=step (α)) are mixed in anhydrous medium, i.e. it is not necessary to add any water.
Step (β) is carried out by adding the liquid obtained in step (α), the nanodispersion pre-phase, to the water phase of the pharmaceutical end formulations. The particular choice of components (a), (b) and (c) results directly in ultrafine, monodisperse nanodispersions. In this case it is possible to forego homogenisation via nozzle, rotor-stator or ultrasound homogenisers, which is usually carried out to convert coarsely disperse or at least heterodisperse systems to fine monodisperse systems. Step (β) is thus characterised by the absence of high shear or cavitation forces.
Step (β) is usually carried out at room temperature, which is the range of the respective oil/water phase inversion temperature (PIT).
The nanodispersions characterised by the process steps (α) and (β) contain particles having an average diameter of <50 nm, typically of less than 30 nm. The distribution is monodisperse and obeys a Gaussian distribution.
It is preferred to use a nanodispersion, which contains,
(a) as membrane-forming molecules, substances which are suitable for forming so-called bilayers,
(b) as coemulsifiers, substances which preferably form OW structures and,
(c) as lipophilic component, a lipophilic agent customarily used for pharmaceutical preparations.
The nanodispersion preferably contains as component (a) a phospholipid, a hydrated or partially hydrated phospholipid, a lysophospholipid, a ceramide, or mixtures of these compounds,




wherein

R1 is C10-C20acyl;
R2 is hydrogen or C10-C20acyl
R3 is hydrogen, 2-trimethylamino-1-ethyl, 2-amino-1-ethyl; C1–C5alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or several carboxy, hydroxy or amino groups; the inositol or glyceryl group;
or salts of these compounds.
C10–C20Acyl is preferably straight-chain C10–C20alkanoyl containing an even number of carbon atoms and straight-chain C10–C20alkenoyl containing a double bond and an even number of carbon atoms.
Straight-chain C10–C20alkanoyl containing an even number of carbon atoms is, for example, n-dodecanoyl, n-tetradecanoyl, n-hexadecanoyl or n-octadecanoyl.
Straight-chain C10–C20alkenoyl containing a double bond and an even number of carbon atoms is, for example, 6-cis- or 6-trans-, 9-cis- or 9-trans-dodecenoyl, -tetradecenoyl, -hexadecenoyl, -octadecenoyl or -eicosenoyl, preferably 9-cis-octa-decenoyl (oleoyl), and also 9,12-cis-octadecadienoyl or 9,12,15-cis-octadecatrienoyl.
A phospholipid of formula (1), wherein R3 is 2-trimethylamino-1-ethyl, is referred to by the trivial name lecithin, and a phospholipid of formula (1), wherein R3 is 2-amino-1-ethyl, by the trivial name cephalin. Suitable are, for example, naturally occurring cephalin or lecithin, e.g. cephalin or lecithin from soybeans or chicken eggs with different or identical acyl groups, or mixtures thereof.
The phospholipid of formula (1) may also be of synthetic origin. The expression “synthetic phospholipid” is used to define phospholipids having uniform composition with respect to R1 and R2. Such synthetic phospholipids are preferably the lecithins and cephalins defined above, wherein the acyl groups R1 and R2 have a defined structure and which are derived from a defined fatty acid having a degree of purity greater than about 95%. R1 and R2 may be identical or different and unsaturated or saturated. Preferably, R1 is saturated, for example n-hexadecanoyl, and R2 is unsaturated, for example 9-cis-octadecenoyl (oleoyl).
The expression “naturally occurring” phospholipid defines a phospholipid that does not have a uniform composition with respect to R1 and R2. Such natural phospholipids are likewise lecithins and cephalins, wherein the acyl groups R1 and R2 are derived from naturally occurring fatty acid mixtures.
The requirement “substantially pure” phospholipid of formula (1) defines a degree of purity of more than 90% by weight, preferably of more than 95% by weight of the phospholipid of formula (1), which can be demonstrated by means of suitable determination methods, for example by paper chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, by HPLC or by means of enzymatic colour testing.
In a phospholipid of formula (1), R3 defined as C1–C4alkyl is, for example, methyl or ethyl. Methyl is preferred.
R3 defined as C1–C5alkyl substituted by one or several carboxy, hydroxy or amino groups is, for example, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2,3-dihydroxy-n-propyl, carboxymethyl, 1- or 2-carboxyethyl, dicarboxymethyl, 2-carboxy-2-hydroxyethyl or 3-carboxy-2,3-dihydroxy-n-propyl, 3-amino-3-carboxy-n-propyl or 2-amino-2-carboxy-n-propyl, preferably 2-amino-2-carboxyethyl.
Phospholipids of formula (1) containing these groups can be present in salt form, for example as sodium or potassium salt.
Phospholipids of formula (1), wherein R3 is the inositol or glyceryl group, are known by the names phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol.
The acyl radicals in the phospholipids of formula (1) are also customarily known by the names given in brackets:
9-cis-dodecenoyl (lauroleoyl), 9-cis-tetradecenoyl (myristoleoyl), 9-cis-hexadecenoyl (palmitoleoyl), 6-cis-octadecenoyl (petroseloyl), 6-trans-octadecenoyl (petroselaidoyl), 9-cis-octadecenoyl (oleoyl), 9-trans-octadecenoyl (elaidoyl), 9,12-cis-octadecadienoyl (linoleoyl), 9,12,15-cis-octadecatrienoyl (linolenoyl), 11-cis-octadecenoyl (vaccenoyl), 9-cis-eicosenoyl (gadoleoyl), 5,8,11,14-cis-eicosatetraenoyl (arachidonoyl), n-dodecanoyl (lauroyl), n-tetradecanoyl (myristoyl), n-hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl), n-octadecanoyl (stearoyl), n-eicosanoyl (arachidoyl), n-docosanoyl (behenoyl), n-tetracosanoyl (lignoceroyl).
A salt of the phospholipid of formula (1) is preferably pharmaceutically acceptable. Salts are defined by the existence of salt-forming groups in the substituent R3 and by the free hydroxyl group at the phosphorus atom. The formation of internal salts is also possible. Alkali metal salts, especially the sodium salt, are preferred.
In a particularly preferred embodiment of this invention, purified lecithin from soybeans of the quality LIPOID S 100 or S 75, or a lecithin defined in the monograph USP23/NF 18, is used.
Component (a) is preferably used in a concentration of about 0.1 to 30% by weight, based on the total weight of components (a), (b) and (c).
Component (b) is preferably an emulsifier or emulsifier mixtures forming the preferred O/W structures.
Especially preferred emulsifiers are

    
    
        alkali, ammonium and amine salts of fatty acids. Examples of such salts are the lithium, sodium, potassium, ammonium, triethylamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine or triethaolamine salts. It is preferred to use the sodium, potassium or ammonium (NR1R2R3) salts, wherein R1, R1 and R1 are each independently of one another hydrogen, C1–C4alkyl or C1–C4hydroxyalkyl.
        saturated and unsaturated alkyl sulfates, such as sodium docecylsulfate and alkane-sulfonates such as sodium dodecanesulfonate;
        salts of colic acid, such as sodium cholate, sodium glycocholate and sodium taurocholate;
        invert soaps (quats), such as zetylpyridinium chloride;
        partial fatty acid esters of sorbitan, such as sorbitan monolaurate;
        sugar esters of fatty acids, such as sucrose monolaurate;
        alkylglucosides, such as n-octylglucoside or n-dodecylglucoside;
        alkylmaltosides, such as n-dodecylmaltoside;
        fatty acid partial glycerides, such as lauric acid monoglyceride;
        C8–C18betaines, C8–C24alkylamido-C1–C4alkylenebetaines and C8–C18sulfobetaines;
        proteins, such as casein;
        polyglycerol esters of fatty acids;
        propylene glycol esters of fatty acids;
        lactates of fatty acids, such as sodium stearoyllactyl-2-lactate;
        fatty alcohol phosphorates.
    
    


Emulsifiers of the polyoxyethylene type are very particularly preferred. Examples of such emulsifiers are:

    
    
        polyethoxylated sorbitan fatty acid esters, such as polysorbate 80;
        polyethoxylated fatty alcohols, such as oleth-20;
        polyethoxylated fatty acids, such as polyoxyl 20 stearate;
        polyethoxylated vitamin E derivatives, such as vitamin E polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate;
        polyethoxylated lanoline and lanoline derivatives, such as laneth-20;
        polyethoxylated fatty acid partial glycerides, such as diethylene glycol monostearate;
        polyethoxylated alkylphenols, such as ethylphenolpoly(ethylene glycol ether)11;
        sulfuric acid semiester polyethoxylated fatty alcohols and their salts, such as C12–C14-fatty alcohol ether sulfate-2 EO-sodium salt;
        polyethoxylated fatty amines and fatty acid amides;
        polyethoxylated carbon hydrates
        block polymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, such as poloxamer 188.
    
    


Component (b) is present in the nanodispersion used according to this invention in a concentration of about 1 to about 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the components (a), (b) and (c).
Component (c) is preferably a natural or synthetic or a partially synthetic di- or triglyceride, a mineral oil, silicone oil, wax, fatty alcohol, guerbet alcohol or the ester thereof, a therapeutic oil, a lipophilic pharmaceutical active agent or a mixture of these substances.
Active agents suitable for pharmaceutical application are to be found, inter alia, in Arzneimittelkompendium 1997. Examples of suitable active agents are:
analgesics, antacids/ulcus treatments, antiallergic agents, antianemic drugs, antidepressants, antidiabetic agents, antidiarrheal agents, antidotes/addiction-combating agents/emetics, anti-emetics/antivertiginosa, antiepileptic agents, antihemorrhagic agents, anti-hypertensives, antihypotonic agents, antiinfectives, anticoagulants, antirheumatic agents/anti-inflammatory agents, appetite depressants, beta blockers, bronchodilators, cholinergic agents, dermatological agents, disinfectants, diagnostic agents, dietetic agents, diuretics, blood flow stimulants, gastroenterological agents, gout remedies, influenza remedies, gynecological agents, antihemorrhoidal agents, hormones, antitussives, hypnotics, immunological agents, intravenous infusions, cardiac remedies, contraceptives, contrast media, adrenocortical steroids, laxatives, liver and gall therapeutic agents, lipid metabolism preparations, local anesthetics, migraine analgesics, mineral metabolism preparations, muscle relaxants, narcotics, neuroleptic agents, odontological agents, ophthalmic agents, otorhinolaryngological agents (ORL), anti-parkinson drugs, psychostimulants, sedatives, spasmolytic agents, tonics/roborants, tranquilisers, anti-tuberculosis drugs, urological agents, preparations for varicose veins, consolidants and zytostatic agents.
Component (c) is present in the nanodispersions used according to this invention in a concentration of preferably 0.1 to 80% by weight, based on the total weight of components (a), (b) and (c).
The nanodispersion used according to this invention optionally comprises as facultative component (d) a solubiliser, preferably a C2–C8alcohol, such as ethanol or propylene glycol.
A nanodispersion containing the components (a), (b), (c) and optionally (d) is distinguished by favourable phase properties of the solubilised functional pharmaceutical agent. Thus if there is opalescence and transparency in incident light, only a very slight turbidity shows that the dispersion is physically still different from the ideal state of a genuine molecular solution. Electron microscopic images show that a population of more than 98% is present in a Gaussian distribution as a suspension of particles (nanoparticles) having a particle size of less than about 50 nm, typically of less than about 30 nm. However, these distinctions from a genuine solution can be tolerated because of the particularly good homogeneity properties of the dispersion which can be evidenced, for example, by a surprisingly high storage stability, e.g. no separation after storing for several months at temperatures of up to room temperature (stability to be expected by extrapolation: more than two years).
Laser light scattering measurements and electron microscopic analysis (Cryo-TEM) confirm the very small size and excellent homogeneity of the nanoparticles present in the nano-dispersion.
Another advantage of the nanodispersions used according to this invention is that they are easy to prepare.
The nanodispersions characterised by claim 1 are used according to this invention for pharmaceutic end formulations.
This invention also relates to the so-called nanodispersion prephase characterised in step (α), which is obtainable by mixing the components
(a) membrane-forming molecules,
(b) coemulsifier,
(c) lipophilic component and, optionally,
(d) a C2–C8alcohol, preferably propylene glycol and, more preferably, ethanol until a homogeneous clear liquid is obtained, mixing being carried out in anhydrous medium.
In accordance with this invention, the nanodispersion prephase or the nanodispersion is used directly for pharmaceutical end formulations.
The pharmaceutical end formulations are preferably liquid, semisolid or solid preparations.
Examples of liquid pharmaceutical end formulations are injectable solutions, infusion solutions, drops, sprays, aerosols, emulsions, lotions, suspensions, drinking solutions, gargles and inhalants.
Examples of semisolid pharmaceutical end formulations are ointments, creams (O/W emulsions), rich creams (W/O emulsions), gels, lotions, foams, pastes, suspensions, ovula, plasters, including transdermal systems.
Examples of solid pharmaceutical end formulations are tablets, coated tablets, capsules, granules, effervescent granules, effervescent tablets, lozenges, sucking and chewing tablets, suppositories, implants, lyophilisates, adsorbates or powders.
This invention also relates to these end formulations.
The end formulations contain the nanodispersion in a concentration of 0.01 to 100 by weight, preferably of 0.05 to 20 by weight and, more preferably, of 0.1 to 10% by weight.
To prepare liquid and semisolid pharmaceutical end products (Examples 20 to 29), the nanodispersions are incorporated into the aqueous component of the end product. It is also possible to add instead of the nanodispersion the corresponding nanodispersion prephase to the water phase of the pharmaceutical end formulation. The nanodispersion prephase is added to the water phase with stirring and preferably at a temperature in the range of the respective oil/water phase inversion temperature (PIT).
Solid pharmaceutical end products, such as tablets (Example 30), effervescent tablets, coated tablets, granules, effervescent granules and plasters, are coated or loaded with nanodispersions by spraying or drenching. In certain cases it is advantageous to admix the dehydrated form of the nanodispersion to the solid mixture. The nanodispersion is usually dehydrated by freeze- or spray-drying in the presence of customary excipients. Capsules, in particular elastic gelatin capsules, can also be loaded with the nanodispersion prephase (Example 31).
Matrix- or membrane-controlled pharmaceutical application systems, such as oros capsules, transdermal systems, injectable microcapsules or implants, are loaded by conventional methods with nanodispersions. Oros capsules can also be loaded with the nanodispersion prephase.
In addition to the excipients for providing the pharmaceutical dosage form, the pharmaceutical end formulation can also contain other components, for example stabilisers, preservatives such as parabenes, antioxidants, and aromatics, fragrances or colourants.
The pharmaceutical end formulations are preferably used for the therapeutic treatment of the nervous system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system, respiratory tract, gastro-intestinal tract, kidneys and efferent urinary tracts, locomotor apparatus, immunological system, skin and mucosae as well as for the treatment of infectious diseases, tumours and vitamin and mineral deficiency diseases.
The novel pharmaceutical end formulation is preferably applied epicutaneously, buccally, lingually, sublingually, enterally (=perorally), rectally, nasally, pulmonally, per inhalationem, conjunctivally, intravaginally, intraurethrally, intracardially, intraarterially, intravenously, intralumbally, intrathecally, intraarticularly, intracutaneously, subcutaneously, intramuscularly and intraperitoneally.
In the following Examples, percentages are by weight. Unless otherwise stated, amounts of compounds used are based on the pure substance.
Working Examples for Nanodispersion Prephases


EXAMPLE 1
Miglyol 812 Nanodispersion Prephase
















soybean lecithin
17.30%



polysorbate 80
34.00%



miglyol 812
34.50%



ethanol
14.20%










Preparation: Miglyol 812 and polysorbate 80 are mixed. The soybean lecithin is dissolved in ethanol and added to this mixture, resulting in a homogeneous clear liquid.
EXAMPLE 2
Miglyol 812 Nanodispersion Prephase
















soybean lecithin
17.30%



oleth-20
34.00%



miglyol 812
34.50%



ethanol
14.20%










Preparation: Miglyol 812 and oleth-20 are mixed, with heating. The soybean lecithin is dissolved in ethanol and added to this mixture, resulting in a homogeneous clear liquid.
EXAMPLE 3
Miglyol 812 Nanodispersion Prephase
















soybean lecithin
17.30%



laneth-20
34.00%



miglyol 812
34.50%



ethanol
14.20%










Preparation: Miglyol 812 and Laneth-20 are mixed, with heating. The soybean lecithin is dissolved in ethanol and added to this mixture, resulting in a homogeneous clear liquid.
EXAMPLE 4
Miglyol 812 Nanodispersion Prephase
















soybean lecithin
17.30%



vitamin E polyethylene glycol succinate
34.00%



(vitamin E TPGS, Eastman)



miglyol 812
34.50%



ethanol
14.20%










Preparation: Miglyol 812 and vitamin E polyethylene glycol succinates are mixed, with heating. The soybean lecithin is dissolved in ethanol and added to this mixture, resulting in a homogeneous clear liquid.
EXAMPLE 5
Vitamin E Acetate Nanodispersion Prephase
















soybean lecithin
9.00%



polysorbate 80
34.00%



vitamin E acetate
36.60%



miglyol 812
13.00%



ethanol
7.40%










Preparation: Miglyol 812, vitamin E acetate and polysorbate 80 are mixed. The soybean lecithin is dissolved in ethanol and added to this mixture, resulting in a homogeneous clear liquid.
EXAMPLE 6
Vitamin A Palmitate Nanodispersion Prephase
















soybean lecithin
17.30%



polysorbate 80
34.00%



vitamin A palmitate (1.7 × 106 IU/g)
4.50%



miglyol 812
30.00%



ethanol
14.20%










Preparation: Vitamin A palmitate, miglyol 812 and polysorbate 80 are mixed. The soybean lecithin is dissolved in ethanol and added to this mixture, resulting in a homogeneous clear liquid.
EXAMPLE 7
Tridecyl Salicylate Nanodispersion Prephase
















soybean lecithin
11.00%



polysorbate 80
26.00%



tridecyl salicylate
40.50%



miglyol 812
13.50%



ethanol
9.00%










Preparation: Tridecyl salicylate, miglyol 812 and polysorbate 80 are mixed. The soybean lecithin is dissolved in ethanol and added to this mixture, resulting in a homogeneous clear liquid.
Working Examples for Nanodispersions
EXAMPLE 8
Miglyol 812 Nanodispersion

















soybean lecithin
1.73%




polysorbate 80
3.40%



miglyol 812
3.45%



ethanol
1.42%



10 mm phosphate buffer, pH 6
ad 100.00%










Preparation: The water phase (e.g. 90 kg) is placed, with stirring (e.g. magnetic agitator), at 50° C. in a vessel. The liquid nanodispersion prephase of Example 1 (e.g. 10 kg) is added to the water phase with stirring (e.g. with a magnetic agitator).
EXAMPLE 9
Miglyol 812 Nanodispersion

















soybean lecithin
1.73%




oleth-20
3.40%



miglyol 812
3.45%



ethanol
1.42%



10 mm phosphate buffer, pH 6
ad 100.00%










The nanodispersion is prepared in analogy to the procedure of Example 8.
EXAMPLE 10
Migylol 812 Nanodispersion

















soybean lecithin
1.73%




laneth-20
3.40%



miglyol 812
3.45%



ethanol
1.42%



10 mm phosphate buffer, pH 6
ad 100.00%










The nanodispersion is prepared in analogy to the procedure of Example 8.
EXAMPLE 11
Miglyol 812 Nanodispersion

















soybean lecithin
1.73%




vitamin E polyethylene glycol succinate
3.40%



(vitamin E TPGS, Eastman)



miglyol 812
3.45%



ethanol
1.42%



10 mm phosphate buffer, pH 6
ad 100.00%










The nanodispersion is prepared in analogy to the procedure of Example 8.
EXAMPLE 12
Dexpanthenol Nanodispersion

















dexpanthenol
5.00%




soybean lecithin
1.73%



polysorbate 80
3.40%



miglyol 812
3.45%



ethanol
1.42%



10 mm phosphate buffer, pH 6
ad 100.00%










Preparation: The water phase comprising dexpanthenol (e.g. 90 kg) is placed, with stirring (e.g. magnetic agitator), at 50° C. in a vessel. The liquid nanodispersion prephase of Example 1 (e.g. 10 kg) is added to the water phase with stirring (e.g. magnetic agitator).
EXAMPLE 13
Dexpanthenol Nanodispersion

















dexpanthenol
5.00%




soybean lecithin
1.73%



polysorbate 80
3.40%



miglyol 812
3.45%



ethanol
1.42%



10 mm phosphate buffer, pH 7.4
ad 100.00%










The nanodispersion is prepared in analogy to the procedure of Example 12.
EXAMPLE 14
Vitamin E Acetate Nanodispersion

















vitamin E acetate
2.00%




soybean lecithin
0.49%



polysorbate 80
1.86%



miglyol 812
0.71%



ethanol
0.63%



10 mm phosphate buffer, pH 6
ad 100.00%










Preparation: The water phase (e.g. 94.54 kg) is placed, with stirring (e.g. magnetic agitator), at 50° C. in a vessel. The liquid nanodispersion prephase of Example 5 (e.g. 5.46 kg) is added to the water phase with stirring (e.g. magnetic agitator).
EXAMPLE 15
Vitamin E Acetate Nanodispersion

















vitamin E acetate
2.00%




soybean lecithin
0.49%



polysorbate 80
1.86%



miglyol 812
0.71%



ethanol
0.63%



10 mm phosphate buffer, pH 7.4
ad 100.00%










The nanodispersion is prepared in analogy to the procedure of Example 14.
EXAMPLE 16
Vitamin A Palmitate Nanodispersion

















vitamin A palmitate (1.7 × 106 IU/g)
0.45%




soybean lecithin
1.73%



miglyol 812
3.00%



polysorbate 80
3.40%



ethanol
1.42%



10 mm phosphate buffer, pH 6
ad 100.00%










The nanodispersion is prepared in analogy to the procedure of Example 8.
EXAMPLE 17
Vitamin A Palmitate Nanodispersion

















vitamin A palmitate (1.7 × 106 IU/g)
0.45%




soybean lecithin
1.73%



miglyol 812
3.00%



polysorbate 80
3.40%



ethanol
1.42%



10 mm phosphate buffer, pH 7.4
ad 100.00%










The nanodispersion is prepared in analogy to the procedure of Example 8.
EXAMPLE 18
Solcoseryl Nanodispersion

















solcoseryl
1.00%




soybean lecithin
1.73%



polysorbate 80
3.40%



miglyol 812
3.45%



ethanol
1.42%



10 mm phosphate buffer, pH 6
ad 100.00%










Preparation: The water phase comprising solcoseryl (e.g. 90 kg) is placed, with stirring (e.g. magnetic agitator), at 50° C. in a vessel. The liquid nanodispersion prephase of Example 1 (e.g. 10 kg) is added to the water phase with stirring (e.g. magnetic agitator).
EXAMPLE 19
Tridecyl Salicylate Nanodispersion

















tridecyl salicytate
4.05%




soybean lecithin
1.10%



polysorbate 80
2.60%



miglyol 812
1.35%



ethanol
0.90%



10 mm phosphate buffer, pH 6
ad 100.00%










Preparation: The water phase (e.g. 90 kg) is placed, with stirring (e.g. magnetic agitator), at 50° C. in a vessel. The liquid nanodispersion prephase of Example 7 (e.g. 10 kg) is added to the water phase with stirring (e.g. magnetic agitator).
The particle sizes and particle size distributions of nanodispersions are compiled in the following Table 1.










TABLE 1






Particle
Standard
Particle



diameter1
deviation
size


Nanodispersion
[nm]
[nm]
distribution


















migylol 812 nanodispersion
13.8
4.1
Gauss


Example 8


dexpanthenol nanodispersion
19.7
5.4
Gauss


Example 12


vitamin E acetate nanodispersion
12.2
5.5
Gauss


Example 14


vitamin A palmitate nanodispersion
10.1
3.9
Gauss


Example 16


solcoseryl nanodispersion
7.3
3.4
Gauss


Example 18


tridecyl salicylate nanodispersion
16.3
6.6
Gauss


Example 19





1The particle diameters and particle size distributions are determined via laser light scattering (Nicomp 370 Submicron Particle Sizer, number weighting)






As the following Tables show, nanodispersions also have excellent storage stability:
Dexpanthenol Nanodispersion (Example 12)










TABLE 2







Storage conditions

Standard













Duration
Temperature

Diameter2
deviation
Dexpanthenol3


[months]
[° C.]
pH
[nm]
[nm]
content [%]















0

6.1
19.7
5.4
5.37


3
7
6.1
19.0
6.7
5.36



25
6.1
22.2
7.7
5.32



40
6.3
36.6
14.2
5.23


6
7
6.1
20.8
7.3
5.30



25
6.2
24.1
9.2
5.26



40
6.4
35.4
17.7
5.20





2The particle diameters and particle size distributions are determined via laser light scattering (Nicomp 370 Submicron Particle Sizer, volume weighting)


3The dexpanthenol content is determined via HPLC






Vitamin E Acetate Nanodispersion (Example 14)











TABLE 3







Storage conditions

Standard
Vitamin E












Duration
Temperature

Diameter4
deviation
acetate5


[months]
[° C.]
pH
[nm]
[%]
content [%]















0

6.1
12.2
5.5
2.04


3
7
6.1
16.1
6.6
2.02



25
6.1
17.5
7.0
2.04



40
6.0
15.4
6.8
2.01


6
7
6.1
17.0
6.9
2.04



25
6.0
17.6
7.2
2.03



40
6.0
20.8
7.9
2.02





4The particle diameters and the particle size distributions are determined via laser light scattering


5The vitamin E acetate content is determined via HPLC






Working Examples for Pharmaceutical End Formulations with Nanodispersions or Nanodispersion Perphases

EXAMPLE 20
Dexpanthenol 5% Controlled Dosage Non-Aerosol Spray

















Nanodispersion according to Example 12
100.00%











The preparation has good anti-inflammatory action.
EXAMPLE 21
Dexpenthanol Vitamin E Acetate Lotion

















cera emulsificans cetomacrogolis
3.0%




oleylium oleinicum
6.0%



propylene glycolum
3.0%



nanodispersion of Example 12
10.0%



nanodispersion of Example 14
10.0%



aqua purificata
ad 100.0%










The preparation has good anti-inflammatory action.
EXAMPLE 22
Dexpanthenol 2.5% Eye Drops

















mannitol
4.70%




nanodispersion of Example 13
50.00%



10 mm phosphate buffer, pH 7.4
ad 100.00%










The preparation has a good anti-inflamatory action.
EXAMPLE 23
Vitamin A Palmitate 0.1% cream

















cetyl alcohol
10.00%




hydrogenated groundnut oil
20.00%



polysorbate 60
5.00%



propylene glycol
20.00%



phenoxyethanol
0.50%



nanodispersion of Example 16
23.00%



aqua purificata
ad 100.00%










The preparation has good vitamin A action.
EXAMPLE 24
Vitamin A Palmitate 0.1% Aerosol

















sodium EDTA
0.05%




mannitol
4.70%



nanodispersion of Example 17
23.00%



10 mm phosphate buffer, pH 7.4
ad 100.00%










The preparation has good vitamin A action.
EXAMPLE 25
Tridecyl Salicylate 1.0% Ointment

















citric acid
0.75%




ammonia solution
0.09%



medium-chain triglyceride
5.00%



unguentum alcoholum lanae aquosum DAB 9
40.00%



nanodispersion of Example 19
25.00%



aqua purificata
ad 100.00%










The preparation has good keratinolytic action.
EXAMPLE 26
Solcoseryl 0.5% Hydrogel

















sodium carboxymethylcellulose 450 cP
3.50%




nanodispersion of Example 18
50.00%



aqua purificata
ad 100.00%










The preparation is pleasantly cooling and has good antiphlogistic action.
EXAMPLE 27
Solcoseryl 1.0% Controlled Dosage Non-Aerosol Spray
















Nanodispersion of Example 18
100.00%










The preparation has good anti-inflammatory action.
EXAMPLE 28
Vitamin E Acetate Drink Ampoules

















citric acid
0.40%




glucose
7.50%



aroma
0.50%



nanodispersion of Example 14
50.00%



aqua purificata
ad 100.00%










The preparation has good antioxidative action.
EXAMPLE 29
Vitamin E Acetate Injectable Solution

















mannitol
4.70%




nanodispersion of Example 15
75.00%



10 mm phosphate buffer, pH 7.4
ad 100.00%










EXAMPLE 30
Vitamin E Acetate Tablets

















hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
15.00%




(methocel E4M CR grade)



magnesium stearate
0.70%



vitamin E acetate6
1.00%



lactose
ad 100.00%







6Vitamin E acetate is incorporated during granulation in the form of the nanodispersion, i.e. the nanodispersion of Example 14 is used as granulating liquid.






The preparation has good antioxidative action.
EXAMPLE 31
Vitamin E Acetate Elastic Gelatin Capsules
Elastic gelatin capsules are filled with the nanodispersion prephase of Example 5. The preparation has good antioxidative action.

## Claims

1. A method of preparing a pharmaceutical formulation of a lipophilic pharmaceutical active agent in the form of an aqueous monodisperse nanodispersion having a Gaussian distribution, which steps consist essentially of
(α) mixing the components
(a) 0.1 to 30% by weight of a phospholipid,
(b) 1 to 50% by weight of a polyoxyethylene coemulsifier selected from the group consisting of polyethoxylated fatty alcohols, polyethoxylated fatty acids, polyethoxylated vitamin E derivatives, polyethoxylated lanolin and derivatives thereof, polyethoxylated fatty acid partial glycerides, polyethoxylated alkylphenols, and salts thereof, polyethoxylated fatty amines and fatty acid amides and polyethoxylated carbohydrates,
(c) 0.1 to 80% by weight of a lipophilic component which comprises a natural or synthetic or a partially synthetic C4–C18triglyceride and a lipophilic pharmaceutical active agent, in which aqueous nanodispersion any pharmaceutically active agent is lipophilic and is always present in component (c), and
(d) 0.63 to 14.2% by weight of ethanol, with the proviso that the sum of (a), (b), (c) and (d) is 100% by weight, in conventional stirring apparatus until a homogeneous clear liquid is obtained, and
(β) adding the liquid obtained in step (α) to a water phase, wherein (β) is carried out in the absence of high shear or cavitation forces, and wherein the particles in the nanodispersion have an average diameter <50 nm.

2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the polyoxyethylene coemulsifier is selected from the group consisting of polyethoxylated fatty alcohols, polyethoxylated fatty acids, polyethoxylated vitamin E derivatives, polyethoxylated lanolin and derivatives thereof, polyethoxylated fatty acid partial glycerides, polyethoxylated alkylphenols, and salts thereof.

3. A method according to claim 1, wherein step (α) is carried out in an anhydrous medium.

4. A method according to claim 1 wherein the nanodispersion comprises as component (a) a compound selected from the group consisting of a phospholipids, a hydrated or partially hydrated phospholipids, a lysophospholipid, and mixtures thereof.

5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous monodisperse nanodispersion of a lipophilic pharmaceutical active agent is a liquid formulation in the form of an injectable solution, infusion solution, drops, spray, aerosol, emulsion, lotion, suspension, drinking solution, gargle or inhalant.

6. A method according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous monodisperse nanodispersion of a lipophilic pharmaceutical active agent is a semisolid formulation in the form of an ointment, oil-in-water emulsion, water-in-oil emulsion, gel, lotion, foam, paste, suspension, ovula or plaster.

7. A method according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous monodisperse nanodispersion of a lipophilic pharmaceutical active agent is a matrix- or membrane-controlled pharmaceutical application system in the form of an oros capsule, transdermal system or injectable microcapsule.

8. A method according to claim 1, wherein the nanodispersion is present in the aqueous phase.

9. A method according to claim 1, wherein the nanodispersion is present in the aqueous phase in a concentration of 0.01 to 100% by weight.