DEPARTMENT OP COMMERCE

WASHINGTON. D. C.

COMMERCIAL STANDARDS MONTHLY

Monthly News Bulletin of Commercial Standards Group, Bureau of Standards.

February 15, 1929 S. F. TILLMAN, Editor No. 47

TABLE OF CONTENTS

.

Paragraphs Paragraphs

SIMPLIFIED PRACTICE BUILDING AND HOUSING

Balancing 5 Plumbing Legislation 22

Better Management 9

Ei ision News 2 RESEARCH

Motor Truck Simplification 8

Post Office Saves $45,000 7 Establishes Research Bureau... 24

Results and Benefits 1 Hidden Treasure 27

Simplified Invoice League 10 Industrial Tool 29

Stabilization 4 Market Research Agencies 30

The Great Adventure 6 Research and Advertising 25

Use of Simplified Practice News. 3 Research as a Business Help 23

Vision 26

COMMERCIAL STANDARDS What Does the Buyer Want? 28

News of Progress 11 UTILIZATION OF WASTE

SPECIFICATIONS Waste Pays in Some Ways 31

Procurement Specifications 13 ELIMINATION OF WASTE

Salvage 12

Standard Equipment 14 Eooklet on Lumber 35

Look Back-Ahead 32

MARINE STANDARDS Reduction of Waste 33

Urges Waste Reduction 34

Committee News 15

Editorial Praise 16 NEW PUBLICATIONS 33

DOMESTIC COMMERCE APPENDIX 37

Advantages of Packaged Merohandi.se.. 20

Eill of Lading 21

Electrical Appliance Market 19

Textile Publications Listed 17

Trade-In Furniture Plan 18

ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO "COMMERCIAL STANDARDS"

ROOM 316 COMMERCE BUILDING.

WASHINGTON. D. C.

"SIMPLIFIED PRACTICE - AN EFFECTIVE REMEDY FOR DIVERSIFICATION »

Commercial Standards Monthly - No. 47 -1-

1. RESULTS AMD BENEFITS OF APPLYING SIMPLIFIED PRACTICE TO FILES AND RASPS.

The Division of Simplified Practice has just made available the results of a survey to determine the benefits which followed the simplification of files and rasps.

For many years prior to the World War the manufacturers of files and rasps hal been

making their product in an excessive variety of sizes and styles. During 1918 the Conservation Division of the War Industries Board in cooperation with the manufacturers discovered

that no less than 1,351 varieties were then being offered to the trade and that less than

half of these would meet normal demands. The necessities of war made it imperative that all

possible economies be strictly observed to the end that no material nor human energy be

wasted. The Conservation Division therefore, effected an elimination of 732 of these un- necessary items, the manufacture and distribution of which was costing the industry much

money and effort in the form of excessive inventories of raw and finished materials, storage

and handling, selling expense, etc.

After the war was ended and the War Industries Board dissolved, the manufacturers cooperated with the then newly created Division of Simplified Practice to further reduce the

varieties of their product The present Simplified Practice Recommendation which resulted

contains only 848 varieties of files and rasps and constitutes an elimination of 867 of

the original 1351 sizes and types.

Five years have elapsed since the recommendation went into effect. In answer to the

question - "Has the application of this simplified practice been beneficial to the industry?,

the following facts are of interest.

A survey of production conducted by the division in .1927 showed that during the year of

1926, 93% of the total volume, of producers who had accepted the recommendation, was in the

standard sizes and types comprising the simplified list. The question as to whether the

demand for the non-standard items was sufficient to warrant including them in the recommendation was answered, - No. Four of the seven manufacturers included declared that consumer demand indicated that further elimination could advantageously be effected.

Several months ago the Division addressed a request to all the acceptors of the recom- mendation asking them to evaluate the benefits of this simplified practice. One manufacturer

said that since adopting the simplified practice recommendation his business has increased

in volume 33.3% and that volume of inventory had decreased 25%. Another said his sales had

increased 23.5% while inventory decreased 35%. Benefits such as reduced investment in dies,

reduced inventory investment, quicker turnover, and better control of production, were also

cited

.

Distributors have benefitte^ through decreased inventory investment, quicker turnover,

reduced storage requirements, and better service from the manufacturer.

Users are benefitting through quicker service, but no doubt their most outstanding

benefit is the protection that simplified practice affords against the innumerable whims and

fancies of those who feel they must have special sizes or cuts of files rather than the

standard items. The standing committee's survey showed that out of the seven manufacturers,

six answered "yes" to the question - "Is there a price differential favoring the simplified

lines as against non-standard items?" This means that under simplified practice the old

system of spreading the extra cost of producing specials over the whole line and making the

buyer of standard items help pay the additonal expense involved, has been to a large extent

discontinued

.

Commercial Standards Monthly -No. 47 -2-

SIMPLIFIED PRACTICE

Edwin W. Ely .

2 . DIVISION NEWS

Manufacturers depend not alone upon rapid turn-over of goods for their profits. We are prone to confine our conception of turn-over to the products themselves whereas we should give some thought to the flexibility of the financial structure as well. That is, the turn-over

of working capital. If the commodities a manufacturer passes on to his jobbers, wholesalers

and retailers have been produced for a market that has been thoroughly analyzed as to demand,

the chances for quick payment of bills are increased and consequent reinvestment of funds is

assured

.

Lack of capital is not always the true cause of manufacturers' ills. Lack of fluid

capital, or "ready money" is often the true diagnosis. Industry has found that the intelligent application of the principles of Simplified Practice in business hastens physical turn- over and quickens the flow of "ready money,"

Floor Sweeps .

The Division wishes to announce that the individual companies and groups that have indicated their approval of Simplified Practice Recommendation No. 88, Floor Sweeps, represent

the opinion of those who are concerned with at least 80 per cent of the volume of this com- modity. The effective date for the program is January 1, 1929, and it will sustain annua]

revision

.

A number of bottle manufacturers have submitted to this Division their contribution tc a consolidated report showing the relative demand for the various sizes and capacities o]

carbonated beverage bottles now being used. The data thus compiled will be used by the in-^ dustry as a basis for a simplified practice recommendation covering bottle heights, capacities, diameters, and weights of glass.

Glass Containers fo r Drugs .

A sub-committee, which was appointed by the chairman of the joint simplified practice

committee of the Association at a meeting held on December 13, is now working on the preparation of a suitable questionnaire which is to be sent out in the near future to manufacturers

of bottles for data which can be used as a basis for the development of a definite simplified

practice recommendation for stock bottles and jars used in the drug and pharmaceutical industries. This survey has the support of the Glass Container Association, the American

Hospital Association, and all the National drug and pharmaceutical Associations,

01 ive Jars

.

The Division is in receipt of a number of letters from olive packers indicating that

there are entirely too many varieties of bottles used for packing olives. It is the belie!

of the olive packers that a simplification program, similar to that recently developed fo preserve jars and jelly glasses, would be entirely practicable.
'

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Commercial Standards Monthly - No. 47 -3-

Pickle Jars .

It is the opinion of the pickle industry that some concerted action should be taken

toward the simplification of glass containurs used in packing pickles and condiments.

Towards that end the cooperation of the Division has been requested.

Hospital Plum ing Fixture s

.

At the request of the American Hospital Association, the Division is arranging for a preliminary conference to be held in Chicago, Illinois, on February 20th, to complete the

formulation of a tentative simplified stock list of hospital plumbing fixtures. Representatives of the fixture manufacturers, architects and hospital consultants have united to participate in the discussion. A general conference of manufacturers, distributors, and users

of hospital plumbing fixtures will ultimately be called to draft a final simplified practice

recommendation for the guidance of all concerned.

Glass Containers for Preserves, Jellies and Apple Butter .

At the January meeting of the National Preservers' Association, in Chicago, Illinois,

announcement was made by a representative of the Division that sufficient acceptances had

been received to justify the final publication of Simplified Practice Recommendation #91,

Preserve Jars, Jelly Glasses, and Apple Butter Jars. The recommendation became effective

January 1, 1928, for new production; and January 1, 1929 for spot stocks.

Grinding Wheels .

A sufficient number of signed acceptances having been received this Division announces

that the 1st Revision Edition of Simplified Practice Recommendation No. 45 Grinding Wheeds,

is now in effect. The combined efforts of the General Conference and the first revision

resulted in a reduction from approximately 715,200 to 254,000 varieties of grinding wheels,

corresponding to an elimination of 64.43%.

Dental Hypodermic Needles .

Manufacturers of Dental Hypodermic Needles met in New York, New York, on January 23

under the auspices of the Division of Simplified Practice to consider the practicability of

applying the principles of simplification to their products. The conferees drafted a tentative list of sizes and appointed a manufacturers' committee to prepare a final list which

may be used as agenda for the consideration of a general conference of all interests in designing a final Simplified Practice Recommendation.

Malleable Foundry Refractories .

During the month of February the Standing Committee of the Malleable Foundry Industry will

convene in Chicago, Illinois for the purpose of considering a revision of Simplified Practice

Recommendation No. 79. The date of the meeting will coincide with the sessions of American

Ceramic Week.

Shipping Tags .

Upon request of the industry the date for a general conference of manufacturers distributors, and users, of shipping tags has been post poned until later in the current year . This

meeting was originally scheduled for January 25, 1929.

Commercial Standards Monthly - No. 47 -4-

Ban> Checks .

Simplified Practice Recommendation No. 50, Bank Checks, Notes, Drafts, and Similar instruments has been reaffirmed in its original form by the Standing Committee of the industry

for another twelve months. A survey conducted prior to the revion meeting indicated that

the present measurable degree of adherence to the recommendation is 82.64 per cent. The

original schedule, which effected a reduction in size from thousands to one size for each

instrument, was approved by a general conference of all interests meeting in Washington,

D. C., on December 4, 1925. That this progra.m has proved of convenience to the business

world is evidence by a prominent banker who is convinced that a continuance of the present

degree of adherence will make possible an annual saving of $20,000,000,00 for all concerned

Simplification Bureau

.

The N. R. D. G. Association contemplates the organization of a bureau to devote its

time to matters concerning Simplification and Standardization. On January 23, a representative of the Division of Simplified Practice attended a meeting of the Association's special

committee, for the purpose of explaining the cooperative services of the Division of Simplified Practice in assisting industry to gain support for programs of its own authorship. The

February gathering of the N . R. D. G. Association, will further refine the tentative plan

of organizing such a bureau.

Composi t j on Blackboard

.

Simplified Practice Recommendation No. 75, Composition Blackboard, has been reaffirmed

by the Standing Committee for another twelve months. At the time the recommendation was

reviewed, it was the uanimous opinion of those in attendance that the program has proved

beneficial. The original simplification promulgated in 1928 reduced the varity in colons,

from 3 to 1; widths, from 13 to 8; and lengths from 90 to 13.

Metal Partitions Fo 7* Toilets and Showers

.

A general conference of manufacturers, distributors and users, held on January 16,

Washington, D. C. approved a simplified practice rcommendation on metal toilet and shower

partitions. The recommendation is to be effective for new production cn July 1, 1929.

Whee lbarrows .

A survey of the sales of various sizes and types of wheelbarrows for the years 1927 and

1323 has been completed by a committee appointed by the manufacturers. The composite report

of the survey was submitted to a conference of all wheelbarrow manufacturers at Chicago,

Illinois, this month, and initial steps were taken in anticipation of a general conference of

all interests.

Hard Fi ber Twine .

The completion of Simplified Practice Recommendation No. 92, on this subject was mentioned in an earlier number of Commercial Standards Monthly. It is the purpose of the twine

manufacturers to affix a tag to those of their products which conform with Simplified Practice Recommendation No. 92.

Metal T ath .

The manufacturers of metal lath have, since 1924 employed a metal tag to identify their

products with Simplified Practice Recommendation No. 3, Metal Lath.
I
Commercial Standards Monthly -No. 47 -5-

Tazs and Labels .

Industry to an increasing degree is adopting tags and catalog references as a means of

emphasizing the fact that there is extant an appropriate Simplified Practice Recommendation

covering their products, the success of which is entirely dependent upon the whole-hearted

cooperation of all concerned.

House O r gans .

The house organs of several companies and several trade papers have given added impetus

to the promulgation of a simplified program by using replicas of the acceptance blank in

their respective publications, as well as running news items regarding the simplification.

This has been carried out particularly with reference to Simplified Practice Recommendations

No. 89, 92 and 98. The house organs and trade papers realizing that no standard of practice

is of any value unless they are known to, and used by, the industry, have given much valuable

support to the work, as stated.

3. USE OF SIMPLIFIED PRAC TI CE NEWS

Many inquiries have been received since our January 15, number was released, as to the

propriety of reprinting items from "Commercial Standards Monthly" in trade papers and house

organs. For the information of all who may be interested, we wish to state that the Department of Commerce approves cf such practices. It will, however, be appreciated if credit is

give to "The Commercial Standards Monthly" when reprints of original material is used.

4 . STABILIZATION .

During the past year the War Department has made specific progress in the direction of

simplification and stabilization. Officials of the department say that economy and efficiency have therefore been promoted. As a result of these efforts toward simplification, the

allocated facilities have been reduced during the year from 20,000 to 14,000.

5 . BALANCING

Saying that "Now is the time for reckoning" the "Mill Supplies" editorially comments on the need for elimination of failures of the past year. "The year 1928 is past", remarks the

editorial, adding that "in most cases supply houses have taken inventory of stock. They

know what their turnover was. They know what their total sales were. They know what their

overhead was. They probably know generally what their net profits were. In the end, this

latter is the best concrete evidence of the success or failure of the year's efforts.

"If their net profits have been too small, they are probably studying the causes. They

may find various factors, such as too great, an overhead or too small a margin allowed by some manufacturers, contributed to this condition, but in some instances one of the prime causes

will be found to be in the practice of going after volume sales with too little regard for

profits whatever the causes, now is the time to eliminate them, for 1929 has all the earmarks

of a year of prosperity". We suggest that industry give more thought, during 1929 to simplified practice

.

6 . THE GREAT ADVENTURE .

Many explanations are given for the apparently endless prosperity of these United States,

says Earnest Elmo Calkins in the Magazine of Business but a principal cause, frequently overlooked, is the fact that American business leaders bring to their work an enthusiasm and

Commercial Standards Standards Monthly - Mo. 47 -6-

interest which are not caused or measured entirely by profits. The world is more interesting

than it has ever been, dazzling opportunities break every day, and these men who are too

interested to let go are making realities out of fairy tales and having, as President

Roosevelt would have said, a perfectly corking time doing it.

7 • POST OFFICE SAVES •••»". 000 .

In his discussion of savings effected by the Post Office Department during the 1928

fiscal year, the Postmaster General said the department saved $15,000 in the purchase of

envelopes, due to the fact many of the varieties were consolidated to conform to commercial

sizes as well as grades of paper. In 1920 there were more than 300 items listed. For the

1928 fiscal year there were but 80. He also said that a change in the design of mail bags

had saved $30,000 a year. The Postmaster General has asked Congree to standardize motor car equipment of the department as well as accumulate a reasonable reserve of such equipment in

the postal service so that it will not be necessary to pay rentals for vehicles obtained

under contract.

8 . MOTOR TRUCK SIMPLIFICATION .

In a recent address delivered before the Society of Automotive Engineers in Washington,

D. C., Mr. Joseph Bavett, an official of a prominent motor bus and truck company discussed

the question "Is one's fleet Standardized?" He said that "many factors entered into the

successful operation of trucks, one of which is the simplification and standardization of

equipment A diversified inventory loads the shops down, resulting in a rather expensive

operation. Neither is a diversified line of equipment interchangeable, so that the large and

expensive inventory must be retained, unless the line is simplified."

9 . EETTER MANAGEMENT

There are better profits through better management, as revealed through simplification,

the elimination of waste, more highly efficient personnel, and a finer spirit of cooperation,

said Craig B. Hazlewood, Vice President of the Union Trust Company of Chicago, in a recent

article appearing in MANAGEMENT REVIEW, In this article Mr. Hazlewood said that "the amazing

spectacle of the youngest of nations in the vanguard of commercial progress pays silent

tribute to the creative genius 'which has so distinguished American business.

"In the face of this remarkable development it is natural, but unfortunate, that the

emphasis be placed upon size and volume, attributes which can never measure up as the ultimate aim of industry. In the fast-running current of these days, we need to take a new grip

upon the practical realities of business, realizing that though we set up the greatest retail

business, the largest factory, the biggest jobbing organization in the country and have net

profits we have failed to be of permanent service to the public. Fortunately, we are now in

the morning hours of a new era in scientific management, revealed through simplification,

the elimination of waste, more highly efficient personnel, and a finer spirit of co-operation.

1 0

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SIMPLIFIED INVOICE LEAGUE .

The Machinery Builders' Society reports through its Secretary, W. C. Fulmer, that the

Simplified Invoice is coming into general use, according to "The Southwestern Purchasing

Agent." Mr. Fulmer reports, "80 per cent of us now use, or intend to use, the Simplified

Invoice Form" Results of Mr. Fulmer's survey among his members are:

Commercial Standards Monthly - No. 47 -7-

Now Using the Simplified Invoice 52%

Will use when present forms are exhausted 28%

Not using, no reasons given 3%

No answer received 17%

"S. W. Flagg. Bureau of Methods, General Electric Company, reports that a canvass among

35 representative business associations shows 25 definitely interested in the Simplified

envoice and active in its promotion. Among the 25 the National Association of Wholesale

Druggists reports that nearly 90 per cent of its members are using the form. Another asso- ciation reports that the form is used by 10 per cent of its members; but better results are expected as time goes on."

The "Purchasing Agents" Association of Maine has forwarded reports from 75 per cent of

cneir members. Such a response is evidence of the keen interest of this group in promulgating the adoption and use of the Simplified Invoice Form.

The New England Purchasing Agents" Association now leads in the number of reports forwarded by its members, with the Purchasing Agents Association of Los Angeles a close second.

What is your Association doing to promote the adoption and use of the Simplified envoice Form?

The Division of Simplified Practice invites all firms and associations to review their

incoming invoices over a period of ten (10) to fifteen (15) days, and then inform us as to the number which conform in all respects to the Simplified Invoice Form. Invoices which only

partly conform to this standard should not be counted. Our intention is to publish these

reports in each issue of The Commercial Standards Monthly. Our purpose is to promote the

general adoption of this form, wherever possible and practicable in the movement for elimination of waste. For the current report of the league see Appendix.

COMMERCIAL STANDARDS .

I. J. Fairchild.

11. NEWS OF PROGRESS

Commercial Standards Service .

There are today many groups of manufactured articles the outward appearance of which is so similar as to baffle any ready comparison of quality by the large majority of buyers without resort to elaborate or expensive laboratory tests, and, as a natural consequence, these

goods are purchased on a price basis with some regard for outward appearance but with little

discrimination as to real quality except when disclosed after repeated and expensive experience. It is a simple matter to compare prices. The great question in the mind of the buyer

today is the question of quality, and every known article possessing unusual quality which

is now offered for sale appears to be enjoying a large and satisfactory business.

The great competition today is between industries and it is natural , therefore, if members

of a given industry desire to set up a minimum level for their commodity below which, quality

shall not be allowed to fall, in order that the public may buy with assurance and confidence

and that the commodity as a whole shall retain the good will and command the respect of the

purchaser, This can be done quick effectively through the assistance of the Commercial

Standards Service,

Commercial Standards Monthly - No. 47 -3-

Regain of Mercerized Cotton Yarns .

A general conference of representative manufacturers, mercerizers, general interests,

and users, held in Washington, D. C., January 15, adopted a Recommended Commercial Standard

for regain of Mercerized Cotton Yarns to the effect that mercerized yarns having a regain

below 7 1/2% or above 9 1/2% shall be adjusted by the seller or buyer, as the case may be, on the regain basis of 8 1/2%. Such yarns with a regain between 7 1/2% and 9 1/2% shall not

call for adjustments between buyer and seller. A regain of 8 1/2% is equivalent to 7.83%

moisture content

.

So many inquiries have been received for an explanation of the term "regain" that it

may be well to insert the definition adopted by the conference which as as follows:

Regain - The difference between the weight of the material, as is, (a) and the

weight in a bone dry condition, (b) expressed as a percentage of the bone dry weight.

The conference set July 1, 1929 as the date upon which the recommendation is to become

effective and a standing committee was appointed to consider the' recommendation annually for

revision in order that it may be kept continually in accord with current practice and the

advance in the art of conditioning mercerized yarns. The recommendation has been submitted

to all interests for written approval. The following quotation from a letter dated January 23

from the National Association of Hosiery and Underwear Manufacturers is quite encouraging,

having been written subsequent to the conference; "This association is highly pleased with

the work of your department in connection with this matter."

Domestic and Industrial. Fuel Oils .

On January 9, in New York City a general conference of oil refiners, distributors and

consumers, together with the manufacturers of oil burning equipment, voted their approval

of the Proposed Commercial Standard for Industrial and Domestic Fuel Oils, after some slight

modifications had been discussed and accepted. The conference was well represented by all

interests of the industry and a balanced committee was appointed to consider the need of

changes after the specifications are in actual use for one year from the effective date

July 1. 1929.

The Recommended Commercial Standard sets up specific limits for viscosity, distillation

range, pour point, flash point, water and sediment as the recognized criteria for measuring

the quality of these fuel oils. It is expected that much of the misunderstanding previously

attending the purchare of fuel oils will be eliminated, since refiners, distributors, and consumers will no longer have to rely on the loose designations of gravity and color heretofore largely used as a basis for sale of domestic and industrial fuel oils.

Wall Paper .

The Wall Paper Manufacturers Association have requested the assistance of the Bureau of

Standards in the establishment of definite grades and quality for wall paper as a means for

protecting the purchasor and the reputable producer. The association particularly desires

to set up criteria for measuring quality of the stock and the color fastness of the finished

paper. A preliminary conference held in New York City on January 24 appointed a committee

to draft tentative specifications for the various grades.

Commercial Standards Monthly - No. 47 -9-

SPEJTFI CAT IONS

A . S. McAl li s ter .

12 . "SALVAGE "

l Waste reclamation has become a big business. It has its own magazine "Salvage", its

own extensive directory of dealers; it has a dealers' association, and recently a book of

standard specifications for the grading of waste has been published. These specifications

should prove helpful to the manufacturer who wishes to dispose of factory wastes to the best

advantage

.

13. Procurement Spwoi f icati ons

.

A first step in planning for the procurement of the many thousands of items on the procurement list of the army, is the preparation of specifications, said the Assistant Secretary

of War in his annual report for 1928, in discussing the war-time procurement work of his

office. Standard commercial specifications are used where applicable. In the development

of specifications for non-commercial items, care is exercised to assure that the articles can

be manufactured in quantity and that no unnecessary construction difficulties are involved.

He further added that "obviously, specifications unsupported by an adequate inspection system

can not assure us of obtaining the most suitable article for our purpose."

1 4 . STANDARD EQUIPMENT .

Excellent progress has been made, by the Committee on Standardization of the American

Petroleum Institute, in the formulation and adoption of specifications covering practically

every important item or class of equipment used in the drilling and producing of oil. According to Mr, W. G. Skelly of the Skelly Oil Company these specifications and standards will

prove of no value unless the oil companies put them into use. In a recent article by the

editor of "Commercial Standards Monthly" which appeared in many of the trade papers, he said,

"The oil industry has done more toward simplification of its supplies than any other industry. The variety of sizes of steel barrels and drums have been reduced under a simplified

practice recommendation from 66 to 24, with resulting increased inter-changeability of items,

reduced stocks, and elimination of time lost in delivery, and increased second-hand value."

MARI NE STANDARDS

A . V . Bouill on

15 . COMMI TTEE NEWS

Digest of principal activities of American Marine Standares Committee during the month

of January are as follows:

Report covering the last quarter of 1928 was issued by the Secretary, showing the

status of the crganizatiln and work at the close of 1928 to be as follows;

Membership 353

Standards promulgated 87

A list of printed publications covering the standards promulgated to date: Also alphabetical and classified indexes to the publications and standards were issued to all members

and participants in technical activities.

Commercial Standards Monthly - No. 47-10-

The special committee appointed by the Executive Board at the November meeting to open

the ballots and canvass the vote for election of the Executive Board for 1929 met on January

8 and. determined that the foil owing had been elected. Mr. Edwin C. Bennett, Naval .Architect.

New York, Mew York; Rear Admiral J. 0. Beuret, (CC) U. S N ; Chief fo Bureau of Construction

and Repair, Navy Department, Washington, D. C . ; Mr. Homer L Ferguson, President and General

Manager, Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company, Newport News, Virginia; Mr. Theodore

E, Ferris, Naval Architect and Marine Engineer, New York, New York; Mr. Hugo P. Frear, Vice

President, Marine Engineering Corporation, Philadelphia, Penna . : Captain R. D Gatewood, (CC)

U. S. N. Manager, Maintenance and Repair Division, U. S. S. B. Merchant Fleet Corp,, New York,

New York;- William Francis Gibbs, President, Gibbs Brothers, Inc , New York, New York; Edward

C, Gillette, Superintendent of Naval Construction, Bureau of Lighthouses, Washington, D. C . ; Dickerson N. Hoover, Supervising Inspector General U. S. Steamboat Inspection Service, Washington, D. C . ; Henry C. Hunter, Counsel, National Council of American Shipbuilders, New York,

New York; Major General Edgar Jadwin, Chief of Engineers, U. S. A., War Department, Wash! n~

ton, D. C . ; Captain Charles A. McAllister, President, American Bureau of Shipping, New York,

New York; .S . D. McComb, Manager, Marine Office of America, New York, New York; Captain John

F. Millikea, Secretary—Treasurer , Neptune Association, New York, New York; Robert W. Morrell,

Consulting Naval Architect, Marine Engineer and Surveyor, New York, New York; Edward P. Morse,

Vice-President, Morse Dry Dock and Repair Company, Brooklyn, New York; E H. Bigg, Naval

Architect, New York Shipbuilding Company, Camden, New Jersey; Dr. Herbert C. Sadler, Dean of

Colleges of Engineering and architecture, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Michigan;

Colonel E. A. Simmons, President, Si mmons-Boa rdroa n Publishing Company . New York New York;

Joseph J- Tynan, General Manager, Union Plant , Bethelehem Shipbuilding Corporation, San Francisco, Calif.; H. . B. Walker, President, American Steamship Owner's Assooition, New York,

New York.

Preliminary drafts of proposed, standard specification for lifeboat disengaging apparatus

and of proposed standard general instructions for the rat proofing of ships were submitted

to the membership and others interested for critical comment. The following preliminary

drafts of proposed standards were submitted to subject and technical committees, viz:

Alternative types of mooring pipes of sizes corresponding to standard sizes of mooring

fcltts already adopted. Metal standee and stateroom berths of various types Care and operation of oil-burning apparatus and handling of fuel oil on ships, Manuscripts for printed

publications of the AMSC series containing promulgated standards were completed and issued

for printing as follows:

AM.SC-55 - Ship Propellers - Specifications for built-up propellers; templates for propeller blade flanges and bolt holes; and propellers oast in one piece. AMSC-56 - Ship

Scupper and Drains comprising standards for 4" weather deck scuppers; deck drains, plain type

and trep type; and interchangeable alternative types of deck drain strainers.

The Executive Board met in Washington on January 28, but transacted only a limited amount

of business owing to unavoidable absence of members especially interested in matters presented. It was concluded to adjourn the meeting to a more convenient date and place for al.1 concerned. This was agreed upon as February 8, in New York. Announcement has been issued

accordingly. A combined report of the proceedings of both meetings will be issued later

A meeting of the membership and participants in technical activities took place in

Washington on January 29 at, which the chairman reviewed the progress made by the organization

and a number of subjects affecting the activities of the committee were discussed Interest

centered upon the prospective organization of a technical committee on port, facilities; the

extent to which standards are being use- and the prospects for promulgating additional

standards A resolution proposed by the Executiv® Board at. the meeting on the 28th was

Commercial Standards Monthly -No. 47 -11-

adopted at the meeting on the 29th, to the effect that regular annual meetings of the membership and participants in technical activities heretofore held in Washington during January of

each year, are hereafter to be abandoned in view of the fact that the organization is now functioning along definite lines and the Secretary's office maintains constant contact with

all concerned.

16

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Edit o rial

.

Praise for Co m mittee .

A splendid editorial tribute is paid the work of the American Marine Standards Committee

by "The Marine Journal". In his editorial the writer said "if any one outstanding feature

is characteristic of American progress in the industrial world, that feature is standardization. Therefore the best wishes of every one who prays for the day to dawn, when America

shall be able to sell ships in competition with the shipyards of the rest of the world should

go out to the American Marine Standards Committee,"

DOMESTIC COMMERCE

17 . TEXTILE PUBLICATIONS LISTED .

The Textile Division of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce has just brought up

to date its list of Government publications relating to textiles, originally issued in July,

1927. The work of the Bureaus whose publications are cited is briefly described, and suggestions on how to obtain public documents are included. The list is divided into the following sections: General Publications: Raw Cotton; Cotton Manufactures, Except Knit Goods

and Wearing Apparel; Wool and Hair and Manufactures Thereof, Except Knit Goods, Wearing

Apparel and Floor Covering; Silk and Rayon; Wearing Apparel, Other Than Knit Goods; Knit

Goods; Miscellaneous Fibers and Manufactures Thereof; Floor Coverings; and Dry Cleaning and

Laundering Publications. The pamphlet is available for free distribution and may be obtained

upon request from the Textile Division, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce.

18 . irade-In Furniture Plan .

Furniture houses on both the East and West Coasts have built up a trade in, trade-in

furniture analogous to the practice of automobile dealers. A customer wishing to buy a new dining-room or bed-room suite turns in the used suite, the new purchase being credited with

an allowance based on a fair valuation satisfactory to the purchasor. The furniture trade-in

is then repaired and refinished and sold in a separate store and in a separate building

,

usually operated as an annex of the main store.

xhe plan is described in the "Retailer and the Consumer in New England" recently issued

by the Domestic Commerce Division, which may be obtained for 10 cents a copy from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office.

1 a . E lectrical Appliance Marke t

.

The International Magazine Company, Inc., recently made a study of the market for con- venience products such as irons, toasters, grills, percolators, waffle-irons, heating pads,

and fans, and of labor-saving devices like electric washers .^vacuum cleaners, ironers. and

dish-washers, Location of electrically served communities, the buying power of families

in those places, the degree of their desire to purchase such products, and the accessibility

of retail stores are mentioned as important factors in concentrating sales efforts for

electrical appliances. It is pointed out that the higher the retail price of the product

the more important the larger market centers become because of the relation of family buying

power to the price range of the product and the reduced number of medium to high incomes in

smaller places.
I
Commercial Standards Monthly -No. 47 -12-

The percentage of "saturation" of electrical appliances, based on 17,596,390 wired

homes, has been worked out for the various electrical appliances as follows: Irons 87: vacuum cleaners, 39; clothes washers, 28; toasters, 26; room heaters, 15; percolators, 10; hot plates and grills, 9; heating pads, 8 waffle irons, 5; and floor polishers 2. Concentration of 55 per cent of the nation's total wired homes in 640 cities designated as "Principal Trading Centers of the United States" is pointed out. In these centers are 69 per cent

of all family incomes of $3,000 and over, which offer the largest market for all "Medium to High" priced electrical appliances. The 2,944 "Subordinate Urban Places," with a population

of 2,500 and over, have 21 per cent of the total wired homes of the country. The rural market, although it comprises 45 per cent of the population, is third in importance because

comparatively few rural families are served with electricity and the "Medium to High" income

group of rural families is very small. The concentration of sales operations, including

advertising, in the light of these facts, is recommended as logical when the product is

thus weighed against the need and the purchasing power of the consumer.

20 . Advantages of Packaged Merchandis e

.

Aside from the generally recognized advantages of packaged merchandise to the middlemen

and retailer, there are distinct advantages to the manufacturer, some of which are listed in

"Packages That Sell by R. B. Franken and C. B. Larrabee . Among these are: (1) Advertising

value, making posible the use of trade-marks and stimulation of consumer demand (2) preventing substitution; (3) ease of handling, storing, and transporting, protecting goods against

breakage, spoilage, spillage, evaporation, and pilferage: (4) assurance that products reach

the ultimate consumer in the condition in which they leave the factory; (5) enabling standardization of quality and quantity of the product; (6) making possible the sale in small

units of many products heretofore sold only in bulk; (7) fostering large-scale concentration,

simplification standardization, and specialization; (8) educational possibilities of package

inserts in showing new uses for products; and (9) facilitating price maintenance.

2 1 • Bi l l of Lading .

"Uniform Through Export Bill of Lading" is the title of Trade in information Bulletin No

.

593, recently issued by the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce of the U. S. Department

of Commerce. It is written by A. Lane Cricher, Assistant Chief, Transportation Division of

the department, to answer the questions raised concerning the use and the practicability of

the uniform through export bill of Lading. Copies may be secured from the Superintendent of

Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., at 10 cents a copy.

BUILDING AND HOUSING

J . F

,

Taylow

22 . Plumbing Legislation .

Considerable activity in the preparation of state plumbing legislation at the present

time has come to the attention of the Division of Building and Housing. Requests have been

received from health departments in a number of states for the recommended minimum requirements for plumbing prepared by the Sub-committee on Plumbing of the Department of Commerce

Building Code Committee. These recommendations, based largely on the results of tests at the

Bureau of Standards, have already been used as the basis for plumbing requirements in eight

states, as well as in many cities.
/
Commercial Standards Monthly - No. 47 -13-

RESEARCH

23 . Research as a Business Help .

Research is no longer considered a business philanthropy. It is no longer a side issue

or hobby to be supported or neglected in the degree that money is donated by its friends.

On the contrary, as recently stated by Irving Langmuir; "The leaders of industries are frequently conscious of the need of improvement in their processes and even of the need of new discoveries or inventions to extend their activities." Research is the modern tool by which

to work out commercial success in any industry.

Eut beyond the commercial incentive to survive under highly competitive conditions there

are broader aspects of research that affect business directly. Heretofore the world has been

built and operated largely through the wasteful use of raw natural resources. Many of these

have not been reduced in volume, but despite this, man made products derived from researches

have supplied the public demand with cheaper and better products than those made from the

original materials.

Under the spur of a diminished supply, research comes into being to replace old materials with new, and business today realizes that only through scientific research can it

remain prosperous under modern conditions. No organization economies can replace research

as a direct method for maintaining business success.

24 . Establishes Research Bureau .

Establishment by the Textile Bag Manufacturers Association of a research department to develope new kinds of textile bags and to investigate the possibilities of new uses, is re- ported in the "Daily News Record of December 19." Several testing machines have been installed to secure greater efficiency in the manufacture of cotton and burlap bags. Drop

tests are also planned. This step follows the Association's recent advertising drive to create a greater demand for textile bags.

25 . Research and Advertising .

According to Malcolm Muir, President of the McGraw-Hill Publishing Go., "something more

than accident has created that great national wealth which the world calls American prosperity; something more than mere wishing for riches has made the past decade since the Armistice

so fruitful in terms of re-created industrial wealth andsupremacy . One of these "somethings"

has been the partnership between research and advertising. Research today is a field which

meets with every encouragement - spurred on by the knowledge that the lag between discovery

in the laboratory and actual sale of the product is being rapidly reduced to a minimum. Advertising today is a mighty sales machine, a great propelling force for industry in its move- ment forward to the new objectives and the larger markets. It is the close liaison and the

spirit of understanding between the two which has contributed so tremendously to our national

wealth and well being and given us commercial pre-eminence."

26. Vision.

Expressing the belief that "the bigger viewpoint is necessary to proper business progress," Fred Counterman, recently wrote on this subject in MILL SUPPLIES, as follows; ''Chained to the present with tiny links of petty detail and monotonous routine, many business minds

are denied the opportunity of far-distant vision, while their futile strivings serve merely

Commercial Standards Monthly -No. 47 -14-

to ground them more deeply in the rut they have trudged for years. With their eyes resting

on the simplest and nearest problems, vision of opportunities that reach out ahead of them

is at best blurred and clouded. We easily become habituated to the narrow limits of our own little courtyard, and lose all desire to climb to the tower and look beyond. The executive

who thinks of his business as jogging along through the years at the same pace it has been

following, while he satisfies himself with the hope that competition will let him alone, will never attain the heights. Failing to visualize future potentialities, he is incapable of

rising to them. The time to get the bigger vision is now before we become so nearsighted we can not see beyond our office walls.'1

27 . Hidden Treasure .

"Search for hidden treasure in the olden days of pirate bold and buccaneer held no more thrilling variations than the modern search for that elusive point of profitable volume."

says Harry R. Tosdal , Professpr of Marketing, Harvard University,

Writing on this subject in THE MAGAZINE OF BUSINESS, under the title of "Less Business

More Profit", he said, "For every company under given conditions there is a volume of sales

which will furnish the most satisfactory profit goal. It is large enough to furnish gross

margin, but not too large to make expense excessive. This mythical point can be approximated

by concentrating on the most profitable customers by the most profitable selling methods

and protecting gross margin from being annihilated by short sighted price policies. In developing these ideas, the manufacturer needs to understand something of the conception of

the "Natural" market, the market whose location and size is such that it yields the maximum

net profit. Business will be better, costs of distribution will be reduced, the public will

be better served when business discards the assumption that a cure for, "profitless prosperity",

is greater sales volume."

28. What Jo es the Buy er Wan t?

In a discussion of "What Does the Buyer Want?" in PRINTERS' INK WEEKLY G. A. Nichols

said that "putting the production cart before the research has disastrous effects, even when

tied to the hitching post of high-pressure advertising. This fact has been proved tim9 and

again, and yet there are manufacturers who still persist in arbitrarily flooding the market

with unwanted merchandise. The buyer is the one first to bo considered, his needs, desires

and habits must be the guiding factors. The only way to fiad out what he wants is to go

where he is and study him. But this the average manufacturer seems curiously loath to do.

Such lack of respect for the ultimate consumer is highly dangerous, for general advertising

has taught him much. In addition, his life is a never ending struggle to stretch his income

to its maximum buying power, which has sharpened his wits and made him price educated and

advertising conscious. Preliminary diagnoses of market trends and individual needs would

reduce selling costs and establish profits on a healthier basis,"

29 . Indu str ial Too l .

Under the heading of "The Institute Becomes an Important Industrial Tool" in ADVERTISING

AND SELLING, J. George Frederick, remarks that "in the dyas when large industrial groups

gathered together only socially and when prohibition of discussion of business was the

Accepted tradition, competitors in the same line of business had to be hypnotized before they

would consent to place their feet under the same table. It has taken 20 years to bring

together sufficient background, activity, and intelligent cooperation to make possible an institute in an industry , but today it is one of the most effective tools available for un- ifying industrial action and advancing the interests of an industry as a whole. The institute as a method is no panacea, contains no magic in itself. It is rather an aggressive

Commercial Standards Monthly - No. 47 -15-

organization with varied aims, the chier of which lie in the direction of widening con- sumption through advertising, and curing some of the basic ills of marketing and distribution .

30 . " Market Research Agencies .

The 1928 Edition of "Market Research Agencies," just issued by the Domestic Commerce

Division, is the most complete market research source book yet compiled. The purpose of the

publication is to present a record of market research investigations - completed, current,

and contemplated - with the hope of curtailing duplication of research and thereby eliminate

waste .

An innovation in this third edition is a section on publishers of trade directories of

whom 79 are given besides the 22 publishers whose books bearing on market research are listed. Increased attention has been given this year to the marketing of producers’ goods

and services. Direct contact with State government bureaus, educational institutions, and

agricultural experiment stations has made the references to those organizations more complete

and more accurate than heretofore. As in the 1927 edition, the section on commercial organizations includes the market research activities of advertising agencies, business services,

chambers of commerce, cooperative marketing associations, individual businesses, magazines,

newspapers, and trade associations.

"Market Research Agencies" is available for 15 cents a copy from the Superintendent of

Documents, Government Printing Office, or from any District Office.

utilizati on of waste .

31 . Waste Pays in Some Ways .

With the demand for economy increasingly a factor in the onrush of industry little is

wasted nowadays. Profitable businesses are built upon by-products and materials that once were thrown into the discard. No longer are sawdust, waste oils, scrap iron and miscellaneous factory debris cast aside to be forgotten. Junk dealing and rag picking are highly

organized businesses. According to a recent governmental report, Spain, one of the leading

markets for American rubber, is importing old tires, discarded rubber shoes and scrap and

reclaimed rubber of all descriptions to the extent of more than $1,000,000 yearly. Pneumatic

casings are transformed into rubber soles that the peasants of the hills may be durably shod

for rough going; old cushion tires are converted into rubber heels, while worn out tubes go

through the mills to emerge in the form of toy balloons, garters, belts and whatnot. They

say in the stockyards that everything is used but the pig's squeal. It is not far from being

true

.

ELIMINATION OF WASTE

.

32 . Look Back - Ahead .

As day after day projects itself on the screen of life, there is pieced together a film

of untold wealth and ever-widening horizons, writes John Hays Hammond in "Nation's Business"

on the subject "A Look Back and Ahead." Mr. Hammond said that it is to avoid the danger of

becoming blase and forgetful of our responsibilities and obligations in the fact of such

prosperity that frequent and searching introspection is more and more prescribed. The most

superficial of these surveys will show real wages to be 50 per cent higher than before the war, output incredibly increased through the advent of labor-saving machinery, education

thoroughly democratized, and living standards above anything dreamed possible.

Commercial Standards Monthly - No. 47 -16-

Cne of the most hopeful signs of the times is a higher standard of business ethics - the recognition by business of its obligations to render public service to its customers.

Thus, all about us are evidences of recent accomplishment, of unexampled fruition. The

United States is coming into its own, economically, politically, socially, spiritually. It

is the greatest going concern of all the ages and is today, from the standpoint of the past,

at its best. There is every reasonable expectation, however, that tomorrow will be greater

than today, that America will continue her course to even greater prosperity and finer

accomplishment

.

33 . Reduction of Waste .

Through waste reduction may seem to some like a threadbare sub.iect it is one that is

getting new attention now and from different angles, says "Packages" editorially on the

subject of "Waste Reduction." Also, as business men come to the end of the year season,

review past doings and plan for better times the next year, there will be an earnest centering of attention on lowering costs and improving efficiency through waste reduction.

"Packages" emphasizes the point that this doesn't mean merely reducing waste and utilizing waste of raw material in the factories. That, of course, is part of the program, and

has been the outstanding part in the past. There are many other forms of waste, however,

coming in for attention now which have been overlooked in the past. These include wasteful

efforls in selling, wasteful methods in accounting and in handling of material through the

factory, and things of that kind. It even include 15 waste incident to cross hauling and

unnecessary shipping.

Waste effort in selling is getting its share of attention now, too. Also it is being

found that there is woeful waste comes through too much duplication of sales effort by

individual manufacturers. And there will follow in time cooperative cr group selling to eliminate some of the waste and trim som9 of the cost. It is not only coming to the wooden

package industry but is already being featured in many other industrial lines where, it is

being pointed out, that there is plenty of competition between the offerings of different

products without so much competition in the selling game between producers of similar prod

ducts. S yj in the drive for waste reduction and plans for the new year, it is a safe prophecy

that a goodly share of attention will be centered upon reducing waste incident to selling

the product.

34 . Urges Waste Reduction .

The National Tire Dealers' Association and manufacturers have got to plan out a system

of distribution that will eliminate unnecessary waste, recently declared Frederic C. Hood,

President of the Hood Rubber Co. He said that one of the industry's wastes is in the depreciation of stocks, both through price declines and because of obsolete sizes. Commenting

on Mr. Hoods remarks, "Tires" said editorially he had struck at the crux of the present situation in the tire business when he urged reduction in wastes of distribution and other

wastes by dealer and manufacturer.

3 5 . Pock 1

e

t on Lumbe r

.

The National Committee on Wood Utilization announces the release of the distributors'

edition of the bulletin "Seasoning, Handling, and Care of Lumber". Copies at 20 cents each,

may be secured from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington,

D. C.

Commercial Standards Monthly -No. 47 -17-

36 . New Publications .

Send orders for publications under this heading with remittance, only to the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. Subscription to Bureau of Standards Journal of Research $2.75 per year (United States and Canada, Cuba,

Mexico, Newfoundland, and Republic of Panama; other countries $3.50 . Subscription to Technical News Bulletin 25 cents per year (other countries, 40 cents) Bureau of Standards

Journal of Research. Vol. 2, No. 1, January 1923 (By subscription only) Research papers.

(Reprints from Journal) RP 37. Fire resistance of hollow load bearing wail tile; S. H. Ingberg and H. D. Foster. Price 75 cents. Technical News Bulletin. RNB141 . Technical News

Bulletin, January 1929 (By subscription only).

37 . Appendix .

Simplified Invoice League - Reports received from January 1 to January 25, 1929

Invoices On Fer Cent

Company Period checked Simplified of

Form Adherence

Boston & Albany Railroad 10 969 438 51 .40 Eoston, Mass. days

The Foxboro Company. 45.00

Boston, Mass.

Chicago Rapid Transit Company, 1 814 328 33 .76

Chicago, 111. week

Fellows Gear Shaper Company, 10 38.00

Boston, Mass. days

Baxter D. Whitney & Sons, Inc., 15 38.00

Boston, Mass. days

E. Corey & Company, 1 312 111 35.57

Portland, Me. month

Kygrade Lamp Company

10

Boston, Mass. days 31 .00 Boston & Maine R. R., 3 29.00

Boston, Mass. days

Sullivan Machinery Company, 9 584 162 27.70

Boston, Mass. days

Hunt-Spiller Manufacturing Corp.. 2 27.00

Boston, Mass. weeks

Cumberland County Power & Lt . Co., 15 425 107 25.17

Portland, Me. days

Wireless Specialty Apparatus Co., 2 657 164 25.00

Boston, Mess. weeks

Massachusetts Lighting Cos., 10 23.40

Boston, Mass. days

A. C. Lawrence Leather Co., 2 55 11 20 00

Boston, Mass. weeks

Holtzer-Cabot Electric Co., 2 19.00

Boston, Mass. weeks

Carter's Ink Company, 15 16.66

Boston, Mass. days

Hollingsworth & Vose Company, 10 15 .00 Boston, Mass. days

New Orleans Public Service Co., 15 3000* 450* 15.00*

New Orleans, La. days
!•
Commercial Standards Monthly No. 47 -18-

Company

W F. Schrafft & Sons Corp.,

Boston, Mass.

Lewis-Shepard Company,

Boston, Mass.

The Thomas Loughlin Company,

Portland, Me. The Ashton Valve Company,

Boston, Mass.

Rockland & Rockport Lime Corp.,

Rockland, Me. Rockland & Rockport Lime Corp.,

Boston , Mass

.

Community Traction Co.,

Toledo , Ohio

New Bedford Gas & Edison Lt . Co.,

Boston, Mass.

Edison Elec. 111. Co. of Boston,

Boston, Mass.

Crompton & Knowles Loom Works,

Boston, Mass.

The Macallen Company,

Boston, Mass.

Eastern Massachusetts St. Ry . Co.,

Boston, Mass.

American Can Company,

Portland, Me. The Heald Machine Company,

Boston, Mass.

Merrimac Chemical Company,

Boston, Mass.

United Fruit Company,

Boston, Mass.

Eird & Son . Inc .

,

Boston, Mass.

Walworth Company,

Boston, Mass.

New England Brick Company,

Boston, Mass.

Howe & French, Inc.,

Boston, Mass.

Pejepscot Paper Company,

Brunswick, Me. American Optical Company,

3oston, Mass.

Ivlorse Twist Drill & Machine Co.,

Boston, Mass.

Geo . H . Morrill Co . , Boston, Mass.

Wn . Carter Co . , Boston, Mass.

Period

Invoices

checked

On

Simpli fied

Form

Per Cent

of

Adherence

15 14.60

days

15 14.00

days

15 245 34 13.87

days

15 13.50

days

15 284 37 13.02

days

15 13.00

days

10 324 42 12.96

days

15 12.00

days

15 3595 402 11.10

days

18 11 .00 days

11 11.00

days

10 713 73 10.24

days

15 176 18 10.22

days

10 10.00

days

18 10.00

days

6 136 13 9.50

days

10 9.00

days

2 500 40 8.00

weeks

10 52 4 8.00

days

1 7.66

week

1 447 32 7.15

month

15 .1352 96 7.10

days

2 6.50

weeks

17 6.00

days

15 6.00

days

Commerce Standard Monthly - No . 47—19-

Company

Invoices On

Period Checked Simplified

Form

Forbes Lithograph Mfg. Co., 18

Boston, Mass. days

Pacific Mills

,

15

Boston, Mass. days

Stevens Walden Worcester, Inc., 10

Boston, Mass. days

United Electric Rys . Co., 15 803 32

Providence , R . I

.

days

Rhode Island Pur. Agents Assn.,

Providence, R. I. City of Portland, 25 2500 3

Portland, Me. days

H . C . Baxter & Bro .

,

1 40 0 Brunswick, Me. month

Pownal State School

,

15 252 0 Pounel, Me. days

* Approximate

.

Per Cent

of

Adherence

6.00

6.00

5.00

3.99

1.43

.11

.00

.00

-0-