Meromictic Lakes and 

Varved Lake Sediments 

in North America 

By Roger Y. Anderson, Walter E. Dean, 

j. Platt Bradbury, and David Love 

Lakes in North America that are 

meromictic or that contain sediments 

with annual layers are assessed for 

their potential for reconstruction 

of ancient climates 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1607 
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

DONALD PAUL HODEL, Secretary 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Dallas L. Peck, Director 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON: 1985 

For sale by the Branch of Distribution 

U.S. Geological Survey 

604 South Pickett Street 

Alexandria, VA 22304 

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 

Meromictic lakes and varved lake sediments in North America. 

iii, 19 p. 

(U.S. Geological Survey bulletin 1607) 

Bibliography: p. 14-18. 

Supt. of Docs. no.: 119.13:1607 

1. Lake sediments-North America. 2. Geology-Periodicity. 3. Geology-North America. I. Anderson, Roger Yates, 1927-. II. Series: Geological Survey bulletin 1607. 

QE75.B9 no. 1607 557.3 s [551.48'2] 84-600220 

[QE471.2] 
CONTENTS 

Abstract 1 

Introduction 1 

Varved lacustrine sediments 2 

Meromictic lakes 3 

Clas~ification of meromictic lakes 5 

Varved and meromictic lakes of North America 6 

Potential for recognition of additional varved and meromictic lakes 7 

Potential for paleoclimatic records 13 

References 14 

Addresses of collaborators 19 

FIGURES 

1-7. Photomicrographs of: 

1. Well-laminated, kerogenous, dolomitic madstone (oil shale) typical of 

much of the open lacustrine facies of the Green River Formation, 

Piceance Basin, Colorado 2 

2. Varve couplets of diatomite and sapropel interrupted by a pumice layer, 

Oligocene Florissant Lake Beds, Colorado 2 

3. Varve laminae from the Rita Blanca lake beds (early Pleistocene), westem panhandle of Texas 3 

4. Varve laminae and turbidite layers in sediments from Green Lake, Fayetteville, New York 3 

5. Varve laminae from the central plain of Lake Zurich, Switzerland 4 

6. Varve laminations from sediments in Elk Lake, Clearwater County, Minnesota 4 

7. Fine-grained low-magnesium calcite and diatoms (Stephanodiscus 

niagarae) from a varve lamina in sediments from Elk Lake, Minnesota 5 

8. Plots of varve thickness and percent sodium for a 21-meter sequence of varved 

lake sediment from Elk Lake, Minnesota 5 

9. Diagrammatic cross section of Green Lake, Fayetteville, New York, showing 

typical summer profiles of salinity (specific conductance), temperature, and dissolved oxygen 6 

10. Map of North America showing locations of meromictic lakes and lakes that 

contain laminated sediments 14 

TABLES 

1 . Classification of meromictic lakes 7 

2. Meromictic lakes and lakes containing laminated sediments in North America 8 

Contents Ill 

Meromictic Lakes 

North America 

and Varved Lake . Sediments 1n 

By Roger Y. Anderson 1 , Walter E. Dean, J. Platt Bradbury, and David Love2 

Abstract 

Lakes that contain annually laminated (varved) sediments usually are also meromictic, that is, the bottom 

waters of these lakes are perennially anoxic and therefore no burrowing benthic organisms are present to destroy the laminations. Varves may consist of simple twocomponent couplets, or complex sequences of several 

organic or inorganic components which have seasonal 

pulses. A varved sequence is a powerful interpretive tool 

for the paleolimnologist, paleoecologist, or paleoclimatologist because it provides a high-resolution time 

scale for determining rates and timing of lacustrine processes, biological succession, and climate change. 

By surveying the literature and many of our limnologist colleagues, we identified about 160 lakes in 

North America that are meromictic and (or) have laminated sediments. Most of these 160 lakes occur between 

I at 40° and sse N ., although latitude as such probably 

is not a critical factor. Lake morphometry, particularly 

the relation between depth and surface area, appears to 

be the most important criterion for the development of 

meromictic lakes, and consequently for the preservation 

of laminated sediments. Lakes that can accumulate saline 

water of comparatively high specific gravity also are 

prone to meromixis. The potential for identifying additional lakes that are likely to contain laminated sediments is excellent, and it is evident that a systematic coring program in many areas of northwestern and northeastern North America would locate a significant number 

of additional lakes with varved sediments. Our survey 

of varved and meromictic lakes shows that the geographic distribution of such lakes is adequate to compile 

high-resolution, varve-calibrated paleoclimatic records of 

the last 10,000 years from widely spaced areas that were 

influenced by different air masses and climatic regimes. 

INTRODUCTION 

Late Pleistocene and Holocene lake sediments often 

contain continuous depositional records of environmental, 

vegetational, and climatic changes over time spans of 

1

Present address: Department of Geology, University of New Mexico , 

Albuquerque, NM 87106. 2

Present address: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Socorro, NM 87801. 

many thousands of years. Such records are the most important tools geologists and biologists have for interpreting 

climatic changes over the past 10,000-12,000 yr, and for 

studying the development of lacustrine ecosystems and 

how they change in response to both human and natural 

perturbations. A major problem in using a sequence of 

lake sediments for paleoclimatic and paleoecologic reconstructions is the difficulty of establishing a precise, absolute time scale for the sequence. Radiometric dating techniques, principally 14C and 210Pb, are most often used 

to provide the chronology for lake-core studies, but both 

techniques produce only approximate ages that, for a variety of biological and geochemical reasons, may be distressingly inaccurate. In addition, variable sedimentation 

rates in lakes make extrapolation between radiometric 

dates suspect, and prevent detailed, year-by-year analysis 

of changes in environmental conditions. 

Occasionally, lake-sediment sequences are found 

that are varved; that is, the sediment is composed of annual laminations which, like tree rings, can be counted 

to provide a precise yearly chronology. The paleontological, geochemical, and sedimentological analyses of such 

sequences provide rare opportunities for precise, highresolution time calibration of late Pleistocene and Holocene climatic change. Preservation of delicate varve laminations usually occurs in lakes whose bottom waters are 

perennially anoxic (meromictic lakes). In our discussions 

that follow, we will use the term "varved lakes" to mean 

lakes that contain varved sediments. The terms varved 

lake and meromictic lake are often mutually inclusive, 

although some lakes with varved sediments are not 

meromictic, and some meromictic lakes do not contain 

varved sediments. 

The purpose of this study was to compile a list of 

lakes in North America that are known to contain laminated sediments, or that are meromictic and therefore may 

contain laminated sediments. To do this, we first surveyed 

the literature for descriptions of varved and meromictic 

lakes. We then sent a questionnaire to some of our colleagues asking for information that . they might have on 

the location and character of varved and meromictic lakes. 

The names and addresses of those colleagues who provided information are included at the end of this report. 

This survey represents an initial step in assessing the potential of varved lake sediments for reconstruction of 

Introduction 
Figure 1. Well-laminated, kerogenous, dolomitic 

marlstone (oil shale) typical of much of the open lacustrine facies of the Green River Formation, Piceance 

Basin, Colo. Light layers are composed mostly of altered 

tuffaceous material and dolomite; dark layers are rich 

in organic matter. 

paleoclimates by showing the distribution of varved and 

meromictic lakes. 

Varved Lacustrine Sediments 

Sediment that accumulates on the bottom of any 

lake is composed of materials that vary in abundance 

throughout the year in response to seasonal changes in 

rates of supply. The annual accumulations of sediment 

may consist of a simple two-component couplet. For example, in summer increased photosynthesis causes precipitation of CaC03 , whereas during the winter, when the 

lake is ice covered, fine organic material and clay will 

settle to the bottom. Complex sequences also exist in 

which several organic and inorganic components have seasonal pulses in rate of supply. Usually the lake bottom 

is sufficiently oxic to support a benthic epifauna or in2 Meromictic Lakes and Varved lake Sediments 

Figure 2. Varve couplets of diatomite and sapropel interrupted by a pumice layer, Oligocene Florissant Lake 

Beds, Colorado (Mcleroy and Anderson, 1966). 

fauna that will mix the sediments and destroy the delicate 

seasonal layers, and as a result, the sediments may lose 

their laminated character. However, if the lake is perennially anoxic (meromictic), or if the lake floor is anoxic 

for a sufficiently long period during the year to exclude 

benthic burrowing organisms, the distinctive seasonal 

components that accumulate on the bottom are preserved 

as varves (Bradley, 1929; McLeroy and Anderson, 1966; 

Anderson and Kirkland, 1969; Ludlam, 1969; Kelts and 

Hsii, 1978; this report, figs. 1-7). A varved sequence is 

a powerful interpretive tool for the paleolimnologist because it provides a high-resolution time scale for determining rates and timing of lacustrine processes. An example of such a varve-calibrated scale for a Holocene lakesediment sequence, from Elk Lake in northern Minnesota, 

is shown on figure 8. 

Most lakes that contain varved sediments have perennially anoxic bottom waters. However, some lakes 

have preserved varves even though mixing and oxygenation of bottom waters do occur, but not frequently enough 

to allow benthic organisms to establish themselves. In 
0.5 em 

Figure 3. Varve laminae from the Rita Blanca lake beds 

(early Pleistocene), western panhandle of Texas. Light 

layers consist mostly of calcite, silt-size quartz grains, 

clay, and ostracodes; dark layers consist mostly of clay 

and organic matter (Anderson and Kirkland, 1969). 

Photograph by Douglas W. Kirkland. 

fact, Elk Lake, Minn. (figs. 6-8), which contains one 

of the best and most complete varved-sediment records 

of the Holocene found thus far, is an example of this 

type of lake. Other lakes with a strong seasonal influx 

of clastic material, such as glacier-associated lakes, also 

have varved sediments without meromixis. Still other 

lakes have sediments that are laminated, but the laminae 

are formed by turbidity currents that are episodic but not 

annual (Lambert and Hsii, 1979). Some nonannual 

Figure 4. Varve laminae and turbidite layers (t) in sediments from Green Lake, Fayetteville, N.Y. The light 

lamina in each varve couplet consists mostly of precipitated low-magnesium calcite, and the dark lamina consists mostly of clay and organic matter (Ludlam, 1969). 

Most of the calcite is precipitated between May and October (Brunskill, 1969). Turbidite layers intercalated with 

normal varve laminations account for about 50 percent 

of the sediment that accumulates on the floor of the 

main basin of the lake (Ludlam, 1974). Bar = 5 em. 

Photograph by Stuart D. Ludlam. 

laminae may be varve like in appearance, but they are generally less regular in thickness because the time between 

depositional events is variable (nonrhythmic). Nonannual 

laminae often are less continuous laterally, and this feature may be used to distinguish them from more regular 

(rhythmic) varves that result from seasonal influx of different organic and inorganic components. 

Meromictic Lakes 

Lakes with perennially anoxic bottom water result 

from meromixis, a term which indicates that only the 

upper part of the lake's water column is vertically mixed 

Introduction 3 
Figure 5. Varve laminae from the central plain of Lake 

Zurich, Switzerland. Varve couplets generally range between 2 and 5 mm in thickness. A typical varve cycle 

consists of a dark layer containing organic sludge with 

algal filaments, iron sulfides, and clay grading upward 

into a lacy network of diatom frustules and organic matter, overlain by a light layer containing diatom frustules 

and calcite at the base and almost pure calcite at the 

top (Kelts and Hsu, 1978). Varve couplets, periodically 

interrupted by turbidites, have been forming in Lake 

Zurich since 1885. Bar = 1 em. Photograph by Kerry 

Kelts . 

and oxygenated during periods of circulation. Partial mixing of the lake water usually occurs when the bottom 

water is significantly denser than the overlying water because it contains a greater concentration of dissolved solids. 

Figure 9 is a diagrammatic cross section of Green 

Lake, Fayetteville, N.Y., the first meromictic lake to be 

described in the United States (Eggleton, 1931) and one 

of the most studied meromictic lakes in the world. The 

profiles of salinity (specific conductance), temperature, 

and dissolved oxygen for Green Lake (fig. 9) show characteristics common to most meromictic lakes. These characteristics are ( 1) a well-mixed, oxygenated, lower salin4 Meromictic lakes and Varved Lake Sediments 

Figure 6. Varve laminations from sediments in Elk Lake, 

Clearwater County, Minn. Light layers consist mostly of 

fine-grained low-magnesium calcite and diatoms (shown 

enlarged in fig. 7); dark layers consist mostly of diatoms 

and clay. Bar = 1 em. 

ity, upper water mass (mixolimnion) that usually mixes 

semiannually like a normal temperate dimictic lake, (2) 

an intermediate water mass ( chemocline) in which salinity 

increases and dissolved oxygen decreases rapidly with 

depth, and (3) a lower anoxic water mass (monimolimnion) which has a more or less constant temperature and 

a higher salinity than the mixolimnion. The higher salinity 

of the monimolimnion, and therefore the greater density, 

prevents wind-driven mixing. The cause of meromixis in 

Green Lake is the inflow of saline ground-water springs 

below a depth of about 20 m. The springs are rich in 

dissolved calcium and sulfate as a result of dissolution 

of gypsum in the bedrock underlying the lake basin. 

Another characteristic of meromictic lakes is that 

the monimolimnion contains high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and (or) methane as a result of anaerobic 

bacterial decay and sulfate reduction. In addition, any nutrients utilized by organisms in the mixolimnion and released in the monimolimnion by decay are trapped in the 

monimolimnion and sediments' and are not returned to 

the surface by wind-driven mixing as they are in lakes 

that mix all the way to the bottom (holomictic lakes); 

any exchange of dissolved materials from the 

monimolimnion to the mixolimnion is by slow eddy diffusion across the chemocline. Because the monimolimnion 

is a nutrient sink, meromictic lakes often are unproductive 

(oligotrophic). Meromictic lakes may range in size from 
Figure 7. Fine-grained low-magnesium calcite and 

diatoms (Stephanodiscus niagarae) from a varve lamina 

in sediments from Elk Lake, Minn. (fig. 6). Bar= 0.1 mm. 

small ponds less than 100 m in diameter (a cinder-cone 

pool in New Mexico, Bradbury, 1971; red and green 

ponds in Arizona, Cole and others, 1967) to the Black 

Sea (Dickman and Artuz, 1978; Hsii and Kelts, 1978). 

However, most are small and relatively deep in proportion 

to surface area. (See table 2.) 

Meromictic lakes like Green Lake, Fayetteville, 

N.Y. , are described as completely and permanently 

meromictic; that is, the monimolimnion is completely 

anoxic and the density difference between the mixolimnion and the monimolimnion is so great that the energy 

required to mix these two water masses is not available 

under existing conditions. Some lakes are only partially 

or temporarily meromictic. Partial meromixis usually results in lakes that have a sufficient buildup of dissolved 

solids in the bottom waters to create a density barrier that 

resists normal wind-driven thermal mixing, but which may 

mix at times of unusual conditions such as periods of 

very strong winds. Temporary meromixis sometimes occurs in normally holomictic lakes as a result of some unusual external event such as flooding with seawater. The 

density stratification created by the external event is often 

not strong enough to resist the next strong wind-driven 

thermal mixing, at which time the meromixis is destroyed. 

Saline-water runoff from street salting into lakes in urban 

areas (Diment and others, 197 4), is producing a type of 

temporary meromixis that is becoming increasingly common. 

CLASSIFICATION OF MEROMICTIC LAKES 

The classification of meromictic lakes according to 

their origin, given in table 1, is adopted from Walker 

and Likens (1975). The two basic subdivisions of this 

classification depend upon whether the cause of 

2 

3 

0 4 0 

0 

X 

a.: 5 

a:i 

(/) 

a: 

<{ 

~ 6 L.U 

> 

a: 

<{ 

> 7 

8 

10 

VARVE THICKNESS 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

0.0 0.4 0.8 

Na-AA. IN PERCENT 

Figure 8. Plots of varve thickness and percent sodium for a 21-m sequence of varved lake sediment from 

Elk Lake, Minn. The plots show that sedimentation 

rate has been relatively constant at about 2.0 mm/yr 

for the last 3,800 yr. The interval between about 3,800 

yr and about 8,000 yr B.P. is characterized by conditions that were dryer than at present. In Minnesota, 

this period of time was marked by maximum postglacial expansion of the prairie into areas now occupied 

by forest. The varve-thickness plot indicates that the 

prairie period is recorded in Elk Lake by extreme fluctuations in rate of sedimentation. The sodium curve 

provides a good index of weathering conditions on 

soils in the drainage basin of Elk Lake. The higher 

and more variable fluctuations in sodium concentration during the prairie period (4,000--S,SOO yr ago) reflect dryer conditions with less available moisture for 

chemical weathering so that detrital clastic materials 

which reached the lake were less altered. During the 

last 3,000 yr, more available moisture resulted in 

greater decomposition and therefore lower sodium 

concentrations. 

meromixis is external to the lake (ectogenic meromixis) 

or internal to the lake (endogenic meromixis). Information 

for many lakes is insufficient to be certain that the correct 

cause has been assigned. Even when abundant information 

is available, it is often difficult to assign a definite cause 

Classification of Meromictic lakes 5 
SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE 

(!J.mhos xcm - 2, 25° C) 

TEMPERATURE 

(oC) 

DISSOLVED 0 2 (ppm) 

5 10 15 20 0 5 10 

w 

_J 

<{ 

u 

(/) 

~10 

u 

i= 

a: 

w 

> 

MONIMOLIMNION 

20 

0 100 200 METERS 

I 

HORIZONTAL SCALE 

Figure 9. Diagrammatic cross section of Green Lake, Fayetteville,N.Y. showing typical summer profiles 

of salinity (specific conductance), temperature, and dissolved oxygen. On the basis of salinity and dissolved oxygen, the lake is divided into a lower salinity, oxygenated upper water mass (mixolimnion) 

that is thermally stratified, and a higher salinity, anoxic bottom-water mass (monimolimnion) that has 

a relatively constant temperature. The two water masses are separated by a zone (chemocline) of rapid 

change in salinity and dissolved oxygen. 

for meromixis, and some lakes may have more than one 

factor that leads to meromixis. For example, Green Lake, 

Fayetteville, N.Y., has been mentioned as one of the most 

studied meromictic lakes in the world. The lake is in a 

protected basin, and Walker and Likens (1975) used 

Green Lake as their type example of Type IV meromixis 

with a secondary classification of Type III because of subsurface influx of saline ground water. The protected location of Green Lake undoubtedly contributes to the stability 

of meromixis in the lake, but the primary cause of 

meromixis is the influx of saline ground water, and we 

would cite Green Lake as a type example of Type III 

meromixis (along with Round Lake, Fayetteville, N.Y., 

and Green Lake, Clark Reservation, Jamesville, N.Y., 

which have identical causes of meromixis as Fayetteville 

Green Lake). 

6 Meromictic Lakes and Varved Lake Sediments 

VARVED AND MEROMICTIC LAKES OF NORTH 

AMERICA 

Table 2 is a compilation of modem lakes in North 

America that are meromictic and (or) contain laminated 

sediments. It provides information on the location and distribution of lakes that contain varved sediments which 

might be used to reconstruct Holocene climatic records 

with a high degree of time resolution. General locations 

of these lakes are shown on figure 10. 

For this compilation, we attempted to distinguish 

between lakes known to be meromictic and lakes known 

to contain laminated sediments. Some sources describe 

both conditions, others describe only one or the other, 

and it has been difficult to be certain of both meromixis 

and the presence of laminated sediments for all lakes in-
Table 1. Classification of meromictic lakes (modified 

from Walker and Likens, 1975) 

Class A: Ectogenic Meromixis 

Type 1: Meromixis due to the influx of a layer of fresh 

water over preexisting layer of saline water or influx of a layer of saline water under a preexisting 

layer of fresh water. 

Type Ia: Inland; saline layer is nonmarine 

Type lb: Coastal; saline layer is marine 

Type II: Meromixis due to influx of turbidity currents. 

Type III: Meromixis due to subsurface inflow of either fresh 

or saline water. 

Class B: Endogenic Meromixis 

Type IV: Meromixis due to the lake basin being protected 

from wind mixing. Most examples of this type 

of meromixis have chemical stratification due to 

biological processes operating in the deep waters 

of the lake. 

Type V: Meromixis due to "freezing out" of salts from the 

surface ice layer and the a·ccumulation of these 

salts in the deep waters of the lake. 

eluded in the compilation. That laminae in lacustrine sediments are indeed varves has been demonstrated for very 

few lakes. If a lake is meromictic and contains laminated 

sediments, then an annual interpretation for the laminae 

can be made with some confidence. However, proof of 

the annual nature of laminae in lake sediments must ultimately come from either a cumulative count of laminations between well-dated horizons or from paleontological 

evidence. For example, Craig (1972) counted 9,549 laminations in a core from Lake of the Clouds, northern Minnesota. Radiocarbon dating of this core by Stuiver ( 1971) 

shows that radiocarbon ages agree closely with the 

cumulative laminae counts, which demonstrates that 

laminae probably are annual. Paleontological evidence for 

the::~ annual nature of some laminations in lake sediments 

is equally compelling. Tippett (1964) microtomed the 

larninated sediments of Little Round Lake, Ontario, parallel to the plane of deposition and analyzed the sediment 

shavings for pollen, chrysophyte cysts, and diatoms. In 

this way he was able to demonstrate that the alternation 

of inorganic and organic layers represented summer and 

winter sedimentation cycles, respectively, because the tree 

and algal species bloom at known times and the pollen 

and algal remains become incorporated into the laminae 

shortly afterwards. A similar study utilizing the microstratigraphic position of leaf fossils, chironomid larval 

cases, pollen, ostracodes, and carbon and oxygen isotopes 

proved the annual nature of an early Pleistocene sequence 

of laminated lacustrine deposits at Rita Blanca, Tex. 

(Kirkland and Anderson, 1969). That laminae in nonm~~romictic lakes are strictly annual, however, is less certain. We have tried to include in table 2 only those nonmeromictic lakes with laminated sediments that we were 

reasonably confident were varved. However, in order to 

avoid an interpretation that may not have been intended 

by the person describing the laminae, we have used the 

term "laminated" in table 2 if the sediments were only 

described as laminated. The distinction between using the 

phrase "varved sediments" in general discussions in the 

text and "laminated" for specific lakes in table 2 is made 

so as to avoid presumption, on both our part and the part 

of the reader. 

The information concerning the physical, chemical, 

and (or) biological characteristics of the sedimentary record is incomplete for the majority of lakes. Observations 

were made on the completeness of the stratigraphic record 

whenever possible. The exact location of many lakes is 

not documented, particularly for lakes that were referred 

to in personal communications. Figure 10 shows the 

number and approximate location of lakes for which exact 

locations are not recorded. 

The varved stratigraphic record in lakes that contain 

varved sediments may not be complete. Some lakes have 

become meromictic only recently, and the varved record 

therefore does not include much of the Holocene. Some 

lakes have sediments that are varved for only part of the 

Holocene. Lakes are not included in this summary if the 

processes producing varves stopped some 10,000 yr ago. 

Figure 10 identifies some lakes in which the Holocene 

varved sedimentary record is judged to be poor or incomplete because of the late development of meromixis. Table 

2 contains remarks regarding data limitations. 

No attempt was made to list the type of meromixis 

for all lakes, except where a previous classification of 

a lake existed or there was sufficient information for classification. The lake-type classification (table 1) of Walker 

and Likens (1975) was used whenever possible. Not 

enough is known about controls on laminae formation and 

preservation to determine if an association exists between 

type of meromixis and the quality of the varved record, 

and no attempt was made to evaluate . individual lakes or 

sediment records for sensitivity to climatic change. 

POTENTIAL FOR RECOGNITION OF 

ADDITIONAL VARVED AND 

MEROMICTIC LAKES 

This investigation has identified about 100 lakes that 

are known to be, or are likely to be, meromictic, and 

more than 160 lakes that are meromictic and (or) contain 

sediments that are laminated and probably varved. The 

most recent previous compilation (Walker and Likens, 

1975) listed 45 meromictic lakes. Additional lakes were 

found for this study in subsequent references and through 

the use of a questionnaire circulated to interested limnologists and paleoecologists. 

Figure 10 shows that certain areas apparently are 

Potential for Recognition of Additional Varved and Meromictic Lakes 7 
Table 2. Meromictic lakes and lakes containing sediments in North America 

[Type refers to classification in table 1. Remarks list information about lakes, sediments, meromictic conditions or age of sediments 

where available; references generally list only first citations. See list of collaborators for written communication citations. leaders 

(---) indicate no data] 

State ann lake Location 

Lat N. Long W. 

Maximum 

depth 

(meters) 

Type Remarks References 

United States 

Alaska 

Kenai Lake 

Long Lake 

Malaspina Lake 

Nuwuk Lake 

Pingo Lake 

Redoubt Lake 

Rose tead Lake 

Skilak Lake 

Summit Lake 

Upper Trail Lake 

Vee Pond 

Arizona 

Green Pond 

Red Pond 

California 

Castle Lake 

Connecticut 

Linsley Pond 

Florida 

Beville's Pond 

Deep Lake 

Lake Mize 

Lake 27 

Lake Marco Shores 

Kansas 

Meade salt well 

Kentucky 

Tom Wallace Lake 

Maine 

BaSin Pond 

Conroy Lake 

Massachusetts 

Goose Pond (lower) 

Goose Pond (upper) 

Larkum Pond 

Laurel Lake 

Onota Lake 

Oyster Pond 

Richmond Pond 

60°24' 

62°57' 

59°43' 

71°25' 

65°40' 

56°54' 

5J029' 

Northern 

149°37' 

141°52' 

140°38' 

156°28' 

144°20' 

135°15 I 

152°27' 

82°20' 

Near Louisville 

Berkshire Hills, 

western Mass. 

------do----------

0.1 

.024 

16.6 

• 045 

.0012 

.0016 

.194 

.094 

0.007 

.0086 

.001 

.023 

.136 

.100 

• 91 

.17 

.08 

.67 

2.5 

.91 

.88 

3.2 

6 

8.8 

266 

1.6 

2.0 

2.6 

36.5 

14.8 

>6 

30 

25.3 

7.0 

2.7 

9 

32 

32 

14 

9 

14 

16 

20 

14 

16 

more favorable for the development of such lakes than 

others. Although the greatest abundance of endogenic 

meromictic lakes occurs between lat 40° and 55° N., 

8 Meromictic Lakes and Varved Lake Sediments 

III, IV 

IV,Ib 

III,Ia 

Ib 

Laminated-----

Meromictic----

Laminated-----

Meromictic----

---do---------

---do---------

Meromictic 

after 1964 

earthquake. 

Laminated-----

---do---------

---do---------

IV,III Meromictic----

IV Seasonally 

meromictic. 

IV ---do---------

IV 

IV 

IV(?) 

Laminated(?)--

Dimictic; laminated; older 

than Holocene(?). 

Meromictic----

---do---------

---do---------

McCullough, 1966. 

Likens, 1967. 

Gustavson, 1972, 1975. 

Mohr and others, 1961. 

Likens and Johnson, 1966. 

McCoy, 1977. 

McCoy, written commun., 

1979. 

Rymer and Sims, 1976. 

Do. 

Do. 

Likens, 1967 • 

Cole and others, 1967. 

Do. 

Goldman, written commun., 

1979. 

Hutchinson and Wallack, 

1940. 

Shannon and Brezonik, 

1972. 

Hunt, 1958. 

Shannon and Brezonik, 

1972. 

IV(?) ---do--------- Do. 

I a 

Manmade; brackish Courtney, 1979. 

water. 

Heliothermic, 

meromictic(?). 

Varved--------

Laminated-----

---do---------

---do---------

---do---------

---do---------

Laminations 

(probably 

varved); iron 

carbonate. 

Laminated; iron 

Occasional 

overturn. 

Laminated; 

carbonate. 

Hollister, 1903. 

Cole, 1954. 

Swain, written commun., 1979. 

Do. 

Ludlam, 1976, 1979 • 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Walsh in Carter, 1967. 

Ludlam, 1976, 1979. 

latitude as such is not a critical factor. Many regions in 

Alaska and northern Canada have received very little limnological attention, and apparently the climatic regime of 
Table 2. Meromictic lakes and lakes containing sediments in North America-Continued 

State and lake Location 

Maximum 

depth Type Remarks References 

Lat N. Long W. (meters) 

United States--Continued 

Massachusetts--Continued 

Stockbridge Bowl Berkshire Hills, 

western Mass. 

Michigan 

- Canyon Lake 

Douglas Lake 

Heart Lake Ostego 

Hemlock Lake 

Hull Lake 43°07' 

Peter Lake Gogebic 

Sod on Lake 42°18' 

Thirrl Sister Lake 

Minnesota 

Arco Lake 47°11' 

Budd Lake, 47°10' 

Itasca Park. 

Deming Lake 4JD11' 

Elk Lake 47°13' 

Josephine Lake 47°11' 

Lake of the Clouds 48°8.5' 

Rivalry Lake 48°09' 

Squaw Lake 

Swain's Pond 

County 

R5°28' 

County 

83°17' 

95°11' 

95°15' 

95°11' 

95°12' 

91°6.7' 

91°06' 

Tin Cup Lake West of Itasca Park 

Montana 

- Leon Lake 

Nevada 

- Big Soda Lake 

Pyramid Lake 

New Hampshire 

Barbadoes Pond 

Lake Winninsquam 

New Mexico 

Cinder Cone Pool 

1.5 

15 

.25 

0.04R 

.024 

.023 

.o 139 

• 02 

.OS 

• 10 

.03 

.12 

.017 

.61 

.004 

.088 

1.6 

17.45 

.002 

15 

27 

3fi 

22 

19 

17.7 

10.2 

10.8 

17 

30 

10.3 

31 

17 .s 

24 

4.5 

26 

64.5 

>91 

47 

the subtropics and tropics can favor meromixis in lakes 

that have the proper morphometry. Arid regions, such as 

the Dakotas, south-central Canada, Southwestern United 

States, and the north half of Mexico are less likely to 

IV 

IV 

IV 

IV 

IV 

IV 

IV(?) 

IV 

I a 

I a 

Laminated Ludlam, 1976, 1979. 

(probably 

varved); diatoms, 

carbonate; Holocene. 

Meromictic, 

not laminated. 

Laminated-----

Varved--------

Meromictic, 

not laminated. 

Laminated-----

Varved--------

Meromictic, 

not laminated. 

Lamina ted, 

Holocene(?). 

Occasional 

mixing. 

Meromictic----

Occasional 

overturn. 

Smith, 1941; Davis, 

written commun., 1980. 

Ludlam, 1979. 

Bernabe, 1977. 

Fast, 1973. 

Swain, written commun., 1980. 

Swain, written commun., 1979. 

Newcombe and Slater, 1948, 

1950; Davis, 1980. 

Eggleton, 1931; 

Potzger and Wilson, 1941. 

Baker and Brook, 1971; Gorham, 

written commun., 1979. 

Baker and Brook, 1971 • 

Baker and Brook, 1971; 

Gorham, written commun., 

1979. 

Laminated; 10,500 R. Y. Anderson, J. P • 

varves. Bradbury, and W. E. Dean, 

unpub. data, 19R3. 

Occasional overturning. 

Meromictic and 

varved. 

Laminated, age 

not determined. 

Meromictic----

Laminated, age 

not determined. 

Meromictic(?)-

Laminations 

intermittent. 

Recent changes in 

meromixis. 

Laminated, in 

part. 

Laminated-----

---do---------

Seasonal 

meromixis. 

Baker and Brook, 1971; Gorham, written commun., 1979. 

Craig, 1972; Swain, 1973; 

Anthony, 1977. 

Anthony, 1977. 

Baker and Brook, 1971. 

Anthony, 1977. 

Gorham, written commun., 1979. 

Swain, written commun., 1979. 

Hutchinson, 1937; Kimmel 

and others, 1978; Axler 

and others, 1978. 

R. Y. Anderson, unpub. 

data, 1979. 

Baker, written commun., 1979. 

Do. 

"Bradbury, 1971. 

contain appropriate bodies of water for the development 

of meromixis. 

Lake morphometry, specifically the relation between lake depth and surface area, appears to be the most 

Potential for Recognition of Additional Varved and Meromictic Lakes 9 
Table 2. Meromictic lakes and lakes containing sediments in North America-Continued 

Maximum 

State and lake Location Area depth Type Remarks References 

Lat N. Long W. (km2) (meters) 

United States--Continued 

New York 

Cayuga Lake Central Finger 172 132 

Lakes region. 

Clark Reservation 42°55' 76°05' .03 16 

Green Lake. 

Clear Pond 43°45' 74°02' .10 28 

Devils Bathtub 43°00' 77° 34' .007 14.7 

Fayetteville 43°03' 75°58' .26 52.5 

Green Lake. 

Fayetteville 43°01' 76°01' .13 51 

Round Lake. 

Grossman's Pond 43°02' 77 ° 28' .027 14 

Junius Pond 42°57' 76°57' .065 17 

Lake Ontario Western 19,552 244 

Seneca Lake Central Finger 17 5 188 

Lakes Region. 

Ohio 

~own's Lake 40°41' 82°04' 0.026 6 

Silver Lake 41°09' 81°28' 

Pennsylvania 

Ely Lake 41°46' 75°50' .136 22.5 

Rose Lake 41°50' 77°55' 6 

Rhode Island 

Coastal Lagoon 

South Dakota 

Medicine Lake 

Washington 

Blue Lake 48°39' 119°46' .44 34 

Lake Chelan 47°51' 120°01' 450 

Cottage Lake 4JC45' 122°05' 7.5 

Dog Lake 46°40' 121°22' .240 21 

Gillette Lake 48°37' 117°32' .192 211 

Hall Lake 47°48' 122°19' .028 16 

Hot Lake 48°58' 119°29' .013 3.25 

Langlois Lake 47°38' 121°53' 29 

Lower Goose Lake 46°57' 119°17' .218 28 

Reflection Lake 4n°46' 121°44' .052 18 

Swan Lake 48° 31' 118°50' .206 28.5 

Soap Lake 47°23' 119°30' 3.39 27 

(Grant County). 

Soap Lake (Okan- 48°14' 119°39' .63 17 .s 

ogun County). 

important criterion for the development of meromictic 

lakes, and consequently for the preservation of laminated 

sediments. It is obvious that the deeper a lake is relative 

to its area the more likely meromixis becomes, but any 

circumstance that effectively reduces the wind stress on 

10 Meromictic Lakes and Varved Lake Sediments 

Meromictic; Ludlam, 196 7 and 1979. 

varved. 

III Meromictic not Brunskill and others, 

laminated. 1969; w. E. Dean, 

unpub. data, 1974. 

Laminated----- Swain, written commun., 1979. 

IV Meromictic---- Brunskill and others, 1969. 

III, IV Meromictic; Eggleton, 1931; Brunskill 

varved. and Ludlam, 1969; Diment, 

1969; Ludlam, 1969' 1974, 

1981. 

III, IV ---do--------- Brunskill and Ludlam, 

1%9. 

Meromictic---- Diment in Walker and 

Liken"B:" 1975. 

---do--------- Do. 

Rhythmically D. R. Hutchinson, 

bedded. written commun., 1979. 

Meromictic; Woodrow and others, 

varved. 1969; Ludlam, 1979. 

IV(?) Formerly Sanger and Crowl, 1979. 

meromictic; 

senescent. 

!"aminated; age Ogden, 1966. 

undetermined. 

Laminated----- Swain, written commun., 1979. 

---do--------- Crowl, written commun., 1980. 

Ib(?) Meromictic(?)- Brooks and Deevey, 1966. 

Meromictic---- Hayden, 1972; Beaver, 1973. 

I a ---do--------- Walker, 1974. 

Meromictic(?)- Edmondson, 1963. 

---do--------- Edmondson, written commun., 

1979. 

Laminated----- Swain, written commun., 1979. 

Varved-------- Do. 

IV Intermittently Culver, 1977. 

meromictic. 

Ia,III Meromictic---- Anderson, 1958; Walker, 

1974. 

Meromictic; Edmondson, written commun., 

laminated. 1979; Swain, written 

commun., 1979. 

I a Meromictic---- Walker, 1974; Edmondson 

and Anders on , 1965. 

Laminated----- Swain, written commun., 1979. 

Varved-------- Do. 

I a Meromictic; Walker, 1974. 

laminated. 

I a Meromictic---- Do. 

the lake surface, which mixes and circulates the water 

mass, will promote meromixis. Lakes in treeless prairies 

are therefore less likely to become meromictic than lakes 

of identical morphometry in dense forests. 

Lakes that can accumulate saline water of compara-
labile 2. Meromictic lakes and lakes containing sediments in North America-Continued 

State and lake Location 

Lat N. Long W. 

Maximum 

depth 

(meters) 

Type Remarks References 

United States--Continued 

Washington--Continued 

Wannacut Lake 

Lake Washington 

Wisconsin 

-nai·k Lake 

Dudley Lake 

Hells Kitchen Lake 

Knaack Lake 

Lake Mary 

Little Pine Lake 

Max 2 

Max 3 

Perch Lake 

Ruby Lake 

Sca.ffold Lake 

Stewarts Dark Lake 

\-I au sau Granite 

(luarry. 

45°16 1 

45°25 1 

46°11 1 

45°18 1 

91° 29 I 

89°29 1 

89°42 1 

91°29 1 

91°27 1 

1.67 

.052 

.040 

.028 

.011 

.012 

.04 

.10 

.068 

.007 

.01 

48.8 

760 

18.5 

18.5 

19 

22 

25.2 

18 

5.5 

4.0 

25 

19.5 

8.8 

20.6 

I a 

IV 

IV 

IV 

IV 

IV 

IV 

Meromictic----

Indistinctly 

laminated. 

Laminated-----

---do---------

Varved--------

Meromictic----

---do---------

Laminated-----

Meromictic----

---do---------

Laminated-----

---do---------

Meromictic----

---do---------

---do---------

Walker, 197 4. 

Edmondson, 1975, 

Swain, written commun., 1979. 

Do. 

Swain, 1978. 

Winfrey and Zeikus, 1979. 

Likens, 1967; Weimer and 

Lee, 1973. 

Swain, written commun., 1979. 

Stewart ann others, 1966. 

Do. 

Swain, written commun., 1979. 

Do. 

Manning and Juday, 1941. 

Likens, 1967; Gorham and 

Sanger, 1972. 

Stewart and others, 1966. 

Outside United States 

Canada 

--ru;erta 

&,w Lake 

Hector Lake 

Lake Cavell 

Lake Louise 

Peyto Lake 

Upper Waterfowl 

Lake. 

Lake Wabumun 

British Columbia 

Corbett Lake 

Emerald Lake 

r.ardom Lake 

Garibaldi Lake 

Lyons Lake 

Mahoney Lake 

Ni.tinat Lake 

Powell Lake 

Sakinaw Lake 

White Lake 

Yellow Lake 

51°40 1 

51°3 5 I 

52°42 1 

51°25 1 

51°43 I 

51°50 1 

50°00 1 

116°22 1 

118°04 1 

116°14 1 

114°35 1 

120°40 1 

Southeastern B.C.; 

Rockies. 

49°57 1 

49°17 1 

48°42 1 

49°53 1 

49°38 1 

51°22 1 

123°00 1 

124°32 1 

124°02 1 

121°53 1 

.84 

5 

242 

10.3 

• 36 

.02 

27.6 

117 

.99 

.32 

so 

R7 

11.3 

70.1 

s.o 

19 

259 

12 

18.9 

205 

358 

140 

15 

40 

tively high specific gravity are prone to meromixis, and 

examples of coastal lakes, particularly isolated fjords, are 

common. The few occurrences of meromictic lakes in arid 

regions appear to reflect the stratification of lighter fresh 

Laminated; 

periglacial. 

---do---------

---do---------

---dp---------

---do---------

Laminated only 

near delta. 

Laminated-----

Laminated(?)--

Laminated; 

periglacial. 

Meromictic, not 

definite. 

Kennedy and Smith, 1974. 

Smith, 1978. 

Kindle, 1930. 

Johnston, 1922; Smith, 

written commun., 1979. 

Vendl and Smith, 1977. 

Smith, 1975. 

Smith, written commun., 1979. 

Teraguchi and Northcote, 

1966. 

Smith, written commun., 1979. 

Northcote, written commun., 

1979. 

Meromictic; Mathews, 1956. 

questioned by 

Northcote, written commun. , 

1979 0 

IV Meromictic----

IV ---do---------

Ib Actually an 

estuary. 

Ib Meromictic----

Ib ---do---------

IV,III ---do---------

IV ---do---------

Northcote and Halsey, 1969 • 

Do. 

Northcote and others, 

1964. 

Williams and others, 

1961; Barnes and 

others, 1974. 

Northcote and Johnson, 

1964. 

Northcote and Halsey, 

1969. 

Do. 

water overlying saline water produced by evaporation or 

dissolution of evaporites. 

The potential for identifying additional sites where 

varved sediments are likely to exist is excellent. Several 

Potential for Recognition of Additional Varved and Meromictic lakes 11 
Table 2. Meromictic lakes and lakes containing sediments in North America-Continued 

State and lake Location 

Lat N. Long W. 

Maximum 

depth 

(meters) 

Type Remarks References 

Outside United States--Continued 

Canada--Continued 

~ish Columbia--Continued 

Lillooet Lake 50°30' 

Pitt Lake 

Labrador 

Tessiarsuk 

Northwest Territories 

Baker Lake About 65°, 95° 

Campbell Lake Dolomite Uplands 

Garrow Lake Little Cornwallis 

Lake A 

Lake B 

Lake C 

Ogac Lake 

Sophia Lake 

Sunday Lake 

Tuberg Lake 

Winton Bay Lake 

Ontario 

Atkins Lake 

Big Ohlman Lake 

Crawford Lake 

ELA 120 

ELA 241 

Found Lake 

Greenleaf Lake 

Jake Lake 

Lake of the Hills 

Lake on the Mtn. 

Island. 

Ellesmere Island 

Ellesmere Island 

Ellesmere Island 

62°52' 67°21' 

East shore, 

Cornwallis Island. 

72°43' 94°11.5' 

Ellesmere Island 

70 mi southwest 

of Ottawa. 

43°28' 80°57' 

Algonquin Park 

Algonquin Park 

Near Picton 

Little Round Lake 44°45' 

Loon Lake 46°08' 

McGinnis Lake 

McKay Lake 

Simeon Lake 

Sunfish Lake 

Near Peterborough 

Near Aurora 

15 

55 

s.s 

4.2 

4.9 

.9 

.8 

1.5 

60 

.OS 

.09 

.02 

• 57 

• 074 

.065 

.08 

137 

)50 

so 

57 

40 

57 

60.5 

130 

3.3 

39 

25 

19 

12.5 

76 

17 

33 

10.5 

20 

lakes with laminated sediments have been identified in 

the State of Washingto21 (fig. 10) where many lakes have 

been surveyed, and it is evident that a systematic coring 

program in many areas of northwestern and northeastern 

12 Meromictic Lakes and Varved Lake Sediments 

Ib 

Ib 

Ib 

Ib 

Ib 

Ib 

IV 

IV 

IV 

IV 

Glacial; turbidity flows. 

Tidal---------

Meromictic----

---do---------

---do---------

---do---------

---do---------

---do---------

---do---------

---do---------

---do---------

Meromictic; 

glacial. 

Meromictic----

Laminated-----

Meromictic(?)-

Meromictic; 

varved. 

Meromictic----

---do---------

Laminated in 

part; possibly 

meromictic. 

Presumed varved 

Meromictic; 

laminated. 

Meromictic; 

varved. 

Meromictic----

Laminated in part 

Meromictic; 

laminated, 6500 

from surface. 

Meromictic----

Laminated in part 

Possibly 

meromictic. 

Laminated; 

oligomictic. 

Gilbert, 1975. 

Ashley, 1977, 1979. 

Carter, 1963. 

Johnson, 1964. 

Richie and others, 1976. 

Dickman and others, 1971. 

Hattersley-Smith and 

others, 1970. 

Do. 

Do. 

McLaren, 1963. 

Ouellet, written commun., 

1983. 

Johnson, 1964. 

Hattersley-Smith and 

Serson, 1964. 

Carter, 1961. 

Ouellet, written commun., 

1983. 

Carter, written commun., 1979; 

MacKay, 1979. 

Boyko-Diakonow, 1979. 

Schindler and Holmgren, 

1971; Brunskill and 

Schindler, 1971. 

Do. 

Smol, 1979; Dickman, written commun., 1979; MacKay, written commun., 1980. 

Cwynar, 1978 • 

Smol, 1979. 

McNeely, written commun., 

1979. 

Dickman, written commun., 

1979; Terasmae and Miryech, 

1964. 

Tippett, 1964; McNeely, 1973 • 

Davis, written commun., 1979. 

Cheek, 1979; Dickman, 

written commun., 1979. 

Tippett, 1964. 

Dickman, written commun., 

1979; MacKay, written 

commun., 1979, 1980. 

Duthie and Carter, 1970; 

Adams and Duthie, 1976. 

North America would produce a significant number of additional lakes with varved sediments. Information about 

area, depth, and salinity of lakes, on a regional basis, 

would facilitate such a program. 
Table 2. Meromictic lakes and lakes containing ~ediments in North America-Continued 

Maximum 

State and lake Location depth Type Remarks References 

Lat N. Long W. (meters) 

Outside United States--Continued 

Canada--Continued 

Ontario--Continued 

Van Nostrand Lake 44° 

Quebec 

Bedard Lake 

Chubb Lake 

Green Lake 

Lake 22 

Matamek Lake 

Pink Lake 

Cuba 

~ke Valle-De-San 

Juan. 

Bahamas 

Devils Kettle 

Greenland 

Saelso Lake 

Guatemala 

~cantada 

Eckixil 

Juleque 

Lago de Peten 

Mecanche 

Paxcamen 

Panama 

Miraflores Third 

Lock. 

4r16' 

(Ungavba Crater). 

Near El Salto 

16°56' 89°55' 

(Peten). 

16°56' 89°55' 

(Peten). 

16°56' il9°55' 

(Peten). 

16°56' 89°55' 

(Pet en). 

16°55' 89°55' 

(Peten). 

79°36' 

.04 10 

.20 25 

• 12 20 

.001 25 

120 112 

.083 14 

1. CJ7 21 

.03 25.5 

567 32 

/40 

30 

• 002 26 

POTENTIAL FOR PALEOCLIMATIC RECORDS 

The geographic distribution of varved lakes is adequate to compile high-resolution, varve-calibrated, paleoclimatic records from widely spaced areas that were influenced by different air masses and climatic regimes. The 

largest unknown factor in evaluating varved-sediment and 

meromictic lakes for their potential in establishing paleoclimatic records is the quality and completeness of their 

sedimentary records. 

The sites in Washington and British Columbia will 

be particularly useful in compiling comparative records 

outside the well-studied north-central and northeastern 

United States. Sedimentary paleoclimatic records from the 

remote sites in northern Canada and Alaska would help 

determine the rate of climatic change in relation to deglaciation as suggested by Andrews and others (1979). 

IV 

IV, Ib 

Ih,IV 

Ib 

Ib 

IV 

IV 

IV 

IV 

IV 

IV 

Ib 

Laminated; 

o l igomictic. 

Laminated; 

meromictic. 

Oli gotrophic; 

possibly 

meromictic. 

Meromictic----

Lamina ted-----

---do---------

Meromictic----

---do---------

---do---------

---do---------

---do---------

---do---------

---do---------

---do---------

---do---------

---do---------

Meromictic, 

postcanal. 

Dickman, 1979. 

Bernard and Lagueux, 1970. 

Martin, 1955; Dickman, 

written commun., 1979. 

Dickman and others, 1971. 

Ouellet, written commun., 

1983. 

Do. 

Dickman and others, 1975 • 

Romanenko and others, 

1976. 

Kohout and others, 1968. 

Trolle, 1913. 

Brezonic and Fox, 1974. 

Do. 

Do. 

Covich, 1976; Brezonic 

and Fox, 1974. 

Brezonic and Fox, 1974. 

Do. 

Bozniak and others, 1969 • 

The sites in Guatemala are especially interesting. 

Little is known of the character of the sediments and 

whether they are varved. The geographic location of the 

lakes, however, would allow an examination of the relationship of tropical moisture and temperature to shortperiod climatic response. 

The records available from the lakes listed in table 

2 hold promise for looking at climatic variables in terms 

of lacustrine processes. These include the little-known 

processes taking place in coastal fjords, lagoons, and marginal lakes in British Columbia; under-ice algal productivity in northern Ellesmere Island; glacier meltwater events; 

biogenic activity in tropical lakes; and a variety of biological and chemical processes in temperate, inland, endogenic meromictic lakes. Little is known about the specific relationship of these processes, as recorded in lake 

sediments, to climatic variables. However, lacustrine sysPotential for Paleoclimatic Records 13 
500 1000 1500 MILES 

500 1000 1500 KILOMETERS 

Figure 10. Map of North America showing locations of meromictic lakes and lakes that contain laminated sediments. Solid circle, location of meromictic lake or laminated lake sediments. Square, lake 

that probably or possibly is meromictic or contains laminated sediments. Triangle, length or quality 

of Holocene record is poor. Numbered circle, number and approximate location of meromictic lakes 

or lakes that contain laminated sediments for which specific locations are not available. 

terns, and the records they contain, are known to be 

closely linked to climatic factors. It is likely that varved 

lake sediments have the geographic distribution, the quality of information, and the high-resolution time control 

needed to precisely document the climatic changes of the 

last 10,000 yr. 

14 Meromictic lakes and Varved lake Sediments 

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ADDRESSES OF COLLABORATORS 

The following collaborators graciously provided important information about the location and character of 

meromictic lakes and (or) lakes with laminated sediments, 

in response to a mailed questionnaire: 

Ager, T. A., 1979 

U.S. Department of the Interior 

Geological Survey 

Reston, VA 22092 

Baker, Alan L., 1979 

Department of Botany 

University of New Hampshire 

Portsmouth, NH 03801 

Barnes, M.A., 1980 

Department of Geological Sciences 

University of British Columbia 

6339 Stores Road 

Vancouver, BC VGT 284 Canada 

Carter, John C. H., 1979 

Department of Biology 

University of Waterloo 

Waterloo, ON N2L 3Gl Canada 

Crowl, G. H., 1980 

Ohio Wesleyan University 

Delaware, OH 43015 

Davis, A.M., 1979 

Department of Geography 

University of Toronto 

100 St. George Street 

Toronto, ON M5S lAl Canada 

Davis, M. B., 1980 

Department of Ecology and Behavioral Biology 

University of Minnesota 

318 Church Street S.E. 

Minneapolis, MN 55455 

Dickman, M., 1979 

Department of Biological Sciences 

Brock University 

Glenridge Campus 

St. Catharines, ON L2S 3Al Canada 

Edmondson, W. T., 1979 

Department of Zoology 

University of Washington 

Seattle, WA 98195 

Goldman, Charles R., 1979 

Division of Environmental Studies 

University of California, Davis 

Davis, CA 95616 

1< U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1985--576-049 

Gorham, Eville, 1979 

Department of Ecology and Behavioral Biology 

University of Minnesota 

318 Church Street S.E. 

Minneapolis, MN 55455 

Hutchinson, Deborah R., 1979 

U.S. Department of the Interior 

Geological Survey 

Woods Hole, MA 02543 

MacKay, Roderick I. , 1979, 1980 

30 Addington St., Unit 11 

Amherstview, ON K7N 1 C5 Canada 

McCoy, George A., 1979 

U.S. Department of the Interior 

Geological Survey 

1209 Orca Street 

Anchorage, AK 99501 

McNeely, R., 1979 

Water Quality Branch 

Inland Waters Directorate 

Ottawa, ON KIA OE7 Canada 

Northcote, T. G., 1979 

Institute of Animal Resource Ecology 

The University of British Columbia 

2204 Main Mall 

Vancouver, BC V6T 1W5 Canada 

Ouellet, Marcel 

Institut national de Ia Recherche Scientifique 

The University of Quebec 

Case postale 7500 

Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada 

Smith, Norman D., 1979 

Department of Geological Sciences 

University of Illinois at Chicago Circle 

Box 4348 

Chicago, IL 60680 

Swain, Albert, 1979 

Center for Climatic Research 

University of Wisconsin 

1225 West Dayton Street 

Madison, WI 53706 

Tippett, R., 1980 

Glasgow University Field Station 

Rowardennan, Glasgow, Scotland 

G63 OAW U.K. 

Walker, K. F., 1980 

University of Adelaide 

G.P.O. Box 498 

Adelaide, South Australia 5001 

Australia 

Addresses of Collaborators 19