1

2020

Annual Report to the 

Oak Ridge Regional 

Community

OREM-20-7603

Cleanup Progress
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Message from the Manager

DOE Oak Ridge Office of Environmental Management

To the Oak Ridge Regional Community:

Like other workplaces across the nation, 2020 was an unusual and challenging year at 

the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Oak Ridge Office of Environmental Management 

(OREM) due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite these circumstances, I couldn’t be more 

proud of how our employees responded to stay protected while finding ways to advance 

our important cleanup mission.

This year, we completed DOE’s largest-ever cleanup effort, and we became the first site in the world to remove 

an entire uranium enrichment complex. This milestone was the culmination of two decades of planning, 

decontamination, demolition, and soil remediation at the East Tennessee Technology Park (ETTP). The end result 

was the safe and successful removal of more than 500 structures that had a total footprint that could span the 

equivalent of 225 football fields. I’m proud not only of what we accomplished, but how it was accomplished. 

This work was completed four years ahead of schedule, avoiding $500 million in costs to taxpayers. 

In 2020, we also finished construction and opened the K-25 History Center at ETTP, which fulfills a long-standing 

commitment we made to preserve the site’s history. Over the past decade, nearly 1,000 oral histories were 

collected from former Manhattan Project and Cold War-era workers. These special, personal stories are available 

in the history center, and they were used by museum professionals to develop the exhibits and galleries.

With core cleanup complete at ETTP, we began transitioning the men and women responsible for that historic 

success to our next big cleanup endeavor at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and Y-12 National 

Security Complex (Y-12). These employees are bringing extensive training and experience to take on the next 

complex tasks that lie ahead. We are very fortunate to have an equipped, knowledgeable workforce that’s ready 

to begin transforming ORNL and Y-12 immediately. 

Maintaining this highly skilled workforce is only possible through the strong continued support from Congress. 

It also provides funding that allows our program to address DOE’s largest inventory of high-risk excess 

contaminated facilities. Through the progress made this year, we will eliminate several facilities from that list in 

the coming months, including Y-12’s Biology Complex and the Building 3026 hot cells at ORNL. These removals 

will clear land that can be used for new research and national security missions. 
1

Our work isn’t stopping there. OREM initiated a host of other deactivation and pre-demolition projects at ORNL 

and Y-12 in 2020. Work is underway at numerous former research reactors and isotope facilities in ORNL’s central 

campus area, including Buildings 3005, 3010, 3034, 3036, and 3042. Additionally, characterization and predemolition work is beginning at the massive Alpha-2 and Beta-1 Manhattan Project-era buildings at Y-12. 

At ORNL, we are continuing to push forward on our highest priority—processing and disposing the remaining 

inventory of uranium-233 stored at the site. Part of this process involves extracting valuable medical isotopes 

that are being used for next-generation cancer treatment research by the private sector. Crews are actively 

processing the low-dose portion of the inventory, while other crews upgrade hot cells that will begin processing 

and downblending the high-dose portion of the inventory.

In addition to these projects, OREM is building infrastructure that will play a pivotal role for future cleanup. 

Construction continued on the Outfall 200 Mercury Treatment Facility, which is a linchpin project for Y-12’s 

cleanup. It will open the door for demolition of Y-12’s large, mercury-contaminated facilities and subsequent soil 

remediation by preventing potential mercury releases into the nearby creek. We also began constructing the 

Sludge Processing Mock Test Facility. When complete next year, this facility will mature the technologies needed 

to process Oak Ridge’s 500,000-gallon inventory of sludge transuranic waste stored onsite.

In closing, our leadership team is intently focused on being responsible stewards of taxpayer dollars, achieving 

the most work possible to transform and modernize the site and creating new economic opportunities for the 

region. We recognize the impact our work has on the community, and we will continue to plan and collaborate 

with our local partners and stakeholders as we chart this exciting next chapter of cleanup.

 Jay Mullis 

Demolition of the ETTP Centrifuge Complex, one of the last buildings to be demolished
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Introduction..........................................................................................................................................4

East Tennessee Technology Park.....................................................................................................5

Centrifuge Complex demolition changes ETTP skyline.............................................................................7

K-1600 becomes final facility to be demolished.......................................................................................8

Demolition projects complete ETTP core cleanup..................................................................................10

Soil remediation at forefront of ETTP cleanup efforts............................................................................12

ETTP transforming thanks to reindustrialization ....................................................................................14

History Center opens..............................................................................................................................14

Oak Ridge National Laboratory.....................................................................................................15

Characterization, deactivation ramping up on excess contaminated facilities.................................... 16

Uranium-233 processing begins ahead of schedule...............................................................................17

MSRE cleanup and life extension upgrades underway...........................................................................17

LGWO improvements extending service life ..........................................................................................18

Y-12 National Security Complex....................................................................................................19

Construction of mercury treatment facility underway...........................................................................20

Final Biology Complex facilities prepped for demo ................................................................................22

More than 5.1 tons of mercury removed at COLEX................................................................................22

Mercury treatment tools being assessed ...............................................................................................23 page 6

page 13

Contents
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Waste Management.........................................................................................................................25

Onsite disposal essential to reservation cleanup ...................................................................................26

Design documents drafted for new disposal facility...............................................................................27

Millions of gallons of wastewater treated..............................................................................................27

TWPC continues waste processing, shipments ......................................................................................28

Sludge Processing Mock Test Facility being built....................................................................................28

Oak Ridge Reservation ....................................................................................................................29

Reservation groundwater monitoring continues....................................................................................30

Public Involvement...........................................................................................................................31

Elected officials join DOE at Vision 2020 celebration.............................................................................32

Groundbreaking ceremony held for History Center...............................................................................33

Advisory board provides public input on DOE cleanup activities...........................................................33

DOE Information Center in Oak Ridge....................................................................................................35

Websites for Additional Information...........................................................................................36

Commonly Used Acronyms............................................................................................................36

Commonly Used Terms....................................................................................................................37

This report was produced by UCOR, DOE’s Environmental Management 

contractor for the Oak Ridge Reservation.

page 16

page 23

page 32
44

Introduction

In FY 2020, OREM made history by 

achieving Vision 2020—completing 

major cleanup at ETTP. This achievement 

marked the first time in the world a 

former uranium enrichment complex 

has been removed. Clearing away these 

structures and remediating the soil is making land available to the community for new economic development 

opportunities. OREM also continued significant risk reduction activities at Y-12 and ORNL, including stabilizing 

and preparing numerous excess contaminated facilities for demolition.

The Oak Ridge Reservation has played key roles in our nation’s defense and energy research. However, past 

waste disposal practices and unintentional releases have left portions of the land and facilities contaminated 

and in need of environmental cleanup. The contaminated areas of the reservation are on the U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency’s (EPA) National Priorities List, which includes sites across the nation that require cleanup 

under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA). These 

areas on the Oak Ridge Reservation have been clearly defined, and OREM is working to clean and restore them 

under a partnership with the EPA and the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC). 

Together, through the support provided by contractors, unions, Congress, and elected officials, OREM is 

enhancing safety, removing barriers to economic development, and enabling vital missions in science, energy, 

and national security.

Sampling activity on the 

Oak Ridge Reservation

East Tennessee 

Technology Park

Y-12 National 

Security Complex

Oak Ridge National 

Laboratory

DOE’s Oak Ridge

Reservation City of Oak Ridge
5

The former Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant 

began operations during World War II as part of 

the Manhattan Project. Its original mission was 

to produce enriched uranium for use in atomic 

weapons. The 2,200-acre plant was shut down 

permanently in 1987 and is undergoing cleanup 

for ultimate conversion to a multi-use industrial 

park. Major activities at the site include 

environmental restoration, facility deactivation 

and demolition, waste disposition, and land 

transfers.

East Tennessee

Technology Park

5
6

6

Centrifuge tower demolition
7

Centrifuge Complex demolition changes ETTP skyline

Centrifuge Complex before and after demolition

The last remaining mega-structure 

at ETTP was demolished in FY 2020. 

Workers completed demolition of 

the Centrifuge Complex, a sprawling 

235,000-foot facility that no longer 

had a purpose at the site. This 

facility was the next to last to be 

demolished at ETTP.

The Centrifuge Complex was 

built in stages to provide 

development, testing, reliability, 

and demonstration capability 

of uranium enrichment using 

centrifuges. The last of these 

facilities ceased operation in the 

mid-1980s.

DOE and its cleanup contractor, 

UCOR—an Amentum-led 

partnership with Jacobs—have been 

demolishing unneeded facilities at 

ETTP and cleaning up the site, which 

is being converted into a multi-use 

industrial park, national park, and 

conservation area. Demolition of 

the Centrifuge Complex was one 

of the most visible skyline changes 

at the site, removing a facility that 

scaled as high as 180 feet. 

The Centrifuge Complex contained 

four major sections. The K-1004-J 

lab section was an original 

Manhattan Project facility built for 

research and development in 1944. 

The K-1200 section, known as the 

Advanced Machine Development 

Laboratory and Component Preparation Laboratory, 

was used from 1975 to 1985 to develop machines and 

manufacturing processes for centrifuges.

The K-1210 section was referred to as the Component 

Test Facility and Advanced Equipment Test Facility. It 

operated from 1975 to 1985 to test the reliability and 

operability of centrifuge machines. The facility also 

served as a pilot plant for testing feed, withdrawal, 

and depleted uranium hexafluoride transfer systems. 

The final section—the K-1220 Complex Centrifuge 

Plant Demonstration Facility—was used from 1981 

to 1985 primarily to test production centrifuges to 

be used in the Gas Centrifuge Enrichment Plant. It 

also contained the tallest section of the complex, 

the southwest tower. Due to its height, conventional 

demolition equipment could not be used, and workers 

used large winches to pull over that section of the 

building—a feat that took a great deal of preparation 

and planning. 
88

K-1600 becomes final facility to be demolished

The final unneeded structure 

at ETTP was demolished, 

bringing an end to demolition 

activities that have removed 

more than 13 million square 

feet of facilities at the site.

UCOR demolished the 

42,000-square-foot K-1600 

Building, a former test 

and demonstration facility 

for uranium enrichment 

centrifuges. The building was 

decommissioned by Centrus 

Energy Corp., which had 

leased it since 2002 to test and demonstrate uranium enrichment centrifuges. The company consolidated 

its centrifuge testing and demonstration activities into its Technology and Manufacturing Center in Oak 

Ridge and no longer needed to lease K-1600. Centrus removed equipment from the facility to eliminate any 

classification concerns. UCOR then performed deactivation, a process that included asbestos abatement, 

utility disconnections, and universal waste removal. 

The K-1600 Building was located in the center of the former U-shaped, mile-long K-25 Building. Enrichment 

operations at the site, once called the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant, ceased in the mid-1980s. With 

completion of this demolition, DOE has achieved an historic milestone—the first-ever removal of a gaseous 

diffusion plant. 

The K-25 footprint area is part of the Manhattan Project National Historic Park. The removal of K-1600 helps 

facilitate future plans for the area, which will include the eventual construction of additional facilities that will 

complement historic preservation efforts at the K-25 History Center.

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Demolition debris disposal at K-1600
9

K-1600 complex before and after demolition
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The final unneeded facilities at ETTP came down in 

FY 2020, totaling more than 512,000 square feet. 

In addition to the Centrifuge Complex and Building 

K-1600, crews also tore down the following structures:

K-1039 Facilities: K-1039-1 served as the central 

telecommunications office for ETTP since 1997 

until last year. The adjacent K-1039 building housed 

supporting equipment.

K-1095 Paint Shop: Constructed in 1979, the K-1095 

paint shop was used to prepare paint and signs for all 

three sites on the Oak Ridge Reservation. From the late 

1990s until recently, the 13,500-square-foot facility 

was used as an electrical maintenance shop. 

Demolition projects complete ETTP core cleanup

K-1095

K-1006 Building: The K-1006 Building was constructed 

in 1962 to support overall K-25 site operations. The 

18,000-square-foot structure was leased until 2019. 

Because the company relocated and there were 

portions of the aging facility that required cleanup, it 

was torn down.

Segmentation Shop: Demolition of ETTP major 

facilities generated contaminated equipment, piping, 

and other items that required size reduction and 

deposit mining. Those items were sent to the ETTP 

Segmentation Shop, where they were processed to 

facilitate their disposal. With all of the facilities at the 

site demolished, the Segmentation Shop was no longer 

needed.
1111 

K-1006

K-1039

Segmentation Shop
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With demolition activities completed at ETTP, soil 

remediation moves to the forefront in site cleanup 

efforts. Soil remediation at ETTP is helping to 

eliminate hazards at the site and pave the way for its 

future industrial use. 

ETTP is divided into two cleanup regions: Zone 1, a 

1,400-acre area outside the main plant, and Zone 

2, an 800-acre area that comprises the main plant 

area. The areas in these zones are divided into 

varying-sized exposure units (EUs) for the purpose of 

remediation. 

Soil remediation at forefront of ETTP cleanup efforts

Zone 1

The Interim Record of Decision (ROD), which 

documents the cleanup method for Zone 1, requires 

OREM to remediate soil for the protection of 

groundwater and a future industrial workforce and 

includes land use controls. The ROD divides Zone 1 

into 80 EUs that range in size from 4 to 66 acres.

In FY 2020, OREM and UCOR initiated the planning for 

remediation to eliminate ecological risk to wildlife, 

particularly in the K-901 Drainage Ditch. Additionally, 

Since demolition activities began at ETTP, more than 13 million square 

feet of facilities have been demolished. The graphic above highlights all 

the facilities that have been removed at the site, creating opportunities 

for new industrial development.

Vision 2020

completed
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Soil sampling at Duct Island

OREM and UCOR remediated two subsurface 

faults associated with the abandoned underground 

utility system in the Powerhouse Area and initiated 

installing a soil cover in the area that contains buried 

asbestos. Agreement was reached with EPA and 

TDEC that the cleanup levels also are suitable for 

recreational use. 

Zone 2

The Zone 2 ROD requires OREM to remediate soil for 

the protection of groundwater and a future industrial 

workforce and includes land use controls. It divides 

Zone 2 into 44 EUs that range in size from 6 to 38 

acres. 

In FY 2020, OREM and UCOR completed the 

excavation and removal of soil contaminated with 

concentrations of technetium-99 (Tc-99) to meet 

regulatory standards.

Workers also completed removal of the K-832 Basin 

in the Poplar Creek area of ETTP and restored the 

area. The large basin once held the cooling water 

used in the site’s uranium enrichment operations. 

The basin worked in conjunction with a pumphouse 

and cooling tower, both of which were previously 

demolished.

Once housing a sanitary sewer system, the K-1203 

site has also been remediated. The buildings that 

sat on the site were previously demolished. The 

underground structures were removed this fiscal 

year, leaving behind a grassy field after remediation.

Tc-99 remediation on 

the K-25 footprint

Remediation completed
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Oak Ridge’s Reindustrialization Program entered its 

24th year as the model DOE asset reuse program. 

During that time, OREM has been transforming 

ETTP from a former government-owned uranium 

enrichment complex into a multi-use industrial 

business park. OREM has successfully transferred 

almost 1,300 acres at ETTP for beneficial reuse and 

is working to complete transfer of the remaining 

acreage at the site. During FY 2020, Reindustrialization 

initiated and received regulatory approval for the 

transfer of Access Portals 4 and 11 and prepared 

documentation for transfer of the K-1037 area and 

the former K-732 Switchyard. 

As OREM completes the final phases of environmental 

cleanup at ETTP, the site continues toward its future 

as a multi-use industrial park, national historical 

park, and conservation area. With the successful 

demolition of all excess buildings, a new End State 

and Closure Plan will be prepared to address the 

necessary transfers for all of the site assets, including 

facilities, land, and utility infrastructure.

As part of ETTP reuse, a general aviation airport has 

been proposed and received initial Federal Aviation 

Administration (FAA) approvals. In FY 2020, the 

Metropolitan Knoxville Airport Authority transferred 

management of the airport project to the City of Oak 

Ridge. Since the management oversight transfer, the 

City of Oak Ridge submitted the Benefit Cost Analysis 

to the FAA and also initiated an Environmental 

Assessment and preliminary design of the proposed 

airport. The viability of the airport project will depend 

on the results of these documents and funding 

availability. 

In areas where redevelopment is more challenging 

due to terrain or wetlands, UCOR has facilitated 

opportunities to enrich the community through 

potential greenspace initiatives that will be integrated 

into the industrial park and the national historical 

park. This effort led to a partnership between OREM 

and the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, which 

will be receiving ownership of the greenspace areas.

The K-25 History Center was completed and 

opened to the community in February 2020. 

This commemorative facility was commissioned 

through a Memorandum of Agreement to 

enable OREM to complete decontamination, 

decommissioning, and demolition of historic 

ETTP structures. The K-25 History Center 

features exhibits, artifacts, and audio-visual 

displays to interpret the significant role of the 

K-25 site in the Manhattan Project and Cold War 

and to commemorate the people who worked 

there. 

The history center offers visitors 7,500 square 

feet of exhibits with more than 250 original 

artifacts on display. Nearly 1,000 oral histories 

were collected over a 10-year span from former 

workers that museum professionals used to 

develop the exhibits and interactive galleries.

ETTP transforming thanks to reindustrialization

History Center opens

Inside the K-25 History Center
15

Oak Ridge

National Laboratory

The Oak Ridge National Laboratory is DOE’s 

largest multi-program national laboratory that 

conducts cutting-edge research in energy, 

materials and chemical sciences, nuclear 

science, and supercomputing. However, the 

site also houses numerous old, contaminated 

buildings and forms of waste from previous 

research and operations in past decades. 

15
16

With core cleanup complete at ETTP, OREM is 

transitioning crews to the next major phase of Oak 

Ridge’s cleanup. One of those areas is ORNL’s central 

campus which houses numerous former research 

reactors and isotope production facilities. Many of 

these buildings date back to the 1940s and 1950s.

One of the priority projects was to prepare the 3026 

facility—the Radioisotope Development Lab—for 

demolition. Using a 175-ton crane, workers installed 

a protective tent to keep nearby research facilities 

protected while the final two hot cells (heavily 

shielded concrete rooms) are demolished. 

Crews conducted deactivation operations in Buildings 

3005 and 3010, which were brought to the cold and 

dark state (when all utilities are isolated). Building 

3005 was the first project to receive crews transferring 

from ETTP. Those workers have removed asbestos and 

all universal waste.

Characterization, deactivation ramping up on

excess contaminated facilities

Building 3042, a research reactor, and the buildings 

in “Isotope Row” that supported and produced 

radioisotopes were also priority projects. Building 

3042 went cold and dark at the end of the fiscal year, 

and crews began deactivation work. 

Efforts were underway at the end of the fiscal year to 

place the 11 Isotope Row buildings (3029, 3030, 3031, 

3032, 3033, 3033A, 3034, 3036, 3038, 3093, and 

3118) in a cold and dark state. 

Characterization and deactivation of Buildings 3009, 

3010, 3010-A, 3080, 3083, and 3107 continued, 

including asbestos abatement, removal of 

combustible materials, and isolation of electrical and 

mechanical utilities. 

Deactivating these facilities paves the way for future 

demolition, which will remove a significant risk 

from the heart of ORNL and provide land for future 

research and science missions.

A protective tent over the 

3026 facilities will 

ensure demolition 

does not impact 

the surrounding

 area
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Oak Ridge has a significant inventory of uranium-233 

(U-233) stored in Building 3019 at ORNL. OREM 

initiated the U-233 Disposition Project to safely 

disposition the material, eliminate safety and nuclear 

criticality concerns, and downgrade the security 

demands at ORNL.

Completing the project is OREM’s highest priority at 

ORNL. It will remove a significant risk by eliminating 

the inventory of highly enriched fissile material stored 

in the world’s oldest operating nuclear facility located 

in the heart of one of the nation’s most important 

scientific research sites.

The U-233 Disposition Project involves two phases—

the Direct Disposition Campaign and the Processing 

Campaign. The Direct Disposition Campaign, which 

was completed in 2017, transferred U-233 material 

suitable for beneficial reuse to other programs and 

directly disposed of materials that did not require 

further processing.

The Processing Campaign was able to begin a year 

ahead of schedule in FY 2020 due to an innovative 

partnership between DOE, its contractor Isotek, and 

nuclear innovation company TerraPower. Through 

this partnership, Isotek is extracting thorium from the 

inventory for TerraPower before it is processed into 

a disposal-ready form. TerraPower, in turn, will use 

this unique isotope to support next-generation cancer 

treatment research. Isotek used the proceeds from 

the sale of the thorium to install glove boxes and begin 

processing the low-dose material while upgrades are 

completed on the hot cells that will be used to process 

the high-dose inventory for disposal.

In FY 2020, Isotek began glove box processing, and 

they are nearing completion on the upgrades required 

to convert the high-dose inventory into a disposalready form. That work is scheduled to begin next year, 

and processing operations are expected to continue 

through the mid-2020s.

Uranium-233 processing begins ahead of schedule 

MSRE cleanup and life extension upgrades underway

Employees completed characterization and disposal 

on several waste items from the Molten Salt Reactor 

Experiment (MSRE) facility—a test reactor that 

operated at ORNL from June 1965 until December 

1969. Since the reactor’s shutdown, OREM has 

performed several studies and removal actions to 

stabilize the facility, including removing uranium 

deposits and defueling the reactor salts. In FY 2020, 

OREM disposed of waste from previous sampling 

campaigns and several tanks. 

Additionally, work is underway to modernize and 

conduct life-extending upgrades that will extend the 

facility life by 40 years. These changes will allow for

in situ decommissioning of MSRE. The upgrades 

include electrical investigation and verification, roof 

repair, a new steam system, and fire panel upgrades. 

The most significant upgrade is the design of the 

Continuous Purge System to replace the aging Reactive 

Gas Recovery System. 

The facility requires routine surveillance and 

maintenance to manage the remaining hazards, 

including periodically removing reactive gas generated 

by the defueled salts. Once implemented, the new 

Continuous Purge System will substantially improve 

the safety posture of the facility through replacement 

and isolation of legacy systems and components.

Isotek employees are extracting medical isotopes, before 

they process the U-233 material, that will be used for nextgeneration cancer treatment research
18 5

LGWO improvements extending service life

At Liquid and Gaseous Waste Operations (LGWO), 

significant improvements are being made to the 

Gaseous Waste system, the Liquid Low-Level Waste 

system (LLLW), and the Process Waste system. To 

support the nuclear-related operations at ORNL, 

having functioning and reliable treatment systems 

is essential. These efforts are fulfilling that goal by 

improving operation and reliability and extending the 

service life of this important support function that is 

vital to ORNL’s ongoing operations.

The Gaseous Waste system life span has been greatly 

extended due to the upgraded Central Off-Gas 

system with turbine replacements and the current 

Variable Frequency Drive replacement. Updates to 

both mechanical and electrical equipment with new 

technology are extending service by decades.

Evaporation in the LLLW system is nearing re-start. 

An evaporator in the 2531 Building received focused 

attention in FY 2020, after years of nonuse. Every 

system has been evaluated, and valving, pumps, 

instruments, and ventilation have been repaired. The 

LLLW system is being greatly assisted by the Process 

Waste Pre-Treatment System at Building 3571. The 

new Process Waste Pre-Treatment system will treat 

wastewater currently going into the LLLW system. 

Once this project is successfully commissioned, 80 

percent of the wastewater formerly being stored in the 

LLLW system will be treated and discharged through 

the Process Waste System, thereby extending LLLW 

storage capacity. 

Crews made notable progress in the Process Waste 

system with the installation of the new Zeolite 

Treatment System at Building 3608. The newly 

installed system is removing cesium and strontium 

from LGWO wastewater. As a result, the Rad Process 

Waste Treatment Complex (Building 3544), which 

has exceeded its design life, is now in standby and 

will be available for decommissioning once the new 

Zeolite treatment process has been optimized and 

confirmed reliable. The new Zeolite treatment process 

has already demonstrated increased capabilities in 

treatment throughput as well as proven simpler to 

operate and maintain.

Zeolite tank installation
19

Y-12 National

Security Complex

The Y-12 National Security Complex is a 

premier manufacturing facility dedicated to 

protecting our nation. Y-12 helps ensure a 

safe and reliable nuclear weapons deterrent. 

The site also retrieves and stores nuclear 

materials from around the world, fuels 

the nation’s naval reactors, and performs 

highly skilled, specialized manufacturing for 

government agencies and private-sector 

entities.

19
20

The Outfall 200 Mercury Treatment Facility is 

the linchpin for OREM’s cleanup strategy at Y-12. 

This vital piece of infrastructure will open the 

door for demolition of Y-12’s large, deteriorated, 

mercury-contaminated facilities and subsequent 

soil remediation by providing a mechanism to limit 

potential mercury releases into the Upper East Fork 

Poplar Creek. When operational, the facility will be 

able to treat 3,000 gallons of water per minute and 

help Oak Ridge meet regulatory limits in compliance 

with EPA and state of Tennessee requirements.

In FY 2020, contractors began excavations at the 

Treatment Plant site and at the Headworks site, 

and they installed and operated a small treatment 

system to remove mercury from water collected in 

the Headworks excavation site. Additionally, crews 

poured the concrete pads and began installing rebar 

for the walls of the treatment plant. Shoring walls 

and excavations will be completed at the Headworks 

site in FY 2021, and the entire facility is slated to be 

operational in the mid-2020s.

Construction of mercury treatment facility underway

20
2121
22 5

Asbestos removal in the 

Biology Complex

OREM is preparing to remove the remaining buildings 

in Y-12’s Biology Complex, which are listed as high-risk 

excess contaminated facilities. The 350,000-squarefoot area poses asbestos hazards as well as structural 

deterioration risks. Demolition of these facilities is 

part of an effort to eliminate excess contaminated 

facilities throughout the DOE complex. Asbestos 

abatement and material removal continued in FY 

2020.

Originally constructed in the 1940s to recover uranium 

from process streams, the complex later housed 

ORNL’s biology research division, which among other 

things made strides in understanding genetics and the 

effects of radiation. The facilities once housed more 

individuals with doctorates than anywhere in the 

world. 

The complex originally consisted of 11 buildings until 

OREM demolished four of them in 2010 as part of 

the American Recovery 

and Reinvestment Act 

of 2009. Buildings 

9743-2 and 9770-2 were 

demolished in FY 2018, 

when mobilization 

also started for the 

demolition of the 

remaining buildings. 

The completion of this 

project will clear land for 

important future national 

security missions.

At the Alpha-4 Building, an additional half ton of 

mercury was recovered during the treatment of debris 

and grit from the building’s Column Exchange (COLEX) 

equipment in FY 2020. Combined with the mercury 

previously removed from the West and East COLEX 

equipment, more than 5.1 tons of mercury have been 

removed. 

The four-story, 500,000-square-foot Alpha-4 facility 

was used for uranium separation from 1944 to 1945. 

Workers finished installing the COLEX equipment in 

1955 for lithium separation, a process that required 

large amounts of mercury. A significant amount of the 

element was lost into the equipment, buildings, and 

surrounding soils, and its cleanup is one of OREM’s 

top priorities. The COLEX project has successfully 

prevented a large release of mercury into the 

environment from deteriorating, rusted equipment 

that was exposed to the elements. 

More than 5.1 tons of mercury removed at COLEX

Final Biology Complex facilities prepped for demo
23

Conducting a clam filtration test in the Aquatic Ecology Lab

Mercury remediation is OREM’s highest priority at 

the Y-12 National Security Complex due to the large 

historical losses of the element in buildings, soils, 

and surface waters in previous decades. Mercury 

contamination in the environment poses significant 

technical and regulatory challenges and can benefit 

from development of new tools and approaches that 

might be more effective, reduce costs, and accelerate 

cleanup schedules. 

OREM is making significant investments into the 

development of new remediation technologies to help 

address the complex mercury challenge in Oak Ridge. 

In the near-term, mercury technology development 

activities will support the successful completion 

of the demolition of Y-12’s mercury-contaminated 

facilities and soils remediation, waste disposition, and 

reduction of mercury-related ecological risks in East 

Fork Poplar Creek. 

In 2020, COVID-19 restrictions led to reduced access to 

lab and field facilities, but work on the major mercury 

technology tasks (i.e., studying water chemistry, soil 

and sediment, and ecological manipulation) continued. 

A work-from-home plan allowed scientists to 

continue data analysis while essential personnel kept 

laboratory and fieldwork running. A larger emphasis 

was placed on quantitative modeling to simulate 

various remediation and technology development 

scenarios and better inform future remedial decisionmaking. With a better understanding of mercury 

transport processes in the watershed system, specific 

technologies and strategies can be assessed and 

implemented to aid future cleanup.

Mercury treatment tools being assessed
24 5

Tank installation at the ORNL Aquatic Ecology Lab

In spring FY 2020, construction was completed on a 

major addition to ORNL’s Aquatic Ecology Lab. This 

new infrastructure is allowing scientists to bring water 

from the East Fork Poplar Creek and run it through 

the lab to test remediation technologies. This upgrade 

provides real world settings to test technologies 

to ensure greater effectiveness when they are 

implemented in the field. 

In the downstream environment, field characterization 

and research undertaken during the 2015-2021 

time period will support an evaluation of potential 

remediation alternatives for the creek in the mid2020s. As a new task added to the project, algae and 

bacteria, which are abundant in stream systems, 

have been recognized to play an important role in 

mercury methylation and bioaccumulation. In FY 

2021, major efforts will be involved in mapping these 

areas to determine the role and impact they play in 

the ecosystem related to mercury methylation and 

bioaccumulation. 

Studies have been conducted to evaluate alternative 

treatment chemicals on mercury flux, the effect 

of sorbents on mercury and methylmercury 

concentrations in the presence of dissolved organic 

matter, and the use of mussels as a tool for reducing 

mercury in the water column. ORNL scientists have 

prepared a report titled “Mercury Remediation 

Technology Development for Lower East Fork Poplar 

Creek—FY 2020 Update.” This report provides a 

detailed description of each of the study areas and 

findings from studies performed in FY 2020.
25

Waste

Management

25

Wastes generated from cleanup activities 

on the Oak Ridge Reservation are addressed 

in a variety of ways. Most of the volume 

is disposed of onsite in the Environmental 

Management Waste Management Facility 

(EMWMF) or the Oak Ridge Reservation 

Landfills. However, the highly contaminated 

material is shipped offsite. Wastewater is 

treated at various facilities on the Oak Ridge 

Reservation.
26

Most of the waste generated during FY 2020 cleanup 

activities in Oak Ridge went to disposal facilities on the 

Oak Ridge Reservation. 

The Environmental Management Waste Management 

Facility (EMWMF) received 12,271 waste shipments, 

totaling 75,408 cubic yards, from cleanup projects 

at ETTP, ORNL, and Y-12. This engineered landfill 

consists of six disposal cells that only accept low-level 

radioactive and hazardous waste meeting specific 

criteria. These wastes include soil, dried sludge and 

sediment, building debris, and personal protective 

equipment. 

This disposal facility, which accepts a larger volume 

of waste that does not contain highly hazardous 

materials, has been vital to Oak Ridge’s cleanup 

progress and success. It has enabled OREM to 

accomplish more cleanup by avoiding costly and 

unnecessary cross-country shipments and being able 

to focus its resources on projects that eliminate risks 

across the site.

Onsite disposal essential to reservation cleanup

EMWMF operations shipped approximately 4.3 million 

gallons of leachate for treatment and disposal at the 

ORNL Liquid and Gaseous Waste Operations Facility. 

Contact water, which comes in contact with waste but 

does not enter the leachate collection system, did not 

require treatment in FY 2020; however, approximately 

2.9 million gallons of contact water were conditioned 

for hexavalent chromium prior to release. The contact 

water is only released after laboratory analysis verifies 

it meets all regulatory limits and discharge standards. 

DOE also operates and maintains the Oak Ridge 

Reservation Landfills, which accept sanitary waste 

and construction debris. In FY 2020, these three active 

landfills received 6,334 waste shipments, totaling 

79,710 cubic yards of waste.

In FY 2020, OREM continued to maintain and improve 

sediment and erosion controls at the Oak Ridge 

Reservation Landfills, which significantly reduces the 

amount of sediment released from these landfills.

26 EMWMF
27

EMWMF will reach capacity in the near term before 

OREM completes its cleanup at Y-12 and ORNL.

Planning continued in FY 2020 for another disposal 

facility that will provide the capacity required to 

complete Oak Ridge’s cleanup. The new facility will 

be called the Environmental Management Disposal 

Facility (EMDF). 

OREM continued to monitor a total of 31 wells at the 

proposed site for the disposal facility (measuring and 

Design documents drafted for new disposal facility

Each year, activities on the Oak Ridge Reservation 

generate millions of gallons of wastewater that must 

be treated to remove oil, chemicals, radiological 

constituents, and other contaminants. 

Y-12 treats wastewater and groundwater generated 

from production and environmental cleanup activities. 

The site provided safe and compliant treatment 

of almost 115 million gallons of wastewater and 

groundwater during FY 2020. 

At ORNL, the Process Waste Treatment Complex 

treated approximately 89 million gallons of wastewater 

in FY 2020. 

In addition, the liquid low-level waste system at ORNL 

received approximately 40,604 gallons for treatment. 

The ORNL 3039 Stack Facility treated 0.84 billion cubic 

meters of gaseous waste. These waste treatment 

activities supported both OREM and DOE Office of 

Science mission activities safely and compliantly.

Millions of gallons of wastewater treated

recording water levels and groundwater characteristic 

data) for the entire year. 

Preliminary design of the facility was completed in 

draft, and a detailed evaluation of the facility’s longterm performance was completed in accordance with 

DOE Orders. 

OREM continues to work with EPA and TDEC to move 

forward on planning documents related to the project.

EMWMF
28 5

North Wind Solutions, LLC, operator of the Transuranic 

Waste Processing Center (TWPC), continued 

processing waste in FY 2020, although both processing 

and waste shipments were impacted by the time spent 

in limited operations due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 

TWPC is responsible for processing and packaging 

Oak Ridge Reservation transuranic (TRU) waste for 

shipment to DOE’s Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), 

near Carlsbad, New Mexico. 

This form of waste consists of materials and debris 

that are contaminated with elements that have a 

higher atomic mass and are listed after uranium on the 

periodic table. The majority of Oak Ridge’s inventory 

originated from previous research and isotope 

production missions at ORNL.

Both contact-handled (CH) and remote-handled (RH) 

waste are treated at the facility. CH waste can be 

safely handled without remote equipment, although 

workers never actually touch the waste without 

protective barriers. 

Higher energy radioactive waste is processed by 

remote control equipment in special protective rooms 

called “hot cells.” Workers who process this form of 

waste are protected by barriers, such as thick concrete 

walls and leaded-glass viewing windows. TWPC has 

processed approximately 99 percent of the CH TRU 

waste and 98 percent of the RH TRU. 

In FY 2020, North Wind Solutions completed 9 CH 

TRU waste shipments containing 378 drums to 

WIPP. As a result, OREM has been able to disposition 

approximately 78 percent of the CH TRU waste and 63 

percent of the RH TRU waste. 

TWPC continues waste processing, shipments

Construction began in FY 2020 on the Sludge 

Processing Mock Test Facility, which will play a 

vital role in maturing technologies needed to begin 

processing Oak Ridge’s 500,000-gallon inventory of 

TRU sludge waste.

OREM has been working since 2003 to process, 

repackage, and ship Oak Ridge’s inventory of CH and 

RH transuranic debris waste for permanent disposal at 

WIPP. With that processing scheduled for completion 

in 2022, OREM is now working to address the site’s 

inventory of TRU sludge waste.

OREM will test six critical technology elements to 

gather the data necessary to complete the final design 

and construction of the Sludge Processing Facility later 

this decade. Two of those technologies will be tested 

at the mock test facility.

This facility will be used to test pump technologies 

and instrumentation measurement technologies. 

Advanced pump technologies are needed to pull 

the sludge wastes out of their storage tanks for 

processing. The instrumentation measurement 

technologies will inform operators what material is 

moving through the pumps, including its contents and 

density, to assist with processing needs.

Construction of the mock test facility is slated for 

completion in October 2021. OREM anticipates 

approximately two years of testing to gather the data 

needed to determine the best designs and approaches 

for the Sludge Processing Facility’s final design.

Mock test 

facility 

rendering

TWPC operators using manipulators to handle waste

Sludge Processing Mock Test Facility being built
29

Oak Ridge

Reservation

The DOE Oak Ridge Reservation is home 

to ETTP, ORNL, and Y-12. It contains 

approximately 32,400 acres that are 

predominantly undeveloped, forested 

areas. In addition to cleanup projects 

at the three sites on the reservation, 

OREM is taking measures to address 

reservation-wide issues.

29
30

OREM continued to implement its groundwater 

strategy for the Oak Ridge Reservation in FY 2020. 

Three groundwater exit pathways wells were installed 

to the west of Bethel Valley, near the Clinch River. 

Exit pathways are areas where contaminants have 

the potential to exit the Oak Ridge Reservation to 

offsite areas. In FY 2020, the wells were drilled to 

approximate depths of 300, 400, and 600 feet below 

ground surface; monitoring equipment will be installed 

in the wells in FY 2021. 

Monitoring of the new wells will supplement current 

exit pathway monitoring and offsite monitoring. 

Offsite detection monitoring completed in FY 2020 

confirmed that there were no results above primary 

drinking water standards. 

Also in FY 2020, the Bethel Valley Final Groundwater 

ROD Remedial Investigation Work Plan was submitted 

to the regulators for review. This plan will outline a 

dynamic investigation strategy to support a future, 

final groundwater decision for Bethel Valley. To 

support this plan, OREM started a groundwater 

flow model detailing Bethel Valley. This flow model 

will be used to help simulate and better understand 

groundwater movement in Bethel Valley. 

Reservation groundwater monitoring continues

A network of 

monitoring wells, 

including those installed 

in FY 2020, provide 

valuable groundwater 

data
31

Public

Involvement

The public is involved in all cleanup 

decisions made by DOE. To keep 

the public informed, DOE provides 

information through a variety of outlets, 

including tours, meetings, briefings, 

conferences, media outreach, fact sheets, 

public notices, websites, social media, 

and various publications.

31
32

Elected officials join DOE at Vision 2020 celebration

A special event was held 

celebrating completion of 

Vision 2020 featuring Secretary 

of Energy Dan Brouillette 

(above), Tennessee Gov. Bill Lee 

(right), Sen. Lamar Alexander, 

Rep. Chuck Fleischmann, and 

other state and local leaders. 

Local media also attended. 

Participants were socially 

distanced and masked to abide 

by COVID-19 regulations. 

OREM received praise from 

the secretary and governor for 

completing this massive cleanup 

project ahead of schedule 

and under budget. Vision 

2020—completing ETTP major 

cleanup—removed all unneeded 

facilities from the site, which 

is transitioning to a multi-use 

industrial park.
33

Advisory board provides public 

input on DOE cleanup activities

The Oak Ridge Site Specific Advisory Board (ORSSAB) 

is a federally chartered volunteer citizens panel that 

provides independent advice and recommendations 

to OREM. ORSSAB provides DOE and regulators at EPA 

and TDEC with a forum for understanding stakeholder 

perspectives. It also serves as a venue for members 

of the community to express their views or ask 

questions.

Since 1995, ORSSAB has provided 247 recommendations to OREM on important aspects of the cleanup 

program, such as land use and reindustrialization; 

stewardship; cleanup standards, activities, and 

budgets; and waste management. Every major ROD 

developed under Environmental Management (EM) 

has had heavy SSAB involvement, and none of the 

final RODs have been at odds with majority SSAB 

opinions. 

ORSSAB may have up to 22 members. Individuals 

apply for membership annually and are selected by 

DOE to reflect a diversity of interests, gender, race, 

and other criteria of persons in the multi-county area 

that surrounds the Oak Ridge Reservation. 

Groundbreaking ceremony held for History Center

After years of preparation and 

planning, the K-25 History Center has 

become a reality. A grand opening 

was held in early 2020, giving the 

public a first look at the artifacts 

and stories of the men and women 

who built and operated a site that 

helped end a global war and powered 

America. The center is housed in 

7,500 square feet of space on the 

second floor of the city-owned 

fire station at ETTP. The numerous 

exhibits and theater at the facility 

provide an in-depth experience and a 

look back at life in the “Secret City.”
34

ORSSAB meets the second 

Wednesday of most months at 6 

p.m. at the DOE Information Center, 

located at 1 Science.gov Way in Oak 

Ridge. Meetings are always open 

to the public and include time for 

public comment. More information 

about ORSSAB is available at www.

energy.gov/orssab.

The primary way individuals can 

learn about the latest cleanup 

efforts is by attending board 

meetings. Meetings offer a unique 

opportunity to interact with OREM 

experts who are leading cleanup 

efforts as they present progress 

updates and answer questions 

directly. The board met in person 

four times in FY 2020 and attended 

public meetings hosted by DOE in its official capacity. 

The board also has two standing committees, and 

those meetings are also open to the public. The 

Executive Committee meets the first Wednesday 

of most months at 5 p.m. at the DOE Information 

Center to discuss board business including upcoming 

meetings, member travel, and membership. The EM & 

Stewardship Committee meets the fourth Wednesday 

of most months at the DOE Information Center at 

6 p.m. for in-depth discussion of the month’s topic 

issue. These meetings are also where work to craft 

recommendations is completed. Members of the 

public may attend and can become members of this 

committee on request.

Additionally, ORSSAB continues a long-standing 

tradition of appointing student representatives to the 

board as part of its interest in long-term stewardship 

of the Oak Ridge Reservation. Educating and engaging 

students about OREM’s work ensures the next 

generation of stewards are prepared for their role in 

making sure cleanup is completed and stewardship of 

the site continues. This year, Avigail Duke represented 

Oak Ridge High School.

ORSSAB offers additional opportunities outside of its 

meetings for the public to learn about and express 

views on OREM’s cleanup mission. Board members 

and staff are also available on request to educate 

community groups and organizations about the 

board’s function.

The board regularly issues news releases, advertises 

in local media, broadcasts a portion of its monthly 

meetings on local cable stations, and archives the 

video to its YouTube channel, www.youtube.com/

user/ORSSAB. The Staff maintains an active social 

media presence at www.facebook.com/ORSSAB and 

administers mailing lists, including email distribution 

of meeting materials and a weekly news update.

The board publishes and mails a print quarterly 

newsletter, the Advocate – sign up for any of these 

items by emailing orssab@orem.doe.gov. 

Members pursue continuing education as part of 

advisory role

Since board members are not required to be subject 

matter experts, DOE supports ongoing education 

for members, including regular site tours and travel 

to select cleanup-related conferences such as the 

National Cleanup Workshop, Waste Management 

Symposium, and National Environmental Justice 

Conference. 

Member reports and materials from offsite events 

are included in board meeting packets and archived 

at the DOE Information Center. These activities allow 

members to understand the wider impact of cleanup 

and receive information and training that improves 

ORSSAB members
35

FY 2020 Stats

Number of public meetings held 19

Total citizen inquiries 472

Total number of documents at the center 49,369

 Total number of documents online 17,910

The DOE Information Center is located at the 

Office of Scientific and Technical Information, 

Building 1916 – T1,

1 Science.gov Way, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831

E-mail: doeic@science.doe.gov

Hours: 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., Monday – Friday

http://doeic.science.energy.gov

Phone: (865) 241-4780

The DOE Information Center is a one-stop information facility that maintains a collection of more than 48,000 

documents regarding environmental activities in Oak Ridge. 

The center hosts various meetings, including some of the ORSSAB meetings, relevant to cleanup activities in 

Oak Ridge. Staff is available Monday through Friday, 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., to assist with information needs. Users can 

consult the following website for information available from the center.

DOE Information Center in Oak Ridge

their ability to carry out their advisory role. In FY 2020, 

board members participated in the following local 

activities:

• K-25 History Center: Board officers received a 

tour of the new history center as part of the 

grand opening celebration and as part of the 

board’s partnership in the historic preservation 

memorandum of agreement that created the 

project. 

• Molten Salt Reactor Experiment: Members 

toured ORNL’s MSRE, which OREM monitors 

and maintains in a safe posture until its 

decommissioning. MSRE staff also shared how 

they collaborate with academic and industry 

professionals pursuing modern uses of the molten 

salt technology. ORSSAB had shared its thoughts 

on the reactor’s closure and cleanup with the EM 

program.

• U-233 Disposition Project: Following a 

presentation by cleanup contractor Isotek’s 

President, Jim Bolon, at a monthly meeting, 

members toured Isotek’s facilities at ORNL, 

where downblending and shipment of remaining 

uranium-233 waste materials takes place. They 

also learned about the innovative partnership with 

TerraPower, which will provide isotopes from the 

process for cancer research and treatment. Board 

recommendations have previously encouraged the 

prioritization of the U-233 project and additional 

funding. 

• Members used virtual resources to continue 

their education efforts this year, attending the 

Fall Chairs Meeting, National Cleanup Workshop, 

and Five-Year Review of OREM cleanup progress 

remotely. They also participated in the Vision 2020 

town halls and completion celebration presented 

by DOE.

Isotek President Jim Bolon updated members on the U-233 

Disposition Project in February
36

DOE OREM Public Information

(865) 574-4912

www.energy.gov/orem

Oak Ridge Site Specific Advisory Board

(865) 241-4583, (865) 241-4584

1-800-382-6938

www.energy.gov/orssab

Websites for Additional Information

CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability

Act of 1980

COLEX Column Exchange

CROET Community Reuse Organization of East Tennessee

DOE U.S. Department of Energy

EM Environmental Management

EMDF Environmental Management Disposal Facility

EMWMF Environmental Management Waste Management Facility

EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

ETTP East Tennessee Technology Park

EU Exposure Unit

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

FY Fiscal year

LGWO Liquid and Gaseous Waste Operations

LLLW Liquid Low Level Waste

MSRE Molten Salt Reactor Experiment

OREM Oak Ridge Office of Environmental Management

ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory

ORSSAB Oak Ridge Site Specific Advisory Board

ROD Record of Decision

TDEC Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation

TRU Transuranic

TWPC Transuranic Waste Processing Center

U-233 Uranium 233

WIPP Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

Commonly Used Acronyms

Tennessee Department of Environment

and Conservation–DOE Oversight Office

(865) 481-0995

https://tdec.tn.gov/

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Region 4

1-800-241-1754

www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-epa-region-4-

southeast
37

CERCLA: The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) 

established prohibitions and requirements concerning closed and abandoned hazardous waste sites, provided 

for liability of persons responsible for hazardous waste releases at these sites, and established a trust fund to 

provide cleanup when no responsible party could be identified. The law, which governs cleanup operations on 

the Oak Ridge Reservation, authorizes two kinds of response actions: short-term removal actions, where actions 

may be taken to address releases or threatened releases requiring prompt response, and long-term remedial 

actions, which permanently and significantly reduce the dangers associated with releases or threats of releases. 

Long-term actions can be conducted at sites on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s National Priorities 

List, a listing of the nation’s most hazardous waste sites. The Oak Ridge Reservation was added to that list in 

1989. 

Federal Facility Agreement: CERCLA requires an agreement between state and federal entities to guide cleanup 

work at CERCLA sites. For the DOE Oak Ridge Office, the parties of this agreement, called a Federal Facility 

Agreement, is DOE, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the Tennessee Department of Environment 

and Conservation. The Federal Facility Agreement for Oak Ridge was initiated in January 1992.

Removal Actions: Some cleanup activities on the Oak Ridge Reservation are conducted as Removal Actions under 

CERCLA. These actions provide an important method for moving sites more quickly through the CERCLA process. 

When a site presents a relatively time-sensitive, non-complex problem that can and should be addressed, a 

Removal Action would be warranted.

Remedial Actions: Remedial actions are long-term response actions that seek to permanently and significantly 

reduce the risks associated with the release or threat of release of hazardous substances. 

Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study: The purpose of the remedial investigation/feasibility study (RI/FS) is 

to assess site conditions and evaluate alternatives to the extent necessary to select a remedy. Developing and 

conducting an RI/FS generally includes the following activities: project scoping, data collection, risk assessments, 

treatability studies, and analysis of alternatives. The scope and timing of these activities should be tailored to the 

nature and complexity of the problem and the response alternatives being considered.

Record of Decision: Under the CERCLA process, a Record of Decision formally documents the selection of a 

preferred cleanup method after a series of steps, including an RI/FS. A preferred cleanup alternative is selected 

and presented to the public for comment in a Proposed Plan. EPA, the state, and the lead agency then select a 

remedy and document it in the ROD. 

Fiscal Year: The 2020 fiscal year spans from Oct. 1, 2019, to Sept. 30, 2020.

Commonly Used Terms
38

For more information, please contact 

the DOE Oak Ridge Public Affairs Office at (865) 574-4912.