A111D3 OflfiSflb

i NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 458

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards

National Bureau of Standards

Library, E-01 Admin. B!dg,

OCT 1 1981

Metrication and Dimensional

Coordination—

A Selected Bibliography
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

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" Located at Boulder, Colorado 80302.
Metrication and Dimensional Coordination—

A Selected Bibliography

"I ^ ^

Roy E. Clark and

Candace L. Roat

Center for Building Technology

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary

Dr. Betsy Ancker-Johnson, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

I^.'SnATIONAL bureau of standards, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director

Issued April 1977
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Clark, Roy E. Metrication and dimensional coordination. (NBS Special Publication; 458)

Supt. of Docs, no.; CI 3. 1 0:458

I, Construction industry —Standards —United States

Bibliography. 2. Metric system —Bibliography. 3. Modular

coordination (Architecture)—Bibliography. I. Roat, Candace L., joint author. 11. Title. III. Series; United States. National Bureau of Standards. Special Publication; 458. QC100.U57 no. 458 [Z79I4.B9] [TH420]

602Ms [624\021] 76-608345

National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 458

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 458, 32 pages (Apr. 1977) CODEN: XNBSAV

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Contents

Page

1. Introduction 1

2. Purpose and approach 2

3. List of key issues and questions 3

3.1 Metrication 3

3.2 Dimensional coordination 4

3.3 Institutional arrangements 5

3.4 International interchange 5

3.5 General 6

4. List of sources with abstracts 6

5. Other bibliographies 24

\

iii
PREFACE

This report was prepared to assist the building community in the location of definitive information on

metrication and dimensional coordination. With the passage of the metric Conversion Act of 1975 (Public

Law 94-168), it is expected that activities and the need for information with regard to metrication in the

building community will accelerate.

This report is one of a series developed under the Coordination of Metric Dimensions Program of the Office

of Building Standards and Codes Services, Center for Building Technology, Institute for Applied Technology, National Bureau of Standards. Other published reports on this subject developed for the use of building community include: • NBS Technical Note 915, Metrication Problems in the Construction Codes and Standards Sector,

June 1976. • Technical Note 938, Recommended Practice for the Use of Metric (SI) Units in Building Design and

Construction, February 1977.

These documents are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,

Washington, D.C. 20402 or in microfilm from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS),

Springfield, Virginia 22161.

The principal author of this document is Mr. Roy Clark, technical writer in the Architectural Research

Section of the Center for Building Technology. The work was conducted under the technical direction of Dr. Robert Wehrli, Chief, Architectural Research Section, and under the programmatic direction of Mr.

Robert J. Kapsch, Assistant Chief, Office of Building Standards and Codes Services, Center for Building

Technology.

James G. Gross

Chief, Office of Building Standards

and Codes Services Center for Building Technology

iv
Metrication and Dimensional Coordination—A Selected Bibliography

Roy E. Clark and Candace L. Roat

The United States changeover to the use of the SI (International metric) measurement

language presents our construction industry with the need to review and adapt many product

standards and practices for the use of metric measurement units. These adaptations and changes can bring substantial benefits to the industry in the form of permanently recurring cost savings. A

practice of potentially great benefit would be the incorporation of dimensional coordination in the new metric standards for sizes of building products. For such benefits to be realized, however, the involved issues must be effectively addressed and the requisite decisions made and implemented.

Considerable literature pertinent to the issues and decisions has been published in the United States and in the other (primarily English-speaking) countries that have been implementing metrication and dimensional coordination in the past decade. This report aids construction industry consideration and resolution of metrication decisions by providing a guide to the best available sources

relevant to the issues.

Key words: Building codes and standards; construction industry; dimensional coordination; metric system; metrication; modular coordination; SI.

1. Introduction

The United States has finally embarked officially on a course of joining the rest of the world in the use of the metric system of measurement. In July 19G8, the then

Secretary of Commerce transmitted to the Congress

the report of the three-year U.S. Metric Study that had

been carried out by the National Bureau of Standards

at the behest of the Congress. The Secretary accompanied the report with a recommendation, based on

the findings of the study, that "the United States change

to the International Metric System deliberately and

carefully." In December 1975, after four years of consideration of this issue by the Congress and the body

politic, the President signed into law the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 that declares the policy of the United States to be "to coordinate and plan the increas- ing use of the metric system in the United States and

to establish a United States Metric Board to coordinate

the voluntary conversion to the Metric system."

The challenge now facing the Nation is to accomplish

the voluntary but coordinated shift to predominant use

of metric measurement units over the next decade or

so in the least disruptive and most efficient and beneficial manner. In order to meet this challenge, each

sector of our economy and society is going to have to examine its measurement use practices and determine

how best to adapt them to the growing use of metric

in the Nation, making every effort in this process to secure the potential benefits of the adaptation while

avoiding its potential pitfalls. That a change of measurement language on the part

of the construction industry would have widespread

impact and ramifications is self evident. It would eventually touch, in some way, everyone from building

designers to building users. The disruptions and costs of such a shift could be large for the industry and for

the Nation. However, the metric changeover does offer the potential—for the construction industry as for the countrv as a whole -of permanent, recurring cost savings. This potential can be realized only if full advantage is taken of the use of a simpler, systematic meas- urement language and of the stimulus and opportunity

provided by the measurement change to review and

update standards, procedures, product designs and

practices (a process normally retarded by difficult to justify costs of change).

Metric changeover presents a once in a lifetime opportunity to minimize, based on contemporary tech- nology and good design principles, the varieties of

sizes of various products used in building. Since the product sizes established by standards are influenced

by the measurement units used, adoption of metric

measurements implies, at the least, modification of

existing standards. The preferable course is the writing

of new standards, in order to avoid the awkward and

fractional numbers that result from converting round

numbers or fractions of inches and pounds into mili- meters and kilograms. Any rewriting of product stand- ards—even if only their "translation" to reasonable

metric equivalents—should be looked on as a one-time

chance to "clean house" of excessive variety of product

sizes, as well as obsolete practices, that have come into use over the years. Pursuing this goal will reduce costs of both manufacturing and distribution by: (1) per- mitting longer manufacturing runs of each size and

(2) reducing the warehousing and distribution capacity needed to stock all available sizes. This approach to cost savings through metrication

is being followed by the Industrial Fasteners Institute with its new Optimum Metric Fastener System standard, now being processed internationally as the Modified ISO Fastener System standard. This system utilizes

less than one-half the number of different sizes (diameters ) as any other existing threaded fastener standard

to cover the same size range. A similar effort to minimize the diversity of needed product sizes is being

made by the automobile manufacturers as they adopt new product standards for components such as fan

belts. The construction industry likewise has an oppor1
tunity to realize long-term savings by minimizing

(through rationalizing) the variety of sizes of manufactured products that it uses. Although complete

analysis of the potential benefits of reduction in numbers of sizes has not been performed, it is believed that the long term benefits could be substantial. This effort could be carried one step further. There

has been developed in this country and abroad a methodology and discipline that greatly facilitates the onsite assembly of manufactured and pre-cut components into buildings. It is variously referred to as dimensional or modular coordination or precoordination. The use of

this apprach to design and construction requires that the sizes of components—such as door sets, windows,

bricks, concrete masonry units, wall panels—be tail- ored to multiples of a basic dimensional module, so

that they will readily fit together without cutting and

adjusting. Here again, the development of new product

standards in metric dimension offers a unique opportunity to incorporate modular dimensioning into the new standards, thus making coordinated products avail- able for those designers who desire to take advantage

of them. Many commentators, as far back as the time

of the U.S. Metric Study ( 1970 ) —see Reference No. 49

in sec. 4—have suggested that metric changeover

for the construction industry could be economically

justified only if adoption of dimensional coordination were joined with it. This belief seems to be supported

by the experiences of the other English-speaking countries now going metric—particularly the United Kingdom and Australia—in combining the adoption of this methodology with their metric changeover.

The information presented in sections 3 and 4 of

this report demonstrates that metrication and dimensional coordination, although quite different in nature, are closely interrelated at the present juncture for the U.S. construction industry. They share many of the same problems of implementation. Attempting to sep- arately evaluate the benefits, costs, and other effects of each is a complex and many faceted task.

2. Purpose and Approach

All participants in the activity of building—land

planners, architects and designers, manufacturers, suppliers, builders and contractors, and building managers

and owners—face the need in the near future to at least understand the implications and impacts of U.S. metric chanaeover on this activity. Many of these participants will be making—by intent or by default

crucial decisions concerning the adaptation of the construction industry to the metric measurement en- vironment. In this context, the present publication is intended to serve as an annotated guide to the extant

literature pertinent to the situation. The approach taken was first to identify the key

issues and questions that appear to be facing the various elements of building and construction in regard

to metrication. Then we searched for the sources that best addressed these questions.

Our search was conducted primarily through the following repositories and indexes:

• Department of Housing and Urban Development

library;

• Industrialization Forum index;

• catalog of the Graduate School of Design of Harvard University (available in facsimile at the HUD

library ) ; • National Bureau of Standards library;

• Generic Modules Bibliography of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada Committee on Generic

Modules; and

• collection of the Metric Information Office of the National Bureau of Standards (which contains most

of the official publications and many nongovernmental materials from the countries currently going

metric or recently having done so).

With a comprehensive listing of apparently relevant references compiled, we obtained as many of the docu- ments as was possible. Some items, although listed in library catalogs, were unavailable even from the Li- brary of Congress or throuoh other interlibrary loan

efforts. Such items have for the most part been omitted on the double ground that: (1) they could not be re- viewed and evaluated, and (2) in any case they are apparently not usefully available. The two authors read and annotated the available

materials, keeping in mind the issues and noting those addressed by a given item. Obviously references of a more comprehensive nature are likely to touch on

several issues. The selection of references for inclusion in this bibliography was made on an issue by issue basis. The set of references associated with each issue was

reviewed in toto, and the one or several items that be^t address the issue selected. Thus, the bibliography

listed in section 4 consists of those references selected for at least one issue, and is by no means exhaustive

or even comprehensive. For readers desiring to explore matters of metrication or dimensional coordination to greater depth, we

have listed in section 5 several biblioaraphies that do

cover more comprehensively the world literature on

these subjects.

The issues presented in section 3 are followed by

numbers identifying the particular references (in the

list in section 4) that relate to the issue in question.

Perusal of sections 3 and 4 will reveal that two general problems have been identified: (1) There exist gaps—for some identified issues, no useful sources were located. (2) Some worthwhile references are ei- ther out of print or only available with difficulty from

such repositories as the library of the Department of Housing and Urban Development or the Library of Congress. For these materials we have endeavored to convey in the abstract the key information contained

in the document.

2
3. List of Key Issues and Questions

We have sought to identify both the general and

particular issues that will be facing all or parts of the construction industry in the era of metric changeover.

For questions with several references, the reference numbers have been ranked in a rough order of comprehensiveness, overall value or timeliness. However,

this ranking will not necessarily serve the purposes of every inquirer, since some may well be interested in a particular approach to a question that is better served by a reference further down in the order. Numbers enclosed in parentheses ( ) indicate sources

that, while not dealing comprehensively with the question, do touch on it partially or tangentially. In those cases where an issue is not followed by any

reference numbers, our search did not turn up any

sources usefully addressing the issue. With a view to

a future, updated edition of this publication, the authors would appreciate hearing from readers who

discover informative references on said issues—or better sources on others of the issues.

3.1 Metrication

(1) The U.S. situation —Why is the United States changing to the use of the metric svstem of measurements?

36, 60, 59,' 19, 58 —What is the policy of the United States con- cerning metric changeover—the nature of the national legislation and the role of the various

governments: Federal, State and local?

59, 45, 36 —What are the likely attitudes toward metric

changeover on the part of various participants

in the industry: professionals (e.g. architects, structural engineers, managers), tradesmen

(e.g. carpenters, pipefitters, electricians, brick- layers), building material suppliers, or contractors and subcontractors?

58, 49, 52, 11, 29

(2) Metric: what it is —What is the SI or Systeme International d'Unites and how is it correctly employed?

45, 5, 38, 44, 46, 60, 39, 35, 41, 50, 62 —What SI units, multiples and submultiples

should be used in construction activities? 39, 41, 35, 15, 38, 60, 62

(3 ) Costs and benefits —What are the likely economic costs and benefits

of adapting to the use of metric measurements:

for architects and designers, for manufacturers

and suppliers, for contractors and subcontractors, for industrialized builders, for home

builders, for members of the various trades, for

buildinc; managers and users? (19)" —Are incentives necessary for changeover of some segments of the industry? For example,

should tradesmen be reimbursed for the acquisition of necessary metric tools? Should local authorities be subsidized in their adaptation of building codes?

58, 19, 29 (These do not address the general

question, only the issue of tools.)

(4) Education and information needs —How will textbooks, educational programs and

courses for the construction industry be appropriately updated to reflect the use of metric

measurements? —How should employees, including tradesmen,

be taught the metric system?

3, 39, 60, 38, (14), (20) —What educational or informational efforts vis- a-vis the general public would be necessitated by the adoption of metric measurement by the construction industry, and who should be re- sponsible for such elTorts? (19) —What about building managers and users—how

will their information needs be affected by

metric changeover?

(5) Design, drawing and codes —What will be the impacts of metrication on the design process?

23, 15, 61, 52, 34, (42) —What are the implications of hard versus soft conversion* for the design process?

61, 23 —What metric scales and practices are best used on drawings?

39, 14, 15 —How will metrication affect structural design

and engineering?

23, 39, 42, 12 —What is the principle of geometrical similarity of design and what can it contribute to the adaptation of structural design to metric

measurement?

12

*"H.ir(l'" refers tu the fabrication of products and components in round- numbt-red nitt ric sizes -"'soft" implies continuinf; to employ custtmiary

sizes, but describing; them in metric measures, wliicli usually are awkward

numbers of units.

3
—-What are the implications of metrication for building codes and standards?

35, 31

(6) Onsite activities —How will metrication affect the measurement of land?

39 —What will be the effects of metrication on onsite assembly activities? (37) —What are the implications of hard versus soft conversion* for onsite activities?

(7) Suppliers —What are the implications of metrication for product and engineering standards?

19, 60, 23 —What are potential effects of metric changeover on the various elements of the building materials and supplies industry, including the local hardware or do-it-yourself outlet?

(8) Particular construction types—benefits/problems —Are there particular problems or benefits for industrialized or factory building in adapting

to the metric measurement language? —Are there particular problems or benefits to conventional stick building from the adoption

of metric measurement? —Are there any particular problems or benefits for commercial, industrial, or public construction from the adoption of metric measurement?

(9) Existing buildings —^What will be the effects of metrication of the construction industry on building maintenance

activities? 56 —How will changeover to the ufe of metric meas- urements affect repair and remodelling of old buildings?

56, (9)

'Refer to footnote on page 3. .

3.2 Dimensional Coordination

(1) What it is

-—What is dimensional or modular coordination?

1, 15, 16, 23, 41, 13, 25, 54, 62, 64

(2) Possible benefits —What are the potential benefits of dimensional

coordination?

15, 16, 47, 39, 21, 38, 41, 48, 1 —What are the potential impacts of dimensional

coordination on building costs for different types of construction?

21, 57, 54, 47, 41 —Could implementation of dimensional coordination have noticeable effect on materials con- sumption bv the industry?

(38), (22), (26) —Might the adoption of dimensional coordination

affect energy consumption in the construction

industry?

(3) How it can be implemented (See also number

7, below.) —How can dimensions be coordinated across various types of products and what are the prospects for reducing the variety of sizes of prefabricated components (windows, door sets, roof trusses, etc. ) along with such coordination?

1, 52, 6, 51 —What should be the sequence, timing, and priorities for implementing dimensional coordination? —Is acceptance and implementation of modular

coordination likely to be affected by regional

differences?

(4) Information and education: available or needed —What educational efforts and approaches within

the industry would be necessitated by adoption

of the discipline of dimensional coordination? —What existing U.S. standards apply to dimensional coordination?

4, 54, 48 —What international (ISO) standards relate to dimensional coordination?

30, 21

4
(5) How it impacts design (8) Application to particular types of construction —How does dimensional coordination affect the design process?

1, 15, 23, 16, 32. 18, 13, 17, 41, 6, 54, (53),

27, 48 —What are the implications of dimensional coor- dination for structural design?

15, 1, 48 —How can dimensional coordination relate to the human needs of building users?

61, 23, 33

{6) How it impacts the technical aspects of building —What are the potential effects of dimensional

coordination on the quality of the assembly

job?

18, 22, 26, (20) —\^Tiat are the effects of using dimensionally co- ordinated designs and materials on the tools, equipment and labor needed at the job site?

1, 39, 22, 41, 26, 48, (21) —How does the dimensional coordination methodology affect technical problems and practices

of joining materials and components?

1, 28, 10, 7, 63, 64 —How can existing stocks of building materials

in old "customary" sizes be utilized along with

"coordinated" metric sizes? 43 —How will adoption of dimensionally coordinated

sizes for building components affect the repair

and remodelling of old buildings?

(9)

(7) Impact on suppliers —How can the dimensional coordination disci- pline be effectively infused into the product

standards-making process as new, metric di- mensional standards for building materials and

components are developed? —Are incentives necessary for some industry participants—are some likely to incur a cost in adopting dimensional coordination that is not compensated by a reasonable benefit? —What are the potential effects of widespread

dimensional coordination of building components on the various elements of the building

materials and supplies industry—including the

local hardware or do-it-yourself outlet? (21j, (51)

—Does the use of dimensional coordination offer particular potential benefits to industrialized building? Might it offer possibilities of more

individualized design within factory-building

constraints?

54, 53, 63 —How does dimensional coordination apply to conventional residential construction?

47, 22, 26, 48 —Are there particular benefits or costs in applying dimensional coordination in the construction of multifamily residential or commercial/

industrial buildings?

3.3 Institutional Arrangements —What institutions and resources are available—or

are needed—to facilitate implementation of metric

measurement and dimensional coordination by the U.S. construction industry?

35, 59, 2, 36, 54 —What is the American National Metric Council?

What is its role in U.S. metrication and what does

it have to offer the construction industry?

2, 62

3.4 International Interchange —How are the other "English-measurement" countries going about the metrication of their construction industries?

39, 24, 8, 40, 20 —What lessons can be learned from the experience

of other countries in adopting modular coordination as a correlate with changeover to use of metric measurements?

40, 18, 8, 55, 54 —What has been the experience of other countries

in the use of dimensional coordination in build- ing?

21, 18, 54, 22 —What are the opportunities for and potential benefits and costs from U.S. participation in inter- national (metric) standardization and harmonization of building materials, products, and practices? (2) —How may export/import of building components

be affected by U.S. adoption of metric-based di- mensional coordination?

5
3.5 General —Are there other priorities for the construction in- dustry with which conversion to metric dimensioning or implementation of dimensional coordination may conflict? —Are there significant incentives for some industry

participants to continue using customary meas- urements? —What are the implications of metrication and

dimensional coordination for do-it-yourself repair

and remodelling activities of the home owner?

4. List of Sources with Abstracts

Sources are listed alphabetically: by author (if identified); otherwise by originating institution, or by

tide.

1. Adams, Myron W. and Prentice Bradley, A62

Guide for Modular Coordination—A Guide to Assist Architects and Engineers in Applying

Modullar Coordination to Building Plans and

Details, Boston, Massachusetts: Modular Service

Association, 1946, 275 pp.

Out of print.

This book is a guide to modular coordination

for engineers and architects. It begins with a discussion of the goals and benefits of modular

coordination and explains the economics of standardization. The "general method and principles of modular coordination" and their "connection with the various stages of the architect's work" are presented. This includes infor- mation on (1) drawing procedures and draft- ing symbols for architecture, (2) the standard

4" grid, (3) dimensioning symbols, (41 sample

modular details, and (5) applications of di- mensional coordination to working drawings.

Much of the book is concerned with the application of modular coordination to various

building components and the then existing

status of the components as to their standardizzation and coordination. Components covered

include (1) masonry, (2) wood frame, (3)

windows, (4) doors, (5) glass block, (6) skel- eton frame, and (7) stairs. Examples of di- mensionally coordinated working drawings for actual buildings are presented.

Appendices cover the derivation of the stand- ard basis for modular coordination and three approved American standards for modular

coordination.

2. American National Metric Council, Metrication:

Myths and Realities—Facing the Issues, Washington, D.C., April 1976.

Request from:

American National Metric Council

1625 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20036

This is the second annual report of the American National Metric Council ( ANMC ) , a private- sector organization, formed in 1973 under the sponsorship of the American National Standards Institute, to help manage voluntary metric

implementation in the United States. The Council is governed by a Board of Directors repre- senting most activities in the nation that are

affected by growing use of metric. This report focuses on the many myths as well as realities of metric changeover that have emerged during

the past year of growing metrication effort in the U.S. Myths and realities are considered: (1)

for the metric situation of the nation as a whole,

(2) for the national legislation enacted in De- cember, 1975 (see Reference 59), and (3) for standards activity during metric changeover.

One section discusses the developing uniformity

in the Nation regarding metric practice—i.e., how we will use the SI as we go metric. A second theme of the report is "facing the

issues," under which the sector committees of

the ANMC describe the status and prospects of metric activities in their respective sectors of economic or other activity. The council has

organized, to date, thirty sector committees

which are actively addressing such specific tasks and issues as: identification of standards needs,

relevant laws and regulations, soft versus hard

conversion, time requirements for transition,

and measurement unit selection. The sector committees are organized into five broad groupings, with the chairmen of the e committees forming five coordinating committees: Materials, Engineering Industries, Consumer Products, Education and Industrial Training, and Construction Industries. The report also describes the current status of metrication activity in Canada and the latest experience of Great Britain, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.

3. American National Metric Council, In-service Training Sector Committee, Metric Education

Guide for Employee Training.

Request from:

ANMC

Education Guide

1625 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20036

This publication "provides general training

guidelines for companies that have voluntarily

6
made the decision to convert to the SI metric

system." It "aids trainers in deciding which

employees need what type and degree of metric

training." The guide contains a sample lesson plan (with a pre post test and answer sheet),

editorial guidelines, and a list of possible re- source materials.

4. American National Standards Institute, New York

Request from

.American National Standards Institute, Inc. 1430 Broadway

New York, New York 10018

American National Standard Basis for the Coordination of Dimensions of Building Materials and Equipment; A62. 1-1957.

This standard establishes the standard grid

based on the module of 4 in to be the basis for dimensional coordination. The grid is to be

used to correlate building plans with coordinated dimensions of building materials and

equipment.

American National Standard Basis for the Coordination of Masonry, A62.2-1945.

This standard establishes that "coordinated

sizes for masonry products shall conform to the American Standard Basis for the Coordination of Dimensions of Building Materials and

Equipment, A62.1."

American National Standard Sizes of Clay and

Concrete Modular Masonry Units. A62.3—1946.

This standard covers unit sizes (standard,

nominal and supplementary I and variations, as well as standard joint thickness, for clay and

concrete modular masonry units.

American National Standard Sizes of Clay Flue

Linings, A62.4-1947.

This standard covers sizes, dimensions, and

permissible size variations for clay flue linings.

American National Standard Basis for the Horizontal Dimensioning of Coordinated Building

Components and Systems, A62.5-1968.

This standard establishes a unit equal to sixty

basic modules f60M l in length as a systems

module I SM ) for the planning, dimensioning

and coordinating of building systems. It also establishes preferred coordinating dimensions

for components.

American National Standard Classification for Properties and Performances of Coordinated

Building Components and Systems, A62. 6-1969.

This is a listing of the functions of building

components and systems to be coordinated.

American National Standard Basis for the Vertical Dimensioning of Coordinated Building

Components and Systems, A62. 7-1969.

This standard establishes a multimodule (4M

if vertical dimension exceeds 20M ) as the di- mensional basis for coordinating vertical di- mensioning. It also establishes preferred vertical dimensions for building components, story

heights, ceiling heights and floor-ceiling sand- wich thickness.

American National Standard Numerical Designation of ]\Iodular Grid Coordinates, A62.8-

1971.

This standard establishes a system for the numerical identification of the various planes

in the three-dimensional modular grid.

5. American Society for Testing and Materials

( ASTM ) /Institute of Electrical and Electronic

Engineers ( IEEE ) , Standard for Metric Practice, ASTM E 380-76 or IEEE 268-1976.

Request from:

ASTM

1916 Race Street Philadelphia, Pa. 19103

orIEEE

345 East 47th Street New York, New York 10017

This is American National Standard Z210.1-

1976, a guide to the use of the SI measurement

language. It applies to the use of SI measure- ment units in engineering and other technical

practice.

6. Bloomfield, Byron C. AIA, Doors and Frames

Dimensional and Installation Characteristics of Modular Building Products and Materials, 1, Modular Building Standards Association, Washington, D.C., 1963, 37 pp.

Out of print.

This booklet is intended to assist draftsmen

and detailers of building projects. It contains

graphic illustrations of over thirty typical door

and frame installations in common types of wall

construction. Included are steel, wood and alu- minum doors and frames for exterior and in- terior doors, and swinging, sliding and folding

doors. All details are expressed in conventional

modular drafting. It is suggested that, if modular dimensioning is used in details, the latter

7
can be transferred directly onto the working

drawings of building projects and can be

further related to the working drawing plans

and sections, resulting in efficiencies in drafting

and dimensioning.

Bonshor, R. B. and H. W. Harrison. The Relationship between Component Size and Joint Dimension, Building Research Establishment Current Paper—CP 5/71, February 1971.

Reprinted from: Building, Vol. 219, No. 6652,

13 Nov 1970, pp. 141-150

Request from

Publications Officer. Information Division

Building Research Station

Garston, Watford, WD2 7JR, Great Britain

In the context of building with components,

this paper sets out procedures that may be used

to determine the relationship between component size and joint dimension. It is becoming

recognized that the utilization of a (modular)

dimensional framework for planning purposes and for rationalizing the ranges of "nominal"

sizes of components—while necessary—is only

the first step toward the securing of fit in real terms. Beyond this stage is required examination in turn of each proposed situation of use

of a component. Then, for each situation, sizing of the component must take realistic account of the dimensional deviations operating in that situation and the dimensional limits within

which a joint suitable for the situation can

function adequately. Finally, the various solu- tions must be reconciled. It is implicit that "fit"

is a term with functional as well as dimensional

implications and thus that, if buildings are to function satisfactorily, fit must take precedence

over interchangeability. Joints do not, in general, function so well that reduced performance

is acceptable.

Bowen, Gordon, Metrication Experience in the United Kingdom, Building Research, Vol. 10, No. 1, Jan/Mar 1974, pp. 31-36. (See Reference

11.)

This paper, by the Director of the British Metrication Board, discusses the experience of metrication and the adoption of dimensional co- ordination in the construction industry in the United Kingdom. Both shifts were begun simultaneously, but the implementation of dimensional coordination has lagged behind metrication. Metric conversion was mainly carried out by existing professional organizations through

the leadership of the British Standards Institution. Other organizations that were involved in the construction industry's conversion are de- scribed and their roles explained in this article.

The author emphasizes the importance of education and information flow in a conversion

effort.

9. Brick Manufacturers' Association of New South

Wales ( Australia ) , Brick Development Division, Metric Brickwork, Technical Note No. 8, Jan 1974, 10 pp.

Request from:

Brick Development Division

The Brick Manufacturers' Association of NSW

442 Railway Pde.

Burwood 2134, NSW, Australia

This publication discusses the following as- pects of metric brickwork: (1) dimensional co- ordination, including preferred modules, format

size vs. manufacturing size, and preferred

metric sizes of brick, (2) brick cavity walls,

(3) brick veneer walls, (4) brick dimensional

tolerances, (5) type and spacing of wall ties in cavity walls, (6) measurement of brickwork

( the number of bricks per m- is given for tradi- tional and metric modular sizes of bricks), and

(7) metric linear measurement for brickwork

(e.g., the centimeter will not be used). The doc- ument states that comparisons of (Australian)

traditional and modular metric bricks show

their differences in measurement to be sufficiently negligible that existing buildings can easily

be altered or extended by using the new metric

brick.

0. Building Industrialization Research and Development Group, Washington University, St. Louis,

Component Building and the Organization of

the Building Process: A Study of Joints anH

Jointing, 1973, 3 vols., 220, 208 and 167 pp.

Request from:

National Technical Information Service

U.S. Department of Commerce

Springfield, Virginia 22161

Order Nos: Vol. 1 ( PB-223 255), Vol. 2 (PB223 356), Vol. 3 (PB-223 256)

This is the report of an applied research

project that investigates the organizational as- pects of industrialized building. It examines and

compares "open" and "closed" component

building systems, giving examples and showing

how the creation of the appropriate administrative conditions can lead to innovations in build- ing technology, particularly in the case of joints

and jointing. Volumes 1 and 2 contain the project Information System (abstracts, summaries

of interviews and case studie? ) . Volume 3 contains Factual Information (discussion of key

terms, recommendations on joint design, glossary) and Debate (an analysis and synthesis of

the results of the case studies).

8
11. Building Research Institute, U.S. National Academy of Sciences, Metrication in Building, Building Research, Vol. 10. No. 1 (entire

issue). Jan Mar 1974. (See References 8, 24,

40, 52, 61.)

This issue consists of 10 papers originally

presented at the Conference "Metrication in Building Design, Production, and Construction," held in Washington, D.C., 27 November

1973. The first seven articles present reactions

of various elements of the United States construction industry to metric conversion. The

change is seen as inevitable and most of the authors call for a planned, coordinated effort in converting. Advantages, as well as expected

disadvantages and problems are described. Hard

vs. soft conversion is discussed. Metrication is seen bv some as an opportunity to implement

dimensional coordination. The role of volunteer standards committees is discussed and the importance of education is stressed. The last three

articles discuss the experience of three other

countries (Canada, the United Kingdom and

Australia I with metrication and dimensional co- ordination.

12. Burge=s. H. J.. Head. Eng:ineering Section, (U.K.)

Timber Research and Development Association,

Timber in Construction, paper presented at a conference held bv the U.K. Metrication Board

on 14 July 1971.

'

Request from:

Metrication Board

22 Kingsway

London WC'2B 6LE

England

This paper considers the prospective impact

(in the Lnited Kingdom I of metric changeover on wood product sizes, particularly in the context of structural design in timber. It discusses

the concept of geometrical similarity (said to be detailed in a Timber Research and Development Association leaflet I. and illustrates its usefulness for adapting existing designs to metric dimensioning. Geometrical similarity es- stablishes that, if the depth of a beam is in- creased (or decreased I bv a certain percentage,

then its span may be lengthened (must be

shortened only) by the same percentage. For

example, an existing design using inch size timber can be used in metric bv converting the wood sizes at 2.5 mm to the inch and the spans by a corresponding 300 mm to the foot. Accept- ance of this slight shrinking of the design sizes makes unnecessary calculations to "justify" the metric version. The paper makes a misguided reference to using the kilogram as the unit of force for normal structural design purposes. In the SI

the kilogram is the unit for measuring mass.

It cannot be used to express force, which must

be measured in newtons.

13. Callender, John H. (Editor-in-Chief), Time-Saver

Standards for Architectural Design Data (Fifth

Edition), New York: McGraw Hill, 1974, 1042

pp.

This is a comprehensive handbook of stand- ards and information useful for all who design, construct or maintain buildings. One section (authored by B. C. Bloomlield, AIA. Executive

Director of the Modular Building Standards

Association) discusses modular coordination.

The theory is briefly presented. Then the principle of joint-centerline to joint-centerline di- mensioning is described. It is used here with

multiples of the standard four inch module.

Modular drafting and its three conventions—

the grid, the arrowhead, and the dot—are dis- cussed. Assembly of modular masonry units is used as an example of the use of modular di- mensioning. The author suggests that modular

coordination will not adversely affect freedom

of design. Five steps to planning on a modular

system are elaborated: (1) preliminary drawings. (2 1 selection of overall dimensions, (3) identification of significant details. (4) development of modular details, and (5) correlation of

details on working drawings.

A section on modular clay masonry units dis- cusses (1) sizes, (2) relations to the grid, (3)

estimating quantities, and (4) vertical coursing.

Another short section presents sizes of modular

concrete masonry units.

14. Construction Industry Training Board. Pro- grammed Learning Section. Scales on Metric

Drawings. CITB learning Text, London, 1968,

27 pp.

Request from:

Construction Industry Trainin-r Board

Metric Training Aids, Radnor House

London Road, Norbury

London, S.W. 16

This is a programmed workbook on scales for metric drawings. Instruction and practice questions are given on ( 1 ) reading scales on drawings, (2) the meaning of the ?ca)es, (3) scales recommended for use by the British Standards

Institution, (4) finding a missing dimension on

a drawing, (5) drawing to scale. (6) finding

a missing scale. A practice test is given at the end of the book along with rules for writing

the decimal and the thousands marker. (United

States practice as to recommended scales for metric drawings and recommended unit usage

has not yet been firmly established. However,

this publication offers an excellent model for adaptation to U.S. needs.

9
Crocker, Alan E.. Module and Metric: The Theory

and Practice of Dimensional Coordination in Metric, New York: Praeger Publishers, Inc., 1971, 135 pp.

This book describes metrication and dimensional coordination in simple terms. It explains

how the two can be combined, the benefits to be derived from the combination, and the use

of dimensional coordination in translating designers' ideas into buildings. The book explains

the purpose of dimensional coordination and

dificusses the general principles, including the

role of the basic module. The metric system is also discussed. Rules are presented for the use

of both basic I length, area, volume) and de- rived units important to the building industry.

The author suggests that a change to dimensional coordination accompany the change to metric so that the advantages of both can be

obtained simultaneously. The book includes detailed discussion of the application of the theory

of dimensional coordination to building design,

and speculation as to how metrication and di- mensional coordination could affect the build- ing process and the manufacture of buildings

components.

Darlington. R. P., AIA, M. W. Isenberg. PE, and

D. A. Pierce, AIA (eds. ), Modular Practice : The Schoolhouse and the Building Industry, New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1962, 194 pp.

This handbook, prepared by the Modular

Building Standards Association, begins with a description of the concept of modular coordination and the different grid types used as refer- ence systems in the design and construction of buildings. The three basic tools of modular di- mensioning on drawings are then presented:

the 4 in grid, the dimensioning arrow and the dimensioning dot. The different dimensioning

techniques are discussed. Explanations accompanied by many example drawings cover the following topics as they relate to modular co- ordination: (1) designing with the modular

grid, (2) the development of working drawings

(a smaller scale can usually be used with modular dimensioning), (3) application of modular

dimensioning in plans to building dimensions,

columns, doors and windows, and partitions,

(4) elevations and sections, (5) details, and (6)

engineering drawings. Benefits derived from

modular coordination by the contractor as well

as some problems for manufacturers of building

components are discussed. The handbook states that research (on materials, components and

construction methods), standards and education

are needed if modular coordination is to be

used increasingly in the future. Appendices include ( 1 ) definitions of terms,

(2) a brief history of modular coordination,

(3) a Canadian article on the meaning of modular coordination and how it can be applied

in manufacturing, in building design and on

the construction job, (4) a description of a sys- tem for modular coordination, (5) a method of

relating various building components to each

other such that flexibility to small increments

is achieved by combinations of large sizes, (6)

a report of modular practice in the MinneapolisSt. Paul area, where the majoity of construction

industry personnel feel it has benefited the

industry, and (7) a survey of systems of pro- portion of the Greeks and Romans, of the Renaissance period, and modern systems including

that of Le Corbusier.

17. Demarest, William, Jr., The Five Fundamentals of Modular Drafting. American Institute of Architects, Washington, D.C., undated.

Out of print.

This pamphlet describes the basic principles

of preparing drawings in modular measure, namely : ( 1 ) Be sure that any design modules

used are in multiples of 4 in. (2) Begin all details—even hasty sketches—with the gridlines.

(3) Give nominal or "grid" dimensions on

small-scale layout drawings. (4) Use arrows and dots to indicate, respectively, dimensioning

to a gridline and dimensioning to a point not on

the grid. (5) Vertical dimensions are coordinated from a gridline coinciding with nominal

finished floor level (top of subfloor or of slab- on-ground with wood-frame construction, otherwise, l/g" above actual finished floor).

18. Department of the Environment (U.K.), Property Services Agency, Going Metric in the Construction Industry: Bulletin No. 4, Six Case

Studies, London, 1972, 64 pp.

Request from:

Building Information Room

Lunar House

Wellesley Road

Croydon CR9 3EL, England

This bulletin describes several of the first metric, dimensionally coordinated construction

projects in the United Kingdom. It was intended

to provide early feedback to the industry on

the experience obtained from these "pilot"

efforts. The first section is a general summary,

and lists tasks made easier, as well as those made

more difficult, by the use of the metric system

and dimensional coordination, for architects,

quantity surveyors, structural engineers, services engineers, estimators and site staff. Starting

to use the metric system seemed to generate

fewer problems than adopting dimensional co- ordination. The case study projects generally

10
achieved a degree of accuracy in excess of

expectation. This is probably attributable to greater than normal attention and supervision

having been given—however, no one reported

that the better accuracy had increased costs. Recommendations on paper sizes, scales, and

grids to use on contract drawings grew out of

the reappraisal of working methods that accompanied the conversion to metric and dimensional coordination.

Most of the book is taken up with the case

studies of the six buildings. A general descrip- tion of each building is given, followed by a discussion of the ways in which dimensional

coordination was applied in its design and construction. \^ orking drawings of various components are shown, and problems and decisions

concerning them in relation to the dimensional

coordination discipline are discussed.

19. De Simone, Daniel V., A Metric America: A de- cision whose time has come. National Bureau of Standards Special Publication, SP 345, July

1971, 170 pp.

Request from:

Superintendent of Documents

U.S. Government Printing Office Washington. D.C. 20402

SD Catalog No. C13.10:345

This is the final, overall report of the U.S. Metric Study, a 3-year investigation conducted

by the National Bureau of Standards pursuant

to the mandate of the Metric Study Act of 1968

to assess the impact on the United States of increasing worldwide use of the metric system.

The report describes the history and background of metric use in this country, what a metric changeover would and would not mean

for the Nation, and the world context for a

decision. Appendices describe how the U.S. Metric Study was planned and carried out and

present a biblography of Metric Study and important related reports. (Twelve supplemental

reports were published by the U.S. Metric

Study as the detailed record of the investigations.)

The findings and conclusions contained in

this report constituted the basis for the recom- mendation to the Congress by the then Secretary

of Commerce that the United States "change

to the International Metric System deliberately

and carefully . . . through a coordinated national program . . . with a central coordinating

body responsive to all sectors of our society"

a recommendation finally taken up in the Metric

Conversion Act of 1975, enacted in December

of that year.

20. Dunstone, Philip, Change to Metric, Construction Specifier, Jan. 1974, pp. 26-33.

This article is a subjective account of change

to the metric svstem by the construction industry in the United Kingdom. The government

chose the British Standards Institution I BSI

)

to be the focal point for the change. The Construction Industry Division of BSI formed a Metric Panel, which developed the changeover

program, making use of an opinion questionnaire submitted to all those in the industry. A

high-level I government-BSI I decision was made

to link dimensional coordination with metrication. The author states the potential benefits of

this approach to the product manager, the build- ing designer, the contractor and the developer.

He makes two specific suggestions for the United

States, based on the U.K. experience: (1) a National Metric Board should be formed early

on, and (2) a pool of speakers lecturing all over the country is needed to awaken everyone

to the changeover.

Today ( 1973 ) most drawings and contract documents are metric, except those for small

addition or remodeling work and those which

flow from a few last ditchers. The problem of

joints and tolerances remains, mainly because

of the change to dimensional coordination. The

theory has been done, but what will take some

time is the feedback. The author suggests that employees be taught at the outset only what

they must know for their jobs, and that all their old measuring instruments be taken away. The

Construction Industry Training Board helped

a great deal in the training of construction in- dustry employees (see Reference 14 for one example)

21. Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) . Dimensional Coordination in Building: Current Trends

and Policies in ECE Countries, New York,

United Nations, 1974.

Request from:

United Nations

Sales Section

New York. N.Y.

Sales No. E.74.II.E.3

This report is based on the response of 20

ECE countries to a questionnaire issued by a Working Party of the Building Industry reviewing progress made in the field of standardization

and dimensional coordination in building.

The report first describes the purpose of di- mensional coordination: to make possible the mass production of building components

that will also fit together without onsite modification. A brief history of international cooperation concerning dimensional co- ordination and a description of the role and

documentation of such organizations as the European Productivity Agency, the International Organization for Standardization

11
(ISO) and the Permanent Commission on

Buildings of the Council of Mutual Economic

Aid are presented.

The principles of dimensional coordination

in buildings—including the basic module of 100 mm, multi-modules, and intra-modular sizes —are then discussed. A country-by-country de- scription of preferred sizes, work sizes and tol- erances, and standard dimensions of sheet materials and joints is included.

The report describes the methods of application of dimensional coordination and the problems related to it in each country. The following

information is presented for each country: (1)

the national building policy involving standardization and dimensional coordination, (2) the

extent of promotion of dimensional coordination

(which ranged from laws in half of the countries to education and dissemination of information in all countries), and (3) a list of the authorities and institutions concerned with di- mensional coordination in building.

A subject-by-subject account of the results achieved and experience gained by each country makes up Part V. The following areas are covered: (1) use of modular grids, (2) application of standardized controlling dimensions,

(3 ) stage of development of type design, especially with regard to the application of dimensional

coordination, (4) economics obtained through

the application of modular design, standard

controlling dimensions and type design, (5)

advantages and disadvantages experienced in the application of dimensional coordination, (6) use of standardized modular components, (7)

experience gained by enterprises producing

building materials, components and equipment,

(8) experience gained by building enterprises,

(9) difficulties experienced in obtaining modular components and (10) use of modular components in system building.

The questionnaire on dimensional coordination in building that was used to collect the information is presented in Annex I. ECE and

ISO recommendations and ISO international standards are listed in Annexes II and III.

Edmondson, P. D., Dimensional Coordination

Methods in Rationalised Traditional Housing,

CPTB Technical Note, September 1968, 19 pp.

Request from

Clay Products Technical Bureau

Drayton House

Gordon Street - London W.C. 1, England

This paper describes two experiences of build- ing traditional row- or townhouses to dimensionally-coordinated (4" module) designs. The

houses were built for Local Authorities, using

traditional materials—e.g., brick and block walls.

The primary concern was to reconcile the use of standard brickwork with other components in buildings that are designed or planned to fa- cilitate methodical construction, i.e., with a minimum of waste, either of labor or of materials, and with a desirably increasing use of pre- fabrication and of "dry" construction. Results reported include measured dimensions of the buildings as erected.

23. Fairweather, Leslie, ARIBA, and Jan A. Sliwa,

Diping, DipArch, ARIBA, The VNR Metric

Handbook, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold

Co., 1969, 206 pp.

This handbook, first published in England, is a comprehensive reference of basic metric de- sign data. First, it discusses some of the implications and difficulties of changing to the metric

system in the construction industry. The (U.K.)

program of metric changeover is presented,

along with some positive and negative conse- quences of the change. Rounded and rational- ized dimensions (soft and hard conversion) are

discussed. The authors suggest that, with the conversion, the manufacturer-oriented standards

for all aspects of the building be replaced by

user requirements. A check list of such require- ments is presented as a guide to the types of questions that should be addressed. Next, the book presents a basic description

of the metric system and of SI units. It dis- cusses notation and drawing office practice, and

the progress of public sector and other official bodies involved ( in the U.K. ) in metrication and

dimensional coordination. The basic features of dimensional coordination are described. Some

40 pages are devoted to basic design data, in metric units, for the following areas: anthro- pomorphic, internal and external circulation and

car parking, heating, thermal insulation and

condensation, lighting, sound, and structural design. Another 80 pages contain recom- mended basic measurements and data needed

for the design of buildings of fifteen different usage types. A selective bibliography and con- version factors and tables are included.

24. Gossage, S. M., Canadian Experience in Metric

Conversion, Building Research, Vol. 10, No.

1, Jan/Mar 1974, pp. 27-30 (see Reference 11)

This paper, by the Chairman of the Canadian

Metric Commission, gives a brief history and

description of the organization for conversion

to the metric system in that country. The national Metric Commission was established in June 1971, to investigate the implications of Metrication and develop a plan for change. The

seventeen members of the commission are widely representative of the economy.

Ten steering committees, with members from

different segments of the economy as well as

12
from the federal government, are organized under the Metric Commission. Steering committee

?so. 5 represents and serves the Construction

Industry. Lnder the steering committees are

sector committees which represent an individual

interest or group of interests. Their duties are

I

( 1 ) to determine the metric units to be used in their industry, i 2 ) to set priorities for the writ- ing of metric standards, ( 31 to set priorities for the revision of legislation and regulations from

imperial to metric units, and 1 4) to devise a

specific conversion plan for their industry. Also

under the steering committees are task forces or working groups that study particular problems of interest. The Canadians foresaw a three phase conversion process: (ll investigation, (2) planning

and scheduling, and ( 3 1 implementation. The

author stresses the importance for the changeover of metric education as well as of its ac- ceptance by the public

I

'' 25. Housing and Home Finance Agency, Washington,

D.C.. Basic Principles of Modular Coordination,

1953, 29 pp.

Out of print.

This pamphlet is a brief illustrated description of the criteria and standards for 4" modular coordination presented in the A62 Guide for Modular Coordination. It treats: the basic

module, modular dimensions, modular masonry,

modular coordination with varying joint thick- nesses, modular coordination of dissimilar materials (i.e., footings, foundation walls, wood

frame or masonry walls, and floors), modular

framing, and modular products (such as in- terior wall facings or blanket insulation).

I 26. Housing and Home Finance Agency, Washington,

j D.C., Building Better from Modular Drawings

I

I —The Modular Method in Building Construction. Jan 1954, 22 pp.

Out of print.

This pamphlet shows how construction drawings are much more clear and readable—and

the implied construction more easily visualiz- able and realizable—when they are based on a modular design grid. It demonstrates how

cutting and fitting of materials at the job site are minimized.

27. Housing and Home Finance Agency, Washington,

, D.C., The Modular Method in Dwelling Design,

> May 1951, 54 pp.

Out of print.

This booklet is a detailed explanation of the application of the principles and criteria contained in the A62 Guide to Modular Coordination to design and drafting practice—particularly to the preparation of working drawings. It shows how the modular methodology simplifies

and reduces the latter task by enabling the use

of modular (i.e., repetitive) details.

28. Interdepartmental Sub-committee for Component

Coordination (U.K.), Dimensional Coordination for Building—Designing with components : an appreciation of the problems of fit that arise and techniques that may be used in solving

them, D.C. 21, 1972, 46 pp.

Request from:

Component Co-ordination Group

Room 108, Cleland House, Page Street London SWIP 4LL, Great Britain

This publication results from work carried out within the British Standards Institution that

will form the revision to BS 3626: Recommendations for a System of Tolerances and Fits for Building. It provides guidance for those in- volved in system designing on the use of the

principles set out in the revision to BS 3626

and on the selection of component work sizes and dimensionally suitable jointing techniques.

It also gives the designer an appreciation of the problems inherent in the use of components so

that he can choose the appropriate means of overcoming them and conveying the necessary information to the builder.

29. International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers,

International Association of Machinists and

Aerospace Workers, and United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners, Metric Conversion : Unanswered Questions and a Practical Solution

Metric Monitoring and Assistance Board, Washington, D.C, undated, 15 pp.

Out of print.

This pamphlet argues against metrication. It discusses the past recommendations of the AFLCIO concerning metrication. Fault is found with

the metric study conducted by the National

Bureau of Standards. The pamphlet argues that too many questions are still unanswered to make

metrication a national policy. The claim is made

that metrication would only add to this country's problems with the economy and with

energy, and that it would also tend to accel- erate a trend towards economic concentration.

Conversion is seen as not helping our world

trade, but creating employment problems at home. The pamphlet goes on to state that letting the "costs lie where they fall" is unfair. It asserts that the worker will also feel other negative impacts, only some of which collective

13
bargaining can help protect against. It is sug- gested that an independent Metric Monitoring

and Assistance Board be formed to conduct

further research into metrication and to provide

full reimbursement to workers for newly ac- quired metric tools as well as special unemployment and job placement assistance, relocation

allowances, technical assistance, and education

and retraining opportunities including financial assistance for apprentice training porgrams.

30. International Organization for Standardization

(ISO)

Request from:

American National Standards Institute 1430 Broadway

New York, New York 10018

Modular Coordination—Basic Module, Inter- national Standard ISO 1006 (1973).

This standard establishes 100 mm as the in- ternational standardized value of the basic

module (4 in for countries using the foot-inch system of measurement). The module is to be

represented by the letter M.

Modular Coordination—Multimodule for Horizontal Coordinating Dimensions, International

Standard ISO 1040 (1973).

This standard fixes the values of several multimodules for horizontal coordinating di- mensions used in modular coordination.

Modular Coordination—Storey Heights and

Room Heights for Residential Buildings, Inter- national Standard ISO 1789 (1973).

This standard fixes the sizes for modular

heights of storeys as: 26M, 27M, 28M and 30M

(IM = 100 mm). It fixes the sizes for modular

heights of rooms as: 20M, 21M, 22M, 23M,

24M, 25M, 26M, 27M and 28M.

Modular Coordination—Reference Lines of Horizontal Controlling Coordinating Dimensions. ISO Recommendation R 1790 (1970).

This recommendation fixes the position of the reference lines of horizontal controlling co- ordinating dimensions.

Modular Coordination—Vocabulary, International Standard ISO J791 (1973).

This standard gives definitions of terms used

in modular coordination.

Tolerances for Building—Vocabulary, International Standard ISO 1803 (1973).

This standard gives definitions of the terms

used for the study and application of tolerances

in building.

Joints in Building—Vocabulary, International

Standard ISO 2444 (1974).

This standard defines terms used to describe

building joints, their constituent parts and their design in building construction.

Joints in Building—Fundamental Principles for Design, International Standard ISO 2445

(1972).,,,,

This standard "outlines some basic principles

for the design of joints in buildings." Three

properties of joints are discussed: (1) geometrical, (2) structural, and (3) environmental.

Modular Coordination—Coordinating Sizes for Doorsets—External and Internal, International

Standard ISO 2776 (1974).

This standard gives the coordinated sizes (width and height) for external and internal

doorsets.

Modular Coordination—Coordinating Sizes for Rigid Flat Sheet Boards Used in Building, In- ternational Standard ISO 2777 (1974).

This Standard specifies coordinating sizes for

rigid flat sheet boards used in building. Lengths

are 18M, 21M, 24M, 27M, 30M and widths are 6M, 9M, 12M, (1 M = 100 mm).

Modular Coordination—Principles and Rules,

International Standard ISO 2848 (1974).

This standard specifies the aims of modular

coordination and states the general principles

and rules to be applied in determining the sizes of building components and equipment and of assemblies and buildings themselves.

Kitchen Equipment Coordinating Sizes, Inter- national Standard ISO 3055 (1974).

This standard defines sizes (heights, widths

and lengths) for components of kitchen equipment in dwellings.

Joints in Building—General Check-List of Joint Functions, International Standard ISO 3447

(1975).

This standard gives a general check list of functions of joints in building for use in their design. Design aspects covered are (1) environmental factors, (2) capacity to withstand stress, (3) safety, (4) accommodation of dimensional

deviations, (5) fixing of components, (6) ap14
pearance, (7) economics, (8) durability, (9)

maintenance, and (10) ambient conditions.

31. Kapsch. Robert J. Office of Building Standards

and Codes Services, Center for Building Technology. National Bureau of Standards, Metrication: Building Codes and Standards, paper

prepared for the Engineering Society of Balti- more Metrication Seminar, 30 Oct 1975.

To be published in The Baltimore Engineer.

This paper discusses the current metric situa- tion in the United States, the experience of and

the rationale for linkage of dimensional coordination with metrication, and the implications of both for building codes and standards. It uses

several hypothetical examples to illustrate the problems inherent in reasonably adapting build- ing standards to metric units.

32. Kent, S. R., Modular Drafting Manual: A Guide

to the Application of Modular Coordination in Design, Technical Paper No. 123, Division of Building Research, National Research Council,

Ottawa, Canada, Aug 1961, 40 pp.

Request from:

Publications Division

National Research Council of Canada

Ottawa, Canada KIA 0R6

This manual is well characterized by its title. A brief description of modular for dimensional)

coordination and some historical background

information are first given. Topics treated in- clude il 1 the module and its use, (2) tolerances and joints, (3) preferred sizes of components,

(4) use of grids (including modular space

planning, structural, and modular grids), (5) dot and arrowhead conventions, and (6) neutral zone and displacement principle. The manual then presents four examples of the selection of planning grids and shows the relationship of components to the grid. These examples illus- trate the application of modular design to four common types of construction: (1) metal frame

and prefabricated panel walls, (2) metal frame

and masonry, (3) wood frame and (4) wood

frame and masonry. Typical drawings are shown

and discussed. An appendix contains illustrated definitions of terms related to dimensional co- ordination.

33. Le Corbusier, translated by Peter De Francia and

Ama Bostock, The Modulor: A Harmonious

Measure to the Human Scale Universally Applicable to Architecture and Mechanics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1954, 243

pp.

This book discusses the author's invention of a proportioning grid rule, which he calls the Modulor. It is a measure based on mathematics

and the human scale and is intended to be used

in designing in architecture and mechanics. The

book presents a history of how the Modulor was

derived and developed and an explanation of it. The author feels that the Modulor, being har- monious, "lends itself to an infinity of combinations" as well as "ensures unity with diversity." The aims of using the Modulor are ex- plained as (1) to harmonize, (2) to standardize,

and (3 ) to reconcile the obstacles brought about

by the differences between the metric and the foot-and-inch systems of measurement. The book

includes "panel exercises" using the Modulor;

illustrated examples of how the author applied

the Modulor; and examples of pleasing designs

that, upon measurement, were found to agree with the measure of the Modulor.

34. Lindsay, Arthur, FRIBA, Changing to Metric,

The Building Economist, Aug 1970, pp. 48, 49,

68.

This article is a lighthearted (and reassuring)

talk given by a British architect practicing in Belgium to British architects practicing in Great

Britain about his experiences in working in the metric system. The author describes himself as completely bilingual as regards imperial and

metric. Mr. Lindsay suggests that his audience

will remember quickly the units and dimensions

that they will need to know. He offers some

measurement comparisons, useful in getting a "feel" for the new units. He advises against the use of aids, such as rulers with both metric and

imperial units marked off, as they tend to be

confusing and inhibit learning of the new sys- tem. The change is described as really nothing

but the substitution of one set of arbitrarily established units for another. The new units just

happen to be much simpler to use than those

to which we are accustomed from our childhood,

but which most of us still have the greatest dif- ficulty remembering.

SfS. Mahaffey, Charles T., Metrication Problems in the Building Codes and Standards Sector, National

Bureau of Standards, NBS Technical Note 915,

June 1976, 21 pp.

Request from

Superintendent of Documents

U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402

SD Catalog No. C13.46:915

This report discusses the problems the build- ing codes and standards sector is likely to en- counter with metrication. A brief description of

15
SI units and the coherence of the metric system

is followed by an explanation of which units

will most likely be used in the construction

industry. Examples are presented of conventions

for usage of SI units employed in other countries.

Dimensional or modular coordination is de- scribed and a brief history of its use in the United Kingdom is given. The British Standards

Institution, together with the planners of U.K.

metrication, decided that, since sizes of products and components had to be changed for metrication, they might as well be coordinated

at the same time. In order to obtain the flexibil- ity needed by designers and the practical size range limitations needed by product manufacturers, preferred dimensions were selected. The author feels that, if dimensional coordination is to accompany metrication in this country, there must be early national agreement on

the bases for applyins: the principles of dimensional coordination. The author stresses that a coordinated effort on the part of the fragmented

building industry is needed for a change to metric and dimensional coordination.

Codes and standards promulgators need to plan and set up now an organizational structure

to deal with their share of the metric conversion

problems. Two of the problems are (1) coordinating the introduction of SI units and dimensional coordination model documents used in the building regulatory system and (2) timing and

coordinating the introduction of the model doc- uments into state and local laws. These codes

and standards groups must first, though, develop

a position on selecting SI units to be used in the building industry, and develop standards

explicating the principles and methods of di- mensional coordination.

The author urges education on the metric

system and dimensional coordination for members of metric committees, members of model

code organizations, officials in state and big

city building departments and federal building

regulatory agencies, as well as for building code

inspectors.

•—. America Joins a Metric World, reprint from

Dimensions, Vol. 60, No. 2, Feb. 1976, pp 69.

Request from:

Office of Technical Publications

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

This article discusses the national policy in support of metric measurement and of coordinating the increasing use of metric in the U.S. on a voluntary basis that was established by

the Metric Conversion Act of 1975. The act provides for the establishment of a U.S. Metric

Board, which is responsible for a broad pro- gram of planning, coordination and public education to facilitate coordinated and efficient in- crease in the use of the metric system. The

author discusses the background and reasons for

this momentous national decision. He observes

that among the sectors of American life already

participating in the changeover are industry,

many retailers, education and some state gov- ernments. The metrication activities underway

in several Federal agencies are reported. Finally, the article describes the expected minimal impact of the gradual changeover on the average

citizen in his everyday living activities.

37. Metric Conversion Board (Australia), Builders' and General Hardware, Oct 1974.

Request from:

Metric Conversion Board

18-24 Chandos Street

St. Leonards NSW 2065

Australia

This pamphlet lists converted metric sizes for many items associated with the building and

engineering industries. Items included are tools

( specified by linear dimensions or by mass

( weight ) ) , bolts, nails, screws, chain, fencing

wire, paints and brushes, rope, kitchen utensils,

and building materials, generally. Metric (SI)

units used in building and engineering are listed and hard and soft conversion are defined.

38. Metric Conversion Board (Australia), Metric In- formation for Building Tradesmen, 58 pp.

Request from:

Metric Conversion Board

18-24 Chandos Street

St. Leonards 2065, N.S.W.

Australia

This Australian pocket book is designed to help tradesmen understand and be able to work

in metric units. It gives specific, practical infor- mation on units of length, area, volume, mass, temperature and time. It goes on to "indicate

the units to be used in specific trades and de- scribe some of the more important changes in the material sizes and supply," including di- mensionally coordinated sizes. Building components in Australia will increasingly be in preferred sizes designed around the preferred

metric module of 300 mm. This dimensional

coordination should mean less waste of material

and time on the building site. Additional infor- mation is presented on the prefixes used with

metric units and the units used for force, en- ergy, pressure, power and electricity supply,

and lighting.

16
Milton, H. J., FRAIA, Metric Conversion in Building; and Construction, Metric Handbook: SAA

MHI-1972. Metric Conversion Board (Australia), 1972, 96 pp. Request from

Standards Association of Australia

Standards House, 80-86 Arthur Street North Sydney, NSW, Australia 2060

This is a comprehensive handbook for the

application of the SI measurement language to

all aspects of building. In the absence of a

similar U.S. -oriented publication, it is probably

the best available reference for such information. Of the handbooks available from other

countries, it is the least encumbered with infor- mation extraneous to U.S. users, although it does of necessity include data on standard

metric sizes of materials and products that are

at least premature, if not inapplicable, in the U.S.The book presents and discusses the SI units

for the measurement of all quantities involved in the industry, from land surveying to lighting

and acoustics. It describes mental images and

recognition points for getting a "feel" for the new units. It treats conversion and how to correctly present numerical values in SI units,

metric drawing practice, and metric measuring

instruments and equipment. The principles of dimensional coordination are described, along

with the advantages expected from it. Included

are a good-practice check list for metric projects, a guide to managing metric change in an

organization, and a guide for the training of

staff and operatives.

The first section of the book describes the background and planning for the change in Australia, and presents and discusses the agreed- on timetable for changeover by the Australian

industry. The metrication experience of Australia, in general, and of their construction in- dustry is regarded by many U.S. observers as constituting the most efficient and successful model yet demonstrated for changeover from

the use of English to the use of metric measurements.

Mihon, Hans J., PRAIA, Metric Conversion

The Australian Approach, Building Research,

Vol. 10, No. 1, Jan/Mar 1974, pp. 37^ (see

Reference 11 )

This paper, by the Director of Metric Conversion for the Australian Department of Works, discusses Australia's experience with

metric conversion. The author sees conversion

as an opportunity for "rationalization through

metrication." He also offers AustraHa as a model for conversion in the United States. The background of the change in Australia is presented and the approach characterized as

planned and coordinated. The main implementing body is the Metric Conversion Board, which

has eleven advisory committees. The Building

and Construction Advisory Committee has four

sector committees: (1) Building sector, (2)

Building Supply sector, (3) Civil Engineering

and Architectural sector, and (4) Government

Construction sector. These sector committees

are responsible for developing basic programs

and methods for conversion in their respective

sectors. The author lists a number of objectives of the metric changeover process in the building and

construction industry. Only the first has to do

with "change to the most up to date version of

the metric system in the most efficient and eco- nomical manner." The rest are concerned with

modernizing manufacturing processes, procedures, practices, standards, codes, documentation and communication in the industry; reduc- ing unnecessary variety of products and proce- dures; and making possible the use of dimensionally coordinated products and systems by

all who wish to avail themselves of this disci- pline. The author states that these objectives are

fairly demanding, that most of them could be

achieved without metrication, but that the changeover provides the necessary stimulus of an enforced change as an opportunity for re- view of the existing situation. The process by which the timetable for construction industry conversion was developed is described, and the timetable, itself, is shown.

Three general phases are involved in the changeover process: (1) planning and preparation,

(2) implementation, and (3) finishing-off. The

importance of all parts of the industry adhering to the guideline timetable is stressed. The

government construction sector has adopted a leading role on metric conversion matters, in order to impart the initial momentum to the change. The article concludes with a list of Do's and Don'ts based on the Australians' experience.

. Ministry of Public Building and Works (U.K.),

Metrication in the Construction Industry. No. 1: Metric in Practice, HMSO, London, 1970, 52 pp.

Request from:

HMSO

49 High Holborn

London, W.C.I

England

The first section of this British publication

discusses the reasons for metric conversion in the U.K., why the International System of Units

(SI) was chosen, and the scope of retraining

needed by those working in the construction

industry. Guidelines for learning and appreciating metric units are presented, along with rules for uniformity of measurement expressions, es17
pecially on drawings. The second section de- scribes the coherent SI system and its units,

including base or primary units, supplementary

units, derived units with and without special names, decimal multiples and submultiples, and

permitted non-SI units. The third section is an

introduction to dimensional coordination. A

definition of the concept is given, along with

the recommended basic multiples of size. Dis- cussed are: controlling dimensions and practical applications of them, zones and their contents, and basic space and work size. A list of

benefits of dimensional coordination includes

saving of design time and effort, reduced cost of components resulting from the efficiency of standardization, increased site productivity

bringing reduced site labor cost, and, overall,

quicker building at less cost.

Ministry of Public Building and Works (U.K.),

Metrication in the Construction Industry—Bulletin No. 2, Calculations in SI Units: Structural,

Civil, Heating, Ventilating, London, 1970, 148

pp.

Request from:

HMSO

49 High Holborn

London, W.C.I, England

This publication was designed to assist British

civil, mechanical, and electrical engineers in the

transition from imperial to the use of metric measurements. It illustrates typical calculations

in SI units for the engineer, with particular emphasis on the ubiquitous unit of force, the newton in SI. The base and supplementary units and prefixes for multiples and submultiples are

listed, followed by the derivations of the derived

units used in engineering. The important rela- tionships between force, mass and weight in the

SI measurement language are discussed and

basic equations for hydraulic pressure and en- ergy are illustrated. Most of the publication is taken up with example problems showing appli- cation of the base and derived units to fundamental problems of applied mechanics and to

civil, mechanical and electrical engineering cal- culations.

National Building Agency (U.K.), Metric Housing—The Transitional Period: A guide to using

existing imperial components within the metric

dimensional framework, London, Feb 1969, 24

pp.

Request from:

The National Building Agency

NBA House

Arundel Street London WC2, England

This bulletin describes ways in which housing,

designed using the recommended metric framework, can be built using existing "imperial"

(or "customary") dimensional components with

only minor adjustments in positioning. This in- formation is seen as necessary during the transition period, when metric components will not always be available and existing imperial components, described in metric dimensions by

manufacturers, will have to be used. Information is given on (1) external walls, (2) separating walls, (3) brickwork, (4) windows, (5)

windows in brickwork, (6) private internal

staircases, (7) timber upper floors, (8) door

sets, (9) partitions, (10) baths, heater units,

kitchen fittings, (11) site applied finishes and

(12) internal plan layout.

44. National Bureau of Standards, Brief History of Measurement Systems with a Chart of the Modernized Metric System, Special Publication

304A, Revised Aug. 1975.

Request from:

Superintendent of Documents

U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402

SD Catalog No. C13.10:304A

or

Office of Technical Publications

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

This pamphlet gives a brief history of the de- velopment of measurement systems, particularly the English and metric systems of weights and

measures. The English system, commonly used

in the U.S. today, developed through customary

use in many cultures. Royal (English) edict also helped to shape it through standardization

for commercial needs. The Metric System was

created in France in 1790 to meet the growing

need for a single, world-wide coordinated meas- urement system. Because the metric system was

a "base-10" or "decimal" system, it spread

rapidly throughout the world. The pamphlet

observes that, in 1875, the U.S. and sixteen other countries signed the Treaty of the Meter making the metric system an international standard. In 1960 this system was revised and modernized and is now referred to as Le Systeme

International d'Unites—The International Sys- tem of Units or SI. A center chart gives basic

information about this modernized metric sys- tem. It includes the current definitions of the seven base units, the two supplementary units

for angular measure and the commonly used

derived units, the prefixes used to form multiples and submultiples of SI units, and some common conversion factors between custo- mary and SI units. (This chart, without the history of measurement systems, is also available

in wall chart size from the Superintendent of Documents as NBS Special Publication 304.)

18
45. National Bureau of Standards, Metric System of Weights and Measures, Guidelines for Use,

Federal Register, Vol. 40, No. 119, 19 Jun

1975, p. 25837.

Request from

Office of Technical Publications

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

The Metric Conversion Act of 1975, Public

Law 94-168 (Reference 59) states that " 'metric system of measurement' means the International system of Units as established by the General

Conference of Weights and Measures in 1960

and as interpreted or modified for the United

States by the Secretary of Commerce." This

Federal Register Notice has been published pur- suant to a similar provision in P.L. 93-380,

Elementary and Secondary Education Amendments of 1974. In implementation of the Secretary's responsibilities under that act, this notice

sets forth guidelines for the use of the SI, as interpreted and modified for the United States by the National Bureau of Standards on behalf

of the Secretary of Commerce. Two tables list (1) the seven base units for independent quantities plus two supplementary units for plane

angle and solid angle, and (2) the seventeen SI

derived units with special names (derived from

the nine units)

All other SI derived units are based on these 26 units. Additional tables list (3) examples of SI derived units expressed in terms of base

units, and (4) examples of SI derived units expressed by means of special name units. A

fifth table lists the sixteen prefixes used to form

multiples and submultiples of the SI units. The

notice also lists (6) certain non-SI, but widelyused units that are accepted for continued use

in the U.S., (7) other non-SI units whose con- tinued use (internationally, as well as in the U.S.) is subject to future review, and (8)

metric units, listed in the act of 1866 that legal- ized the metric system of weights and measures

in the United States, but which are not part of the International System of Units and are there- fore no longer accepted for use in the U.S.

46. National Bureau of Standards, NBS Guidelines

for Use of the Metric System, LC1056, Revised

Aug 1975.

Request from:

Office of Technical Publications

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

This publication provides a complete set of guidelines for the use of the SI measurement

units in technical and nontechnical practice. It contains several tables (extracted from Refer- ence 501 that list: (1) SI base units, (2) SI dervied units with special names, (3) examples

of SI derived units expressed in terms of base

or special name units, (4) SI prefixes, (5) units acceptable for use with the SI and (6) conversion factors (from customary units) for some common physical quantities. It also contains a

style guide on the writing of SI units and symbols. A brief discussion is included on the shift

in the treatment of "weight" (mass) and force

that is involved in the use of the SI measure- ment language.

47. National Forest Products Association, A Brief

Description of the UNICOM* Method of House

Construction ( *UNICOM is the Trademark and

Service Mark of the National Forest Products

Association), 1964, 24 pp.

Request from:

National Forest Products Association

1619 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20036

This pamphlet describes the pi inciples and

practice of a system of modular design stand- ards for the wood framing and construction of houses. Based on multiples of 4 in, the stand- ards define components for home building, primarily: modular floor systems, modular exterior wall components, modular roof systems and in- terior partition units. Use of such components is said to give rise to typical dimensional coordination benefits of: simpler drawin2,s, labor sav- ings and faster erection, and reduced builder

and supplier inventory costs.

48. National Lumber Manufacturers Association,

Washington, D.C, The UNICOM Method of House Construction—Design Principles : Manual No. 1, Apr. 1962, 122 pp.

Out of print.

The UNICOM Method of House ConstructionFabrication of Components: Manual No. 2, Dec. 1963, 248 pp.

Out of print.

These two manuals present a method of house

construction (UNICOM) established by the National Lumber Manufacturers Association for use by the residential builder. The approach is based on coordinated modular dimensioning.

(See Reference 47 for a brief, in print, description of the method.)

Manual No. 1 describes the design principles

of UNICOM (the concept of modular coordination being basic) and discusses the advantages

19
of using it. The book then presents modular

standards for design of floor systems, exterior wall components, and roof systems. (These are, of course, established on a 4 inch basic module.

They presumably could be readily adapted to the 100 millimeter module.)

Manual No. 2 comprises standards for the fabrication of floor construction, interior partitions, trussed rafters, gable end framing, and

conventional roof framing.

49, Odom. Jeffrey V. (ed.), U.S. Metric Study Interim

Report: Testimony of Nationally Representative

Groups, National Bureau of Standards Special

Publication SP 345-12, July 1971.

Request from:

Superintendent of Documents

U.S. Government Printing Office Washington. D.C. 20402

SD Catalog No. C 13.10:345-12

This is one of the twelve supplemental reports

of the U.S. Metric Study ( see Reference 19). It contains summaries of the inputs obtained at a

series of seven Metric Study Conferences that amounted to open public hearings to gather in- formation for the study. Organizations and asso- ciations of various kinds—professional, technical, labor, trade, education, consumer—were

invited to make presentations to these conferences, each of which was devoted to an activity or a common area of interest. One of the conferences was concerned with the construction

industry, and inputs were received from 26

construction-related groups. Another was ad- dressed to the concerns of labor, and obtained

the viewpoints of 45 unions, including several

in construction fields. Although the positions represented in this report were generally based—in view of their date—on meager information as to the true implications and effects of a U.S. metric changeover, and some of them have been invalidated or modified by subsequent developments, they pro- vide at least a starting point for assessing the

attitudes of the various elements of the construction industry toward metrication in the

industry. (More recent views of some of these elements may be found in Reference 58.)

50. Page, Chester and Paul Vigoureux (editors), The

International System of Units (SI) , U.S. National Bureau of Standards, Special Publication

330, July 1974.

Request from:

Superintendent of Documents

U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402

SD Catalog No. 013.10:330/3

This is an approved translation of Le Sys- teme International d'Unites, a publication of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures,

Sevres, France, describing the International System of Units ( SI ) . This edition was issued in order to promote knowledge and understanding

of the SI throughout the English-speaking

world. The three classes of SI units are intro- duced (i.e., base, supplementary, and derived).

Definitions and symbols are given for the base

and supplementary units. Expressions of derived

units are presented. A chart lists the prefixes

which are used to obtain decimal multiples and

submultiples of the SI units. Also listed are

units outside the International System that are

(1) used with SI units, (2) accepted temporarily, or (3) to be avoided. Appendices contain

( 1 ) decisions of the General Conference on Weights and Measures and the International

Committee for Weights and Measures concerning units of measurement and the International

Systems of Units, (2) practical realizations of the definitions of some important units and (3) a description of the organs of the Metre Convention: The International Bureau of Weights

and Measures, the International Committee for Weights and Measures and the General Confer- ence on Weights and Measures.

51. Parenteau, Henri-Paul, The Management of Modular Design, Industrialization Forum, Vol. 3, No. 1, Oct 1971, pp. 35-44.

The author feels that modular design bridges

that gap between the need for diversity of products and the efficiencies that could be gained

by mass production in the construction industry. It allows for both flexibility in design and

industrialization. However, with this flexibility comes complexity, and electronic processing is often needed to optimize management decisions. Prefabricated modular partition units are used

as an example in illustrating a method of optimizing component combinations. The purpose

of the procedure is to minimize the overall cost

of putting up panels, taking into account differ- ent costs of production and of site assembly, by

establishing an optimal list of panel sizes for production.

The procedure is basically an iterative recursion with a conditional step. A formula and the algorithm of the procedure for a computer pro- gram is given. The article also suggests some

practical constraints which add to the complexities of the problem.

52. Simmons, H. Leslie, AIA, Metrication in Architectural Practice, Building Research, Vol. 10, No. 1, Jan/Mar 1974, pp 24-26 (see Reference

11).

This article assesses the position of the architectural profession vis-a-vis the metric change20
over that is taking place in the U.S. The author

notes that the AIA has been supporting metric

conversion since 1944. In recent years the Institute has testified to the Congress concerning, on the one hand, the potential chaos in the construction industry in particular that could be

produced by continuation of unsupervised evo- lutionary conversion, and on the other, the excellent opportunity for unification and simplification in the industry that could be

provided by a well coordinated changeover effort. It is the author's opinion that the building industry is plagued with mismatched

and uncoordinated products and procedures due

to a lackadaisical attitude toward unification of

the industry. Metrication, he feels, will not by

itself help this situation but, since we must

start over with standards anyway, the changeover provides a probably one-time opportunity

to greatly improve the situation. It clearly

should not be lost. Furthermore, in view of our

rapid move into an era of systems building,

incorporation of modular dimensional coordination is also an essential element in this changeover.

Sinopli. Nicola, Modular Design for System

Building, Industrialization Forum, 1973. Item No. 2.582.

This article, which describes a research project sponsored by the National Research Council

(Italy), shows how dimensional criteria can be

integrated into the early phases of system design, instead of being considered near the end

as in conventional modular coordination.

The systems approach, with its interdisciplin- ary and methodological basis, is generating an

increasing concern for processes—particularly

for the early, critical phases of system design.

Hitherto, dimensions have been selected at a

late stage of the design process: it seems de- sirable that they should be an integral part of

the design considerations from the start. System

design starts by an analysis of activities, leading

to a definition—in qualitative and then in quantitative terms—of required performance. Activities suggest forms and dimensions: operational

models of the activities allow the activities to be described, so that they can be combined into environmental units. Predominant activities can

be described in modular terms, called "activitymodules." Activity-modules suggest "geometric

coordinating shapes," determining in turn formmodules and form-networks (ultimately, cata- logs of typical form-modules and form-networks

can be formed).

Performance specifications involve explicit

and implicit dimensional criteria for the boundaries between, and main features of, environmental units. In practical terms, it is possible

to proceed step by step from an analysis of

activities and their dimensional requirements,

through to preparing the performance specification. At that stage, the tools of modular coordination may become applicable, provided that the flexibility of the new approach is not lost. (IF abstract)

54. Smith, Russell W., Jr. (ed.), Precoordination

Basis for Industrialized Building : Proceedings

of a Conference Held at Gaithersburg, Maryland, 24-26 Sep 1969, National Bureau of Standards, Building Science Series (BSS) 32, Jan 1971, 136 pp.

Request from:

National Technical Information Service

U.S. Department of Commerce

Springfield, Virginia 22161

Order No. COM 71-50078

These are the proceedings of a conference

heid at the National Bureau of Standards under

the, auspices of American National Standards

Institute Committee A62. The papers discuss

precoordination, both dimensionally and functionally, of building components and systems.

The first group of papers discusses the ex- perience with dimensional precoordination of Great Britain, Denmark, Canada, the United

States and the USSR. Functional precoordination is the subject of the next group of papers. Two papers address a general appraisal of pre- coordination. The point is made that much of

the technology we then had was underutilized

because of lack of awareness on the part of those

in the industry. One possible approach of an

architect to design with precoordination is pre- sented—a method of component assembly construction that allows unlimited design variety

within the "system."

A group of papers by ANSI Standards Committee A62 reviews the status of precoordination in the U.S. The final set of papers addresses

the communications needed for coordination.

The national standards needed for the application of existing technology are explicated. Pre- coordination is also related to the following

activities: (1) automated architectural drawing,

(2) automated cost estimating, and (3) computerized specifications.

55, Stone, Leslie J. F., FRICS, In Britain they've

'thought metric'. The Building Official and

Code Administrator, May 1972, pp. 10-17; re- printed in NBS (National Bureau of Standards)

IR 73^21, An Overview of the Factors Impacting Metrication of the U.S. Housing Industry.

Request NBSIR 73^21 from:

National Technical Information Service

U.S. Department of Commerce

Springfield, Virginia 22161

21
Order No. COM 74-11224, price $4.

This article discusses the early experience of the United Kingdom in metric conversion of

the construction industry. General information on actions of the national government is given

first. At least three changes are involved in countries with legal systems based on imperial

(or other) units: (1) legislation to define metic units, (2) amendment of existing legisla- tion that contains references to measurements in customary units, and (3 metrication of national

standards. The author suggests that integrated

planning must accompany the change and all sectors must be involved simultaneously.

Metrication in the construction industry in the U.K. is summarized as ( 1 ) the adoption of SI units, (2) the adoption of the technique of dimensional coordination, and (3) rationaliza- tion of the sizes of components that are not sig- nificant to dimensional coordination. Progress

in the following areas is then described: (1)

standards to be metricated, (2) projects de- signed in metric, (3) training in metric, and

(4) metrication of building materials and components.

A number of difficulties were encountered—

' some resulting from the decision of the govern- ment not to make conversion mandatory—and

these are discussed. The article concludes with a

list of the benefits expected to be obtained in the construction industry through conversion

to the metric system and the use of dimensional

coordination.

Stone, Lesile J. F., Metrication Officer, (U.K.)

Ministry of Public Building and Works, Metrication and Maintenance, unpublished paper,

1970.

Request from

Building Information Room

Lunar House

Wellesley Road

Croydon CR9 3EL

England

This is a preliminary survey of the effects of metrication-induced changes in building product sizes on building maintenance and repair

activities. The paper lists the different types of products and materials that may become in- volved in such activities, categorizes them by

expected degree of measurement change impact,

and enumerates the many tvpes of buildings

that have to be maintained. The author points out that buildings in his country may be, in addition to "modern" or "late Georgian,"

"Edwardian," "Victorian" or "pre-Victorian"

i.e., as much as 300 years old. (Compatibility of contemporary products and materials with existing buildings would appear to be more of a

problem in the United Kingdom than in the United States—or perhaps it is just a problem

with which the English have had more experi- ence than we. ) The paper proceeds to discuss, on the basis of the then-known plans for metric

product standards, the anticipated impact of metric changeover on the use of products in each of the categories. The author concludes,

". . . in my experience there is almost no limit

to the ingenuity of the maintenance supervisor,

engineer, operative or fitter and I have no doubt

at all that he will take almost all of the comparatively few difficulties in his stride and that there will be little extra cost. The essential point

is to examine each situation cooly without prejudice or illconceived notions of the effect of the change and proceed in the normal rational manner."

57. Sweett, Cyril, FRIGS, Modular Coordination and

Building; Costs. Modular Quarterly, London,

Spring 1959, pp. 21, 22.

This article is an early, but nevertheless valuable consideration of the potential effects of modular coordination on the cost of finished buildings. The author observes that, since modular coordination was then just developing from

the pure research stage into the initial development stages, statements about its possible cost implications must be highly conjectural. However, he off^ers several penetrating insights into the subject.

With respect to the cost actions of material

suppliers, the claim that standardization of many products should lead to economies in pro- duction is questioned. While coordination stand- ardizes dimensions, it does not influence such

cost factors as the quality, or the minutiae of design. Furthermore, economies of production

do not result directly from standardization of products, but only from standardization of the production system—which product standardization permits but does not make inevitable. With

some products, modularization of sizes may

even cause an otherwise unnecessary size in- crease and a consequent cost penalty.

It is in the operations of building that modular coordination may offer its greatest economic

advantage. For dry construction (i.e., prefabrication), coordinated components will provide

the solution to several erection difficulties, there- by reducing construction costs as well as en- hancing the efficacy and usability of prefabrication. itself. Costs arise from the whole process

of building development. Modular coordination

and prefabrication envisage an entirely different

set of circumstances on site, which would doubtless give rise to an entirely new set of costing

circumstances. What overall impact such

changes might have on building costs is an open

question.

22
58. U.S. Congress, Conversion to the Metric System of Weights and iNIeasures, Hearings before the Subcommittee on Science. Research and Technology of the Committee on Science and Technology. U.S. House of Representatives. Ninetyfourth Congress. First Session, April 29, 30;

Mav 1. 6. 7. 8. 1975, No. 12.

Request from:

Committee on Science and Technology,

U. S. House of Representatives,

Suite 2321,

Ravburn House Office Building,

Washington, D. C. 20515

This is the record of the most comprehensive

set of hearings on metric legislation and the metric issue held by the Congress in recent

years. It includes testimony on behalf of: the AFL-CIO, the International Brotherhood of

Electrical Workers, the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, the M. W.

Kellogg Co. (engineering construction), the American Iron and Steel Institute, the American Institute of Architects, the American National Standards Institute, the National Society

of Professional Engineers, the Engineers Joint

Council, and the International Association of Bridge, Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers.

59. U. S. Congress, Public Law 94-168, 23 December

1975, Metric Conversion Act of 1975.

Request from:

A Congressman or Senator,

or

Office of Technical Publications

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

This act declares the policy of the United

States 1 1 to coordinate and plan the increasing

use of the Metric System ( International System

of Units) in the U. S. and 2) to estabhsh a U. S. Metric Board to coordinate the voluntary

conversion to the Metric System. The Board is to consist of 17 members, chosen to represent

various sectors of our national life and economic

activity. One board member is to be from the construction industry. The list of duties of the Metric Board characterizes the way in which it

is to go about planning and coordinating metric

changeover in the United States.

60. Wandmacher, Cornelius, Metrication—SI in America, Engineering Issues, ASCE, Vol. 101,

No. Ell, January 1975, pp. 25-35.

This article surveys the measurement situa- tion of the U. S. and its implications for engineering and for engineering-related activities

including construction. The author points out

that three systems of measurement units need

to be considered: (1) English or "customary"

units. (2) metric units, and (3) the International System of Units, or SI. After describing

why the U. S. is moving and must move in the direction of changing over to predominant use

of the SI (not only the other English-speaking

countries, but the 120 or so "metric" countries

are now doing so ) , the article proceeds to a clear explanation of what the SI is—and of what is not SI, even though it may be metric.

It treats "soft" verses "hard" conversion of dimensions, opportunities for optimization, the

interrelatedness of measurements and standards

( and of change therein ) , proper SI usage in engineering design and specification, proper

employment of significant figures in converting

dimensions, and how to best learn the new meas- urement language.

61. Wehrli. Robert, AIA, Metrication and the Construction Industry: Potential Problems and

Promising Opportunities, AIA Journal, May

1974, pp. 50-53 and 64. (Also in Reference 11)

This article discusses the advantages and dis- advantages of soft and hard conversion to the metric system of measurement. Soft conversion,

the mere expression of the measurement of a

traditional product in metric units, is seen as inadequate for the construction industry. Hard

conversion, the physical alteration of a product

for simplification of measurement in metric, is seen as necessary. The author discusses three types of hard conversion of standards to be

considered: (ll Engineering standards should

be changed to metric. (2) To avoid mismatch

between the size of building components and

to reduce on-site labor, cutting and waste, modular standards should be set. The module of 10 centimeters is used in nearly all European

countries. I3) Human standards also should be

considered in setting both engineering and

modular standards. New product standards

should be based on individual and social needs

and scale.

Addendum:

62. Lally, Andrew, Metrication in the Construction

Trades, ASTM Standardization News, Feb

1976, pp. 8-17.

This article discusses the problems and op- portunities of metric changeover for the construction industry from the vantage point of membership on the Construction Industries Coordinating Committee of the American National

Metric Council. It includes a list of recom- mended SI units for use in construction activities.

23
63. Blachere, G., Account of the Principles of Modular Coordination: Industrialization in Building,

NBS Technical Note 710-1, Building Research

Translation, Mar 1972, 15 pp.

Request from:

Superintendent of Documents

U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402

SD Catalog No. C13.46:710-l \

This paper discusses the conventions fundamental to modular coordination, particularly

within the context of its use in industrialized building.

64. Modular Co-ordination in Building, Terminology

and Rules for the Positioning and Dimensioning of Modular Elements, Netherlands Draft

Standard NEN 2880, Jul 1975.

Request from

Netherlands Normalisation Institute Polakweg 5, Rijswijk, Netherlands

This Draft Standard describes the principles

of the "tartan" grid for modular coordination.

It was written to provide rules for the rational- ization of buildings or parts thereof on the basis of modular coordination. The Draft

Standard assumes that: (1) principle decisions come before detailed decisions, and (2) principle decisions do not imply specific materials. Thereby it becomes possible to separate de- cisions during the decision-making process in

in such a way that, in each decision phase, not

less and above all not more will be laid down

than is necessary at that point. With that the Draft Standard offers a basis, not just for co- ordination, but at the same time for better communication in the building process.

The Draft Standard deals with modular co- ordination (and metrology) in a four-level structure: 1 —main rules modular coordination

(main rules tolerances and fits) ; 2—positioning; 3—dimensioning (joints) ; and 4—manufacturing sizes of elements and components

(tolerances)

5. Other Bibliographies

1. Hochschule fiir angewandte Kunst, Vienna, Modular Co-ordination, Tolerances, Joints and Joint- ing, 1936-1972, 1973, Prepared for the For- schungauftrag des Bundesministeriums fiir Raumordnung, Bauwesen, und Stadtebau, BonnBad Godesberg, B.R.D. (1300 entries, covering

the world literature).

2. Government of the U.K., Department of the En- vironment library. Metric Bibliography—A se- lection of the most important material of interest

to the Construction Industry, 6th revised edition, Jan 1972. (Covers essentially U.K. material—in- cludes dimensional coordination).

3. Fairweather, Leslie and J. A. Sliwa, The VNR

Metric Handbook (item 23 in this report) contains an extensive bibliography on metrication

and dimensional coordination.

4. Royal Architectural Institute of Canada, Ottawa,

Committee on Generic Modules, Generic Modules

Bibliography, 1971.

5. American National Standards Institute, New York,

A Bibliography of Metric Standards, Jun 1975

(includes American National Standards, ISO

(International Organization for Standardization)

Standards and Recommendations, lEC (Inter- national Electrotechnical Commission) Recommendations and GEE (International Committee

on Rules for the Approval of Electrical Equipment ) Specifications )

6. Australian Metric Conversion Board (18-24 Chandos Street, St. Leonards, N.S.W. 2065, Australia)

from time to time publishes lists of its publications of interest to the construction industry.

24
HBS-1 14A fREV. 7-73!

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. 1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. 2. Gov't Accession 3. Recipient's Accession No. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA No. SHEET NBS SP-458

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Metrication and Dimensional Coordination —A Selected

Bib! iography

5. Publication Date April 1977

6. Performing Organization Code

463.01

8. Performing Organ. Report No. NBS SP-458

\ D^^: —. /*r., .-1, TT„;. n

7. AUTHOR(S)

Roy E. Clark and Candace L. Roat

9. PERFOR.MING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

Same as item 9

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

Final

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

NBS

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 76-608345

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less (actual summary of most sigpilicant inlormation. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.)

The United States changeover to the use of the SI (International metric) measurement

language presents our construction industry with the need to review and adapt many

product standards and practices for the use of metric measurement units. These

adaptations and changes can bring substantial benefits to the industry in the form of

permanently recurring cost savings. A practice of potentially great benefit would be

the incorporation of dimensional coordination in the new metric standards for sizes

of building products. For such benefits to be realized, however, the involved issues

must be effectively addressed and the requisite decisions made and implemented.

Considerable literature pertinent to the issues and decisions has been published in

the United States and in the other (primarily English-speaking) countries that have

been implementing metrication and dimensional coordination in the past decade. This

report aids construction industry consideration and resolution of metrication

decisions by providing a guide to the best available sources relevant to the issues.

7. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons)

Building codes and standards; Construction industry; Dimensional coordination;

Metric system; Metrication; Modular coordination; SI

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