UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

___________________________

No. 91-2550

___________________________

IN THE MATTER OF: TRANSAMERICAN NATURAL GAS CORP.,

Debtor.

TOMA STEEL SUPPLY, INC.,

Appellant,

versus

TRANSAMERICAN NATURAL GAS CORPORATION, ET AL.,

Appellees.

___________________________

Nos. 91-2716,

 91-2717 and 91-2718

___________________________

IN THE MATTER OF: TRANSAMERICAN NATURAL GAS CORP.,

Debtor.

TOMA STEEL SUPPLY, INC.,

Appellant,

versus

GHR ENERGY CORP.,

Appellee.
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___________________________

No. 91-2915

___________________________

IN THE MATTER OF: TRANSAMERICAN NATURAL GAS CORPORATION,

Debtor.

TOMA STEEL SUPPLY, INC.,

Appellee,

versus

TRANSAMERICAN NATURAL GAS CORPORATION,

f/k/a GHR ENERGY CORPORATION,

Appellant.

_________________________________________________________________

Appeals from the United States District Court for the

Southern District of Texas

_________________________________________________________________

(November 25, 1992)

Before REAVLEY, JOLLY, and HIGGINBOTHAM, Circuit Judges.

E. GRADY JOLLY, Circuit Judge:

These over-litigated consolidated appeals, which have been

characterized by unnecessary contentiousness since their inception

in the bankruptcy court in 1987, arise out of Toma's sale of well

casing, post-petition, to TransAmerican, a Chapter 11 debtor-inpossession. TransAmerican objected to Toma's administrative

expense claim, alleging that the bankruptcy estate received no

benefit, because some of the casing was defective and caused

damages in excess of the amount of Toma's claim. In 1987, the

bankruptcy court allowed Toma's claim in its entirety and ordered

immediate payment. In 1989, the district court vacated the
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bankruptcy court's orders, and remanded the case for findings of

fact and conclusions of law on TransAmerican's objection. On

remand, the bankruptcy court denied Toma's claim, and the district

court affirmed. We hold that Toma satisfied its burden of proving

that the casing benefited the estate, and that the bankruptcy court

adequately considered TransAmerican's objection when it initially

allowed Toma's claim. We therefore REVERSE the judgment of the

district court, and REMAND the case for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

I

A brief summary of the lengthy procedural history of these

appeals is in order. TransAmerican filed a voluntary bankruptcy

petition under Chapter 11 in 1983. In 1985, during the pendency of

TransAmerican's reorganization proceedings, Toma and TransAmerican

entered into a contract pursuant to which Toma sold well casing to

TransAmerican. In August or September of 1986, TransAmerican

stopped paying Toma's invoices. Nevertheless, over the next

several months, Toma continued to supply casing to TransAmerican,

until the balance due was $2,288,683.45 (nearly Toma's entire net

worth).

In the fall of 1986, TransAmerican experienced five successive

well failures. Four of the wells contained casing supplied by

Toma; the fifth contained casing supplied by another distributor.

After these failures, casing supplied by Toma was retrieved from

another well that had not been completed.
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In February 1987, Toma filed in the bankruptcy court emergency

motions for allowance of administrative expenses of approximately

$2.3 million for casing supplied to TransAmerican pursuant to the

contract. TransAmerican opposed the motion.

On March 11, 1987, the bankruptcy court conducted an

evidentiary hearing on Toma's administrative expense claim.

TransAmerican asserted that Toma had provided no benefit to the

estate, because some of the casing supplied by Toma was defective,

causing well failures and damages exceeding the balance

TransAmerican owed Toma. Although the bankruptcy court stated that

the hearing was limited to determining administrative expense

priority, and not to whether Toma had supplied defective casing,

both parties introduced evidence relevant to TransAmerican's

objection. At the conclusion of the hearing, the bankruptcy court

found that Toma had satisfied its burden of proving that the

expenses were reasonable and necessary for the preservation of the

estate. It allowed Toma's administrative expense claim in full,

and directed TransAmerican to pursue its claims for defective

casing in another court of competent jurisdiction within 60 days.

Toma then filed amended and supplemental motions regarding the

emergency nature of its need for immediate payment. It emphasized

the availability of insurance sufficient to satisfy any damages

TransAmerican might be awarded if it eventually proved that the

casing was defective. The bankruptcy court conducted a hearing on

the supplemental motions on April 9. At that hearing,

TransAmerican argued that the bankruptcy court should postpone
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ruling on Toma's motion for immediate payment "until the court in

which the action should be filed has determined the precise amount

of Toma's liability to [TransAmerican]." On April 11,

TransAmerican complied with the bankruptcy court's earlier order

and filed suit against Toma in Texas state court.

On May 11, 1987, the bankruptcy court entered an order

granting Toma's motion for immediate payment. It found that Toma

had introduced evidence of severe financial hardship. It further

found that Toma had submitted proof of insurance in an amount

sufficient to cover any damages caused by defects in the casing.

It therefore ordered TransAmerican immediately to pay Toma

$2,288,634.45, the balance due. When TransAmerican failed to pay,

and failed to take any steps to stay execution of the bankruptcy

court's order, Toma garnished its bank accounts. After another

hearing on June 15, the bankruptcy court ordered Toma to escrow

$500,000 in an interest-bearing account to protect TransAmerican

from third-party liens by Toma's suppliers. It further ordered

Toma to assign to TransAmerican its interest under its product

liability insurance policies to protect TransAmerican in the event

that TransAmerican succeeded on its claim for damages allegedly

caused by defective casing. The unescrowed portion of the

garnished amount, approximately $1.8 million, was released to Toma.

After the bankruptcy court denied its motion for a new trial,

TransAmerican appealed the bankruptcy court's May 11 payment order,

as modified by the June 15 order, to the district court. In the

meantime, on September 4, 1987, the bankruptcy court entered an
 

1In its original motion for new trial filed in 1987,

TransAmerican had urged the bankruptcy court to refrain from

ordering immediate payment in order to permit it to establish its

defenses to Toma's claim, "preferably" in state court. However,

during the pendency of its appeal to the district court,

TransAmerican's state court pleadings had been stricken as

sanctions for discovery abuses. In its 1989 amended motion for new

trial, TransAmerican urged adjudication of the defective casing

issue in the bankruptcy court.

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order confirming TransAmerican's plan of reorganization. The plan

provided that each holder of an allowed administrative expense

claim was to "be paid the full amount of such expense or claim when

due (but not earlier than the consummation date) except to the

extent the Bankruptcy Court orders otherwise." Toma's allowed

administrative expense claim was not treated separately in the

confirmation order.

On June 30, 1989, the district court vacated the bankruptcy

court's orders and remanded the case for findings of fact and

conclusions of law on TransAmerican's objection to Toma's

administrative expense claim. On August 30, 1989, the bankruptcy

court ordered the parties to file motions regarding TransAmerican's

motion for new trial, which it considered to have been revived by

the district court's judgment. It further directed both parties to

submit proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law regarding

the March 11, 1987 hearing.

On September 13, 1989, TransAmerican filed an amended motion

for new trial.1 On September 29, both parties submitted proposed

findings of fact and conclusions of law regarding the March 1987

hearing. TransAmerican requested that payment be delayed until

"final adjudication of all issues." Toma argued that equitable
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grounds supported allowance of payment prior to adjudication of

TransAmerican's defective casing claim. Toma urged the bankruptcy

court to make findings of facts and conclusions of law based upon

the existing record from the March 1987 hearing.

On October 2, 1989, the bankruptcy court ordered Toma to

return the escrowed $500,000 to TransAmerican, but denied without

prejudice TransAmerican's request that the $1.8 million obtained by

Toma through the garnishment be returned to TransAmerican (the

"Escrow Dissolution Order"). On February 20, 1990, it entered

findings of fact and conclusions of law, denying Toma's

administrative expense claim (the "Administrative Expense Order").

Based on the evidence at the March 11, 1987 hearing, the bankruptcy

court found that Toma supplied defective casing to TransAmerican,

and that Toma had failed to prove that it rendered a benefit to the

estate. Although it acknowledged that causation and damages were

being litigated in state court, it nevertheless found that the

casing was defective, that "TransAmerican did not receive what it

contracted to buy from Toma," and that "it is more probable than

not that the defective casing caused the well failures."

TransAmerican then renewed its motion seeking disgorgement,

and on January 10, 1991, the bankruptcy court ordered that Toma

disgorge the $1.8 million it received in the 1987 garnishment (the

"Disgorgement Order"). Toma appealed the Administrative Expense

Order, the Escrow Dissolution Order, and the Disgorgement Order to

the district court, which affirmed all three orders on April 22,

1991.
 

2Toma also appealed from the district court's June 30, 1989

order vacating the bankruptcy court's allowance of immediate

payment of its claim and remanding the case to bankruptcy court for

findings of fact and conclusions of law.

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Toma filed a notice of appeal on May 22, 1991.2 Toma then

sought, in the district court, to obtain approval of a supersedeas

bond in order to stay execution of the district court's judgment

affirming the bankruptcy court's Disgorgement Order. TransAmerican

objected, contending that Toma had not properly appealed the

Disgorgement Order and that Toma was not entitled to stay execution

of that order by posting a supersedeas bond. TransAmerican also

sought permission from the district court to register the district

court's April 24, 1991 judgment in Colorado, where Toma's place of

business is located, so that it could seek enforcement of the

Disgorgement Order and execute on Toma's assets. The district

court denied TransAmerican's motion for registration, and approved

Toma's proposed supersedeas bond, staying execution of the

Disgorgement Order during the pendency of Toma's appeal to this

court. TransAmerican has appealed from both of these orders.

We consolidated all matters on appeal. Before us are (1)

Toma's appeal from the district court's April 24, 1991 judgment

(affirming the bankruptcy court's Administrative Expense Order,

Escrow Dissolution Order, and Disgorgement Order); (2) Toma's

appeal from the district court's June 30, 1989 judgment (remanding

for findings on TransAmerican's objection); (3) TransAmerican's

appeal from the district court's July 19, 1991 order (denying

TransAmerican's motion to permit registration of the April 24, 1991
- 9 -

judgment); and (4) TransAmerican's appeal from the district court's

August 12, 1991 order (approving Toma's supersedeas bond and

permitting Toma to stay execution of the April 24, 1991 judgment).

II

We directed the parties to brief the issues of whether the

orders from which Toma has appealed are final and, if so, whether

the notices of appeal are proper. We are satisfied that all of the

orders appealed from are final. However, TransAmerican contends

that Toma did not properly appeal the district court's April 24,

1991 judgment in its entirety. That judgment affirmed the

bankruptcy court's orders entered October 2, 1989 (Escrow

Dissolution Order), February 20, 1990 (Administrative Expense

Order), and January 10, 1991 (Disgorgement Order). In its notice

of appeal, Toma stated that it appealed from "the Final Order and

Judgment of the District Court . . . entered in this case on April

24, 1991, affirming the Bankruptcy Court Order of February 20,

1990, denying Toma['s] . . . Emergency Request for Immediate

Payment of Administrative Expense . . . ." According to

TransAmerican, because Toma expressly referred only to the

Administrative Expense Order, Toma did not properly perfect an

appeal of the district court's judgment insofar as it affirmed the

Disgorgement Order.

The Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure require that a notice

of appeal "designate the judgment, order or part thereof appealed

from." Fed. R. App. P. 3(c). We construe this portion of Rule

3(c) broadly. Osterberger v. Relocation Realty Service Corp., 921
- 10 -

F.2d 72, 74 (5th Cir. 1991). "If there is an error in designating

a judgment appealed, the error should not bar an appeal if the

intent to appeal a particular judgment can be fairly inferred, and

if the appellee is not prejudiced or misled by the mistake." Friou

v. Phillips Petroleum Co., 948 F.2d 972, 974 (5th Cir. 1991). 

We can easily infer Toma's intent to appeal the district

court's affirmance of the bankruptcy court's Disgorgement Order.

Contrary to TransAmerican's argument, the Disgorgement Order

clearly is dependent upon the disposition of Toma's administrative

expense claim. If we reverse either the district court's April 24,

1991 judgment affirming the denial of Toma's administrative expense

claim, or its June 30, 1989 judgment vacating the bankruptcy

court's orders and remanding the case, it necessarily follows that

the Disgorgement Order must be vacated; and we have no doubt that

we have jurisdiction to do so.

We also conclude that TransAmerican has not been prejudiced or

misled. Within ten days following the filing of its notice of

appeal, Toma filed a statement of issues to be presented on appeal

and an application for approval of supersedeas bond, both of which

identified the affirmance of the Disgorgement Order as having been

appealed. Obviously, Toma would not have considered it necessary

to post a supersedeas bond if it had not intended to appeal the

district court's affirmance of the bankruptcy court's Disgorgement

Order. Furthermore, we note that TransAmerican has fully briefed

the issue.
 

3Toma also contends that confirmation of TransAmerican's plan

of reorganization in September 1987 mooted TransAmerican's appeal

of the allowance of Toma's administrative expense claim. This

contention, based on Toma's position that TransAmerican appealed

only the timing of payment, and not the allowance, of Toma's claim,

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Accordingly, we hold that Toma properly perfected an appeal

from the district court's April 24, 1991 judgment in its entirety.

III

Toma first challenges the district court's June 30, 1989 order

remanding the case to the bankruptcy court for findings of fact and

conclusions of law on TransAmerican's objection. It contends that

the bankruptcy court adequately considered TransAmerican's

objection, made appropriate findings of fact and conclusions of

law, and properly directed TransAmerican to pursue its claim for

damages allegedly caused by defective casing in another forum.

Next, Toma contends that the bankruptcy court's denial of its

administrative expense claim on remand from the district court was

improper. Toma argues that the bankruptcy court failed to focus on

whether Toma had provided a benefit to the estate, but instead

based its decision solely on a substantive determination that Toma

breached its contract by supplying defective pipe to TransAmerican.

Toma further argues that it was deprived of due process to the

extent the bankruptcy court made a substantive determination that

Toma had supplied defective casing, based solely on the restricted

evidence from the March 11, 1987 hearing. It also contends that

the bankruptcy court's finding that the casing was defective is

clearly erroneous, because it was based on insufficient evidence

and an improper allocation of the burden of proof.3 Because we
is meritless.

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hold that the bankruptcy court adequately considered

TransAmerican's objections in its first ruling, and the district

court erred in remanding the case, we do not address the issues

regarding the proceedings following remand.

A

The bankruptcy court's findings of fact "will not be set aside

unless clearly erroneous." Matter of Delta Towers, Ltd., 924 F.2d

74, 76 (5th Cir. 1991). However, "when a finding of fact is

premised on an improper legal standard, that finding loses the

insulation of the clearly erroneous rule." Matter of Fabricators,

Inc., 926 F.2d 1458, 1464 (5th Cir. 1991). "Conclusions of law, on

the other hand, are subject to plenary review on appeal." Id.

The Bankruptcy Code provides that "[a]n entity may file a

request for payment of an administrative expense." 11 U.S.C. §

503(a). Section 503(b) provides that, "[a]fter notice and a

hearing, there shall be allowed, administrative expenses, . . .

including--(1)(A) the actual, necessary costs and expenses of

preserving the estate. . . ."

The purpose of Section 503 is to permit the

debtor's business to operate for the benefit of its

prepetition creditors. In order to effectuate a

successful reorganization, third parties must be

willing to furnish postpetition goods or services

on credit. Third parties might refuse to extend

credit to debtors-in-possession for fear that their

claims would not be paid, but an advance payment

requirement would impede the debtor's business.

Section 503 requires that such claims be given

priority, therefore inducing third parties to
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extend credit and enhancing the likelihood of a

successful reorganization.

In re Coastal Carriers Corp., 128 B.R. 400, 403 (Bankr. D. Md.

1991).

As the district court correctly noted, TransAmerican's

objection to Toma's administrative expense claim gave rise to a

"contested matter" governed by Bankruptcy Rule 9014. Rule 9014

provides:

In a contested matter in a case under the Code

not otherwise governed by these rules, relief shall

be requested by motion, and reasonable notice and

opportunity for hearing shall be afforded the party

against whom relief is sought. No response is

required under this rule unless the court orders an

answer to a motion. The motion shall be served in

the manner provided for service of a summons and

complaint by Rule 7004, and, unless the court

otherwise directs, the following rules shall apply:

7021, 7025, 7026, 7028-7037, 7041, 7042, 7052,

7054-7056, 7062, 7064, 7069, and 7071. The court

may at any stage in a particular matter direct that

one or more of the other rules in Part VII shall

apply. . . . The clerk shall give notice to the

parties of the entry of any order directing that

additional rules of Part VII are applicable or that

certain of the rules of Part VII are not

applicable. The notice shall be given within such

time as is necessary to afford the parties a

reasonable opportunity to comply with the

procedures made applicable by the order.

Unlike adversary proceedings, which we have described as "full

blown federal lawsuits within the larger bankruptcy case," and

which are governed by all of the rules in Part VII of the

Bankruptcy Rules, contested matters are "subject to the less

elaborate procedures specified in Bankruptcy Rule 9014." Matter of

Wood & Locker, Inc., 868 F.2d 139, 142 (5th Cir. 1989). Contested

matter proceedings are generally designed for the adjudication of
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simple issues, often on an expedited basis. 9 Collier on

Bankruptcy, ¶ 9014.05 (15th ed. 1992). Rule 9014 specifically

provides that Bankruptcy Rule 7052, which incorporates Fed. R. Civ.

P. 52, applies in contested matters. The bankruptcy court was,

therefore, required to enter findings of fact and conclusions of

law on whether there was a benefit to the estate. However, Rule

9014 does not provide for the automatic application of Bankruptcy

Rule 7008, incorporating Fed. R. Civ. P. 8 (affirmative defenses)

or Bankruptcy Rule 7013, incorporating Fed. R. Civ. P. 13

(counterclaims). Those rules apply only if the bankruptcy court so

directs, and the parties are notified in accordance with Rule 9014.

Toma had the burden of proving that its claim was for "actual,

necessary costs and expenses of preserving the estate." The words

"actual" and "necessary" have been construed narrowly: "the debt

must benefit [the] estate and its creditors." NL Indus., Inc. v.

GHR Energy Corp., 940 F.2d 957, 966 (5th Cir. 1991), cert. denied,

___ U.S. ___, 112 S. Ct. 873 (1992). A prima facie case under §

503(b)(1) may be established by evidence that (1) the claim arises

from a transaction with the debtor-in-possession; and (2) the goods

or services supplied enhanced the ability of the debtor-inpossession's business to function as a going concern. After the

movant has established a prima facie case, the burden of producing

evidence shifts to the objector; but the burden of persuasion, by

a preponderance of the evidence, remains with the movant. See

Coastal Carriers, 128 B.R. at 404-05; In re Buttes Gas & Oil Co.,

112 B.R. 191, 193 (Bankr. S.D. Tex. 1989). Mere allegations,
- 15 -

unsupported by evidence, are insufficient to rebut the movant's

prima facie case.

B

At the March 11, 1987 hearing, Toma introduced evidence that

on September 10, 1985, it entered into a requirements contract with

TransAmerican as debtor-in-possession; that pursuant to the

contract, it supplied approximately 1,500,000 feet of casing to

TransAmerican; that TransAmerican used the casing in conducting its

business of well drilling, completion, and operation; and that the

unpaid balance owed Toma by TransAmerican was $2,288,683.45. Toma

thus established a prima facie case under § 503(b)(1).

TransAmerican produced the following evidence in support of

its objection. In the fall of 1986, five of TransAmerican's wells

failed. Four of the wells contained pipe supplied by Toma, which

apparently had been manufactured at four separate mills; the fifth

contained pipe supplied by another distributor. After these

failures, casing supplied by Toma was retrieved from La Perla No.

73, a well that had not yet been completed, and had not failed.

(It was not feasible to retrieve the casing from the four failed

wells containing casing supplied by Toma, because the casing had

already been cemented in place.) The casing from La Perla No. 73

was inspected, and two joints were found to be rejectable. Three

joints from La Perla No. 73 were sent to a laboratory for

metallurgical testing, which confirmed that two of the three joints

were defective or rejectable. TransAmerican's quality control

inspector testified that he had not yet concluded his investigation
- 16 -

into the cause of the well failures. It was only based on the

defects found in two of the joints from La Perla No. 73, that he

assumed that there were defects in the rest of the casing string.

Brookins, a TransAmerican vice president responsible for completion

procedures, testified that he did not think TransAmerican's

procedures caused the well failures. Because TransAmerican had

used the same procedures in drilling 700 wells without failure,

Brookins testified that it was his opinion that the failures were

caused by defective casing supplied by Toma. TransAmerican had

incurred $1,797,104.36 in repair costs for the failed wells as of

the date of the hearing, and it estimated that it would incur an

additional $800,000.

There was evidence that casing supplied by Toma had been

inspected at least twice prior to being placed in the wells; that

casing supplied by Toma had been used in approximately 50 other

TransAmerican wells without incident; and that none of Toma's other

customers had complained of casing failures. An expert witness for

Toma reviewed the records from the failed wells and inspected all

of the casing that had been removed from La Perla No. 73. He

testified that the well failures were caused by imprudent operating

practices and completion procedures by TransAmerican, rather than

defective casing.

At the conclusion of the March 11 hearing, the bankruptcy

court allowed Toma's administrative expense claim in its entirety,

finding that:

[T]here was not a[n] . . . overwhelming amount of

evidence by Toma to show that these goods . . .
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supplied were actual and necessary for preservation

of the estate. . . . I think it barely tipped the

burden of proof by preponderance of evidence . . .

[T]here's enough in the record to say that it

certainly didn't supply the tubular products other

than to be placed in the wells, which were used by

[TransAmerican] for -- at least intended by

[TransAmerican] to generate revenues. The

reasoning behind that -- what I'm trying to say, I

guess in a way is, that okay I realize that Toma

didn't present just an overwhelming amount of

evidence to show that they were actual and

necessary, but there's enough in there for me to go

ahead and be persuaded that the supplying of the

tubular goods were actual and necessary for the

Debtor to use.

The bankruptcy court had the following to say regarding

TransAmerican's objection:

I don't know whether this casing entitles

[TransAmerican] to compensation of some form and if

such form would be placed as an offset against the

amount owing Toma, and I don't know what theory the

Debtor would seek recovery under, since I have no

pleadings appropriately before me. The Debtor, as

I see it, could choose any number of remedies:

suit on a contract; suit on warranty; . . .

possibly sounding in tort. [B]ut until . . .

[TransAmerican] steps forward as a Plaintiff in

some court and seeks an actual recovery under some

theory of law and gets a determination . . . from a

court of competent jurisdiction, there's nothing I

can do, other than to go ahead and allow this as an

administrative expense . . . .

The burden is on [TransAmerican] . . . to . . .

attack that claim by Toma, on whatever legal theory

they want to recover on. I don't know what legal

theory they're going to -- I cannot try in the

503(b)(1)(a) claim matter their --I don't know, is

it sounding in contract; is it sounding under

warranty? What part? I mean, I don't know. How

will they know? They say that they don't owe you

any money because your client supplied them bad

product. That's not enough.

In its May 11, 1987 order, the bankruptcy court, after noting

that it had previously allowed Toma's administrative expense claim,
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held that Toma was entitled to immediate payment. The bankruptcy

court found that the equities favored Toma, because it supplied

goods to TransAmerican post-petition; there was no evidence that

the parties agreed to postpone payment until plan confirmation; the

casing supplied by Toma could not be recovered; Toma had introduced

evidence of the devastating financial effect that TransAmerican's

non-payment had on its business because of the size of the debt in

comparison to its overall operations; and Toma had submitted proof

of insurance in an amount sufficient to cover any damages suffered

by TransAmerican as a result of any defects in the casing. With

respect to TransAmerican's objection, the bankruptcy court stated:

[TransAmerican] has asked that this court

defer an order of payment of Toma's administrative

claim until it can pursue an offsetting claim

against Toma for alleged defects in the goods.

This court notes that there is case law to support

Debtor's request. [Citations omitted.] However,

until [TransAmerican]'s claim against Toma for

defective pipe is determined by a court of

appropriate jurisdiction, this court cannot apply

an offset to Toma's claim for administrative

expenses. Therefore, since the time of payment of

this claim is a matter within this court's

discretion, and as elaborated upon above, the

equities of the matter weigh in Toma's favor, this

court concludes that Toma's motion should be

granted. Debtor is free to come back to this court

with its offsetting claim when that claim has been

liquidated in the appropriate court.

TransAmerican filed a motion for new trial, requesting the

bankruptcy court to permit it to establish its defenses to Toma's

claim in state court before ordering payment. TransAmerican stated

that the Texas state courts were "much better equipped to handle"

the dispute. On June 15, 1987, the bankruptcy court denied

TransAmerican's motion, but modified its May 11 order by requiring
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that $500,000 of the $2,300,000 be escrowed in an interest-bearing

account. Furthermore, the court required Toma to assign to

TransAmerican all rights under its product liability insurance

policies "as a result of the claims of Debtor for defective

casing."

In its June 30, 1989 judgment, the district court held that

the bankruptcy court did not have discretion to refuse to make

findings on TransAmerican's objection, which it characterized as

"an affirmative defense to liability on the underlying contract

upon which Toma sought to recover," notwithstanding the fact that

the bankruptcy court had not directed that Bankruptcy Rule 7008

would apply in the contested matter involving Toma's administrative

expense claim. Concluding that Toma's right to reimbursement could

not be determined until such findings were made, the district court

vacated the bankruptcy court's orders and remanded for findings of

fact and conclusions of law on TransAmerican's objection.

C

We hold that the bankruptcy court adequately considered

TransAmerican's objection in allowing Toma's administrative expense

claim, and in ruling that Toma was entitled to immediate payment.

We further hold that its May 11 and June 15, 1987 orders contain

sufficient findings of fact and conclusions of law reflecting such

consideration.

The district court erred in holding that the bankruptcy court

had no discretion to refuse to make findings of fact and

conclusions of law on the substantive merits of TransAmerican's
 

4TransAmerican maintains that, if its recoupment defense

cannot be given effect in a § 503 contested matter proceeding, it

will suffer worse treatment as a Chapter 11 debtor than it would

have suffered as a non-debtor, in contravention of 11 U.S.C. § 558,

which provides that "[t]he estate shall have the benefit of any

defense available to the debtor as against any entity other than

the estate. . . ." This argument is specious. First, it overlooks

the substantial benefits that TransAmerican received as a Chapter

11 debtor--benefits that are not available to non-debtors.

Moreover, nothing in § 558 gives TransAmerican the right to have

the merits of its defective casing claims or its recoupment defense

adjudicated in a § 503 contested matter. TransAmerican did not ask

the bankruptcy court to direct that Rule 7008 apply, did not appeal

the bankruptcy court's direction to litigate its defective casing

claim in state court, and was perfectly content to have the issue

tried in that forum until it received an unfavorable ruling as the

result of its own conduct.

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"affirmative defense." Because the bankruptcy court did not direct

that Bankruptcy Rule 7008 would apply in the contested matter

involving Toma's administrative expense claim, it acted well within

its discretion when it refused to make findings of fact on the

merits of TransAmerican's defective casing claims.4 In a

commendable effort to prevent this contested matter from expanding

into a "full blown" trial, that needlessly would have consumed its

scarce resources, the bankruptcy court directed TransAmerican to

litigate the merits of its state law claims in another forum. The

fact that Toma's administrative expense claim was based on an

underlying contract did not automatically transform that claim into

an adversary complaint seeking recovery on the underlying contract,

nor did it expand the scope of the contested matter into a "fullblown" trial of counterclaims or affirmative defenses based on

state contract law.

The sole issue before the bankruptcy court was whether Toma

met its burden of proving that the casing benefited the bankruptcy
 

5TransAmerican's recoupment defense is based on § 2.717 of the

Texas Business and Commerce Code, which provides that, upon notice

to the seller, a purchaser of goods may deduct from the amount owed

to the seller all or any part of damages resulting from the

seller's breach of contract.

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estate. Although TransAmerican's objection and supporting evidence

are relevant and must be considered in making that determination,

the bankruptcy court properly exercised its discretion in refusing

to rule on the merits of TransAmerican's defective casing claims.

See Matter of Strause, 40 B.R. 110, 113 (Bankr. W.D. Wis. 1984)

(refusing to consider debtor's potential counterclaims raised in

opposition to § 503(b)(1) administrative expense claim); see also

In re Gellert, 55 B.R. 970 (Bankr. D.N.H. 1985) (holding that court

can "consider" affirmative defenses or counterclaims raising

"extraneous" issues in deciding whether to exercise its equitable

discretion in granting relief from automatic stay, but "such

consideration . . . does not authorize proceeding to a res judicata

determination of such allegations on the merits").

The total amount of Toma's administrative expense claim is

$2,288,683.45. TransAmerican's damages allegedly caused by

defective casing total approximately $2,500,000. Relying on state

law,5 TransAmerican maintains that, because its repair costs exceed

the amount of Toma's claim, there was no benefit to the estate. It

insists that the benefit to TransAmerican's estate "can only be

determined by the amount of money TransAmerican was to have paid

Toma, offset by the damage incurred by TransAmerican's estate due

to the defective casing." We disagree. The purpose of the benefit

analysis under § 503 is to determine whether the estate received a
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benefit--not whether the estate was harmed. See Matter of Strause,

40 B.R. at 113 ("the principal purpose of according administrative

priority to claims for benefit to the estate is to prevent unjust

enrichment of the debtor's estate, rather than simply to compensate

the creditor"). Toma introduced evidence at the March 1987

hearing, including copies of its invoices, that the cost of the

entire casing string in each well was approximately $80,000 per

well. Thus, invoices for allegedly defective casing total, at

most, approximately $400,000 ($80,000 each for the four failed

wells, plus $80,000 for the casing in La Perla No. 73, which did

not fail). 

Although the amount to be allowed as an administrative expense

must be measured in dollars and cents, (thus satisfying §

503(b)(1)'s requirement that the costs or expenses be "actual"),

the question whether the estate has been benefited cannot be so

narrowly confined. As we have already noted, the purpose of the

priority treatment afforded by § 503 is to encourage third parties

to provide necessary goods and services to the debtor-in-possession

so that it can continue to conduct its business, thus generating

funds from which prepetition creditors can be paid. Although the

estate receives a benefit that often can be measured by the actual

cost of necessary goods or services supplied, the estate also

receives other less readily calculable benefits, such as the

ability to continue to conduct business as usual. See In re

Coastal Carriers, 128 B.R. at 404.
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The district court apparently agreed with TransAmerican's

argument that the benefit analysis must focus solely on the amount

of Toma's invoices and the amount of TransAmerican's alleged

damages. Such an analysis is incomplete, because it ignores the

fact that TransAmerican had no complaints regarding over 80% of the

casing upon which Toma's claim was based. Furthermore, it

disregards evidence that casing supplied by Toma had been used

successfully in approximately 50 other profitable wells. In short,

consideration of the damages allegedly caused by a small portion of

the casing supplied by Toma is only part of the analysis. Section

503 also requires consideration of the fact that Toma's willingness

to undertake the risk of supplying goods to TransAmerican as

debtor-in-possession enabled TransAmerican to continue conducting

its business, as well as the fact profits from wells in which Tomasupplied casing was successfully used were available for payment of

prepetition creditors, and enhanced the likelihood of successful

reorganization. We agree with TransAmerican's assertion that the

profitability of a well cannot be attributed solely to the casing.

Nevertheless, it is clear that casing is an essential part of a

well: In the absence of third parties such as Toma, who were

willing to undertake the risks of doing business with TransAmerican

as debtor-in-possession, there would be no casing, thus no wells,

thus no profits, and thus no payment to the creditors.

Applying these principles to the evidence presented at the

March 11, 1987 hearing, it is clear that the bankruptcy court

correctly held that Toma satisfied its burden of proving that the
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casing it supplied to TransAmerican benefited the estate.

TransAmerican made no claim that all of the casing was defective,

and produced direct evidence that, at most, two joints of casing

removed from La Perla No. 73, a well which had not failed, were

defective. Even if the entire strings of casing in all five of the

Toma-supplied wells about which TransAmerican complained are

assumed to be defective, that casing represents only approximately

$400,000 out of Toma's total claim of approximately $2,300,000.

With the exception of the casing used in those five particular

wells, TransAmerican does not dispute that it used the remainder of

the casing supplied by Toma to conduct its business of drilling,

completing, and operating wells, which generated revenue to fuel

its reorganization.

In conducting its 1987 benefit analysis, the bankruptcy court

adequately considered TransAmerican's objection. To protect

TransAmerican, the bankruptcy court ordered that $500,000 of the

approximately $2.3 million claim be placed in an escrow account to

protect TransAmerican from third-party liens by Toma's suppliers.

It further ordered Toma to assign its rights under its product

liability insurance policies to TransAmerican. Because such steps

would have been unnecessary in the absence of an objection to

Toma's claim, they obviously reflect a consideration of the

possibility that TransAmerican might succeed in proving its

allegation that some of the casing was defective. The course

chosen by the bankruptcy court was well within its discretion.
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To sum up, we conclude that the bankruptcy court adequately

considered TransAmerican's objections and correctly held that Toma

met its burden of proving that its sale of casing benefited

TransAmerican's estate. Because the bankruptcy court entered

adequate findings of fact and conclusions of law in accordance with

Bankruptcy Rules 9014 and 7052, the district court erred in

vacating its orders and remanding the case for findings of fact and

conclusions of law on the merits of TransAmerican's objections.

IV

TransAmerican has appealed from the district court's order

approving Toma's supersedeas bond and allowing Toma to stay

execution of the Disgorgement Order pending appeal, and from the

district court's order denying TransAmerican's motion to permit

registration of the April 24, 1991 judgment. In the light of our

ruling on the administrative expense claim, these issues are moot

for the purposes of this appeal.

V

The April 24, 1991 judgment of the district court is VACATED.

The June 30, 1989 judgment of the district court is REVERSED, and

the case is REMANDED to the district court. The district court is

instructed to vacate the bankruptcy court's Escrow Dissolution

Order, Administrative Expense Order, and Disgorgement Order, and to

reinstate the bankruptcy court's May 11, 1987 order, as modified by

its June 15, 1987 order. The district court is authorized to order
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such further proceedings as may be necessary to effectuate the

reinstated orders, in a manner consistent with this opinion.

REVERSED and REMANDED.
REAVLEY, Circuit Judge, concurring:

Toma Steel had sold more than a million feet of pipe to

TransAmerican during the Chapter 11 reorganization. The pipe was

used in the completion and operation of over 50 TransAmerican

wells. It is uncontroverted that the sale of pipe was beneficial

and necessary to the operations of TransAmerican and to the

preservation of the debtor estate, and the bankruptcy judge so

found. In 1986 TransAmerican ceased payment of Toma Steel

invoices; the explanation was given at a later time that there were

questions about the quality of the pipe. Toma Steel continued the

sales and, in 1987, sought administrative expense allowance and

payment for 315,000 feet of pipe.

TransAmerican objected to the allowance of the administrative

expense, not because the pipe for which those sales were made )) or

any portion of those sales )) was defective, but solely on the

ground that TransAmerican had a damage claim against Toma Steel

that was greater than the price of the subject 315,000 feet of

pipe.

The bankruptcy court could have put this entire controversy

into an adversary proceeding or applied the adversary rules in the

pending proceeding. However, the court was not required to do

that, and under the pressure of its oppressive docket, chose not to

do so. It clearly excluded any consideration of the TransAmerican

damages claim in allowing the administrative expense after a

hearing pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 503(b). See D-1 Enterprises Inc.

v. Commercial State Bank, 864 F.2d 36, 39 (5th Cir. 1989).

However, when immediate payment was ordered, the bankruptcy court
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protected TransAmerican by the escrow and by assuring that

insurance covered its damages claims.

I concur in this court's holding that the bankruptcy court

committed no error and that the district court erred in remanding

for further findings. I emphasize that TransAmerican's defense was

not that a certain portion of the pipe, for which Toma Steel sought

allowance and payment, was defective. The counterclaim or defense

was based upon a wholly separate damages claim.