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NSRDS-NBS 69

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress on March 3, 1901. The Bureau’s overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation’s science and technology

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Optical Spectra of Nonmetallic Inorganic

Transient Species in Aqueous Solution

-hi 6s no b*i

Gordon L. Hug

RATIONAL

or standards

LIBRARY

NOV 1 6 1981

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Radiation Chemistry Data Center

Radiation Laboratory

University of Notre Dame

Notre Dame, IN 46556

NSRDS

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

Issued May 1981
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Hug, Gordon L. Optical spectra of nometallic inorganic transient species in aqueous

solution.

(Nat. stand, ref. data ser.; NSRDS-NBS 69)

“National Standard Reference Data System.”

Supt. of Docs, no.: C 13.48:69

1. Absorption spectra. 2. Ions—Spectra. 3. Radicals (Chemistry)

Spectra. I. Title. II Series: United States. National Bureau of Standards. National standard reference data series; NSRDS-NBS 69. QC100.U573 no. 69 (QC454.A2) (543’.0858) 602’. 18s 80-606826

NSRDS-NBS 69

Nat. Stand. Ref. Data Ser., Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), 69, 167 pages (May 1981)

CODEN: NSRDAP

© 1981 by the Secretary of Commerce on Behalf of the United States Government

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WASHINGTON: 1981

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402

Price $5.50

(Add 25 percent for other than U.S. mailing)
Foreword

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evaluated data, reviews of the state of quantitative knowledge in specialized areas, and computations of useful functions derived from standard reference data. The centers and projects ?!so establish criteria for evaluation and compilation of data and recommend improvements in ex- perimental techniques. They are normally associated with research in the relevant field. The technical scope of NSRDS is indicated by the categories of projects active or being

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to support American science, industry, and commerce is vitally fulfilled.

Ernest Ambler, Director

III
Preface

This report is one of a series of data publications on radiation chemistry; the aim of the series

is to compile, evaluate, and present the numerical results on processes occurring in systems which

have been subjected to ionizing radiation. Various kinds of data are important in radiation chemistry. The quantities which were measured first were the observed radiation yields or G values (molecules formed or destroyed per 100 eV). Various indirect methods based on G values have been used to determine yields of transient species and relative rates of reactions. The spectral properties (optical,

electron spin resonance) of transients have provided a direct method for their identification, and rates

of the very fast reactions of transients which occur in irradiated systems have been measured directly

by spectroscopic methods. Conductivity and luminescence methods have also provided a means of

measuring properties of transients and their kinetics. Some reactions which occur in irradiated systems

have also been studied by other methods, such as photochemistry, electric discharge, ultrasonics, chemical initiation, electron impact, etc. The emphasis in these publications is on the data of radiation

chemistry, but where other pertinent data exist, they are included.

The data of radiation chemistry are voluminous; thousands of systems have been investigated.

As a result there are certain collections, e.g. rate constants of particular types of reactions or certain

properties of transients, for which tabulations of the data are considered essential, but for which

critical assessment of each value is impossible. On the other hand, certain systems and properties

have been studied so extensively that critical examination of these data is desirable and timely.

Authors of this series of data publications have been asked to evaluate the extent to which the data can be critically assessed, to describe their criteria for evaluation, and to designate preferred values

whenever possible.

IV
Contents

Page Introduction 1 Spectra of Transients 5

Primary Species in Water Radiolysis 6

hydrated electron 6

OH 8

OD 10 0 12 H in H2 0 14 D in D2 0 16

Oxygen Radicals and Radical Anions 18 02- 18

H02 20 03 ~ 22 H2 03 24 D2 03 26

Group IV Radical Anions 28

C02 " 28

C03 ~ or HC03 30

Si03- 32

Group VI Radical Anions 34

S02 ‘ 34

S03 " 36

S04" 38

S05' 40 S2 03- 42 S406 H2' (S4063

-) 44

Se03_ 46

Te03~ 48 X2~ Radical Anions and Related Species 50

Cl," 50

Br2" 52 I 2" ~ 54

(SCN)2- 56

C1SCN” 58

BrSCN" 60

ISCN" 62

(NCO)/ 64

(CN)2- 66 H2 Se2" 68

(SH)2- or S2 H2- 70 I 2 SCN' 72

SCNS2 032- 74

Precursors of X2 ~ Radical Anions 76

SCN 76

HOSCN' 78

Br 80 V
Pape

I 82

C10H' 84

Se' 86

HSe 88

Phosphorus Radicals and Ions 90

P03

2' 90

HP03“ 92

P04

2' 94

HP04

- 96

H2 P04 98

po5

2_ 100

HP(V 102

Oxyhalogen Radicals 104

CIO 104

C102 106

BrO 108

BrO, 110

IO 112

I02 114

Miscellaneous Nitrogen Containing Radicals and Ions 116

NH2 116

NH3 + 118

N2 H3 120

N2 H4 + 122

N3 H3 124

NHOH or H2NO 126

N02 128

N03 130

NO' 132

N2 02 - 134

N3 03

" 136

N022' 138

N032' 140

N2 03 142

N204 144

N3 146

•CONH" 148

0 = CNH2 150

HOC = NH 152

HOC = N' 154

H2 CN 156

HOCH = N- 158

VI
Optical Spectra of Nonmetallic Inorganic Transient

Species in Aqueous Solution

Gordon L. Hug

Radiation Chemistry Data Center, Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556

Optical absorption spectra are presented for 77 nonmetallic, inorganic radicals and

radical ions, produced by radiolysis or photolysis in aqueous solution. This atlas results from the compilation, evaluation, and replotting of spectra from the literature. Additional

information is included such as extinction coefficients, initial chemical conditions,

methods of transient generation and spectral acquisition, references, mechanisms of

transient formation, and notes on dosimetry.

Key words: Absorption spectra; aqueous solution; extinction coefficients; inorganic; radical ions; radicals; transients.

Introduction

Simple inorganic radicals and radical ions in solution

have been one of the favorite topics for study in radiation chemistry since the introduction of pulse

radiolysis in the early 60’s. Some of these radicals had

been studied earlier by flash photolysis, but the number

of flash photolysis studies increased in parallel with the

radiolysis studies. The peak of the research activity on

the simple inorganic species came in the late 60’s and

early 70’s. Although many interesting problems remain

in this field, a consensus seems to have been reached

concerning the identity of the chemical composition of

many of these inorganic transients. Such transients are

currently being used to form more complicated species

in organic and biological systems through oxidation and

reduction.

One of the most fruitful techniques that has been

used to study the chemistry of the simple inorganic

species has been optical absorption spectroscopy. Most

of these species absorb ultraviolet and visible radiation.

Although optical spectroscopy is not very helpful in determining the exact structure of transients, it is very

valuable in following the progress of reactions taking

place on the nanosecond or microsecond time scale. Because of this use as a tool to study the kinetics and

the use of transient spectra to identify reaction

intermediates and individual steps in reaction

mechanisms, the optical spectra have become useful data

to the experimenter. Since many spectra are now

scattered through the literature and since many of these

are well characterized, it now seems like an opportune

time to collect all of these spectra together in one

volume.

It is the purpose of this volume to collect as many

spectra of nonmetallic inorganic transients in aqueous

solution as possible. The main emphasis has been to collect the most complete and well-characterized spectra

that are available in the literature. In addition, special

effort was made to obtain extinction coefficients for these spectra.

Explanation of Display and Definition of

Symbols and Units

The spectra are displayed on a uniform grid, with a standard 0 to 100 relative absorbance scale and with a standard 500 nm long wavelength scale (1000 nm scale

is used for hydrated electron spectrum). The relative absorbance, A , is defined by

A = N X log 10 (IJI) (1)

In this equation I0is the incident intensity of the monitoring light beam at the wavelength being

monitored, / is the intensity of the monitoring light

beam, at the same wavelength, that is transmitted

through the sample, and is a normalization factor chosen so that the largest absorbance is 100. The

wavelengths are given in nanometers (nm) = 10^

meters. An alternative abscissa scale is used in these

spectra on the top line of the plots in a scale that is

1
proportional to energy. The units used are cm

1

. One eV

is approximately 8068 cm"

1 . To the right of the spectral

plots is a sliding extinction coefficient scale.

€ = (Z[xr log 10 (I0 /D (2)

70 and / are defined the same as above, L is the length

of the optical path, and [X] is the concentration of the

absorbing species, X.

In addition to the spectral display, additional

information is given. Under the heading “Transient,”

the transient species is identified; other information

which may be included under this heading is the

wavelength of the maximum absorbance, an extinction

coefficient, and a second-order decay constant, k, defined by

d[X]/d/ = 2£[X]2

. (3)

The wavelength of the absorption maximum and the

extinction coefficient are given under this heading only

when explicitly quoted by the experimenters or when

taken from another reference. If X(max) and € are quoted by the experimenters, then the smoothed curves

are normalized (see below) to these numbers, both with

respect to the ordinate and the abscissa. Extinction

coefficients are given in L mol" 1 cm”

1 (dm 1 mol” 1 cm”

1 ); decay rate constants are given in L mol” 1 s”

1 (dm 1 mol”1

s’

1 ). No systematic attempt was made to include the

second-order decay rate constants. The information following the heading “System”

concerns the chemical composition of the starting

system. Under the headings of “Transient generation”

and “Spectral acquisition” the physical equipment used

to create the transients and detect them are given. Of

particular interest in these two sections is the nature of

the dosimetry (measurement of the amount of radiation

absorbed in the sample) and actinometry plus the

precautions taken to eliminate artifacts, like scattered

light. The heading “Reference” contains the literature source of the displayed spectrum.

The information contained under the heading

“Transient formation” is of particular interest when

transients are prepared in a pulse radiolysis experiment.

As opposed to near-ultraviolet or visible photolysis of

aqueous solutions where the solutes form the transients

in a relatively direct fashion, radiolysis experiments

involve the decomposition of the water as a first step.

The three major radicals from this process are OH,

e(aq)", and H. The amount of H formed is five or six times less than that of either OH or e(aq)’. These three

primary radicals can react with solutes or other

transients to form the transients to be studied. Various

scavengers are added to prevent the formation of

interfering species or to maximize the yield of the

transient to be studied. The detailed mechanisms of the

authors are given in this section whenever possible, but

in many cases these equations are given only as plausible formation equations and should not be

understood as precise mechanisms endorsed by the

authors who measured the spectrum.

The “Footnotes” are designed mainly to give

additional information on alternate extinction

coefficients, assumptions on G values,

£(X) = number of X radicals formed for 100 eV

of the radiation absorbed by the system (4)

and additional information on special purifications and

other precautions.

Criterion for Inclusion

The following standards were set for the spectra to be

included in / this atlas. Attempts were made to include

spectra that contain contributions from only one

transient species, have chemical or physical proof of the

chemical assignment, correct for instrumental effects like scattered light, give extinction coefficients, and contain a sufficient number of data points to indicate the precision

of the smooth spectral curve. These criteria could not always be met. However, in cases where the transients were considered to be important, the spectra were

included with some documentation indicating

appropriate qualifications. One common problem, for example, is the failure to correct for spectral

contributions of species resulting from H atom reactions

in pulse radiolysis experiments in aqueous solutions.

This is often neglected on the basis of the low yield of

hydrogen atoms relative to hydroxyl radicals and

hydrated electrons. However, this contribution is not always negligible, and a spectrum must be viewed with some caution when this type of omission occurs.

All of the spectra in this atlas are taken from the

literature. Since the pioneering works on these inorganic

transients are approximately 10 to 20 years old, newer

spectra often exist in private collections and in the

literature. These later spectra are often better characterized than the original works. This has been due

in large part to refinements in techniques and to better understanding of the chemical processes. One

improvement in equipment that has resulted in more

reliable spectral shapes has been the interfacing of the

experiment to computers. This has allowed the use of

2
convenient signal averaging techniques [l]

1 . In addition, the case of data handling with these systems has allowed

the experimenter to explore a larger set of wavelengths

[2]. Because of these general advances, spectra that have

appeared later in the literature than the pioneering

works are often chosen for this atlas over the original

works.

Even though spectra obtained from private collections often have these same advantages, it was decided that they should be excluded from the atlas since so many of

them were inaccessible to this Data Center. However,

the Radiation Chemistry Data Center is collecting these newer spectra and is storing them in a computerreadable form. Spectra will be updated as the Center is made aware of new measurements. Some spectra from

private collections are already on file.

Difficulties with Yields and Extinction

Coefficients

There is probably much less variability among the

various reported spectra of a given transient than among

the various reported extinction coefficients of that

transient. Many factors could contribute to this

difficulty. Among the possible causes are nonuniform

irradiation of sample, poor wavelength calibration, faulty

dosimetry, scattered light problems, and poor time

resolution. Discussion of these and other experimental

problems has been thoroughly covered elsewhere [3,4].

However, even when the normal experimental

precautions are taken, there remain difficulties. The

ultimate source of the problem with extinction

coefficients lies in the difficulty of knowing the

concentration of a short-lived transient (see eq (2)). Since

most of the extinction coefficients in this work are taken

from radiolysis works, this means that it is crucial to know the yields (or G values) of the primary radicals, the mechanism of production of the transients from

these radicals, and the dose of radiation absorbed by the

sample in order to calculate the concentration of the

species of interest. The problem of knowing the G value is particularly

acute, for both the sample itself and for the dosimetry.

Usually G(X), itself, is not measured directly. It is usually based on a yield of primary radicals that has

been estimated from measured yields at infinite dilution

of all scavengers. These yields represent the number of

primary radicals that diffuse out of the tracks formed by

the ionizing radiation and their secondary electrons. Immediately after the arrival of the high energy

radiation, the tracks contain a high density of radicals

Figures in brackets indicate literature references at the end of the

text.

and other fragments, and many of the radicals combine

with each other. Thus only a fraction of the original

primary radicals escape into the bulk solution and are measured.

In a usual radiolysis experiment in which absorption

spectra are to be measured, scavengers and/or solutes must be added at some finite concentration to react with

the primary radicals. However, as the concentration of

the scavenger is raised, the chance that the scavenger

molecule will initially be present in the volume of a track increases. If this eventually takes place, the primary radicals which would normally combine with

other primary radicals in the track will react with the scavenger instead. Thus at high scavenger concentration,

scavenging in the track increases the effective yield of

primary radicals. The increase in yield depends not only on the scavenger or solute concentration but on the rate constant of the reaction of the scavenger or solute with

the primary radicals. This problem has been treated for hydrated electrons [5] and has recently been addressed

for hydroxyl radicals [6]. Extinction coefficients can be corrected for scavenging

of primary radicals in tracks if the scavenger

concentration is known, if the rate constant of the scavenging reaction is known, and if a calibration curve

is available. Some calibration curves do now exist [5], but not enough supplementary information is available

to make corrections for many cases in the literature. For

example, since dosimetry usually involves measuring some well-known transient, it is necessary to know

concentrations in the dosimeter as well as in the sample

under study. Since corrections cannot be made in many

cases, none of the extinction coefficients reported within

have these corrections. However, much of the supplementary information that would be needed to make these corrections is included.

Digitization Methods and Their Sources

of Errors

The transcription of the spectra from the literature to the standard format reported in this atlas has led to some unavoidable errors in the resulting data. In order

to document the errors, a brief description of the

transcription procedure and the possible errors in each

step are presented for reference. The data were taken

from the literature by first photocopying and then

digitizing the spectra from the photocopy. If the drawing was too small for accurate digitization, the photocopy was enlarged before the spectrum was digitized. Where

possible the spectra were digitized directly from reprints

of journal articles. The digitizer consisted of a digital

voltmeter connected to the slide wires of an X-Y

3
recorder. A seven-power comparator was attached to the

slide wires to improve both accuracy and precision of

each reading.

For normal-sized, full-column graphs taken from an American Chemical Society journal with the ordinate

ranging from 0 to 100 and the abscissa covering a 200

nm range, the reproducibility of the digitizer was ±0.5% for the ordinate and ±1 nm for the abscissa.

Most of the curves reproduced will have similar

uncertainties in the ordinate from the digitization process itself. However, the uncertainties in the abscissa

will vary since the wavelength range of the original

Figures cover a wide range. When the original drawing

has the full 500 nm range, the uncertainty in the

abscissa might be as large as ±3 nm.

In general, the ultimate accuracy is probably not

limited by the reproducibility of the digitizer. Other

sources of error enter between the data from the author

and the final reproduction. One source of distortions is the optics of the xerography and enlarging processes. Some pincushion distortions were found, particularly in the xerography process. In some cases it was found that figures in the literature had their own inherent

distortions that had entered in the processing of the

initial raw data to the final journal spectrum. Thus a loss

in accuracy due to these processes is very difficult to estimate. However, in the overall reproduction process from the literature, it is estimated that the data

presented here are accurate to better than ±2% of the

maximum extinction coefficient. The spectral plots were made with a Versatec electrostatic plotter. The resolution

of the plots is 200 dots per inch.

All of the continuous spectral curves, but not the data

points themselves, that were digitized from the literature were put through a smoothing procedure involving a fast Fourier transform [7]. This procedure had the advantage

of averaging the digitization of the spectral curves from

the literature, which have the best likelihood of

representing the shape of the spectra. Intermediate steps

in the smoothing process were displayed on a video GT

62 terminal made by the Digital Equipment Corporation.

The output from the smoothing routine is a set of

extinction coefficients at regular wavelength intervals. This output was stored in permanent computer files and

was plotted along with the individual, digitized data

points to give the displayed spectra in this volume.

When an e(max) was quoted by the authors, the ordinate

and abscissa of the plots containing the digitized data were checked and adjusted to match the quoted values.

Acknowledgements

The Radiation Laboratory is operated under Contract DE-AC02-76ER00038 with the Department of Energy.

The Radiation Chemistry Data Center is supported

jointly by the National Bureau of Standards, Office of

Standard Reference Data and the Office of Basic Energy

Sciences and the Office of Health and Environmental

Research of the Department of Energy. This is Radiation Laboratory Document No. NDRL-2109.

I would like to thank my coworkers in the Radiation

Chemistry Data Center, Drs. A. B. Ross and W. P. Helman, for much good advice, criticism, and

encouragement. Also, I would like to thank Professor R. H. Schuler and Drs. C. L. Greenstock, P. Neta, and L. K. Patterson for many discussions of the science and

technology in this volume. Finally, I would like to thank

Dr. A. K. E. Hagopian, who set up this spectral project

initially.

Symbols and Abbreviations

A absorbance (optical density)

€ extinction coefficient (molar absorption coefficient)

G radiation yield (molecules per 100 eV)

k rate constant krad dose absorbed (6.24 X 10 K> eV per g) = 10 Gy

K equilibrium constant \ wavelength (nm)

pKa —log 10 dissociation constant PMT photomultiplier tube

References

[1] Patterson, L. K., and Lilie, J., Int. J. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 6(2), 129-41 (1974).

[2] Gordon, S., Schmidt, K. H., and Martin, J. E., Rev. Sci. Instr. 45( 4), 552-8 (1974).

[3] Matheson, M. S., and Dorfman, L. M., Pulse Radiolysis, M.I.T.

Press, Cambridge, 1969.

[4] Dorfman, L. M., “Techniques of Chemistry,” Vol. 6B, G. G. Hammes, ed., Wiley, New York, 1974, pp. 463-519.

[5] Balkas, T. I., Fendler, J. F., and Schuler, R. H., J. Phys. Chem.

74, 4497-505 (1970).

[6] Schuler, R. H., Patterson, L. K., and Janata, E., J. Phys. Chem.

84( 16), 2088-9 (1980).

[7] Helman, W. P., unpublished work, 1979.

4
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39

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C(OH) =

5.5,

E.

Hayon,

J.Chem.

Phys.

51(11):

4881-92

(1969)
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W 31

53

J.P.

Keene,

A.J.

Swallow,

and

J.H.

Baxendale

(Academic

Press,

1965)

p.

83.

[51

H.C.

Sutton,

C.E.

Adams,

J.W.

Boag,

and

B.D.

Michael,

ibid.,

p.

61.

[6]

B.

Cercek,

Int.

J.

Radi

at.

Phys.

Chem.

4(1):

25-30

(1972).

[7]

R.K.

Broszki

ewi

cz,

Bull.

Acad.

Pol.

Scl.

Ghim.

24(2):

123-31

(1976).

[8]

M.S.

Matheson,

W.A.

Mulac,

J.L.

Weeks,

J.

Rabani, J.

Phys.

Chem.

70:

2092-9

(1966)
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57

Janata,

J.

Phya.

Ghent.

84(16):

2088-9

(1980)
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h. aw

59

absorb

at

520

run

could

be

determined.

[21

Based

on€

52©s

5300 L

mol *1

cm *1

for

(SCN) 2

~*

-C3]

A.

Hengleln,

Allg.

Prakt.

Chem.

17(5):

295-301

(1966).

[41

Under

the

experimental

conditions

the

half-life

of

Clo”

was
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3ONH0aOS8H 3AI1U13U

76
•4© *44 0 M e 0 N a • fl O' 0 c is 0

•4 a o r- •fl W 0 —« -r fl

•fl *> u 0

Cl fl a * 4*. 4) b 0 1 a •w 0 •a N b <M n 44 r-i w fl 44 i M • 0 1 EC


 0 B © •• 0 UJ

*C 1

4-> CM -4 to

4-4 to <** 1 fl w fl tc — *44 sD 0 © 0 b N H CO B 0 w •fl • 0 04 J •** B a 1 mt to a 3 ^4 -J 1 fl © 8

rq fl i—

- © O o 0. M 0 *d V© o 6 B 0 N • *» a B a t>4 B b fl. i J b 0 A

(K 0 « N *- s

rfl 44 o < is ua

— •fl

— a ©

© fl a 0 b * + 04 *—

a > 4-1 • 0 a a

•M P-4 cn

M

M >4 0 fl 0 0 © A A •— • 0 *0 Cl Cl *> E a 0 + • fl 0 a 0 C5 ii 3 —

*•4 B n b fl • e b 1*4 S u W a A a ** 0 a 0 0 t w • 0 a a

CO fl •» 1 a — k

•M >4 • « a a • 0. © 1 1 >* i © o N *c EC z 0 —1 <M » o EC u © © *- a ©

•a a a + X CO

—• fl SC

fl

M 0 W

© + >* a a © a b sa o to

>» **

© K a o • 0 {M t U B

•*• ¥ fl o *o 0 SC CO i o *• fl a — a a I z 0 0 *44 "0 b a + SC © fl > « « A U CO a — 0»4 CQ u o 1 CO 1 A e © •44 /•* Sc B > • © • *> o* + 0 0 fl h a «< 0 e to as b A — fl w EC © u <M 4-> J fl 0 0 © EC CO B • a ** • • •fl fl * a

CL fn 0 0 1 44

CO B CM fl » •• •• Ul — *fl ~ 8 L fl a a 0 sb A a 0 e fl •- a u o A •m 444 0 A co CO 0 0

*J 44 •04

© CQ "o' C

eo fl •44 +4 b a CD >—1 1—1 i—

• 0 44* Q -4 Cl C5 o fl fl c U-l UJ UJ 0 fl* 0

to 0 *4

•• a *4 • 44 * a o a w* a 0

fl 0 a «4 0 ««4 b •M 0 1* • ** ® fl c a 0 a 44 w- a 0 a 0 0 b a E 0

cd H CO H h.

77
WAVENUMBER

(cm

EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT (L MGL" 1 CM' 5 )

33NU9H0S9U 3AI1U139

78

aqueous

solution

of

10“*

mol

L” 1

SCN~

and

10“ 1

mol L

-

1

OH~

,

saturated

with

R

2

O
HOSCH" 0—

SK ^N ® *d M d N B • «-> O' 4> d B B e w 0 4Vl a

•d 4* M a * •» 43

A 1 B ttt N 31 It d

CO 4* 0

irt IN a •V4 —

• e ® 0 a • • h

43 i 4*

1—4 4< N d

be

® • W d SC • 0 d

>c « 5 E d o N H cc C 0 *t w 0 *< • « w s B B bC N ® it ® d d* — *t 43 d •N A d 0 A B •d •pt ® 3J. 0 §

p«p o • be d B It IA 1 « o 0 • w

43 4> CO o A a

it >* + • ® 8

•-3 1—0 *—

03 0 « O • o d © + « 0 0

p—

B N 0 It sc 41 a 0 0 t

CC d ••

tvt o t ptt A © (1 1 1 O 0 N 03 SC N 4 o 03 sc •d • B + + GO u d IP4 0 w © cc a B It 1 03 ©

S» tt O o • o pi t t d o •d 0 sc \

-t 8 A I 1 > •d u B 1 Sc sc ® A 03 u u

CQ It 0 1 O cc cc ® —

• 0 • v + + * B — 0 8

pt d w Ed 03 1 J d o —

® o o © uax0

CQ

Ac«•csLH

cnoIKUKO

PI w

scU §

sc©

a: Iscu

ccku

ccon

co do d — o c eg •s e

O' o O Cm

4*

— a

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*- » © a « « a it CC H 2 § dB ©

O'

Sk 00

43

+* |

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It *

•«- t- o c ® 4) A — B O d o a its ® o >a d X o — © B O O © aE d o o o -« oX®* « * ^

eg od E — o **

It K

«Pt 4) "d d o o d— •© a ®

*- z

us a O CQS 8M O KU a>oa«

** *d d d ® ® — A Z ® d *d a

t-

® - 43

{2 o - N C9 a0

440d4-> 0o

u.

79

spec t

rum
WAVENUMBER

(cm

EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT (L mgl- 1 cm-0

0

CQ

3ONU0UDS9U 3AI1U130

•d

4)

4-> rn a *+ a wi_j aa m

i 0

s o

0 to0

a

• 0

S ©^4 J U

m

©

© *4

iJ

II 0

a M

a *

ew

W

*d0 |

aN

lO 0 N CQ M

ii J

M *"4 n o

a a w

/< «

i •

1©

a

0

4-> M

a »

4) • Cl M •H •d a Cm 4> 0 o •d 0 •d

x> 0 a

0

* *M a m «* a N 0 Sc i—

i

^4o «

u a 0

CQ CQ

Wta 4> •• O 0

r-i 4) 0 0 Cm

l—l a* d

a -q

*>a

•• •M a

a 4) 0 M

a a 0

H a

80
0O— ^ b

CQ

M

x I - 9 M » « M W41 • CM — 0 1 B i b b a 0 b ® 1 o CQ — 9 0 *4 0 - d P l 04 — 0 P *P ** 1 ^4 e >i 4b 0 J 0 B 0 B * 44 B P P ft 0 0 0 » mm4 - 0 -X J 0 — Is* B b ft "0 ® 44 C B 44 O' 5s © 1

4) 9 b X

"o ft 0 0 b

A 9 O'* *0

w 0 - e 0 P 44 O' 40 1 P « >» «v< •m 0 O' 44 9 o c be P x Ml A P X 0 d b 0 •0 mm o II 0 1 p © p - p mm P N x

«c

® P 0 E 0 0 0 0 - 0 — X © H 3 C <• >10 «< t- ft 0 1 0 0 rs X X 0 • *0 P - 1 m © P W x 0 E b 3 b X 0 0 o B p

•• o p b

b 03 44 0 mm 44 mm a a ® c 44 fA X b 03

N P w O 0 •P 41 44 4 19 0 « W Cfx 0 P 44 *P o P ft Cl N 1 — 0 P 44 X -p M

O' 1 41 0 0 0 x o 9 0 n 44 • © 0 P 0 0 % a 41 W 41 b ••0 Ip 0 • 0 X b 00 • x P u

Cl

x 03 * CQ fa0 n 0 0 0 Cl

•0

x -O . go o’ P •0 0 1*4 H C p 44 O' 0 P P 9 © 0 © x e 0 p 44 0 D • b X 0 X p 0 0 O 0 B «M —« 0 p ft o mrn 4 0 x o 0 P x 0 E n T3 p * 0 • - • » ft 0) m4 0 03 0 1 0 0 1 — U • P ** O b PI -* 1 0 « • X P 0 0 0 B p b 44 b x b 9 • • ft X 0 o 0 CQ 0 CQ 44 03 B * 0 X ft b * o P 0 X mm 0 41 0 0 lM 0 lM mm 0—44 0 0 E » 0 "P 44 B • 0 C P 0 I * • x 0 «•< © i P 0 m3

•-J 0 ft

bb •c 0 44 pi 44 | 0 1 41 *0 B 1 0 0 <44 p b P B b b — pi • ft VC 0 0 pi mm 0 0 CQ © 0 0 X o b a d x b p P mm — o x © B CQ 0 41 •0 0 03 *P • 0 o 0 0 * ,0 • 41 0 0 0 0 1

««4

© 44 44 —<

© X N 0

os 0 x P E mm + *4 PI

b 44 01 «*» 44 0 1 x a — 0) x (, p 0 b 44 <44 •p <M 0 0 x 9

«m a b 0 ft

bb 0 03 44 C 0 9 0 > 0 0x0 • 0 0 v- 03 CQ b 0 0 0 44 0 “i - A P u b — 44 b d b •— b © © © b X X M *0 0 0 ** 9 0 t 0 6 0 44 9 ft X

•« > p 3 44 t 0 0 p > P 0 *0

N

© a 0 0 0 0 > P 0 0 P O - 0 0 0 - * B •« 0 M > 41 E c §

44 •XI e —

b 0x00 mm 41 P 3 0 o 4- 0 0 0x0 a to f b *4 b 0 C 40 x A

mmt 44 44 kJ X 0 44 P p c 0 0 b 0 d b a P P 1 O E o 0 mm —1 CQ 0 O 0 X e 0 P p» n • © 0 mm 44 •P x TJ 0 9 ml 0 b b ft 0 ft c H b H • P S 0 A b X X CO CQ GO «*4 CO 44 U 03 u a O 0 0 0 h 0 •00 x b 0 0 »—i f—l |—

• 0 •*0 B •* Cl 2

10 < P p b kJ t_J w M 0 c e

01 0 *4

•• 0 44 0 x X 0 0 P M P 0 a • 0 0 X • mi b M 0 b 0 «* 0 C • P 0 P x

«M H i 0 0 • b p. b 0

CQ GO H fab

81
WAVENUMBER

(cm

EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT (L MOL" 1 CM' 1 )

30NB9U0S9U 3AI1U13U

s

o

i oS







IIX

89s « W I—

I

u

82
a

*4

VB0 • HHB 0

>* •00 45 B 0

Oh *• •pH B E 0 0 •PH « a 0 0 B •m E- a 0 o> «• CQ

01 0 • 0 n 0 < ** • » 43 0 B * a 0 «H 73 - •0 U5 • C sc 0 N 0

mm 0 «M 0 B O' t A 0 0 B 0 •pH 0 0 00 0 0 w 0 6 0 0 0 45 M 1 > B S ** -pH HH s — B 0 01 *H o * H- a a 1 e • 0 V© 0 • 0 0 B 0 w>4 0 0 B B N B 0 •00 - 0 0 ^4 •5 *- 0 0 •d a •00 *H •• +* • - B 0

-i «H a b O N 0 0 P ppH *H w E

73

M a E N 0 0 0 •“ B 73 O' 0 0 0 0

•» So s HH • B • • 0 0 0 0 0 •pH «H <H hQ 0 0 0 B 0 •pH 00 E C * 0 0 0 0 ^0 0 HH • H s 0 •PH *H B = o 4H 0 K S 0 0

S3 0 0 A -

45 E W H- B 0 • a 0 •pH 00 0 © 0 a «PH 45 SC 0 •pH E • 0 0 0 1 0 0

*H 0 0 ppH e * *7 •—

0 M >. • 0 — 05 u- 0 0 <PH -> 0 N 73 a 0 0 — O' 0 0 0 0 M 0 » O > -« 0 B a 0 01 o 0 •HP w B p—

—• o 0 H- • 0 0 0 © t 0 >< O 0 05 •H 0. a e O a 0 1 > PPH 05 •pH U — 43 4* «H 0 *5 • • •• o H X — 01 0 0 •• + 0 u 0 0 0 0 0 •pH 0 - hpH •04 0 N HH 73 0 0 ~ •H •pH N4 H 0 o

h. 01 00* *•

U a *H

w 0 B a • O' 0 •pH B r-i Oh - 0 0 0 pH 0 O' 0 bj

10 e «M

•• B • **

m PH 0 0 pH 0 0 0 0 0 *H 0 •PH 0 «a O 0 B *H a 0 • 0 0 0 «H

tea i 0 a o 0 0 a 0 0

00 H GO H bu

83
WAVENUMBER

(cm’

1)

xlCT

EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT (L mol-> ch-0

84
_H0

10 EOu n® •8 pp 8 M E

O' K b 9 1 ©

CO Up mm o • pp E • •P A u • © • 8 mm 8 a 8 8 • mm a O b 8 mm 1 * b mm 0 E —

b B d pp mm <— s 8 0 8 -p to N a a 8 b - © 8 8 b w

>•

—

0 N

CD

h 8 8 •8 to • 8 • •8 4) «S8 •8 0 8 8 E XI Cl a a 8 — 8 8 pp 8 E •8 8 - H 8 « 8 •“ ftl 8 0 1 Ct. 8 8 8 b 53 o • pp d 0 8 p- 0 O 8 A o 1 • *8 a m P 3 mm • 8 0 A © 8 0 b 8* 0 •P b 8 pp pM © 8 e fa r-* 0 8 jo o • PP <M w

co 0 4- 4P ^4

b 8 pp E i •*< 8

pp u 8 1 w E 0 d *8 •8

w • 8 B 0 P A >» r“4 •8 © © B b b 0 0 8 X U a E pp 8 8 8 b B a O O O 8 A MP A E 8 • pp a \ 3 8 8 0 0 B o m3 8 b mm b 2 0 8 0 8 8 8 3 l b • o A 8 A © 3 A mm a I O 8 8 o 0 CO pp .p *8 8 u 8 E 0 C B ^4 pp O O 0 » b 8 • S 3 8 8 mm • pp * 8 o * ® 0 — *© E pp + b • pp e 8 •m ** b 0 pp O 0 1 3

MP a 8 mm H 8 O u S d ? d pp ^4 e 8 *p 8 8 23 o © • 8 W-4 p. 8 <8 *8 PM •8 b 8 8 8 1 B 8 N 8 8 PP 8 t 8 b 0

GO 8 8 pp • 8 w X *8 8 © O 0 © fa 0 8 *- 9 — 8 to 8 2 pM <M d *p • b >» - A 8 b 3 E pp 8 O PP E o

"0 pp

b i to

W 8 0 b

U E Cl 3 M

© • 0 8 E "• a A <- E 0 pp E mm 1 8 — < 8 •8 to •”

0 8 p- <M + + 0 E PM c M 8 •#4 •>4 8 *8 w 8 o

•8 8 0 E *8 8 i 8 8 0 a E •8 a o 8 mm 8 d 8 A d E t •8 M O 0 8 • 8 E b 1 * o * b E

»—> « 1 m- 8 8 B 8 = 0 a o O' pp — *— 8 > 1 0 ** o E E a pp \ 8 b a a o 0 b 8 * >> J «- 3 0 8 0 «M w b e •8 a b 8 u b b O pp + mm © 3 8 >> e •4 pp 03 o p- <pp - A B mm 8 pp j pp A • e 8 8 \ O *p to 8 8 4 a 8 E —

B A 8 *8 3 3 + —

B 8 ® — A 8 *8 O 8 t a 8 — 0 0 b O » C4 >* pp Bp 8 * 8 9 pp a a o A i 8 0 Cl d N mm b o a s u 8 *p E (m E O mrn * • •8 8 *8 to *8 O "8 T. 8 S3 8 8 8 8 8 8 E E 1 8 8 • « • b — pp 8 a © pp O 0 O 0

S3 CO •8 0 S3 pp 8 *p t 8 b

©

M

M

N s 8 * 0 o —

b a >»

b >* 8 p- - O' A b pp pp 3 3 b 1 x 0 ua d © 8 8 pp 3 d pp 8 V 9 8 0 w 8 8 pp — b a •8 b 8 0

•• •P

b 8 a u 0 8 8 P« to E b

>»

N a 8 •• 1 8 1 B O a 2 8 ® 0 0 8 8 O 1 8 i 0 b 8 — 8 ©

-0

A p e A d d A

—< d 0 a 8 8 1 «p mm ss4 HROh u E Wp GO 3 < • N 8 mm 9* © O' b 8 8 r-i pp • n 8 mm B S"4 Cl © - 8 8 b UP 8 O' 0

to 0 v.

M 8 •• • p» mm e 0 8 pp 8 e a 8 8 8 94 • mm b «M 0 u m pp 8 a 9 8 O 8 94 u~ 8 8 8 0 « b a b 0 E l- 00 G*

85

[33 A

more

recent

report

gave a

value

for

e(max)

of

ClOH -

that

was

much

lower,

c(max) =

1200 L

mol

-1

cm”*.

R.W.

Fessenden,

private

communication,

1980.

[4]

Calibrated

by

aqueous

potassium

thiocyanate

taking

C((SCW) 2

~)-

2.9

and

«6

ee (

1SCN )2~)-

7100 L

mol

-1

cm

-1 .
WAVENUMBER

<ch

xlO'

EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT (L hol-i cm->)

33NU9HQS9tl 3M1U139

O'®

cj

1 0

BJ

1

CO

io w

®

If? *

Bw

#«<

I «7)

0«

hH

86

System:

aqueous

solution

123

of

HSe“

, N

2

O—

saturated

,

pH
rt

rt1 N « * to * eo * rt 0 10 *fl M*

00 4* 10 r. flM © e fl b B • n >—1 —

a B • « E - B I

«-< S3 • C A 0 •» fl 0 C T3 | - ft 0 •at E b mm* 4a • - u 0 — *- «aa m > X •* ft fl -r * • B *—

fl E fl Q <P4 0 0 0 O TJ B o

>6

b • • *fl •fl « © a- 0 ft A fl

69 0 0 X e — * fl fl B

T> be -a o r X

69

b B o O a © >» ^4 «-* «a a u w *« fl A • © ~ QJ mm* •4 r A

-> • a c « © - B E B o *N • L — e "0 b w

4- 0 X X N fl 0 e <- 0 X E N •« mm

fl -fl

— 0 * X 1 ©

b

®

b rt fl fl « » © ~ N « * 1 fl fl a z ii B 10

«p4 « ^ - *fl c fl

© 0 to ft V + X e rt

art

b B A • N art to •» « a ft 1 X a •• aa

rt «m a •—

b = n fl 0 a b o EC c art IO

EC a •© to to u 0 w b fl 0 s 0 a N • © b — 4-> ft* u. < b o E ft ® 1 © 
 O ,fl O A E a

•fl "O

® ** ft • u B c N •04 t 1 b X ©

fl fl X 0 • A

fl o e X i — 0 * > « E > © 9 5 0

rt * b

N X t • a

rt

© 9 a 0fl 4a 8 * 9 IO fl © B fl 1 A B — * © w N o 0 B s c B — X n b E © b

09 ft fl O fl 1 a «a« 0 ft A — ft ab o ** t • b aa 0 X « © t vC •fl fl 1 a • — © •fl a • e X art to > •fl ,fl E B w c i ii > fl 0 aaa ~ 8 - 9. 0 X © o 0 B •aa • b b H a E fi b to x fc © + a a « .J © 0 fl © ft rt © b • •

<— B » ©w

A

© fl 0 —i b n a © X a- © •aa 0 9 fl •• E © a 8 art 0 X ft *fl »—

e » d N — x * 0 0 to « Ui fl H n a M •o ® •fl © © fl fl aa ® to ® c a 0 0 0 a a >* X

•fl «rt •a* 0 a 10 0 0 © 4» #• rt* a © a W < X vO fl art 4* © b B r-> • art • rt* B •a rt « E W fl 0 b w ui •-4 c © o

to 0 tea •• « •a e «• 4* B 0 a fl C a • 0 *• « •M b •a* 0 h B 4* a B © fl o fl «•

w. « 9 fl 0 © E ft b 0

ert H X f- ft

87
WAVENUMBER

(cm"

1)

xlO'

EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT (L MOL-1 CM' 1 )

i

o

B

•J

O'

<S>

H©

CO

CO

©

w

CO

I* H

88

System:

aqneous

solution

[2]

of

HaSe,

NaO-saturated

,

pH

=

0.8
e©

©4I N© 9 *a©

•fl * i © CO— s

CO B W -

If) •• ©

A

© <• fl 0 U o 1 ~ * 0 •M E a m* • - 5 3 —

44 •Ml > oc a 8

>» « - B MM B

-a E fl t.

—

©

©

a. 0 0 "fl a ©

v© 44 • • *fl a « « 44

*•

—

© B a A B s • 0 0 3 ©

«m >» eg fa

V B MM

T> S •« ,B B

eg fa 0 0 0 • CO « » © — MM MM B fa B — 8 V© • © ** o — •fl © © « B O l © © - B c •fl — • fa "< eo © •fl fa w «- o a CP N a « c •- 0 * b N •fl — M eg *© E © • a s ©

fa fa « a a CO * © - K <M n * 1 B a a a fee N a to

MM

© 4. — *fl « B © • tc « « + CO o ©4

fa

NA 0 N

(C <M « A i CO tc •• a fi. — a n n a • eg a fa © SC c mA to

sc eg

© B Sc

w fa o w

fa a a o + fl 0 a t* • Cl fa MM 44 fat 0 H a 0 i « © to A © -a fee •

•fl •fl

© a a M

© E B r» mA t © fa CO « s B fa a n « rC a a o © © <-* tc M *4 «M« u • > a <- > a © sc a o B * «< fa — Cl f % • • | b a a tc 4* s a c 0 o A © B B I A E — a B w to « 0 © S a

fa a • {fa fa EC X fa E o fa B >* a © a « 1 EC « fiu H — a to © 44 pM t • fa - e * © *M O’ t © *fl a t • • — © •fl a a 0 0 a — to > •fl A E w CO © N > a o ^A a ** a — a • n CO 0 © B ^A • fa fa fc tc Cl MM i E <

fa * a fe tc tc « mJ • C B o a. to © h © • a — © + w J5 © B « — fa <N tc © a •* © —p 0 a a •• fee o tc fl © A a *fl B t B N —

B * 0 0 to « w B a c B ©• •fl « •fl « © B B •• « to © e EC 0 O 0 B a (fa a © X m» •M 0 a M a 0 • 0 © 4* 4* mp4 so © pa « <

CO

© a •M 44 © fa a a r-^ r-i • •4 © M4 B V* ©4 c© r W 1 8 fa W faj • fl1 o

It 0 %M

•• a © 44 44 o B MM B € B « a C ©-* • •V4 fa MM 0

fa a «« a fl • B 0 fl ©8 a c a 0 • fa a fa 0

os H CO Ua

89
WAVENUMBER

(cm

EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT (L mol- 1 cm-0

3ONU0UQS9U 3AI1U13U

90
IPI

e> O

CL- §

COW •0* lO > O' 0K »4

vC s

M.u 2 h 0

CO to *. h 9

0"4 « B W a 0 « La -0 © 1 u 0 0 a

Irt *4

©

0-* 9 B N C-0 B rt

•• a 5. a 0 w N bo u s 0^ 0 w W v. O. B N s B • ac 9 *0 «*4 W 9 9 9 • u u N II B O « © a a 0 ® 0. l O na N g n n 3 SC © • a a *< ft. B 9 a + a

>* > » * w d i 9

ft. bo 0 B * a b *4 © a • •—

© > a a 44 • a o. 4p4 © i • • a 23 CM N pi B B 60 e © 23 pi n i m 3 — a E 23 © M © B B ~4 t + ft. n ft. * >» S« ® + O < —< a Irt l + ft. + © D * © n l • ««4 N © n © + © a © © O 23 ft. © pi Cl i 9 +* = 23 ft. a Cl a • U 9 S W a a U t % t 0 B © t t

T3 B 0 9 PI l 1 a a -« B h K « i a a © a © B © « © a -o © ¥ ft. © + + u N ft. 4* 0 1 23 n 4 i w. •• • • a a 1 pi « 0 B a • • cr + n ft n 9 O 0 B © © © a •** —4 0 w 23 ft. - 0 ** 0* •04 0 © a a a a

00 9 .4 4

fi B 9 • 0 •44 B a a L « a1 0

bo 0 •m

M 9 c «# 44 0 a 0“< a a © 9 © « •m ft 444 u B 44 a • a o a

w. 9 0 9 • E a E

OS E- GO H

©J

'C

It

91

Footnote:

[1]

Assuming

CtPOj 2)=

G(OH) +

G(H) +

G(e(aq)“
WAVENUMBER

(cm’ 1)

xlCT

EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT (L hol-» ch-0

92
>®r

\C

la

la a

^9

® 1 w 8 0 9 la 9 A vC •• o | la e

vC e 8 n a e

•— 8 E M la 04 « B rt a •• 8 5. a sC « w N bC b r II ^a « w <*- 8, e ** * tea B 1 CO OB 73 M a 0 8 « ET • la la N a E © w ® s» ® A « ® A w O 0 N E N © 8 z: • 0 B + a a a > 1 be <*% A 8 i EC — be c aaa BC 8 a la O © • 6 a 8 •a + + 0 A aaa O • 8 EC N a a be 0 C Ba N a 0 - a B H S3 © B a -a Sc t w A la S A + © < — 0 n 1 0 t) * A o •» 1 H • •99 © N c B A •0 C OS A © ate 1 a - 2 co + 83 A 1 • la 8 X 8 w S3 r>

la O t ©

® B » © t A •0 a ® a PI l EC C -< a b — K « 1 w 0 0 a r © n © A *0 o 3 A ©

la n A be C 1 S3 pa 8

SS as ««» EC •aa 0 0 0 as c E s 0 0 0 a s X •9* aaa e w a a 0 «a aaa C © EC a

GC 8 asa 4s <

la a a • ® aa B r-i * 0 0 C aaa 9 c 0 aw M 0 tea aa a • «a «a aa 0 0 aaa 0 c 0 • 8 • 4* • •aa la aaa 0

la a «a a 0 ® 0 0 0 «a

tea a « a 0 9 l A la 0

ft H QD H A

93
WAVENUMBER

(cm

EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT (L mol-i cm-’)

I

aoNtiadosaa 3ai ltnsu

94
7* E A 0 •0 — eg a « ** « N ft £> ~ o 7* k 0 k 0 — ® ~ » 0

•M to **

®

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[4]

K.W.

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E.

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F.S.

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W.A.

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and

F.

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Faraday

Soo.

63:

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[5]

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115

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117

[5]

M.Z.

Hoffman

and

K.R.

Olson,

J.

Phys.

Chem.

82(24):

2631-2

(1978)
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147 [4]

L.

DoRllottl

and

E.

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J.

Phya.

Cham.

71(B):

2511-6

(1967)
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(ch

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EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT (L MOL" 1 CM" 1 ) o

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149

[41

H.

Bu«ohler,

R.E.

Buehler,

and

R.

Cooper,

J.

Phya.

Chen.

80(14):

1349-53

(1976)
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NBS-1 14A irev. 0-78)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NSRDS-NBS 69

fteciprent's Acemion No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

OPTICAL SPECTRA OF NONMETALLIC INORGANIC TRANSIENT SPECIES

IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

5. Publication Date May 1981

7. AUTHOR(S)

GORDON L. HUG

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, DC 20234

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street, city, State, ZIP)

Same as item 9.

13. Type of Report & Period Covered N/A

-- 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 80-606826

Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or leas factual summary of moat significant information. If document includes a significant bibliography or

literature survey, mention it here.)

Optical absorption spectra are presented for 77 nonmetal lie, inorganic radicals and

radical ions, produced by radiolysis or photolysis in aqueous solution. This atlas

results from the compilation, evaluation, and replotting of spectra from the

literature. Additional information is included such as extinction coefficients,

initial chemical conditions, methods of transient generation and spectral aquisition,

references, mechanisms of transient formation, and notes on dosimetry.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unleaa a proper name;

separated by semicolons

)

Absorption spectra; aqueous solution; extinction coefficients; inorganic; radical ions;

radicals; transients.

19. SECURITY CLASS 21. NO. OF

(THIS REPORT) PRINTED PAGES

167

UNCLASSIFIED

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