NBSIR 88-3712

Research Information Center

National Bureau of Standards

Gaithersburg, Maryland 2089

MAR 1 0 1938

Spacecraft Fire Detection and

Extinguishment: A Bibliography

Nora H. Jason

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Fire Research

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

February 1988

Contract No. C-32000-J

Prepared for

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Lewis Research Center

Cleveland, Ohio

NBSIR 88-3712

SPACECRAFT FIRE DETECTION AND

EXTINGUISHMENT: A BIBLIOGRAPHY

Nora H. Jason

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Fire Research

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

February 1988

Contract No. C-32000-J

Prepared for

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Lewis Research Center

Cleveland, Ohio

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, C. William Verity, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Abstract iii

1. Introduction 1

2. Bibliography 2

2 . 1 Aerosols and Droplets 4

2 . 2 Aircraft . 4

2 . 3 Detection Systems 9

2 . 4 Extinguishing Agents 16

2.5 Human Behavior . 24

2.6 Materials Flammability 25

2 . 7 Microgravity and Zero Gravity. 35

2.8 Atmospheres, Oxygen Enriched and Modified 40

2.9 Ships 43

2 . 10 Smoke 44

2.11 Spacecraft 45

2 . 12 Standards ° 49

2 . 13 Suppression 51

3 . Author Index 55

iii

Abstract

Pertinent fire detection and extinguishment references have been identified to

further the knowledge of spacecraft fire safety. To broaden the scope of the

bibliography, other unusual environments, e.g., aircraft, submarine, ship,

have been included. In addition, for a more comprehensive view of the

spacecraft fire safety problem, selected subjects are included, e.g, materials

flammability, smoke, human behavior. The references will provide the research

worker with access to state-of-the-art works and to historic works. Selected

references from the 1960s have been included, but the emphasis is on

references published from 1975 to 1987. The references are arranged by very

broad categories. Often a paper will cover more than one topic, but for the

purposes of this bibliography it will be cited only once.

1
2
1 . Introduction

A NASA Lewis Spacecraft Fire Safety Workshop, held in Cleveland, Ohio, on

August 20 and 21, 1986, reviewed the state of the art and assessed the needs

for spacecraft fire safety. In addition, one of the suggestions was to

develop bibliographic resources to aid an on-going study on fire safety

technology development experiments for the Space Station.

This bibliography is an outgrowth of that Workshop. It is a compilation of

references to assist the researcher in resolving the problem of fire detection

and extinguishment in a spacecraft environment and other environments that

might be related to it. To develop a more comprehensive view of the

spacecraft fire safety problem, additional subjects are included, e.g.,

materials flammability, smoke, human behavior. As these subjects are

interrelated, references will be cited in the most appropriate category

although they may ideally be cited on several categories. Cited references

are from the 1960s, but the emphasis is on works published from 1975 to 1987.

The following automated bibliographic databases were searched, using a broad

array of keywords to include not only the spacecraft environment, but other

unusual environments, e.g., submarines, aircraft, ships, to identify potential

references for this bibliography. In turn, references cited within the

selected references were reviewed. When appropriate, these references also

were included. Center for Fire Research (CFR) experts made valuable

contributions, as well as several other experts in the fire research field.

The combination of machine and human input data made this bibliography a reality.

The databases queried on Dialog Information Services, Inc. were:

Aerospace

Chemical Abstracts

Engineering Index

Ei Engineering Meetings

Inspec

National Technical Information Service

Textile Technology Digest

World Textiles

Other data systems queried were:

Defense Technical Information Service

FIREDOC (a National Bureau of Standards fire research database)

NASA/RECON

3
Pertinent references were incorporated into the FIREDOC database. Each record

contains the full bibliographic reference, keywords, and abstract. To assist

the user, in-depth indexing was instituted to compensate for short abstracts.

An identifier was assigned to each record for the purpose of developing the

bibliography and it corresponds to those sections noted in the Table of

Contents. The identifiers are intentionally broad, e.g„, Microgravity and Zero

Gravity, Extinguishing Agents. Each reference only appears once in the

bibliography, in the most appropriate identifier category. However, to access

a reference in FIREDOC any combination of keywords and/or identifiers may be

used.

FIREDOC is the automated database of the National Bureau of Standards, Fire

Research Information Services (FRIS) bibliographic collection. The

collection, started in 1971, reflects the programmatic interests of the CFR.

It contains national and international fire research reports, books, journal

articles and conference proceedings. FIREDOC contains the complete

bibliographic reference (e.g., author, title, corporate source, journal name,

volume number, pagination, date of publication) and, if appropriate, abstract,

keyword(s) and identifier (s) . The full text of the document is not included

in the database. FIREDOC is growing daily; it currently contains information

on 9000 of the 30,000 documents in the FRIS collection. Documents added to

the FRIS collection since 1983 are included, as well as some, older CFR

documents . If you are interested in accessing FIREDOC, please contact Nora H.

Jason; the telephone number is (301)975-6862 during normal work hours, Eastern

Time

.

U. S. Government reports, e.g., NASA CP-2476, may be purchased directly from

the National Technical Information Service, Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA

22161. Conference proceedings, if not published in a U. S. Government report

series, may be obtain from the sponsoring organization. Complete citations

are provided for the journal articles and they may be obtained from the

journal, the author, or a library.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Special thanks go to Robert S. Levine and Richard W. Bukowski for reviewing

this document and sharing their expertise. Other colleagues in the fire

research field have been most generous with their time in offering their

contributions to this bibliography.

4
2.1 AEROSOLS AND DROPLETS

Mulholland, G. W. and Ohlemiller, T. J.

Aerosol Characterization of a Smoldering Source.

National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD

Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol . 1, 59-71, 1982.

Williams, F. A.

Ignition and Burning of Single Liquid Droplets.

Princeton Univ. , NJ

Acta Astronautica , Vol. 12, No. 7/8, 547-553, July/August

1985.

2 . 2 AIRCRAFT

Blake, D. R. and Hill, R. G.

Fire Containment Characteristics of Aircraft Class D Cargo

Compartments. Final Report. August 1981 - September 1983.

Federal Aviation Admin,, Atlantic City Airport, NJ

FAA/DOT/CT- 82/156, 40 P. June 1983.

Botteri, B. P.

Aircraft Fire Protection Technology.

Air Force Aero-Propulsion Lab., Wright- Patterson AFB , OH

Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development

(AGARD) . Aircraft Fire Safety. April 11, 1975,

Rome, Italy. AGARD CP-166, 18/1-15 pp . , 1975.

Botteri, B. P.

Aircraft Fire Safety Research.

Air Force Wright Aeronautical Labs., Wright- Patterson AFB, OH

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Spacecraft

Fire Safety. August 20-21, 1986, Cleveland, OH.

NASA CP-2476, 65-72 pp . , 1987.

Bruggink, G. M.

Uncontrollable Cabin Fire.

International Journal of Aviation Safety, Vol. 1, 261-266,

December 1983.

5
2.2 Aircraft (cont)

Chicarello, P. J. and Shpilberg, D. C.

Minimum Extinguishment Area Required for Safe Escape of

Aircraft Occupants During a Fuel Spill Fire.

Factory Mutual Research Corp., Norwood, MA

Fire Technology, Vol. 12, No. 4, 276-289, November 1976.

Davis, R. A.

Concorde Fire Protection.

Graviner Mfg. Co., Ltd., Colnbrook, England

Aircraft Engineering, Vol. 43, 26-30, May 1971.

Enders , J. H. and Wood, E. C.

Special Aviation Fire and Explosion Reduction (SAFER)

Advisory Committee. Final Report. Volume

II -A. June 26, 1978-June 26, 1980.

Department of Transportation, Washington, DC

FAA~ASF-80-4-Vol-IIA, 373 P. June 26, 1980.

Enders, J. H. and Wood, E. C.

Special Aviation Fire and Explosion Reduction (SAFER)

Advisory Committee. Final Report. Volume

IX-B. June 26, 1978-June 26, 1980.

Department of Transportation, Washington, DC

FAA-ASF-8O-4-V0I-IIB, 193 P. June 26, 1980.

Federal Aviation Administration

Engineering and Development Program Plan Aircraft Cabin Fire

Safety

.

Federal Aviation Administration, Atlantic City Airport, NJ

FAA-ED-18-7-REV and FAA-NA-80-159-REV, 55 P. February 1983.

Goonan, T. E.

Hazards Assessment and Protective Clothing Requirements.

Veterans Admin. , Washington, DC

Aerospace Medical Div. Fire Hazards and Extinguishment

Conference. May 23, 1967. Brooke AFB, TX. AMD-TR-67-2,

148-154 pp.

,

1967.

Hill, I. R.

Immediate Problems of Aircraft Fires.

London Hospital Medical College, England

American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, Vol.

7, No. 4, 271=277, December 1986.

6
2.2 Aircraft (cont)

Johnston, W. L. and Cahalane , P. T.

Examination of Fire Safety of Commercial Aircraft Cabins.

Texas A & M Univ. , College Station

SAFE Journal, Vol. 15, No. 2, 4-9, Summer 1985.

Jones, J. and Sarkos, C. P.

Design Calculations for a Halon 1301 Distribution Tube for

an Aircraft Cabin Fire Extinguishing System.

Final Report. June 1972-August 1972.

Federal Aviation Admin. , Atlantic City, NJ

FAA -RD -73-32 and FAA-NA-73-3, 35 P. April 1973.

Kourtides, D. A., Parker, J. A., Gilwee, W. J., Jr., Lerner, N. R.

,

Hilado, C. J., LaBossiere, L. A. and Hsu, M.

Composite System Approach to Aircraft Cabin Fire Safety.

San Francisco Univ. , CA

San Jose State Univ. , CA

NASA TM X- 73126, 45 P. April 1976.

Kourtides, D. A., Parker, J. A., Hilado, C. J., Anderson, R. A.,

Tustin, E. , Arnold, D. B. , Gaume , J. G„, Binding, A. T.

and Mikeska, J. L.

Fire Safety Evaluation of Aircraft Lavatory and Cargo

Compartments

.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Moffett Field, CA

San Francisco Univ. , CA

Boeing Commercial Airplane Co., Seattle, WA

McDonnell -Douglas Corp., Long Beach, CA

Journal of Fire and Flammability, Vol. 7, 125-159, January

1976.

Kourtides, D. A., Parker, J. A., Leon, H. A., Williamson, R. B.

,

Hasegawa, H. , Fisher, F. , Draemel, R. , Marcussen, W. H.

,

and Hilado, C. J.

Fire Containment Tests of Aircraft Interior Panels.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Moffett Field, CA

California Univ. , Berkeley

San Francisco Univ. , CA

Journal of Fire and Flammability, Vol. 7, 257-278, April

1976.

7
2.2 Aircraft (cont.

)

Kubin, R. F.

Thermal Characteristics of 3501-6/AS and 5208/T300 Graphite

Epoxy Composites.

Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, CA

NWC-TP- 6104 , 18 P. May 1979.

Madgwick, T.

Aircraft Post Crash Fire Reduction/Survivability Enhancement

From a Manufacturer's Viewpoint.

British Aerospace, Bristol, England

Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD)

.

Aircraft Fire Safety. June 7-8, 1982, Oslo, Norway and June

10-11, 1982, London, England and June 15-16, 1982,

Washington, DC. AGARD LS-123, 7/1-23 pp., 1982.

Miniszewski, K. R. , Waterman, T. E. , Campbell, J. A. and

Salzberg, F.

Fire Management/Suppression Systems/Concepts Relating to

Aircraft Cabin Fire Safety. Final Report.

September 26, 1980- February 28, 1982.

IXT Research Inst., Chicago, IL

Gage -Babcock and Associates, Elmhurst, IL

DOT/FAA/CT- 82/134, 154 P. July 1982.

Mott, D. R. , Spruance, W. W. , Danaher, D. , McGuire, R.

,

Kourtides, D. A., Bigelow, A. and Ault, R.

Cabin Interiors/Smoke and Fire Panel.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Moffett Field, CA

Annual Conference and Trade Exhibit of the Survival and

Flight Equipment Association, 12th. Proceedings,

September 1974, 114-120 pp .

,

1974.

Parker, J. A., Kourtides, D. A., Fish, R. H. and Gilwee, W. J., Jr.

Fire Dynamics of Modern Aircraft From a Materials Point of

View.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Moffett Field, CA

Journal of Fire and Flammability, Vol. 6, 534-553, October

1975, and Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development

(AGARD). Aircraft Fire Safety. April 11, 1975, Rome, Italy.

AGARD CP-166, 10/1-11 pp .

,

1975.

8
2.2 Aircraft (cont.)

Parker, J. A. and Kourtides, D. A.

Fireworthiness of Transport Aircraft Interior Systems.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Moffett Field, CA

Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development.

(AGARD) . Aircraft Fire Safty. June 7-8, 1982, Oslo, Norway

and June 10-11, 1982, London, England and June 15-16,

1982, Washington, DC. AGARD LS-123, 5/1-17 pp . , 1982.

Payne , G . C

.

Aircraft Fire Detection and Suppressant Systems.

Graviner Colnbrook Ltd. , Colnbrook, England

Tech Air, Vol. 33, 2-6, May 1977.

Pelouch, J. J., Jr. and Hacker, P. T.

Bibliography on Aircraft Fire Hazards and Safety. Volume 2.

Safety. Part 1. Key Numbers 1-524 (NASA).

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Cleveland, OH

NASA TM X- 71553, 397 P. May 1974.

Ramsden, J. M.

Fire-Hard Airliner.

Flight International, Vol. 129, No. 4011, 27-30, May 17,

1986.

Reeves, J. B. and MacArthur, C. D.

Dayton Aircraft Cabin Fire Model. Volume 1. Basic

Mathematical Model. Final Report. July 1974-March 1976.

Dayton Univ. , OH

FAA-RD-76-120 , I, 143 P. June 1976.

Sarkos, C. P., Hill, R. G. and Howell, W. D.

Development and Application of a Full-Scale Wide Body Test

Article to Study the Behavior of Interior

Materials During a Postcrash Fuel Fire.

Federal Aviation Admin. , Washington, DC

Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD)

.

Aicraft Fire Safety. June 7-8, 1982, Oslo, Norway and June

10-11, 1982, London, England and June 15-16, 1982,

Washington, DC. AGARD LS-123, 6/1-21 pp .

,

1982.

Stevens, J. R.

Fire Protection for the Concorde.

Graviner Mfg. Co., Ltd., Colnbrook, England

Industrial Electronics, Vol. 6, 396-398, October 1968.

9
2 . 3 DETECTION SYSTEMS

Alvares, N. J. and McKee, R. J.

Response of Smoke Detectors to Pyrolysis and Combustion

Products From Aircraft Interior Materials.

Stanford Research Inst. , Menlo Park, CA

National Research Council. Fire Detection for Life Safety.

March 31-April 1, 1975. Washington, DC Proceedings,

128-150 pp. , 1975.

Blumke, R. E.

Aircraft Cargo Compartment Fire Test Simulation Program.

Final Report. October 1974- January 1977.

McDonnell Douglas Corp . , Long Beach, CA

NASA CR- 151951 and MDC-J7471, 77 P. January 1977.

Bricker, R. W.

Test Results from a Comparative Evaluation of a Condensation

Nuclei Fire Detector.

Webb, Murray and Associates, Inc., Houston, TX

NASA CR- 3874 , 62 P. March 1985.

Bukowski, R. W.

Detection of Fires in Electrical Cables.

National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD

National Academy of Sciences -National Research Council,

Flammability, Smoke, Toxicity, and Corrosive

Gases of Electric Cable Materials. Report of

the Task Force., Washington, DC. NMAB-342,

139-142 pp. , 1978.

Bukowski, R. W.

Techniques for Fire Detection.

National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Spacecraft

Fire Safety. August 20-21, 1986, Cleveland, OH.

NASA CP-2476, 9-29 pp., 1987.

Bukowski, R. W. and Istvan, S. M.

Survey of Field Experience with Smoke Detectors in Health

Care Facilities. Final Report.

National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD

NBSIR 80-2130, 36 P. October 1980.

10
2.3 Detection Systems (cont.)

Conforti, F.

Upgraded UL Standards Trigger Smoke Detector Improvements.

BRK Electronics, Aurora, IL

Specifying Engineer, Vol. 47, No. 5, 66-70, May 1982.

Custer, R. L. and Bright, R. G.

Fire Detection: The State-of- the-Art

.

National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD

NBS TN 839 and NASA CR- 134642, 191 P. June 1974.

Delaney, C. L.

Technology Forecasting: Aircraft Hazard Detection.

Air Force Aero Propulsion Lab., Wright- Patterson AFB , OH

Technological Forecasting and Social Changes, Vol. 5, No.

3, 249-252, 1973.

Dus ton, D. K.

Laser Smoke Detection.

Espey Mfg. and Electronics Corp., Saratoga Springs, NY

U.S. Patent 3,924,252, 16 P. December 2, 1975.

Eggleston, L. A., Herrera, W. R. and Commerford, G. E.

Automatic Fire Protection System for Manned Hyperbaric

Chambers. Phase 1. System Development.

Final Report. June 13, 1968-August 1, 1970.

Southwest Research Inst., San Antonio, TX

NCEL-CR-70-003 , 114 P. August 1, 1970.

Fox, D. G.

Aircraft Hazard Detection and Control Utilizing an Aircraft

Data Acquisition System. Final Report. July

1970- July 1974.

Air Force Aero Propulsion Lab., Wright-Patterson AFB, OH

AFAPL-TR- 77 - 77 , 89 P. December 1977.

Fox, D. G.

Development of Feasibility Demonstration Hardware for an

Integrated Fire and Overheat Detection System.

Final Report. June 1970-December 1971.

Air Force Aero Propulsion Lab., Wright-Patterson AFB, OH

AFAPL-TR- 72 -105, 31 P. May 1973.

11
2.3 Detection Systems (cont.)

Grabowski, G. J.

Fire Detection and Actuation Devices for Halon Extinguishing

Systems

.

Fenwall, Inc.., Ashland, MA

National Research Council. Appraisal of Halogenated Fire

Extinguishing Agents. April 11-12, 1972, Washington, DC.

Proceedings, 299-311 pp . , 1972.

Griffin, R. E.

In-Mine Evaluation of Underground Fire and Smoke Detectors.

Bureau of Mines, Twin Cities, MN

IC 8808, 27 P. 1979.

Hawkins, R. L. and Rao , K. N.

Standard Aircraft Diffusion Flame: Spectral Characteristics

and a Feasibility Study for Developing an Alternate

Calibration Source for Aircraft Optical Fire Detection

Systems. Final Report. March 31, 1983 - September 30, 1984.

Ohio State Univ. , Columbus, OH

AFWAL-TR- 84-2080 , 23 P. December 30, 1984.

Heitmann, H.

Design and Testing of the Ultraviolet Flame Radiation

Detectors for Automatic Fire Detection.

Duisburg Univ. , West Germany

Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 6, No. 3, 183-191, 1983.

Horvath, Z. J.

High Reliability IREDs , Custom Designed for Fire Protection

Detectors

.

Cerberus Ltd. , Maennedorf , Switzerland

Reliability in Electrical and Electronic Components and

Systems. 5th European Conference on Electrotechnics.

EUROCON 1982, June 14-18, 1982.

Johnson, J. E.

How to Specify Effective Smoke and Fire Detection.

Pyrotronics, Cedar Knolls, NJ

Actual Specifying Engineer, Vol. 33, No. 4, 64-69, April

1975.

Johnson, L. C., Spinweber, C. L. , Webb, S. C. and Muzet, A. G.

Dose Level Effects of Triazolam on Sleep and Response to a Smoke Detector Alarm. Final Report. 1979-1985.

NAVHLTHRSCHCH- 85 -44 , 23 P. November 1985.

12
2.3 Detection Systems (cont.)

Kamath, A. R. R. , Keller, A. Z. and Wooliscroft, M.

Reliability Assessment of Smoke Detectors.

Bradford Univ. , West Yorks., England

DHSS Works Group Directorate of Operations, London, England

Reliability Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 4, 283-288,

October/December 1981.

Linford, R. M. F.

Experiments With the Skylab Fire Detectors in Zero Gravity.

McDonnell -Douglas Corp . , St. Louis, MO

Institute of Environmental Sciences, American Institute of

Aeronautics and Astronautics, American Society

for Testing and Materials and the National

Aeronautics and Space Administration. Space

Simulation. New York, NY, May 1-3, 1972. NASA SP-298,

Paper No. 8, 41-56 pp . , 1972.

Linford, R. M. F.

Integration of a Fire Detector into a Spacecraft.

McDonnell Douglas Corp., St. Louis, MO

Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 9, No. 9, 697-701,

September 1972.

Litton, C. D.

Mathematical Model for Ionization-Type Smoke Detectors and

the Reduced Source Approximation.

Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, PA

Fire Technology, Vol. 13, No. 4, 266-281, November 1977.

Litton, C. D.

Optimizing Ionization-Type Smoke Detectors.

Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, PA

Fire Technology, Vol. 15, No. 1, 25-42, February 1979.

Litton, C. D. and Hertzberg, M.

Principles of Ionization Smoke Detection. Development of a New Sensor for Combustion-Generated Submicrometer Particulates.

Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, PA

RI 8242, 24 P. 1977.

Lundstrom, I., Shivaraman, M. S., Stiblert, L. and Svensson, C.

Hydrogen in Smoke Detected by the Pd-Gate Field-Effect

Transistor

.

Chalmers Univ. of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden

Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 47, No. 6, 738-740,

June 1976.

13
2.3 Detection Systems (cont.)

Matthews, J. D. and Walker, F. K.

Assessment of the Effects of Ceiling-Mounted Destratification

Fans on the Performance of "Products of Combustion" Type Fire

Detectors. Final Report. April-September 1983.

Naval Civil Engineering Lab., Port Hueneme , CA

ESL-TR- 8366 , 36 P. January 1984.

McCormack, R. G.

Optical Fire Detection System. Patent Application.

Department of the Army, Washington, DC

PAT-APPL-446 - 143 , 21 P. December 1982.

McGuingle, R. D., Jackson, H. W. and Beavers, R. R.

Applicability of Fiber Optics to Aircraft Fire Detection

Systems. Final Report. May 15 -August 15, 1978.

HTL Industries Inc., Santa Ana, CA

AFAP'L-TR- 78- 84 and HTL-K-WEST-D- 1530 , 73 P. October 1978.

Mulholland, G. W. and Liu, B. Y. H.

Response of Smoke Detectors to Monodisperse Aerosols.

National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD

Minnesota Univ. , Minneapolis

Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards,

Vol. 85, No. 3, 223-238, May/June 1980.

Pomroy, W. H.

Spontaneous Combustion Fire Detection for Deep Metal Mines.

Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, PA

RI 9144, 29 P. 1987.

Rajan, K. S., Snelson, A., Schechter, H. R. , Mniszewski, K. R.

,

Waterman, T. E. , Yamate, G. and Harpe , S. W.

New Concepts of Fire Detection.

XIT Research Inst., Chicago, IL

Underwriters Laboratories, Northbrook, IL

Project J6391 and Project 77NK1309, 97 P. December 1978.

Raskauskas , B . J

.

Integrated Fire and Overheat Detection System for Aircraft.

Technical Report. November 15, 1968 - September 15, 1969.

General Motors Corp., Kokomo, IN

AFAPL-TR-69-97 , 77 P. December 1969.

14
2.3 Detection Systems (cont.)

Springer, R. J., Sheath, P. H. , Robinson, S. P. and Smith, D. J. V.

Advanced Ultra-Violet (UV) Aircraft Fire Detection System.

Volume 3. Ground Support Equipment (GSE) for

System Checkout. Final Report. December

1977-October 1981.

General Dynamics Fort Worth Div. , Fort Worth, TX

AFWAL-TR-82-2062, 208 P. August 1982.

Street, T. T., Lawrence, K. D., Williams, F. W. and Alexander, J. I.

NRL Processor-Aided Fire Detection System.

Naval Research Lab., Washington, DC

NRL Report 8341, 116 P. September 14, 1979.

Suminski, G„, Riemer, 0. and Hankey, F.

Integrated Fire and Overheat Detection System. Final

Report

.

McGraw- Edison Co., Manchester, NH

AFAPL-TR- 76 - 64 , 321 P. June 1976.

Thomas , E . C

.

Pneumatic Sampling Fire Detection System in an Underground

Haulageway

.

Brunswick Corp., Costa Mesa, CA

IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. IA-19, No.

3, 440-444, May/June 1983.

Transue , R. E. and Hall, C.

Fire Safety and Electronics.

Rolf Jensen & Assoc., Deerfield, IL

Pyrotronics, Cedar Knolls, NJ

Specifying Engineer, Vol. 49, No. 5, 92-94, May 1983.

Trumble , T. M.

Smoke Detection System for Manned Spacecraft Applications.

Final Report. July 1970- July 1974.

Air Force Aero -Propuls ion Lab., Wright-Patterson AFB, OH

AFAPL-TR- 74- 97 , 108 P. June 1975.

Unger, E.

Problems of the Operating Reliability in Control and

Indicating Equipment.

Friedrich Merk Telefonbau G.m.b.H., Munich, Germany

Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 6, No. 3, 241-250, 1983.

Von Tomkewitsch, R.

Fire Detector Systems With 'Distributed Intelligence'. The

Pulse Polling System.

Siemens AG, Munich, F.R.G.

Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 6, No, 3, 225-231, 1983.

16
2,4 EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

Affens, W. A.

Effect of Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Agent on the

Response of Combustible Gas Indicators. Final

Report

.

Naval Research Lab., Washington, DC

NRL-MR-4150 , 20 P. January 18, 1980.

Altman, R. L.

Extinction of In-Flight Engine Fuel-Leak Fires With Dry

Chemicals

.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Moffett Field, CA

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.

Flames, Lasers, and Reactive Systems. Volume 88.

Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics.

Bowen, J. R. , Manson, N. , Oppenheim, A. K.

and Soloukhin, R. I., Editors, 273-290 pp . , 1983.

Atallah, S. and Crowley, D.

Novel Fire Suppression Materials for Advanced Aircraft.

Arthur D. Little, Inc., Cambridge, MA

JTCG/AS-76-T-011, 95 P. March 1978.

Atallah, S. and Stricoff, R. S.

Evaluation of the Auxiliary Agents and Systems for Aircraft

Ground Fire Suppression. Phase 2. Final Report.

August 9, 1972-December 10, 1973.

Little (Arthur D„), Inc., Cambridge, MA

ADL-C-74159-2 and ASD-TR- 73-41 , 116 P. May 1974.

Auck , S . E

.

Short History of Halogenated Fire Extinguishing Agents.

Underwriters Laboratories Inc., Northbrook, IL

National Research Council. Appraisal of Halogenated Fire

Extinguishing Agents. April 11-12, 1972,

Washington, DC. Proceedings, 7-12 pp., 1972.

Back, K. C. and Van Stee, E. W.

Cardiovascular and Nervous System Effects of

Bromo trifluorome thane : A Short Review.

Aerospace Medical Research Lab., Wright- Patterson AFB, OH

National Research Council. Appraisal of Halogenated Fire

Extinguishing Agents. April 11-12, 1972,

Washington, DC. Proceedings, 91-113 pp .

,

1972.

17
2.4 Extinguishing Agents (cont.)

Botteri, B. P., Cretcher, R. E. and Kane, W. R.

Aircraft Applications of Halogenated Hydrocarbon Fire

Extinguishing Agents.

Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH

National Research Council. Appraisal of Halogenated Fire

Extinguishing Agents. April 11-12, 1972,

Washington, DC. Proceedings, 215-238 pp . , 1972.

Call, D. W.

Human and Rat Exposures to Halon 1301 Under Hypobaric

Conditions

.

Naval Air Station, Miramar, CA

National Research Center. Appraisal of Halogenated Fire

Extinguishing Agents. April 11-12, 1972,

Washington, DC. Proceedings, 127-135 pp . , 1972.

Carhart, H. W. and Fielding, G. H.

Applications of Gaseous Fire Extinguishants in Submarines.

Naval Research Lab., Washington, DC

National Research Council. Appraisal of Halogenated Fire

Extinguishing Agents. April 11-12, 1972,

Washington, DC. Proceedings, 239-256 pp . , 1972.

Carter, D. I.

Fire Extinguishment and Protective Clothing Evaluations.

Aerospace Medical Div. , Brooks AFB , TX

Aerospace Medical Div. Fire Hazards and Extinguishment

Conference. May 23, 1967, Brooks AFB, TX. AMD-TR-67-2,

70-105 pp. , 1967.

Charno , R. J.

Evaluation of High Expansion Foam for Spacecraft Fire

Extinguishment

.

E. W. Bliss Co., Swarthmore, PA

NASA CR- 99580, 110 P. February 1969.

Clark, D. G.

Toxicity of Halon 1211.

Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd., Cheshire, England

National Research Council. Appraisal of Halogenated Fire

Extinguishing Agents. April 11-12, 1972,

Washington, DC. Proceedings, 60-66 pp . , 1972.

Coulston, F. and Griffin, T. B.

Study of Toxicological Evaluation of Fire Suppressants and

Extinguishers. Final Report.

Albany Medical College, NY

NASA CR- 147658, 209 P. March 31, 1975.

18
2.4 Extinguishing Agents (cont.

)

de Ris, J.

Fire Extinguishment and Inhibition in Spacecraft

Environments. Final Report.

Factory Mutual Research, Norwood, MA

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Spacecraft

Fire Safety Conference. August 20-21, 1986, Cleveland, OH.

NASA CP-2476, 43-49 pp .

,

1987.

Desmarais, L. A. and Tolle, F. F.

Integrated Aircraft Fuel Tank Inerting and Compartment Fire

Suppression System. Volume 1. Preliminary

Design, Optimization, and Integration. Final

Report. August 1979-October 1982.

Boeing Military Airplane Co., Seattle, WA

AFAPL-TR-83-2021, Volume 1, 107 P. April 1983.

Desmarais, L. A. and Tolle, F. F.

Integrated Aircraft Fuel Tank Inerting and Compartment Fire

Suppression System. Volume 2. Evaluation of

Nitrogen- Enriched Air as a Fire Suppressant.

Final Report. August 1979-October 1982.

Boeing Military Airplane Co., Seattle, WA

AFAPL-TR-83-2021, Volume 2, 227 P. April 1983.

Energy and Minerals Research Co.

Feasibility Study of Thixogelled Fire Extinguishant for

Submarines. Final Report.

Energy and Minerals Research Co., Exton, PA

10 P. December 1983.

Fiala, R.

Aircraft Post-Crash Fire Fighting/Rescue.

Institut fur Antriebstechnik, Kolon-Porz, Germany

Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development.

Aircraft Fire Safety. June 7-8, 1982, Oslo, Norway and June

10-11, 1982, London, England and June 15-16, 1982,

Washington, DC. AGARD LS-123, 8/1-27 pp., 1982.

Fiala, R. and Winterfeld, G.

Investigation of Fire Extinguishing Powders by Means of a New Measuring Procedure.

Deutsche Forschungs- und Versuchsanstalt fur Luft- und

Raumfahrt E. V., Institut fur Luftstrahlantriebe , Germany

Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development

(AGARD). Aircraft Fuels, Lubricants, and Fire

Safety. May 10-14, 1971, The Hague, Netherlands.

AGARD CP-84-71, 24/1-12 pp., 1971.

19
2.4 Extinguishing Agents (cont.)

Fohlen, G. M. , Parker, J. A., Riccitiello, S. R. and Sawko, P. M.

Intumescence: An In Situ Approach to Thermal Protection.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Houston, TX

National Aerospace and Space Administration. NASA

Conference on Materials for Improved Fire Safety.

May 6-7, 1970, Houston, TX. NASA CR TM X-14330,

12/1-6 pp.

,

1970.

Ford, C. L.

Extinguishment of Surface and Deep-Seated Fires With Halon

1301.

E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co.

,

Wilmington, DE

National Research Council. Appraisal of Halogenated Fire

Extinguishing Agents. April 11-12, 1972,

Washington, DC. Proceedings, 158-172 pp .

,

1972.

Gassmann, J. J. and Marcy, J. F.

Application of Halon 1301 to Aircraft Cabin and Cargo Fires.

Federal Aviation Admin. , Atlantic City, NJ

National Reearch Council. Appraisal of Halogenated Fire

Extinguishing Agents. April 11-12, 1972,

Washington, DC. Proceedings, 173-187 pp .

,

1972.

Gassmann, J. J. and Hill, R. G.

Fire -Extinguishing Methods for New Passenger/Cargo Aircraft.

Final Report. July 19 6 9 -February 1971.

National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center, Atlantic

City, NJ

FAA-RD- 71-68 and FAA-NA-71-23 , 45 P. November 1971,

Geller, I., Garcia, B. A., Gleiser, C., Haines, R. , Jr.,

Hamilton, M. , Hartmann, R. , Jr., Mendez, V. , Samuels, A.

and Miguel, M. S.

Evaluation of the CNS and Cardiovascular Effects of

Prolonged Exposure to Bromo tr ifluorome thane (CBrF3)

.

March 1, 1980-May 1, 1981.

Southwest Foundation for Research and Education, San

Antonio , TX

NASA CR- 161078 , 237 P. May 1981.

Grenich, A. F. and Tolle, F. F.

Electrostatic Safety With Explosion Suppressant Foams. Final

Report. March 1980-September 1982.

Boeing Military Airplane Co., Seattle, WA

AFWAL-TR-83-2015 , 161 P. March 1983.

20
2.4 Extinguishing Agents (cont.)

Griffin, T. B. , Byard, J. L. and Goulston, F.

Toxicological Responses to Halogenated Hydrocarbons.

Albany Medical College of Union Univ . , NY

National Research Council. Appraisal of Halogenated Fire

Extinguishing Agents. April 11-12, 1972,

Washington, DC. Proceedings, 136-147 pp . , 1972.

Harris, W. S.

Cardiac Effects of Halogenated Hydrocarbons.

University of Illinois Hospital, Chicago, IL

National Research Council. Appraisal of Halogenated Fire

Extinguishing Agents. April 11-12, 1972,

Washington, DC. Proceedings, 114-126 pp., 1972.

Hill, R.

Evaluation of a Halon 1301 System for Aircraft Internal

Protection From- a Postcrash External Fuel

Fire. Final Report. September 1975-March 1976.

Federal Aviation Admin. , Atlantic City, NJ

FAA/RD- 76/218 and FAA-NA- 76 -42 , 28 P. March 1977.

Jamison, H. H.

Evaluation of Bromotrifluoromethane as a Fire Extinguishing

Agent for Apollo Hypergolic Propellants.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Houston, TX

NASA TM X-64349 and MSC-EP-R-68-18 , 35 P. November 1968.

Johnson, A. M. and Grenich, A. F.

Vulnerability Methodology and Protective Measures for

Aircraft Fire and Explosion Hazards. Volume 2.

Aircraft Engine Nacelle Fire Test Program.

Part 1. Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment

and Surface Ignition Studies. Final Report.

February 1981 to October 1984.

Boeing Military Airplane Co., Seattle, WA

AFWAL-TR-85-2060 , 292 P. January 1986.

Kuchta, J. M. and Burgess, D.

Effectiveness of Halogenated Agents Against Gaseous

Explosions and Propellant Fires.

Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, PA

National Research Council. Appraisal of Halogenated Fire

Extinguishing Agents. April 11-12, 1972,

Washington, DC. Proceedings, 257-277 pp., 1972.

21
2.4 Extinguishing Agents (cont.)

MacEwen, J. D.

Toxicology of Pyrolysis Products of Halogenated Agents.

SysteMed Corp., Dayton, OH

National Research Council. Appraisal of Halogenated Fire

Extinguishing Agents. April 11-12, 1972,

Washington, DC. Proceedings, 53-59 pp . , 1972.

McDaniel, D. E.

Evaluation of Halon 1301 for Shipboard Use.

Coast Guard, Washington, DC

National Research Council. Appraisal of Halogenated Fire

Extinguishing Agents. April 11-12, 1972,

Washington, DC. Proceedings, 196-214 pp . , 1972.

Plugge , M. A., Wilson, C. W. , Zallen, D. M. and Walker, J. L.

Fire Extinguishing Agents for Oxygen- Enriched Atmospheres.

Final Report. April 1982 -November 1985.

New Mexico Engineering Research Inst., Albuquerque, NM

ESL-TR- 85 - 26 and NMERI-TA3-19 , 98 P. December 1985.

Rainaldi, N.

Appraisal of Halogenated Fire Extinguishing Agents

.

Montecatini-Edison, Porto Marghera, Italy

National Research Council. Appraisal of Halogenated Fire

Extinguishing Agents. April 11-12, 1972,

Washington, DC. Proceedings, 79-90 pp . , 1972.

Reichelt, E. F. , Walker, J., Vickers, R. N. and Kwan, A. J.

Report of Test Results: Halon 1301 vs Water Sprinkler Fire

Protection for Essential Electronic Equipment.

Final Report. November 1980- June 1982.

Air Force Engineering Services Center, Tyndall AFB, FL

AFESC/ESL-TR- 82 - 28 , 186 P. July 1982.

Reinhardt, C. F. and Reinke, R. E.

Toxicology of Halogenated Fire Extinguishing Agents Halon

1301 (Bromotrifluoromethane)

.

E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., Wilmington, DE

National Research Council. Appraisal of Halogenated Fire

Extinguishing Agents. April 11-12, 1972,

Washington, DC. Proceedings, 67-78 pp., 1972.

Scheichl, L.

Extinguishants for Use in Aviation Fires.

Airport Forum, Vol. 6, No. 3, 45-46+, June 1976.

22
2.3 Detection Systems (cont.)

Schade , 0. H. , Jr.

BiMOS Micropower IC's.

RCA, Somerville, NJ

IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. SC-13, No. 6,

791-798, December 1978.

Scheidweiler , A.

Distribution of Intelligence in Future Fire Detection

Systems

.

Cerberus AG, Mannedorf, Switzerland

Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 6, No. 3, 209-214, 1983.

Senturia, S. D.

Chromatographic Analysis of the Response of Polymeric

Fire Detection Devices to Combustion Products.

Final Report. May 1, 1975-February 28, 1977.

Massachusetts Inst, of Technology, Cambridge

NASA CR- 154845, 23 P. May 1977.

Shigiyama, K. , Miura, K. , Yoshida, T., Shimura, T. and Niii, Y.

Japanese Patent for a Fire Detector.

Matsushita Communication Industrial Co., Ltd., Yokohama,

Japan

Japanese Patent 54-998 and ORNL/tr- - 86/56 , 13 P. January 6,

1979.

Simon, F. N. and Rork, G. D.

Ionization-Type Smoke Detectors.

Honeywell Corporate Research Center, Bloomington, MN

Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 47, No. 1, 74-80,

January 1976.

Springer, R. J. and Sheath, P. H. , Robinson, S. P. and

Smith, D. J. V.

Advanced Ultra-Violet (UV) Aircraft Fire Detection System.

Volume 1. System Description and Flight Test.

Final Report. December 15, 1977-October 26, 1981.

General Dynamics Fort Worth Div. , TX

AFWAL-TR- 82 - 2062 , 160 P. August 1982.

Springer, R. J., Sheath, P. H. , Robinson, S. P. and Smith, D. J. V.

Advanced Ultra-Violet (UV) Aircraft Fire Detection System.

Volume 2. System Hardware Design, and Test.

Final Report. December 1977-October 1981.

General Dynamics Fort Worth Div. , TX

AFWAL-TR- 82 -2062, 512 P. December 1981.

15
2.4 Extinguishing Agents (cont.)

Seshadri, K. and Williams, F. A.

Effect of CF3Br on Counterflow Combustion of Liquid Fuel

with Diluted Oxygen.

San Diego Univ. , CA

American Chemical Society Symposium Series No. 16.

Halogenated Fire Suppressants. Chapter 5.

1975. Washington, DC. Proceedings, 149-182 pp . , 1975.

Seeger, P. G.

Laboratory Test Method of Evaluating the Extinguishing

Efficiency of Dry Powders.

Forschungss telle fur Brandschutztechnik an der Universitat

Karlsruhe, West Germany

Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development

(AGARD). Aircraft Fire Safety. April 11, 1975,

Rome, Italy. AGARD CP-166, 24/1-9 pp . , 1975.

Smith, D. G. and Harris, D. J.

Human Exposure to Halon 1301 (CBrF3) During Simulated

Aircraft Cabin Fires.

Naval Air Test Center, Patuxent River, MD

Aerospace Medicine, Vol. 44, No. 2, 198-201, 1973.

Stewart, R. D., Newton, P. E. , Wu, A., Hake, C. L. and

Krivanek, N. D.

Human Exposure to Halon 1301.

Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee

20 P. June 1978.

Thomas, A. A.

Pathology Report on the Toxicity of the Pyrolysis Products

of Freon 1301.

Aerospace Medical Research Lab., Wright- Patterson AFB, OH

Aerospace Medical Div. Fire Hazards and Extinguishment

Conference. May 23, 1967, Brooks AFB, TX. AMD-TR-67-2,

118-119 pp. , 1967.

Vernot, E. H.

Inhalation Toxicity and Chemistry of Pyrolysis Products of

Bromotrifluorome thane

.

Aerojet-General Corp., Dayton, OH

Aerospace Medical Div. Fire Hazards and Extinguishment

Conference. May 23, 1967, Brooks AFB, TX. AMD-TR-67-2,

107-117 pp.

,

1967.

23
2.4 Extinguishing Agents (cont.)

Walker, J. L. , Vickers, R. N. and Kwan, A. J.

Test and Evaluation of Commercially Available Halon 1211

Hand- Portable Fire Extinguishers for Use in Habitable

and Cargo Compartments of USAF Aircraft. Final Report.

August 1980 -February 1981.

Air Force Engineering and Service Center, Tyndall AFB, FL

AFESC/ESL-TR-81-22 , 109 P. May 1981.

Wands, R. C.

Toxicology of Halogenated Agents (Halon 2402)

.

National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

National Research Council. Appraisal of Halogenated Fire

Extinguishing Agents. April 11-12, 1972,

Washington, DC. Proceedings, 323-325 pp., 1972.

Wickham, R. T.

Engineering and Economic Aspects of Halon Extinguishing

Equipment

.

Wickham Associates, Marinette, WI

National Research Council. Appraisal of Halogenated Fire

Extinguishing Agents. April 11-12, 1972, Washington, DC.

Proceedings, 290-299 pp . , 1972.

Yamashika, S.

Dependence of Extinction Time and Decomposition of

Halogenated Extinguishing Agent on Its

Application Rate.

Fire Research Inst., Tokyo, Japan

National Research Council. Appraisal of Halogenated Fire

Extinguishing Agents. April 11-12, 1972, Washington, DC.

Proceedings, 326-335 pp., 1972.

Zikria, B. A.

Inhalation Injuries in Fires.

Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY

National Research Council. Appraisal of Halogenated Fire

Extinguishing Agents. April 11-12, 1971, Washington, DC.

Proceedings, 42-52 pp., 1972.

24
2 . 5 HUMAN BEHAVIOR

Knapp , S . C . and Knox , F . S . , III

Human Response to Fire.

Army Aeromedical Research Lab., Fort Rucker, AL

Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development.

Aircraft Fire Safety. June 7-8, 1982, Oslo, Norway and

June 10-11, 1982, London, England and June 15-16,

1982, Washington, DC. AGARD LS-123, 2/1-19 pp . , 1982.

Knight, D, R.

Fire-Related Medical Science.

Naval Submarine Medical Research Lab., Groton, CT

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Spacecraft

Fire Safety. August 20-21, 1986, Cleveland, OH. NASA

CP-2476, 59-64 pp. , 1987.

Nober, E. H. , Peirce, H. and Well, A.

Waking Effectiveness of Household Smoke and Fire Detection

Devices. Final Report.

Massachusetts Univ. , Amherst

NBS-GCR-83-439, 92 P. July 1983.

Nober, E. H. , Peirce, H. , Well, A., Johnson, C. C. and

Clifton, C.

Waking Effectiveness of Household Smoke and Fire Detection

Devices

.

Massachusetts Univ. , Amherst

Fire Journal, Vol. 75, No. 4, 86-91,130, July 1981.

Pezoldt , V. J. and Van Cott, H. P.

Arousal from Sleep by Emergency Alarms: Implications from

the Scientific Literature. Final Report.

National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD

NBSIR 78-1484, 37 P.- June 1978.

25
2 . 6 MATERIALS FLAMMABILITY

Babrauskas, V.

Bench-Scale Methods for Prediction of Full-Scale Fire

Behavior of Furnishings and Wall Linings.

National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD

SFPE TR 84-10, 25 P. 1984.

Babrauskas, V.

Fire -Related Standards and Testing.

National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Spacecraft

Fire Safety. August 20-21, 1986, Cleveland, OH. NASA

CP-2476 , 31-41 pp. , 1987.

Babrauskas, V. , Levin, B. C. and Gann, R. G.

New Approach to Fire Toxicity Data for Hazard Evaluation.

National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD

ASTM Standardization News, Vol. 14, No. 9, 28-33, September

1986 and Fire Journal, Vol. 81, No. 2, 22-23+,

March/April 1987.

Babrauskas, V. and Walton, W. D.

Simplified Characterization of Upholstered Furniture Heat

Release Rates.

National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD

Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3, 181-192, December

1986.

Bass, R. S. and Hirasaki, J. K.

Fire-Safety Design of a Mobile Quarantine Facility.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Houston, TX

National Aerospace and Space Administration. NASA

Conference on Materials for Improved Fire

Safety. May 6-7, 1970, Houston, TX.

NASA CR TM X-14330, 17/1-5 pp .

,

1970.

Benz , F . J . , Shaw , R . C . and Homa , J . M

.

Burn Propagation Rates of Metals and Alloys in Gaseous Oxygen

National Aeronautics and Space Admin., Las Cruces, NM

Lockheed/EMSCO , Las Cruces, NM

Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen- Enriched

Atmospheres. Volume 2. April 23-24, 1985, Washington, DC.

American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia, PA,

Benning, M. A., Editor, ASTM STP 910, 135-152 pp., 1986.

26
2.6 Materials Flammability (cont.)

Benz, F. J. and Zhu, S.

Ignition and Combustion of Metals in Oxygen.

NASA JSC White Sands Test Facility, Las Cruces, NM

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Spacecraft

Fire Safety. August 20-21, 1986, Cleveland, OH. NASA

CP-2476, 92-102 pp. , 1987.

Bukowski , R. W.

Introduction to Fire Hazard Modeling.

National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD

NBSIR 86-3349, 102 P. March 1986.

Christopher, A. J.

Some Aspects of Smoke and Fume Evolution From Overheated

Non-Metallic Materials.

Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough, England

Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development

(AGARD) . Aircraft Fire Safety. April 11, 1975,

Rome, Italy. AGARD CP-166, 13/1-12 pp .

,

1975.

Craig, J. W.

Apollo Spacecraft Nonmetallic Materials Application.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Houston, TX

National Aerospace and Space Administration. NASA

Conference on Materials for Improved Fire Safety.

May 6-7, 1970, Houston, TX. NASA CR TM X- 14330,

14/1-7 pp.

,

1970.

Dawn , F . S

.

Nonmetallic Materials Development for Spacecraft

Applications

.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Houston, TX

National Aerospace and Space Administration. NASA

Conference on Materials for Improved Fire Safety,

May 6-7, 1970, Houston, TX. NASA CR TM X-14330,

6/1-6 pp.

,

1970.

Dawn, F. S. and Jarboe, R. L.

Apollo Space Suit Materials.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Houston, TX

National Aerospace and Space Administration. NASA

Conference on Materials for Improved Fire Safety,

May 6-7, 1970, Houston, TX. NASA CR TM X-14330,

16/1-4 pp.

,

1970.

27
2.6 Materials Flammability (cont.)

Dawn, F. S. and Morton, G. P.

Cotton Protective Apparel for the Space Shuttle.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Houston, TX

Cotton Inc., Raleigh, NC

Textile Research Journal, Vol. 49, 197-201, April 1979.

Denison, D. M.

Further Studies on the Problems of Fire in Artificial Gas

Environments

.

Royal Air Force Institute of Aviation Medicine, Farnborough

Hants . , England

Aerospace Medical Div. Fire Hazards and Extinguishment

Conference. May 23, 1967, Brooks AFB, TX. AMD-TR-67-2,

155-167 pp. , 1967.

Dorr, V. A.

Fire Studies in Oxygen- Enriched Atmospheres.

Ocean Systems, Inc., Tarrytown, NY

Journal of Fire and Flammability, Vol. 1, 91-106, April

1970.

Duncan, W. C.

Evaluation of Materials Proposed for Use in Space Flight.

Final Report.

Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX

NASA CR- 167357, 4 P. August 1981.

Einhorn, I. N. , Chatfield, D. A. and Mickelson, R. W.

Analysis of the Products of Thermal Decomposition of an

Aromatic Polyamide Fabric Used as an Aircraft

Interior Material.

Utah Univ. , Salt Lake City, UT

Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development

(AGARD) . Aircraft Fire Safety. April 11, 1975,

Rome, Italy. AGARD CP-166, 14/1-13 pp., 1975.

Godfried, L. M.

Critical Evaluation of Todays Fireproof Testing of Aerospace

Materials

.

Fokker-VFW B.V. , Schiphol-East , The Netherlands

Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development

(AGARD). Aircraft Fire Safety. April 11, 1975,

Rome, Italy. AGARD CP-166, 11/1-10 pp . , 1975.

Grand, A. F. and Valys , A. J.

Assessment of Burning Characteristics of Aircraft Interior

Materials.

Southwest Research Inst., San Antonio, TX

NASA CR= 166390 , 200 P. April 1982.

28
2.6 Materials Flammability (cont.)

House, P. A. and Berner, W. E.

Environmental Aging of Candidate Fire Suppressant Dry Bay

Area Materials for Aircraft. Technical Report.

Dayton Univ. , OH

AFML-TR- 73 - 283 , 87 P. December 1973.

Huggett, C.

Estimation of Rate of Heat Release by Means of Oxygen

Consumption Measurments

.

National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD

Fire and Materials, Vol. 4, No. 2, 61-65, June 1980.

Johnston, R. S.

Flammability Test Methods and Protective Clothing

Development

.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Houston, TX

Aerospace Medial Div. Fire Hazards and Extinguishment

Conference. May 23, 1967, Brooks AFB , TX. AMD-TR-67-2,

168-189 pp. , 1967.

Judd, M. D. and Meehan, J.

Flammability Testing of Materials for the European Spacelab.

ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands

Marconi Space Systems, Hants, England

International Conference of Flammability. INTERFLAM 1985.

Conference Workbook. March 26-28, 1985,

Guildford, England. Proceedings, 243-250 pp., 1985.

Kanury , A . M

.

Theoretical Analysis of Fire and Flammability Tests. Part 3.

Limiting Oxygen Index Test.

Stanford Research Inst. , Menlo Park, CA

Edinburgh University. Fire Safety of Combustible Materials.

International Symposium. October 1975, Edinburgh, UK.

Proceedings, 187-198 pp .

,

1975.

Kline, H. F.

Development of Nonflammable Potting Compounds for Spacecraft

Usage

.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Houston, TX

National Aerospace and Space Administration. NASA

Conference on Materials for Improved Fire Safety.

May 6-7, 1970, Houston, TX. NASA CR TM X-14330,

9/1-5 pp.

,

1970.

30
2.6 Materials Flammability (cont.)

Gross, D. , Loftus, J. J., Lee, T. G. and Gray, V. E.

Smoke and Gases Produced by Burning Aircraft Interior

Materials. Final Report.

National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD

NBS BSS 18, 90 P. June 1968.

Harris, E. S.

Toxicology of Spacecraft Materials.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Houston, TX

National Aerospace and Space Administration. NASA

Conference on Materials for Improved Fire

Safety. May 6-7, 1970, Houston, TX. NASA CR TM X-14330,

25/1-3 pp. , 1970.

Hilado, C. J.

Evaluation of the NASA Animal Exposure Chamber as a

Potential Chamber for Fire Toxicity Screening Tests.

San Francisco Univ. , CA

Journal of Combustion Toxicology, Vol. 2, 298-314, November

1975.

Hilado, C. J.

Fire Response Test Methods for Aerospace Materials.

San Francisco Univ. , CA

Journal of Fire and Flammability, Vol. 9, No. 2, 217-228,

April 1978.

Hilado, C. J., Barnes, G. J., Kourtides, D. A. and Parker, J. A.

Use of the High Flux Heater in the Smoke Chamber to Measure

Ignitability and Smoke Evolution of Composite Panels.

San Francisco Univ. , CA

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Moffett Field, CA

Journal of Fire and Flammability, Vol. 8, 324-331, July

1977.

Hill, R. G. and Speitel, L. C.

In-Flight Aircraft Seat Fire Extinguishing Tests (Cabin

Hazard Measurements). Final Report. June 1981-December 1981.

Federal Aviation Admin. , Atlantic City Airport, NJ

DOT/FAA/CT- 82/111, 48 P. December 1982.

Hillenbrand, L. J. and Wray, J. A.

Full-Scale Fire Program to Evaluate New Furnishings and

Textile Materials Utilized by the National Aeronautics

and Space Administration. Final Report.

Battelle, Columbus, OH

NASA CR- 2468 , 142 P. July 1973.

29
2.6 Materials Flammability (cont.

)

Lawrence, W. H.

Relative Toxicity Testing of Spacecraft Materials. Part 1.

Spacecraft Materials. Annual Report. November 10, 1978-

November 9, 1980.

Tennessee Univ. , Memphis

NASA CR-160908, 83 P. November 6, 1980.

Lawrence, W. H.

Relative Toxicity Testing of Spacecraft Materials. Part 2.

Aircraft Materials. Annual Report. November 10, 1978-

November 9, 1980.

Tennessee Univ. , Memphis

NASA CR- 160907, 111 P. November 6, 1980.

Lawrence, W. H.

Toxicity of the Pyrolysis Products of Spacecraft Materials.

Annual Report. August 1, 1973 -November 30, 1974.

Tennessee Univ. , Memphis

NASA CR- 14197, 72 P. November 25, 1974.

Lawrence, W. H.

Toxicity of Thermal Degradation Products of Spacecraft

Materials. November 10, 1980-May 9, 1982.

Tennessee Univ. , Memphis

NASA CR- 167615, 138 P. May 7, 1982.

Ledoux, P. W.

Spacecraft Material Flammability Testing and Configurations.

McDonnel Douglas Astronautics Co., Houston, TX

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Spacecraft

Fire Safety. August 20-21, 1986, Cleveland, OH.

NASA CP-2476, 95-98 pp., 1987.

Marcy, J. F. and Johnson, R.

Flaming and Self -Extinguishing Characteristics of Aircraft

Cabin Interior Materials.

Department of Transportation, Atlantic City, NJ

NA-68-30 and DS-68-13, 71 P. July 1968.

Naimer, J.

Apollo Applications of Beta Fiber Glass.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Houston, TX

National Aerospace and Space Administration. NASA

Conference on Materials for Improved Fire Safety.

May 6-7, 1970, Houston, TX. NASA CR TM X- 14330,

15/1-3 pp.

,

1970.

31
2.6 Materials Flammability (cont.)

Quintiere, J. G. and Harkleroad, M. F.

New Concepts for Measuring Flame Spread Properties.

National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD

NBSIR 84-2943, 154 P. November 1984, and

American Society for Testing and Materials. Fire Safety:

Science and Engineering. Harmathy, T. Z.

,

editor. June 26-27, 1984, Denver, CO.

ASTM STP 882, 239-267 pp . , 1985.

Quintiere, J. G., Babrauskas , V. , Cooper, L. Y. , Harkleroad, M.

,

Steckler, K. D. and Tewarson, A.

Role of Aircraft Panel Materials in Cabin Fires and Their

Properties. Final Report.

National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD

Factory Mutual Research Corp., Norwood, MA

DOT/FAA/CT- 84/30, 109 P. June 1985.

Radnofsky, M. I.

New Materials for Manned Spacecraft, Aircraft, and Other

Applications

.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Houston, TX

National Aerospace and Space Administration. NASA

Conference on Materials for Improved Fire Safety.

May 6-7, 1970, Houston, TX. NASA CR TM X- 14330,

10/1-4 pp.

,

1970.

Radnofsky, M. I.

Nonflammable Clothing Development Program.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Houston, TX

NASA TM X- 60897

,

37 P. 1867.

Ramsden, J. M.

Burning Questions.

Flight International, 121-125, June 13, 1987.

Reynolds, J. R.

Fire and Safety Materials Utilization at the John F, Kennedy

Space Center.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Houston, TX

National Aerospace and Space Administration. NASA

Conference on Materials for Improved Fire Safety.

May 6-7, 1970, Houston, TX. NASA CR TM X-1433Q,

18/1-2 pp.

,

1970.

33
2.6 Materials Flammability (cont.)

Sarkos, C. P. , Spurgeon, J. C. and Nicholas, E. B.

Laboratory Fire Testing of Cabin Materials Used in

Commercial Aircraft.

Federal Aviation Admin. , Atlantic City, NJ

Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 16, No. 2, 78-83, February 1979.

Sauers, D. G.

Development and Application of Flame-Resistant Polymers and

Composites

.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Houston, TX

National Aerospace and Space Administration. NASA

Conference on Materials for Improved Fire Safety.

May 6-7, 1970, Houston, TX. NASA CR TM X- 14330,

8/1-3 pp.

,

1970.

Sauers, D. G.

Special Flammability Test Techniques.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Houston, TX

National Aerospace and Space Administration. NASA

Conference on Materials for Improved Fire Safety.

May 6-7, 1970, Houston, TX. NASA CR TM X- 14330,

21/1-4 pp.

,

1970.

Sibulkin, M. and Little, M. W.

Propagation and Extinction of Downward Burning Fires.

Brown Univ. , Providence, RI

Combustion and Flame, Vol. 31, No. 2, 197-208, 1978.

Simpson, C. G.

Interrelationship of FAA-DOT-NASA Programs Relating to

Aircraft Cabin Materials Fire.

Federal Aviation Admin. , Washington, DC

FAA-RD- 73 - 146 , 21 P. September 1973.

Steinthal, M. W.

Nonmetallic Material Configuration Control in the Apollo

Spacecraft

.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Houston, TX

National Aerospace and Space Administration. NASA

Conference on Materials for Improved Fire Safety.

May 6-7, 1970, Houston, TX. NASA CR TM X-14330,

13/1-3 pp.

,

1970.

34
2.6 Materials Flammability (cont.)

Olson, S. L. and Sotos, R. G.

Combustion of Velcro in Low Gravity.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Cleveland, OH

NASA TM 88970, 17 P. March 1987.

O'Neill, J. H. , Sommers, D. E. and Nicholas, E. B„

Aerospace Vehicle Hazard Protection Test Program: Detectors;

Materials; Fuel Vulnerability. Final Report.

Federal Aviation Admin. , Atlantic City, NJ

FAA-NA-73-63 and AFAPL-TR- 73 - 87 , 64 P. October 1973.

O'Neill, T. J. and Punderson, J.

Toxicity Tests and Fire Safety.

E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Co., Inc., Wilmington, DE

QMC Industrial Research Ltd. and Fire Research Station.

Smoke and Toxic Gases From Burning Plastics.

January 6-7, 1982, London, England. Proceedings,

12/1-12/3 pp.

,

1982.

Primeaux, G. R.

Flammability Testing of Components.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Houston, TX

National Aerospace and Space Administration. NASA

Conference on Materials for Improved Fire Safety.

May 6-7, 1970, Houston, TX. NASA CR TM X- 14330,

4/1-4 pp.

,

1970.

Quintiere, J. G.

Assessment of Correlations Between Laboratory and Full-Scale

Experiment for the FAA Aircraft Fire Safety Program.

Part 2. Rate of Energy Release in Fire.

National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD

NBSIR 82-2536, 24 P. July 1982.

Quintiere, J. G.

Assessment of Correlations Between Laboratory and Full-Scale

Experiments for the FAA Aircraft Fire Safety

Program. Part 4. Flammability Test.

National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD

NBSIR 82-2525, 21 P. July 1982.

32
2.6 Materials Flammability (cont.)

Stevens, M. R. , Fisher, H. D. and Breen, B. P.

Investigation of Materials Combustibility, Fire and

Explosion Suppression in a Variety of

Atmospheres. Final Report. November 15, 1964-

December 30, 1967.

Dynamic Science Corp . , Monrovia, CA

AFAPL-TR- 68 - 35 , 103 P. May 1968.

Summerfield, M. and Messina, N.

Smoldering Combustion in Porous Fuels.

Princeton Combustion Research Labs., NJ

Combustion Experiments in Zero-Gravity Laboratory. Progress

in Astronautics and Aeronautics. Volume 73.

American Inst, of Aeronautics & Astronautics, New York, NY,

Cochran, T. H. and Summerfield, M, , editors, 129=194 pp .

,

1981.

Supkis, D. E.

Development and Applications of Fluorel.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Houston, TX

National Aerospace and Space Administration. NASA

Conference on Materials for Improved Fire Safety.

May 6-7, 1970, Houston, TX. NASA CR TM X-14330,

7/1-4 pp.

,

1970.

Tewarson, A.

Flammability of Polymers and Organic Liquids. Part 1.

Burning Intensity.

Factory Mutual Research Corp., Norwood, MA

FMRC Serial 22429 and RC75-T-6, 78 P. February 1975.

Wardell, A. W.

Manned Spacecraft Electrical Fire Safety.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Houston, TX

National Aerospace and Space Administration. NASA

Conference on Materials for Improved Fire Safety.

May 6=7, 1970, Houston, TX. NASA CR TM X-14330,

20/1-5 pp.

,

1970.

Wickstrom, U. and Goransson, U.

Prediction of Heat Release Rates of Surface Materials in

Large-Scale Fire Tests Based on Cone

Calorimeter Results.

Swedish National Testing Inst., Boras, Sweden

Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Vol. 15, No. 5, 364-370,

November 1987.

35
2 o 7 MICROGRAVITY AND ZERO GRAVITY

Altenkirch, R. A., Eichhorn, R. and Brancic, A. B.

Buoyancy Induced Extinction of Laminar Gas Jet Diffusion

Flames

.

Kentucky Univ. , Lexington

Combustion Institute. Central States Section. Spring

Technical Meeting. March 28-30, 1977. Cleveland, OH,

17 P. , 1977.

Altenkirch, R. A., Eichhorn, R. and Shang, P. C.

Buoyancy Effects on Flames Spreading down Thermally Thin

Fuels

.

Kentucky Univ. , Lexington

Combustion and Flame, Vol. 37, No. 1, 71-83, January 1980.

Andracchio, C. R. and Aydelott, J. C.

Comparison of Flame Spreading Over Thin Flat Surfaces in

Normal Gravity and Weightlessness in an Oxygen

Environment

.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Cleveland, OH

NASA TM X-1992, 25 P. May 1970.

Berlad, A. L. , Huggett, C., Kaufman, F. , Markstein, G. H.

,

Palmer, H. B. and Yang, C. H.

Study of Combustion Experiments in Space.

State Univ. of New York, Stony Brook

National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD

Pittsburgh Univ. , PA

Factory Mutual Research Corp., Norwood, MA

Pennsylvania State Univ. , University Park

NASA CR- 134744, 110 P. November 1974.

Bonne , U

.

Radiative Extinguishment of Diffusion Flames at Zero

Gravity.

Honeywell Corporate Research Center, Hopkins, MN

Combustion and Flame, Vol. 16, 147-159, 1971.

Calcote, H. F.

Combustion Experiments in Orbiting Spacecraft. Final

Report. June 3, 1974-December 30, 1974.

AeroChem Research Labs., Inc., Princeton, NJ

TP 316, 58 P. December 1974.

36
2.7 Microgravity (cont.)

Cochran, T. H. and Masica, W. J.

Investigation of Gravity Effects on Laminar Gas-Jet

Diffusion Flames.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Cleveland, OH

Combustion Institute, Symposium (International) on

Combustion, 13th, August 23-29, 1970, Salt Lake City, UT

.

Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 821-829 pp , 1970.

DeWitt, R. L.

Combustion Experimentation Aboard the Space Transportation

System.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Cleveland, OH

Combustion Experiments in Zero-Gravity Laboratory. Progress

in Astronautics and Aeronautics. Volume 73.

American Inst, of Aeronautics & Astronautics, NY,

Cochran, T. H. and Summerfield, M. , Editors, 245-258 pp , 1981

Illinois University

Behavior of Lean Methane -Air Flames at Zero-Gravity. Final

Report for Period November 1983 - December 1984.

Illinois Univ. , Urbana

42 P. February 1985.

Kanno , H. , Okajima, S., linuma, K. and Kumagai, S.

Measurement of Slow Burning Velocity by Zero-Gravity Method.

Hosei Univ., Tokyo, Japan

Tokyo Univ. , Japan

Archivum Combustionis , Vol. 5, No. 3-4, 279-287, 1985.

Kanury , A . M

.

Burning of Liquid Pools in Reduced Gravity. Final Report.

March 1976-February 1977.

Notre Dame Univ. , IN

NASA CR- 13524, 140 P. June 1977.

Kanury , A . M

.

Liquid Pool Burning.

Notre Dame Univ, , IN

Combustion Experiments in Zero-Gravity Laboratory. Progress

in Astronautics and Aeronautics. Volume 73.

American Inst, of Aeronautics & Astronautics, NY,

Cochran, T. H. and Summerfield, M, , Editors, 195-244 pp , 1981

37
2.7 Microgravity (cont.)

Kimzey, J. H.

Flammability During Weightlessness.

Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, TX

NASA TM X- 58001, 12 P. May 1966, and

Institute of Environmental Sciences * 12th Annual Technical

Meeting. April 13, 1966, San Diego, CA, 1966.

Kimzey, J. H.

Skylab Experiment M479 Zero Gravity Flammability.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Houston, TX

3rd Space Processing Symposium on Skylab Results. M-74-5.

Volume 1. April 30-May 1, 1974, Marshall

Space Flight Center, AL. NASA TM X-70252, 115-130 pp . , 1974.

Kimzey, J. H. , Downs, W. R. , Eldred, C. H. and Norris, C. W.

Flammability in Zero-Gravity Environment.

Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, TX

NASA TR R- 246 , 49 P. October 1966.

Kumagai , S

.

Survey of Research on Gravitational Effects on Combustion.

Iwate Univ. , Morioka, Japan

Combustion Institute. Central States Section. Spring

Meeting. March 28-30, 1977, Cleveland, OH 7 P. 1977.

Noe, K. A. and Strehlow, R. A.

Behavior of the Lean Methane-Air Flame at Zero-Gravity.

Final Report. November 1983 -December 1984.

Illinois Univ. , Urbana

NASA CR-175586 and UILU-ENG-85-0502 , 48 P. February 1985.

Okajima, S., Iinuma, K. , Yamaguchi , S. and Kumagai, S.

Measurement of Slow Burning Velocities and Their Pressure

Dependence Using a Zero-Gravity Method.

Hosei Univ., Tokyo, Japan

Combustion Institute, Symposium (International) on

Combustion, 20th. August 12-17, 1984, Ann Arbor, MI.

Combustion Institute, Philadelphia, 1985.

Okaj ima , S . and Kumagai , S

.

Further Investigations of Combustion of Free Droplets in a

Freely Falling Chamber Including Moving Droplets.

Tokyo Univ. , Japan

Combustion Institute, Symposium (International) on

Combustion, 15th, August 25-31, 1974, Tokyo, Japan.

Combustion Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 1975.

38
2.7 Microgravity (cont.)

Pearce, J. P., Kimzey, J. H. and Pippen, D. L.

Effects of Gravity on Flammability.

Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, TX

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. Materials for

Improved Fire Safety. May 6-7, 1970, Houston, TX.

NASA CR TM X-14330, 137-139 pp . , 1971.

Pentecost, E.

Microgravity Science and Applications Bibliography. 1986

Revision.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Washington, DC

NASA TM 89608, 95 P. January 1987.

Pentecost, E.

Microgravity Science and Applications Bibliography. 1985

Revision.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Washington, DC

Universities Space Research Assoc., Washington, DC

NASA TM 88178, 106 P. October 1985.

Pentecost, E.

Microgravity Science and Applications Bibliography- - 1984

Revision.

Universities Space Research Assoc., Washington, DC

NASA TM 86651, 71 P. September 1984.

Ronney , P . D

.

Effect of Gravity on Halocarbon Flame Retardant Effectiveness

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Cleveland, OH

Acta Astronautica, Vol. 12, No. 11, 915-921, November 1985.

Ronney , P . D . and Wachman , H . Y

.

Effect of Gravity on Laminar Premixed Gas Combustion I:

Flammability Limits and Burning Velocities.

Massachusetts Inst, of Technology, Cambridge

Combustion and Flame, Vol. 62, No. 2, 107-119, November 1985

Ronney , P. D

.

Effect of Gravity on Laminar Premixed Gas Combustion II:

Ignition and Extinction Phenomena.

Massachusetts Inst, of Technology, Cambridge

Combustion and Flame, Vol. 62, No. 2, 121-133, November 1985

39
2.7 Microgravity (cont.

)

Sacksteder, K. R.

Microgravity Combustion Fundamentals.

NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH

NASA CP-2476,

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Spacecraft

Fire Safety. August 20-21, 1986., Cleveland, OH.

NASA Conference Proceedings 2476, 89-94 pp . , 1987.

Strehlow, R. A. and Reuss, D. L.

Effect of a Zero g Environment on Flammability Limits as

Determined Using a Standard Flammability Tube

Apparatus. Final Report.

Illinos Univ. , Urbana

NASA-CR- 3259 , 30 P. June 1980.

Strehlow, R. A. and Reuss, D. L.

Flammability Limits in a Standard Tube.

Illinois Univ. , Urbana

General Motors Research Laboratories, Warren, MI

Combustion Experiments in Zero-Gravity Laboratory. Progress

in Astronautics and Aeronautics. Volume 73.

American Inst, of Aeronautics & Astronautics, New York, NY,

Cochran, T. H. and Summerfield, M. , editors, 61-89 pp, 1981.

Vedha-Nayagam, M. and Altenkirch, R. A.

Gravitational Effects on Flames Spreading Over Thick Solid

Surfaces

.

Kentucky Univ. , Lexington

Acta Astronauticia , Vol. 12, No. 7-8, 565-572, July/August 1985.

Wherley, B. L. and Strehlow, R. A.

Behavior of Fuel-Lean Premixed Flames in a Standard

Flammability Limit Tube Under Controlled

Gravity Conditions. Final Report. January 1875-December 1985.

Illinois Univ. at Urbana- Champaign

NASA CR 177132, NASA NCC 3-35, and UILU ENG 86-0503, 143 P.

July 1986.

Williams, F. A.

Droplet Burning.

Princeton Univ. , NJ

Combustion Experiments in Zero-Gravity Laboratory. Progress

in Astronautics and Aeronautics. Volume 73.

American Inst, of Aeronautics & Astronautics, New York, NY,

Cochran, T. H. and Summerfield, M. , editors, 31-60 pp

,

1981.

40
2.8 ATMOSPHERES, OXYGEN ENRICHED AND MODIFIED

Alger, R. S. and Nichols, J. R.

Survey of Fires in Hyporbaric and Hyperbaric Chambers

.

Naval Ordnance Lab., Silver Spring, MD

NOLTR- 71- 128 , 43 P. July 20, 1971.

Botteri, B. P.

Fire Protection for Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres

Applications

.

Air Force Aero Propulsion Lab., Wright- Patterson AFB, OH

Aerospace Medical Div. Fire Hazards and Extinguishment

Conference. May 23, 1967, Brooks AFB, TX. AMD-TR-67-2,

39-69 pp.

,

1967.

Carter, D. I.

Fire Prevention and Protection in Oxygen Enriched

Atmospheres

.

Air Force Systems Command, Brooks AFB, TX

Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development.

Pattern Recognition; Body Armour and Aircrew

Equipment Assemblies; Current Space Medical Problems;

Aeromedical Evacuation. 25th Meeting of the Aerospace

Medical Panel. October 15-17, 1968, London, England.

AGARD CP-41, C5/1-8 pp .

,

1968.

Denison, D. M.

Further Studies on the Problems of Fires in Artificial Gas

Environments

.

Royal Air Force Institute of Aviation Medicine, Farnborough,

Hants . , England

Aerospace Medical Div. Fire Hazards and Extinguishment

Conference. May 23, 1967, Brooks AFB, TX. AMD-TR-67-2,

155-167 pp.

,

1967.

Dorr, V. A.

Fire Studies in Oxygen- Enriched Atmospheres.

Ocean Systems, Inc., Tarrytown, NY

Journal of Fire and Flammability, Vol. 1, 91-106, April 1970.

41
2.8 Atmospheres (cont.)

Knight, D. R.

Feasibility of Lowering Oxygen Concentrations Aboard

Submarines in Order to Improve Fire Safety. Position Paper.

Naval Submarine Medical Research Lab., Groton, CT

NSMRL Report 84-5, 54 P. April 8, 1985.

Knight, D. R.

Medical Research Programs, Past and Future, for Designing

Submarine Atmospheres to Retard Fires

.

Naval Submarine Medical Research Lab., Groton, CT

MSMRL - MEMO -87-2, 9 P. February 7, 1987.

McHale, E. T.

Habitable Atmospheres Which Do Not Support Combustion.

Atlantic Research Corp., Alexandria, VA

Institute of Environmental Sciences, American Institute of

Aeronautics and Astronautics, American Society for Testing

and Materials and the National Aeronautics and Space

Admin. Space Simulation. May 1-3, 1972, New York, NY.

NASA SP- 298 , Paper No. 30, 331-336 pp., 1972.

Robertson, A. F. and Rappaport, M. W.

Fire Extinguishment in Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres

.

National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD

NASA-CR- 121150, 60 P. February 1973.

Voss, K.

Oxygen Environment- -A Peril in Space?

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Cocoa Beach, FL

Technology Week, 12-17, February 6, 1967.

Woods, F. J. and Johnson, J. E.

Flammability in Unusual Atmospheres. Part 2. Selected

Materials in Oxygen-Nitrogen and Oxygen-Helium Mixtures

at Pressures Up to 315 PSIA.

Naval Research Lab., Washington, DC

NRL 6606 and RR 010-01-44-5850, 24 P. September 22, 1967.

43
2 . 9 SHIPS

Callahan, J. T.

Shipboard Fire Detection System Selection and Installation

Guidance. Interim Report.

Naval Ship Systems Engineering Station, Philadelphia, PA

A- 1623 - 2 , 48 P. July 8, 1981.

Carhart, H. W.

Inerting and Atmospheres.

Naval Research Lab., Washington, DC

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Spacecraft

Fire Safety. August 20-21, 1986, Cleveland, OH.

NASA CP-2476, 51-57 pp . , 1987.

Cook, G. A.

Combustion Safety in Diving Atmospheres.

Union Carbide Corp., Tonawanda, NY

Aerospace Medical Div. Fire Hazards and Extinguishment

Conference. May 23, 1967, Brooks AFB, TX, AMD-TR-67-2,

139-147 pp. , 1967.

Fu, T. T.

Smoke Detection in Hyperbaric Chambers: An Experimental

S tudy

.

Naval Civil Engineering Lab., Port Hueneme , CA

NCEL-TN- 1294 , 30 P. July 1973.

Harter, J. V.

Review of the Navy Chamber Fire Safety Program.

Washington Navy Yard, Washington, DC

Aerospace Medical Div. Fire Hazards and Extinguishment

Conference. May 23, 1967, Brooks AFB, TX, AMD-TR-67-2,

128-138 pp. , 1967.

Lugar, J. R.

Water Mist Fire Protection.

David W. Taylor Naval Ship R&D Center, Be the s da, MD

DTNSRDC Letter 2843 and JRL Series 9555, 25 P. December 1979.

44
2 . 10 SMOKE

Baum, H, R. , Rehm, R. G. and Mulholland, G. W.

Prediction of Heat and Smoke Movement in Enclosure Fires

.

National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD

Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 6, No. 3, 193-201, 1983.

Foster, W. W.

Attenuation of Light by Wood Smoke,

lorry Research Station

British Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 10, 416-420,

September 1959.

Miyama, J. and Saito, F.

Fire Detection and Smoke Property.

Sophia Univ. , Tokyo, Japan

Building Research Inst., Tokyo, Japan

U.S. /Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources. Fire

Research and Safety. 5th Joint Panel Meeting.

October 15-24, 1980, Gaithersburg, MD. National Bureau of

Standards NBS SP 639, 31-38, 1981.

National Academy of Sciences, National Materials

Fire Safety Aspects of Polymeric Materials.

Smoke and Toxicity (Combustion Toxicology of

Publication NMAB 318-3. 1978.

Advisory Board

Volume 3.

Polymers)

.

Quintiere, J. G.

Assessment of Correlations Between Laboratory and Full-Scale

Experiments for the FAA Aircraft Fire Safety Program.

Part 1 . Smoke

.

National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD

NBSIR 82-2508, 53 P. July 1982.

Van Luik, F. W. , Jr.

Characteristics of Invisible Particles Generated by

Precombustion and Combustion.

Environment One Corp., Schenectady, NY

23 P. May 17, 1973.

45
2 . 11 SPACECRAFT

Berlad, A. L. and Joshi, N. D.

Gravitational Effects on the Extinction Conditions for

Premixed Flames

.

San Diego Univ. , CA

New York State Univ. , Stony Brook

International Astronautical Federation. International

Astronautical Congress, 35th. October 7-13, 1984, Lausanne,

Switzerland. IAF-84-151, 9 pp . , 1984.

Bricker, R. W. , Crabb, J. P. and Spiker, I. K.

Flammability Tests for Apollo Command Module and Lunar

Module Mockup

.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Houston, TX

National Aerospace and Space Administration. NASA

Conference on Materials for Improved Fire Safety.

May 6-7, 1970, Houston, TX. NASA CR TM X- 14330,

5/1-6 pp. , 1970.

DeMeis, R.

Safety in the Space Station.

Aerospace America, Vol. 24, No. 5, 26-29, May 1986.

Friedman, R.

Fire Safety Concerns in Space Operations.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Cleveland, OH

NASA TM 89848 and E-3511, 11 P. 1987.

Joint Army -Navy -NASA- Air Force (JANNAF) Safety and

Environmental Protection Subcommittee Meeting.

May 4-7, 1987, Cleveland, OH, 1987.

Friedman, R. and Sacksteder, K. R.

Science and Technology Issues in Spacecraft Fire Safety.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Lewis

Research Center, Cleveland, OH

NASA TM 88933, 29 P. January 1987 and

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics,

Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 25th. January 12-15, 1987,

Reno, NV. AIAA-87-0467 , 1-30 pp .

,

1987.

46
2.11 Spacecraft (cont.)

Gartner, R.

Spacelab Environmental Control/Life Support System-Design

Safety.

Dornier System GmbH, Friedrichshafen, Germany

Journal of the Astronautical Sciences, Vol. 23, No. 3,

205-224, July/September 1975.

Gibb, J.W., McIntosh, M. E. , Heinrich, S. R. , Thomas, E.

,

Steele, M. and Schubert, F.

Other Challenges in the Development of the Orbiter

Environment Control Hardware.

Fairchild Control Systems Co., Manhattan Beach, CA

Brunswick Corp., Costa Mesa, CA

Life Systems, Inc., Cleveland, OH

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Space

Shuttle Technical Conference. June 28-30,

1983, Houston, TX. NASA CP 2342, 465-479 pp . , 1985.

Johnston, R. S.

Combustion Safety in the Spacecraft Environment.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Houston, TX

Aerospace Medicine, Vol. 40, No. 11, 1197-1202, November

1969.

Katsikas, C. J. and Levine, J. H.

Manned Spacecraft Nonmetallic Materials Flammability

Selection Criteria and Requirements.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Houston, TX

National Aerospace and Space Administration. NASA

Conference on Materials for Improved Fire Safety.

May 6-7

,

1970, Houston, TX. NASA CR TM X-14330,

2/1-6 pp.

,

1970.

Kring, G. and Sp intig, J.

SPACELAB Flight Unit Environmental Control/Life Support

System.

Dornier System GmbH, West Germany

78-ENAs-14 , 13 P. 1978.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Intersociety

Conference on Environmental Systems. July

10-13, 1978, San Diego, CA.

47
2.8 Atmospheres (cont.)

Durfee, R. L. and Spurlock, J. M.

Quenching and Extinguishment of Burning Solids in

Oxygen- Enriched Atmospheres. Final Report.

Atlantic Research Corp., Alexandria, VA

NASA CR- 101970 , 55 P. September 22, 1969.

Fisher, H. D. and Gerstein, M.

Investigation of Materials Combustibility and Fire and

Explosion Suppression in a Variety of Atmospheres.

Summary Report.

Dynamic Science Corp., Monrovia, CA

SN- 6401 , 60 P. May 1966.

Holley, M. D. and Bachman, S.

Flammability Control in the Oxygen Environment of the Apollo

Guidance and Navigation Equipment.

Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, TX

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. NASA Conference on

Materials for Improved Fire Safety. May 6-7, 1970,

Houston, TX. NASA CR TM X-14330, 211-217 pp . , 1971.

Huggett, C.

Habitable Atmospheres Which Do Not Support Combustion.

Atlantic Research Corp., Alexandira, VA

Combustion and Flame, Vol. 20, No. 1, 140-142, February 1973

Johnson, J. E. and Woods, F. J.

Flammability in Unusual Atmosphres. Part 1. Preliminary

Studies of Materials in Hyperbaric Atmospheres Containing

Oxygen, Nitrogen, and/or Helium. Interim Report.

Naval Research Lab., Washington, DC

NRL 6470, 28 P. October 31, 1966.

Johnston, R. L. and Pippen, D. L.

Development of Materials Screening Tests for Oxygen- Enriched

Environments

.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Houston, TX

National Aerospace and Space Administration. NASA

Conference on Materials for Improved Fire Safety.

May 6-7, 1970, Houston, TX. NASA CR TM X-14330,

3/1-3 pp.

,

1970.

42
2.11 Spacecraft (cont.

)

Krupnick, A. D.

Proposed Incipient Fire and Toxic Gas Caution and Warning

for Shuttle.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin., Huntsville, AL

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. Space Shuttle

Technology Conference. Volume 1. Operations,

Maintenance, and Safety. March 16, 1971,

Phoenix, AZ. Proceedings, 261-276 pp . , 1971.

Kubicki, D. J.

Fire Protection and Rescue Planning for the NASA Space

Shuttle

.

National Aeronautical and Space Admin. , Washington, DC

Fire Journal, Vol. 75, No. 4, 34-40,127, July 1981.

Lautenbach, P. , Vaeth, R. and Swider, J. E.

Spacelab/Orbiter Atmosphere Revitalization Subsystem

Commonality and Flight Experience.

Hamilton Standard, Windsor Locks, CT

Centre National d' Etudes Spatiales (CNES) and European Space

Agency (ESA) . Environmental and Thermal Control Systems for

Space Vehicles. International Symposium. October 4-7, 1983,

Toulouse, France. ESA- SP- 200 , 271-279 pp., 1983.

McAlevy, R. F. , III and Magee, R. S.

Criterion for Space Capsule Fire Hazard Minimization.

Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ

Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 4, 1390, October 1,967.

Pearson, 0. L.

Facility and Test Support Equipment for the Manned Thermal

Vacuum Tests of the Apollo- Soyuz Docking Module.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Houston, TX

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 8th

Conference on Space Simulation. November 3-5,

1975, Silver Spring, MD. Proceedings, Paper 41, 505-532 pp .

,

1975.

Preiss, H. and Padwater, A. D.

Spacelab Cabin Loop.

Hamilton Standard, Windsor Locks, CT

European Space Agency and the Technical University of

Munich. Spacecraft Thermal and Environmental Control

Systems. International Symposium. October 10-12, 1978,

Munich, Germany. ESA-SP-139, 109-117 pp . , 1978.

48
2.11 Spacecraft (cont.)

Prewo , K. M.

Graphite Fiber Reinforced Glass for Spacecraft Applications.

United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, CT

Composites Technology Review, Vol. 3, 152-153, Winter 1981.

Raasch, R. F. , Peercy, R. L. , Jr. and Rockoff , L. A.

Space Station Crew Safety Alternatives Study. Volume 2.

Threat Development. Final Report..

Rockwell International, Downey, CA

NASA CR- 3855 , 238 P. June 1985.

Rockoff, L. A., Raasch, R. F. and Peercy, R. L. , Jr.

Space Station Crew Safety Alternatives Study. Final Report.

Volume 1. Final Summary Report.

Rockwell International, Downey, CA

NASA CR- 3854 , 146 P. June 1985.

Rockoff, L. A., Raasch, R. F. and Peercy, R. L. , Jr.

Space Station Crew Safety Alternatives Study. Final Report.

Volume 3. Safety Impact of Human Factors.

Rockwell International, Downey, CA

NASA CR- 3856 , 74 P. June 1985.

Schulze, N. R. and Prichard, R. P.

Occupant Safety in the Space Shuttle.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Washington, DC

Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. Congress and Exposition,

February 27-March 3, 1978, Detroit, MI. Technical Paper

780021, 14 P. 1978.

Swan , A . G

.

Two Man Space Environment Simulator Accident.

Aerospace Medical Div. , Brooks AFB, TX

Aerospace Medical Div. Fire Hazards and Extinguishment

Conference. May 23, 1967, Brooks AFB, TX. AMD-TR-67-2,

4-38 pp.

,

1967.

Velupillai, D.

Europe Creates a Workplace in Space.

Flight International, Vol. 121, No. 3810, 1211-1216,

May 15, 1982.

49
2 . 12 STANDARDS

American Society for Testing and Materials.

Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Section 4. Volume 04.07.

Building Seals and Sealants; Fire Standards; Building

Constructions. ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, 1987.

American Society for Testing and Materials

Proposed Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release

Rates for Materials and Products Using an

Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter.

ASTM E-5 Proposal P 190.

ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, 1986.

American Society for Testing and Materials

Standard Method for Measuring the Minimum Oxygen

Concentration to Support Candle-Like Combustion of Plastics

Combustion of Plastics (Oxygen Index). ASTM D2863.

ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, 1987.

American Society for Testing and Materials

Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release

Rates for Materials and Products. ASTM E906.

ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, 1986.

American Society for Testing and Materials

Standard Test Method for Resistance of Electrical Wire

Insulation Materials to Flame at 60 deg. ASTM F777.

ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, 1982.

American Society for Testing and Materials

Standard Test Method for Resistance of Materials to

Horizontal Flame Propagation (For Aerospace Vehicles,

Standard Conditions). ASTM F776.

ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, 1982.

American Society for Testing and Materials

Standard Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke

Generated by Solid Materials. ASTM E662.

ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, 1986.

European Space Agency

Flammability Testing for the Screening of Space Materials.

ESA PSS-01-721 Issue 1, 42 P. October 1982.

European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands

50
2.12 Standards (cont.)

International Maritime Organization

Revised Recommendation on Fire Test Procedures for Surface

Flammability of Bulkhead and Deck Finish

Materials. Assembly Resolution. Annex 13.

A. 564(14) and MSC 51/21, 37 P. 1986.

International Maritime Organization, London, England

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Flammability, Odor, and Offgassing Requirements and Test

Procedures for Materials in Environments that Support

Combustion. National Aeronautics and Space Admin.

,

Washington, DC. NHB 8060 . IB , 141 P. 1981.

National Fire Protection Association

Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers.

National Fire Protection Assoc., Quincy, MA

NFPA 10. 51 P. 1986.

National Fire Protection Association

Standard on Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems.

National Fire Protection Assoc., Quincy, MA

NFPA 12A. 52 P. 1985.

National Fire Protection Association

Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems.

National Fire Protection Assoc., Quincy, MA

NFPA 12. 46 P. 1985.

Underwriters Laboratories Inc.

Single and Multiple Station Smoke Detectors. Standard for

Safety. Third edition.

Underwriters Labs., Inc., Northbrook, IL

UL 217. 80+ P. October 8, 1985.

Underwriters Laboratories Inc.

Smoke Detectors for Fire Protective Signaling Systems.

Standard for Safety. Second Edition.

Underwriters Labs., Inc., Northbrook, IL

UL 268. 63+ P. June 9, 1981.

51
2 . 13 SUPPRESSION

Alpert, R. L.

Calculated Spray Water-Droplet Flows in a Fire Environment.

Factory Mutual Research, Norwood, MA

FMRC J.I. 0J0J1.BU and RC86-BT-6, 56 P. October 1986.

Ault, W. E. and Carter, D. I.

Influence of Hyperbaric Chamber Pressure on Water -Spray

Patterns

.

Automatic Sprinkler Corporation of America

Fire Journal, Vol. 61, No. 6, 48-49, November 1967.

Beaudry, J. P. , Trujillo, T. M. , Zallen, D. M. , Campbell, P.

and Walker, J. L.

Selective Automatic Extinguisher for Computer Cabinets Class

A, B, or C With Notification (SAFECOMP)

.

Final Report. Ctober 1984-February 1986.

New Mexico Univ. , Albuquerque

ESL-TR-86-14 and NMERI-WA3-5- (3 .01) , 148 P. July 1986.

Blake, D. R.

Suppression and Control of Class C Cargo and Compartment

Fires. Final Report. August 1983- June 1984.

Federal Aviation Administration, Atlantic City, NJ

DOT/FAA/CT- 84/21, 31 P. February 1985.

Cole, M. B.

Space Station Internal Environmental and Safety Concerns.

NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Spacecraft

Fire Safety. August 20-21, 1986, Cleveland, OH.

NASA CP-2476, 73-87 pp., 1987.

Davies, D.

Naval Fire Protection for the 1990' s. Graviner, Ltd., United Kingdom

Fire International, No. 105, 39,42-43, June/July 1987.

52
2.13 Suppression (cont.)

Dressier, D. P. , Robinson, R. S., Gann, R. G,, Stone, J. P.,

Williams, F. W. and Carhart, H. W.

Biological Effect of Fire Suppression by Nitrogen

Pressurization in Enclosed Environments.

Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA

Naval Research Lab., Washington, DC

Journal of Combustion Toxicology, Vol. 4, No. 3, 314-324,

August 1977.

Fiala, R.

Contribution to the Selection of Fire Extinguishing Systems

and Agents for Aircraft Fires.

Deutsche Dorschungs- und Versuchsanstalt fur Luft- und

Raumfahrt E. V. , Ins ti tut fur

Luftstrahlantriebe , Germany

Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development

(AGARD) . Aircraft Fuels, Lubricants, and Fire Safety.

May 10-14, 1971, The Hague, Netherlands. AGARD CP- 84- 71,

18/1-10 pp. , 1971.

Fiala, R. , Dussa, K. and Winterfeld, G.

On the Applicability of Reticulated Foams for the

Suppression of Fuel Tank Explosions.

Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development

(AGARD). Aircraft Fire Safety. April 11, 1975,

Rome, Italy. AGARD CP-166, 16/1-12 pp .

,

1975.

Fish, R. H.

Performance of Lightweight Plastic Foams Developed for Fire

Safety.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Houston, TX

National Aerospace and Space Administration. NASA

Conference on Materials for Improved Fire Safety.

May 6-7, 1970, Houston, TX. NASA CR TM X- 14330,

11/1-3 pp.

,

1970.

Gann, R. G., Stone, J. P. , Tatem, P. A., Williams, F. W. and

Carhart, H. W.

Suppression of Fires in Confined Spaces by Nitrogen

Pressurization. Part 3. Extinction Limits

for Liquid Pool Fires.

Naval Research Lab., Washington, DC

Combustion Science and Technology, Vol. 18, No. 5&6

,

155-163, 1978.

53
2.13 Suppression (cont.

)

Kimzey, J. H.

Fire Extinguishment in Hypobaric and Hyperbaric

Environments

.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin. , Houston, TX

National Aerospace and Space Administration. NASA

Conference on Materials for Improved Fire Safety,

May 6-7, 1970, Houston, TX. NASA CR TM X- 14330,

19/1-4 pp. , 1970.

Krasner, L. M.

Study of Hand-Held Fire Extinguishers Aboard Civil Aviation

Aircraft. Final Report. February 1981 to December 1981.

Factory Mutual Research Corp., Norwood, MA

FMRC J.X. 0G0N9.RG, 66 P. June 1982.

Kuchta, J. M. , Cato, R. J., Martindili, G. H. and Spolan, I.

Ignition and Fire Suppression in Aerospace Vehicles.

Technical Report. January 1, 1970-November 30, 1971.

Bureau of Mines, Pittsburg, PA

AFAPL-TR-71-93 and PMSRC Report 4164, 49 P. December 1971.

Kung, H. C.

Cooling of Room Fires by Sprinkler Spray.

Factory Mutual Research Corp., Norwood, MA

Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 99, No. 3, 353-359, August

1977.

Martindili, G. H. , Spolan, I. and Kuchta, J. M.

Fire Suppression for Aerospace Vehicles. Technical Report.

Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, PA

AFAPL-TR-70-39 and SRC Report S4137, 35 P. July 1970.

Sarkos, C. P.

Characteristics of Halon 1301 Dispensing Systems for

Aircraft Cabin Fire Protection.

Federal Aviation Admin. , Atlantic City, NJ

Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development

(AGARD) . Aircraft Fire Safety. April 11, 1975,

Rome, Italy. AGARD CP-166, 23/1-16 pp . , 1975.

Slusher, G. R. , Wright, J. and Demaree, J.

Halon Extinguisher Agent Behavior in a Ventilated Small

Aircraft. Final Report.

Federal Aviation Admin., Atlantic City Airport, NJ

DOT/FAA/CT-86/5 , 58 P. June 1986.

54
2.13 Suppression (cont.)

Slusher, G. R. , Wright, J. A. and Speitel, L. C.

Halon Extinguishment of Small Aircraft Instrument Panel

Fires. Final Report.

Federal Aviation Admin. , Atlantic City Airport, NJ

DOT/FAA/CT-86/26, 34 P. December 1986.

Washington Univ.

Thermal Model of Fire Suppression by Nitrogen Pressurization.

Washington Univ. , Seattle

39 P. November 22, 1983.

Wilson, C. W. , Trujillo, T. M. and Zallen, D.

Selective Automatic Fire Extinguisher for Class A with

Notification (SAFE CAN). Volume 1. Technical. Report.

Final Report. May 1981-March 1983.

New Mexico Univ. , Albuquerque

ESL-TR-83-07 and NMERI -TA3 -VOL- 1 , 82 P. May 1983.

Wilson, C. W. , Trujillo, T. M. and Zallen, D.

Selective Automatic Fire Extinguisher for Class A with

Notification (SAFE CAN). Volume 2.

Appendices. Final Report. May 1981 -March 1983.

New Mexico Univ. , Albuquerque

ESL-TR-83-07 and NMERI-TA3-1-VOL-2 , 383 P. May 1983.

You, H. Z. , Kung, H. C. and Han, Z.

Spray Cooling in Room Fires.

Factory Mutual Research Corp., Norwood, MA

NBS-GCR-86-515 , 45 P. July 1986, and

Combustion Institute, Symposium (International) on

Combustion, 21st. August 3-8, 1986, Munich,

West Germany, 1986.

55
3 . AUTHOR INDEX

A Bruggink, G. M„ , 4

Bukowski , R. W. , 9, 26

Affens , W. A. , 16 Burgess , D „ , 20

Alexander, J. I„, 15

Alger , R. S . , 40

Alpert , R. L. , 51

Byard, J . L. , 20

Altenkirch, R. A. , 35,

Altman, R. L. , 16

39 C

Alvares , N . J . , 9 Cahalane , P . T . , 6

American Society for Testing and Galcote , H . F . , 35

Materials, 49 Call, D. W. , 17

Anderson, R 0 A. , 6 Callahan, J. T. , 43

Andracchio, C„ R. , 35 Campbell , J . A* , 7

Arnold, D. B„ , 6 Campbell, P. , 51

Atallah , S . , 16 Carhart, H. W. , 17, 43, 52

Auck , S . E . , 16 Carter, D. I., 17, 40, 51

Ault , R. , 7 Cato , R. J . , 53

Ault , W. E . , 51 Charno, R. J., 17

Aydelott , J . C . , 35 Chatfield, D. A „ , 27

Chicarello, P. J 0 , 5

Christopher, A. J., 26

Clark, D. G. , 17

B Clifton, C . , 24

Cochran, T. H. , 36

Babrauskas, V. , 25, 32 Cole, M. B. , 51

Bachman, S,, 41 Commerford, G. E. , 10

Back, K. C. , 16 Conforti, F. , 10

Barnes , G „ J . , 28 Cook, G. A. , 43

Bass , R. S . , 25 Cooper, L. Y. , 32

Baum, H. R. , 44 Coulston, F. , 17, 20

Beaudry , J. P . , 51 Crabb , J . P . , 45

Beavers , R. R, , 13 Craig, J . W. , 26

Benz , F . J . , 25 , 26 Cretcher, R. E., 17

Berlad, A. L. , 35, 45 Crowley, D. , 16

Berner, W. E. , 29

Bigelow, A. , 7

Binding , A. T . , 6

Blake, D. R. , 4, 51

Blumke , R. E . , 9

Bonne , U . , 35

Botteri, B. P. , 4, 17,

Brancic , A. B . , 35

Breen, B. P. , 34

Bricker, R. W. , 9, 45

Bright , R. G . , 10

40

Custer, R. L, , 10

56
D Gaume , J . G . , 6

Geller, I., 19

Danaher, D., 7 Gerstein, M. , 41

Davies , D . , 51 Gibb, J . W. , 46

Davis , R. A. , 5 Gilwee , W. J., Jr., 6,

Dawn , F . S . , 26 , 27 Gleiser , C . , 19

Delaney, C . L. , 10 Godfried, L. M. , 27

Deraaree , J . , 53 Goonan, T . E . , 5

DeMeis , R. , 45 Goransson, U. , 34

Denison, D. M. , 27, 40 Grabowski , G. J., 11

deRis , J . , 18 Grand, A. F. , 27

Desmarais, L. A., 18 Gray, V. E. , 28

DeWitt , R. L. , 36 Grenich, A. F. , 19, 20

Dorr , V . A. , 27 , 40 Griffin, R. E. , 11

Downs , W. R. , 37 Griffin, T. B. , 17, 20

Draemel , R. , 6

Dressier , D . P . , 52

Duncan, W. C . , 27

Gross , D . , 28

Durfee , R. L. , 41

Dussa , K. , 52

H

Duston, D. K. , 10 Hacker , P . T . , 8

Haines , R. , Jr . , 19

Hake, C. L. , 22

E Hall, C., 15

Hamilton, M. , 19

Eggleston, L. A. , 10 Han, Z. , 54

Eichhorn, R. , 35 Hankey, F. , 15

Einhorn , I . N . , 27 Harkleroad, M. F. , 32

Eldred, C. H. , 37 Harpe, S. W. , 13

Enders , J . H . , 5 Harris , D . J . , 22

Energy and Minerals Research Co.,, 18 Harris , E . S . , 28

European Space Agency, 49 Harris, W. S., 20

Federal Aviation Admin. , 5 Harter, J. V., 43

Fiala , R. , 18, 52 Hasegawa, H. , 6

Fielding, G. H. , 17 Hawkins, R. L. , 11

Fish, R. H. , 7, 52 Heinrich, S . R. , 46

Fisher, F. , 6 Heitman, H. , 11

Fisher, H. D. , 34, 41 Herrera, W. R. , 10

Fohlen, G. M. , 19 Hertzberg, M. , 12

Ford, C. L. , 19 Hilado, C. J. , 6, 28

Foster, W. W. , 44 Hill, I. R. , 5

Fox , D . G . , 10 Hill, R. , 20

Friedman, R. , 45 Hill, R. G. , 4, 8, 19,

Fu, T. T. , 43 Hillenbrand, L. J., 28

Hirasaki, J. K. , 25

Holley, M. D., 41

G Homa, J. M., 25

Horvath, Z. J . , 11

Gann, R. G . , 25 , 52 House , P . A. , 29

Garcia, B. A. , 19 Howell, W. D., 8

Gartner, R. , 46 Hsu, M. , 6

Gassmann, J. J., 19 Huggett, C., 29, 35, 41

57
I L

I inuma , K . , 36, 37

Illinois Univ. , 36

International Maritime Org. , 50

I s tvan , S . M . , 9

Kuchta, J. M. , 20, 53

Kumagai , S . , 36 , 37

Kung, H. C., 53, 54

Kwan , A „ J . , 21, 23

LaBossiere, L. A., 6

Lautenbach, P., 47

Lawrence, K. D,, 15

Lawrence, W. H. , 30

Ledoux, P. W. , Lee, To G. , 28

30

J Leon, H. A. , 6

Lerner, N. R.

,

6

Jackson, H. W. , 13 Levin , B . C .

,

25

Jamison, H. H. , 20 Levine , J . H .

,

46

Jarboe , R. L. , 26 Linford, R. M. F. , 12

Johnson, A. M. , 20 Little , M. Wo

,

33

Johnson, C . C , , 24 Litton, C. Do, 12

Johnson, J. E., 11, 14, 42 Liu, B. Y. H.

,

13

Johnson, L. C. , 11 Loftus , J . J., 28

Johnson, R. , 30 Lugar , J . Ro

,

43

Johnston, R. L. , 41

Johnston, R. S „ , 29, 46

Johnston, W. L. , 6

Lunds trom, I., 12

Jones , J . , 6 M

Joshi , N. Do, 45

Judd, M. Do, 29 MacArthur , C

.

D. , 8

MacEwen, J. D. , 21

Madgwick, T.

,

7

K Magee , R. S .

,

47

Marcussen, W. Ho , 6

Kamath, A. R. R. , 12 Marcy , J . F.

,

19, 30

Kane, W. R. , 17 Marks te in, G. H. , 35

Kanno , H . , 36 Martindill, G. H. , 53

Kanury , A . M . , 29, 36 Masica, W. J .

,

36

Katsikas , C . J . , 46 Matthews , J . D1 # 13

Kaufman, F. , 35 McAlvey , R . F

.

, III,

Keller, A. Z. , 12 McCormack, R. G. , 13

Kimzey, J. H. , 37, 38, 53 McDaniel, D. E , 21

Kline, H. F. , 29 McGuingle, R. D. , 13

Knapp , S . Co, 24 McGuire, R. , 7

Knight, D. R. , 24, 42 McHale , E. T. , 41

Knox, F. So, III, 24 McIntosh, M. E ., 46

Kourtides, D. A., 6, 7, 8, 28 McKee, R. J.

,

9

Krasner, L. M. , 53 Meehan, J . , 29

Kring , G . , 46 Mendez , V. , 19

Krivanek, N. D., 22 Messina, N. , 34

Krupnick, A. D. , 47 Mickelson, R. Wo , 27

Kubicki , D. J . , 47 Miguel , M. So, 19

Kubin, R. F. , 7 Mikeska, J. L. , 6

Miniszewski, K. R. , 7

Miura, K. , 14

Miyama , J . , 44

Mniszewski, K. R. , 13

58
Morton, G. P. , 27

Mott , D . R. , 7

Mulholland, G. W. , 4, 13, 44

Muzet , A. G . , 11

N

Naimer , J . , 30

National Academy of Sciences, 44

National Aeronautics and Space

Admin. , 50

National Fire Protection

Assoc . , 50

Newton, P. E. , 22

Nicholas, E. G., 31, 33

Nichols , J . R. , 40

Niii , Y. , 14

Nober, E. H. , 24

Noe , K. A. , 37

Norris, C. W. , 37

0

Ohlemiller, T. J., 4

Okaj ima, S . , 36 , 37

Olson, S . L. , 31

O'Neill, J. H. , 31

O'Neill, T. J. , 31

P

Padwater, A. D., 47

Palmer , H . B . , 35

Parker, J. A., 6, 7, 8, 19, 28

Payne , G . C . , 8

Pearce , J . P . , 38

Pearson, 0. L. , 47

Peercy, R. L. , Jr., 48

Peirce , H. , 24

Pelouch, J. J., Jr., 8

Pentecost , E . , 38

Pezoldt , V. J., 24

Pippen, D . L. , 38 , 41

Plugg, M. A., 21

Pomroy, W. H. , 13

Preiss , H. , 47

Prewo, K. M. , 48

Prichard, R. P. , 48

Primeaux, G. R. , 31

Punderson, J., 31

Q

Quintiere, J. G. , 31, 32, 44

R

Raasch, R. F 48

Radnofsky, M • I., 32

Rainaldi, N. , 21

Raj an , K . S

.

, 13

Ramsden, J. ]M. , 8 , 32

Rao, K. N.

,

11

Rappaport, M . W. , 42

Raskauskas ,

'B. J. , 13

Reeves , J . B 8

Rehm, R. G.

,

44

Reichelt, E. F. , 21

Reinhardt, C • F., 21

Reinke, R. E 21

Reuss, D. L. , 39

Reynolds , J

.

R . , 32

Riccitiello

,

S. R 19

Riemer , 0 .

,

15

Robertson, A . F., 42

Robinson, R. s.

,

52

Robinson, S. P. , 14, 15

Rockoff, L. <A. , 48

Ronney , P . D . , 38

Rork, G . D .

,

14

S

Sacksteder, K. R. , 39, 45

Saito , F. , 44

Salzberg, F. , 7

Samuels, A., 19

Sarkos, C. P. , 6, 8, 33, 53

Sauers , D . G . , 33

Sawko , P. M., 19

Schade, 0. H. , Jr., 14

Schechter, H. R. , 13

Scheichl , L. , 21

Scheidweiler , A., 14

Schubert, F. , 46

Schulze, N. R. , 48

Seeger, P. G. , 22

Senturia, S. D. , 14

Seshadri, K. , 22

Shang, P. C. , 35

Shaw, R. C., 25

Sheath, P. H. , 14, 15

59
Shigiyama, K. , 14

Shimura, T. , 14

Shivaraman, M. S „ , 12

U

Shpilberg, D. C , , 5 Underwriters Laboratories,

Sibulkin, M. , 33

Simon, F. N. , 14

Simpson, C . G . , 33

Unger, E. , 15

Slasher, G. R. , 53, 54

Smith , D . G, , 22

V

Smith, D. J. V., 14, 15 Vaeth, R. , 47

Snelson, A. , 13 Valys , A. J . , 27

Sommers , D . E . , 31 Van Cott, N. P. , 24

Sotos , R. G . , 31 Van Luik, F. W. , Jr. , 44

Speitel, L. C., 28, 54 Van Stee, E. W. , 16

Spiker , I . K. , 45 Vedha-Nayagam, M. , 39

Spintig, J., 46 Vellupillai, D„, 48

Spinweber, C„ L. , 11 Vernot, E„ H. , 22

Spolan, I . , 53 Vickers, R. N. , 21, 23

Springer, R. J., 14, 15 Von Tomkewitsch, R. , 15

Spruance , W. W. , 7

Spurgeon, J. C., 33

Spurlock, J. M. , 41

Voss, K. , 42

Steele , M. , 46

Steinthal, M. W„ , 33

W

Stevens , J . R. , 8 Wachman, H. Y. , 38

Stevens , M. R . , 34 Walker, F. K. , 13

Stewart, R. D. , 22 Walker, J. L. , 21, 23, 51

Stiblert , L. , 12 Walton, W. D., 25

Stone , J . P . , 52 Wands, R. C., 23

Street , T . T . , 15 Wardell, A. W. , 34

Strehlow, R. A., 37, 39 Washington Univ. , 54

Stricoff , R. S . , 16 Waterman, T. E. , 7, 13

Sum inski , G., 15 Webb, S. C., 11

Summerfield , M. , 34 Well, A. , 24

Supkis , D . E . , 34 Wherley, B. L. , 39

Svensson, C„, 12 Wickham, R. T. , 23

Swan, A. G . , 48 Wickstrom, U., 34

Swider, J. E. , 47 Williams, F. A. , 4, 22, 39

Williams, F. W. , 15, 52

Williamson, R. B., 6

T Wilson, C. W. , 21, 54

Winterfeld, G., 18, 52

Tatem, P. A. , 52 Wood, E. C. , 5

Tewarson, A. , 34 Woods, F. J. , 41, 42

Thomas , A. A. , 22 Wooliscroft, M. , 12

Thomas , E . , 46 Wray, J . A. , 28

Thomas , E . C . , 15 Wright, J . , 53 , 54

Tolle , F. F. , 18, 19

Transue, R. E. , 15

Trujillo, T. M., 51, 54

Trumble , T. M. , 15

Tustin, E. , 6

Wu, A. , 22

60
Y

Yamagachi , S., 37

Yamashika, S., 23

Yamate , G . , 13

Yang, C. H., 35

Yoshida, T. , 14

You, H. Z. , 54

Z

Zallen, D. M. , 21, 51, 54

Zhu , S . , 26

Zikria, B. A. , 23

61
f\JASA

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Report Documentation Page

1 Report No. NASA CR-1808802. Government Accession No 3. Recipient's Catalog No.

4. Title and Subtitle SPACECRAFT FIRE DETECTION AND EXTINGUISHMENT:

A BIBLIOGRAPHY

5. Report Date February 1988

6. Performing Organization Code

7. Author(s)

NORA H. JASON

8. Performing Organization Report No. NBSIR 88-3712

9 Performing Organization Name and Address U. S. Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

10. Work Unit No. 480-52-02

1 1 . Contract or Grant No. C-32000-J

12, Sponsoring Agency Name and Address National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Lewis Research Center

Cleveland, Ohio 44135-3191

13. Type of Report and Period Covered

Final

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15.

Supplementary Notes Project Manager, Robert Friedman*

Space Experiments Division, NASA Lewis Research Center

16.

Abstract

Pertinent fire detection and extinguishment references have been identified to

further the knowledge of spacecraft fire safety. To broaden the scope of the

bibliography, other unusual environments, e.g., aircraft, submarine, ship,

have been included. In addition, for a more comprehensive view of the

spacecraft fire safety problem, selected subjects are included, e.g., material^

flammability, smoke, human behavior. The references will provide the researcher

with access to state-of-the-art works and historic works. Selected

references from the 1960s have been included, but the emphasis is on

references published from 1975 to 1987. The references are arranged by very

broad categories. Often a paper will cover more than one topic, but for the

purposes of this bibliography it will be cited only once.

17.

Key Words (Suggested by Author(s)) spacecraft; fires; bibliographies; fire

detection; fire suppression; fire

extinguishment; aircraft; ships; submarines

fabric flammability

18. Distribution Statement Unclassified-Unlimited

,

STAR Category 18

19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21 . No of pages 22. Price"

NASA FORM 1626 OCT 86 *For sale by the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161