Quantified Occupant-Use Factors Affecting

Energy Consumption in Residences

Roy E. Clark

S. Robert Hastings

^or ®u*^'n9 Technology Department of Commerce

itional Engineering Laboratory Washington, D.C. 20234

100 itional Bureau of Standards July 1979

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l * • QUANTIFIED OCCUPANT-USE FACTORS AFFECTING

ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN RESIDENCES )

<k " !

c

Roy E. Clark

S. Robert Hastings

Center for Building Technology

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

July 1979

Prepared for Department of Energy

20 Massachusetts Ave., N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20545

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE* Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary

Luther H. Hodges, Jr., Under Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director
HHH
ABSTRACT

Predicting energy consumption for a building requires three types of

data: climatic data, component performance data, and occupant-use data.

Historically, few data on occupant use of a building have been collected,

and the data which are collected are not easily referenced. Consequently, it is common for energy analysts to establish values for occupant variables merely on the basis of their own personal experience.

In reponse to this dilemma, this report assembles residential energyuse data, as could be found, from field metering studies, surveys, utility company estimates, and government sponsored statistical projections.

From these data the authors have determined recommended occupant-use

values based on their analysis and judgements. These "recommended

values" represent the best judgement of the present authors, but are not

to be interpreted as "NBS recommended" values. Data are organized into

six groups by energy end-use: (1) heating, (2) service hot water,

(3) appliances, (4) lighting, (5) air conditioning, and (6) ventilation.

The use of more soundly derived values for occupant use variables will

result in a better correlation between the energy-use predicted for

buildings being designed today and the actual energy-use of the buildings

when occupied

.

Key Words: Appliance energy consumption, energy consumption of

residences, lighting energy consumption, occupant factors, residential

air conditioning, service hot water, space heating, ventilation.

NATIONAL AVERAGE END-USES OF ENERGY IN RESIDENCES

iii

CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION 1

SPACE HEATING 4

DATA 15

SERVICE HOT WATER 19

DATA .... 29

APPLIANCES 53

DATA 65

LIGHTING 98

DATA 107

AIR CONDITIONING 120

DATA 131

VENTILATION 138

DATA 147

THE NEWMAN AND DAY STUDY 151

KEY TO UTILITY/INDUSTRY SOURCES 153

UNITS CONVERSION TABLE 154

LIST OF SOURCES 155

v

FOREWORD

This one of a series of reports planned to document National Bureau of

Standards (NBS) research and analysis effort in developing energy and

economic data in support of the Department of Energy (DOE) /NBS Building

Energy Conservation Criteria Program. The preparation of this document

was supported under Task Order No. A008-BCS of DOE/NBS Interagency

Agreement No. EA-77-A-01-6010.

This publication comprises the final report of efforts related to

residential buildings, that were earlier documented in two contract

letter reports dated September, 1976, and June, 1977. The earlier

effort was jointly supported by the Energy Research and Development

Administration (ERDA) , under ERDA Contract No. E(49-l)3800, and the

Department of Housing and Urban Development, under Contract No. RT

193-12.

vii

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Realistic building energy consumption predictions are becoming increasingly important to various people. Designers need predictions to enable

them to evaluate building design alternatives and to select building

equipment for efficient energy utilization. Building buyers and users

and the general public need predictions as a basis for realistic anticipation of building operating costs. Building code writers and enforcers

find predictions becoming increasingly necessary as energy standards for

various types of buildings become more and more common.

The realism of energy consumption predictions depends upon the realism

of the basic assumptions used in the predictive model, be it a simple

hand calculation or a sophisticated computer program. There are three

sets of input assumptions which are needed :

1. What is the climate in the immediate vicinity of the building

(e.g., outside temperature, wind, solar radiation, etc.).

2. What are the performance properties of the building and its

energy-using subsystems (e.g., U~values of envelope components,

performance coefficients for mechanical equipment, etc.).

3. How do occupants use the building and operate energy-using

subsystems (e.g., occupancy schedules, thermostat settings,

usage patterns, etc.).

Data are generally available for establishing values for the first two

sets of assumptions. Data are seriously deficient, however, for quantifying occupant use of buildings and operation of energy-using subsystems

In response to the need for representative data of broad validity, this

report surveys a variety of studies of occupant use of residences and

their energy using systems, and assembles data from these studies.

Data are in the form of explicit occupant use data, such as hourly

records of thermostat settings or number of lights on, or of implicit

occupant use information, such as appliance usage which can be estimated from the measured kWh consumption. Sources of these data include:

Metered field studies, such as the Princeton Twin Rivers project and the Midwest Research Institute study.

0 Surveys, such as the Newman and Day study.

° Utility and appliance industry research, such as studies by the

Edison Electric Institute and the American Gas Association.

0 Statistical projections, such as the Federal Energy Administration (FEA) "Project Independence" study and the Standford

Research Institute "Patterns of Energy Consumption" study.

1
Assumptions commonly used in recent energy analysis studies.

Residence as used in this report refers to both single-family and

multi-family dwelling units. Wherever data is related to a particular

type of residence, the type is so indicated. The energy consumed in

residences can be divided into six end-use categories: space heating,

service water heating, appliance operation, air conditioning, lighting,

and mechanical ventilation. The accuracy of predictions of overall

building energy consumption depends on the realism of the use projections for each of these categories. It is difficult to make realistic

generalizations for use projections, however. Patterns of use among

these categories vary, depending on such factors as geographical location (climate), type of dwelling unit, and income level and Lifestyle

of the occupants. As a consequence, it is necessary to consider separately for each end-use category the bases for prediction and the

data available on which to base projections. At the same time, we must take note of interactions between the end uses—for example,

lighting contributes heat, thereby increasing summer air conditioning

load, but reducing winter heating load. Where such interactions may

be significant, the list of data required for each end use includes

pertinent information.

The report is divided into six chapters corresponding to the six enduse categories of energy consumption in residences. Each chapter is

subdivided into a narrative section and a data section.

The narrative section discusses the relative importance of the particular category of energy-use relative to total residential consumption,

lists needed occupant data and related physical data, provides an overview of available data, suggests additional data needs and collection

methods, and gives recommended values for occupant variables. The

listed values represent the best judgment of the authors, based on the

data presented in the report. They do not constitute "NBS recommended"

values .

The data section of each chapter provides reported numeric data on which

the reader can base his own set of numeric values for occupant use of

a building and its energy-using equipment. This particular project had

neither the intention nor the resources to conduct any evaluation of

the assembled data. Our purpose was simply to document the values and

the ranges of values that appear in the current literature, as a starting point for efforts to develop a collated set of national indicators

of energy use in buildings and as a first-cut reference manual for the use of building energy analysts. The reported data do exhibit inconsistencies and unexplainable variations. The sources of the data are listed, and readers are encouraged to obtain and review the original

case studies or project reports and to form their own conclusions as

to the probable validity of various data. The sources referenced are meant to be representative rather than exhaustive. The authors would

welcome information from readers concerning other completed or ongoing

field studies, surveys or statisitical projections.

2
For a table of conversions between different energy and time units, see page 154.

A word is in order concerning units for energy measurement. Energy

consumption in residences is recorded and reported in various units

typically, in particular, kilowatthours (kWh) for electricity consumption

and therms for natural gas usage. In order to facilitate comparisons of

the (interacting) energy uses of a building, we wished to express ail

energy quantities in a single unit. Until such time as the International System unit, the joule, comes into more common use in this

field, the British Thermal Unit (Btu) would appear to be the unit of

choice for uniform expression of energy quantities. Consequently, we

list data in this paper, first in the units in which it was orginally

reported, and then converted into Btu (with an appropriate multiple in

units of 10^). Where carrying out this conversion is attended with

uncertainties, they are discussed in the test.

One also encounters differences with respect to the time frame of

reported measures. They may have been recorded per hour, per day, per

week, per month, per year — or in the form of the load imposed by the

particular device or system. Obviously, data reported for a one-hour or one-day period cannot be projected to annual usage without substantial

uncertainty. A daily average over a 20-or 30-day measurement period

would constitute a more valid basis for pro jections—but even here such

a figure might be representative of winter (or of summer) consumption

patterns, but not of year-round average consumption. Here again we have reported all data in its orginal time units, and have appended such

conversions to other time frames as seemed desirable to facilitate com- parisons while also justified by the nature of the data.

We are aware that computer programs generally require day-profile

(hourly) information in normalized form. However, rather than add

additional columns to our day-profile tables, we have chosen to leave

to users the straightforward task of calculating normalized profiles

from the actual measured data given.

The benefits of improved dissemination of data on occupant use of buildings and energy-using systems will be improved reliability of energy

consumption predictions used during the design phase and reduced energy

consumption after a bulding is constructed. In addition, it will enable

resources for conducting research to be more wisely allocated in order to

collect data where serious deficiencies exist.

3
SPACE HEATING

2.0 SPACE HEATING

2 . 1 RELATIVE IMPORTANCE

Space heating consumes far more energy in U. S. residences than any other

end use. Typically, a 1500 ft 2 house averages 20,000 Btu per day of

gas or oil consumption for each degree (F) (36,000 Btu per day for each

degree C) the outside average temperature is below 65° F (18°C) (1974,

Carnahan, p. 65). The magnitude of this consumption relative to other

energy uses is illustrted by figures complied by the Stanford Research

Institute. Of the total energy consumed in the U.S. in 1969, 11 percent

was consumed for space heating of residences. This amounted to 70 percent of all the energy consumed in residences (1972, Stanford Research

Institute, p. 37).

The most important exterior factor affecting energy consumption for

heating is outside air temperature. The second most dominant factor

is wind. Infiltration/exfiltration, which is strongly influenced by

wind, accounts for as much as one-third of the heating energy consumption. Finally, solar radiation, though currently not considered a dominating factor, has the potential to drastically alter energy consumption for heating. On a clear winter day the solar energy incident on

an unshaded typical house is comparable to the energy required to heat

the house for 24 hours on the coldest day of a 5000 degree day climate

(1974, Carnaham, p. 65).

Occupants can significantly alter the effect of outside temperature,

wind, and sun on heating energy consumption through the opening of

4
exterior doors, the night-time covering of windows, the closing off of

portions of a house when they are not being used, and the setting of

thermostats. Thus, occupant-use data is important input into calculations of predicted energy consumption.

2.2 NEEDED OCCUPANT DATA

1. Hourly demand profiles (average room temperatures)

weekday

we eke nd

unoccupied

by region

by family size

by residence size

2. Exterior door openings (count and cumulative duration)

3. Window management

opening (schedule)

covering (schedule and U-value variations)

4. Isolation of room(s) from conditioning

5. Occupancy schedules (number of people and activities) (Btu)

weekday

weekend

unoccupied

6. Hourly appliance and lighting demand profiles (see Appliance

and Lighting sections)

2.3 RELATED PHYSICAL DATA

1. Climate data--air and ground temperatures, wind speed and direction, and direct and diffuse solar radiation (adjusted for

cloudcover)

2. Area of living space or number of rooms heated

3. Areas and orientations of roof, walls, windows, doors

4. Color of roofing and siding

5. Extent of shading by trees or adjacent buildings

6. Mass of the building construction and contents

5
7 . Airtightness of construction (general: detailing and workmanship, specific: window/door crack length)

8. U-values of building envelope elements

9. Equipment efficiency and fuel type

2.4 AN OVERVIEW OF AVAILABLE DATA

Considerable data have been collected by utility companies on the energy

demands for space heating of residences, and by research groups on the

energy consumed for space heating various "prototype" houses. However,

in general, there is a serious shortage of available data on the occurence and effects of occupant factors, even though these factors can make

a dramatic difference in heating energy consumption. (For the largest

effort to date to fill this gap, see 1975, Socolow and Sonderegger,

describing findings at Princeton University's Twin Rivers Study.) The

energy consumed by a building's heating system, in a given climate,

is basically determined by thermostat settings. ASHRAE Standard 90-75 , Energy Conservation in New Buildings, recommends a single room temperature value of 72°F (22°C) be used for calculation purposes. This correlates with the daytime temperature preference of the greatest number

of households in the 1973, nationwide survey of 1455 households reported

by Newman and Day. (Fifty-two percent of households surveyed preferred

70° to 72°F (21° to 22°C)). However, this survey was conducted prior

to the government and utility company campaign encouraging the lowering

of thermostats. The rapid escalation of fuel prices coupled with the

extensive campaign to lower thermostats to 68°F (20°C) during the day

(even as low as 65°F (18°C)) have probably led to typical average indoor

temperatures lower than 72°F (22°C).

In addition, ASHRAE Standard 90-75 does not provide a recommendation for an assumed night-time temperature set-back. The Newman and Day survey

reports, however, that the greatest number of households set their

thermostats lower than 70°F (32°C) at night. Furthermore, with the

increasing trend of women being employed outside the home, there is a growing likelihood that thermostats are set back during the daytime

when the house is unoccupied

.

2.5 ADDITIONAL DATA NEEDS AND SUGGESTED COLLECTION METHODS

Data about all of the occupant factors listed at the beginning of this

section are needed.

Data are needed to establish patterns of thermostat settings and, equally

important, the average room air temperatures of occupied and unoccupied

rooms for the reported thermostat settings. Room air temperature, not

thermostat setting, is the direct determinant of energy consumption by

the heating system. Such data could be collected in a house by attaching

6
a recording device to the thermostat, installing temperature sensors at

equal heights (the proper height is an important question) in principal

rooms, and asking occupants to keep a log of blocks of time spent in

various rooms. The selection of houses in the sample should include

different family sizes and combinations of ages, different house sizes,

and different climate regions. Results could also be affected by

whether the data were collected in the beginning, middle or end of the

heating season.

A method of obtaining limited interior temperature and thermostat setting

data is to tap the data collected at occupied protytype energy conserving houses (such as the NASA Technology Uilization House in Hampton,

Virginia or the NAHB "energy efficient residence" in Mr. Airy, Maryland)

and the ongoing study at Princeton University in the Twin Rivers townhouse development. These heavily instrumented case studies can provide

supplemental data on parameters which affect occupant preference of

specific air temperatures (e.g., mean radiant temperature, drafts, and

temperature variation with height).

Data on door openings could be gathered by using a cumulative timer

activated when a door was opened and stopped when the door was closed.

A counter device would be used to record the number of door openings,

A sample of households should be metered. Data on window opening and

night-time coverage could be similarily obtained, or recorded by survey

questionnaries. Intuitively, it would be expected that privacy dictates the night time covering of windows, especially in suburban or urban

settings. Research is needed, however, to estimate what percentage of

windows in a house are covered, with what type of covering, and during

which hours. The effects of window covering on heating energy consumption are especially noteworthy, since windows are likely to have the

highest transmission losses (on a square foot basis) in comparison to

all other exterior surfaces, and since the benefit of window covering

occurs during the night when the inside/outside temperature difference

is likely to be greatest.

Occupancy schedules are a key issue, with virtually no data available to

substantiate or refute the numerous assumptions currently used. The

typical procedure for arriving at an occupancy schedule is for the

architect or engineer doing the heating analysis to use his own family

or a hypothetical family and create an occupancy schedule based on his

personal experience. Whether such assumed schedules are truly typical

or representative is unknown. One source of information for the amount

of time that occupants are away from home is the Department of Labor.

Statistics on the percentage of working women vs. all women would be

useful documentation for basing assumptions on occupancy., de facto. A

more precise way of determining occupancy patterns would be to ask a sampling of households to keep a daily log of how many hours each member

of the family was home.

7
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13

DATA

SPACE HEATING

Page

Survey 15

Utility-compiled 18

SURVEY

Source :

Location :

Date :

Data:

1975, Newman and Day*

Nationwide

1973 (i.e. , before government urging to "dial down")

Percent of households from interviews of national sample

of 1455 households in 177 different locations

Usual Indoor Winter Temperature ** (percent of households)

All Heating Degree Days

households <3500 3500-5499 >5500

Daytime

:

<70°F 12% 12 14 10

7 0°-7 2°F 52 51 51 56

>72°F 33 34 33 33

Nightime

:

<70°F 45 51 49 38

7 0°-7 2° 35 30 33 41

>72° 16 13 15 19

15
Usual Indoor Winter Temperature ** (percent of households)

Poor

Income Bracket*

Lower middle Upper middle Well off

Usual daytime:

< 70°F 17% 14 14 13

o

o 8

^sl N> o 49 52 53 55

7 3°-75° 23 24 24 26

> 75° 11 10 9 6

Usual night:

65° 36 20 13 13

65°-69° 21 31 33 33

70°-7 2° 28 34 36 38

72° 15 14 18 16

* For a description of this survey and definitions of terms and

categories used, see page 151. ** Excludes unknowns.

Wintertime Window Opening Practices

(percent of households)

Use of bedroom window

Open at night

Not open at night

Sometimes open winter nights room door usually shut room door usually open

Almost never open

Income Bracket

Lower Upper Well

Poor middle middle off

31% 36 29 35

69 64 71 65

Heating degree days

3500-

All <3500 5499 5500+

33 38 30 32

15 16 12 16

18 22 18 14

66 61 69 66

16
Windows in U. S. Dwellings

Heating degree days

3500-

All 3500 5499 5500+

Number: 0-4 6% 5 6 6

5-9 29 31 29 26

10-14 33 38 30 33

15-19 18 14 19 21

>19 14 10 16 14

Number of extra large: none 49 53 52 42 some 50 46 48 57

1 26 25 22 30

> 1 22 19 23 23

number unknown 3 2

Ou 5 Type: double hung 69 64 76 65

casement 11 11 7 16

sliding 19 21 16 20

other combinations 3 5 2 3

Storm windows or insulating

glass : all windows 34 8 40 52 some 16 4 21 23

none 50 88 40 24

Without storm windows:

weathers tripped 12 22 10 5 no 32 54 27 15

don't know 6 11 3 4

Doors in U. S. Dwellings

Heating degree days

3500-

All <3500 5499 5500+

Number opening to unheated areas:

0-1 13% 6 16 17

2 44 51 39 43

>2 42 42 45 40

Protection: storm doors 51 18 62 70

weatherstrip only 17 34 10 8 none 23 41 20 9

No protection needed 4 <0.5 5 8

17
UTILITY-COMPILED

Source :

Location :

Dates :

Data

1976, Camacho and Roat

See "Reporting utility"

Unspecified

Furnace electricity consumption

Reporting

Utility* KWh Btu x/10

Minimum average (oil burner) Phila. El 25/ mo 85/mo

Portl. GE 33/ mo 113/mo

Maximum average (fan or pump) W. Penn. P 100/mo 341/mo

*See page 153 for key to reporting utilities.

18
SERVICE HOT WATER

4.0 SERVICE HOT WATER

4.1 RELATIVE IMPORTANCE

Hot water heaters are the second largest consumer of energy in both residences and commercial buildings. They account for 4 percent of the

nation's total energy consumption. They use about 15 percent of the

energy consumed in residences and 7 percent of the energy consumed in

commercial buildings (1972, Stanford Research Institute, p. 33, 66).

The energy stored in a 100-gallon tank of hot water at 150°F (66°C)

relative to a room temperature of 70°F (32°C) is equal to the amount

of heat delivered by a typical residential heating system in continuous

operation for one hour. This stored heat is approximately equal to the

heat gain in a house from all (other) uses of electricity for one day

(1974, Carnahan, p. 95).

4.2 NEEDED OCCUPANT DATA

1. Hourly demand profiles (gal °F).

weekday

weekend

unoccupied

19
by region

by season

by family size

by residence size

2. Inventory of hot water using appliances.

by region

by family size

by residence size

4.3 NEEDED PHYSICAL DATA

1. Temperature of water entering the system (including seasonal

variation)

2. Efficiency of the water heating system (net heat added to water

vs. total energy input)

3. Amount of standby heat losses from tank and from hot water

pipes

4.4 AN OVERVIEW OF AVAILABLE DATA

While some data are available on aggregate hot water consumption in

residences, there is a lack of data more finely broken down. For

example, data on hot water consumption in individual single-family

detached houses could be located only in isolated case studies. Few

data could be found which correlate hot water consumption with family

size, house size, family income, or geographic location. Use schedules

also were difficult to project with confidence, based on the limited

data for single family detached houses. Better data were available for

high rise and garden apartments, e.g., the Edison Electric study con- ducted by Werden and Spielvogel. Data are also becoming available for

townhouses from the Princeton study of the Twin Rivers Development.

Finally, data on end uses of hot water in residences are very difficult

to locate. Some data are available from the manufacturers of clothes

washers and dishwashers. However, only rough estimates could be found

for the amount of hot water consumed for bathing and general hygiene

purposes, for hand washing pots and pans, for laundry, etc.

Currently available data can be categorized by the collection methods

employed. The simplest and least precise method of determining hot

water consumption is possible with the following data:

° average electric or gas consumption by hot water heaters

(utility companies)

20
0 average increase in water temperature required

° average efficiency of hot water system

For example, using the Edison Electric Institute's estimate of 4,811 kWh

of electricity consumed for water heating annually in an average residence,

and assuming an average ground water temperature of 55°F (17°C), an average

tank setting of 140°F (60°C) , and an average electric hot water heater

efficiency of 95 percent, the calculated household hot water consumption

would be 22,030 gallons per year or 60 gallons per day.

Hot Water Cons, (gal) = Elec. Cons. (kWh) x % Efficiency x 3,413 (Btu/kWh)

Temp. Rise (°F) x 8.4 (lb/gal)

This method of arriving at hot water consumption leaves unanswered the

questions of when peaks in usage occur, and how consumption varies sea- sonally, geographically, with family size, or with house size. Finally,

accuracy of the above calculation depends directly upon the reliability

of the utility company estimate of electricity consumption for water

heating

.

A more accurate method of calculating hot water consumption is possible

with a finer break-down of data including:

° frequency of use of dishwashers and clothes washers

° amount of hot water consumed per use

° amount of water consumed daily for pot washing and hand laundry

° amount of hot water consumed for personal hygiene

° amount wasted

For example, total hot water consumption can be calculated using the

following data

:

Average Average

Activity/ Appliance hot water cons. /use x freq. of use = consumption

Clothes Washer^ 18.5 gallon x 1 .15/day 21

Dishwasher^- 15.5 gallon x 1 . 15/day = 18

Hygiene^- 13.5 gallon x 4 people/day = 54

21

TOTAL CONSUMPTION 93 gal/day

household
Notes

1. Estimates developed by the Center for Consumer Product Technology,

NBS, in support of the appliance energy labelling program.

2. U.S. hot water consumption inferred from U.K. consumption reported

in 1973, G. E. Smith.

This method of arriving at hot water consumption is reliable only if all

the uses of hot water in residences have been identified and if assumptions on hot water consumption for each type of use are representative.

It addresses the question of average hot water consumption, and partially

answers the question of variation with family size, but leaves unanswered

the questions of when peaks in usage occur and what variation occurs seasonally and geographically. The principle advantage of this method

is the ability to incorporate: the benefit of more conserving dishwashers or clothes washers as they are developed, the effectiveness of

consumption limiting devices such as limited-flow shower heads, and

changing consumption patterns of occupants.

A third method of obtaining hot water consumption is to monitor the

electric or gas consumption and the inlet water temperature and then

calculate the consumption. A number of studies have been conducted to

monitor the energy consumption at the hot water tank. Estimating hot

water consumption from these data is difficult, however. Frequently,

the inlet water temperature is not included in the published literature.

Furthermore, consideration must be given to the heat losses through the

tank jacket, and the standby losses of hot water in the plumbing after

each use.

A way of estimating hot water consumption without installing meters on

hot water heaters is possible if a sample of residences can be found

which use gas only for space heating and water heating. If the furnace

pilot is turned off, or its known consumption subtracted, the summer

gas consumption will be the energy expenditure for water heating alone.

By estimating the summer ground water temperature, the hot water consumption can be calculated for summer and projected for winter.

Unfortunately, this method makes no provision for hot water use in the

winter being different from that in the summer. Also, it misstates hot

water consumption by the amount of heat lost from the water heater pilot

flame up the flue (unless a sample of houses with pilotless gas water

heaters is used), the gas consumed to compensate for heat loss at the

tank, and the standby losses in the plumbing.

An example of this approach is a study by the Washington Gas Light

Company which identified approximately 40 houses with gas used only for

water heating and space heating. All had automatic clothes washers,

several had dishwashers. The average family size was four. The average

water temperature at the inlet was 60°F (15.6°C). Summer gas consumption averaged 32 therms/month. Assuming a 140°F delivery temperature

(the common current recommendation, considering use of a dishwasher)

22
and 60 percent efficiency (considering the stack losses of a gas water

heater), this would imply average summer hot water consumption of 95

gal/day.

A fourth method of obtaining hot water consumption is to directly measure

the hot water flow in a sample of residences.

An hourly schedule of hot water consumption was reported in a study by

R. G. Werden and L. G. Spielvogel sponsored by the Edison Electric

Institute. The study unfortunately did not include single-family residences. High rise and garden apratments are combined into one set of

data published in the 1976 ASHRAE systems Handbook (1969, Werden and

Spielvogel)

Smaller scale studies such as the measurements reported by Johnson and

Angleton are valuable, but water consumption monitored for one house

must be evaluated against a range of similar studies and the important

confounding parameters factored out to arrive at generalizable data.

4.5 ADDITIONAL DATA NEEDS AND SUGGESTED COLLECTION METHODS

Data on geographic variations in hot water consumption are needed in

order to place energy budgets set for various climate regions in perspective with current energy consumption. To obtain such data, a sampling procedure could be used to select houses in each climate

region, and the energy consumption of the water heater, the incoming

water temperature, and ideally, the flow from the water heater monitored.

The sampling approach used could also provide information on the effect

of family size or number of bedrooms (as a possible indicator of family

size) upon energy consumption for water heating.

Data on the end use of hot water in residences are also needed if the

consumption estimates are to be revised with changing technology and/or

occupant consumption patterns. Almost no data could be located on how

frequently people bathe or shower, the water flow rate and duration of

each shower, or amount used for each bath. Some data are available for

dishwasher and clothes washer use, but more detail is needed to correlate their hot water consumption with family size, and to establish

time of use and seasonal and geographic variation in use. A means of

obtaining such data is to ask a sample of households to maintain a daily log. Information requested might include number and duration of

showers or baths, number and times of uses of the dishwasher, and

number and times of uses of the clothes washer, including load and

temperature settings.

23

AUTHORS'

RECOMMENDED

VALUES

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25

by

residence

size

No

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AUTHORS'

RECOMMENDED

VALUES

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27 od

p*

DATA

SERVICE HOT WATER

Prevalence:

Survey and Calculated

Energy Consumption:

Measured

Survey

Utility-compiled

Calculated

Assumptions

Page

29

30

42

43

46

47

PREVALENCE

SURVEY AND CALCULATED

Source :

Location :

Dates :

Data

1972, Stanford Research Institute

Nationwide

1960, 1968

Number of water heaters per household

gas electric

1960 0.53 0.20

1968 0.68 0.24

29
PREVALENCE (cont.)

SURVEY AND CALCULATED

Source

:

1974, Federal Energy Administration

Location: Nationwide

Dates

:

1970

Data: Percent of households

Fuel type

natural gas 55 percent

electric 25

oil 10

LPG 5 coal 1 no water heater 4

100 percent

ENERGY CONSUMPTION

MEASURED

Source : 1963, Phillips and Achenbach

Location: Myrtle Beach, N.C. and Columbus, Miss.

Dates : Winter 1959/60

Data : Measurements at 10 units of militry housing (5 at each

location) (all-electric, heat-pump conditioned, detached

houses) .

Average daily consumption for electric water heater

kWh/ dy 10 ^ Btu/dy

Myrtle Beach, N.C. (22 Dec ’59-22 Jan ’60)

minimum (52 gal unit) 14.75 50.3

average (25.0% of avg . house 23.75 81.1

total)

maximum (52 gal unit)

Columbus, Miss. (23 Feb ’60-23 Mar ’60)

32.13 109.7

minimum (50 gal unit) 24.28 82.9

average (30.3% of avg. house 32.04 109.4

total)

maximum (50 gal unit) 41.59 141.9

30
Source

Undated, Schmitt

Location: Cleveland, 0. areas

Dates

Feb *73 to Feb '74

Data: One year water heater consumption of 3 RR house housing

family of three.

5954 kWh 20.32 x 1G 6 Btu

(This amounts to 21.4% of house total, and is equivalent to

16.3 kWh/day, 55.7 x 103 Btu/day.)

Source

1975, Johnson and Angleton

Location: Washington, D.C. area

Dates: 1974

Data

Measurements made in a single house, occupied by 2 adults

and 2 teenage children (plus 2 others college age, home for one month) between mid-September 1974 and mid-January 1975 0

Daily usage: minimum - 8.5 gal/day

average - 82.1 gal/day

maximum - 210 gal/day

Number of times hot water used per dy:

minimum - 9

average - 36.6

maximum - 93

How long hot water faucet opened:

< 1 min. 75% of the times

> 5 min. 3% of the times

Average consumption per use:

2.24 gal

Average daily consumption per person:

17.75 gal/person®day

Energy consumption (gas) to heat:

ca. 19.8 x 10

J Btu/person ®day

31
Source : Undated, Ultraflo Corp.

Location : Sandusky, Ohio, area

Dates: 1975

Data : Monitored hot and cold water usage in less than 40 households

equipped with electrically operated push button water control

systems.

The average shower lasted five minutes. Nearly all showers

ranged from four to seven minutes. The longest recorded

shower lasted 13 minutes.

Typical daily hot water consumption for a house with an electrically operated pushbutton water control system for a family of two adults and three children aged 12, 10, and 9.

Use Number of Uses Hot Water Consumption (gal/dy)

Kitchen sink 52 32

Lavatory 15 11

Showers 5 30

Dishwasher 1 20

Clotheswasher

(automatic)

1.5 32 (variable)

Total 125

Data from monitoring of less than 40 homes:

User Habits Percent of Total Time Used

Blended H and C 55

Hot water only 15

Cold water only 30

32
Source

1975, Robinson and Yeung

Location :

Dates :

Data:

Source :

Location :

Dates

Data:

Twin Rivers, NJ

Summe r , 1974

Measurements (at 20-min. intervals) of two townhouses, from

24 to 29 Aug and 4 to 19 Sept 1974 (22 days)

Daily electricity consumption for hot water

kWh/ dy Btu x lO'Vdy

House no. 1* - minimum - 11.1 37.9

maximum 34.3 117.4

House no. 2+ - minimum - 7.0 23.9

maximum 24.4 83.3

*0ccupied by 2 adults and 3 young children

-l-Occupied by 2 adults and 2 young children

1976, Shookster

Twin Rivers, NJ

Winter, 1973/4

Measurements (at 20-minute intervals) of one townhouse

from 20 Jan to 22 Mar 1974 (62 days)

Daily electricity consumption for hot water

kWh/dy Btu x 10~7dy

minimum

maximum

2.4 8.2

10.2 34.8

33
Source 1976, Socolow and Sonderegger

Location : Twin Rivers, NJ

Dates : as stated

Data : Average hourly winter water heater consumption for three

townhouses (derived from measurements made on 97 days

between 20 Jan and 30 Apr

1975)**

kW of Electricity*

Omnibus house**

lour"

1" #1 #2 #3

1 .15 .51 .45

2 .11 .27 - .42

3 .16 .26 .26

4 .14 .34 .36

5 .10 .34 .46

6 .55 .21 .36

7 1.82 .30 1.88

8 1.29 .63 1.72

9 1.59 .55 1.60

10 2.00 .49 1.26

11 1.56 .65 1.25

12 1.34 .84 .96

13 1.08 .72 .79

14 .92 .37 .65

15 .73 .40 .61

16 .72 .55 .59

17 .97 .75 .70

18 1.17 1.30 1.63

19 .83 1.08 1.86

20 1.29 .97 1.50

21 .70 1.04 .85

22 .43 1.22 .75

23 .42 1.70 .46

24 — 1.40 .51

Total: kWh 20.07 16.89 21.88

Btu x 103 68.50 57.65 74.68

* Values interpreted from a graph

** The houses instrumented for the collection of eight items

of data in this experiment are referred to as "Omnibus

houses .

+ Hour given is the ending time, e.g. : 4 is the period

0300 to 0400

34
Average measured hourly rate of consumption and projected equivalent

monthly and yearly consumption rates (for the above winter period)

Omnibus House

Average Consmption Rate

kW

Btu x 10^/hr

#1

0.87

3.0

Equivalent Semi-annual (winter = 6 months)

Consumption

kWh 3811.

Btu x 106 13.0

#2 #3

0.69 0.90

2.4 3.1

3022. 3942.

10.3 13.5

Time* and magnitudes of maximum and minimum hourly consumption (for the

above winter period)

#1 #2 #3

Hour kW Hour kW Hour kW

Maximum + 1000 2.00 2300 1.70 0700 ©

00 oo

Minimum + 0500 0.10 0600 0.21 0300 0.26

* Time given is the ending time for the hour, e.g. 0400 is the period

0300 to 0400.

+ Note: Maxima occur both in the 6 a.m. to 10 a.m. period and in late

evening; minima occur during the late night hours and during

mid afternoon.

35
Average winter consumption rates in 6 "Omnibus" townhouses - 20 Nov to 18 Dec 1975

Omnibus

house min/ hr+ kW Btu/hr

1 14.4 1.18 4027

4 12.7 0.95 3242

7 16.6 1.24 4232

11 8.7 0.65 2218

16 11.7 0.88 3003

19 13.3 1 .00 3413

Average of the six 12.9 0.98 3356

+ min/ hr = minutes of heating element operation.

Monthly and yearly consumption projected from above measured data:

Monthly Yearly

House kWh Btu x 10^ kWh Btu x 10^

minimum 11 468 1597 5694 19.4

maximum 7 893 3048 10862 37.1

36
Average hourly summer water heater consumption for two town houses

(derived from measurements made on 22 days between 25 Aug and 19 Sep

1974)

kW of Electricity*

Omnibus House

Hour #1 #3

1 .12 .20

2 .10 .13

3 .07 .28

4 .09 .13

5 .05 .19

6 .74 .14

7 1.55 1.32

8 1.31 .68

9 1.32 .76

10 1.88 .50

11 1.24 ,76

12 1.03 .65

13 1.20 .50

14 .80 .21

15 .65 .19

16 .62 .56

17 .70 .58

18 .55 1.12

19 1.14 1.60

20 1.20 .72

21 .70 .48

22 .17 .35

23 .37 .27

24 .20 .46

kWh 17.80 12.78

Btu xlO^ 60.75 43.62

* Data interpreted from graphs.

37
Average measured hourly rate of consumption and projected equivalent

monthly and yearly consumption (for the above summer period)

Omnibus house

n

Average Consumption Rate

kW 0.74

Btu x lO'Vhr 2.5

Equivalent Semi-Annual (summer = 6 months)

Consumption

kWh 3241

Btu x 10^ 11.06

y/3

0.53

1.8

2321.

7.92

Time and magnitude of maximum and minimum hourly consumption (for

the above summer period)

#1 #3

Hour kW Hour kW

Minimum 0500 0.05 0200 .13

Maximum 1000 1.88 1900 1.60

38
Average measured early summer consumption for four additional townhouses.

Omnibus

No. 10 1 ’ 2

Omnibus

No. 9 1,3

An adjacent

house2, ' Another adjacent

house 3> ^

Daily energy

use:

kWh/dy 12.02 24.29 13.56 24.74

Btu x 10

3

/dy 41.02 82.9 46.3 84.4

Daily hot

water con- sumption:

Total gal 44.7 98.1 44.0 79.0

liters 169.2 371.3 166.6 299.0

for dishwasher

gal 4.6 12.5 4.6 10.8

liter 17.4 47.3 17.4 40.9

for clothes washer

ga 1 6.7 10.5 5.1 8.5

liters 25.4 39.7 19.3 32.2

1 Water heaters retrofitted with R-7 insulation wrap

2 Averaged over a 64-day period.

3 Averaged over a 28-day period.

4 These houses were not in the Omnibus Experiment.

39
Source

:

1969, Werdon and Spielvogel

Location: Unspecified

Dates : Unspecified

Data : Actual hot water usage was measured in 1 1 high rise apartment

buildings and 15 garden apartments. The average, per apartment consumption for one building—not necessarily typical

for all buildings—was:

Hour

all days

(gallons)

day with

maximum

total use

(gallons)

1 am 1.7 1.8

2 1.45 1.65

3 1.25 1.55

4 1.3 1.25

5 1.25 1.2

6 1.25 1.2

7 1.45 1.2

8 1.8 1.25

9 2.9 2.0

10 2.55 3.25

11 2.25 3.7

12(noon) 2.05 3.95

all days

day with

maximum

total use Hours (gallons) (gallons)

1 pm 2.05 3.45

2 1.8 4.1

3 1.45 2.4

4 1.4 2.5

5 1.4 2.0

6 1.8 2.5

7 2.3 2.25

8 2.5 2.25

9 2.2 2.25

10 1.8 2.25

11 1.6 2.25

^(midnight)

2.0 2.15

Note: values approximated from graphs.

40
Source : 1974, ASHRAE

Location : all of U.S. (47 cities)

Date : unspecified

Data : annual maximum and minimum of integrated average earth

temperatures (surface to depth of 10 ft.)

Earth Temp Station Maximum, °F Minimum

Auburn, Ala. 74 56

Decatur, Ala. 71 48

Tempe, Ariz. 81 59

Tucson, Ariz 85 65

Brawley, Calif. 90 68

Davis, Calif. 76 56

Ft. Collins, Colo. 64 36

Gainesville, Fla. 80 69

Athens, Ga. 77 57

Tifton, Ga. 80 62

Moscow, Idaho 57 37

Lemont, 111 65 39

Urbana, 111. 68 42

West Lafeyette, Ind. 66 38

Burlingotn, Iowa 71 38

Manhattan, Kans. 69 41

Lexington, Ky 70 4 6 Upper Marlboro, Md. 70 42

East Lansing, Mich. 63 37

St. Paul, Minn. 62 34

State Univ., Miss 79 55

Faucett, Mo. 65 43

Kansas City, Mo. 66 42

Sikeston, Mo. 71 43

Bozeman, Mont. 56 32

Huntley, Mont. 64 36

Lincoln, Nebr. 69 39

Norfolk, Nebr. 66 40

New Brunswick, N.J. 65 42

Ithaca, N.Y. 59 39

Raleigh, N.C. 73 52

Columbus, Ohio 65 41

Coshocton, Ohio 64 40

Lake Hefner, Okla. 77 51

Pawhuska, Okla. 74 50

Corvallis, Oreg. 66 46

Pendleton, Oreg. 67 39

Calhoun, S.C. 76 52

Union, S.C. 70 48

Madison, S.D. 61 33

Jackson, Tenn. 71 49

41
Temple, Texas 83 59

Salt Lake City, Utah 63 40

Burlington, Vt. 63 35

Pullman, Washington 60 36

Seattle, Washington 61 45

SURVEY

Source :

Location :

Date :

Data:

1973, ASHRAE (original source as noted)

unspecified

as noted

A survey by electric utilities indicated 41 gal (155 L)/

day based on readings from 60,000 meters.

A 1962 survey by 23 large gas utilitiees conducted by the

American Gas Association in 1962 showed average gas consumption for water heating to be 255 therms per year, or hot

water usage of 44.5 gal (168 L)/day based on the University

of Illinois average service efficiency.

42
UTILITY-COMPILED

Source : 1972, Stanford Research Institiute (from AGA, EEI)

Location : nationwide

Dates : i960, 1968

Data : average annual consumption of water heaters

Electric Gas

kWh Btu x 10*3 Btu x 10^

1960 yearly 4272. 14.5 25.5

1968 yearly 4490. 15.3 27.2

Source : 1975, Newman and Day (from AGA, EEI)

Location: nationwide

Dates : as noted

Data : average annual consumption

Year Electric Gas

Btu X 106 /yr

1950 12.5

1959 13.5

1960 24

1966 27

1969 14.4

1969 quick recovery 16.3

1971 32

43
Source

1973, Anderson

Location: Baltimore/Washington

Dates: early. 1970's

Data: Typical annual consumption in single-family home (based on utility data)

Btu x 10^/yr

Electric 15.0

Gas 27.0

Source

1974, Lokhmanhekim

Location: Baltimore/Washington

Dates: Early 1970's

Data: Typical annual consumption (based on utility data):

Dwelling type Fuel type Btu x 10^/yr

townhouse gas 43.2

lowrise gas 24.0

highrise (1 or 2 BR) gas 14.4

Source: 1975, Jones and Hendrix

Location: Austin, Texas

Dates

early 1970's

DataTypical consumption (source ambiguous, but believed to be

based on utility data):

Monthly gas consumption for water heating and cooking —

sample of 40 homes:

ft^ x 10^/mo approx. Btu x 10^/mo

minimum

average

maximum

2 2 4.5 4.5

8 8

44
Average monthly energy consumption for various amounts of hot water

consumption:

Water Consumption Energy Consumption

Hot water temp. Fuel type Reported Equivalent

quantity Btu x 10^/mo

70 gal/dy 150°F electric 505 kWh 1.7

(265 1/sy) (66°C)

gas 2600 ft 3 2.6

135°F electric 415 kWh 1.42

(57°C)

gas 2100 ft 3

2.

1

150 gal/dy 150°F electric 690 kWh 2.35

(568 l) (66°C)

gas 3400 ft 3 3.4

Source

:

1976, Camacho and Roat

Locations : as specified

Dates

:

unspecified

Data: average monthly consumption

Overall* kWh/mo Btu x 10^ /mo

minimum 350

maximum 609

1.19

2.08

Standard"

minimum 339

maximum 400

1.16

1.37

" Quick-recovery"

minimum 373

maximum 467

1.27

1.59

Reporting utility-f

New Orl. PS

Carol. P&L

(4 in the

family)

Tex. P&L

PSNJ

Tex. P&L

PSNJ

* These are not individual house minima and maxima, but minimum/maximum

averages (or estimates) over utility service areas. + For key to utility company abbreviations, see page 153.

45
CALCULATED

Source :

Location :

Date :

Data:

1974, FEA

Nationwide

1970

National average annual household energy consumption for hot

water (based on assumed 20 gal per person-day usage):

Btu x 10^/yr

electric 10.2

gas 31.5

Source: Present authors

Locations

Dates:

Data: The hot water consumption for a five minute shower can be

calculated assuming a flow rate of 3.5 gallons per minute

for a conventional shower and a water temperature of 106°F

(4l°C) (note: five minutes is the average recorded shower

duration in the Uniflo monitoring study).

Proportioning: Assumed cold water @ 55°F (12.8°C) = 32%

Assumed hot water @ 130°F (54.4°C) = 68%

H. W. consumption = 3.5 (gal/min) x 5 (min) x .68

= 11.9 gal

46
ASSUMPTIONS

Source : I960, Babbitt

Location : Unspecified

Date: 1920

Recommended hot water capacities (gal/hr* fixture) to supply:

apartment private residence

lavatory 3 3

bathtub 15 15

kitchen sink 10 10

shower 100 100

dishwasher 15 15

Total likely to be drawn at one time 35 50

Date : 1954

Data: Estimated rates of use per dwelling unit:

gal/day

single family (detached or attached) 30-60

one bath 60-100

two baths 100-200

large family, two baths 200-300

multifamily one bath 60-125

two baths 100-200

three baths 150-250

47
Source: 1973, Anderson

Location: Baltimore/Washington

Date

:

early 1970’s

Data assumed energy consumption for water heating (based on utility data) used in calculating total energy consumption

of characteristic single family home

Btu x 10^/yr

electric 15.0

gas 27.0

Source

:

1974, Lokhmanhekim

Location:

Date

:

Baltimore/Washington

Data: assumed energy consumption for water heating (based on utility data) used in calculating total energy consumption

of characteristic multifamily dwellings

Dwelling type fuel Btu x 10^/yr

townhouse gas 43.2

lowrise gas 24.0

highrise (1 or 2 Br) gas 14.4

48
Source

1976, Bernstein and Alereza

Location ; as specified

Date; Mid-1970's

Data: assumed energy consumption for water heating used in calculating total energy consumption of characteristic residences.

Location Dwelling type Fuel Btu x 10^/yr

Atlanta single family gas 27.0

townhouse gas 27.0

Boston single family gas 27.0

townhouse electricity 15.4

low rise electricity 13.1

Chicago single family gas 27,0

townhouse gas 27.0

Denver single family gas 27.0

townhouse gas 27.0

Source : 1975, Jones and Hendrix

Location : Austin, texas

Date : early 1970's

Data : assumptions (based on utility data) used in analyzing energy

consumption in Austin-area homes

Energy Consumption

electric gas equivalent

water usage temperatures kWh/ mo ft^ x 10~/mo Btu x 10^/mo

70 gal/dy 150°F (66 °C) 500 1.71

2.6 2.6

135°F (57 °C) 410 1.40

2.1 2.1

100 gal/dy 150°F (66 °C) 700 2.39

3.5 3.5

135°F (57 °C) 570 1.95

2.8 2.8

49
Source: undated, Ultraflo Corp.

Location : unspecified

Date : unspecified

Data : assumed average flow rates for household users of conventional hand operated faucets

kitchen sink 3.0 to 3.5 gal/min

shower 3.0 to 3.75 gal/min

lavatory 2.25 gal/min nominal

Note

Wide variations in flow rate occur as a result of user preferences and

line pressures. The figures given are established on the low side.

average consumption per day (total water—hot and cold) when water runs continuously at the above flow rates while the task is being performed:

Lavatory tasks 40 gal

Showering 30

Kitchen tasks 91

For showering and handwashing, water temperatures can range from 102°F

(39°C) —luke warm—to 114°F (46°C) —as hot as can be endured—with

showers most commonly at 106 to 108°F (41.1 to 42.2°C).

50
Source

:

1970, Todd

Location: unspecified

Date : unspecified

Data: water requirements for domestic use

Fixture gal

fill lavatory 2 fill bathtub 30

shower bath 30-60

dishwashing Machine

per load

clothes Washing Machine

per load 30-50

total daily hot water consumed

per person in a residence 40

Source : 1973, ASHRAE

Location : Nationwide

Date: 1956

Data : The Building Advisory Board of FHA recommended a mean minimum required daily hot water supply for low income families

of 55 gal, with an increase of 7 percent for each $1000 of

income above $3000.

Possible maximum 24-hour hot water supply requirements for

apartments and private homes:

of Rooms 1 No. of Bathrooms

2 3 4

1 60

2 70

3 80

4 90 120

5 100 140

6 120 160 200

7 140 180 220

8 160 200 240 250

9 180 220 260 275

10 200 240 280 300
Source :

Location :

Dates :

Data:

1976, ASHRAE

unspecified

unspecified

typical residential usage of hot water

food Preparation 3 dal

hand Dishwashing 4 gal

automatic Dishwasher 15 gal

clothes Washer 21 gal

shower or Bath 15 gal

face and Hand Washing 2 gal

52
APPLIANCES

5.0 APPLIANCES

5.1 RELATIVE IMPORTANCE

Gas and electric appliances (other than air conditioners, water

heaters, or attic fans, which are being treated elsewhere in this

report) accounted for roughly 9% of the total energy consumed in residences in the United States in 1968. However this fraction is likely

to show considerable variation from dwelling to dwelling.

Unfortunately, little measured data is available documenting the overall energy consumption of appliances in U.S. households. There are difficulties attendant to measuring this consumption. Electrical

appliances are likely to be numerous, and are energized through a distributed power network that also supplies lighting devices, furnace

fans, and very possibly air conditioners and/or a water heater. Thus

the whole-house electric meter does not provide the needed broken out

data. If gas is used for cooling or clothes drying, it is probably also

used for space heating and for water heating. Again, the whole-house

meter does not give us appliance energy use data (and sub-metering of

gas appliances is technically somewhat awkward and expensive).

However, we can get an idea of the energy consumption of appliances in

American homes by looking at some of the calculated data that are available. Analyzing the patterns of residential energy consumption presented in Project Independence Blueprint , (1974, FEA) we can say that

a national average 11.7% of residential energy consumption goes for

appliances and lighting . Looking at different dwelling types, the range

of consumption averages extends, in percentage terms, from a high of

19.6% of average unit demand for mobile homes to a low of 10.7% in

53
single-family, detached dwellings. In absolute terms the range (of

averages) is narrower, varying from 16.5 x 10^ Btu/yr in the average low

rise apartment unit to 10.5 x 10” Btu/yr in the average single family

home.

That these figures, in purporting to include consumption for lighting,

may be somewhat on the low side is suggested by the "in house" survey

data of Newman and Day (1975, Newman and Day). These authors calculated

individual household appliance energy consumption "indexes", based on appliance inventories from their interviews of 1,455 U.S. households and

on data on the average consumption by various appliances, obtained from

the Edison Electric Institute (EEI) and the American Gas Association

(AGA). Newman and Day's survey findings suggest that the typical U.S.

household has the following set of "major" (relatively heavy energyusing) appliances: an automatic washer, an electric clothes dryer, a color television, a frost-free refrigerator, and a gas stove. They

calculate that this ensemble of equipment, on the average, consumes

45 x 10” Btu of energy per year (1975, Newman and Day). However, in this

figure electricity consumption has been converted so as to include the

electrical generation and distribution losses. In other words, it is

expressed in terms of "primary energy" rather than energy at the point

of demand or use. Subtracting the losses that occur outside a residence,* the consumption of electricity and gas is 20.1 x 10” Btu per year

for this typical household. Note that this number includes only

appliances—not lighting and not an air conditioner. Some biases that do

affect this figure are discussed below.

The median of the 1,455 individual household appliance energy consumption

"indexes" (in terms of "primary" energy consumed at electric generating

plants, i.e., comparable to the 45 x 10” Btu per year figure above) was

51 x 10” Btu per year. However, air conditioners—even central units

were defined as appliances in this study, so their consumption (where

present) is included in the individual household "indexes,” and biases

the median upward. For our purposes, two other possible biases in these

figures must be noted: 1) they are biased downward somewhat by the fact

that they include only the consumption of major appliances,** and 2) they

may be biased upward by the EEI and AGA data not having been adjusted

for the predominance of older, smaller appliances in the national inventory. (However, in view of the "graininess" of the underlying data

* See page 143 for explanation of this calculation.

** Clearly such figures account for a large part of the energy consumed

by appliances in residences. Project Independence Blueprint suggests

that the total consumption of the minor appliances is less than 1 percent of total residential energy consumption. (1974, Federal

Energy Administration) However, with the apparently growing popularity of such electric cooking devices as skillets, slow cookers, coffee

makers, griddles, sandwich grills, toaster ovens, and rotisseries, the

electrical energy consumed by small appliances in the homes may show

significant growth over the coming decade.

54
i.e., annual consumption of individual appliances expressed in even numbers of 10° Btu—the latter point is probably irrelevant).

So far we have been discussing this segment of energy consumption in

terms of averages or representative numbers. There are really no data

useful to our purposes available regarding ranges of household consumption for appliances. The individual household indexes calculated by

Newman and Day ranged from 0 (two dwellings did not have electricity)

to 270 x 10^ Btu per year. However, as we have mentioned, air conditioner energy usage is included in these figures. Air conditioner

consumption was calculated (on the basis of equipment type and average

cooling degree days at the household) to range from 1 x 10^ to 194 x

10° Btu per year. Thus, this component of residential energy consumption, which we are considering separately in the present report, has

heavily biased the upward end of the appliance consumption range reported

by Newman and Day.

In the absence of data more specific than this, we presume that measured

appliance energy usage in households would exhibit a substantial variability. Appliance energy consumption may not necessarily be relatable

to size of dwelling, but might be more closely related to such factors

as: number of occupants, income level, lifestyle, and values.

5.2 NEEDED OCCUPANT DATA

1. hourly demand profiles (watts or therms)

weekday

weekend

unoccupied

by region

by season

by family size

by residence size

2. inventory of appliances

5.3 RELATED PHYSICAL DATA

Measured energy consumption per use or per time unit of appliances, older

as well as current models, when operating in typical normal household

use.

5.4

OVERVIEW OF AVAILABLE DATA

Information about the prevalences of various major appliances has been

obtained for several recent years from different sources. These data

appear reasonably interconsistent (see Table I).

55
TABLE I

Saturations of Major Appliances

1960*

(SRI)

1968*

(SRI)

1969*

(SRI)

1970*

(FEA)

1973"’" (Newman & Day)

Range - gas 0.63 0.58 0.49 0.52 x 100

- electric 0.33 0.39 0.41 0.46

Refrigerator 0.86 0.96 1.00

- electric 0.99

- gas 0.01

Dryer - gas 0.06 0.13 0.12 0. 16 - electric 0.13 0.27 0.29 0.38

Freezer 0.20 0.27 0.28 0.34

Television

' 1.48 0.97

- black & white 0.91 1.39 0.64

- color 0.03 0.33 0.53

Dishwasher 0.06 0.20 0.18 0.25

Clothes washer 0.75 0.76 0.71 0.78

* Number per household.

+ Percent of households with at least one.

The only information we have found that approximates individual household

consumption of energy for appliances is that in The American Energy Consummer (1975, Newman and Day). These data, as has been observed, are based on 1) survey (by in-house interview) of the major appliances present in the dwelling and 2) average appliance energy use figures

obtained from industry sources. Thus, only the appliance inventory data

is true measured data. The per appliance consumption figures are "estimates” based on (undefined) "normal usage." Further, as already noted,

the Newman and Day household totals, in their presently published versions, incorporate (estimated) air conditioner energy usage, a separate

category for our purposes.

For individual major (electrical) appliances, it is not impractical to

meter energy consumption during actual, normal household use. This can

be done by attaching either a watthour meter or a clock (for recording

elapsed "on" time) to the supply cord of the particular piece of

56
equipment. With regard to these appliances, we find the following situation. There is (a limited amount of) actual measured data about

the energy consumed by some appliances in normal use in homes. For

clothes washers and dishwashers, data are available from four townhouses

in Twin Rivers, New Jersey. For refrigerators, data have been reported

from 156 households in seventeen cities and in Twin Rivers, New Jersey.

For (electric) clothes dryers and (electric) ranges, in addition to some Twin Rivers measurements (recorded in 1974-1976), data are available from

a study of five houses in Myrtle Beach, North Carolina, and five houses

in Columbus, Mississippi, gathered in 1959-1960. Annual consumption of

food freezers has been measured in nine residences around the country.

We have found no figures on directly measured energy consumption of television sets. For these relatively heavy users of electricity, the only

available data are the industry (Edison Electric Institiute or individual utility-provided) "estimates."

The same limitation holds with regard to data on the energy consumption

of "minor" appliances. We should note that some of the latter--particularly the various cooking devices-may be considerable users of electricity. Two points need to be kept in mind about these utility-compiled

data: Firstly, each is based on some estimate of "normal" usage of the

particular device. The original sources of the data contained in 1976,

Camacho and Roat, have not yet been made available to us. Consequently,

we are largely ignorant of how the utilities have arrived at these estimates. A factual basis for these data would require some type of activity log (or other frequency and length of use) surveys of a representative sample of users. We are not aware of any instances where utility

companies have actually conducted such studies. We have been given to

understand that, in at least some cases, these estimates are simply "off

the top of the head" guesses by someone in a utility research department.

The important concern of the utility companies has to do, of course, with

the profiles of total load of households and groups of households and the

patterns of such profiles, not the consumption of individual energy-using

devices within the household. Finally, the exact coincidence of many cf

the numbers reported for the same type of appliance by utilities in different regions of the country (see 1976, Camacho and Roat) suggests to us that these are not data developed by a local utility, but rather

"national averages," already "aggregated" (by Edison Electric Institute,

presumably) and distributed back to the utilities. Thus they would

represent fairly crude national averages, rather than (somewhat less

crude?) utility service area averages.

Secondly, these data give us no clue, whatsoever, to the range of values

of energy consumed by a given appliance when in ordinary use by different families or households.

57
5.5 ADDITIONAL DATA NEEDS AND SUGGESTED COLLECTION METHODS

The small amount of recorded appliance energy consumption data so far

available from Twin Rivers, New Jersey, as well as the 1959/60 data

recorded by Phillips and Achenbach, make clear that the energy consumed

by similar appliances, when installed in and operated by different

households, can vary significantly. One might presuppose that the

electricity used by identical refrigerators in different households would

be fairly similar. Twin Rivers data exhibit a 2 to 1 range of high to

low consumption by refrigerators.

Cooking ranges could be expected to reflect, to a somewhat greater

degree, the lifestyles and habits of their users. The early data from

Twin Rivers (a community with relatively high cultural and economic

homogeneity) reflect a 2 tc 1 ratio of high to low average energy use in

cooking ranges. The Air Force base communities where Phillips and

Achenbach measured dwelling energy consumption probably embodied greater

diversity of inhabitants, and these data display a 3 to 1 range between

high and low individual household consumption by ranges.

To consider clothes dryers, the energy used by similar machines would

be influenced by such factors as: 1) number of family members contributing dirty clothes to the task, and 2) household practices regarding

the use of the machine (e.g., are clothes always dried in the dryer or are they hung for drying when feasible). For these devices, both Twin

Rivers and Myrtle Beach researchers recorded ranges of more than 3 to 1 between high and low users. (It might be noted that both of these sets

of data were recorded during winter months, when the possibility of

hanging clothes to dry might not even have been available.)

We have mentioned the problems attendant to measuring the energy con- sumption of appliances, since they are energized by distributed networks

that also supply lighting, cooling, or heating devices. Unless we are dealing only with all-electric dwellings, and can be satisfied with

aggregated data for appliances and lights (with possibly the major

appliances metered separately), it will be necessary to "construct"

household appliance energy use data much as Newman and Day did. However,

instead of constructing these data on the basis of somewhat hypothetical

national "average" consumptions for particular types of appliances, we would want to base them on observed or recorded data about frequencies

and durations of use of appliances and measured unit-time consumption

(i.e., rate of consumption or "load") of the specific equipment in

question.

In order to be able to assemble, with reasonable confidence, averages and

ranges of aggregated household energy consumption for appliances, there

is a clear need for more data on: 1) typical inventories of appliances

for households in different geographic regions and at different socioeconomic levels, and 2) typical energy consumption of different appliances in actual use in homes.

58
Some of the latter type of data will come out of the Midwest Research

Institute study now being carried out in 16 cities around the country.

More data will be coming from more town houses in Twin Rivers, which will

give us some stronger clues to the ranges and patterns exhibited by

appliance energy use, but still reflecting a rather homogeneous community,

not necessarily representative of the Nation as a whole*

The types of instrumentation and techniques developed in the Twin Rivers

Project would appear to be very effective and efficient for recording the

energy consumed by the larger (electrical) appliances in actual use in

dwellings. Measuring gas usage by appliances is a more technically

difficult task. Gas meters can be installed on individual gas-using

appliances, but a simpler way of obtaining indicative data—-and certainly

the only way of getting a handle on household use of electricity for minor

appliances—would be the use of activity logs. Suitably designed forms

would make it a reasonably easy matter for residents to record their frequency and duration of use of various household devices. Combined with

measured data on the rate of energy consumption of the devices, such

information would enable us to develop a much better picture of the patterns of use of energy for appliances in the Nation's residences.
V
AUTHORS'

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44 4-1 0 0 « X

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44 CO 0 0 o 0 0 s M 0 o 44 rH 0 a

•H 0 s

CM °H 3 O rH 0 M ex 0 a 0 a O M 0 G

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3 3 a o 0 a g • e 0

<3 o i—

CNJ (3d

61

appliance

consumption

data

from

industry .

AUTHORS '

RECOMMENDED

VALUES

(cont o 11 •H 1 X 1 4J 1 o 1 o

'a 03

m O-N

m l co CM 00

4-)X 1 • l • I oa 03 00 04 .—i r-H c- 1 CO 1 «—H \D

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<r

00mm 1 r-H oo

x * 1 03 03 1 a a 1 W 00 1 a

03Oaa

•H

r-)

O.a<

co

C

03> 1 a t o X) 1 X ! a 0k 1 • A X 1 03 CO Vh Vh 1 •«* (1) a • 0k 1 00 •» 03 03 1 60 4-1 X a 1 a Hi /-s 4-3 a 1 a a a a i cO o X 03 a 1 •H rH o a- 1 x cO rH a a 1 Vh a. Vh >> 1 rH o o X 1 a X X a 1 0k X X 4-1 O 1 > 4-3 a X X 1 Vh 03 1 o o a X 1 o •v 03 0k a 1 a x X X a 1 4-1 V4 a s-\ a 1 a o a 1 CO 03 o CM a 1 X Vh a ! Vh >. X V-r o 1 a o • r X •H 1 03 Vh a 1 X a a X 1 00 T3 Vh 03 > 1 a o >> O 1 •rH 03 Hi 1 X X X X I Vh 03 a U • • ry X X 1 4-1 03 o a 1 a a -a X 1 03 X m rH o a l a a -h 60 X o 1 • Vh 4-1 • o Vh a l a O Vh a a 1 X o a i a a 60 H X X 1 a •• tH V-r a i a a X a 1 Sh

03 • • O • • a 1 *H *H *•

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a.

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X Hi

a

X a. I o

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a

a

a

a

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x

a i a

a

X •H •»'

B

a >,

a ! a

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a a.

a i e Vh

a

B

u

a

X 1 X 0) 1 X 4H a a a X -d X 1 T3 o V4 X 03 Vj Vh o i a 5 a x a a o 1 a o 4-1 4-1 o o •H Vh 1 o X X o a X X X 1 a

•1“) o •H iH

a

X

O i i O

a i aX

X

X I X cO rH X O X a <4H 1 X O •H X X o X a CO 1 a O B a 5 C3 e Vh 1 X 4-1 T3 X X a a x, J 1 a

4-1 ca i a

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03 •HX <c i a

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63

//

Obviously

each

of

these

appliances

would

not

necessarily

be

used

every

day.

The

figures

used

are

l/36Sth

of

the

estimated

annual

consumption

for

the

devices.

We

know

virtually

nothing

about

the

extent

to

which

daily

energy

consumption

of

a

household

for

appliances

varies

from

the

average

for

that

household.

DATA

APPLIANCES

Prevalence:

Census, Industry, and Calculated

Energy consumption—aggregated:

Survey

Calculated

Assumptions

Energy consumption—individual appliances

Page

65

69

70

71

74

PREVALENCE

(CENSUS, INDUSTRY, AND CALCULATED)

Source :

Location :

Dates :

Data

1972, Stanford Research Institute (SRI)

nationwide

See below.

numbers of major appliances per household

Number per household

-^

gas

Appliance

Cooking range

Ref rigerator

12 ft 3 12 ft 3 frostless

electric

1968 1960 1968

0.58 0.33 0.39

0.87 0.96

1/6*

1/3*

1960

0.63

65
PREVALENCE

(CENSUS, INDUSTRY, AND CALCUALTED) (Cont.)

Number per household+

gas electric

Appliance 1960 1968 1960 1968

Refrigerator-freezer

14 ft 3

14ft3 frostless

1/6*

1/3*

Clothes dryer 0.06 0.13* 0.13 0.27*

Food freezers 0.20 0.27

Television sets

black and white

color

0.91

0.03

1.39*

0.33*

Dishwashers 0.06 0.20*

Clothes washers 0.75 0.76*

+ Orginal Sources:

Statistical Abstract of the United States; Edison Electric

Institute and American Gas Association with SRI estimates;

Census of Housing

* 1969

66
Source :

Location :

Date :

Data

:

1974, Federal Energy Administration

nationwide

1970

Units per household*

Appliance gas electric

Range & oven 0.49 0.41

Refrigerator - 1.00

Television - 1.48

Clothes dryer 0.12 0.29

Food freezer - 0.28

Clothes washer - 0.71

Dishwasher — 0. 18

. D. Little estimates

67
Source ;

Location :

Date :

Data:

1975, Newman and Day

nationwide

1973

households with major appliances, 1973*

Percent of households

Clothes washer 78%

automatic 70

non-automatic 10

Dishwasher 25

Television 97

black and white 64

color 53

Clothes dryer 53

gas 16

electric 38

Refrigerator 100

electric frostfree 51

electric manual defrost 48

gas 1

Stove 97

gas 52

electric 46

Freezer 34

* Source: Washington Center for Metropolitan

"Lifestyles and Energy" Surveys (based on interviews of national sample of 1455 households).

68
ENERGY CONSUMPTION

AGGREGATED

SURVEY

Source ; 1975, Newman and Day

Location : nationwide

Date : 1973

Data :

Annual consumption of households for appliances

including air conditioning (47 percent of households had at least some air conditioning)

(NOTE: These data are expressed in terms of primary energy consumption, and—since it includes both electricity and gas—there is no way to convert it to point of demand equivalents). Figures

derived by summing for each of the (1,455) surveyed households, the

national average primary energy consumption of each appliance present

in the household:

Variation: 0 - 270 x 10^ Btu/yr (primary energy)

Average: 51 x 10^ Btu/yr

Typical household:

Automatic washer, electric dryer, color TV, frostfree

refrigerator, gas stove = 45 x IQ^

1 Btu/yr

(equivalent to 20.1 x 10° Btu/yr at the residence.)

Annual energy consumption of households for appliances (including air

conditioning)

:

Annual consumption Percent of households _ Primary All Poor L. Midd. U. Midd. Well off

Btu x 10^

<40 33% 65%* 39%* 13%* 10%*

40-59 30 21 30 40 26

>59 38 14 31 47 64

* The following percentages of households have no air conditioning:

Poor—78 percent; L. Middle—55 percent; U. Middle—42 percent;

Well off—36 percent.

69
Source :

Location :

Date :

Data:

1973, Anderson

Baltimore/Washington

early 1970's

Typical annual household consumption for appliances:

Primary energy

Btu x 10°/yr

Point of demand

Btu x 10^/yr

all electric 69.9

gas and electric 59.6

21.9

23.5

CALCULATED

Source

1974, Federal Energy Administration

Location: nationwide

Date: 1970

Data: 1970 national

of unit total

average energy demand by end use (in percent

demand)*

Residence type Cooking

Other appliances

and lighting (Sum)

Mobile homes 8.6% 11.0% 19.6%

Single family detached 3.3 7.4 10.7

Low density 5.0 7.5 12.5

Multi-family low rise 7.5 10.9 18.4

Multi-family high rise 6.6 8.5 15.1

All residences 4.0 7.7 11.7

* Note that these are weighted, nationwide averages.

70
ASSUMPTIONS

Source: 1976, Bernstein and Alereza

Locations: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Denver

Date: unspecified

Data: Assumptions used for assessing energy consumption of dwellings in specified locales (based on average consumption of

appliances obtained from industry sources and data complied

in Baltimore/Washington area, published in 1974, Hittman):

Typical annual consumption for appliances

Electricity

kWh/yr

Gas

therms

Total

Btu x 10^/yr

Atlanta

single family 6586 90 31.5

townhouse 9223 — 31.5

low rise 3180 68 17.7

high rise 5180 — 17.7

Boston

single family 4246 195 34.0

townhouse 6816 — 23.3

low rise 4180 — 14.3

high rise 4180 — 14.3

Chicago

single family 4246 180 32.5

townhouse 4246 180 32.5

low rise 3180 68 17.7

high rise 5180 — 17.7

Denver

single family 6586 90 31.5

townhouse 6586 90 31.5

low rise 5180 — 17.7

high rise 5180 — 17.7

71
Source :

Location :

Date :

Data:

1975, Jones and Hendrix

Austin, Texas

early 1970's

Typical monthly appliance energy consumption—used for

assessment of energy consumption of homes in Austin area:

kWh/mo Btu x 10^/mo

basic (ref regerator , dishwasher, TV (color, solid

state), clothes washer,

miscellaneous) 290 990

typical total (including

freezer or electric dryer

or electric range and oven) 390 1331

72
DATA: Meas. Assume d X

DAILY LOAD PROFILE

EQUIPMENT/ SYSTEM appliance FUEL TYPE electricity UNITS Btu x 10 3

SEASON See column headings

BUILDING TYPE Residence LOCATION Urban/suburban

2 2

HOUR 1 1.3 1.25

2 1.3 1.25

3 1.3 1.25

4 1.3 1.25

5 1.3 1.25

6 1.3 1.25

7 1.75 1.3

8 2.45 3.7

9 3.35 6.5

10 4.65 6.4

11 1.85 4.85

12 3.1 4.35

13 2.2 3.6

14 1.35 1.25

15 1.35 1.25

16 3.05 1.25

17 3.05 1.35

18 5.3 4.2

19 4.9 4.3

20 3.6 6.55

21 3.6 3.6

22 3.6 3.6

23 2.7 3.2

24 1.2 1.25

Day Total 60.85 70.0

Column 1 . Winter weekday.

Occupancy: Father, mother, girls

(ages 16, 12), boys (ages 9, 6)

Column 2 . Summer weekday.

Occupancy: The same. Profiles derived from scenarios

of occupant activities developed

for use with NBS test house.

Note: Data taken from graphs.

Reference: 1975, Peavy, et all

73
INDIVIDUAL APPLIANCES

(for prevalences see tables at beginning of Data section)

Source :

Locations :

Dates :

Data

1976, Camacho and Roat (utility-complied data), except

where otherwise noted .

various (note Reporting Utility, where indicated)

various (not known for 1976, Camacho and Roat data)

MAJOR APPLIANCES

Reporting

utility

Consumption

kWh Btu x 103

CLOTHES WASHER:

MEASURED DATA

1976, Socolow and Sonderegger

measured data (by NBS) from four Twin Rivers,

N.J., townhouses (either 28- or 64-day period)

Minimum (1 house)

Average

Maximum (1 house)

0.10/dy 0.34/dy

0.15/dy 0.51/dy

0.24/dy 0.82/dy

UTILITY-COMPLIED DATA

(Camacho and Roat)

All types - Minimum* Mont. P 7 /mo 12.9/mo

Maximum* N. Orl. PS 12 /mo 4 1 . 0/mo

Non--automatic - Minimum Tex. P&L 4 . 2 / mo 1 4 . 3 / mo Maximum CE, W. Tex. U 6 . 3 /mo 21 . 5/mo

* Note that all such figures from Camacho and Roat are reported as utility systemwide averages. See Reporting Utility code on page 153.

74
Automatic-minimum

maximum (cold wash & rinse)

maximum (hot wash, warm rinse-incl. 35 gal

hot water)

Washer-dryer

1975, Newman and Day

Non-automatic. 1950

1969

Automatic 1959

1969

1972, Standard Research Institute

Ave rage 1960

1968

1974, FEA**

Average 1970

Reporting

utility kWh Btu x 10

Tex. P

Carol. P&L

5.4/mo

10/mo

18 .4/mo

34.1/mo

Carol. P&L

PGE

236/mo

125/mo

898/mo

427/mo

(EEI)* 45/ yr

76/yr

60/ yr

103/ yr

1 50/ yr

260/ yr

200/ yr

350/ yr

(EEI)

(EEI)

65/ yr

98/yr

220/ yr

330/ yr

300/ yr

* EEI and AGA figures are averages for the units currently being

manufactured and sold .

** The FEA figures are based on industry (primarily EEI and AGA) studies,

but adjusted downward to compensate for the fact that the national

inventories are largely comprised of earlier model appliances that

generally are smaller and have lower consumption per unit than current

models .

kWh Btu x 10^

1973, Anderson

Baltimore/Washington area,

early 1970's data 340/yr

1975, Jones and Hendrix

Austin, Tex., early 1970's data 10/mo 34.1/mo

hot water consumption: H wash, C rinse —ca . 25 gal.

W wash, C rinse—ca. 12 gal.

75
ASSUMPTIONS

kWh BtuxlO^

1973, Anderson

for Baltimore/Washington area,

early 1970's 102/yr 350/yr

1975, Jones and Hendrix

Austin, Texas, area 10/mo 34.1/mo

(+h/w - 12-25 gal/load)

1976, Bernstein and Alereza

(used for assessment of residential

energy consumption in Atlanta, Boston,

Chicago, and Denver—single family

detached and townhouse) 103/yr 350/yr

DISHWASHER:

MEASURED DATA

1976, Socolow and Sonderegger

(measured data (by NBS) from

four Twin Rivers, N.J., townhouses)

Minimum (1 house)

Average

Maximum ( 1 house)

0.12/dy 0

0.33/ dy 1 0.55/dy 1

. 4/ dy

.12/ dy

.88/dy

UTILITY-COMPILED DATA

(Camacho and Roat) Reporting

utility kWh Btu x 10

Minimum (used 1/dy, with

heater unit) Phila. El 21/mo 71 . 7 / mo

Maximum Portl. GE 36/mo 122.9/mo

(32 loads/mo;

incl. hot water) Portl. GE 102/mo 348 . 1/mo

76
19 75, Newman and Day

1959

1969, 1973

(EEI)

(EEI)

kWh

355/ yr

363/yr

BtuxlO^

1210/ yr

1240/ yr

1972, SRI

1960

1968

(EEI)

(EEI)

338/ yr

360/ yr

1 150/ yr

1230/yr

19 74, FEA

19 70 average 1200/ yr

1973, Anderson

typical (in Baltimore/Washingt on area) 1250/ yr

1975, Jones and Hendrix

average (Austin, Tex. area)

ASSUMPTIONS

30/mo

0 .5-10/ load

1 02/mo

1973, Anderson

Balt imore/Washington area 363/yr 1240/yr

1975, Jones and Hendrix

Austin, Texas, area 30/mo 102/mo

1976, Bernstein and Alereza

(used for assessment of residential energy consumption in Atlanta,

Boston, Chicago, and Denver)

Single family detached, townhouse 363/yr 1240/yr

Low rise, high rise units 280/yr 960/yr

77
DRYER (CLOTHES):

kWh

MEASURED DATA

1963, Phillips and Achenbach

(data from 10 all-electric

military base dwellings

averaged over 32-day intervals in winter, 1959/60):

Myrtle Beach, N. C.

Minimum

Average (4.3% of average house total

Maximum

Columbus, Miss.

Minimum

Average (3.8% of average house total)

Maximum

1976, Socolow and Sonderegger

(data from townhouses in

Twin Rivers, N.J.)

1 . 86/ dy

4.07/dy

6.4/dy

2.77/dy

3.97/dy

5.83/ dy

Used, on average : ca. 1/2 hr/day

Based on average winter power load (3 houses):

Minimum 0.96/dy

Maximum 3.6/dy

Average (of all Quad II, 3BR) 1.44/dy

NBS data (4 townhouses):

Minimum (1 house) 1.32/dy

Average 1.85/dy

Maximum (1 house) 2.23/dy

Btu x 10^

6.35/dy

13.9/dy

22. 1/ dy

9.45/ dy

13.5/dy

19.9/dy

3.28/ dy

12.3/dy

4.9 1/dy

4.5/dy

6.3/dy

7.6/dy

78
Reporting

utility kWh Btu x 10^

1976, Midwest Research Institute —

measured data from instrumented

appliances in 150 residences — 16

cities — size of sub-samples

unspecified

family size

4 47 loads/ mo 2.31/load 7.88/load

108.4/mo 370/mo

5 32 .7 loads/mo 2.57/load 8.77/load

84.0/load 287/mo

6 75 .5 loads/mo 2.89/load 9.86/load

218 ,2/mo 7 45 /mo

UTILITY-COMPILED DATA

(Camacho and Roat)

Minimum Tex. P&L 80/mo 273/mo

Maximum Carol

.

P&L 140/mo 478/mo

19 75, Newman and Day \

Gas - with gas pilot 1960 average (AGA) 8500/ yr

1966 (AGA) 9000/yr

1971 (AGA) 7500/yr

- with electric 1960 (AGA) 4500/ yr

pilot 1966 (AGA) 5200/ yr

1971 (AGA) 6000/yr

Electric - 1950 (EEI) 520/yr 1 800/ yr

1959 (EEI) 910/yr 3100/yr

1969 (EEI) 993/yr 3400/ yr

1972, SRI

Electric - 1960 (EEI) 960/ yr 3280/ yr

1968 (EEI) 990/yr 3380/ yr

G3. S ” 1960 (AGA) 9300/ yr

1968 (AGA) 9000/yr

79
kWh Btu x 10^ 1974,

FEA 1970 average - gas 8800/yr

- electric 3200/yr

1973, Anderson (typical SFD* in Baltimore/

Washington area) : electric 3380/yr

gas 4000/ yr

1974, Lokhmanhekim (typical apartment or townhouse in Baltimore/Washington area): gas 4800/yr

1975, Jones and Hendrix

Averages in Austin, Tex. area

electric

gas - 7 kWh + 470 ft'Vmo

ca. 0.2 kWh + 14.5 ft'Vload

ASSUMPTIONS

1973, Anderson

Used for assessment of consumption of

multi-family units in Baltimore/

Washington area (gas) 4800/yr

1976, Bernstein and Alereza

Used for assessment of residential consumption

in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, and Denver

Atlanta—SFD*, townhouse (gas)

Boston—SFD (gas) —townhouse (electric)

Chicago, Denver—SFD, townhouse (gas)

19 75, Jones and Hendrix

Used for assessment of residential

consumption in Austin area: 100/mo 341/mo

or (500 ft'Vmo) 500/mo

9000/yr

9000/ yr

1400/yr 4800/yr

9000/yr

100/ mo

ca .3/ load

3 41 /mo

10.2/load

494/mo

15.2/load

* single family detached

80
FURNACE FAN:

Reporting

Utility kWh Btu x 10'

UTILITY-COMPILED DATA

(Camacho and Roat)

Minimum average (oil burner) Phila . El 25/mo 85/mo

Portl. GE 33/mo 113/mo

Maximum average (fan or pump) W„ Penn. P 100/mo 341/mo

RANGE /OVEN:

MEASURED DATA

1963, Phillips and Achenbach

(data from 10 all-electric

military base dwellings

averaged over 32-day

intervals in winter, 1959/60)

Myrtle Beach, N. C.

Minimum 1 ,59/dy 5.4/dy

Average (3.3% of avg. house total) 3.15/dy 10.8/dy

Maximum 4.76/dy 16.2/dy

Col umbus

,

Miss . Minimum 1.79/dy 6 . 1/dy

Average (2.7% of avg. house total) 2 .83/ dy 9.7/dy

Maximum 6. 12/dy 20.9/dy

1976, Socolow and Sonderegger

(data from townhouses in

Twin Rivers, N.J.)

Based on average winter load in

3 houses - Minimum (1 house) 1 . 44/dy 4.9/dy

Maximum (1 house) 2 .88/ dy 9.8/dy

Average (of Quad II, 3 BR townhouses) 1.92/dy 6 ,6/dy

NBS data (from 4 townhouses)

Minimum (1 house)

(1976)

1 . 42/dy 4.8/dy

Average 2 .08/ dy 7. 1/dy

Maximum (1 house) 2.88/dy 9.8/dy

1975, Robinson and Yeung

Data from 3 Twin Rivers, N.J., townhouses,

measured at 20 min. intervals and averaged

for 22 days, Aug/Sept 1974

81
House

Reporting

utility kWh Btu x 10^

1 One day mi nimum 0.10/dy 0. 34/dy

Average 1.77/dy 6 .04/ dy

One day maximum 5.81/dy 19.8/dy

2 One day minimum 0.72/dy 2 ,46/dy

Average 1.73/dy 5 . 90/ dy

One day maximum 4 .52/dy 1 5 . 4/dy

3 One day minimum 0.10/dy 0 . 34/dy

Average 1.73/dy 5.90/dy

One day maximum 9.39/dy 32.0/dy

UTILITY-COMPILED DATA

(Camacho and Roat

)

non self -cleaning oven - minimum K.C . P&L 61 /mo 208/ mo non self-cleaning oven - multi-family

dwelling - minimum PGE 50 /mo 1 7 1 / mo

- maximum 129/ mo 440/mo

with self-cleaning ovenl (SFD)

-minimum PGE 52/mo 1 7 7 / mo -maximum SCE , Mont.P,

W.

'Tex. U 100/mo 341 /mo

microwave oven - minimum SCE, Portl. GE 1 6/ mo 55/ mo

- maximum PSNJ , PGE*, CE 25/ mo 85/mo

1975, Newman and Day

gas - in apartment: 1966 (AGA) 7400/yr

1971 (AGA) 8800/yr

- in house 1960 (AGA) 10 ,000/ yr

1966 (AGA) 10 , 600/yr

1971 (AGA) 10 , 500/ yr

electric 1950 (EEI) 1250/yr 4300/yr

1959 (EEI) 1225/yr 4200/yr

1969 (EEI) 1175/yr 4000/yr

microwave 1973 (EEI) 190/ yr 650/ yr

* replacing regular oven

82
Reporting

utility kWh

1972, SRI

electric 1960 average (EEI) 1225/ yr

1968 (EEI) 1180/yr

gas 1960 (AGA)

1974, FEA 1968 (AGA)

electric 19 70 average

gas 1970

19 73, Anderson

Averages, for Baltiore/Washington area - electric

gas

1975, Jones and Hendrix

Austin, Tex., area averages (based on:

6 hr/wk baking; 1/2 hr/wk broiling; 5 hr/wk

operation of 2 surface elements - electric 100/mo

gas (690 ft^/mo)

ASSUMPTIONS

1973, Anderson

Used for assessment of consumption

in single-family homes, Baltimore/

Washington area.

1974, Lokhmanhekim

Used for assessment of consumption

in townhouses and apartments, Baltimore/

Washington area.

1976, Bernstein and Alereza

2340/yr

2000/yr

Used for assessment of consumption

in residences.

Altanta - SFD, townhouse (elect.)

- low rise unit (gas)

- high rise unit (elect.)

83

Btu x 10^

4180/ yr

4030/ yr

10 , 600/ yr

10, 600/ yr

3900/ yr

9500/ yr

4000/ yr

5000/ yr

341/ mo 690/mo

9000/yr

7200/ yr

8000/ yr

6800/ yr

6800/ yr
I

kWh Btu x 10'

Boston - SFD (gas)

townhouse (elect.)

low rise, highrise units (elect.)

1170/ yr

1000/yr

10500/ yr

4000/yr

3400/ yr

Chicago - SFD, townhouse (gas)

- low rise unit (elect.)

- high rise unit (elect.)

1400/yr

2000/yr

9000/ yr

4800/yr

6800/ yr

Denver - SFD, townhouse (elect.)

low rise, high rise units (elect.)

2340/yr

2000/yr

8000/ yr

6800/ yr

1975, Jones and Hendrix

Used for assessment of residential

consumption in Austin area.

100/rao 341 /mo or (700 ft^ mo) 700/mo

REFRIGERATOR :

MEASURED DATA

1976, Socolow and Sonderegger

Average for Twin Rivers, N.J., townhouses 2500/yr 8533/yr

Data from 4 Twin Rivers, N.J., townhouses

(based on average winter load*) minimum (1

maximum (1

house) 4.1/dy

house) 8.6/dy

13.9/yr

29.5/dy

Average Quad II, 3 BR townhouse 4.8/dy 16 . 4/dy

NBS data (from 4 townhouses)

Minimum (1 house) 4. 3/dy 14 . 7/dy

Average 5 . 4/dy 18. 3/dy

Maximum (1 house) 7.5/dy 25.6/dy

* Based on measurement of "time on", and includes power factor of 0.6

to take account of the impedance of the alternating current circuit.

84
1976, Midwest Research Institute kWh Btu x 10 3

Frost-free ref rigerator /freezers

,

measured in 11 cities

Sample (i.e.,

in one locale)

44 5.8/dy 19.8/dy

27 6.1/ dy 20.8/ dy

34 6.6/dy 22.5/dy

18 6 . 7/dy 22.9/dy

31 6.7/dy 22.9/dy

36 6 .1/dy 20. 8/ dy

30 6.0/ dy 20.5/ dy

29 5.8/dy 19.8/dy

33 5.5/dy 18.8/dy

31 5.6/dy 19. 1/dy

29 6.4/dy 21.8/dy

Average daily consumption, by month

Month Avg. outdoor temp.

June 74°F 6 . 5/dy 22.2/dy

July 75 6.6/dy 22.5/dy

Aug 74 6. 5/dy 22.2/dy

Sep 71 6.4/dy 21.8/dy

Oct 61 6. 1/dy 20.8/dy

Nov 45 6.1/ dy 20.8/dy

Dec 44 5.8/dy 19.8/dy

Jan 39 5.9/dy 20. 1/dy

Feb 38 5.8/dy 19.8/dy

Mar 45 5.8/dy 19 . 8/ dy

Apr 55 6.0/dy 20. 5/dy

May 64 6. 1/dy 20.8/dy

Average 57 6. 1/dy 20.8/dy

Average daily consumption per cubic foot

of capacity, by refrigerator/freezer style

Side-by-side arrangement

- with ice maker

- without ice maker

Top mounted freezer

- with ice maker

- without ice maker

All Units

0.38/dyft 3

0.38/dyft 3

0.38/dyft 3 0.34/ dy »f

t

3

0.36/dy »f

t

3 0.33/ dy »f 3

0.35/dy »f

t

3

1.3/dyft 3

1.3/dyft 3

1.3/dy «ft 3 1.2/dyft 3

1.2/dyft 3

1.1/dyft 3

1.2/dyft 3

85
Reporting

Average daily consumption per cubic Utility kWH

ft of capacity by total capacity

Size Sample

12-13 ft 3 10

14-15 70

16-17 122

18-19 72

20-21 38

2 2-2 3 16

2 4-25 13

Range of average monthly energy con- sumption, by different manufacturers

Sample size (i.e . from one manufacture

21

19

26

19

0.37/dy*f

t

3 0.36/ dy * f t

3 0. 33/dy * f t

3 0. 39/dy * f t 3 0.38/dy'f

t

3 0.36/dy‘ft 3 0.32/dy *f

t

3

127-149/mo

125-147/mo

116-136/ mo 88-113/mo

U ILITY-COMPILED DATA

(Camacho and Roat)

refrigerator only - manual defrost

-minimum Tex. P -maximum PGE , CE

38/ mo 61/mo

refrigerator only, frostfree

-minimum PSNJ

-maximum PGE , CE

refrigerator freezer, manual defrost

66/ mo 101/mo

mi nimum

10-15 ft 3 10ft3

maximum (16 ft

Phila. E 45/mo

W. Tex. U 4 5 /mo

Carol. P&L 58/mo

PGE 121 /mo

refrigerator-freezer , semi -defrost

minimum (14 ft 3

) PSNJ 69/mo

maximum Phila. E 120/no

refrigerator-freezer, automatic defrost

Carol. P&L 129/mo

Phila. E 261/mo

Btu x 10 3

1.3/dy-ft3

1.2/dy‘ft3

1,1/dy‘f

t

3 1.3/dy-ft 3 1.3/dy-ft 3 1.2/dy-ft 3 1.1/dy'f

t

3

433-509/mo

427-502/ mo 396-464/ mo 300-386/mo

130/mo

208/ mo

225/mo

345/ mo

154/mo

198/mo

198/ mo

41 3 /mo

235/mo

410/mo

440/ mo 891/mo

minimum

maximum

86
Reporting

utility kWh Btu x 10~

1975, Newman and Day

regular 1950 (EEI) 345/ yr 1170/yr

1959 (EE I) 420/ yr 1430/ yr

1969 (EEI) 728/ yr 2480/yr

frost-free 1969 (EEI) 1217/yr 4150/ yr

refrigerator/ freezer

regular 1959 (EEI) 715/yr 2440/ yr

1969 (EEI) 1137/yr 3880/ yr

f ros t-f ree 1969 (EEI) 1829 /yr 6240/ yr

1972, SRI

electric (average) 1960 (EEI) 790/ yr 2700/ yr

gas 1960 (AGA) — 13,000/ yr

refrigerator 1961 (EEI) 460/yr 1570/yr

refrigerator/freezer 1961 (EEI) 1625/ yr 5550/yr

electric (average) 1968 (EEI) 1270/ yr 4330/ yr

gas 1968 (AGA) — 1 4,000/yr

refrigerator - 12 ft 1969 (EEI) 728/ yr 2480/ yr

14 ft 3 1969 (EEI) 1137/yr 3880/ yr

ref rig ./ freezer-12 ft 3 1969 (EEI) 1217/yr 4150/ yr

14 ft 3 1969 (EEI) 1829/yr 6240/yr

1974, FEA

average - 19 70 3700/ yr

1973, Anderson

typical - Baltimore/Washington area 1830/yr 6250/ yr

1975, Jones and Hendrix

averages in Austin, Tex., area

refrigerator - manual defrost

(if regularly defrosted)

ref rigerat or/ freezer

average

80-100/mo 2 73-341/mo

100-150/mo 341-512/mo

140/mo 4 78 /mo

87
kWh

ASSUMPTIONS

1973, Anderson

Used for assessument of residential

energy consumption in the Baltimore/Washington area.

1976, Bernstein and Alereza

Used for assessment of residential

consumption in Atlanta, Boston,

Chicago, and Denver.

Atlanta - SFD*, townhouse 1830/yr

- low rise, high rise units 1400/yr

Boston - SFD, townhouse 1830/yr

- low rise, high rise units 1400/yr

Chicago - SFD, townhouse 1830/yr

- low rise, high rise units 1400/yr

Denver - SFD, townhouse 1830/yr

- low rise, high rise units 1400/yr

1975, Jones and Hendrix

Used for assessment of residential

consumption in Austin area. 140/mo

Btu x 10^

6260/ yr

6250/yr

4780/yr

6250/yr

4780/yr

6250/yr

4780/ yr

6250/yr

4780/yr

478/mo

* Single-family detached.

88
FREEZER:

MEASURED DATA

1976, Midwest Research Institute

kWH Btu x 10 3

Annual consumption of nine freezers, in

various locales (1975/76)

AutoSize (ft 3

) def rost

Upright style 15.0 N 1521/yr 5191 /y

15.6 N 1421/yr 4850/ yr

15.8 N 1277/yr 4358/y r 16.0 N 1227 /yr 4188/yr

20.0 N 1038/yr 3543/yr

20.0 N 117 2/ yr 4000/ yr

19.0 Y 2234/yr 7625/yr

19.6 Y 1739/yr 5935/yr

Chest type 17.2 N 1254/yr 4280/yr

UTILITY-COMPILED DATA

(Camacho and Roat)

Reporting

Utility

Minimum Phila. El 62/ mo 21 2 /mo

Maximum Phila. El 209/mo 713/ mo

Manual defrost - Minimum SCE (16 ft3

), Portl.

PGE (15 ft3

)

GE,

100/mo 341/ mo

Maximum Carol. P&L (15 ft3

) 155/mo 5 29 /mo

Frost-f ree Minimum Mont. P (15 ftJ

) 130/ mo 444/mo

Maximum

1975, Newman and Day

Carol. P&L (16 ft 3

) 210/mo 71 7 /mo

1950 (ave rage (EEI

620/yr 2120/yr

1959 - regular (average) (EE I) 860/yr 2940/yr

1969 - regular (average) (EEI) 1195/yr 4080/yr

1969 - frost-free (average) (EEI) 17 61/yr 6010/yr

1972, SRI

I960 average (EEI) 845/yr 2880/ yr

1961 M (EEI) 915/yr 3120/yr

1968 o (EEI) 1405/yr 4790/yr

1969 -15 ft J (average) (EEI) 1195/yr 4080/ yr

- frost-free (average) (EEI) 17 61/yr 6010/yr

- average (EEI) 1478/yr 5040/ yr

89
Reporting

utility kWh Btu x 10^

' 1974, FEA

19 70 (average) 4600/ yr

1975, Jones and Hendrix

average in Austin, Tex., area 120/mo 410 /mo

ASSUMPTION

1975, Jones and Hendrix

Used for assessment of residential

consumption in Austin area. 130/mo 444/mo

TELEVISION:

UTILITY-COMPILED DATA

(Camacho and Roat)

Black, and white:

minimum Tex . P 29 /mo 9 9 /mo

maximum Carol. P&L 36/mo 123/mo

Tube type:

minimum West Tex. U 18 /mo 61/ mo maximum (used 7 hr/dy) W. Penn P 33/mo 113/mo

Solid State:

minimum SCE, Portl . GE,

PGE 10 /mo 34/mo

(used 2182 hr/yr) OT 10/mo 34/mo

maximum W. Penn P 15/mo 51/ mo

Color :

minimum Tex. P&L,

Mont. P 38 /mo 130/mo

(used 4 hr/dy) Phil. El 38/rao 130/mo

maximum (used 7 hr/dy) Carol. P&L 72/mo 246/mo

Tube type

:

minimum Portl . GE,

W. Tex. U 44/ mo 150 /mo

maximum (used 7 hr/dy) W. Penn P 64/rao 218/mo

Solid State:

minimum W. Tex. U 2 7/ mo 92/mo

maximum (used 6 hr/dy) SCE 37/mo 126/mo

90
Reporting

utility kWh Btu x 10

For instant-on add 1 1/mo 37.5/mo

1975, Newman and Day

Black and white:

1950 (average) (EE I) 290/yr 990/yr

1959 (EEI) 325/yr 1110/yr

1969 (EEI) 362/yr 1240/yr

Color:

1969 (average) (EEI) 502/yr 1700/yr

1972, SRI

Black and white:

1960 (average) (EEI) 345/yr 1180/ yr

1968 (EEI) 360/yr 1230/yr

Color:

1960 (average) (EEI) 450/yr 1540/yr

1968 (EEI) 490/yr 1670/yr

1974, FEA

1970 (average)

1973, Anderson

Typical, in Baltimore/Washington area

1500/yr

1690/yr

1975, Jones and Hendrix

Average in Austin, Tex. , area 40/mo 1 3 7 / mo

ASSUMPTIONS

1973, Anderson

Used for assessment of residential

consumption in the Baltimmore/Washington area. 500/yr 1710/yr

1976, Bernstein and Alereza

Used for assessment of residential consumption

in specified locales.

91
Reporting

utility

Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Denver:

SFD, townhouse (color)

low rise, high rise units

1975, Jones and Hendrix

Used for assessment of residential

consumption in Austin area.

color, solid state

kWh Btu x 10^

500/yr 1710/yr

400/yr 1370/yr

50/mo 171/mo

MINOR APPLIANCES

UTILITY-COMPILED DATA

(Data from 1974, Camacho and Roat, unless

otherwise indicated.)

BEDCOVERING - minimum Portl. GE 12 /mo 41/mo

- maximum W. Penn P 3 7 /mo 126/mo

(In 1972, SRI (for 1969), in 1975

Newman and Day (for 1973)) ’(eei) 147/yr 500/yr

BLENDER - minimum W. Tex. U 0.083/mo 0.28/mo

- maximum CE 1.3 /mo 44.4/mo

(In 1972, SRI (for 1969) in

1975, Newman and Day (for 1973)) (EEI) 15/yr 50/yr

BROILER - minimum W. Tex. U 7 /mo 24/mo

- maximum PSNJ , PGE, CE 8.3/mo 28/mo

(In 1972, SRI (for 1969), in 1975

Newman and Day (for 1973)) ’(eei) 100/yr 340/yr

CLOCK - minimum SCE 1/mo 3.4/mo

- maximum Portl. GE,

W. Penn P 2/mo 6 . 8/mo

(In 1972, SRI (for 1969), in

1975, Newman and Day (for 1973)) (EEI) 17/yr 60/yr

COFFEE MAKER (electric)

- minimum Tex. P 8/mo 2 7 /mo

(50 pots/rao) SCE 8/mo 27/mo

(2 times/dy) Phila. El 8/ mo 2 7 /mo

- maximum Portl. GE 10/mo 34/mo

92
Reporting

utility kWh Btu x 10

(In 1972, SRI (for 1968), in

19 75, Newman and Day (for 19 73)) (EEI) 106/yr 360/ yr

CORN POPPER Portl. GR 1/mo 3.4/mo

CURLING IRON SCE <1/ mo <3 . 4/mo

DEHUMIDIFER - minimum PSNJ 29/mo 99/mo

- maximum

(22 pints/day) Carol. P&L 36/mo 12 3/ mo

(In 1972, SRI (for 1969), 1975,

Newman and Day (for 19 73)) (EEI) 337/yr 1290/ yr

DISPOSER (food) - minimum

- maximum

(used daily)

W. Tex. U

Portl . GE

SCE

0 . 6/mo

3/ mo

3 /mo

2.0/mo

10 /mo

10/ mo

(In 1972, SRI (for 1969), 1975,

Newman and Day (for 1973)) (EEI) 30/ yr 100/ yr

EGG COOKER

(In 19 75, Newman and Day (for

1973)) (EEI) 14/ yr 50/yr

ELECTROSTATIC CLEANER

Tex . P 22/mo 7 5 /mo

FAN, attic

(In 1975, Newman and Day

(for 1973)) (EEI) 291/ yr 990/ yr

FAN, circulating - minimum PSNJ, Tex. P 3.3/mo 11/mo

- maximum Portl . GE 4/ mo 14/mo

(In 1972, SRI (for 1969), 1975,

Newman and Day (for 19 73)) (EEI) 43/yr 150/ yr

FAN, roll about - minimum Tex. P 9.2/mo 31/mo

110/yr 375/yr

- maximum PGE, CE,

W. Tex. U 11 ,5/mo 39/ mo

(In 1975, Newman and Day (for

1973)) (EEI) 138/yr 471/ yr

93
Reporting

utility kWh Btu x 10

FAN, window

(In 19 75, Newman and Day (for 1973)) (EEI) 170/yr 580/ yr

FLOOR POLISHER CE,W.Tex.U 1 .3/yr 4.4/yr

(49 hr/yr) OT 1 .3/yr 4. 4/yr

(In 1975, Newman and Day (for 1973)) (EEI) 15/ yr 50/ yr

FOOD MIXER - minimum W .Tex . U 0 . 1 7 / mo 0.58/mo

maximum PSNJ, Tex.P,

PGE , CE 1/mo 3 . 4/mo

(In 1972, SRI (for 1969), 1975

Newman and Day (for 1973)) (EEI) 13/yr 40 /yr

FRYER, deep fat - minimum Tex. P 6 .3/mo 21.5/mo

maximum PSNJ 8.3/mo 28 . 3/ mo

(In 1975, Newman and Day (for 1973)) (EEI) 83/yr 280/ yr

FRYPAN/ SKILLET (electric)

- minimum (8 times/ mo) SCE 8/mo 27.3/mo

- maximum PSNJ 20/mo 68.3/ mo

(In 1972, SRI (for 1969), 1975

Newman and Day (for 19 73) (EEI) 186/ yr 630/yr

(In Jones and Hendrix) Austin, area

Tex.

,

12/mo 41 /mo

GRIDDLE (electric) Portl. GE 8/mo 27/mo

GRILL, sandwich - minimum PGE, CE,

W .Tex . U 2.8/mo 9.6/mo

- maximum PSNJ 3.3/mo 11/mo

(In 1975, Newman and Day (for 1973)) (EEI) 33/ yr 110/yr

HAIR DRYER - minimum Tex. P 0.6/mo 2 ,0/mo

- maximum - (used 51 hr/yr) OT 3 . 2 / mo 1 1/mo

(In 1972, SRI (for 1969), 1975

Newman and Day (for 1973)) (EEI) 14/yr 50/yr

HEAT LAMP - minimum Tex. P 1/mo 3 ,4/mo

- maximum PSNJ 1 .25/mo 4 . 3 / mo
Reporting

utility kWh Btu x HEATER (portable, radiant)

- minimum Portl. GE 7 . 5 /mo 26/ mo

- maximum Carol. P&L 18.3/mo 6 2/ mo

(In 1972, SRI (for 1969), 1975

Newman and Day (for 1973)) (EEI) 176/yr 600/ yr

HEATING PAD Tex. P, PGE 0.8/mo 2 . 7/mo

(In 1975, Newman and Day (for 1973))(EEI) 10/mo 34/mo

HOT PLATE - minimum PGE, CE,

W. Tex. U 7 . 5 /mo 26/ mo

- maximum Tex. P 8 . 3/mo 28/ mo

(2 burner) PSNJ 8 . 3 / mo 28 /mo

(In 1972, SRI (for 1969), 1975

Newman and Day (for 1973)) (EEI) 90/ yr 310/yr

HUMIDIFIER

minimum average Tex. P 140/yr 478/yr

Room type Mont. P 14/mo 48/ mo

maximum average (used 6

hr/dy)

Carol. P&L 21 /mo 72/ mo

(In 1972, SRI (for 1969) (EEI) 163/yr 560/ yr

INCINERATOR Tex. P 55/mo 188/mo

IRON, hand

- minimum PGE 3 . 6 / mo 12/ mo

- maximum PSNJ 12.5/mo 43/ mo

(In 1972, SRI (for 1969), 1975,

Newman and Day (for 1973)) (EEI) 144/yr 490/yr

(1975, Jones and Hendrix, Austin

Tex. , area)

> 12/ mo 41/ mo

IRON, mangle Tex. P, PGE 13.3/mo 45/mo

RADIO

- minimum W. Penn P 7 /mo 25 /mo

(used 3 hr/dy) SCE 7 /mo 24/ mo

- maximum Tex. P 7 . 5 /mo 26/ mo

95
Reporting

utility kWh Btu x 10 3

(In 1972, SRI (for 1969), 1975

Newman and Day (for 1973)) (EEI) 86/yr 300/ yr

Tube type PSNJ 7 . 1 / mo 24/mo

Solid State PGE 1 . 5 /mo 5 . 1 / mo PSNJ 1. 7 /mo 5.8/mo

Table model Portl. GE 6/ mo 20/ mo

RADIO PHONOGRAPH - minimum Tex. P 8 . 8/mo 30/mo

- maximum PSNJ 9 . 6 / mo 33 /mo

(In 1975, Newman and Day (for

1973)) (EEI) 109/ yr 37 0/yr

Solid state - minimum PGE 2.1/mo 7.2/mo

- maximum PSNJ 5/ mo 17/ mo

Hi fi (used 10 hr/wk) Phila. El 9/ mo 31/mo

ROASTER - minimum W. Tex. U 5/ mo 1 7 / mo

- maximum Portl. GE 40/mo 137/mo

(In 1975), Newman and Day (for

1973)) (EEI) 205/ yr 700/ yr

ROTISSERIE Tex. P 42/mo 143/mo

SEWING MACHINE - minimum PSNJ, Tex. P 0 . 8 /mo 2. 7 /mo

- maximum Portl. GE 1/mo 3.4/mo

(In 1975, Newman and Day (for 1973))

(EEI) 11/ yr 40/yr

SLOW COOKER SCE 12/ mo 41/mo

SUN LAMP - minimum Portl. GE 1/mo 3. 4 /mo

- maximum PGE, CE,

W. Tex. U 1 . 3 / mo 4 . 4 / mo (used 57 hr/yr) OT 1 . 3/ mo 4 . 4/ mo (In 1975, Newman and Day (for

1973)) (EEI) 16/yr 50/yr

TOASTER - minimum Tex. P 3 /mo 10/ mo

(used 6 min/dy) SCE 3/ mo 10 /mo

(used 1 time/dy) Phila. El 3/ mo 10/mo

- maximum PSNJ 3 . 1/mo 11/ mo

96
Reporting

utility kWh Btu x 10

(In 1972, SRI (for 1969), and

1975, Newman and Day (for 1973)) (EEI) 39/ yr 130/yr

TOASTER OVEN

- minimum (toast: 4 min/dy;

oven: 2 1/2 hr/wk) SCE 8/mo 2 7 /mo

- maximum (4 slices) PSNJ 15/mo 51/mo

TRASH COMPACTOR PGE , CE,

W. Tex. U 4/ mo 13.7/mo

(used daily) SCE 4/mo 13.7/mo

(In 1975, Newman and Day (for

1973)) (EEI) 50/yr 170/yr

VACUUM CLEANER - minimum Tex. P 3.3/mo 11/mo

- maximum PSNJ 4/mo 14/mo

(6 hr/mo) SCE 4/mo 14/ mo

(In 1972, SRI (for 1969), 1975,

Newman and Day (for 1973)) (EEI) 46/yr 160/ yr

(1975, Jones and Hendrix) Austin,

Tex. , area 4/mo 14/mo

VIBRATOR Tex. P, PGE,

CE, W. Tex. U 0.17/mo 0 . 58/mo

(used 50 hr/yr) OT

0.17/mo 0.58/mo

(In 1975, Newman and Day (for

1973)) (EEI) 2/yr 6/yr

WAFFLE IRON - minimum W. Tex. U 1. 7 /mo 5.8/mo

- maximum Portl. GE 2 /mo 6.8/mo

(In 1975, Newman and Day (for

1973)) (EEI) 22/yr 75/yr

97
LIGHTING

6.0 LIGHTING

6.1 RELATIVE IMPORTANCE

Lighting consumed about 20 percent of the electrical energy used in the

United States, in 1973, amounting to about 5 percent of all energy used.

Although lighting energy consumption tends to be much greater in offices

and other commercial and public buildings, the amount of residential

energy consumption that goes to lighting is not insignificant. Approximately 20 percent of the energy consumption for lighting occurs in residences, or approximately 1 percent of total national energy consumption

(General Electric Company figures, cited in 1974, Carnahan, et al.).

Since the residential sector accounts for roughly 20 percent of total

national energy use, something on the order of 4-5 percent of the energy

consumed in residences is being used for lighting.

Whereas lighting in commercial and public buildings is largely determined

by standards, if not regulations, the amount of lighting installed and

used in residences is almost entirely governed by personal choice. It is

indicative that ASHRAE Standard 90-75, Energy Conservation in New Building Design, specifies that the prescribed criteria for illumination

levels and lighting systems do not apply to spaces in private residences

or apartments, except for kitchens, bathrooms and laundry areas.
6.2

NEEDED OCCUPANT DATA

1. Hourly demand profiles (watts) (Btu)

weekday

weekend

unoccupied

by region

by season

by family size

by residence size

2. Window management (covering, schedule)

3. Inventory of luminaires.

6.3 RELATED PHYSICAL DATA

1. Availability of daylight regionally:

latitude

cloud cover location in time zone

2. Availability of daylight within rooms:

window area and exposure compared to room depth and floor

plan

local obstructions of daylight, e.g., overhangs, draperies

other obstructions, e.g., trees, nearby buildings

6.4 AN OVERVIEW OF AVAILABLE DATA

With the actual use of lights in residences largely determined by personal preference, there exists a presumption that actual lighting energy

consumption figures would exhibit a wide range of variability. Unfortunately we find, in the words of the Federal Energy Administration's

Project Independence Blueprint , that "very little data is available on residential lighting loads" (1974, Federal Energy Administration). This

is not surprising, considering the difficulties inherent in trying to

measure the use of lights. Lighting fixtures are commonly connected to

the same circuits which serve such non-illuminating devices as clocks, vacuum cleaners, television sets, coffee makers, toasters, fans, hair

dryers, etc. Consequently, there exists no fully satisfactory way of

separating out energy consumed by lighting fixtures from energy consumed

by appliances .

Most of the relevant data have been obtained through a metering approach

The drawback of this method has been discussed under appliances. While

it is feasible to meter the consumption of the larger appliances, it is

impractical to attach individual meters to all of the luminaires in a residence. Thus, the only practical way to meter the consumption by

lights is to start from the whole-house electricity consumption, and sub

tract the power used by non-illuminating equipment. The electricity con sumption of refrigerators, clothes washers, air conditioners, furnace

99
fans, etc., can be fairly inexpensively determined by measuring the load

of the device and then recording duration of "on time" in normal use and

operation by means of a clock device wired in parallel to the controlling

switch of the appliance. Cooking ranges, electric clothes dryers, and

air conditioners are typically connected to a 220 volt circuit, simplifying the task of isolating and measuring the consumption of these

devices for elimination from the whole house total. However, at this

point we are left with a problem exactly like the one with which we were originally faced: how to measure (for deletion) the consumption of

the plethora of electrical devices (for food preparation, personal care,

entertainment, and housekeeping) that draw power from the same circuits

that serve the lighting fixtures.

In view of this problem, it is not surprising that rather more data are available for "lights and small appliances" than for lights, alone.

(See below, Illumination and Miscellaneous Appliances: 1963, Phillips and

Achenbac.h; undated, Schmitt; and the Twin Rivers, N.J., reports —1975 , Robinson and Yeung, and 1976, Socolow and Sonderegger) .

Some reported data has been obtained by the survey approach (1975, Newman

and Day —see page 137 for description of this survey). The method used

in their study might be considered as a crude version of the "activity

log" technique (discussed below), with questions along the lines of,

"What wattage bulbs do you usually buy..?", "How many rooms in your home,

if any, usually have lights on continuously during the evening before

everyone goes to sleep?", or "Do you or your family keep any electric

lights on all night outside or inside of your home?" This data provides

a basis for calculating crude approximations of the range of lighting

energy consumption.

6 . 5 ADDITIONAL DATA NEEDS AND SUGGESTED COLLECTION METHODS

The only available national data suggesting ranges of lighting energy

consumption in residences is the survey data from Newman and Day. This

represents a good beginning, but more precise information is needed in

two regards:

1. Data on actual numbers and wattages of lighting fixtures

used ; and

2. Data relating the lighting energy consumption to the availability of natural light in various geographic areas.

Two possible methods of obtaining such data are discussed below

Activity logs could be used to gather data on light usage. Occupants

could be asked to record, in some simple way, their time-use of lamps.

(This method has been used in some types of social research.) A form

could be provided—perhaps one for each room or associated group of rooms —that would list the various luminaires present, indicate the

rated wattage of installed bulbs, and provide spaces for occupants to

100
record "on" and "off" times. The data thereby obtained would, as well

as providing a basis for calculating total consumption for lighting,

also give us valuable information not easily obtained through the metering approach. On the other hand, in view of the human factor involved

in occupants having to record many bits of data about fairly trivial

activities, the information so obtained would have to be carefully

assessed .

Light meters could be used to record "on-off" data. This is a possible

way of gathering data about the use of lights in residences that has not,

to our knowledge, been tried in practice, but might hold promise of

deriving useful data. Simple light-level meters (threshold photocell

devices) would be used. One would be placed in each room. Two or three

might be placed in carefully selected locations and orientations in a large room with several lighting devices. An additional meter would be

placed outdoors--perhaps several, on different sides of the house--to

measure the ambient light level. The meters would be connected to

appropriate electronic circuitry and devices to: 1) compare the reading

of each interior meter with that of the appropriate exterior meter (i.e.,

the one measuring the natural light supply to that room), and 2) record

"on" time for any room or area whenever the interior meter reading is

higher. This would not record the exact number of luminaires in use,

but would provide approximate data in terms of the number of interior

spaces lighted at various times.

An alternative way of recording detailed luminaire "on-off” data would

be to locate thermistors adjacent to the bulbs. The small devices could

be taped to the base of incandescent bulbs (to the ballast of fluorescent

units), and the heat emitted when a light is on would generate a signal.

The devices could be connected by means of light-gauge wire to a fairly

simple data-reduction and recording unit, and recorded in any desired

format

101

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DATA

LIGHTING

Lighting, only:

Survey

Utility-compiled

Calculated

Assumption

Lighting and miscellaneous appliances:

Measured

Utility-compiled

Assumption

Page

107

108

109

109

115

118

119

LIGHTING

SURVEY

Source

1975, Newman and Day

Date

1973

Poor

Number of rooms lighted in evening:

0-1 63%

2 24

>2 13

Lights on all

night 30

Buy only bulbs

<100 W 70

* Based on interviews of na

Lighting practices*

Percent of households

Lower middle Upper middle Well-off

53% 38 32

31 35 31

16 27 37

35 41 42

61 50 46

tional sample of 1455 households.

107
UTILITY-COMPILED

Source

:

1975, Camacho and Roat

Locations

:

various

Dates

:

unspecified

Data

:

monthly consumption for lighting

Reporting Utility +

kWh/mo Btu x 10^/mo and Comments

minimum* 56 0.19 Phila. El — 5 rm. house winter

maximum 100 0.34 W. Penn , PG&E

* Note that these are systemwide (estimated) averages. + See code on page 153.

Source

:

1973, Anderson

Location

:

Baltimore/Washington area

Date

:

Early 1970's

Data

:

Typical total annual consumption for lights: 6.8 x 10^ Btu/yr

yard light (electric): 2.8 x lO^Btu/yr.

Source

:

1975, Jones and Hendrix

Location: Austin, Texas

Date

:

Early 1970's

Data Source ambiguous, but believed to be utility data

Monthly Consumption kWh/mo Btu x 10^/mo

minimum 50 0.17

average 250 0.85

maximum 350 1.19

Monthly Consumption for yard light:

electric (@ 60W, lOhr/dy) 18 kWh/mo .061 x O^Btu/mo

gas* 1520 ft'Vmo 1 . 5 x 10 Btu/ino

* 1975, Newman and Day attributes the same figure to AGA.

108
CALCULATED

Source :

Location ;

Date :

Data:

1974, Federal Energy Administration

nationwide

1970

Average (household) annual consumption

2.6 x lO^Btu/ yr .

ASSUMPTION

Source :

Location :

Date :

Data:

1975, Jones and Hendrix

Austin, Texas

early 1970's

Assumptions used in analyzing energy consumption of

Austin-area homes.

Size of bulbs Use

Monthly consumption

kWh/mo. Btu x 10 /mo.

100 W liberal 350

conservative 240

1.19

0.82

60 W liberal 220

conservative 150

0.75

0.51

Source: 19 73, Anderson

Location: Baltimore/Washington area

Date: Early 1970's

Assumptions used in assessing energy consumption of residences in the specified locale (based on survey/statisticali ,e . , utility—data)*:

single family dwelling—typical annual consumption:

2000 kWh/yr 6.8 x 10^ Btu/yr,

* See daily load profile, on following page.

109
DATA: Me as. Assum.__X

DAILY DEMAND LOAD PROFILE

EQUIPMENT/ SYSTEM lights FUEL TYPE electricity UNITS Btu

SEASON DATE ( S ) BUILDING TYPE detached house LOCATION Baltimore/Washington

HOUR

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 3000

8 3000

9 100

10 100

11 100

12 100

13 100

14 100

15 100

16 100

17 100

18 100

19 100

20 1500

21 1500

22 3100

23 3100

24 3100

Heat input to house from

lights

Occupancy: 4 people

Note: Data taken from graph.

Day Total 19,400

Reference: 1973, Anderson

110
Source

1976, Bernstein and Alereza

Location :

Date

Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Denver

Early 1970'

Assumptions used in assessing energy consumption of residences in the specified locales (based on data compiled in

Baltimore/Washington, and published in 1974, Hittman*):

Typical annual consumption

kWh/yr Btu x 10^/yr

Atlanta: single family dwelling 2020 6.9

townhouse 1990 6.8

lowrise 1600 5.5

highrise 1 BR 1080 3.7

2 BR 1270 4.3

Boston: single family dwelling 1320 4.5

townhouse 1570 5.4

lowrise 1600 5.5

highrise 860 2.9

Chicago: single family dwelling 2020 6.9

townhouse 1570 5.4

lowrise 1 BR 1000 3.4

2 BR 1410 4.8

highrise 1 BR 1160 4.0

2 BR 1370 4.7

Denver: single family dwelling 2200 7.5

townhouse 1570 5.4

lowrise 1 BR 860 2.9

2 BR 1170 4.0

highrise 1 BR 1040 3.5

2 BR 1290 4.4

* These assumptions are varied on the basis of average

square footage of typical dwelling, but take no account

of the differing hours of daylight in the various

locations.

See additional assumed profiles on following pages.

Ill
DATA: Meas. Assum . X

DAILY DEMAND LOAD PROFILE

EQUIPMENT/ SYSTEM lights FUEL TYPE electricity UNIT S see notes

SEASON Year round DATE ( S ) BUILDING TYPE Multifamily housing LOCATION Baltimore/Washington

1 2 3 4 Column 1

.

Lowrise (850-950 ft 2

) HOUR

W/ft 2

1 0.14 126 0.11 143

2 0.09 81 0.07 91 Occupancy

:

Average middle income,

3 0.02 20 0.02 26 number unspecified.

4 0.02 20 0.02 26 Column 2

.

Lowrise (900 ft 2

) -

5 0.02 20 0.02 26 total watts

6 0.05 45 0.04 52 Occupancy

:

Same

.

7 0.09 81 0.07 91 Column 3

.

Townhouse (1300 ft -

) -

8 0.23 207 0.18 234 w/ft 2

9 0.18 162 0.14 182 Occupancy

:

Same

.

10 0.14 126 0.11 143 Column 4

.

Townhouse (1300 ft 2

) -

11 0.09 81 0.07 91 total watts

12 0.09 81 0.07 91 Occupancy

:

Same . 13 0.14 126 0.11 143

14 0.09 81 0.07 91

15 0.09 81 0.07 91

16 0.14 126 0.11 143 Note: Profiles taken from graphs

17 0.18 162 0.14 182

18 0.27 243 0.21 273

19 0.36 324 0.28 364

20 0.36 324 0.28 364

21 0.32 288 0.25 325

22 0.32 288 0.25 325

23 0.23 207 0.18 234

24 0.14 126 0.11 143

Day Reference

:

1974, Lokhmanhekim

,

Total 3418 3874 and private communication

112
DATA: Meas._ Assum._X

DAILY DEMAND LOAD PROFILE*

EQUIPMENT/SYSTEM lighting FUEL TYPE electricity UNITS Btu x 103

* SEASON summer/winter DATE(S)

BUILDING TYPE 4 BR townhouse LOCATION Gaithersburg, MD

1 2 )UR

1 — —

2 — —

3 — —

4 — —

5 — —

6 — —

7 0.75 0.7

8 1.75 2.25

9 1.1 0.95

10 0.45 0.35

11 0.5 0.8

12 0.5 0.3

13 1.2 0.2

14 —

15 — —

16 — 0.4

17 0.65 0.3

18 0.55 0.5

19 0.6 0.7

20 0.7 1.2

21 1.15 1.6

22 0.75 0.8

23 1.2 1.25

24

11.85 12.3

Column 1 . Summer activities

Father, Mother, 2 girls

(ages 12, 16), 2 boys

(ages 6, 8)

Column 2 . Winter activities

same occupancy

* Note: Data taken from graphs.

Reference 1975, Peavy, B.A.

et al.

113
DATA: Meas. As sum. X

DAILY DEMAND LOAD PROFILE*

EQUIPMENT/SYSTEM lights FUEL TYPE UNITS WATTS

SEASON unspecified DATE(S)

BUILDING TYPE detached residence LOCATION Ithaca, NY

J. 2 3 Column 1. playroom/bedroom zone HOUR

1 0 0 0 Occupancy . 4 adults (equiv.)

2 0 0 0 Column 2. living/kitchen Zone

3 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 Occupancy : the same

5 0 0 0 Column 3. house total

6 0 0 0

7 1000 500 1500 Occupancy . the same

8 1000 500 1500

9 500 500 100

10 0 0 0

11 0 0 0

12 0 0 0

13 0 0 0

14 0 0 0

15 0 0 0 * Note: Based on observation of

16 0 0 0 actual family of 2 adults and

17 500 0 500 3 children.

18 500 1000 1500

19 1000 1000 2000

20 1000 1000 2000

21 1000 500 1500

22 200 500 700 Reference : 1976, Nall

23 200 500 700

24 0 0 0

Day Total

114
LIGHTS AND MISCELLANEOUS APPLIANCES

MEASURED

Sources : 1963, Phillips and Achenbach

Location : Myrtle Beach, N.C., and Columbus, Miss.

Dates : 1959/60

Average daily consumption for lights and appliances (excluding: water heater, range, clothes dryer):

kWh/dy Btu x 10~Vdy

Myrtle Beach, N.C. (5 dwelling units)

minimum 8.30 28.3

average (12.7% of average

house total*) 21.07 41.2

maximum 16.11 55.0

Columbus, Miss. (5 dwelling units)

minimum 7.74 26.4

average (10.8% of average

house total*) 11.45 39.1

maximum 18.42 62.9

* All-electric houses.

Source : undated, Schmitt

Location: Cleveland, Ohio area

Dates : Feb. 1973-Feb. 1974

Consumption in one year (excluding heat pumps, air handlers

and water heater):

7,249 kWh 24.74 x 10 6 Btu

(This amounts to 26.1% of house total.)

/

115
Source

1976, Socolow and Sonderegger

Location : Twin Rivers, N.J.

Date : 20 Jan to 30 Apr 1975 (97 days)

Average winter load for lights and appliances---exclusive of

water heater. range , and clothes dryer:

Equivalent

Measured Equivalent 6-mo. ( i .e.

,

load monthly consumption winter) consumption

House W Btu/hr kWh/mo Btu x 10*Vmo kWh Btu x 10^

1 1020 3481 734 2.5 4455 15.2

2 730 2491 526 1.8 3189 10.9

3 860 2935 619 2.1 3756 12.8

Average Quad-II

,

3 BR townhouse 580 1980 418 1.4 2533 8.6

Average winter load for lights and minor appliances —above

figures minus: refrigerator, furnance fan, and Princeton

(i.e. , data measuring and recording) equipment •

1 390 1331 281 0.96 1704 5.82

2 380 1297 274 0.93 1660 5.66

3

Q-II , 3 BR

320 1092 230 0.79 1398 4.77

avg. 300 1024 216 0.74 1310 4.47

Date

late summer 1974

Average daily consumption of three townhouses for lights and

appliances, exclusive of: water heater, dryer , range (believed to include "air conditioner" fan)

House kWh/dy Btu x 10^/dy

1 27.85 95.1

2 18.95 64.7

3 20.53 70.1

(See averaged daily load profile, next page.)

(These figures would imply monthly rates ranging from 569-

836 kWh/mo (1.9-2.85 x 10® Btu/mo) and totals of 3449-6069

kWh (11.8-17.3 x 10^ Btu) for the 6-month summer period.)

Average electric consumption except for water heating, air

conditioning, and refrigerating:

3000-3500 kWh/vr or 10.2-12.0 x 10® Btu/ yr

116
DATA: Meas. X As sum.

DAILY DEMAND LOAD PROFILE

EQUIPMENT/SYSTEM light and appl.* FUEL TYPE electricity UNITS kWh

SEASON summer DATE(S) 24 Aug. - 19 Sep. 74 (22 days, with a gap)

BUILDING TYPE townhouse LOCATION Twin Rivers, N.J.

1 2 3

HOUR

1 0.78 0.46 0.70

2 0.75 0.39 0.64

3 0.80 0.42 0.67

4 0.85 0.34 0.66

5 0.81 0.44 0.48

6 0.95 0.43 0.47

7 1.34 0.62 0.73

8 1.23 0.72 0.87

9 1.26 0.78 0.97

10 1.13 0.75 0.89

11 1.01 0.77 0.86

12 0.99 0.78 0.78

13 1.10 0.67 0.78

14 1.16 0.71 0.91

15 1.17 0.76 0.78

16 1.32 0.80 1.06

17 1.14 0.82 0.81

18 1.38 1.02 1.00

19 1.59 1.41 1.26

20 1.74 1.26 1.23

21 1.65 1.24 1.25

22 1.35 1.45 1.12

23 1.27 1.09 0.90

24 1.07 0.82 0.71

al 27.85 18.95 20.53

Column 1.

Co lumn 2

Column 3.

House no. 1.

House no. 2.

House no. 3

* i.e., all electric equipment

except: water heater; dryer;

range; A/C.

Reference: 1976, Socolow and

Sonderegger

117
Source

19 75, Robinson and Young

LocationsTwin Rivers, N.J.

Dates : late summer, 1974

Data : Daily consumption for lights and minor appliances, based on measurements (at 20 min. intervals) of three townhouses

,

each occupied by two adults and by, respectively, 3, 1, and

1 small children, from 24 to 29 August and 4 to 19 Sept.,

1974 (22 days)

Minimum Average Maximum

House kWh/ dy Btu x 10^/dy kWh/dy Btu x 10^/dy kWh/ dy Btu x 10^/dy

1 15 .1 51.5 28.9 98.6 43.6 148.8

2 11.4 38.9 20.1 68.6 32.5 110.9

3 16.6 56.7 21.6 73.7 30.3 105.1

UTILITY-COMPILED

Source

1975, Jones and Hendrix

(Origin ambiguous,

40 homes .) but suggested to be "billing data" , from

Location

Austin, Texas

Dateearly 1970's

Data Annual consumption for lights and appliances

kWh/mo Btu x 10^/mo

minimum 400 1.37

average 650 2.22

maximum 1200 4.10

118
ASSUMPTION

Source :

Location :

Date :

Data

197 A, Lokhmanhekim

Baltimore/Washington area

early 1970's

Assumptions (based on utility and statistical data) used for

the assessment of energy consumption of residences in the

specified locale

Total annual consumption for lights and appliances:

kWh/yr Btu x 10^/yr

Townhouse

Lowr ise

Highrise - 1 BR

- 2 BR

4900

4300

4160

4660

16.7

14.7

14.2

15.9

119
AIR CONDITIONING

7.1 RELATIVE IMPORTANCE

The relative importance of air cooling in residential energy consumption

varies widely between regions of the nation, and among housing units

within regions. The variation begins with the presence or absence of

air conditioning equipment in a residence. The Federal Energy Administration has estimated air conditioner saturations, as of 1970, at 52%

in the South, 31% in the Northeast, and only 24% in the West. (It should

be noted that saturations in 1990 are projected to range from 81% in the

Northeast to 100% in the South (1974, Federal Energy Administration)

Newman and Day reported figures for 1973 of 58% for locales with 1000 or days* more cooling degree *, and 33% for locales with less than that figure

(19 75, Newman and Day).

Consequently, on a region-wide , year total basis, energy consumption for

air conditioning in the South (estimated at 4.2% of average energy use per residence, as of 1970) may be about as large as consumption for

lighting. However, in all other regions of the nation, average consumption for air conditioning clearly ranks below that for any of the other

* Such locales comprise roughly that part of the U.S. lying south and

east of a line running through Philadelphia, Washington, Knoxville,

Columbus, Chicago, Des Moines, Albuquerque, Grand Junction, to just

east of San Diego, plus the New York metropolitan area, an area around

and west of Salt Lake City, and an area extending northwest through

central California from Bakersfield.

120
uses we are considering in this report (with the exception of ventilation). The estimated figures for the other regions for 1970 range from

2.2% of average unit consumption in the West to 0.14% in the Northeast

(1974, Federal Energy Administration). The Stanford Research Institute

estimated national energy use for air conditioning, as of 1968, as 1.5%

of residential consumption (1972, Stanford Research Institute). However,

the saturations being as low as they are, the energy actually used for

air cooling must constitute a rather larger part of total consumption

for those dwellings that have this equipment.

Further contributing to the difficulty of assessing the relative importance of energy consumption for air cooling is the fact that air condition

ing equipment is typically operated for only three or four months of the

year. The consequence of this is that air conditioning use tends to

account for a relatively large part of the total energy consumed during

the summer months. For example, in the months of June through September,

the typical Twin Rivers, New Jersey, townhouse expends on the order of

30-35% of its total energy on air cooling (1976, Socolow and Sonderreger)

In a more southern climate, researchers at the University of Texas calculated air conditioner consumption of a typical house (with gas heat)

in the Austin area to be as high as 36% of total year consumption (44%

if gas is also used for air conditioning) (1975, Jones and Hendrix)

7 . 2 N EEDED OC C UPANT DATA

1. Hourly demand profiles (average room temperatures)

weekday

weekend

unoccupied

by region

by family size

by residence size,

2. Exterior door openings (count and cumulative time open/dy)

3. Window management

opening (schedule)

covering (schedule and U-value variations)

4. Isolation of room(s) from conditioning

5. Occupancy schedules (number of people and activities) (Btu)

wee kday

weekend

unoccupied

6. Hourly appliance and lighting demand profiles (see Appliance and

Lighting Sections)

121
7.

Ventilation schedules (see Ventilation Section)

7.3 NEEDED PHYSICAL DATA

1. Climate data—including temperature, humidity, wind speed, and

solar radiation (adjusted for cloud cover)

2. Area of living space or number of rooms cooled

3. Areas and orientations of roof, walls, windows, doors

4. Color of roofing and siding

5. Extent of shading by trees or adjacent buildings

6. Mass of building construction and contents

7. Air tightness of construction (detailing and workmanship)

8. R-value of building envelope elements

9. Equipment COP and fuel type

7.4 AN OVERVIEW OF AVAILABLE DATA

Since most residential air conditioning equipment is electric powered

(97.2% of all central units as of 1968—1972, Stanford Research Institute), it is reasonably simple to measure the energy consumption for air

conditioning in residences. This can be done directly, by connecting

a meter into the air conditioner supply line (always a separate line

from the service entry box for central equipment), or by connecting an elapsed time recorder (such as a clock) in parallel at the compressor

control switch. In the latter case, the load imposed by the compressor

must be determined; then, multiplying this figure by the total running

time gives the power consumption for the period in question. With this

approach, the power used by the fan must also be added in. If the fan

is operated in "automatic" mode, the running time is identical to that

measured for the compressor; if it is on "manual", its running time

must be recorded separately.

In spite of the ease of recording, little data apparently have been

obtained. Schmitt, in Cleveland, as part of a sales promotion for houses

heated and cooled with electric heat pumps, measured the monthly consumption of the heating/cooling equipment in one house for an entire year.

(However, this was not a "typical" house, but one built to relatively

high standards of thermal performance.) The most extensive measurements

have been made at Twin Rivers, New Jersey, where data collection is still

proceeding (see 1975, Robinson and Yeung; 1976, Socolow and Sonderegger )

This project has already produced some valuable information about the

122
variability of energy consumption for air cooling in very similar dwellings, even though detailed data for only a small number of units has

been obtained—or at least analyzed—so far.

The Twin Rivers townhouses have been instrumented to collect crude data

on door and window opening activity, although none of this has yet been

published. (Newman and Day reported some door and window use data for

the winter season, but not for summertime.) Newman and Day have reported

survey data on the number of rooms typically cooled in warmer and in

cooler climates.

The Edison Electric Institute prepares and publishes estimated annual

consumption figures for electric air conditioners. These are in part

based on estimates developed by individual electric utility companies

around the country, and some of these companies have published their own figures. However, we know of no instance where such data are based on direct metering and measurement of the electric consumption. They are generally derived from load research studies. In this approach, total

billings to a residence provide the data. The households in the overall

sample are subdivided into various groupings, permitting comparison, for

instance, of the average consumption of households using air conditioning

with that for households not having such equipment. However, the size of

the various sub-samples is generally fairly small. Thus the average con- sumption figures derived in this way carry a degree of uncertainty, and

ranges of typical consumption values cannot be developed with any

confidence.

7 . 5 ADDITIONAL DATA NEEDS AND SUGGESTED COLLECTION METHODS

Basically, what is needed is information as to average values and ranges

of values of consumption for air cooling in residences in various climatic conditions throughout the nation. A step in this direction is

represented by a project currently being conducted by the Midwest

Research Institute (Kansas City, Kansas). In 150 homes located in 16

cities throughout the United States, major electrical appliances, including air conditioners, have been instrumented to record energy consumption. Data are to be recorded over a one year period. Billing data

(giving overall consumption) are being obtained, for comparison, from

some 2000 residences in the cities. However, no air conditioner usage

data have yet been received from this project.

Consideration should be given to the use of "activity log" studies to

obtain representative data about occupant activites affecting air conditioner energy consumption. A sample of households would be provided

with appropriate forms, and would be asked to record such information

as: daytime and nighttime thermostat settings and times (if any) of

switchover, exterior door openings, use of interior doors to close off

unused rooms, times of opening and closing windows, and times of opening or closing drapes or blinds (at least on the sunward side). This

data might well be recorded over a 7-day period in the early part of

123
the cooling season and again at the height of the hot weather. Such

data, in combination with measured air conditioner energy usage data for

the same households and time periods, would permit a beginning to be

made on analyzing and demonstrating the ways in which occupant behaviors

influence the consumption of energy for summer comfort conditioning.

124
AUTHORS'

RECOMMENDED

VALUES o

23 603

053 m X •H

r-- 3 H-t > 1 cO O •H o GO 44 O' 3 4-> 44 O G

® 3 3 3 •H 3 c/5

X 3 3 3 ea 3 a) B B 3 3 2

CO T"H GO GO 3 3 X 40 3 X X) 3 B 3 3 co GO 3 3 G 3

cO i—i 3 •r-> •i-) 05 3 •rH 05 05

X

C/5 cO 3 05 05

—— 3 3 CO 3 05 > •rH •rH 05 05 O 3 3 •rH •H •H 3 i—

05 05 3 >-l 3 3 05 05 05

05 <5

a3 3 3 3 O

O

X 3 3 3 3 3

•H 3 3 JO 42 4= 4= 3 ex 3 -O 40 40

05 no 4-1 4-1 4-5 44 05 3 3

CO C/5 3 GO

O 3 3 3 G 3 o OO

pa c "3 3 3 3 3 3 ea o GO 3 3 3

0533

rH3> BO 3 • 3 3 O 34 O u > > 3 o •H 3 3 X O O X 3 O O

GO 44 40 3 3 •3 •rH •H 3 3 40 rH X 3 3 3 •3 3 3 3 z ~ 3 B 3 X X 3 pr, m 3 3 P 3 3 O 3 3 3 3 g 3 a) X) X X O s g

>% 3 3 44 44 3 o B

H 3 O O 3 3 40 3 o O

X) •3 •rH 3 3 3 3 g o 3 3 3 3 O X 3 3 \ 3 3 s z 3 O 3 3 U X •3 X •H 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3, 3 3

40 3 3 3 3 3 3 • rH i—

• s g 3 O >3 • • 3 3 m 3 6 § 3 3 40 O *-0 3 X X CM g O O g 6 s—

o O 3 3 3 o G 3 3 CM •H 40 40

05 3 3 3 3 3 3 CO 3 CJ

G 3 3 3 3 3 05 05 o 3 3 3 3 3 • • 3

00 40O

O -3 40O

O /-N 3 O

O 3 3 3 3 3 c_> -3 Q 3 3 M

05

0)3 33O 3 w

C

05 3 O 3 3 3 00 -3 3 3 3 M 3 3 i—! •H 3 •rH •rH 3 3 3 CX 3 3 3 3 X O E M 3 3 3 3 3 3 •H 3 CX X 3 43

CX 3 05 o o 3 G X 3 3 e 05 "3 E 3 C 3 3 > 3 05 GO 3 O •H O rH X O vH 60 00 3 3 O X 3- *H 'H *rH O 3 3 00 3

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X 3 3 3 •H 3 3 3 X 3 G 3 3 3 rH 3 •rH 3 O 3 X 3 44 44 G 3 >3 5_i 3 3 B 3 3

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125

Window

uncovered:

11=1,13

NBS

window

research

(1977,

Window

covered

(drapery

or

Hastings

and

Crenshaw) 

or

shade):

U=0.9

AUTHORS’

RECOMMENDED

VALUES

(cont I

i-i 4-i

Ph

-a rH

CO

X

O 0) •H 4-i 4J (0 33 14-1 ^ O

CO 4J ^o

CO

O

4-1 -O

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co 3

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33 3 3 3 3

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CX 00 • 3 3

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HW iH

r3 CO l-l

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CO 3 •H -3 3 3 33 3 4-4 3

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CO 3 3 3 3 3 < S rH 3

CO 3 X 3 3 3 3 V4 3 3

•H 33 3 3 33 3a 3 B

X

O .

CO CO

O 3 60

O 3 rH

X 3 O 3 3 33 O 0 •H H 3 3 O

PQ 3 pa CD 4-1 3 3 fH >4-1 (H

OX

rH

H

CO

O o 3 O

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CX Xi 4-1 3 0 >n 0

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B

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PhX

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<£> 127

and

Lighting

Sections.)

Air AUTHORS* RECOMMENDED VALUES (cont.)

Conditioning

DATA: MEAS. ASSUM. X

DAILY LOAD PROFILE

METABOLIC HEAT RELEASE OF OCCUPANTS UNITS Btu x 10"

SEASON Summer, weekday

BUILDING TYPE Residence LOCATION Urban/Suburban

1 2 3 4 Column 1. Two adults, both

employed.

HOUR 1 0.6 0.6 1.1 1.1

2 0.6 0.6 1.1 1.1 Column 2. Two adults, neither

3 0.6 0.6 1.1 1.1 employed (e.g., "senior citi4 0.6 0.6 1.1 1.1 zens )

5 0.6 0.6 1.1 1.1

6 0.6 0.6 1.1 1.1 Column 3. Family of five:

7 0.6 0.6 1.1 1.1 father, mother, one teenager,

8 1.1 1.1 2.0 2.0 two elementary school age

9 0 1.2 1.7 1.7 (assuming children stay in air

10 0 0 1.7 0.7 conditioned residence most of

11 0 1.0 1.0 0 the day)

12 0 1.1 1.5 1.5

13 0 0.9 1.5 0.5 Column 4. Family of five:

14 0 0.9 1.5 0.5 father, mother, one teenager.

15 0 1.1 1.2 0.4 two elementary school age

16 0 1.1 1.3 0.5 (assuming children out of the

17 0 1.2 1.5 0.7 house most of the day)

18 0 1.2 1.4 1.4

19 1.2 1.0 2.0 2.0 Basis: These numbers have been

20 1.6 1.2 1.7 1.7 calculated using the rates of

21 0.8 0.8 1.4 1.4 metabolic heat release listed

22 0.8 0.8 1.3 1.3 under Item 5 in combination

23 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 with some assumptions about the

24 0.6 0.6 1.1 1.1 kinds and extent of activities

that might be carried out by

Day Total 11.1 20.2 32.5 26.1 various household members.

129

DATA

AIR CONDITIONING

Page

Prevalence:

Census, Industry, and Calculated 131

Energy consumption:

Measured 132

Survey 133

Utility-compiled 134

Calculated 135

PREVALENCE

CENSUS, INDUSTRY AND CALCULATED

Source :

Dates

1972, Stanford Research Institute

1960, 1968

Units per household

gas electric

1960 1968 1960 1968

room units — — 0.14 0.30

central units — 0.003 0.02 0.09

131
Source

19 74, FEA

Location : nationwide

Dates : 1970, 1990

Data : Percent of households with units

1970 1990 room central total room central total

All 27% 11% 35% 55%

Northeast 27 4 31 53 28 81

North central 25 9 34 47 38 85

South 34 18 52 25 75 100

West 14 10 24 36 54 90

ENERGY CONSUMPTION

MEASURED

Source : 1976, Schmitt

Location : Cleveland

Dates : Feb 73 - Feb 74

3 BR, 1 floor, 1990 ft^; well insulated and thermal treated;

two-zone, cooled with two 2-ton heat pumps.

Total electricity consumption for cooling,

7 Feb 73-7 Feb. 74 (1 year):

Btu x 10 6 /yr

kWh/ yr (at house)

1971 6.72

132
Source

:

1975, Robinson and Yeung

Location : Twin Rivers, N.J.

Date : late summer 1974

Daily consumption of 3 townhouses: identical 3 BR, except

that no. 3 is an end unit.

Measured over 24-29 Aug and 4-19 Sep 1974 (total of 22 days)

Number of days

during which

House A/C operated

Average consumption

for operating days

kWh/dy Btu x 10^/dy

Maximum day

consumption

kWh/dy Btu x lQ~7dy

123

14

14

8

30.4 103.7

34.8 118.8

28.5 97.3

51.4 175.4

68.3 233.1

60.0 204.8

Note: We believe that these figures are for compressor consumption only,

and do not include the consumption of the fan needed to move the

cooled air throughout the house. The comfort-conditioning fan in

a Twin Rivers townhouse draws 470 W when operating in the air

conditioning (or manual) mode.

SURVEY

Source : 1975, Newman and Day

Location : Nationwide

Date : 1973

Data based on interviews of national sample of 1455 households

in 177 different locations.

Number of rooms cooled, by percentage of households.

1-4 rooms

> 4 rooms

Percent of households

annual cooling degree days

all < 1000 1000+

23% ' 18 28

22 14 29

133
UTILITY-COMPILED

Source : 1972, Stanford Research Institute (from Edison Electric

Institute).

Location: Nationwide

Dates

1960; 1968

Average Annual Consumption

1960 1968

Type of unit kWh/yr 10 6 Btu/yr kWh/yr 10' 6 Btu/yr

room 1250 4.27 1375 4.69

central 3600 12.29 3600 12.29

central-gas 20

Source1975 Newman and Day (from EEI)

LocationNationwide

Date

1969

Average annual consumption of air conditioners

Type kWh/yr 10^Btu/yr

Window 1389 4.74

Source: 1976, Camacho and Roat

Average monthly consumption

reporting

kWh /mo 10^Btu/mo unit size utility comments

minimum average* 94 320 10K Btu SCE+ used 3 hr/dy

minimum average* 1800 2050 12K Btu W.Tex.U used 6 mo.

* Systemwide averages. + See code on page 153.

134
CALCULATED

Source

:

1974, FEA

Location : Nationwide—by four regions

Climate and engineering design parameters:

Equivalent full load

Region Representative city operating hours Design AT Northeast Norwalk, CT 300 15

North central Detroit, MI 500 15

South Pine Bluff, AK 1600 25

West Roswell, NM 1600 25

Data based on characteristic dwelling units and other

statistical information.

Weighted average annual dwelling unit energy consumption for

cooling

Single family: in NE.

in N.C

in s.

in W.

Mobile home: in NE.

in N.C

in s. in w. Low density: in NE.

in N.C

in s.

in W.

Low rise: in NE.

N.C

S.w. High rise: in N.E

N.C

S.

W.

Dwelling

electric heat*

1 floor 3.5 x 10 ^Btu/y

2 floor 3.9

1 floor 6.0

2 floor 6.5

1 floor 28.1

2 floor 28.0

1 floor 29.0

2 floor 28.5

3.4

5.9

19.2

18.7

1 floor 2.4

2 floor 2.2

1 floor 4.1

2 floor 4.5

1 floor 18.3

2 floor 19.7

1 floor 18.3

2 floor 20.5

1.3

2.2

9.3

9.9

1.1

2.7 (?)

7.9

8.7

it designed for;

gas or oil heat

4.0 x 10^Btu/yr

4.6

7.0

7.6

32.0

30.1

31.4

32.0

2.7

3.2

5.3

5.2

22.1

20.0

19.5

20.8

1.6

2.9

11.5

10.7

1.5

1.9

10.3

9.1

* Typically insulated to higher standards.

135
Source

19 74, Rittman

Location : Baltimore/Washington area

Data: early 1970's

Data calculated for characteristic dwellings in the specified area .

Unit Type

single family home

townhouse

lowrise

highrise

Annual energy

lO^Btu/ unit .yr

12.5

20.6

10.5

5.0

consumption

10^Btu/f t^ ,yr

0.0084

0.0158

0.0093

0.0052

Source: 1974, Lokhmanhekim and Harvey

Location: Baltimore, MD

Date: Early 1970's

Data calculated for

location

Type of unit

characteristic

Fuel type*

dwellings in

Annual energy

kWh/ yr

the specified

consumption

lO^Btu/ yr

Townhouse electric 2200 7.51

2 BR gas 59.4

3 BR gas 66.0

Low-rise electric 1950 6 . 66

1 BR gas 46.2

2 BR gas 52.8

3 BR gas 66.0

High-rise 1 BR electric 1620 5.53

1 BR gas 33.0

efficiency gas 19.8

2 BR electric 1800 6.14

2 BR gas 39.6

3 BR gas 52.8

* Data on gas units based on "billing data and load computations."

136
Source

1976, Bernstein and Alereza

Location ; selected — see below

Dates : early 1970's

Data calculated for characteristic dwellings in the specified

locations

City Dwelling Type

Atlanta single family

townhouse

lowrise

highrise

Boston single family

townhouse

lowrise

highrise

Chicago single family

townhouse

lowrise

highrise

Denver single family

townhouse

lowrise

highrise

Annual consumption-TO°Btu/yr

57.4

40.1

29.3

37.9

9.1

9.9

15.5

17.4

17.8

17.7

14.5

18.5

36.1

18.6

12.3

13.3

137
VENTILATION

8.0 VENTILATION

8.1 RELATIVE IMPORTANCE

Electricity consumed for mechanical ventilation of residences accounts

for a very small percentage of typical total energy consumption. There

are commonly four situations where mechanical ventilation may occur in

residences

:

1. Whole-house fans (ventilate whole house through the attic).

2. Window fans and the economizer cycle of some air conditioners.

3. Power attic ventilators (ventilate attic only).

4. Kitchen and bathroom exhaust fans.

The last three of these ventilators consume small amounts of electricity

due to their small motor capacity, typically 150 W or less. Also, in

the case of the kitchen and bathroom fans, they are used only a small

fraction of the time.

Power attic ventilators and whole-house fans, though consuming more electricity than bathrooms or kitchen fans, are still comparatively low

energy users. An attic ventilator typically has a wattage similar to

that of a portable window fan—150 to 250 watts. A whole-house fan

may range from 500 to 1000 watts. By comparison, however, a five-ton

central air conditioner may require 8,700 watts, or 9 to 17 times more electricity than a whole-house fan.

138
What is significant about mechanical ventilation in residences is not

the electricity consumption of the fan motors, but the indirect effect

of the ventilation upon energy consumed for air conditioning.

Whole house fans, window fans and the economizer cycle of air conditioners can substantially reduce the number of hours an air conditioner

(compressor) must operate seasonally. Their effectiveness is due to the

fact that, during much of the Spring and Autumn, outside air is temperate in contrast to the inside air that is warmed by heat accumulated

from the sun as well as heat from occupants and electrical appliances . By merely circulating the temperate outside air through the otherwise

too warm house interior, the need for air conditioner operation is

sharply reduced. The possible reduction in hours of air conditioning

has been calculated to range from 12 to 47 percent in various climates

(1974, Nelson p. 38). Whole house fans which exhaust through the attic

afford the additional advantage of providing positive air flow through

attic spaces, thereby reducing attic temperatures and consequent heat

gain through the ceiling. In a study by the American Ventilation

Association, an example house was calculated to seasonally consume 35

percent less electricity for air conditioning when a whole house fan

was used (1976, American Ventilation Assoc., p. VII-4).

Bathroom and kitchen exhaust fans have little effect upon energy consumed for air conditioning and heating for two reasons: their air moving

capacity is small, and they are only used a small fraction of the time.

Some benefit is obtained from exhausting warm and humid air resulting

from cooking or bathing, but this is partially offset by the infiltration of an equal amount of unconditioned outside air.

8.2 NEEDED OCCUPANT DATA

1. Hourly demand profiles (ft ) whole house ventilation

window fan/air conditioner economizer cycle

attic fan

by residence size

by region

2. Exterior door openings (cumulative time open/dy)

3. Window management schedules

4. Inventory of mechanical ventilating equipment

8.3 NEEDED PHYSICAL DATA

1. Climate data—including temperature, humidity, and wind speed

2. Air flow per kWh under given indoor/outdoor conditions

3. Typical interior temperature and humidity when fan is operating

4. Air tightness of construction (detailing and workmanship)

5. Insulation amounts (ceiling and roof)

139
8.4 AN OVERVIEW OF AVAILABLE DATA

Few data are available on either the use of mechanical ventilation in

residences or the direct and indirect effects of mechanical ventilation

on total energy consumption. Design data and code requirements, such

as the Federal Housing Administration's (FHA) Minimum Property Standards , set the minimum capacities for ventilation of bathrooms and kitchens.

Such data are merely capacities, however. The issues that need to be

addressed by field studies are: How frequently and for how long are

the exhaust fans operated; and what is the actual effect of such operation on heating and air conditioning energy consumption. The best such

study which could be found on the use of bathroom ventilating fans is

a monitoring study by Princeton University of three townhouses in Twin

Rivers, New Jersey (not yet published).

Data on attic fans and whole-house fans are similarly limited to a small

sampling. Energy savings estimates are frequently based on measured

consumption of a house with a fan compared to calculated consumption

for the same house without the fan, such as the study by Nelson and

Tobias. Studies of the effectiveness of attic ventilation are currently

being conducted in three heavily instrumented houses in Houston, Texas

and two occupied houses in Twin Rivers, New Jersey, and by Lawrence

Berkeley Laboratory.

8.5 ADDITIONAL DATA NEEDS AND SUGGESTED METHODS OF COLLECTION

Because of the infrequent use of kitchen and bathroom fans, coupled with

their low exhaust rate, these two ventilator types are not an urgent

subject of research. At best, a small study is justified to confirm the

assumption of infrequent use and the findings of the Princeton study.

The investigation could incorporate some of the procedures discussed

in the following paragraph on attic and whole-house ventilation. This

would provide data on the in-place versus the laboratory determined

exhaust rate of such fans.

Data on the effects of attic ventilation are needed, because present

findings are conflicting and too few studies have been conducted to

permit a resolution. The effectiveness of attic fans in conserving

energy is substantially affected by the air tightness and R-value of

the ceiling between the habitable space below and the attic. If little

air leakage occurs through the ceiling and perimeter joints, operation

of an attic fan concurrent with air conditioning may save energy on still days. (This presupposes that vent area meets or exceeds the specifications.) However, if NBS-recommended levels of insulation are present, the rate of downward conducted heat flow is likely to be so small

that an attic fan has no significant effect in the occupied spaces.

Additional data are needed 1) for specifying the appropriate size (capacity) of a whole-house fan, and 2) for determining how much less energy

a residence with a whole-house fan actually consumes seasonally compared

140
to a similar house dependent on air conditioning alone. Handbook of

Moving Air lists a fan capacity recommendation of 1 cublic foot per

minute per cubic foot of living space (or one air change per minute)

(1976, American Ventilation Association). While this quantity of air

movement is probably necessary in humid, southern locations for obtaining the desired breeze effect, it seems excessive for less humid, more

temperate areas. Studies are needed to refine whole-house fan capacity selection on the basis of local climate conditions.

For both the attic fan and the whole-house fan, experiments should be

conducted in several climates, and should consider continuous daytime

operation, thermostat-controlled operation, and occupant-controlled

operation. Sky clearness, wind velocity and direction, and outdoor

temperature and humidity are the key climatic factors. The performance

of the fan could be evaluated using an anemometer to measure air flow

when fan is operating under actual conditions. Tracer gas monitoring

could be used to measure the air change rate, both in the attic and in

the habitable parts of the house when the fan is operating and when it

is turned off. Finally, the temperature of the attic air, and at

various points in the habitable areas below the attic, and the heat flow

through the insulated ceiling, could be monitored.

Conclusions from such data would be valuable because, in much of the

nation, comfortable outdoor tempertures occur during part or all of the

day for a surprisingly large percentage of the year. (See the "House

Beautiful Climate Control Project" (1950, American Institute of Architects).) During such periods, however, internal heat gain may make the

indoor temperature uncomfortable. Under such circumstances, mechanical

ventilation of a house with unconditioned outside air is obviously much

less energy demanding than closing up a house and refrigerating the

air. How much energy could be saved seasonally and how occupants could

effectively select one system versus the other on a day-to-day basis are needed information.

141
'
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to <0 3 •H vO

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to to o •H <y\ 4-) o ON Li •H XI X) 3 > T—1 3 3 > rH 3 •U C/3 - Pm •H Cm S 3 •rH CQ uo

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rH •H •H •H rH

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44

X 40

X

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143

Duration:

no

recommendation

AUTHORS'

RECOMMENDED

VALUES

(cont •

4-> •4-1 3 3 3 a> e e 3 ai 00 00 XJ 33 3 3

•i-) —

to co

J-l V4

CO o o

•H

X 40

co 4-1 4-1 3 3 3

DQ < <

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cfl 3 4-1 3 3

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•H CO 4-1 -X 3 O 3 3 40 3

40 * X 40

X 3 rH 3 3 4-1 4-1 3 3 3 3

•H 4-' 40 4-1 E 43 3 1 o 3 >, 3 o - 3 3 3 3 3 3

4-1 3 X3 3 40 3 3 O O 4-1 4-4 CO 3 -3 3 40 3 >—4 •H O 40 3 3 XI 3 o 3 O 3 3 r—

X) rH - TO i—1 O O 4-J o 3 3

tO

O 40 3 40 3 *H > u 3 O 3 44 3

003

•HM

4-1

O 3

iH X)

•H 3

4-1 40 3 3 3 3

r-v > 4-1 CO 3 3 4-J rH rH X) •rH 3 3 c

T3 CJ 'i 3 •r4 -3 3 rH > 3 3 •H 1—

4-1 3 40 e •H 3 N-4 3 3 4—

6

a; 3 44 X) ctf e s 00 E 3 l-H 3 3 3 3 40 0 4-1 00 •H 44 rH 3 •H 3 3 3 O 00 3 •U X) £ 3 3 44 rH 3 a >. 4-1 •H 4J 3

4-1 e o 5-4 3 CO 3 e 3 O 3 3 s 4-1 6

3- o 3 a. 3 T3 3 •H U 3 > 3 3 •H 3 cr o H 3 • # r~)

145

DATA

VENTILATION

Page

Measured 147

Utility-compiled 148

Calculated 149

MEASURED

Source

1976, American Ventilation Association

LocationAustin, Texas

DatesUnspecified

Observations of one house over two cooling seasons for the

effects of attic ventilation:

thermostat

setting

reduction of electricity consumption

First season 7 6°F —

Two fourteen inch turbo ventilators were then installed in

attic roof

Second season (beginning) 76°F 17%

With lowered ceiling radiant

temperature, occupants than

felt cool enough that they

reset thermostat at 78°F additional 10%

147
UTILITY-COMPILED

Source : 1976, Camacho and Roat

Location : various

Dates : unspecified

Annual electricity consumption for attic fan

/L Reporting utility kWh/yr Btu x 10°/yr

minimum average* PSNJ+270 0.92

maximum average Texas P 310 1.06

*Note that these figures are utility systemwide averages.

+See page 153 for code.

148
CALCULATED

Source: 1976, American Ventilation Association

Location: Austin, Texas

Example energy consumption figures

for an actual house

Electrical load

Unit Size (e .g . , energy use rate)

whole house fan 42 inch 500 W

air conditioner (upstairs) 5 ton 1Ir 6000 W (total)

air conditioner (lower floor) 3 ton ) Resultant energy savings for each hour of use of fan instead of air conditioners 5.5 KWh

In practice the owner of this house generally uses the fan instead

of air conditioning whenever the temperature is less than about

85°F . The electrical energy saved by this practice in comparison

with using air conditioning alone is shown below •

Energy consumption

air conditioners whole house fan/

month only air conditioners

Jan 400 kWh 400 kWh

Feb 500 400

Mar 700 300

Apr 760 320

May 800 400

Jun 900 560

Jul 1000 700

Aug 1000 800

Sep 700 300

Oc t 600 300

Nov 400 360

Dec 400 400

Totals 8610 kWh 5240 kWh

Typical yearly savings 292 0 kWh

149
Source

:

1974, Nelson and Tobias

Location: various cities (see below)

Date: various (typical weather year, out of 10, for each city)

Data: Predicted reduction in air conditioner compressor operating

time by using air economizer system.

o Calculated For: 1-story, 900 ft , stucco house; wall insulation R=9 .3; ceiling insulation R=13.8; windows , all doubleglazed, equal to 11 percent of floor area; occupied by family

of 4 (2 adults, 2 children) ; calculated using "bin’ method,

with dry bulb temperature frequencies from Air Force/Army/

Navy Manual AFM 88-8 Chap. 6., with economizer (instead of

compressor) operating when outside temperature is 6 5-7 4° F.

Yearly

compressor Yearly Percent

operating hours economizer savings of

(conventional vice compressor compressor

City system) operating hours operating time

Akron, OH 825 hrs. 272 hrs 32.9 %

Albany, NY 747 224 30.0

Augusta, GA 1625 302 18.6

Chicago, IL 804 220 27.3

Columbus, OH 1019 272 26.7

Dallas, TX 1903 219 11.5

Denver, CO 820 180 22.0

Des Moines, IA 954 218 22.8

Detroit, MI 759 244 32.1

Kansas City, MO 1295 196 15.2

Los Angeles, CA 857 491 57.3

Louisville, KY 1251 251 20.0

Madison, WI 782 209 26.7

Miami , FL 3488 510 14.6

Minneapolis, MN 781 212 27.1

New Orleans, LA 2372 377 15.9

Omaha, NE 970 214 22.1

Pittsburgh, PA 851 273 32.0

Portland, OR 426 158 37.0

Roanoke, VA 1162 281 24.2

Salt Lake City, UT 948 189 19.9

San Francisco, CA 526 219 41.6

Seattle, WA 222 127 57.1

Syracuse, NY 792 243 30.7

Washington, D.C. 1066 277 26.0

150
THE NEWMAN AND DAY STUDY

The data on energy consumption patterns reported in The American Energy

Consumer (1975, Newman and Day) is based on inteviews conducted in 1,455

U.S. households in May and June 1973. Households in 1977 different

locations —representing metropolitan areas, smaller urban places, and

rural areas—were selected through the use of multistage area probability

sampling procedures. In reporting the data, weights were calculated and

used (1) to compensate for differences in probability of selection by

socioeconomic quartile (households in the lowest quartile having been

purposely over-sampled), (2) to adjust for the experienced differences

in interview completion rates in different locations, and (3) to expand

the data from sample households to the total universe of households in

the United States at the time. Where comparable, estimates based on the

sample are generally close to those based on the Current Population Survey of the U.S. Bureau of Census.

For purposes of breaking out data by socioeconomic group, the population

was divided into quartiles. The lowest group was identified by the U.S.

Government's definition of the poor and near poor in 1972: all those

with incomes of 125 percent of the low income or poverty threshold or lower. This definition takes account of family size in relation to

income, and thus does not reflect a single income cutoff. Using income

cutoffs tied to family size and derived from census data, the survey

found that, while the lowest quartile included all those with family

incomes less than $3,0U0, it included 30 percent of families with incomes

between $3,000 and $4,999, 9 percent of those with incomes between $5,000

and $6,999, and just 3 percent of those with incomes between $7,000 and

$8,999.

This lowest quartile-~termed "poor" —comprised 18 percent of all households. The nonpoor were divided into: "lower middle" (the remainder

with family income under $12,000) (42 percent), "upper middle" (income

$12,000 to $15,999) (19 percent), and "well off" (20 percent).

Some data is reported geographically in terms of the "heating degree

days" or "cooling degree days” of the locale. Heating degree days are variously defined and calculated, but for the purpose of this study they

were calculated (on the most recently published 30-year average data

1931-1960) using the standard day-by-day, 65°F base procedure. In this

method, the mean temperature, T , is calculated for each day (from the

high and low for the day). For every day on which the mean is below

65°F, the difference (65°F-T ) is obtained, and the cumulated differences over a period of time (e.g. , month, year) are the degree days

for that period. Cooling degree days are similarly calculated, using

those days on which the mean temperature is above a specified reference.

In this case, 65°F was used as the base, and the computation done on summer, 1972, weather data.

151
1 1

li

In the Newman and Day study, electricity measurements were converted at

the rate of 1 kWh=10,910 Btu. This rate incorporates the industry experience of energy losses in the generation of electricity and its transmission to the end user. If we are considering only the energy content

of electricity that has reached and crossed the building perimeter (as

is the case throughout our report), the relationship is 1 kWh=3,413 Btu.

152
UTILITY/ INDUSTRY SOURCES

(AGA) American Gas Association

Carol. P&L Carolina Power and Light

CE Consolidated Edison of New York

(EEI) Edison Electric Institute

K.C. P&L Kansas City Power and Light Company

Mont . P

.

Montana Power Company

N. Or 1 . PS New Orleans Public Service

OT Otter Trail Power Company

PGE Pacific Gas and Electric

Phil a. El Philadelphia Electric Company

Portl. GE Portland General Electric Company

PSNJ New Jersey Public Service

SCE Southern California Edison

Tex. P&L Texas Power and Light Company

W. Penn P West Pennsylvania Power

W. Tex. U West Texas Utilities

153
UNITS CONVERSION TABLE

To convert from to multiply by

Watt hour Btu 3.413

Kilowatt hour Btu 3.413 x 10 3

Cubic foot of natural

gas Btu 3 1.03 x 10 J

Therm (natural gas) Btu 10 5

(unit)/ day (u nit) /mo 30.4

(unit )/ day (unit)/yr 365.

(unit ) /mo (unit) /yr 12 .

(unit )/yr (unit )/ mo 0.083

(unit) /yr (uni t ) / day ) 0.00274

(unit/mo (unit )/day

)

0.033

gal L (liter) 3.785

L gal 0.264

°F °C 0.556 after substracting 32

°C °F 1.8 and add 32.

154
LIST OF SOURCES

Listed by year of publication, alphabetically

by author within years.

Undated, Schmitt, R.F., There is, indeed an energy problem. And we're

doing something about it ! Bob Schmitt Homes, Inc., Strongsville,

OH. (data reproduced by permission).

Undated, Ultraflo Corporation, Ultraflow saves energy - saves water - saves money . Ultraflo Corp., Box 2284, Sandusky, OH 44870 (data

reproduced by permission).

1950, American Institute of Architects, Regional Climate Analyses and

Design Data: The House Beautiful Climate Control Project . Bulletin of the American Institute of Architects, September 1949-January

1952.

1960, Babbitt, H.E., Plumbing . New York; McGraw Hill (Copyright 1960 by

the McGraw Hill Book Company. Used with permission.)

1963, Phillips, C.W., and Achenbach, P.R., The heating performance of air

to-air heat pumps in military housing . National Bureau of Standard

Report 8000, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. 20234

1969, Werden, R.G. and Spielvogel, L.G., Part 2 - Sizing of service

water heating equipment in commerical and institutional buildings . ASHRAE Transactions, Vol., 75, P. II, 1969, p. IV. 1.1 (data

reproduced in ASHRAE Handbook and Product Directory: 1976 Systems ).

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning

Engineers, Inc., New York, N.Y. Copyright by ASHRAE. Data reproduced by permission.)

1970, Todd, Keith David, editor, The water encyclopedia . Water Information Centers Huntington, N.Y. 11743. (Copyright 1970 by the Water

Inf ormation* Center. Data reproduced by permission.)

1972, Stanford Research Institute (MacDonald, R.E.), Patterns of energy

consumption in the United States . Washington: U.S. Government

Printing Office.

1973, Anderson, R.W. , Residential energy consumption, single family

housing-Final report . Washington: U.S. Government, Department

of Housing and Urban Development.

1973, ASHRAE, ASHRAE Handbook and Product Directory—1973 Systems . American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., New York, N.Y. (Copyright by ASHRAE. Data reproduced

by permission.

155
1973,

Grot, R.A., and Socolow, R.H. , Energy utilization in a residential

community . Princeton University, Center for Environmental Studies,

Princeton, N.J.

1973, Smith, G.E., Economics of water collection and recycling . Working

Paper No. 6, Technical Research Division, University of Cambridge

Department of Architecture, Cambridge, England.

1974, ASHRAE, ASHRAE Handbook and Product Directory—1974 Applications . American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning

Engineers, New York, N.Y. (Copyright by ASHRAE. Data reproduced

by permission).

1974,

Carnahan, Walter, et al. , The efficient use of energy - a physics

perspective . A.I.P. Conference Proceedings, Vol. 25, American

Institute of Physics, NTIS Report PB 242-733 or 242-116.

1974, Federal Energy Administration, Project Independence blueprint —Final

report, Appendix: Residential and commercial energy use patterns,

1970-1990 . Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.

1974, Hittman Associates, Inc., Residential energy conservation (a sum- mary report) . Hittman Associates, Inc. (for U.S. Department of

Housing and Urban Development), Columbia, Md.

1974, Lokhmanhekim, M. , and Harvey, D.G., Residential energy consumption , multifamily housing — Final report . Washington: U.S. Government,

Department of Housing and Urban Development.

1974, Nelson, L.W., and Tobias, J.R., Energy savings in residential buildings . ASHRAE Journal, February, American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, New York, N.Y. (Copyright

by ASHRAE. Data reproduced by permission.)

1975, Edison Electric Institute, Annual energy requirements of electric

household appliances . Edison Electric Institute, 90 Park Avenue,

New York, N.Y. 10016.

1975,

Johnson, R.J., and Angelton, H.D. , Hot water usage in a typical

single-family residence . NAHB Research Foundation, Inc.,

Rockville, Maryland.

1975, Jones, J.W., and Hendrix, B. , Residential energy requirements and

opportunities for energy conservation . University of Texas, Center

for Energy Studies, Austin, Tx.

1975, Newman, D.K. , and Day, D. , The American energy consumer . Cambridge,

Massachusetts: Ballinger Publishing Company. (Copyright 1975,

The Ford Foundation. Data reproduced with permission of Ballinger

Publishing Company.)

156
1975,

Peavy, B.A., Burch, D.M., Powell, F.J., and Hunt, C.M., Comparison

of measured and computer-predicted performance of a four bedroom

wood-frame townhouse . NBS Building Science Series 57, National

Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234.

1975, Robinson, J.A., and Yeung, J. , Summer air conditioning and appli - ance use patterns: a graphical analysis . Princeton University,

Center for Environmental Studies, Princeton, N.J.

1976, American Ventilation Association, The Handbook of Moving Air . American Ventilation Association, Houston, Texas.

1976, ASHRAE, ASHRAE Handbook and Product Directory — 1976 Systems . American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning

Engineers, Inc., New York, N.Y. (Copyright by AHSRAE. Data

reproduced by permission).

1976, Bernstein, H.M., and Alereza, T., Atlanta residential energy con - sumption; Boston residential energy consumption; Chicago residen- tial energy consumption; Denver residential energy consumption . Hittman Associates, Inc., Columbia, Maryland.

1976, Camacho, A. A. , and Roat, C.L., Electrical energy consumption of

household appliances: Survey of U.S. utilities . National Bureau

of Standards, Washington, D. C. (unpublished).

1976, HUD, Minimum property standards for one- and two-family dwellings , revision no, 4 . March, Department of Housing and Urban Development, Federal Housing Administration, Washington, D.C. 20411.

1976, Midwest Research Institute, Patterns of energy use by electrical

appliances study - Preliminary first season report , Midwest

Research Institute, Kansas City, MO 64110.

1976, Nall, D.H., Private communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.

1976, Shookster, L.A., An analysis of winter furnace and appliance use patterns . Princeton University, Center for Environmental Studies,

Princeton, N.J.

1976, Socolow, R.H., and Sonderegger, R.C., The Twin Rivers project on energy conservation in housing: Four year summary report . Princeton University, Center for Environmental Studies, Princeton,

N.J.

1977, Hastings, S.R. , and Crenshaw, R.W. , Window design strategies to

conserve energy . NBS Building Science Series 104. National Bureau

of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234.

157
r

N BS-l 1 4A (REV. 7-73)

U S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBSIR 78-15012. Gov't Acce ssion No.3. Ker ipicnt ’s Ai t i-ssion N»>.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Quantified Occupant-Use Factors Affecting Energy

Consumption in Residences

5. Publication Date July 1979

6. Performing Organization ( ode

7. AUTHOR(S)

Roy E. Clark & S. Robert Hastings

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task Work Unit No.

11. Contract/Grant No. EA-77-A-01-6010

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

Department of Energy

20 Massachusetts Avenue, NW.

Washington, D.C. 20545

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

14. Sponsoring Agency ( ode

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) Predicting energy consumption for a building requires three types of data: climatic

data, component performance data, and occupant-use data. Historically, few data on occupant use of a building have been collected, and the data which are collected are not easily referenced. Consequently, it is common for energy analysts to establish

values for occupant variables merely on the basis of their own personal experience. In

response to this dilemma, this report assembles residential energy-use data, as could

be found, from field metering studies, surveys, utility company estimates, and government sponsored statistical projections. From these data the authors have determined

recommended occupant-use values based on their analysis and judgements. These

"recommended values" represent the best judgement of the present authors, but are not

to be interpreted as "NBS recommended" values. Data, and assessment of their validity

for input in models for predicting energy consumption, are organized into six groups

by energy end-use: (1) heating, (2) service hot water, (3) appliances, (4) lighting,

(5) air conditioning, and (6) ventilation. The use of more soundly derived values for

occupant-use variables will result in a better correlation between the energy use predicted for buildings being designed today and the actual energy use of the buildings

when occupied.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical ordei; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons

)

Appliance energy consumption, energy consumption of residences, lighting energy

consumption, occupant factors, residential air conditioning, service hot water,

space heating, ventilation.

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