Bibliography

on the Voluntary

Standards System

and Product

Certification

NBSIR 79-1900

October 1979

100

.1156

79-1900

1979

f .?

ij s. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Office of Engineering Standards

Mationaf ftmaa-of‘Stan -'.w ns

NBSIR 79-1900

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BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE VOLUNTARY STANDARDS SYSTEM

AND PRODUCT CERTIFICATION

Carol A. Chapman

Office of Engineering Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

October 1 979

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary

Luther H. Hodges, Jr., Under Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

F oreword

This bibliography cites documents related to the workings

of the voluntary standards system and the economic and legal

effects of standards. It is hoped that it will be helpful to

economists and others who are studying the voluntary standards

system. Many of the documents cited are included in the

National Bureau of Standards/Standards Information Service

collection of national and international standards and related

publications, and are available to the public for on-site use.

(For information, call Bill Slattery, 301-921-2587).

The first portion of this bibliography lists references

alphabetically by author. The second portion groups references

into several categories, by subject. However, researchers

using this bibliography should note that many of the

publications listed under one heading also contain information

pertaining to the other headings. For example, information

concerning regulatory use of standards and certifications can

be found in most of the publications listed under "Standards

System Reform" and in the "International and Foreign"

publications that describe national standards systems.

Information on certification can also be found in some of the

publications listed under "Solar Heating and Cooling Equipment."

The Office of Engineering Standards (OES) of the National

Bureau of Standards, publisher of this report, sponsors and

conducts research concerning the impact of standards and

certification. The purpose of this research is to pro.vide NBS

decision-makers with information that will help them better

understand the economic, social, and other impacts of the

voluntary standards and certification systems. It is hoped

that this information will increase the effectiveness of NBS ’ s participation in voluntary standards work and will contribute

to the improved development and use of standards. Questions

concerning the standards impact analysis activities of OES

should be addressed to Joan Koenig, Group Leader, OES Standards

Management and Impact Analysis Project.

Carol Chapman

July 1979
Abstract

This bibliography lists references accumulated by the NBS Office of

Engineering Standards in the course of its research into the workings of

the voluntary standards system and the economic and legal effect of

standards. The first portion of the bibliography lists references alphabetically by author. The second portion groups references by subject.

Subject categories include: standards system reform, regulatory use of

standards (buildings, safety, environment) , certification and laboratory

accreditation, solar heating and cooling, product liability, and international and foreign.

Key words: Bibliography? buildings; certification; economics of

standards; legal aspects of standards; product certification;

product liability; regulation; standards system; voluntary

standards.

IV
Contents

Foreword iii

Abstract iv

General List (by Author) 1

Special Lists (by Subject)

Standards System Reform 12

Regulatory Use of Standards 14

Buildings 14

Safety (Except Buildings) 16

Environment 17

Certification and Laboratory Accreditation 18

Solar Heating and Cooling Equipment 19

Product Liability 20

International and Foreign 21

v

General List (by Author)

-AAbourezk, James. "Floor Remarks of Senator James Abourezk,

(D-S.Dak.) to Accompany the Voluntary Standards and

Accreditation Act of 1977,” March 1, 1977.

. "Statements on Introduced Bills and Joint

Resolutions," Congressional Record-Senate , May 1 , 1977.

Achenbach, Paul. "Performance Testing of Sanitary Plumbing

Fixtures," in Performance of Buildings -- Concept and

Measurement , edited by W.W. Walton and B.C. Cadoff. National

Bureau of Standards, 1970.

Aerospace Industries Association of America, National Aerospace

Standards Committee. Standardization Savings, Identification

and Calculation . National Aerospace Standard, 1968, as revised

1970 and 1971.

American Engineering Council. Waste in Industry . New York:

McGraw-Hill, 1921. (Reprinted in 1974 by Hive Publ. Co.,

Easton .

American National Standards Institute. The American National

Standards Institute Policy and Procedures and Manual of

Operations for Accreditation of Certification Programs . ANSI,

New York, 1976.

. Antitrust Implications of Metric Conversion . New York: ANSI, 1971.

. Products Liability of Members of Standards

Writing Committees . New York: ANSI, 1975. (A brochure.)

. Voluntary (Private Sector) Standards Programs

and the. GATT Cod e. New York: ANSI, May 1977. (Report to the

U.S. Dept, of Commerce.)

American Society for Testing and Materials. The Economic

Significance of Specifications for Materials . A S T

Proceedings, 1931, p. 955+. (Five papers.)

. The Voluntary Standards System of the United

States of Americ a. Philadelphia: ASTM, 1975.

Anderson, Frederick R . , _e_t a 1 . Environmental Improvement

Through Economic Incentives . Baltimore: John Hopkins Press

(for Resources for the Future), 1977.

1
Arthur D. Little, Inc. An Examination of the Effect of

Modularization of Secondary Containers on Productivity in

Grocery Distribution . August, 1974 . (Report to the National

Assoc, of Food Chains.)

Arthur Young & Co. Testimony Before the Federal Trade

Commission on the Proposed Rule for Standards and

Certification . Sacramento, Ca: Arthur Young & Co., May 1979 .

-B -

Beitz, University of Berlin. "Reducing Design and

Manufacturing Cost by Using Existing Parts and Assemblies."

Paper presented at the I nt er nat i onal Federation for Application

of Standards (IFAN) conference, 1977.

British Government. Purchasing and Industrial Efficienc y.

( CMND 3291), 1967. ("White Paper")

Brock, Gerald. The U.S. Computer Industry . Cambridge, Mass:

Ballinger, 1975. (Pp. 142-155 are concerned with standards.)

Buchbinder, Benjamin; Helzer, Susan Godby; and Offensend,

Fred. Preliminary Report on Evaluating Alternatives for

Reducing Upholstered Furniture Fire Losses . NBS IR 77-1381,

1977.

Butt, Sheldon. "Standards for the Solar Industry," in U. S.

Federal Trade Commission, The Solar Market: Proceedings of the

Symposium on Competition in the Solar Energy Industry . Washington, D.C.:GP0, 1978.

Byerly, Radford. Air Pollution Measurement . National Bureau of

Standards Office of Air and Water Measurement, April 1975.

( U r.publ ished . ) -CCarter, Jimmy. "International Trade Agreements," Federal

R egister , January 8, 1979.

Chapman, Carol. "Antitrust Consequences of Standards: A

Literature Survey." National Bureau of Standards, 1979.

( Unpublished .

)

. "Economics of Design vs. Performance Standards:

A Start," National Bureau of Standards, 1979. (Unpublished).

. "Economics of Environmental Measurements," Paper

presented at the Western Economic Assoc. Conference, June 21,

1977, Anaheim, Ca. (Unpublished.)

. "How to Stop Worrying and Love. Benefit/Cost

Analysis," Standards Engineerin g, June 1977, pp. 54-6.

2
Chapman, Robert E.; Chen, Phillip T.; and Hall, William G.,

Economic Aspects of Fire Safety in Health Care Facilities:

Guidelines for Cost-Effective Retrofitting . National Bureau of

Standards (forthcoming).

Chase, Stuart. The Tragedy of Waste . New York: MacMillan, 1925.

Chum as, S.J., ed. Directory of United States Standardization

Activities . National Bureau of Standards. NBS Special

Publication 417, 1975.-

Cornell, Nina; Noll, Roger; and Weingast, Barry. "Safety

Regulation," in Setting National Priorities, the N ext Ten

Years , edited by Henry Owen and Charles Schultze. Washington,

D.C.: Brookings, 1976.

-DDardis, Rachel. "Cost Benefit Analysis of Consumer Product

Safety Standards," The Journal of Consumer Affair s, Summer,

1977 , pp. 34-46.

Diener, Hugo. Standardization and Scientific Management . 1923.

Dixon, Robert G. Standards Development in the Private S ector:

Thoughts on Interest Representation and Procedural Fairness . A

Report to the National Fire Protection Association. Boston:

NFP A , 1978 . Doily. "Economical Results of Standardization." Paper

presented at IFAN conference, 1974.

-EEicher, Lawrence, and Koenig, Joan. A Study of NBS Impact on

U.S. Standardization Activitie s. National Bureau of Standards,

1975. (Unpublished.)

-FFederal Interagency Task Force on Product Liability. Product

Liability: Industry Study . (NT IS Access. No. P.B. 265-542).

U.S. Department of Commerce, 1977.

Fenves, Steven; Rankin, Kirk; and Tejuja, Hotchand. The

Structure of Building Specifications . National Bureau of

Standards , 1976

.

Fields, Building Code Burden , 1975.

Fjnegan, Richard. "The Product Liability Situation in the

Uni ted States Has Reached Crisis Proportions," S tandards

E ngineer i ng , April 1977, p. 28.

3
Fitzgibbons, W.O. "Accuracy--An Industrial Viewpoint," in

W.H.Kirchhoff, e d . , Methods and Standards for Environmental

Measurement , National Bureau of Standards, 1976.

Foldesi, Tamas. "Economics Effects of Standardization."

Geneva: International Organization for Standardization, 1975.

-GGisevius, W.D. "Reducing Costs by Planned Introduction of

Standardization into Industrial Processes." IFAN, 1977.

Glie, Rowen, ed. Speaking of Standards . Boston: Cahners, 1972.

Greifer, B. and Taylor, J.K. Pollutant Analysis Cost Survey , National Bureau of Standards, 1974. (Prepared for EPA.)

-HHande, K. "The Benefits of Standardization in the

Electrochemical Industry." Paper presented at IFAN conference,

1974 . Harter, Philip. Regulatory Use of Standards: The Implications

for Standards Writers . Prepared for National Bureau of

Standards Office of Engineering Standards. (NBS GCR 79-171;

forthcoming )

.

. "A View from the OS'HA Task Force: Voluntary

Standards Used in Regulation," ASTM Standardization New s, May

1977, pp. 8-11.

' “ "

Hays, L.; Resnick, L.; and Wakeman, J. "Cost-Benefit Criteria

for Gaseous Emission Monitors," in Continuous Monitoring . Air

Pollution Control Association, 1975.

Hemenway, David. Industrywide Voluntary Product Standards . Cambridge: Ballinger, 1975.

. Standards Systems in Canada, the U.K., West

Germany, and Denmark: An Overview . Prepared for the National

Bureau of Standards Office of Engineering Standards. NBS-GCR

79-172, 1979.

Hittman Assoc., Inc. Barriers Connected with Certifying or

Listing of Energy Conserving Products Used i n Building s , Nov.

1976. (Prepared for Dept, of Energy.)

Hoffman, S. David and Farr, Janis. "Developing a Proposed CPSC

Standard for Television Receivers: The UL Experience," ASTM

Standardization Ne ws , May 1977, pp. 20-25+.

Hungarian Office for Standardization. Standardization and

Economic Life Conferenc e. (Proceedings in English.) OMKDK - TECHNOINFORM H 1428 BUDAPEST, P0B.12. HUNGARY, 1973-

4
Hyer, Charles. Principle Aspects of U . S . Laboratory

Accreditation Programs . U.S. Department of Commerce,

Washington, D.C., January 1979.

-IImberty, I.M. "Concrete Use of the Method of Assessing

Economic Advantages of Standardization for a Company." Paper

presented at IFAN conference, 1974.

International Federation for the Application of Standards.

"Economy in Standardization." Paper presented at IFAN

conference, 1974.

-JJapanese Standards Association. Progress of Industrial

Standardization in Japa n. Tokyo: JSA, 1973.

-KKelly, Mervin, chairman. The Role of the Department of

Commerce in Science and Technology . U.S. Dept, of Commerce,

I960 .

King, Jon. "Antitrust Laws and Standardization -- What Role

the Trade Association?" Federal Trade Commission, 1972.

(Unpublished .

)

Kirchhoff, W.H., Ed. - Methods and Standards for Environmental

Measurement . (NBS Symposium). 1976.

Kit, Boris. Economic Impact of International Standardization

on United States Industry and Trad e, National Bureau of

Standards, 1966. (Unpublished.)

-LLaQue, Francis, chairman. Report of the Panel on Engineering

and Commodity Standards of the Commerce Technical A dvisory

Board , U.S. Dept, of Commerce, 1965.

Lawrence, Susannah. "An Overview: The Development of Solar

Standards and Its Effect on Consumers," in FTC, The Solar

Market , 1978.

Legget, Robert. Standards in Canada . Ottawa: Econ. Council of

Canada , 1970

.

5
-MMacAvoy, Paul, ed. OSHA Safety Regulation: Report of the

Presidential Task Forc e. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise

Institute , 1 977

.

Mackay, Donald R. "Update: Voluntary Safety Standards for

Consumer Products," Professional Safety , Jan. 1979, pp. 32-7.

Manaker, Ralph. "The Legal Defense of Compliance with

Standards," - ASTM Standardization New s, Sept. 1977, pp. 8-10 + . Marshall, Harold; Ruegg, Rosalie; and Wyly, Robert. "Cost

Savings from Reduced-Sized Venting," P lumbing Engineer , July/August, 1977.

Maullin, Richard. "Remarks," in FTC, The Solar Market , 1978.

McConnaughey, John. "Economic Impact of Building Codes," in

Research and Innovation in the Building Regulatory Process , Edited by Patrick Cooke, National Bureau of Standards, 1977.

Melnitsky, Benjamin. Profiting from Industrial

Standardizatio n. New York: Conover-Mast Public., 1953-

Minogue, Robert, Dir., NRC Office of Standards Development.

"Standards Development from a Regulator’s Viewpoint," 25th

Annual Conf. of the Standards Engineers Society, Atlantic City,

N J , Sept . , 197 6 . Muehlhause, Carl, chairman, ejt _a_l

.

Considerations in the Use

of Sampling Plans for Effecting Compliance with Mandatory

Safety Standards . National Bureau of Standards, 1975.

-NNagarajan, R. Standards in Building . New York: John Wiley & Sons , 197 6 . National Business Council for Consumer Affairs. Safety in the

Marketplace: A Program for the I mprovement of Product Safety . GPO, Washington, D.C., 1973, p. 50.

National Commission on Product Safety. Final R epor t.

Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1973.

. Industry Self-Regulation: Supplemental Studies,

Vo lum e I_I. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1971.

National Fire Protection Association. Bibliography of

Voluntary Standardization . 197 7.

Neissing, W.J. Laboratories Technically Qualified to Test

Solar Collecto r s in Accordance with ASHRAE Standar d 93-77: A

Summary Report . (NBSIR 78-1535) 1978

6
Newton, Alwin B.

1978 . "Certifying Solar Equipment," Solar Age , Dec.

- 0 -

O’Bannon, Robert. Building Department Administration . Int’l

Conference of Building Officials, Whittier, Ca., 1973*

Oster, Sharon, and Quigley, John. "Regulatory Barriers to the

Diffusion of Innovation: Some Evidence from Building Codes," in

Research and Innovation in the Building Regulatory Process , Edited by Patrick Cooke. National Bureau of Standards, 1977.

-PParkinson, Thomas. "The Role of Seals and Certifications of

Approval in Consumer Decision-Making," J. of Consumer Affair s,

Summer 1975

.

Petersen, Stephen. Retrofitting Existing Housing for Energy

Conservation: An Economic Analysis . National Bureau of

Standards, 1974.

. The Role of Economic Analysis in the Development

of Energy Standards for Building s . National Bureau of

Standards, 1977.

Peyton, Donald. The Role of Standards in Product Liability

P r-event io n. New York: ANSI, 1974 . (A brochure.)

Phucas , Charles and Grossnickle, Linda, eds. Directory of

Committee Memberships of the National Bureau of Standards Staff

on Engineering Standards Committees . National Bureau of

Standards , 1975

.

Poulson, Barry, ed. Economic Analysis of the National

Measurement System . National Bureau of Standards, Sept. 1977.

( NBS IR 75-948)

-RReck, Dickson, ed. National Standards in a Modern Economy . New York: Harper and Row, 1956.

Reihlen. "Cost-s of Standardization, Advantages of

Standardization." Paper presented at IFAN conference, 1977.

Rockwell, William. "Standards, Certification, Quality

Assurance and the Products Liability Problem." Oct. 1976.

(Paper prepared for the Interagency Task Force on Product

Liability, Dept, of Commerce.)

7
-sSanderson, Richard. Codes and Code Administration: An

Introduction to Building Regulations i n the United State s

.

Chicago: Building Officials Conference of America, Inc., 1969.

Schoen, R.; Hirshberg, A.S.; and Weingart, J.S. New EnergyTechnologies for Building s . (Report to the Ford Foundation.) • Cambridge, Ma: Ballinger Publishing, 1975.

Sellye, E. Specifications and Costs . John Wyly, 1957.

Slattery, William. T abulation of Voluntary Standards and

Certification Programs for Consumer Products . National Bureau

of Standards. NBS Tech Note 948, 1977.

Smith, Baird. "Information Structure of Building Codes and

Standards for the Needs of Existing Buildings," in Research and

Innovation in the Building Regulatory Process , ed. by Patrick

Cooke, National Bureau of Standards, June 1977.

Suzuki, George, chairman. Report of the Voluntary

Standardization Policy Study Group . National Bureau of

Standards, 1970.

-TTill, Derek; Gleicher, David; and Michaelis, Michael. The Role

of the Voluntary Standards System in Relation to Mandatory

Standards . 1973. (Report by Arthur D. Little, Inc. to ASTM.

)

Timberlake, E . Compton. "Standardization and Simplification

Under the Antitrust Laws," Cornell Law Quarterly , March 1944,

29(3), pp. 301-329.

Toth, Robert. "The Economics of Standardization -- Credits vs.

Debits." Martin Marietta Corp., Orlando, Fla., April 1972.

-UU.S. Congress. PL 89-306. ("The Brooks Act"), Oct. 30, 1965.

. PL 9 1-596 as amended by PL 93-237 . Occupational

Safety and Health Act of 1970 .

. PL 92-573, as amended in Nov., 1978, by PL

95-631 . The Consumer Product Safety Act .

. PL 93-409. Solar Heating and Cooling

Demon s trat ion Act of 1974.

. PL 94-163. Energy Policy and Conservation Ac t

,

Dec. 22, 1975.

. PL 9 4-295 . Medical Devices Amend 1 s Act of 1975 .

8
. S.825 and H.R. 8184. Voluntary Standards and

Accreditation Act of 1977 « (Proposed law.)

. House Comm, on Gov't Oper. Administration of

Public Law 89-306, Procurement of A DP Resources by the Federal

Government . 94th Cong., 2d Sess. , 1976 .

. House Comm, on Small Business. The Effect Upon

Small Business of Voluntary Industrial Standards, A Report . 90th Cong., 2d Sess., 1968.

. House Subcomm. on Energy and Power. Hearings on

Energy Conservation . 95th Cong., 1st Sess., March 1977.

. House Subcomm. on Environment and the

Atmosphere. R eview of Research Related to Sulfates in the

Atmosphere . April 1976.

. House Subcomm. on Special Studies,

Investigations and Oversight and Subcomm. on the Environment

and the Atmosphere. The Environmental P rotection Agency's

Research Program with Primary Emphasis on the Community Health

and Environmental Surveillance System (CHESS): An Investigativ e Report . 94th Congr., 2d Sess., Nov. 1976.

. Senate Subcomm. on Antitrust and Monopoly.

Hearings on S.3555: Voluntary Standards and Certification Act

of 1976 (Part 1 ). 94th Cong., 2d Sess., June and July, 1976.

. Voluntary Industrial Standards: Hearing s . 94th

Cong., 1st Sess., March 1975.

. Voluntary Indu s t r ial ' S t andar d s-- 1 9 7 6 : Hearing s

.

94th Cong., 2d Sess., March 1976 and August 1976.

. Voluntary Standards and Accreditation Act of

1977, S.825: Hearings . 95th Cong., 1st Sess., 1977.

U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. "Commission

Involvement in Voluntary Standards Activities: General

Statement of Policy," Federal Register , 4

3

( 87 ), May 4, 1978,

pp. 19216-24 .

U. S. Department of Commerce. "Draft Uniform Product Liability

Law," Federal Registe r, v. 44, no. 9, Jan. 12, 1979, pp.

2996-3019

.

. First Annual Report: National Voluntary

L aboratory Accreditation Program. DoC, Washington, D.C., 1977.

. "Guide to Standards Activities of Federal

Agencies." NTIS Report No. OPS-75/1, 1976.

9
. ’’Procedures for a National Voluntary Laboratory

Accreditation Program," Federal R egiste r, Feb. 25, 1976, 4

1

( 38 ) pp . 8163 -68

.

. Office of Product Standards. Summary of

P roc eeding s : S econd International Conference o n Recognition of

National Programs for Accredidation of Testing Laboratories . DoC, Washington, D.C., 1978.

U.S. Federal Trade Commission. In the Matter of the Society of

the Plastics Industry, Inc., et a l . Docket No. C-2596.

Complaint and Decision and Order , Nov. 4, 1974.

. Preliminary Staff Study (Precis):

Self -Regu lat ion--P roduc t Standardization, Certification and

Seals of Approva l . 1972.

. The Solar Market: Proceedings of the Symposium

on Competition in the Solar Energy Industry . U.S. GP 0

,

Washington, 1978

. Standards and Certification; Proposed Rule and

Staff Report . GPO , Washington, D.C., December 1978. (See also

comments filed with FTC by UL , ASTM, NFPA, AHAM and others on

the Proposed Trade Regulation Rule for Standards and

Certification.

)

. "Standards and Certification: Proposed Trade

Regulation Rule," Federal R egiste r, December 7, 1978, pp.

57269-84 ( 43 FR 57269 ) .

U.S. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service.

Voluntary Industrial Standards in the United States, An

Overview of Their Evolution and Significance for the Congress . 93d Cong., 2d Sess . , 1974 . (A Report to the House Subcom. on

Science, Research, and Development.)

U.S. National Bureau of Standards. An Index of U.S. Voluntary

Engineering Standards . NBS Special Publication 329, 1971.

(Also see Supplement 1 , 1972, and Supplement 2 , 1974.)

. Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology.

A Ten Year History of National Bureau of Standards Activities

Under the Brooks Act (Public Law 89-306) . Feb. 1977.

U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. "Criteria

and Procedures for Accrediting Testing Laboratories," F ederal

R egister , Sept. 11, 1973, 3J3.

,

P • 2 515 0.

U.S. Office of Management and Budget. "Proposed 0MB Circular

on Federal Interaction with Voluntary Consensus

S tandards-Developing Bodies," Federal Register , Dec. 22, 1977,

4_3 (1), pp. 48-51.

' “ '

10
-VVerman, Lai. Standardization: A New Discipline . Hamden, Ct:

The Shoe String Press, 1973.

Vitro Laboratories. Appliance Certification Program: Task 1 R eport . Prepared for U.S. Dept, of Energy, February, 1979.

Vogel, Bertram. Standards Referenced in Selected Building

Code s. National Bureau of Standards. NBS IR 76-1140, 1976.

-WWaksman, D., J.H. Pielert, R.D. Dikkers, E.R. Streed, W.J.

Niessing. Plan for the Development an d I mplementation of

Standards for Solar Heating and Cooling Applications . (NBSIR

78-1143 A) 1 978.

Warner, Sir Frederick. Standards and Specifications in the

Engineering Industrie s. National Economic Development Office,

Millbank Tower, Millbank, London SW1P 4QX. (1977).

Wilson, Carroll. Standards in Commerce--A Basis for Actio n

U.S. Dept, of Commerce, 1943.

Wilson, Charles, Chairman. Report of the Policy Committee on

Standards . U.S. Dept, of Commerce, 1945.

Wittenbrock, N.G. An Experiment on Accelerating the Writing of

Nuclear Standards Conducted for the American National Standards

Institute . National Bureau of Standards, 1975. (Report to NBS

by Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories.)

Woodward, C. Douglas. BSI: The Story of Standards . London:

The British Standards Institution, 1972.

Wright, James. "Performance Criteria in Building," S c ientif ic

American , March 1971, 224 (3), pp. 16-25.

11
Special Lists (by Subject)

Standards System Refor m

Abourezk, James. "Floor Remarks of Senator James Abourezk,

(D-S.Dak.) to Accompany the Voluntary Standards and

Accreditation Act of 1977," March 1, 1977.

. "Statements on Introduced Bills and Joint

Resolutions , " Congressional Record-Senate , May 1 , 1977.

American Society for Testing and Materials. The Voluntary

Standards System of the United States of Americ a

.

Philadelphia: ASTM, 1975.

Dixon, Robert G. Standards Development in the Private Sector:

Thoughts on Interest Representation and Procedural Fairness . A

Report to the National Fire Protection Association. Boston:

NFP A , 1978 . Hittman Assoc. Barriers Connected with Certifying .or Listing

of Energy Conserving Products Used in Building s , 197 6 . ( D o E

)

LaQue, Francis, chairman. Report of the Panel on Engineering

and Commodity Standards of the Commerce Tech n ical Advisory

Board , U.S. Dept, of Commerce, 1965.

U.S. Congress. S.825 and H.R. 8184. Voluntary Standards and

Accreditation Act of 1977 » (Proposed law.)

. House Comm, on Small Business. The Effect Upon

Small Business of Voluntary Industrial Standards, A Report . 90th Cong., 2d Sess . , 1968 .

. House Subcomm. on Energy and Power. Hearings on

Energy Conservatio n. 95th Cong., 1st Sess., March 1977.

. Senate Subcomm. on Antitrust and Monopoly.

Hearings on S.3555: Voluntary Standards and Certification Act

of 1976 (Part 1

)

. 94th Cong., 2d Sess., June and July, 1976.

. Voluntary Industrial Standards: Hearing s . 94th

Cong., 1st Sess., March 1975.

. Voluntary Industrial Standards--1 976 : Hearing s

.

94th Cong., 2d Sess., March 1976 and August 1976.

. Voluntary Standards and Accreditation Act of

1977, S.825: Hearing s. 95th Cong., 1st Sess., 1977.

U.S. Federal Trade Commission. In the Matter of the Society of

the Plastics Industry, Inc., et a I. . Docket No. C-2596.

Comp lai n

t

and Decision and Order , Nov. 4, 1974.

12
. Preliminary Staff Study (Precis):

Self-Regulation--Produc t Standardization, Certification and

Seals of Approval . 1972.

. Standards and Certification: Proposed Rule and

Staff Report . GPO, Washington, D.C., December 1978. (See also

comments filed with FTC by UL , ASTM, NFPA, AHAM and others on

the Proposed Trade Regulation Rule for Standards and

Certification .

)

"Standards an-d Certification: Proposed Trade

Regulation Rule," Federal R egiste r , December 7, 1978, pp.

57269-84 ( 43 FR 57269 ) .

U.S. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service.

Voluntary Industrial Standards in the United States, An

Overview of Their Evolution and Significance for the Congress . 93d Cong., 2d Sess . , 1974. (A Report to the House Subcom. on

Science, Research, and Development.)

U.S. Office of Management and Budget. "Proposed 0MB Circular

on Federal Interaction with Voluntary Consensus

S tandards-Developing Bodies," Federa l R egiste r, Dec. 22, 1977,

43 ( 1 )

,

pp . 43-51

.

13
Regulatory Use of Standards

General

Duncan, Acheson. "In the Federal Arena: E-ll and Regulatory

Agencies," ASTM Standardization News , Jan. 1979, pp. 20+.

Hamilton, Robert. "The Role of Nongovernmental Standards in

the Development of Mandatory Federal Standards Affecting Safety

or Health," Texas Law Review , 5_6 (8), Nov. 1978.

Harter, Philip. "Procedures for the Regulatory Use of

Consensus Standards," Fire Journal , Nov. 1977, pp. 63-64+.

. Regulatory Use of Standards: The Implications

for Standards Writers . Prepared for National 3ureau of

Standards Office of Engineering Standards. (NBS GCR 79-171;

f ort hcoming )

.

Till, Derek; Gleicher, David; and Michaelis, Michael. T he Role

of the Voluntary Standards System in Relation to Mandatory

Standards . 1973. (Report by Arthur D. Little, Inc. to ASTM.)

Buildings

Achenbach, Paul. "Performance Testing of Sanitary Plumbing

Fixtures," -in Performance of Buildings -- Concept and

Measurement , edited by W.W. Walton and B.C. Cadoff. National

Bureau o f ' S tandard s , 1970 . Arthur Young & Co. Testimony Before the F ederal Trade

Commission on the Proposed Rule for Standards and

Certif icat ion . Sacramento, Ca: Arthur Young & Co., May 1979.

Chapman, Robert E.; Chen, Phillip T.; and Hall, William G.,

Economic Aspects of Fire Safety i n Health Care Facilities:

G uidelines for Cost-Effective Retrofitting . National Bureau of

Standards (forthcoming).

Fenves, Steven; Rankin, Kirk; and Tejuja, Hotchand. The

Structure of Building Specifications . National Bureau of

Standards , 1976.

Fields, Building Code Burden , 1975.

Hittman Assoc., Inc. Barriers Connected with Certifying or

Listing of Energy Conserving P roduct s Used in Buildings , Nov.

1976. (Prepared for Dept, of Energy.)

Marshall, Harold; Ruegg, Rosalie; and Wyly, Robert. "Cost

Savings from Reduced-Sized Venting," Plumbing Engineer , July/August, 1977.

14
McConnaughey , John. "Economic Impact of Building Codes," in

Research and Innovation in the Building Regulatory Process , Edited by Patrick Cooke, National Bureau of Standards, 1977.

Nagarajan, R. Standards in Building . New York: John Wiley & Sons , 1976

.

O’ B anno n, Robert. Building Department Administration . Int’l

Conference of Building Officials, Whittier, Ca., 1973*

Oster, Sharon, and Quigley, John. "Regulatory Barriers to the

Diffusion of Innovation: Some Evidence from Building Codes," in

Research and Innovation in the Building Regulatory Process , Edited by Patrick Cooke. National Bureau of Standards, 1977.

Petersen, Stephen. Retrofitting Existing Housing for Energy

Conservation: An Economic Analysis . National Bureau of

Standards , 1974.

. The Role of Economic Analysis in the Development

of Energy Standards for Buildings . National Bureau of

Standards , 1977

•

Sanderson, Richard. Codes and Code Administration: An

Introduction to Building Regulations in the United States . Chicago: Building Officials Conference of America, Inc., 1969.

Schoen, R.; Hirshberg, A.S.; and Weingart, J.S. New Energy

Technologies for Buildings . (Report to the Ford Foundation.)

Cambridge, Ma : Ballinger Publishing, 1975.

Smith, Baird. "Information Structure of Building Codes and

Standards for the Needs of Existing Buildings," in Research and

Innovation in the Building Regulatory Process , ed. by Patrick.

Cooke, National Bureau of Standards, June 1977.

. PL 94-163. Energy Policy and Conservation Act , Dec. 22, 1975.

Vogel, Bertram. Standards Referenced in Selected Building

Codes . National Bureau of Standards. NBS IR 76-1140, 1976 . Wright, James. "Performance Criteria in Building," Scientific

American , March 1971, 224 (3), pp. 16-25.

15
Safety (Except Building-Related)

Buchbinder, Benjamin; Helzer, Susan Godby; and Offensend,

Fred. Preliminary Report on Evaluating Alternatives for

Reducing Upholstered Furniture Fire Losses . NBS IR 77-1381,

1977 . Cornell, Nina; Noll, Roger; and Weingast, Barry. "Safety

Regulation," in Setting National Priorities, the Next Ten

Years , edited by Henry Owen and Charles Schultze. Washington,

D.C.: Brookings, 1976.

Dardis, Rachel. "Cost Benefit Analysis of Consumer Product

Safety Standards," The Journal of Consumer Affairs , Summer,

1977, pp. 34-46.

Harter, Philip. "A View from the OSHA Task Force: Voluntary

Standards Used in Regulation," ASTM Standardization News , May

1977, pp. 8-11.

Hoffman, S. David and Farr, Janis. "Developing a Proposed CPSC

Standard for Television Receivers: The UL Experience," ASTM

Standardization News , May 1977, pp. 20-25+.

MacAvoy, Paul, ed. OSHA Safety Regulation: Report of the

Presidential Task Force . Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise

Institute , 1 977

.

Mackay, Donald R. "Update: Voluntary Safety Standards for

Consumer Products," Professional Safety , Jan. 1979, pp. 32-7.

Minogue, Robert, Dir., NRC Office of Standards Development.

"Standards Development from a Regulator’s Viewpoint," 25th

Annual Conf. of the Standards Engineers Society, Atlantic City,

NJ , Sept . , 1976 . Muehlhause, Carl, chairman, e_t aj.. C onsiderations in the Use

of Sampling Plans for Effectin g Compliance with Mandatory

Safety Standards . National Bureau of Standards, 1975.

National Business Council for Consumer Affairs. Safety in the

Marketplace: A Program for the Improvement of Product Safety . GPO, Washington, D.C., 1973, p. 50.

National Commission on Product Safety. F inal Report . Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1973.

. I ndustry Self-Regulation: Supplemental Studies,

V o 1 ume 1

1

. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1971.

U.S. Congress. PL 91-596 as amended by PL 93-237. O ccupational

Safety and Health A ct of 1970 .

16
. PL 92-573, as amended in Nov., 1978, by PL

95-631 . The Consumer Product Safety Act .

. PL 94-295. Medical Devices Amendments Act of

1975 .

' ’ "

U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. "Commission

Involvement in Voluntary Standards Activities: General

Statement of Policy," Federal Register , 4

3

( 87 ), May 4, 1978,

pp. 19216-24.

Wittenbrock, N.G. An Experiment on Accelerating the Writing of

Nuclear Standards Conducted for the American National Standards

Institute . National Bureau of Standards, 1975. (Report to NBS

by Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories.)

Environment

Anderson, Frederick R . , _et_ a_l . Environmental Improvement

Through Economic Incentives . Baltimore: John Hopkins Press

(for Resources for the Future), 1977.

Byerly, Radford. Air Pollution Measurement . National Bureau of

Standards Office of Air and Water Measurement, April 1975.

(Unpublished.

)

Chapman, Carol. "Economics of Environmental Measurements,"

Presented at the Western Econ. Assoc. Conf., June 1977, Anaheim.

Fitzgibbons, W.O. "Accuracy— An Industrial Viewpoint," in

W.H.Kirchhoff, e d . , Methods and Standards for Environmental

Measurement , National Bureau of Standards, 1976.

Greifer, B. and Taylor, J.K. Pollutant Analysis Cost Survey , National Bureau of Standards, 1974. (Prepared for EPA Office of

Research and Development.)

Hays, L.; Resnick, L.; and Wakeman, J. "Cost-Benefit Criteria

for Gaseous Emission Monitors," in Continuous Monitoring . Air

Pollution Control Association, 1975.

Kirchhoff, W.H., Ed. Methods and Standards for Environmental

Measurement . (NBS Symposium). 1976.

U . S . Congre s s . House Subcomm. on Environment and the

Atmosphere. Review of Research Related to Sulfates in the

Atmosphere . April 1976.

. House Subcomm. on Special Studies,

Investigations and Oversight and Subcomm. on the Environment

and the Atmosphere. The Environmental Protection Agency’s

Research Program with Primary Emphasis on the Community Health

and Environmental Surveillance System (CHESS): An Investigative

Report . 94th Congr., 2d Sess. , Nov. 1976.

17
Certification and Laboratory Accreditation

American National Standards Institute. The American National

Standards Institute Policy and Procedures and Manual of

Operations for Accreditation of Certification Program s . ANSI,

New York, 1976.

Hittman Assoc., Inc. Barriers Connected with Certifying or

Listing of Energy Conserving Products Used in Building s , Nov.

1976. (Prepared for Dept, of Energy.)

Hyer, Charles. Principle Aspects of U.S. Laboratory

Accreditation Programs . U.S. Department of Commerce,

Washington, D.C., January 1979.

Newton, Alwin B. "Certifying Solar Equipment," Solar Age , Dec.

1978 . Parkinson, Thomas. "The Role of Seals and Certifications of

Approval in Consumer Decision-Making," J. of Consumer Affair s,

Summer 1975 . Peyton, Donald. The Role of Standards in P roduct Liability

P revention . New York: ANSI, 1974 . (A brochure.)

Slattery, William. Tabulation of Voluntary Standards and

Certification Programs for Consumer Products . National Bureau

of Standards. NBS Tech Note 948, 1977.

U'. S. Department of Commerce. First Annual Report: National

Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program . DoC, Washington,

D.C., 1977.

. "Procedures for a National Voluntary Laboratory

Accreditation Program," Federal R egiste r , Feb. 25, 1976, _4JL

( 38 ) pp . 8163-68

.

. Office of Product Standards. Summary of

Proceedings: S econd International Conference on Recognition of

National Programs for Accredidation of Testing Laboratories . DoC, Washington, D.C., 1978.

U.S. Federal Trade Commission. Standards and Certification:

Proposed Rule and Staff Repor t. GPO, Washington, D.C.,

December 1978. (See also comments filed with FTC by UL, ASTM,

NFPA, AHAM and others on the Proposed Trade Regulation Rule for

Standards and Certification.)

Vitro Laboratories. Appliance Certification Program: Task 1 R eport . Prepared for U.S. Dept, of Energy, February, 1979.

18
Solar Heating and Cooling Equipment

Butt, Sheldon. ’’Standards for the Solar Industry,” in U. S.

Federal Trade Commission, The Solar Market: Proceedings of the

Symposium on Competition in the Solar Energy Industry . Washington, D.C.:GPO, 1978.

Lawrence, Susannah. ”An Overview: The Development of Solar

Standards and Its Effect on Consumers,” in FTC, The Solar

Market ,1973.

Maullin, Richard. "Remarks,” in FTC, The Solar Market , 1978.

Neissing, W.J. L aboratories Technically Qualified to Test

Solar Collectors in Accordance with ASHRAE Standard 93-77: A

Summary Report . (NBSIR 78-1535) 1978

Newton, Alwin B. "Certifying Solar Equipment,” S olar Ag e , Dec.

1978 .

U.S. Federal Trade Commission. The Solar Market: Proceeding s of the Symposium on Competition in the Solar Energy Industry . U.S. GPO, Washington, 1978

Waksman, D., J.H. Pielert, R.D. Dikkers, E.R. Streed, W.J.

Niessing. Plan for th e D evelopment an d I mplementation of

Standards for Solar Heating and Cooling Applications . (NBSIR

78-1143A) 1978.

19
Product Liability

American National Standards Institute. Products Liability of

Members of Standards Writing Committees . New York: ANSI, 1975.

( A brochure .

)

Federal Interagency Task Force on Product Liability. Product

Liability: Industry Study . (NTIS Access. No. P.B. 265-542).

U.S. Department of Commerce, 1977.

Finegan, Richard. "The Product Liability Situation in the

United States Has Reached Crisis Proportions," Standards

Engineering , April 1977, p . 28.

Manaker, Ralph. "The Legal Defense of Compliance with

Standards," ASTM Standardization News , Sept. 1977, pp. 8-10+

.

Peyton, Donald. The Role of Standards in P roduct Liability

P revention . New York: ANSI, 1974 . (A brochure.)

Rockwell, William. "Standards, Certification, Quality

Assurance and the Products Liability Problem." Oct. 1976.

(Paper prepared for the Interagency Task Force on Product

Liability, Dept, of Commerce.)

U. S. Department of Commerce. "Draft Uniform Product Liability

Law," Federal Registe r, v. 44, no. 9, Jan. 12, 1979, pp.

2996-3019

.

20
International and Foreig n American National Standards Institute. Voluntary (Private

Sector) Standards Programs and the GATT Code . New York: ANSI,

May 1977. (Report to the U.S. Dept, of Commerce.)

Beitz, University of Berlin. "Reducing Design and

Manufacturing Cost by Using Existing Parts and Assemblies."

Paper presented at the International Federation for Application

of Standards (IFAN) conference, 1977.

British Government. Purchasing and Industrial Efficienc y.

( CMND 3291), 1967. ("White Paper")

Carter, Jimmy. "International Trade Agreements," Federal

Register , January 8, 1979.

Foldesi, Tamas. "Economics Effects of Standardization."

Geneva: International Organization for Standardization, 1975.

Gisevius, W.D. "Reducing Costs by Planned Introduction of

Standardization into Industrial Processes." Paper presented at

IFAN conference, 1977.

Hande , K. "The Benefits of Standardization in the

Electrochemical Industry." Paper presented at IFAN conference,

1974.

Hemenway, David. Standards Systems in Canada, the U.K., West

Germany, and Denmark: An Overview . Prepared for the National

Bureau of Standards Office of Engineering Standards. NBS-GCR

79-172, 1979.

Hungarian Office for Standardization. Standardization and

Economic Life Conferenc e. (Proceedings in English.) OMKDK - TECHNOINFORM H 1428 BUDAPEST, P0B.12. HUNGARY, 1973.

Imberty, I.M. "Concrete Use of the Method of Assessing

Economic Advantages of Standardization for a Company." Paper

presented at IFAN conference, 1974.

International Federation for the Application of Standards.

"Economy in Standardization." Paper presented at IFAN

conference, 1974.

Japanese Standards Association. Progress of Industrial

Standardization in Japa n . Tokyo: JSA, 1973.

Kit, Boris. Economic Impact of International Standardization

on United States Industry and Trad e, National Bureau of

Standards, 1966. (Unpublished.)

21
Legget, Robert. Standards in Canada . Ottowa: Scon. Council of

Canada , 1970

Reihlen. ’’Costs of Standardization, Advantages of

Standardization.” Paper presented at IFAN conference, 1977.

U. S. Department of Commerce. Summary of Proceedings: Second

International Conference on Recognition of National Programs

for Accredidation of Testing Laboratories . DoC, Washington,

D.C., 1978.

Warner, Sir Frederick. Standards and Specifications in the

E ngineering Industrie s. National Economic Development Office,

Mil 1 bank Tower, Millbank, London SW1P 4 QX . ( 1977).

Woodward, C. Douglas. BSI: The Story of Standards . London:

The British Standards Institution, 1972.

22
, NBS-1 14A (Rev. 9-78)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBSIR 79-1900

2. Gov't Accession No. 3. Recipient s Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Bibliography on the Voluntary Standards System and

Product Certification

5. Publication Date October 1979

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR( S) Carol Chapman

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS.

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, DC 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. V:,:,

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City, state, ZIP)

Same as "9"

13. Type of Report & Period Covered Pinal

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

y I- 1

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

| | Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant bibliography or

literature survey, mention it here.)

This bibliogranhy lists references accumulated by the MBS Office of Engineering

Standards in the course of its research into the workings of the voluntary standards

system and the economic and legal effects of standards. The first portion of the

bibliography lists references alphabetically by author. The second portion groups

references by subject. Subject categories include: standards system reform,

regulatory use of standards (buildings, safety, environment), certification and

laboratory accreditation, solar heating and oooling, nroducrt liability, and

international and foreign.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries ; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name;

separated by semicolons)

Bibliography; buildings; certification; economics of standards; legal asnects of

standards; product certification; product liability; regulation; standards system;

voluntary standards -

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