LEAA Police

Equipment

Survey of 1972,

Volume III

Sirens and

Emergency

Warning Lights

Law Enforcement

Equipment

Technology

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF

COMMERCE

National Bureau of

Standards

^"OCAU Of *

^80-3

7

UBRABY^ . JUL 2 0 1977

NBS Special LEAA Police ^so

Publication Equipment usn 480-3 Survey of 1 972, Mo , ^&oVolume III ^"^T^

Sirens and

Emergency

Warning Lights

by

P. Klaus and E. Bunten

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

prepared by

Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory

Center for Consumer Product Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

prepared for National Institute of Law

Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

U.S. Department of Justice

Washington, D. C. 20531

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary

Sidney Harman, Under Secretary

Issued June 1 977 ^ 7^ NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory.

LEAA police equipment survey of 1972. (NBS special publication ; 480-1^80-7)

"CODEN: XNBSAV."

CONTENTS: v. 1. Ku, R., Bunten, E., Klaus, P. The need for standards, priorities for police equipment. —v. 2. Mumford, S. et al. Communications equipment and supplies. —v. 3. Klaus, P. and Bunten,

E. Sirens and emergency warning lights, [etc.]

1. Police—Equipment and supplies—Collected works. L National

Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. IL Title. IIL

Series: United States. National Bureau of Standards. Special publication ; 480-1^80-7. QC100.U57 no. 480-1^80-7 [HV7936.E7] 602'.ls [363.2'028] 74-28442

National Bureau of Standards

Special Publication 480-3

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 480-3 ,110pages

CODEN:XNBSAV

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON:

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents,

U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D C. 20402

(Order by SD Catalog No. 013.10:480-3). Stock No. 003-003-01744-2 Price $2.50

(Add 25 percent additional for other than U.S. mailing).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to the 437 police departments throughout the United States who

contributed their time and knowledge to make this report possible. Special thanks go to the more than 40 police departments whose officers and administrators helped the

survey team during the developmental and testing phases of the work. In addition, we

thank Avery Horton, Program Manager, and Jacob J. Diamond, Chief of the Law

Enforcement Standards Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards; and E. Thomas

Pierce and Kenneth L. Kelly of the NBS Center for Building Technology.

We thank the many members of the NBS Technical Analysis Division who provided

support: William L. O'Neal for his help in computerizing the sample selection and for helping to design and program the interactive recordkeeping system; Robert J. Cunitz

for his help in editing and reviewing the report; Jenny L. Eldreth for helping design and

for maintaining the computerized recordkeeping system; Sandra J. Mumford for supervising the coding/editing of the questionnaires; June R. Cornog for her advice,

support, and help with initial interviews; Diane R. Beall for the many typings of the

various versions of the questionnaires; Suellen Halpin, Mary L. Friend, Susan E. Bergsman, and Dwight F. Doxey for editing and coding data and for making follow-up

telephone calls; Lorraine S. Freeman for her administrative support; Karen Jackson,

Cassandra Streeter, and Janice Davis for their help with questionnaire coding and

recordkeeping; and Mary Hawkins for typing the report. Michael R. Vogt receives

special thanks for his help in carrying out the computerized edit and tabulation of the

data.

i

I

III

CONTENTS

Page

Acknowledgments Ill List of Tables vi

Foreword IX Executive Summary XI

1. Introduction 1 1.1. Project Background 1 1.2. Sample Design 2

1.3. Questionnaire Administration 4

1.4. Development and Design of the Sirens and Lights DQ 5

L5. Characteristics of Subsample Groups 5

2. Question by Question Discussion 7

2.1. Advice to the Reader 7

2.2. Discussion 8

2.2.1. Characteristics of Respondents 8

2.2.2. Use of Emergency Warning Equipment on Patrol Cars 10

2.2.2.1. Sound Sources on Patrol Cars 10

2.2.2.2. Light Sources on Patrol Cars 12

2.2.3. Characteristics of Electronic and Electromechanical

Sirens .'. 14

2.2.4. Emergency Warning Lights 26

2.2.5. Activities for Which Emergency Warning Equipment

Is Used 35

2.2.6. Purchasing and Testing Emergency Warning Equipment 38

2.2.7. Training Officers to Use Emergency Warning Equipment .... 40

2.2.8. Availability of Traffic Control Signals for Helping

Emergency Vehicles 41

2.2.9. Suggestions for Improving Emergency Warning

Equipment 42

Appendix A. Sirens and Emergency Warning Lights Questionnaire

Appendix B. Data Tables

V
LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1.2-1. Stratification categories 3

Table 1.2-2. Number of police departments by region and type 3

Table 1.2-3. Number of departments selected to receive the Detailed

Questionnaire: Sirens and lights—by region and

department type 3

Table 1.3-1. Numbers of departments returning acceptable Detailed

Questionnaires: Sirens and lights 4

Table 1.5-1. Activities handled by at least one-third of the

departments by department type, and percent of total departments having each activity 6

Table 1.5-2. Descriptive data by department type (means) 6

Table 1.5-3. Descriptive data by LEAA region (means) 7 Table i. Title/rank of primary respondent for the sirens and

lights questionnaire, by department type 9

Table ii. Years of experience in law enforcement of primary

respondent, by department type 9

Table 34. Percentages of departments in each department type having

specified numbers of patrol cars 10

Table 1-1. Percentages of departments in each department type

reporting use of electronic sirens and mechanical or electromechanical sirens 11 Table 1-2. Percentages of departments in each department type having

public address systems and special loud horns on their

patrol cars 11 Table 24-1. Percentages of departments having flashing roof lights,

grille lights, and spotlights, by department type 12

Table 24-2. Percentages of departments having special turn signal

lights, automatic headlight flashers, and special

reflectors, by department type 13

Table 24-3. Percentages of responding departments using each light source on patrol cars 13

Table 6/15-1. Of the 360 departments using electronic sirens,

percentages citing specified brand as most commonly

used; and percentages of aU "most commonly used"

sirens of each specified brand 15

Table 6/15-2. Of the 180 departments using electromechanical sirens,

percentages citing specified brand as most commonly

used; and percentages of all "most commonly used"

sirens of each specified brand 15

Table 7/16-1. Of the departments in each department type using

electronic and electromechanical sirens, percentages

mounting them on a utility bar or right on the roof

of the patrol car 16

Table 7/16-2. Of the departments in each department type using

electronic and electromechanical sirens, percentages

which mounted them behind the grille or in the

engine compartment 17 Table 7/16-3. Of the departments using electronic and electromechanical

sirens, percentages mounting them in specific location .... 17

VI
Table 8/17-1. Of the departments using electronic and electromechanical Page

sirens, percentages reporting "no problems,"

or "no answer" 18

Table 8/17-2. Of the departments citing problems with their electronic or electromechanical sirens, percentages citing

specified problem 19

Table 9/18-1. Of the departments using electronic and electromechanical

sirens, percentages citing each repair category 19

Table 9/18-2. Of the departments using electronic and electromechanical

sirens, the percentages which had never had to repair

their most commonly used siren 20

Table 9/18-3. Of the departments whose most commonly used sirens had

never needed repair, length of time those sirens had

been in use 20

Table 10/19 Of the departments in each department type using

and 9/18. electronic and electromechanical sirens, the

percentages reporting "never needed to repair," and

"no answer" or reporting "no problems" 21

Table 10. Of the 243 electronic siren users that cited a cause of

failure, percentages citing specified component 22

Table 19. Of the 123 electromechanical siren users that cited a cause of failure, percentages citing specified

component 22

Table 11/20-1. Of those departments using electronic and electro- mechanical sirens, percentages citing each length

of time to replacement 23

Table 11/20-2. Of the departments which had replaced (rebuilt) their electronic or electromechanical sirens, percentages

citing each length of time to replacement 24

Table 11/20-3. Of the departments that had not replaced (rebuilt) their

electronic or electromechanical sirens, percentages citing

each "time in use" category , 24

Table 12. Of the 138 departments using electronic sirens and

suggesting improvements for those sirens, percentages

suggesting specified improvement 25

Table 21. Of the 77 departments using electromechanical sirens and

suggesting improvements for those sirens, percentages

suggesting specified improvement 26

Table 27A/27B/ Percentages of departments whose "most common" emergency

27G/27H warning beacons/flashing lights were made by each

manufacturer and where these lights were mounted.

Percentages of patrol cars equipped with each brand

of light 27

Table 27C. Percentages of departments in each departments type using

specified number of lights per unit in their "most

common" beacons/flashing lights 28

Table 27D. Percentage of departments in each department type using

specified number of units per vehicle 28

Table 27E-1. Percentage of departments in each department type using

red or blue warning signals in their "most common"

beacons/flashers 29

VII
Table 27E-2. Percentage of departments in each department type using Page

clear or yeUow warning signals in their "most common"

beacons/flashers 30

Table 27F. Percentages of responding departments using

specified color of dome with their "most common"

beacons/flashing lights 30

Table 28. Percentages of departments in each department type

reporting specified length of time before repair for their

"most common" beacons/flashing lights 31

Table 29. Percentages of departments in each department type

reporting specified common cause of breakdown or malfunction for their "most common" beacons/flashers .... 32

Table 28/30. Percentages of departments in each department type which

had never needed to repair or never needed to replace

their "most common" beacons/flashing lights 33

Table 30. Percentages of departments in each department type which

cited specified time to replacement interval for their

"most common" beacons/flashing lights 34

Table 31. Of the 115 departments suggesting improvements for their

"most common" emergency warning lights, percentages

citing specified improvement 35

Table 2/3-1. Percentages of departments using specified emergency

warning devices to signal motorists to puU over during

the daytime and at night 36

Table 2/3-2. Percentages of departments in each department type using

specified emergency warning devices to signal motorists

to pull over during the daytime 36

Table 4/5. Percentages of departments using specified emergency

warning devices for daytime and nighttime emergency

runs 37

Table 25/26. Percentages of departments which used emergency warning

lights routinely for specified activity during the

daytime and at night 38

Table 37. Percentages of departments in each department type in which the person/group responsible for choosing/ordering

emergency warning equipment held specified position 39

Table 38. Percentages of departments in each department type having

specified testing policy for new emergency warning

equipment 40

Table 36. Percentages of departments in each department type using

specified method of training officers to use emergency

warning equipment 41

Table 35A. Percentages of departments in each department type capable

of controUing traffic signals during an emergency 42

Table 35B. Of the 64 departments able to control traffic signals,

percentages controlling in specified manner 42

VIII
FOREWORD

The Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) furnishes technical support to the National Institute of Law

Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ) program to strengthen law enforcement and

criminal justice in the United States. LESL's function is to conduct research that will assist law enforcement and criminal justice agencies in the selection and procurement of quality equipment.

LESL is: (1) Subjecting existing equipment to laboratory testing and evaluation

and (2) conducting research leading to the development of several series of documents,

including national voluntary equipment standards, user guidehnes, state-of-the-art surveys, and other reports.

This document is a law enforcement equipment report developed by LESL under

the sponsorship of NILECJ. Additional reports as well as other documents are being

issued under the LESL program in the areas of protective equipment, communications

equipment, security systems, weapons, emergency equipment, investigative aids,

vehicles, and clothing.

Technical comments and suggestions concerning the subject matter of this report are invited from aU interested parties. Comments should be addressed to the Law

Enforcement Standards Laboratory, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.

20234.

Jacob J. Diamond, Chief

Law Enforcement Standards

Laboratory

IX

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

I. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY

A. Background

° Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) was established in 1971 under the

sponsorship of the NILECJ Advanced Technology Division (ATD).

° NILECJ asked the Behavioral Sciences Group of the National Bureau of

Standards to develop and carry out a procedure to get information from the users of law

enforcement equipment.

° "User" information would aid NILECJ in setting priorities for LESL programs

and would provide some detailed information in support of the research to develop

standards and guidelines.

° In addition, gathering information from the users would help to make police

agencies aware of LESL and ATD.

° A nationwide mail sample survey was selected as the best procedure to collect user information.

° An Equipment Priorities Questionnaire (EPQ) and six Detailed Questionnaires

(DQs) were developed and administered. A separate report was prepared for each of

these seven questionnaires.

B. Design of Questionnaires

° Questionnaires were developed in conjunction with NILECJ, LESL, and

cooperating police departments. Questionnaires were pretested at various times with

approximately 45 police departments.

° The EPQ was designed to provide information about priority needs for standards

for various types of equipment.

° In addition, the EPQ asked for data about numbers of full- and part-time officers,

activities performed in the department, budget, size of jurisdiction, etc.

° The six DQs (Alarms, Security and Surveillance Equipment; Communications

Equipment and Supplies; Handguns and Handgun Ammunition; Sirens and Emergency

Warning Lights; Body Armor and Confiscated Weapons; and Patrol Cars) were each

developed separately.

° The DQs asked about kinds and quantities of equipment in use, problems with

existing equipment, suggestions for improving equipment, needs for standards related to the equipment, etc. These questionnaires were designed to give an overview of the use

of specific items of equipment.

C. Sample

° The population sampled was made up of all police departments listed in a computerized file and maintained by the LEAA Statistical Service.

° Courts, correctional institutions, forensic labs, special police agencies, etc., were

excluded.

° The sample was stratified by LEAA geographic region (10 regions) and by

department type (7 department types: state police; county police and sheriffs; city

departments with 1-9 officers; city departments with 10-49 officers; city departments

with 50 or more officers, excluding the 50 largest cities; the 50 largest U.S. cities by

population; and township departments).

XI
° Overall, approximately 10 percent of the 12,836 departments in the population were selected as respondents (see table 1.2-2).

° The Equipment Priorities Questionnaire was sent to every sa aple department

(1,386). Each Detailed Questionnaire was sent to aU states, to all of the 50 largest cities,

and to a randomly selected subsample of the main sample (about 530 departments

received each DQ).

° Thus, states and the 50 largest cities were asked to fiU in all 7 questionnaires.

Each of the remaining 1,186 departments was asked to fill in the EPQ and 2 of the

DQs.

° The sample for the Sirens and Emergency Warning Lights DQ consisted of 528

departments (see table 1.2-3).

D. Questionnaire Administration

° Stringent control of administration was required.

° Introductory letters were sent to heads of departments asking cooperation.

° On June 1, 1972, questionnaire packages were mailed.

° In July 1972, foUow-up by self-return post card was begun.

° In August 1972, foUow-up by telephone was begun. Departments which had not returned questionnaires were called. Also, calls were made to clear up ambiguities in the returned questionnaires. About 1,300 calls were made. About 70 percent of the

sample departments were called at least once.

° Each questionnaire was edited and coded by a specialized team to ensure

consistency, then keypunched and tabulated.

° Completed questionnaires were accepted for tabulation through January 7, 1973.

E. Rates of Return

° Eighty-three percent of the 1,386 departments returned usable EPQs.

° Eighty-three percent of the 528 departments returned usable Sirens and Lights

DQs.

° Between 81 and 85 percent of the other DQ subsamples returned usable

questionnaires.

° Highest rates of return (over 90%) were from states, the 50 largest cities, and

cities with 50 or more officers.

° Lowest rates of return were from counties and townships (less than 75%).

F. Characteristics of Responding Departments

° The activities most commonly carried out by the respondents (to the EPQ) were

serving traffic and criminal warrants (88%), traffic safety and traffic control (87%), and

intradepartmental communications (87%).

° All of the responding 50 largest cities said they provided inhouse training and

criminal investigations. This compared to 68 percent and 86 percent, respectively, of aU

responding departments.

° Only 13 percent of aU respondents had crime laboratories. Seventy-three percent

of the 50 largest cities and 55 percent of the states had crime laboratories.

° About three-fifths of the departments in all department types were providing

emergency aid and rescue, ranging from 60 percent of the cities with 50 or more

officers to 67 percent of the counties.

Overall, the reported equipment budgets represented somewhat over 10 percent

of the total budgets reported.

° Among department types, there was a wide range of total equipment

expenditures, from a mean of about $10,000 for cities with 1-9 officers to a mean of

almost $2.7 million for the 50 largest cities.

XII
° One of the 50 largest cities reported an equipment budget of $40 million.

° Overall, the 50 largest cities reported a mean of 2,491 fuU-time sworn officers. However, 1 of the 50 largest cities had 27 percent of aU the full-time officers reported by

that department type and another had about 12 percent.

G. Presentation of Data

° Data in this report are presented in two forms: Text tables and full tables (app.

B). Text tables do not always present a complete breakdown of the data.

° All tables (text and full) present the data in unweighted form (i.e., numbers and

percentages of the responding departments from the sample for this questionnaire, not

figures that have been weighted to expand the data to the total population of police

departments in the U.S.).

° The sample selected for this questionnaire was not proportional to the total population of police departments. If decisions are to be made which require estimates of

population figures, the appropriate extrapolation must be performed. (See app. B, p. B-1.)

II. SUMMARY OF RESULTS

A. Sound Sources of Patrol Cars—General

° About twice as many of the responding departments reported using electronic

sirens as reported electromechanical sirens; 81 percent and 40 percent, respectively.

° More than 60 percent of the 50 largest cities, cities (50+), cities (10-49), and

townships had public address systems on their patrol cars. Less than half of the states and counties have such systems.

° Only 4 percent of the responding departments had special loud horns.

B. Light Sources on Patrol Cars—General

° More than 90 percent of the departments in six of the seven department types had

revolving or flashing lights on the roofs of their patrol cars. Only 83 percent of the

counties had such systems.

° The next most commonly used light source was hand-controlled noncolored

spotlights. Sixty-nine percent of the responding departments had such spotlights.

° More than one-third of the responding departments were using special turn signal

lights which sometimes may also be used as "four-way" flashers.

° Grille lights were used by slightly greater proportions of counties, states, and

cities (1-9) than by the three largest city department types: 17-21 percent as compared to 9-11 percent.

° Special reflectors were used by a higher percentage of the 50 largest city

departments (30%) than the other department types (range=7-21%).

° Much smaller percentages of the states (2%) and townships (7%) were using alley or ambush lights than the other department types (range=17-21%).

° Less than 10 percent of the responding departments were using automatic

headlight flashers (9%), fog or auxiliary driving lights (3%), or special clearance lights

(2%).

C. Electronic Sirens and Electromechanical Sirens

° Higher percentages of the larger city department types had electronic sirens (83-

86%) than did counties and cities (1-9) (62% and 66%, respectively).

° Slightly higher percentages of states (57%) and counties (52%) had

electromechanical sirens than the townships (21%), cities (10-49) (32%), and the 50

largest cities (33%).

XIII
° More manufacturers of electronic sirens were mentioned than were manufacturers

of electromechanical sirens.

° Approximately four-fifths of aU the sirens described by the responding

departments as their "most commonly used" sirens were made by one manufacturer.

The most common location for electronic sirens was on top of the patrol car: 58

percent of the electronic siren users placed them on a utility bar above the roof, and 13

percent placed them right on the roof.' The most common location for electromechanical sirens was under the hood of the patrol car: 48 percent of the electromechanical siren users placed them behind the

grille, and 43 percent mounted them in the engine compartment.

'

° Almost none of the users of either electronic or electromechanical sirens

mounted these sirens in any other location.

° When asked about problems with their sirens, 36 percent of the users of electronic sirens cited at least one problem, while 60 percent of the electromechanical

siren users mentioned at least one problem.

° The most common problem cited by users of both types of sirens was "Sometimes

motorists do not seem to hear them."

° The users of the two types of sirens were remarkably similar in their reports of

frequency of repair required: About one-third of the responding departments said the

sirens needed repair about once a year or more often, about one-third said repair was

needed every 2-3 years, and about one-third said their "most commonly used" siren had

never needed repair.

° However, there were striking differences among the seven department types in

their reports of frequency of repair required.

° Of those departments which had never needed to repair their sirens, only 15

percent of the departments with never-repaired electronic sirens had had those sirens more than 3 years while 37 percent of the departments with never-repaired

electromechanical sirens had had those sirens more than 3 years.

° The most common component/part causes of failures reported by

electromechanical siren users were brushes, control switch, and bearings.

° Much higher percentages of electromechanical siren users than electronic siren users had had their sirens for more than 10 years before needing to replace or rebuild

them.

° Much higher percentages of electronic siren users had never needed to replace or

rebuild their sirens.

D. Emergency Warning Lights (Beacons or Flashing Lights)

° About three-fifths of the responding departments mounted their "most commorJy

used" beacons/flashing lights on a utility bar above the roof of the patrol car.

° About two-fifths mounted them directly on the roof of the patrol car.

° The majorities of departments in all department types were using fewer than

three lights per unit, but between one-fifth and one-fourth of them were using four lights

per unit.

° About three-fourths of the responding departments were using only one emergency warning beacon or flashing light per patrol car. Eighty-nine percent of the

states had only one unit per vehicle as compared to 68-76 percent of the other six department types.

° Three-quarters of the responding departments used red beacons/flashing lights

(either red alone or in combination with other colors).

Fifty-six percent of the responding departments were using only red beacons or

flashing lights.

' These categories were not mutually exclusive. Departments may have been utilizing both locations.

XIV
° About one-third of the responding departments were using blue beacons/flashing

lights (either blue alone or in combination with other colors).

° Twenty-one percent were using only blue beacons/flashing lights.

° There were slight but not striking differences among the seven department types

in their use of various colors for their "most commonly used" beacons/flashing lights.

° Slightly more than half of the 50 largest cities, cities (50+), and states said they

had to repair their beacons/flashing lights every 3 years or more often. Less than onethird of the cities (1-9), counties, townships, and cities (10-49) said they had to repair

their lights that frequently.

° Forty percent of the responding departments said they had never needed to replace their "most commonly used" beacons. Much lower percentages of the 50 largest

cities and the states indicated that to be so.

° About three-fourths of the departments which had never needed to replace their

beacons had had those lights in use for 4 years or less.

° Only 10 percent of edl of the responding departments said they could use their

beacons/flashing lights for more than 10 years before replacement, but 15 percent of the

states and 24 percent of the 50 largest cities could use their lights that long.

E. Activities for Which Emergency Warning Equipment Is Used

° Almost all of the responding departments used flashing lights to signal motorists

to pull over; 90 percent during the daytime, and 99 percent at night.

° Sixty-four percent of the departments used sirens to signal motorists to puU over

in the daytime and 62 percent used sirens at night.

° States were the only department type in which more departments used the car horn than the siren to signal motorists to puU over during the day.

° The use of emergency warning signals was similar among the three largest city

department types. States and counties tended to differ from cities and from each other

in their use of this equipment.

° Over 90 percent of the responding departments used both sirens and flashing

lights for emergency runs during the day and at night.

° Very few departments said they used their emergency warning lights for routine

patrol. None of the 50 largest cities or cities (50+) did so, but between 4 and 8 percent

of the departments in the other 5 department types did.

F. Purchasing and Testing Emergency Warning Equipment

° The chief/unit head was responsible for choosing and ordering emergency warning

equipment in 90 percent of the counties, cities (10-49), and townships. This was also the case in 84 percent of the cities (1-9) and 57 percent of the cities (50+).

° In state departments, choice and ordering of emergency warning equipment was

the responsibility of some administrative staff member other than the chief/unit head.

° In the 50 largest cities also, about half of the departments reported purchase of emergency warning equipment was the responsibility of some "other" administrative

staff member, and about one-fourth listed some member of the maintenance staff.

° Much higher percentages of state and 50 largest city departments said they

bought a few pieces of equipment and got officers' opinions on their use before purchase

than did the other department types.

° In five of the seven department types, the most common method of training

officers to use emergency warning equipment was to have experienced officers train new

officers.

° In the states and 50 largest cities, the most common training method was training

classes in the department.

XV
G. Traffic Signal Control for Helping Emergency Vehicles

° Ability to control traffic signals was not generally available in responding

departments; about 15 percent of the departments had such a capability.

° About one-fourth of the cities (50+) were able to control traffic signals, but only 9

percent of the 50 largest cities had that capability.

° Although 15 percent of the responding departments said they were able to control

traffic signals in emergencies, only 3 percent said that such control could be exercised

by either a bright light from the patrol car or by a radio signal from the patrol car.

° Most departments that said they could control traffic signals in emergencies said

that such control was exercised manually at the signal itself.

XVI
LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972

Volume III: Sirens and Emergency Warning Lights

P. Klaus and E. Bunten

Institute for Applied Technology , National Bureau of Standards , Washington . D.C. 20234

The report outlines the methodology of and summarizes a portion of the data from the LEAA

Police Equipment Survey of 1972. One of a series of 7 reports resulting from this nationwide

mail survey of a stratified random sample of police departments, the present report summarizes

the answers of 437 police departments concerning their sirens and emergency warning lights: Use of sirens and lights; experience with most commonly used electronic sirens, electromechaniccd sirens, and emergency warning lights; purchasing, repair and replacement of

this equipment; and training of officers in use of this equipment. The data are presented by all responding departments and by seven department types.

Key words; Emergency warning lights; police; police equipment; sirens; standards.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Project Background

During the past several years, law enforcement agencies in the United States have

become more aware of the importance of equipment in the performance of their duties.

Much of their equipment had originaUy been designed for other uses and had to be

modified. Other equipment items had to be used as given. No standards existed against

which equipment performance could be measured nor were any standard test methods

or procedures available. It has been difficult for agencies to compare the performance of equipment items. Recognizing this problem, the Law Enforcement Assistance

Administration (LEAA) of the Department of Justice began a concentrated program in 1971, toward the improvement of law enforcement equipment.

As the first step in its program, LEAA in cooperation with the Department of Commerce established a Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) at the National

Bureau of Standards (NBS). The broad goal of LESL is to prepare performance

standards which can be promulgated by LEAA as voluntary aids for the selection of equipment by law enforcement agencies. Additionally, LESL is developing standard test methods and procedures, so that the relative performance of similar items may be

evaluated by departments themselves.

In order to provide equipment user information for the program, in 1971 the

National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ) of LEAA asked

the Behavioral Sciences Group of the Technical Analysis Division at NBS to gather

information from the users of law enforcement equipment about their specialized

equipment needs and problems. Although face-to-face interviews with a large sample of representatives from law enforcement agencies would have been desirable, time and

manpower constraints led to the development of a nationwide mail sample survey having

two general objectives: (1) To assist NILECJ in the establishment of priorities for LESL's standards development activities; and (2) to obtain detailed information about

certain broad equipment categories in support of the research to develop standards and

guidelines in these areas. This report fulfills part of the second general objective and the associated survey

questionnaire (see app. A) wiU be referred to as the Sirens and Lights Detailed

Questionnaire (DQ). The remainder of the second objective is accomplished in the

1
reports of the other five DQs: Alarms, Security and Surveillance Systems; Handguns

and Handgun Ammunition; Communications Equipment and Supplies; Body Armor and

Confiscated Weapons; and Patrol Cars. The first general objective (above) is accomplished in the report on the Equipment Priorities Questionnaire (EPQ).

'

1.2. Sample Design

Although the objective of ATD is to serve all types of law enforcement agencies,

this particular study was purposefully limited to police departments as the largest single

group of law enforcement agencies with identifiable equipment needs. No attempt was made to survey correctional institutions, courts, forensic laboratories, or special police

agencies such as park police, harbor patrols, or university police. The computerized

directory of approximately 14,000 police agencies, compiled and maintained by LEAA's

Statistics Division, provided the population from which the sample was drawn. Care was

taken to exclude the double listings that existed for some agencies. (Details of the

selection process are given in app. B of the Equipment Priorities Questionnaire.)

The final list of 12,842 departments was cross-stratified by LEAA geographic

region and department type by the mutual agreement of NBS and NILECJ. The

assignment of states to regions and the seven department types chosen for study are shown in table 1.2-1. The breakdown of the population of police departments by crossstrata is exhibited in table 1.2-2. As can be seen from the table, there were no

townships in regions 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. Almost 63 percent of the departments were city

police, 43 percent having 1-9 fuU-time officers. County departments comprised about 24

percent of the population. By region, the smallest, region 10, contained only 3.4 percent

of the police departments, while region 5, the largest, had 22.5 percent. The variation in the number of departments in a cell (region/department type combination) was even

greater than that across the strata, i.e., the number of departments in each cell ranged

from 0 to 1,470.

The considerations discussed in the previous paragraph led to the sampling plan

discussed briefly below. All of the state departments and the 50 largest city departments were included in the sample and were asked to complete all 6 DQs, i.e., they were sent

the entire package of 7 questionnaires. For the remaining cells the variation in cell size presented a problem: If the same fraction of the entire population was to be selected

from the members of each cell, a constant sampling fraction small enough to make the

total sample manageable would yield too few sample units in small cells. To solve this problem, a fixed sample of 30 poUce departments/ceU was chosen, wherever possible,

resulting in a different sampling fraction for each cell. A fixed sample size of 30

departments/ceU was chosen to facilitate the equitable distribution of the 6 DQs. This

plan resulted in sending the Sirens and Lights DQ to 528 departments.

The departments were selected randomly within each cell, from the total cell population, each department (other than the states and 50 largest cities) receiving 2 DQs. Thus, in cells having 30 sample units, the Sirens and Lights DQ was mailed to 10

departments; cells having fewer sample units were allocated proportionally fewer Sirens

and Lights DQs. Table 1.2-3 presents the total sample for the Sirens and Lights DQ by

region and department type.

Once the sample was selected, each sample unit was assigned a unique seven-digit

identification number, coding region, type, and questionnaire assignment.

LEAA Police Equipment Survey of 1972, Vol. I; The Need for Standards— Priorities for Police Equipment.

2
Table 1.2-1. Stratification categories

Department types LEAA geographic region

State police 1 = Conn., Maine, Mass., N.H., R.I., Vt. County police and sheriffs 2 = N.J., N.Y.

City with 1-9 officers 3 = Del., Md., Pa., Va., W. Va., D.C.

City with 10-49 officers 4 = Ala., Fla., Ga., Ky., Miss., N.C., S.C., Tenn.

City with 50 or more officers

'

5 = 111., Ind., Mich., Ohio, Wis., Minn. The 50 largest U.S. cities^ 6 = Ark., La., N. Mex., Okla., Tex. Township departments 7 = Iowa, Kans., Mo., Nebr.

8 = Colo., Mont., N. Dak., S. Dak., Utah, Wyo.

9 = Ariz., Calif., Nev., Hawaii

10 = Alaska, Idaho, Oreg., Wash.

^Excluding the 50 largest cities. By population, U.S. 1970 census.

Table 1.2-2. Number of police departments by region and type

LEAA region

Department type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total

State 6 2 5 8 6 5 4 6 4 4 50 County 66 84 257 764 536 506 413 288 103 120 3,137

City (1-9 officers) 27 348 713 979 1,470 703 611 283 135 217 5,486

City (10-49 officers) 40 237 166 344 508 230 142 71 168 79 1,985

City (50+ officers) 60 64 36 83 119 46 23 19 87 17 554

50 largest cities 1 4 5 8 10 8 3 1 8 2 50 Township 629 349 362 234 1,574

Total 829 1,088 1,544 2,186 2,883 1,498 1,196 668 505 439 12,836

Questionnaires were actually sent to 56 state police departments since there were 6 state departments which listed 2 police agencies without

reference to a common central agency. However, only one set of questionnaires was accepted from each of these six states as described in vol. I, app. B, p. B.2.

Table 1.2-3. Number of departments selected to receive the Detailed Questionnaire : Sirens and lights—by region and department type

LEAA geographic region

Department type 123456789 10 Total

State

'

6 2 5 8 6 5 4 6 4 4 50 County 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100

City (1-9 officers) 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 99

City (10-49 officers) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100

City (50-1- officers) 10 10 10 10 10 10 7 6 10 6 89

50 largest cities 1 4 5 8 10 8 3 1 8 2 50 Township 10 10 10 10 40

Total 56 56 60 56 66 53 44 43 52 42 528

1 Questionnaires were actually sent to 56 stale police departments since there were 6 stale departments which listed 2 police agencies without

reference to a conitiion central agency. However, only one set of questionnaires was accepted from each of these six states. Township departments exist only in regions 1, 2, 3, and 5.

3
1.3. Questionnaire Administration

From the beginning of the project, it was evident that stringent control would be

required in administering the questionnaires to ensure a high rate of response.

Computer-stored daily status records were input via a teletypewriter for each sample

department. In general, the following procedure was used:

(1) Each department in the sample was mailed a letter, signed by the director of NILECJ, addressed to the head of the department. This letter introduced the survey

and requested cooperation.

(2) About 1 week later, the questionnaire packages were mailed.

(3) Departments not returning the questionnaires within a month were identified

by the computer and were sent a self-return post card requesting information as to the

status of the questionnaires. Departments not receiving the questionnaire package were

sent another; those not returning the post card were placed on a list for telephone

foUow-up.

(4) About a month and a half later, departments with which no contact had been

made were called by telephone.

(5) Returned questionnaires were reviewed for completeness and either coded for keypunching or filed for telephone callback to supply missing data or to resolve

ambiguities.

Considerable effort was expended to ensure a high rate of response, and this effort was rewarded with an 83 percent response for the Sirens and Lights DQ, and between

80 percent and 85 percent for each of the other questionnaires. In the course of the

survey more than 70 percent of the sample departments were contacted at least once by

telephone. More than 1,300 phone calls were made by the survey team. The distribution of respondents (departments which returned usable Sirens and

Lights DQs) is exhibited in table L3-1. The highest percentages of response were from

the states and larger cities (over 90%), while counties and townships had the poorest

response rates (under 75%).

Table 1.3-1. Number of departments returning acceptable

Detailed Questionnaires : Sirens and lights

LEAA geographic region

Percent

total Department type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total sample

State

'

6 2 5 8 6 5 3 6 3 3 47 94 County 2 10 6 8 9 2 7 9 9 9 71 71

City (1-9 officers) 7 9 8 9 7 7 10 7 7 6 78 79

City (10-49 officers) 9 9 9 6 9 9 9 9 7 8 84 84

City (50+ officers) 9 7 10 10 10 10 6 6 10 5 83 93

50 largest cities 1 3 4 7 9 8 3 1 8 2 46 92 Township" 5 8 9 7 29 72

Total 39 48 51 48 57 41 38 38 44 33 437 83

Percent total sample 70 86 85 86 86 77 86 88 85 79 83

1 Questionnaires were actually sent to 56 slate police departments since th'ere were 6 states whic h listed 2 potiice agencies 'without referei <^ommon central agency. However, only one *set of questionnflires w as accepted from each of these six state Township departments exist only in regions 1. 2. 3, and 5.

4
1 .4. Development and Design of the Sirens and Lights DQ

The survey plan and questionnaire design (of all seven questionnaires) evolved

over a , 12-month period. During this time, the survey team consulted at length with

NILECJ equipment experts, LESL program managers, and equipment manufacturers.

In addition, the officers and administrators of about 40 police departments served as consultants and/or as respondents for pretests of various versions of the questionnaires.

The Sirens and Lights DQ, in its final form, is reproduced in appendix A. This

DQ asked respondents to describe sirens, lights, and other emergency wrarning

equipment used in their departments; to describe the "most commonly used" brands of

sirens and emergency warning lights in use; to indicate procedures for choosing and

testing emergency warning equipment; and to describe problems with that equipment.

The questionnaire was limited to general topics because: (1) It was not possible,

considering the scope of the present survey, to explore in a detailed manner all of the

emergency warning devices used in police departments, and (2) it was felt that the

general data gathered in the present effort would provide important direction for research in the development of standards, the main objective of the survey.

1.5. Characteristics of Subsample Groups

The EPQ of the LEAA Police Equipment Survey requested data from each

department about population served; physical size of jurisdiction served; type of

jurisdiction; number of full- and part-time officers; approximate total, equipment, and

personnel budgets during 1971; and activities handled by the department.

Table 1.5-1 presents a partial tabulation, by department type, of the responses to a

checklist of 30 typical police activities by the respondents to the EPQ. (The EPQ

respondents include, but are not limited to, the respondents to the Sirens and Lights

DQ. See sec. 1.2.). The activities most frequently checked by all departments were: (1) Serve traffic and criminal warrants (88%), (2) traffic safety and traffic control (87%), and

(3) communications for own department (87%). The activity with the most consistent

level across all department types was that of emergency aid and rescue, ranging from

60 percent (cities with 50-1- officers) to 67 percent (counties).

Higher percentages of state and 50 largest city departments than of other

department types were handling certain of the 30 activities. For example, aU of the 50

largest city departments responding, and 98 percent of the responding state departments

said that their departments provided police training for their own department. These

compare to 68 percent for aU responding departments. AU of the responding 50 largest

cities said that they handled criminal investigation in their own departments. This

compares to 86 percent of the total sample of departments. Although only 13 percent of the departments overall had crime laboratories, 73 percent of the 50 largest cities and 55

percent of the states had them.

Counties appeared to be the only department type with significant responsibilities

for custody and detention for more than 1 week. Seventy-eight percent of those

departments had custody/detention up to 1 year, as compared with 22 percent of all responding departments.

Tables 1.5-2 and 1.5-3 present summaries of descriptive data by department type

and LEAA region, respectively. As can be seen from the column for "annual equipment

budget" (table 1.5-2), there was a wide range of expenditures among different

department types: From a mean of about $10,000 for cities (1-9) to almost $2.7 million

for the 50 largest cities. Overall, equipment budgets represented somewhat over 10

percent of the annual total budgets.

The mean number of part-time officers was based on those respondents having

part-time officers in their departments. Of the 45 departments responding from the 50

largest cities, only 6 had part-time officers, including 1 city which had nearly 6,000.

5
Table 1.5-1. Activities handled by at least one -third of the departments by department

type, and percent of total departments having each activity

Percent of total departments having each activity

City City City 50 TownDescription of activity State County (1-9) (10-49) (50+) largest ship Total

Serve traffic and criminal warrants 70 89 84 89 94 87 93 88

Traffic safety and traffic control 92 56 94 96 96 98 94 87 Communications for own department 94 86 76 95 94 96 70 87

Criminal investigation 66 86 71 95 97 100 79 86

Police training for own department 98 55 48 77 87 100 42 68

Custody/detention—less than 1 day - 79 51 73 72 80 43 65

Breath-alcohol test 89 46 47 72 83 91 49 64 Emergency aid and rescue 62 67 62 63 60 67 62 63

Public building protection 40 63 60 58 44 68 54

Service function 48 55 60 60 42 48 Animal control (dogcatcher) 58 63 42 37 44 Highway patrol 96 38 48 36 88 43 Maintenance ot police buildings 51 36 34 41 48 47 40 Custody/detention— 1 week or less 73 36 46 49 38 Communications for other agency 66 56 40 36

serve civil process 88 " 32

Police training for other agency 77 42 84 24 Custody/detention—up to 1 year 78 22 Underwater recovery 34 42 42 19 Bomb disposal 45 82 17 Polygraph 62 36 90 17 Vehicle inspection 55 17 Crime laboratory 55 73 13 Narcotics laboratory analysis 43 62 11 Harbor patrol 7 Lab analysis for blood alcohol 34 53 7 Other 6 Coroner 5 Test for driver's license 34 3 Custody/detention—more than 1 year 3

Table 1.5-2. Descriptive data by department type (means)

Number of Number of Annual AnnueJ

Department type Area Population full-time part-time Annual total equipment personnel

(mi') officers officers budget budget budget

50 largest 187 851,342 2,491 1,115 $43,268,865 $2,669,920 $34,712,818

State 62,580 3,936,410 889 18 16,377,358 2,304,339 12,020,572 County 1,518 130,254 60 25 1,089,919 58,539 859,984

City (50+) 31 83,334 132 26 1,733,340 173,099 1,407,177

City (10-49) 12 15,849 22 9 257,927 24,362 206,157

Township 28 13,228 14 8 175,654 20,854 141,675

City (1-9) 9 5,038 8 5 82,381 9,764 60,061

6
Table 1.5-3. Descriptive data by LEAA region (means)

Number of Number of Annual Annual LEAA region Area Population full-time part-time Annual total equipment personnel

(mi') officers officers budget budget budget

1 750 158,112 96 18 $1,360,155 $135,130 $ 979,911 2 648 240,781 365 97 7,148,315 148,172 5,265,546

3 1,096 245,733 216 7 3,412,567 435,153 2,879,293 4 3,691 340,996 151 11 2,318,382 248,600 1,767,292

5 2,652 448,174 283 8 4,916,607 431,478 3,879,374 6 5,738 271,386 160 17 2,193,823 160,363 1,709,910

7 2,379 1 12,094 84 9 1,220,385 121,001 \foo,mo 8 6,346 83,023 54 9 728,549 77,081 568,463 9 4,218 372,094 281 46 5,743,553 728,801 4,528,692

10 3,580 104,877 69 9 1,253,894 82,198 1,011,604

Thus, the mean value of 1,111 for this department type is somewhat misleading. It should be noted that the category part-time officers included officers described as

auxiliary, volunteer, reserve, school-crossing guard, dispatcher, summer, specicd agent,

traffic supervisor, posse, and cadet. AU of these classifications were counted in the parttime officer category since it has different meanings for different departments.

Variations in these descriptive averages by LEAA region (table 1.5-3) were

considerably smaller than variations by department type. Regions 1 and 8 had smaller

budgets than the others, primarily because each had only 1 of the 50 largest cities.

2. QUESTION BY QUESTION DISCUSSION

2.1. Advice to the Reader

In reading section 2, certain points should be kept in mind:

(1) This report is not an evaluation of any of the equipment described or discussed

within it. It is a presentation of information and opinions of a stratified random sample

of police departments given in response to a specific set of questions. It does not, in any

way, reflect objective testing of any equipment by the National Bureau of Standards.

(2) The report reflects only what poUce departments were wiUing and able to say

in response to a specific set of questions. In most cases, no attempt was made to verify

the accuracy of the information given or the level of sophistication of the respondent.

(3) Each discussion begins with the presentation of the question that appeared in the questionnaire, and in most cases the choices supplied, if any, set off in bold face

type. However, the reader is cautioned to become familiar with the questionnaire sent to sample departments (see app. A) and to eveduate the data in terms of the exact questions asked.

(4) The text tables that appear in section 2 are almost never the complete tables

that were tabulated for that question. Data categories for text tables may have been

collapsed from the fuU table, or certain categories of interest may have been singled out

for fuller discussion. Appendix B contains the complete tables from which the text tables were extracted. Text tables have been numbered after the question number (e.g.,

the text tables for Question 6A would be numbered 6A-1, 6A-2, etc.). The tables in appendix B are also numbered the same as the question number, in the same manner.

In some cases, tables that appear in appendix B will not have been discussed at all in the text.

7
(5) Data in the text of this report are usually presented by nearest whole percent

of the group under consideration. In appendix B, the data are usually presented by

number of respondents and percent. Because of statistical limitations imposed by the

sample sizes used in this study, the reader is cautioned to be wary of assigning

importance to percentage differences of less than 5 percent when percentages are based

on the total number of respondents, and to percentage differences of less than 10 per- cent when percentages are based on one of the subsample groups (e.g., a particular

department type or region). No statistical tests of significance are reported.

(6) Data were always tabulated by each of the choices supplied, if any, in the

questionnaire. Any "other" choices written in by the respondents were also tabulated

and/or recorded verbatim. In most cases, the numbers of respondents giving a specific

"other" response do not reflect the numbers of respondents who might have marked

that choice if it had been one of those provided. Therefore, in most cases, this report

lists or gives examples of "other" responses, but does not present numbers or percents

of departments giving that response. For those questions for which choices were not provided in the questionnaire, coding categories were developed after approximately

one-fourth of the questionnaires had been returned.

(7) The following convention has been adopted in the report to designate the four

city department types:

City with 1-9 officers=city (1-9) City with 10-49 officers=city (10-49)

City with 50 or more officers=city (50+)^

The 50 largest cities=50 largest' In table headings this same convention has been used.

(8) Questions which asked departments to identify manufacturers of their

equipment were asked in this manner only to make the question clearer; not to evaluate

a manufacturer's product.

(9) In an attempt to make this report more readable, the main topics of the

questionnaire have been reordered in the report; the discussion of the findings does not

follow the order of the questions. To find the discussion of a particular question quickly,

consult the Contents or the List of Tables.

(10) When the subsample groups are discussed (e.g., "counties said..." or "cities

(1-9) said...") the reference is to the responding departments from one of the sample

strata. It is particularly important to note that when the text or tables refer to "all departments" or "aU responding departments," the reference is to all responding

departments from the sample described in section 1.2. This sample was not proportional

to the total population of police departments, and although it is possible to do so, the

data in this report have not been weighted to allow direct extrapolation to the total population. (See app. B, p. B-1.)

2.2. Discussion

2.2.1. Characteristics of Respondents

a. Rank/Title of Respondents

AU of the questionnaires in the LEAA Police Equipment Survey were sent to the

chief (or highest official) of the department with a request that the questionnaires be

directed to the person or persons within the department who were best qualified to answer the questions.

^Fxrluding the 50 largest U.S. cities. By population, 1970 U.S. Census.

8
The sirens and lights questionnaire was usually filled in by the chief/unit head in smaller departments and by officers with the ranks of captain, lieutenant, or sergeant in the larger departments. In state departments and in the 50 largest cities about one-fifth

of the respondents had civilian titles. In county departments the questionnaire was

usually filled in by the sheriff or one of his deputies. (See table i.)

b. Number of Years of Law Enforcement Experience

The sirens and lights questionnaire was usually filled in by experienced officers. More than 80 percent of the questionnaires from states and larger city departments (50

largest and 50+) were completed by officers with more than 10 years of law

enforcement experience. Forty percent or more of the primary respondents in these

department types had more than 20 years of law enforcement experience. About half of the officers who filled in the county, city (1-9), and township questionnaires had more

than 10 years of law enforcement experience. (See table ii.)

Table i. Title /rank of primary respondent for the sirens and lights questionnaire , by department type

Department type

(by %)

AU City City City 50 TownRank/title depts. (1-9) (10-49) (50-^) largest State County ship

[n=437] [n=77] [n=84] [n=84] [n=46] [n=47] [n=71] [n=29]

Chief 32 78 60 20 2 0 3 38

Captain 13 1 6 27 11 38 7 3 Lieutenant 10 3 5 19 24 13 4 10 Sergeant 9 6 12 6 13 13 6 17 Sheriff 7 0 0 0 0 0 44 0 Deputy 3 1 0 0 0 0 20 0 "Non-rank" title 8 4 5 6 22 19 3 3

Table ii. Years of experience in law enforcement of

primary respondent by department type

Years of experience in law enforcement

(by %)

More than More than More than Department type 10 years 20 years 25 years

State 85 50 22 50 largest 84 45 15 City (50-^) 83 40 15 City (10-49) 70 36 18 Township 55 13 10 County 50 20 12 City (1-9) 48 18 4

9
34. How many standard patrol cars does your department have?

Number

Question 34 was included in order to have a reference point for other questions

concerning numbers of patrol cars equipped with various lights and sirens. The report of

the patrol cars questionnaire* of this survey presents more detailed information about

numbers and kinds of patrol cars in use in each department type.

Table 34. Percentages of departments in each department

type having specified numbers of patrol cars

Number of patrol cars

(by % of departments)

Less More

Department type than 5 5-50 51-500 than 500

State 0 2 53 45

50 largest 0 2 87 11 City (50+) 4 88 5 0 County 56 32 3 0

City (10-49) 82 14 0 0 Township 83 17 0 0

City (1-9) 90 4 0 0 AU departments 47 27 17 6

2.2.2. Use of Emergency Warning Equipment on Patrol Cars

2.2.2.1. Sound Sources on Patrol Cars

1. Which of the following sound sources do your patrol cars have

in addition to, or instead of, what is found on an ordinary

passenger car? (Mark X by Each Item That Your Cars Have.)

Special loud horn

Electronic siren and speaker

Public address system

Mechanical or electromechanical siren

Other source of sound (describe briefly)

Over three-fourths (82%) of the 437 responding departments had electronic sirens on at least some of their patrol cars, and 41 percent had mechanical or electromechanical sirens so represented. Smaller percentages of county and city (1-9) departments had electronic sirens than did larger cities. In every department type a higher percentage of departments were using electronic sirens than were using

mechanical or electromechanical sirens. States and counties were using mechanical or electromechanical sirens more than the other department types.

Assuming that nearly all departments had sirens of one kind or the other, about

one-fourth of the responding departments were using both electronic and mechanical or electromechanical sirens within the same department, and a slightly greater proportion

of states and of the 50 largest cities had both types represented.

""lEAA Police Equipment Survey of 1972. Vol. VII: Patrol Cara.

10
Fifty-nine percent of the responding departments had a public address system as

part of their patrol cars' emergency warning system. More townships and larger city

departments (city (50+), city (10-49), and 50 largest) had PA systems than did states and

counties. About half (53%) of the city (1-9) departments had PA systems in comparison

with about two-thirds (61-72%) of the larger city departments.

Special loud horns were used by only about 4 percent of the responding

departments.

Table 1-1- Percentages' of departments in each department type reporting use of electronic sirens and mechanical or electromechanical sirens

Percent of departments

Department type Percent of departments having mechanical/electro- having electronic sirens mechanical sirens

50 largest 96 41

City (50+) 92 42

City (10-49) 83 33 Townships 83 24

State 81 57 County 75 51

City (1-9) 73 36

All departments 82 41

The categories are not mutually exclusive. Departments may have been using both types of sirens.

Table 1-2. Percentages ofdepartments in each department type having

public address systems and special loud horns on their patrol cars

Percent of departments Percent of departments

Department type having PA system having loud horn

City (50-1-) 72 4

City (10-49) 68 6 Township 66 0

50 largest 61 0

City (1-9) 53 5

State 47 4 County 41 4 AL departments 59 4

11
2.2.2.2. Light Sources on Patrol Cars

24. What lights or reflectors do your patrol cars usually have in

addition to, or instead of, those found on an ordinary passenger

car? (Mark X by Each Item That Applies.)

Special reflectors or areas of reflectorizing material

Special turn signal lights (sometimes may also be used as " fourway" flashers)

Special clearance or marker light (like those on trucks)

Hand controlled spotlights (not colored)

Fog lights or auxiliary driving lights

Alley or ambush lights (spotlights or floodlights mounted so they aim to the side, not colored)

Automatic flasher that can flash the headlights alternately

Colored flashing or steady burning lights in grille (other than

standard parking lamps or turn signals)

Revolving or flashing lights on roof or roof-bar (" Gumball,"

" bubble," or " strobe" lights)

Any other warning lights showing to the front? (Describe)

Any other warning lights showing to the rear? (Describe)

It was expected that almost all departments would have flashing lights of some

sort on top of their patrol cars, and this was the case in every department type except

counties. More than 90 percent of the responding departments in all other department

types had revolving or flashing lights on the roof; only 83 percent of counties had such

lights.Grille lights were used by slightly greater proportions of counties (21%), states (19%), and cities (1-9) (17%) than by the other three city department types (9-11%).

Grille lights may have been the emergency warning light source for those departments

that were not using revolving or flashing lights on the roof. Sixty-nine percent of the responding departments were using hand-controlled

(noncolored) spotlights on their patrol cars. Higher percentages of the 50 largest cities,

townships, and cities (50+) were using hand-controlled spotlights and lower percentages

of states and counties were using them.

In addition to the more commonly expected light sources (flashing lights on roof,

griUe lights, hand-controUed spotlights). Question 24 solicited responses concerning a number of other emergency warning light sources on patrol cars. The most frequently

Table 24-1. Percentages' of departments having flashing roof

lights, grille lights, and spotlights, by department type

Departments using Departments using

Department type revolving or flash- Departments using hand-controUed

ing lights on roof grille lights noncolored spotlights

50 largest 98 9 80 Townships 97 14 79

City (50-^) 95 11 75

City (10-49) 95 11 69

State 94 19 60

City (1-9) 91 17 66 County 83 21 61 AU departments 93 14 69

Categories were not mutually exclusive. Any department may have been using any or all of these light sources on its patrol cars.

12
reported of these additional light sources are presented in table 24-2. Special turn signal

lights (which sometimes may be used as "four-way" flashers) were being used by more

departments (36%) than the other additional light sources (16%).

Within the seven department types, the use of special turn signals was fairly even

except for townships, where almost three-fifths of the departments reported using this

light source. Special reflectors were used by a higher percentage of the 50 largest cities (30%) than the other department types. Only 7 percent of townships were using special

reflectors. Very few states (2%) and townships (7%) were using alley or ambush lights,

but nearly equal percentages (17-21%) of the other five department types were using

them.

Three additional specific light sources (automatic headlight flasher, fog or auxiliary

driving lights, and special clearance lights) were listed in the questionnaire for checkoff. None of these was being used by as many as 10 percent of the responding

departments.

Table 24-2. Percentages' of departments having special

turn signal lights , automatic headlight flashers , and special

reflectors , by department type

Percent of departments having:

Special turn Alley or Special

Department type signals ambush lights reflectors

Township 59 7 7 City (1-9) 40 17 12 City (10-49) 39 21 11 County 34 17 15 City (50+) 33 20 18 50 largest 33 17 30

State 26 2 21 AU departments 36 16 16

1 Categories were not mutually exclusive.

Table 24-3. Percentages'^ of responding departments

using each light source on patrol cars

Emergency warning Percent of

light source all respondents

[n=437]

Flashing lights on roof 93

Hand-controlled spotlight 69

Special turn signal lights 36 AUey or ambush lights 16 Special reflectors 16 Colored lights in grille 14

Automatic headlight flasher 9 Fog or auxiliary driving lights 3 Special clearance light 2

Other rear flashing lights 18 Other front flashing lights 14 No answer 1

1 Percentages add to more than 100 percent si nee multiple answers were allowed.

13
Fourteen percent of the responding departments cited other warning lights showing

to the front. These were most often described as steady red lights mounted on the roof

(as opposed to revolving or flashing lights on the roof) or red spotlights (as opposed to noncolored spotlights). The 18 percent which described other warning lights showing to the rear most commonly reported flashing or deck lights in the rear window.

2.2.3. Characteristics of Electronic and Electromechanical Sirens

Instruction: Answer Questions 6-14 for the electronic siren most

commonly used in your department. If you are not certain whether

your most commonly used siren is electronic or

electromechanical, put X in the box below and fill in the

questions for electronic sirens on pages 4 to 7. Electromechanical

sirens are asked about beginning on page 7.

I I I am uncertain what type my most commonly used siren is. Instruction: Answer Questions 15-23 for the Electromechanical

siren most commonly used in your department.

If your department does not use electromechanical sirens, skip

to Question 24, page 11.

6. The most commonly used electronic siren in your department

is: 15. The most conunonly used electromechanical siren in your

department is: a. Model or Trade Name

b. Manufacturer For Both Questions

c. Number of Patrol Cars Having It The questionnaire was designed so that the answers to the questions could be

categorized as a particular type of siren. This method of questioning was necessary

because pretest interviews revealed that most departments had several different sirens

in use at the same time. Section 2.2.3 discusses the reported characteristics of these

"most commonly used" electronic and electromechanical sirens together; i.e.. Questions

6 and 15 are discussed, then Questions 7 and 16, and so on, through Questions 14 and

23. A greater variety of different manufacturers was cited for electronic sirens than for electromechanical sirens. The majority of both of these types of sirens was made by

Federal Sign and Signal Corp. Of the 18,911 electronic sirens reported to be "most

commonly used" in the departments, 84 percent were made by Federal. Of the 20,278

"most commonly used" electromechanical sirens, 79 percent were made by Federal and

14 percent were made by Sireno. No other specific manufacturer made as many as 5 percent of the reported sirens of either type.

Models are not reported since this information was obtained only to facilitate coding manufacturer and type of siren. Note that the 180 departments using electromechanical sirens (42% of aU

respondents), reported slightly more "most commonly used" electromechanical sirens

than did the 360 (81% of all respondents) departments using electronic sirens. There are two possible reasons for this finding: (1) Many departments reported during follow-up

telephone calls that their departments now purchased electronic sirens as replacements

when their electromechanical sirens failed. If this was a relatively recent change in purchasing decisions, it is possible that the majority of a department's sirens were still electromechanical, even though they were using some electronic sirens. (2) More than

half of the state departments and about one-third of the 50 largest cities were using at

14
Table 6/15-1. Of the 360 departments using electronic sirens, percentages

citing specified brand as most commonly used ; and percentages of all "most commonly used " sirens of each specified brand

Percent of departments Percent of all most

Manufacturer naming brand as most commonly used commonly used sirens reported

[n=360] [n=18,911]

Federal 64 84

Motorola 5 * General Electric 4 4 Stephenson/Smith & Wesson 4 2 Sominator (now Stephenson) 4 3 Dun-Bar Nunn (Unitrol) 3

Artisan Electronics QO Sireno 2

Dietz 2 Denelcor * Other 3 * No manufacturer given 7 1

•Less than 1 percent.

Table 6/15-2. Of the 180 departments using electromechanical sirens, percentages citing specified brand as most commonly used ; and percentages of all "most commonly used" sirens of each specified brand

Percent of departments Percent of all most

Manufacturer naming brand as most commonly used commonly used sirens reported

[n=180] [n=20,278]

Federal 61 79

Sireno 11 14 B & M Siren Co. 3 1 Other 5 * No manufacturer given 20 5

•Less than 1 percent.

15
least some electromechanical sirens. Both of these department types have, on the

average, large fleets of patrol cars, and could have contributed disproportionately to the

total numbers of sirens reported.

7. and 16. Where is this type electronic/electromechanical siren

usually located?

On a utility bar above the roof

Right on the roof

On the right front fender

On the left front fender

Under the hood, right behind the grille and free from

obstructions

Under the hood, in the engine compartment

Other (specify)

The most common location for electronic sirens w^as on top of the patrol car; 58

percent of the users of electronic sirens placed at least some of their sirens on a utility

bar above the roof, and 13 percent placed at least some of them right on the roof. The

larger city department types (50 largest, cities (50+), and cities (10-49)) were most likely

to place the electronic sirens on a utility bar. States were more likely than other

department types to mount electronic sirens under the hood, behind the grille.

Electromechanical sirens were most often placed under the hood of the patrol car; 48 percent of the users of electromechanical sirens placed at least some of those sirens

under the hood, behind the grille; and 43 percent mounted at least some under the

hood, in the engine compartment. More of the cities (10-49) and cities (50+) mounted

their electromechanical sirens in the engine compartment than behind the grille. Other

department types were using these two locations in almost equal proportions. Only 14

percent of the users of electromechanical sirens mounted any of these sirens on the

utility bar and only 6 percent of the 203 departments mounted them right on the roof. Almost none of the departments mounted either of these two types of sirens in any

other location.

Table 7/16-1. Of the departments in each department type using

electronic and electromechanical sirens , percentages' mounting them

on a utility bar or right on the roof of the patrol car

On utility bar Right on roof

(in %) (in %)

Electro- Electro- Department type Electronic mechanical Electronic mechanical

50 largest 61 16 30 5

City (50-H) 74 14 16 11 City (10-49) 71 29 4 4

City (1-9) 52 18 12 0 Township 54 * 4 * State 37 0 16 7 County 38 11 11 6

All departments 58 14 13 6

Categories are not mutually exclusive. Departments may have utilized both locations. •Fewer than 10 township departments used electromechanical sirens.

16
Table 7/16-2. Of the departments in each department type using

electronic and electromechanical sirens, percentages' which mounted

them behind the grille or in the engine compartment

Department type

Behirid the grille

(in %)

In engine compartment

(in %)

Electro- Electronic mechanical

Electro50 largest 25 42 5 42

City (50+) 24 54 5 23

City (10-49) 28 46 4 46

City (1-9) 39 57 4 29 Township 33 * 17 * State 45 48 18 59 County 58 39 11 58 AU departments 35 48 8 43

Categories are not mutually exclusive. *Fewer than 10 township departments used electromechanical sirens.

Table 7/16-3. Of the departments using electronic and electromechanical

sirens , percentages' mounting them in specified location

Percent of departments using:

Electro- Location Electronic sirens mechanical sirens [n=360] [n=180]

On utility bar 58 14 Right on roof 13 6 Behind grille 35 48

In engine compartment 8 43 On right fender * 0 On left fender 0 • Other 1 0 No answer * 1

i Categories are not mutually exclusive. •Less than 1 percent.

17
8. and 17. What problems have you encountered with this type of

electronic/electromechanical siren? (Mark X by Each Item That

Applies.)

They are too loud for some uses. They sometimes freeze up in winter.

Sometimes motorists do not seem to hear them.

The officers cannot hear the radio.

There is a delay from the time the siren is turned on until it will

actually make the sound.

Wiring problems.

Relay or switch problems.

We have had no problems because equipment is new. We have had no problems even though equipment has been in use for some time.

Other (specify).

There were two "no problems" answers to this question: "No problems,

equipment new"; and "no problems, equipment has been used." Higher percentages of the departments with electronic sirens marked each of these choices than did

departments with electromechanical sirens. Thirty-six percent of the electronic siren users cited at least one problem with those sirens compared to 60 percent of the

electromechanical siren users. The states of the two largest city department types were most likely to cite problems with their electromechanical sirens. Of the users of these two types of sirens which did cite problems, easily the most

common problem cited, for both types, was "Sometimes motorists don't seem to hear

them" (electronic=64%, electromechanical=88%). In addition, for electronic sirens,

about one-fifth of the departments with any problems cited each of three categories:

Freeze in winter, relay or switch problems, and wiring problems. For electromechanical

sirens, two of those same categories were cited with highest frequency: Freeze in winter

(37%) and relay or switch problems (25%).

"Other" problems cited with electronic sirens included transistor problems,

speaker failures, and equipment not durable enough. "Other" problems associated with

electromechanical sirens included mounting problems, siren drains the battery, and

siren takes too long to cease output when it is turned off.

Table 8/17-1. Of the departments using electronic and electromechanical

sirens , percentages reporting "no problems or "no answer"

Percent of departments using:

Electro- Response Electronic sirens mechanical sirens [n=360] [n=180]

No problems, equipment new 21 9 No problems, has been used 42 29 No answer 1 2 Total no problems/no answer 64 40

18
Table 8/17-2. Of the departments citing problems with their electronic or electromechanical sirens , the percentages ' citing specified problem

Percent of departments with problem

Electro- Problem Electronic sirens mechanical sirens [n=129] [n=106]

Sometimes motorists do

not seem to hear them 64 88

Freeze up in winter 19 37 Relay or switch problems 19 25 Wiring problems 19 12 Officer cannot hear radio 14 8 Too loud for some uses 9 2 Delay from time siren turned on until it sounds 5 11 Other 30 27

Percentages add to more than 100 since multiple answers were allowed. NOTE: Percentages in text table differ from tables in appendix since text table is based only on respondents with problems, while tables in appendix

include all respondents.

9. and 18. Please rate the performance of this type

electronic/electromechanical siren in terms of how often it must

be repaired:

Needs repair more often than every 6 months

Needs repair every 6-12 months

Needs repair about once a year

Needs repair about once every 2 to 3 years

Needs repair less often than every 3 years

Never needed repair; have had for months

Electronic sirens and electromechanical sirens appeared to have similar

frequencies of repair. About one-third of the users of each of these two types of sirens

said their most commonly used electronic/electromechanical sirens needed repair once a year or more often, about one-third said their most commonly used siren had never needed repair. These answers were probably best estimates rather than data from

records.

Table 9/18-1. Of the departments using electronic and

electromechanical sirens , percentages citing each repair category

Percent of departments using:

Electro- Frequency of repair Electronic sirens mechanical sirens [n=360] [n=160]

More than every 6 months 3 1 Everly 6-12 months 7 8 Once a year 18 12 Once every 2 or 3 years 21 22 Less than every 3 years 16 21 Never needed repair 34 35 No answer 1 3

19
Table 9/18-2. Of th e departments in each department type using electronic and electromechanical sirens , the percentages

which had never had to repair their most commonly used siren

Percent of departments

never having to repair:

Department type Electronic Electromechanical

sirens sirens

50 largest 11 16

City (50+) 20

State 29 15 Township 37 * County 38 50

City (10-49) 42 36

City (1-9) . 55 64

All departments 34 35

• Fewer than 10 townships were using electromechanical sirens

There were striking differences among the seven department types in their answers to this question. More than half (55%) of the cities (1-9) which used electronic

sirens said they had never had to repair them, and 64 percent of the cities (1-9) which

used electromechanical sirens had never had to repair them. This compares with 11 percent of the 50 largest city departments with electronic sirens, and 16 percent of the

50 largest city departments with electromechanical sirens. Departments which had never needed to repair their sirens were asked to indicate

how long they had had those sirens. It appears that the electronic sirens which had

never needed repair were considerably newer than the never-repaired electromechanical

sirens. Only 15 percent of the departments with never-repaired electronic sirens had had

those sirens in use more than 3 years. But 37 percent of the departments with never- repaired electromechanical sirens had had them in use more than 3 years.

Table 9/18-3. Of the departments whose most commonly

used sirens had never needed repair, length of time those

sirens had been in use

Percent of departments

never having had to repair:

Time in use Electronic Electromechanical

sirens sirens [n=122] [n=63]

1 year or less 38 24

13 months-2 years 26 17 25 months-3 years 18 13 37 months-4 years 6 10 More than 4 years 9 27 No answer 3 10

Percentages in text table differ from tables in appendix since text table is based only on

respondents never needing repair while tables in appendix include all respondents.

20
10 and 19. What part of component is the most common cause of

breakdowns in this type electronic/electromechanical siren?

(CHOICES SUPPLIED FOR ELECTRONIC SIREN)

Speaker fails

Electronics fail Control switch

Other (specify)

(CHOICES SUPPLIED FOR ELECTROMECHANICAL SIREN)

Brushes

Bearings

Windings

Control switch

Other (specify)

As a result of pretest interviews with police departments and consultations with

experts in this area, it was determined that the answer choices suppUed for this question could not be identical for electronic and electromechanical sirens. Therefore,

only the proportions of users of these two types that gave no answer or said "no

failures" may be compared.

The percentages of departments which gave no answer or said "no failures" to this question were approximately equal for electronic and electromechanical siren users. In

addition, no answer/no failure percentages for this question tended to parallel the

"never needed repair" percentages from Questions 9 and 18 (except for the

electromechanical siren users in the 50 largest cities).

Table 10/19 and 9/18. Of the departments in each department type using

electronic and electromechanical sirens, the percentages reporting "never needed to repair" to questions 9 and 18, and giving "no answer" or

reporting "no problems" to questions 10 and 19.

Electronic sirens Electromechanical sirens

(in % of departments) (in % of departments)

No answer/ No answer/

Department type no failures No repairs no failures No repairs

(Question 10) (Question 9) (Question 19) (Question 18)

50 largest 7 11 0 16

City (50+) 22 22 20 20

State 29 29 7 15 Township 45 37 * * County 40 38 47 50

City (10-49) 37 42 36 36

City (1-9) 50 55 61 64

All departments 33 34 31 35

Fewer than 10 townships used electromechanical sirens.

21
Table 10. Of the 243 electronic siren users that cited a cause of failure, percentages' citing specified component'

Percent of electronic

siren users that cited Component any cause of failure [n=243]

Speaker 39

Electronics 35

Control switch 21 Other 21

Percentages add to more than 100 since multiple gnawers were allowed. Percentages in text table differ from tables in appendix

since text table is based only on respondents citing failure while tables in appendix include all electronic siren owners.

The most common component/part causes of failures reported by the 243

electronic siren users that cited any failure were speaker (39%) and electronics (35%).

The 123 departments using electromechanical sirens that cited any component/part

cause of failure most often said that failure was associated with the brushes (38%),

control switch (36%), or bearings (31%).

For both siren types, the "other" causes of failure listed were, in almost all cases,

not specifically related to a siren component. Rather, they were the kinds of problems

mentioned in Questions 8 and 18: Motorists don't seem to hear siren, siren freezes in winter, equipment not durable, etc. For electronic sirens, transistors were mentioned

most frequently in the category "other."

Table 19. Of the 123 electromechanical siren users that cited a cause of failure , percentages citing specified component'

Component

Percent of electromechanical

users that cited any cause

of failure [n=123]

Brushes 38

Control switch 36

Bearings 31 Windings 6 Other 19

Percentages in text table differ from those in appendix

since text table percentages are based only on respondents who cited failure.

22
11. About how long do you use most of your sirens of this type

before the electronic package or speaker must be replaced?

THE ELECTRONICS THE SPEAKER

Less than 1 year Less than 1 year

1-3 years 1-3 years

4-6 years 4-6 years

7-10 years 7-10 years

More than 10 years More than 10 years

Never needed to replace: Never needed to replace:

have had for months. have had for months.

20. About how long do you use most electromechanical sirens of

this type before they are replaced or rebuilt?

Less than 1 year

1-3 years

4-6 years

7-10 years

More than 10 years

Never needed to replace: have had for months.

Although these two questions were slightly different, it is possible to make some

limited comparisons of the lengths of time to replacement for electronic and

electromechanical sirens. The most interesting aspect of these data is that a much

higher percentage of electromechanical siren users had had their sirens in use for more

than 10 years before needing to replace or rebuild them. And much higher percentages

of electronic siren users had never had to replace the electronics or the speakers of

itheir sirens.

Table 11/20-1. Of those departments using electronic and electromechanical

sirens, percentages citing each length of time to replacement

Electronic sirens Electromechanical Length of time Speaker Electronics sirens

to replacement [n=360] [n=360] [n=180]

Less than 1 year 2 2' 1 1' 0 0

1-3 years 19 21 12 13 11 11

4-6 years 16 37 17 30 18 29

7-10 years 9 46 12 42 21 50 More than 10 years 5 5 20 Never replaced/rebuilt 42 49 26 No answer 7 5 4

Cumulative percentages.

Since it is known that electromechanical sirens have been commonly available to police departments longer than electronic sirens, these data were broken down in two

additional ways: (1) AU users who had ever replaced or rebuilt their "most commonly

used" siren, and (2) all users who had never replaced/rebuilt that type of siren. The data from only those departments which had ever replaced/rebuilt their sirens

showed even more clearly that electromechanical sirens were in use longer before

replacement than electronic sirens. Almost 60 percent of the electromechanical siren users (that had replaced sirens) had used the sirens at least 7 years before they had to

23
be replaced or rebuilt. In contrast, 37 percent of the electronic siren users (that had

replaced sirens) had been able to use their speakers that long, and only 27 percent had

been able to use the electronic package as many as 6 years. The data from only those departments which had never replaced/rebuilt their

sirens again showed the electromechanical sirens were in use longer without need for replacement than electronic sirens. Twenty-six percent of the electromechanical siren users that had never replaced/rebuilt them had had those sirens in use for more than 5

years. This compares with 10 percent of the electronic siren users that had not replaced

their speakers and 7 percent of the electronic siren users that had not replaced the

electronics.

Although all of these data appear to support the idea that electromechanical

sirens last longer than electronic sirens, it is possible that the data are simply showing

that police departments have not had any electronic sirens in use for a long number of years. In addition, these data do not reflect the levels of use ("on time") of these two

types of sirens, nor do they reflect the conditions (e.g., weather) under which they may

have been operated.

Table 11/20-2. Of the departments which had replaced (rebuilt) their electronic (speaker or electronics ) or electromechanical

sirens , percentages citing each length of time to replacement

Percent of departments replacing

Electronic sirens Length of time

to replacement Speaker Electronics Electromechanical

[n=166] [n=180] [n=126]

Less than 1 year 2 4 0

1-3 years 25 37 16

4-6 years 37 32 25

7-10 years 27 17 30 More than 10 years 10 10 29

NOTE: Percentages differ from those in appendix table since text table percentages are based only on responH#»nts who have replaced or rebuilt sirens.

Table 11/20-3. Of the departments that had not replaced

(rebuilt ) their electronic or electromechanical sirens, percentages citing each "time in use " category

Percent of departments

never replacing

electronic siren: Percent of departments

never replacing/rebuilding Years in use Speaker Electronics electromechanical siren

[n = 153] [n=177] [n=46]

1 year or less 27 25 22

1-2 years 22 22 17

2- 3 years 20 20 11

3-5 years 16 17 8

5-8 years 9 6 11 More than 8 years 11 15. No answers 5 7 15

NOTE: Percentages differ from those in appendix table since text table percentages

are based only on respondents who have not replaced (rebuilt) sirens.

24
12. and 21. What improvements could be made in this type

electronic/electromechanical siren?

No choices were provided for this question. The respondents' narrative answers were used to develop categories and then each answer was coded. About two-thirds of the siren users left this question blank; electronic siren users: 67 percent no answer, and electromechanical siren users: 64 percent no answer. Of the 138 users of electronic sirens who suggested improvements, 19 percent said

their sirens needed more power/were not loud enough, and 19 percent suggested

improvements for the electronic siren speaker. There were a great many miscellaneous

suggestions; 15 percent answered "other." The two improvements suggested most

frequently logically follow answers to Questions 8 and 10: The most common problem

reported for electronic sirens was that motorists seemed not to hear them, and the

component reported to be the most likely to cause electronic siren breakdown was the

speaker.

For electromechanical siren users also, increasing the volume of the siren was the

improvement suggested most frequently (by those who made suggestions). Almost onefifth of those departments, however, said that the way to improve their

electromechanical sirens was to replace them with electronic sirens. Sixteen percent of the departments suggesting improvements in their

electromechanical sirens said that their sirens should be made smaller and/or lighter, a suggestion rarely made by electronic siren users. In Question 19, the components

reported to be the most common cause of electromechanical siren breakdown were the

brushes and bearings. These components were associated with 11 percent of the

suggested improvements.

It must again be emphasized that the great majorities of electronic and

electromechanical siren users suggested no improvements for their sirens. Tables 12 and

21 are based on the answers of only about one-third of all departments using each of these two types of sirens.

Table 12. Of the 138 departments using electronic sirens and suggesting

improvements for those sirens, percentages' suggesting specified improvement'

Percent of electronic Improvement siren users making

suggestions

[n=138]

Need more power/siren not loud enough 19 Speaker improvements, such as improved

voice coil, greater power capacity.

improvement durability 19

Better protection for speakers against weather 13 Switches/controls unsatisfactory, complicated, need greater flexibility 13 Need adjustable volume control (more

flexible, greater output range) 9 More durable/better quality 9 Mounting (speaker and/or control) for audibility and convenience 8 Other 15

^Percentages add to more than 100 since multiple answers were allowed. Percentages differ from those in appendix since text table percentages are based

only on respondents suggesting improvements.

25
Table 21. Of the 77 departments using electromechanical sirens and suggesting improvements for those sirens , percentages'

suggesting specified improvement'

Percent of Improvement electromechanical siren users making suggestions [n=77]

Increase volume/make siren louder 33 Replace with electronic sirens 16 Make smaller and lighter weight 16 Improve mounting 13 Improve brushes, bearings.

lubrication system 11 Better braking system/faster motor stop 8 Other 8

^Percentages add lo more than 100 since multiple answers were allowed. Percentages differ from those in appendix tables since text tables are based

only on respondents suggesting improvements.

13. and 22. Can you think of any other

electronic/electromechanical siren currently on the market that

might meet your needs better? (Please give model or trade name

and manufacturer if known.)

Model:

Manufacturer:

14. and 23. What is there about this other type

electronic/electromechanical siren that would make it better for

your particular needs?

Almost no departments answered these questions: 93 percent of the electronic

siren users gave no answer, and 96 percent of the electromechaniced siren users gave no answer. These results do not necessarily mean that departments were satisfied with

the equipment they had, they might be indicating lack of familiarity with other available

equipment.

Since so few responses were elicited, they are not discussed here. See tables 13,

14, 22, and 23 in appendix B.

2.2.4 Emergency Warning Lights

Instructions: Please give the following information about the most

common type of emergency warning lights (beacons or flashers) used in

your department.

Most Used Beacon or Flashing Light

27.a. Model No. or Trade Name

27.b. Manufacturer

27.g. Mounted:

Directly on Vehicle

On Utility Bar

27.h. Number of patrol cars having this model of emergency

warning light:

26
As for the questions about sirens, the questions about emergency warning lights j (beacons or flashers) were phrased so that they could be referenced to particular Hghts

(most common). This was done because pretests showed that many departments had more than one kind of beacon/flasher in use, and the questions would have been

difficult to answer meaningfully for those departments which had two or more dissimilar

lights in use. In 61 percent of the responding departments, their most common beacon/flashing

lights were made by Federal Sign and Signal Corp. Ten percent of the departments said

their most common lights were made by Dietz. No other specific manufacturer was

reported by as many as 5 percent of the departments for their most common

beacons/flashing lights. (Model number was requested only to improve the accuracy in determining manufacturer.)

The 437 responding departments reported a total of 26,618 patrol cars equipped

with their most common beacons/flashing lights. The majority of these patrol cars were

equipped with either Federal (67%) or Dietz (16%) emergency warning lights. Only 17 percent of the patrol cars equipped with the departments' most common lights were made by manufacturers other than Federal or Dietz.

If the numbers of patrol cars equipped with "most common" electronic or electromechanical sirens (Questions 6C and 15C) are used as a minimum estimate of the numbers of patrol cars^ in the responding departments, and if it is assumed that

most of these patrol cars would be equipped with beacons/flashing lights as weU as

sirens; the answers to these questions about most common emergency warning lights

probably represent no more than 68 percent of aU the emergency warning

beacons/flashing lights in the responding departments. Any conclusions based on these

data should, therefore, explicitly recognize that the data are based on only a portion

(albeit an assumed majority) of the lights in use in those departments.

About three-fifths of the responding departments mounted their most common

beacons/flashing lights on a utility bar above the roof of the vehicle and about two-fifths

mounted them right on the vehicle. Only about 2 percent said they mounted these lights

in both locations.

Table 27A/27B/27G/27H. Percentages of departments whose "most common" emergency warning beacons /flashing lights were made by each

manufacturer , and where these lights were mounted. Percentages of

patrol cars equipped with each brand of light

Percent of depts.

using that brand

Percent of Percent of mounting it: depts. using total this brand as patrol cars Directly Manufacturer "most common" reported on On utility [n=437] [n=26,618] vehicle bar

Federal 61 67 32 68

Dietz 10 16 48 52

Sireno 3 2 56 44

Unity 3 2 55 44 Whelen 2 3 38 63 Trippe Man. Co. 2 2 55 44 Other manufacturer 7 7 39 71 No manufacturer given 12 1 51 49

Total 100 100 38 62

A different but comparable sample of departmentft received the Patrol Cars Questionnaire of the LEAA Police Equipment Survey. The 449

respondents to that questionnaire reported about 46.000 patrol cars in use in their departments.

27
Instructions: Please give the following information about the most

common type of emergency warning lights (beacons or flashers)

used in your department.

Most Used Beacon or Flashing Light

27.C. Number of lights pt r unit

The majority of the responding departments were using less than three lights per

unit for their most common beacons/flashing lights: 18 percent used one Ught/unit, 44

percent used two lights/unit. A higher percentage of state departments (34%) were using

only one light/unit than were the other department types. A higher percentage of the 50

largest cities (28%) were using four lights/unit.

Table 27C. Percentages of departments in each department type using specified

number of lights per unit in their "most common" beacons /flashing lights

One light Two lights Three lights Four lights No

Department type per unit per unit per unit per unit answer

State 34 36 6 21 2 County 25 30 10 17 14

City (1-9) 21 40 16 12 8

50 largest 15 46 4 28 2

City (50+) 14 52 10 20 2

City (10-49) 10 55 6 18 10 Township 7 48 7 21 17

All departments 18 44 9 19 8

Instructions: Please give the following information about the most

common type of emergency warning lights (beacons or flashers)

used in your department.

Most Used Beacon or Flashing Light

27.d. Number of units per vehicle

About three-fourths of the responding departments reported that they had only one

of their most common emergency warning light units per vehicle. Almost 9 out of 10

(89%) state departments had only 1 unit/vehicle compared to 68-76 percent of the

departments in the other 6 department types.

Thirteen percent of the departments reported two units/vehicle and only 4 percent

reported more than two units/vehicle.

Table 27D. Percentages of departments in each department type using specified number of units per vehicle

Department type One unit per vehicle Two units per vehicle

More than two units per vehicle No

answer

State 89 6 4 0 50 largest 76 17 4 2 City (10-49) 75 12 3 10

City (50-t-) 73 19 3 4

City (1-9) 69 12 9 10 Township 69 7 0 24 County 68 13 2 17 AU departments 74 13 4 9

28
Instructions: Please give the following information about the most

common type of emergency warning lights (beacons or flashers)

used in your department.

Most Used Beacon or Flashing Light

27.e. Color(s) of warning signal:

Red & Blue

Red & Clear

Clear

Red

Blue

Yellow (Amber)

Other (specify)

27.f. Color of dome

Three-quarters of the responding departments used red (either alone or in combination with other colors) for their most common emergency warning lights. Onehalf (56%) used only red warning signals. Within each of the seven department types,

the greatest proportions of departments were using red warning signals, but a slightly

smsdler percentage of states were using red than the other department types.

About one-third (34%) of the departments were using blue warning signals (either

alone or in combination with other colors), but only 21 percent were using only blue

warning signals. A slightly greater percentage of state departments (34%) were using

only blue warning signals than the other department types (range: 21% of townships to 28% of the 50 largest cities).

Table 27E-1. Percentages of departments in each department type using red or blue warning signals in their "most common" beacons /flashers

Red Blue

Red Red and Any Red and Any Blue and Blue Department type only clear red blue blue clear only

City (1-9) 64 8 70 8 35 4 23

State 57 4 63 2 36 0 34 County 56 11 75 8 32 0 24

City (10-49) 54 12 77 11 34 2 21

City (50-I-) 54 10 72 8 33 2 23

50 largest 52 13 74 9 39 2 28 Township 45 21 73 7 28 0 21

All departments 56 11 75 8 34 2 24

Very few of the responding departments were using only clear (6%) or only yellow

(7%) warning signals in their most common beacons/flashing lights. However, 19 percent

of state departments reported that they were using only yellow warning signals.

Differences among department types in their use of various colors and color

combinations were not striking. A few slight differences are noted above. Since

developmental and pretest interviews with police departments revealed a high degree of

interest in this question, a word of caution is warranted. These data cannot be used to

29
Table 27E-2. Percentages of departments in each department type using

clear or yellow warning signals in their "most common" beacons /flashers

Clear Yellow/amber

Clear and Clear and Any Clear Yellow Department type red blue clear only only

City (1-9) 8 4 13 1 9

State 4 0 6 2 19 County 11 0 14 3 11 City (10-49) 12 2 20 6 7 City (50-t-) 10 2 17 5 12 50 largest 13 2 19 4 11 Township 21 0 28 7 7

All departments 11 2 17 4 11

Table 27F. Percentages of responding departments using

specified color of dome with their "most common

" beacons /flashing lights

Percent of departments

Color of dome using that color [n=437]

Red 51 Blue 25

Clear 14 YeUow 1 Chrome' 1 No answer 14

These departments probably confused the base of the dome

with the dome itself.

evaluate the effectiveness of the different colors/color combinations as warning signals;

they simply reflect what departments were using at the time of the survey. The Law

Enforcement Standards Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards is conducting

tests to determine the efficacy of various colors of warning signals.

The percentages of departments using each color of dome for their most common

beacons/flashing lights were similar to those for the various colors of warning signals:

About half (51%) of the departments had red domes, one-fourth had blue domes, and 14

percent had clear domes. The unusueiUy high percentage of "no answers" to this question (compared to Question 27E) can probably be attributed to the fact that no

choices were supplied for Question 27F as they were for 27E.

30
Instructions: Please give the following information about the most

common type of emergency warning lights (beacons or flashers)

used in your department.

Most Used Beacon or Flashing Light

28. About how long does this model of beacon or flashing

light work before it needs repair or service? (other than lamp

replacement)

Less than 1 year

1-3 years

4-6 years

7-10 years

More than 10 years

Never needed to repair; have had for months

Thirty-eight percent of the responding departments reported that they had to repair their beacons/flashing Hghts every 3 years or more often. In contrast, over half of the states (51%), cities 50+ (53%), and the 50 largest cities (55%), said they had to repair these lights every 3 years or more often. As was the case for sirens, smaller cities and townships were much more likely than larger cities and states to say they had never needed to repair their beacons/flashing lights. About one-third of all responding

departments said never needed to repair, but 59 percent of townships and 52 percent of

cities (1-9) gave that answer. Of the 149 departments that had never needed to repair their beacons/flashing

lights, 30 percent had had them for a year or less. Only 21 percent had had those lights more than 3 years.

Table 28. Percentages of departments in each department type reporting specified

length of time before repair for their "most common" beacons /flashing lights

Length of time before repair (by % of departments)

Less than 7 years Never needed Department type 1 year 1-3 years 4-6 years or more to repair

State 11 40 17 19 9

City(50-i-) 10 43 17 6 23

50 largest 9 46 26 11 9

City (1-9) 5 25 13 5 52 County 3 20 14 18 39

City (10-49) 2 26 23 3 44 Township 0 24 14 3 59

All departments 6 32 18 9 34

31
Instructions: Please give the following information about the most

common type of emergency warning lights (beacons or flashers)

used in your department.

Most Used Beacon or Flashing Light

29. What are the most common causes of breakdown or malfunction in this model beacon or flasher?

Bulb failure

Mechanical failure

Failure caused by weather

Other

Bulb failure was the most frequently cited cause of breakdown or malfunction of the departments' most common beacons/flashing lights: Over 40 percent of all responding departments chose this answer, and about one-third or more of the

departments in every department type chose this answer. No answer, which most

probably meant that the department had had no failures (see Question 28), were much

more common for counties and smaller cities than for states, cities (50+), and the 50

largest cities. Much higher percentages of states, cities (50+), and the 50 largest cities answered

this question. As many of the state departments cited mechaniced failure as the most

common cause of light medfunction as cited bulb failure. In contrast, about twice as many of the city (50+) and 50 largest city departments cited bulb failure as cited

mechanical failure. "Other" causes of malfunction mentioned were damage caused by car wash,

domes/glass breaking, and poor grounding.

Table 29. Percentages' of departments in each department type reporting

specified common cause of breakdown or malfunction for their "most common

" beacons /flashers

Cause of failure or malfunction

(by % of departments)

Weather Other Department type Bulb Mechanical caused cause of No failure/ failure failure failure failure no answer

50 largest 61 30 11 15 4

City (50+) 55 24 12 10 12 Township 45 14 7 7 35

State 40 40 15 15 6 County 39 17 4 1 42

City (1-9) 34 17 8 10 33

City (10-49) 32 21 5 11 37 AU departments 43 23 8 10 26

1 Percentages add to slightly more than 100 since muUiple answers were allowed.

32
Instructions: Please give the following information about the most

common type of emergency warning lights (beacons or flashers)

used in your department.

Most Used Beacon or Flashing Light

30. About how long can this model of emergency warning

light be used before it must be replaced?

Less than 1 year

I-3 years

4-6 years

7-10 years

II- 15 years

More than 15 years

Never needed to replace; have had for months

A slightly higher percentage of the responding departments said they had never needed to replace their beacons/flashing lights (40%) than said they had never needed to repair them (34%, Question 28). As was the case with repair, lower percentages of the

states and 50 largest cities had never needed to replace those lights than the other five department types.

Of the 174 departments which had never needed to replace their lights, about twothirds had had those emergency warning lights in use for 3 years or less; about three- fourths had had them in use for 4 years or less. There is reason to suggest, therefore,

that the states and 50 largest cities may have had different purchasing practices than

the smaller department types.

The most frequent time period to replacement was between 4 and 10 years after purchase (35% of aU responding departments). Only 10 percent of all the responding

departments said they could use these beacons/flashers more than 10 years before

replacing them; but 15 percent of states and 24 percent of the 50 largest cities said they

could use their lights more than 10 years.

Table 28/30. Percentages of departments in each department type which had never needed to repair (question 28) or never needed to replace (question 30) their '^most common" beacons /flashing lights

Never needed to:

Department type Replace Repair

50 largest 15 9

State 28 9

City (50+) 35 23 County 39 39

City (10-49) 44 44

City (1-9) 55 52 Township 62 59

All departments 40 34

33
Table 30. Percentages of departments in each department type which cited specified time to replacement interval for their "most common" beacons /flashing lights

Time interval to replacement

No answer/

Department type 0-3 years 4-6 years 7-10 years 11+ years never

50 largest 1

3

lo on 0/1 Z4

State 9 13 30 15 34

City (50+) 10 18 23 9 40 County 1 15 21 8 53

City (10-49) 11 15 18 5 52

City (1-9) 9 13 6 9 63 Township 7 14 14 0 65 AU departments 8 16 19 10 47

Instructions: Please give the following information about the most

common type of emergency warning lights (beacons or flashers)

used in your deparment.

Most Used Beacon or Flashing Light

31. What improvements can you suggest for this model of

emergency warning lights?

32. Can you think of any other emergency warning light

currently on the market that might meet your needs better?

(Please give model, manufacturer, type, color, if known.)

Model:

Manufacturer:

Type:

Color:

33. What is there about this other light that would make it meet

your needs better?

Eighty-eight percent of the responding departments left Questions 32 and 33 blank.

Those data wiU not be presented here. However, about one-fourth of the departments

did suggest improvements for their most common emergency warning lights. The

respondents' narrative answers were coded and tabulated. The most frequent

improvements mentioned were "make more visible," "make more weatherproof," and

"improve motor/bearings/gears."

34
Table 31. Of the 115 departments suggesting improvements for their "most common" emergency warning lights , percentages' citing specified improvement'

Improvement

Percent of departments

suggesting any improvement

[n=115]

Make lights briehter/more intense/more

visible, etc. 21 Make unit more weatherproof/sealing 19 Improve motors/bearings/gears 16 Better quality/more durable 9 Improve mounting 8 More theft-proof/vandal-proof 6 Change to blue lights 6

Increase flash speed/turning rate 5 Improve domes 5

1_^This is not the entire list of categories; see app. B for complete listing. Percentages differ from those in appendix since text table is based on only those who cited improvements.

2.2.5. Activities for Which Emergency Warning Equipment Is Used

2. Which of the following do your officers usually use when

signalling a motorist to pull over during the daytime? (Mark X by

Each Item That Applies.)

Siren

Horn

Public Address System

Flashing Lights

3. Which of the following do your officers usually use when

signalling a motorist to pull over at night ? (Mark X by Each Item

That Applies.) (Same Choices Supplied)

Almost all of the responding departments said they used flashing lights to signal

motorists to puU over: 90 percent for daytime signals and 99 percent for nighttime

signals. In addition, nearly two-thirds of the departments used sirens to signal to pull over: 64 percent for daytime and 62 percent at night. Forty-four percent said they used

their patrol car horns during the daytime, less than one-third (30%) used the horn at night. The relatively small percentages of departments using the public address system

to signal pullover were probably at least partially a result of the fact that fewer

departments had PA Systems (41% of all respondents) while virtually aU had sirens,

emergency warning lights, and horns.

35
Table 2/3-1. Percentages' of departments using specified emergency warning devices to signal motorists to pull over during

the daytime and at night

Percent of departments using:

During At Warning signal daytime night

[n=437] [n=437]

Flashing lights 90 99

Siren 64 62 Horn 44 30

Public address system 11 10

Percentages add to more than 100 since more than one device could be

used at the same time.

Table 2/3-2. Percentages' of departments in each department type using specified emergency warning device to signal motorists to pull over during the daytime

Percent of departments using emergency warning device

Flashing PA

Department type Hghts Siren Horn system

Township 100 69 34 3 County 96 72 25 11 City (1-9) 91 58 34 5

City (10-49) 90 69 50 15 50 largest 87 61 46 24

State 87 49 57 13

City (50-I-) 84 65 59 7 AU departments 90 64 44 *

Percentages add to more than 100. •Less than 1 percent.

The three largest city department types, city (10-49), city (50+), and 50 largest

cities, were roughly similar in their use of these emergency warning signals both in the

daytime and at night, except that slightly more of of the 50 largest cities were using

their PA system to signal. State and county use of these signals, however, was different

from cities and from each other. A higher proportion of counties used sirens for daytime

signalling, whereas a higher proportion of states used the car horn. States were the only

department type in which more departments reported using the car horn than the siren

for signalling motorists to pull over during the day.

36
4. Which of the following do your officers usually use for

emergency runs during the daytime? (Mark X by Each Item That

Applies.)

5. Which of the following do your officers usually use for

emergency runs at night ?(Mark X by Each Item That Applies.)

Siren

Horn

Public Address System

Flashing Lights

Over 90 percent of the responding departments reported using both siren and

flashing lights for emergency runs. Very few used the patrol car horn or the public

address system. There was almost no difference in the departments' use of these

devices during the day and at night. Sirens were much more commonly used for emergency runs than for signalling motorists to puU over. Approximately the same

percentages of departments in all seven department types were using these emergency

warning devices for emergency runs.

Table 4/5. Percentages' of departments using specified emergency warning devices for daytime and nighttime emergency runs

Daytime Nighttime

Emergency warning percent of percent of device departments departments

[n=437] [n=437]

Flashing lights 98 99

Siren 94 92 Horn 6 5

Public address system 2 2

Percentages add to more than 100.

25. For which of the following activities do your officers routinely use their emergency warning lights during the daytime ? (Mark X by

Each Item That Applies.)

26. For which of the following activities do your officers routinely use their emergency warning lights at night ? (Check Each Item

That Applies.)

Routine Patrol

Parking Off the Road

Parking On the Road

Signalling Motorists to Pull Over

Emergency Calls

Pursuing Another Car

Other (specify)

This question corroborated the data from Questions 2, 3, 4, and 5. Almost all of the responding departments used their emergency warning lights routinely for emergency calls (92% during daytime and 94% at night). Similar percentages of departments used their flashing lights for pursuit of vehicles and signalling motorists to

37
Table 25/26. Percentages' of departments which used emergency warning lights routinely for specified activity during the daytime and at night

Daytime Nighttime

Activity percent of percent of departments departments

[n=437] [n=437]

Emergency calls 92 94 Pursuing another car 91 92

Signalling motorists over 88 94

Parking on the road 67 76 Parking off the road 16 26

Routine patrol 3 3 Other 13 12

I Percentages add to more than 100 since multiple answers were allowed.

pull over. Parking on the road was the only other routine use for flashing lights involving

as many as one-third of the respondents.

There were slight differences in the percentages of departments which reported

using flashing lights for each activity in Questions 25 and 26 and those that reported

using flashing lights in Questions 2, 3, 4, and 5. These small differences were partieilly a

result of the addition of the word "routinely" in Questions 25 and 26, and partially a

result of respondent error or inconsistency.

Very few departments used their emergency warning lights for routine patrol.

None of the 50 largest cities or cities (50+) used their lights for this purpose (either

during the day or at night). Eight percent of counties, 6 percent of states, and 4 percent

of each of the smaller city department types did use their emergency warning lights for routine patrol.

"Other" activities for which emergency warning lights were routinely used were

for funeral escorts, escorts in general, blocking traffic, directing traffic, at accident

sites, and at hazards in general.

2.2.6. Purchasing and Testing Emergency Warning Equipment

37. Who in your department is responsible for choosing and

ordering emergency warning equipment? (Please give title and/or

position rather than name.)

Title/Position:

Title/Position

:

A wide range of title/positions was elicited by this question. Coding categories were developed to organize these responses:

° Head of unit. Included the chief, assistant to chief, director, commissioner of public works/safety. Assistant was included in this category since assistants may share

many of the daily responsibilities of operating a department.

° Users of the equipment . Included patrolman, trooper, patrol division/patrol

officer. Maintenance staff. Included maintenance division, mechanic, garage mechanic,

garage superintendent, garage foreman, communications technician, service department.

° Other. Included city official, town council, town board, staff services division,

transportation division, communications division and officers (except technicians),

administrative division and officers, planning and research, technical services, logistics,

supply, business officer, and operations officer.

38
Table 37. Percentages' of departments in each department type in which

the person /group responsible for choosing /ordering emergency warning equipment

held specified title /position

Title/position (by % of departments)

\.^niei iLC|uiptnent

• Maintenance

L/cpdi iiiiciii ly pc unit ri^£l/i staff adnninistrati ve

County 93 6 3 15 93 2 1 18 Township 90 3 7 21

City (1-9) 84 1 0 31

City (50+) 57 7 19 40

50 largest 30 11 28 50

State 13 4 11 100 AU departments 69 5 9 36

Percentages add to more than 100 percent since multiple answers were allowed.

These codes are somewhat arbitrary, and were not offered as choices on the

questionnaire.

The chief/unit head was responsible for choosing and ordering emergency warning

equipment in 90 percent or more of the counties, cities (10-49), and townships, and in 84

percent of the cities (1-9). This was also the case in more than half (57%) of the cities

(50-I-). In the two largest department types, however, much smaller percentages of the

departments listed the chief/unit head as responsible for choosing and ordering

emergency warning equipment.

Every state department listed at least one person or group that was categorized as

"other." No pattern was identified from these "others"; almost all of the examples given

in the preceding definition appeared among the state department responses.

In the 50 largest city departments, as in state departments, the emergency

warning equipment purchasing decisions were most often made by administrative

personnel other than the chief/unit head. However, more than one-fourth of the 50

largest cities listed members of the department's maintenance staff. Only 5 percent of the responding departments said that users (of emergency

warning equipment) were responsible for choosing and ordering that equipment.

38. What test methods do you use for new emergency warning

equipment?

Buy a few pieces of equipment; have some officers use them and

give opinions

Use standard tests before buying (What tests? ) Test after delivery but before installing on the patrol car (What

tests?

)

Test after installation on the patrol car (What tests? ) Emergency warning equipment is not tested except in use Other (specify)

The data reported for this question may be misleading. The reader should be

careful in interpreting the results. Discussions with departments during follow-up

showed that many departments considered such actions as a salesman's demonstration

or turning on the equipment to see if it worked, to be testing. It appears that many

departments which made the "turn on to see if it works" test marked several of the

39
choices. Table 38 in appendix B presents the data from this question. However, text table 38 presents only two of the categories. The departments' interpretations even of these two categories might be suspect.

Much higher percentages of the states and 50 largest cities said they bought a few

pieces of equipment and had officers use them than did the other department types.

This practice probably resulted from large departments making larger bulk purchases of equipment and, therefore, spending more time and money prior to purchasing to be sure

of their investment. Only 4 percent of the states said they don't test except in use, but

about one-third (34%) of the 50 largest cities marked this choice. More than half of the

counties, cities (1-9), and cities (10-49) said they did no testing of emergency warning

equipment except in use.

Table 38. Percentages of departments in each department type having specified testing policy for new emergency warning equipment

Testing policy

f Buy some and Don't test Department type get opinions except in use

State 68 4 50 largest 57 24

City (50+) 29 37

City (10-49) 19 52 County 15 61 Township 14 48

City (1-9) 4 55

All departments 27 43

2.2.7. Training Officers to Use Emergency Warning Equipment

36. Officers may be trained in various ways to use emergency

warning equipment. Put a 1 by the method used most often in your

department and a 2 by the method second most commonly used in

your department.

Officers read training manuals (on their own, rather than in

training classes)

Use of emergency warning equipment is one part of the regular

training classes given by our own department

Experienced officers show new officers how to use equipment

Officers attend school outside the department for this training

Other (specify)

Although the question instructed the respondents to rank two of the training

methods, many departments apparently overlooked these instructions and simply

checked two choices. Therefore, the data were tabulated as though each choice were

equal rather than as ranked data. In five of the seven department types, the most common method of training

officers to use emergency warning equipment was using experienced officers to train new officers. For states and the 50 largest cities, however, a higher percentage of

departments said training classes in department was one of the methods used. Counties,

townships, and the two smallest city department types had relatively higher percentages

40
Table 36. Percentages' of departments in each department type using specified

method of training officers to use emergency warning equipment

Training method

Experienced

Department type Train classes

in department

Train classes outside departmentofficers train new officersOfficers read

tfciining manuaJs

State 89 0 77 4 50 largest 85 2 76 13 City (50+) 67 16 87 7 City (10-49) 42 38 82 25 Township 41 28 97 24

City (1-9) 25 43 74 30 County 24 41 83 23

All departments 50 27 81 19

Percentages add to more than 100 since multiple answers were allowed.

of departments saying training classes outside the department, while no states and

almost none of the 50 largest cities marked this choice. This result is consistent with the

activities described in section 1.5: Fewer of the departments in these department types

carried out any training for their own departments.

Although it appears from these data that most departments conducted both

training classes (either within the department or outside the department) and had

experienced officers demonstrate equipment to newer officers; discussions with

departments led to the conclusion that many officers received only very general

instructions about emergency warning equipment in training classes, and that on-the-job

training was by far the most common training method.

2.2.8. Availability of Traffic Control Signals for Helping Emergency Vehicles

35.a. Can official traffic control signals in your jurisdiction be

operated so as to help the patrol car during an emergency?

yes

no

b. If yes, how are the traffic signals controlled?

By a bright light from the patrol car?

By a radio signal from the patrol car?

Other (describe)

Ability to control traffic signals was not generally available in responding police

departments. About 15 percent of all responding departments reported such a

capability.

Of the 64 departments that said they could control traffic signals in their

jurisdictions, only 12 departments (3% of all responding departments) said that this control could be exercised by using either a bright light from the patrol car or a radio

signal from the patrol car. Almost all of the remaining 52 departments said that traffic signals could be manually controlled by adjusting a switch at the traffic light. A few

departments said that traffic signals could be controlled from police headquarters.

41
Table 35A. Percentages of departments in each department type capable of controlling traffic signals during an emergency

Department type Percent of departments

[n=437]

City (50+) 24

City (1-9) 18 Township 14

City (10-49) 13 County 13 50 largest 9

State 4

All departnrients 15

Table 35B. Of the 64 departments able to control traffic signals , percentages controlling in specified manner

Percent of departments

How control capable of controlling traffic lights [n=64]

Bright light from patrol car 11 Radio signal from patrol car 8 Manual control/other 83

2.2.9. Suggestions for Improving Emergency Warning Equipment

39. If new emergency warning equipment were developed, how

should it be different from what you now have?

A page was provided in the questionnaire so that departments could express

opinions and ideas which might not have been covered in the questions. These narrative

responses were not tabulated, but have been retained verbatim for use in research.

Many departments mentioned a need for lights with better visibility and for louder

sirens, two subjects that were covered in the questionnaire. To give the reader a feeling

for the kinds of comments contributed, some examples are presented below:

We recommend that a light be installed in aU new vehicles that could be

activated by any emergency vehicle. New cars today are so quiet that operators cannot hear emergency sirens even though sirens are very loud.

Emergency equipment within police vehicles should have switch controls

readily accessible to operator of vehicles. Not all patrols have two men.

That an audible signal device, distinct to police only should be developed. I also believe that a colored light distinct only to police should be adopted

nationwide.

42
The current warning equipment in use in this department is generally

satisfactory, but if a directional siren can be developed, it would be a great

improvement...

Should be based on proven scientific research rather than opinion. Human

perception key factor. Future vehicle design should be considered. Should

consider varying needs of user—example: State vs. City.

...Also, more usage of high intensity lights and less noise pollution by audible

alarm devices. Audible alarm devices should be phased out of emergency

vehicle usage in congested areas at the earliest possible time.

Sirens should be designed to be put on roof without drilling holes or using

magnets. In using crossbars, it should be conventional to be used on cars

that have rain gutters as well as cars without rain gutters.

New equipment should be designed with lighter weight. Due to the constant

vibration they damage the roof of the car.

All equipment on a single control panel.

A high beam would be added to light the sky as well as straight on. This

would allow motorists to see the flashing lights in spite of the fact that the car is over a hill.

Most of the equipment on the market today is good. Rather than seeing much

time wasted setting standards, I would prefer to see more things developed.

We feel it should be instaUed by manufacturers; therefore, being a part of the vehicle, it could be more versatile.

Utility bar emergency lights of aerodynamic design to reduce wind resistance

and of a quality to be maintenance free for a period of 30-36 months.

A master switch which could turn on and turn off all emergency equipment

with one switch (master switch would override all other switches to separate

controls).

Some type of warning light, possibly in dashboard or on unit head, similar to the "bright light" indicator for headlights. This would alleviate the possibility of leaving warning (emergency) lights on inadvertently.

Standard nationwide special built police vehicle with all emergency

equipment customized and built in. Vehicle would not be sold to general

public and would incorporate all modern safety developments.

Wind resistance is always a problem.

Make easier to change from one vehicle to another.

The siren as an emergency item is useless in today's traffic...

43

APPENDIX A

NBS-887

May 1972

0MB 41-F72030

Approval Expires June 30, 1973

U.S. Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

DETAILED QUESTIONNAIRE; SIRENS AND

EMERGENCY WARNING LIGHTS

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY

Sponsored By:

National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

U. S. Department of Justice

Directed and Conducted By:

Behavioral Sciences Group

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

Phone: 301-921-3558

NOTE: This questionnaire is included in this document as a supplement to the discussion in the text. It has no other intended use.

A-1
INTRODUCTION ; Many different sirens and emergency warning lights are

sold for use by police departments. We have been told by some departments

that it is hard for them to decide which sirens and emergency warning lights

are best for their use. The Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory will

develop voluntary performance standards for this equipment. We need your

answers from this questionnaire to help in writing these standards.

PURPOSE OF THIS QUESTIONNAIRE ; The purpose of this questionnaire is to find

out how well the sirens and emergency warning lights you use now perform

and how you need them to perform in order to do your job. ALL OF THE

QUESTIONS IN THIS QUESTIONNAIRE REFER TO THE SIRENS AND EMERGENCY WARNING

LIGHTS USED ON A STANDARD PATROL CAR (USUALLY A MARKED FOUR-DOOR OR TWO-DOOR

SEDAN), NOT TO ANY USED ON UNMARKED VEHICLES.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Fill in the questionnaire completely. Even if you do not have all the

information you need "at your fingertips", please make your best

effort to supply every answer AS ACCURATELY AS POSSIBLE.

2. Answer all questions for YOUR OWN DEPARTMENT. Do not attempt

to supply information that might exist in some other department.

3. The results of this questionnaire will be at least partially

compiled by computer. It is important that you follow directions

and answer every question legibly and in the boxes and spaces

provided.

4. No individual department will be identified in the report of

this survey; the results will be pi±»lished in tabulated form.

5. Additional instructions for filling in your answers appear

after some questions. Follow the directions given .

6. Please PRINT all answers and comments CLEARLY .

7. When this questionnaire has been completely filled in; place

it, with the other questionnaires sent to your department, in

the stamped, addressed envelope supplied. Return all of them

to:

Technology Building, Alio

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

8. If you have any questions, write to the above address, or

call collect:

E. Bunten, or P. Klaus

Phone (301) 921-3558

A-2
A. USE OF SIRENS AND LIGHTS

1. Which of the following sound sources do your patrol cars usually have

in addition to, or instead of, what is foiind on an ordinary passenger

car? (MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT YOUR CARS HAVE)

** (10-14) ^Special loud horn

Electronic siren and speaker

Public address system

Mechanical or electro-mechanical siren

Other source of sound (describe briefly)

2. Which of the following do your officers usually use when signalling a motorist to pull over during the daytime? (MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT

APPLIES)

(15-18) ^Siren

Horn

P\±)lic address system

Flashing lights

3. Which of the following do your officers usually use when signalling a motorist to pull over at night? (MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

(19-22) ^Siren

Horn

Public address system

Flashing lights

4. Which of the following do your officers usually use for emergency rvms during the daytime? (MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

(23-26) Siren

Horn

Public address system

Flashing lights

*** Numbers in parentheses are for computer use only.

A-3
5. Which of the following do your officers usually use for emergency

runs at night? (MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

(27-30) ^Siren

Horn

Public address system

Flashing lights

B. ELECTRONIC SIRENS

INSTRUCTION: Answer questions #6-14 for the ELECTRONIC siren MOST

COMMONLY USED in your department. If you are not

certain whether your most commonly used siren is

electronic or electro-mechanical, put an in the box

below and fill in the questions for electronic sirens on pages 4 to 7. Electro-mechanical sirens are asked about

beginning on page 7

.

(31) >

I I1 used siren is

I am uncertain what type my most commonly

6. The most commonly used electronic siren in your department is

(32-33) a. Model or Trade Name

(34-35) b. Manufacturer

(36-40) c. Number of Patrolcars Having It

7. Where is this type electronic siren usually located?

(41-47) On a utility bar above the roof

Right on the roof

On the right front fender

_0n the left front fender

Under the hood, right behind the grille S free from

obstructions

Under the hood, in the engine compartment

Other (Specify)

A-4
8. What problems have you encountered with this type electronic siren?

(MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

(48-57) They are too loud for some uses

They sometimes freeze up in winter

^Sometimes motorists do not seem to hear them

The officers cannot hear the radio

There is a delay from the time the siren is turned on until

it will actually make the sound

Wiring problems

Relay or switch problems

We have had no problems because the equipment is new

We have had no problems even though equipment has been in use for

sometime

Other (Specify)

9. Please rate the performance of this type electronic siren in terms

of how often it must be repaired:

(58-65) Needs repair more often than every six months

Needs repair every 6 to 12 months

Needs repair about once a year

Needs repair about once every 2 or 3 years

Needs repair less often than every 3 years

Never needed repair: have had for months

(no.)

A-5
10. What part or component is the most common cause of breakdowns in

this type electronic siren?

(66-69) Speaker fails

Electronics fail

Control Switch

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

11. About how long do you use most of your sirens of this type before

the electronic package or speaker must be replaced?

The Electronics ;

(70-77) Less than one year

1-3 years

4-6 years

7-10 years

More than 10 years

Never needed to replace: have had for months

(no.

)

The Speaker :

(10-17) Less than one year

1-3 years

4-6 years

7-10 years

More than 10 years

Never needed to replace : have had for months

(no.)

A-6
12. What improvements could be made in this type electronic siren?

(18-19)

13. Can you think of any other electronic siren currently on the market

that might meet your needs better? (Please give model or trade name and manufacturer if known)

(20-21) Model:

(22-23) Manufacturer:

14. What is there about this other type electronic siren that would make

it better for your particular needs?

(24-25)

C. ELECTRO-MECHANICAL SIEENS

INSTRUCTION: Answer questions #15-23 for the ELECTRO-MECHANICAL

siren MOST COMMONLY USED in your department.

If your department does not use electro-mechanical

sirens y skip to question #24^ page 11.

15. The most commonly used e le ctro-mechani ca

1

siren in our department

is

(26-27) a. Model or Trade Name

(28-29) j-)^ Manufacturer

(30 34) Nxomber of Patrolcars Having It

A-7
16. Where is this type electro-mechanical siren usually located?

(35-41) On a utility bar above the roof

Right on the roof

On the right front fender

On the left front fender

Under the hood, right behind the grille & free from obstructions

Under the hood, in the engine department

Other (Specify)

17. What problems have you encountered with this type electro-mechanical

siren? (MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

(42-51) They are too loud for some uses

They sometimes freeze up in winter

Sometimes motorists do not seem to hear them

The officers cannot hear the radio

There is a delay from the time the siren is turned on until

it will actually make the soxand

Wiring problems

Relay or switch problems

We have had no problems because equipment is new

We have had no problems even though this equipment has been in use for some time.

Other (Specify)

A-8
18. Please rate the performance of this type electro-mechanical siren

in terms of how often it must be repaired:

(52-59) Needs repair more often than every six months

Needs repair every 6 to 12 months

Needs repair about once a year

Needs repair about once every 2 or 3 years

Needs repair less often than every 3 years

Never needed repair: have had for months

(no.)

19 . What part or component is the most common cause of breakdowns in

this type electro-mechanical siren?

(60-64) Brushes

Bearings

Windings

Control switch

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

20. About how long do you use most electro-mechanical sirens of this

type before they are replaced or rebuilt?

(65-72) Less than one year

1-3 years

4-6 years

7-10 years

More than 10 years

Never needed to replace : have had for months

(no.)

A-9
21. What improvements coxild be made in this t^^e electro-mechanical

siren?

(73-74)

22. Can you think of any other electro-mechanical siren now on the

market that might meet your needs better? (Please give model

or trade name and manufactxarer if known)

(75-76) Model:

(79-80)

(77-78) Manufacturer

23. What is there about this other type electro-mechanical siren that

would make it better for yo\ar particular needs?

A-10
D. EMERGENCY WARNING LIGHTS

24. VJhat lights or reflectors do your patrol cars usually have in

addition to, or instead of, those found on an ordinary passenger

car? (MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

-20) ^Special reflectors or areas of reflectorizing material

Special turn signal lights (sometimes may also be used as "four-way" flashers)

Special clearance or marker light (like those on trucks)

Hand controlled spotlights (not colored)

Fog lights or auxiliary driving lights

Alley or ambush lights (spotlights or floodlights mounted so they aim to the side; not colored)

_Automatic flasher that can flash the headlights alternately

Colored flashing or steady biarning lights in grille

(other than standard parking lamps or turn signals)

Revolving or flashing lights on roof or roof-bar

"("Gumball" "bubble" or "strobe" lights)

_Any other warning lights showing to the front? (Describe briefly)

Any other warning lights showing to the rear? (Describe briefly)

A-11
25. For which of the following activities do your officers ROUTINELY

use their emergency warning lights during the daytime . (MARK

X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

(21-27) Routine patrol

Parking off the road

Parking oii the road

Signalling motorist to pull over

Emergency calls

Pursuing another car

Other (specify)

26. For which of the following activities do your officers ROUTINELY

use their emergency warning lights at night . (CHECK EACH ITEM

THAT APPLIES)

(28-34) Routine patrol

Parking off the road

Parking on the road

Signalling motorist to pull over

Emergency calls

Pursuing another car

Other (specify)

A-12
INSTRUCTIONS

:

Please give the follovring information about the MOST

COMMON type of emergency warning lights (beacons or

flashers) used in your department.

MOST USED BEACON OR FLASHING LIGHT

(35-36)27. a. Model No. or Trade Name

(37-38) b. Manufacturer

(39) c. Nvimber of lights per unit

(40) d. Nvmiber of units per vehicle

(41-48) e. Color (s) of warning signal:

Red & Blue

Red & Clear

Blue & Clear

Clear

Red

Blue

Yellow (amber)

_____ Other (Specify)

(49-50) f . Color of dome

g. Mounted:

(51-52) Directly on Vehicle

On Utility Bar

(53-57) h. Number of patrolcars having this model of emergency warning

light:

A-13
MOST USED BEACON OR FLASHING LIGHT

28. About how long does this model of beacon or flashing light work

before it needs repair or service? (Other than lamp replacement)

(58-65) Less than 1 year

1-3 years

4-6 years

7-10 years

More than 10 years

Never needed to repair : have had for months

(no.)

29. What are the most common causes of breakdown or malfunction in

this model beacon or flasher?

(66-69) Bulb failure

Mechanical failure

Failure caused by weather

Other (Specify)

30. About how long can this model of emergency warning lights be used

before it must be REPLACED?

(70-78) Less than 1 year

1-3 years

4-6 years

7-10 years

11 - 15 years

More than 15 years

Never needed to replace : have had for months

(no.)

A-14
MOST USED BEACON OR FLASHING LIGHT

31. What improvements can you suggest for this model of emergency

warning lights?

(79-80)

(18-19)

32 . Can you think of any other emergency warning light currently

on the market that might meet your needs better? (Please

give model, manufacturer, type, color, if known).

(10-11) Model;

(12-13) Manufacturer;

(14-15) Type:

(16-17) Color:

33. What is there about this other light that would make it meet your

needs better?

E. GENERAL INFORMATION

34. How many standard patrol cars does your department have?

(20-24) (NUMBER)

A-15
35. a. Can official traffic control signals in your jurisdiction

be operated so as to help the patrol car during an emergency?

(25) Yes No

b. IF YES, how are the traffic signals controlled?

(26-28) By a bright light from the patrol car?

By a radio signal from the patrol car?

Other (Describe)

36. Officers may be trained in various ways to use emergency warning

equipment.

(29-33)

Put a 1^ by the method used MOST OFTEN in your department and a 2_ by the method SECOND most commonly used in your department.

Officers read training manuals (on their own, rather than in

training classes)

Use of emergency warning eq\iipment is one part of the regular

training classes given by our own department

Experienced officers show new officers how to use equipment

Officers attend school outside the department for this training

Other (Specify)

37. Who in your department is responsible for choosing and ordering

emergency warning equipment? (Please give title and/or position

rather than name)

.

(34-37) Title/Position

(38-41) Title/Position

A-16
What test methods do you use for new emergency warning equipment?

Buy a few pieces of equipment; have some officers use them

and give opinions

Use standard tests before buying (what tests?)

Tests after delivery but before installing on the patrol car

(what tests?)

Test after installation on the patrolcar (what tests?)

Emergency warning equipment is not tested except in use

Other (specify)

A-17
If new emergency warning equipment were developed, how should it be

different from what you now have?

A-18
IDENTIFYING INFORMATION: (All identifying information will be kept

confidential)

Name of Department:

Address:

Name of persons who answered this questionnaire:

Name

Title

:

Rank:

No. of years experience in law enforcement:

Telephone Number:

Others who helped: 1.

Name

Title

:

Rank:

No. of years experience in law enforcement:

Telephone Number:

2.

Name

Title

:

Rank

:

No. of years experience in law enforcement:

Telephone Number:

A-19

APPENDIX B

Data Tables

B.l. Advice to the Reader

(a) The data presented in the following tables resulted from the responses of a

stratified random sample (see sec. 1.2) of police departments in response to a specific

set of questions (see app. A). These data do not, in any way, reflect objective testing of any of the equipment by the National Bureau of Standards. The reader is cautioned to become familiar with the questionnaire and to evaluate the data in terms of the exact questions asked.

(b) Tables have been numbered after the question number (e.g., the tables for Question 6A would be numbered 6A-1, 6A-2, etc.). The data are usuaUy presented by

number of respondents and nearest whole percentage. Because of the statistical limitations imposed by the sample sizes used in this study, the reader is cautioned to be

wary of assigning importance to percentage differences of less than 5 percent when

percentages are based on all respondents, and to percentage differences of less than 10

percent when percentages are based on one of the subsample groups (e.g., a particular

department type or region). No statistical tests of significance are reported.

(c) These tables are based on the responding departments from the specific

sample selected for this questionnaire. This sample was not proportional to the total population of police departments, and although it is possible to do so, the data in these

tables have not been weighted to allow direct extrapolation to the total population.

(d) In order to extrapolate to the total population from the respondent data

presented in this report, use the following procedure: For each department type,

multiply the percentage of respondents of a particular department type giving the answer of interest (see B.2 Data Tables, app. B) by the total number of departments of

that department type in the population (see table 1.2-2, sec. 1.2); add those seven

subtotals; and divide the total by the total number of police departments in the

population (table 1.2-2). The quotient of this division will be an estimate of the

percentage of all U.S. police departments that would choose the answer of interest.

B.2. Data Tables

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6 U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1977 229-460/6328
ANNOUNCEMENT OF NEW PUBLICATIONS ON

NATIONAL CRIME AND RELATED SUBJECTS

Superintendent of Documents,

Government Printing Office,

Washington, D.C. 20402

Dear Sir:

Please add my name to the announcement Hst of new pubHcations to be issued on the above subjects (including this NBS series): Name

Company

Address ,

City State Zip Code

(Notification key N-351)


U.S. OEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D C. S0S34

OFFICIAL BUSINESS

Penalty for Private Use. $300

POSTAGE AND FEES PAID

U.S. OEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

COM..21S

SPECIAL FOURTH-CLASS RATE BOOK