Slade and Paragon Formations 

New Stratigraphic Nomenclature for 

Mississippian Rocks along the 

Cumberland Escarpment in Kentucky

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1605-B

Prepared in cooperation with the Kentucky Geological Survey

Chapter B

Slade and Paragon Formations 

New Stratigraphic Nomenclature for 

Mississippian Rocks along the 

Cumberland Escarpment in Kentucky

By FRANK R. ETTENSOHN, CHARLES L. RICE, 

GARLAND R. DEVER, JR., and DONALD R. CHESNUT

Prepared in cooperation with the Kentucky Geological Survey

A major revision of largely Upper Mississippian nomenclature 

for northeastern and north-central Kentucky which includes 

detailed descriptions of two new formations and nine new 

members

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1605 

CONTRIBUTIONS TO STRATIGRAPHY
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

WILLIAM P. CLARK, Secretary

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Dallas L. Peck, Director

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1984

For sale by Distribution Branch 

Text Products Section 

U.S. Geological Survey 

604 South Pickett Street 

Alexandria, Virginia 22304

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Main entry under title:

Slade and Paragon formations.

(Contributions to stratigraphy) (U.S. Geological Survey

bulletin; 1605B) 

Bibliography: p.

Supt. of Docs, no.: I 19.3:1605-6 

1. Geology, Stratigraphic Mississippian.

2. Geology Kentucky. I. Ettensohn, Frank R.

II. Kentucky Geological Survey. III. Series.

IV. Series: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin ; 1605B.

QE75.B9 no. 1605B 557.3 s [551.7'51] 84-600178

[QE672]
CONTENTS

Abstract 1 

Introduction 1 

Historical review 2 

Slade Formation 4

Lower part of Slade Formation 6 

Renfro Member 7 

St. Louis Member 8 

Ste. Genevieve Member 9 

Warix Run Member 10 

Mill Knob Member 11 

Upper part of Slade Formation 12 

Cave Branch Bed 12 

Armstrong Hill Member 13 

Holly Fork Member 14 

Rosslyn Member 14 

Tygarts Creek Member 14 

Ramey Creek Member 16 

Maddox Branch Member 16 

Poppin Rock Member 17 

Paragon Formation 19

Lower dark shale member 20 

Clastic or dolostone member 20 

Limestone member 21 

Upper shale member 21 

Correlations 21 

Type and reference sections 21 

Section 1 23 

Section 2 25 

Section 3 25 

Section 4 26 

Section 5 27 

Section 6 27 

Section 7 29 

Section 8 29 

Section 9 31 

References cited 33

FIGURES

1. Location map showing the distribution of the Slade and Paragon Formations in northeastern and east-central Kentucky and the Paragon Formation 

in south-central Kentucky 2

2. Chart showing comparison of major stratigraphic nomenclature applied in 

east-central Kentucky 3

3. Chart showing recent variations in the nomenclature of the Slade and 

Paragon Formations 5

4. Type section of the Slade Formation 6 

5-11. Photographs showing:

5. Sink hole in upper part of the St. Louis Member of the Slade 

Formation 9

6. Crossbedded calcarenite of the Warix Run Member of the Slade 

Formation 11

Slade and Paragon Formations, Kentucky New Stratigraphic Nomenclature III
7. Type section of the Holly Fork Member of the Slade 

Formation 13

8. Type section of the Tygarts Creek Member of the Slade 

Formation and reference section for the Slade and Paragon 

Formations 15

9. Type section of the Maddox Branch Member of the Slade 

Formation 17

10. Type section of the Poppin Rock Member of the Slade Formation 

and type section of the Paragon Formation 18

11. Clastic member of the Paragon Formation disconformably overlying the eroded Poppin Rock Member of the Slade 

Formation 18

12. Lithologic diagram of the type section of the Paragon Formation 19

13. Chart showing tentative correlations between members of the Slade and 

Paragon Formations and formations of the Mississippian type section 22

IV Contributions to Stratigraphy
Slade and Paragon Formations New Stratigraphic 

Nomenclature for Mississippian Rocks along the 

Cumberland Escarpment in Kentucky

By Frank R. Ettensohn1 , Charles L. Rice2 , Garland R. Dever, Jr. 3 , and Donald R. Chesnut3

Abstract

The names Slade Formation and Paragon Formation are 

given herein to Mississippian rocks of east-central and northeastern Kentucky that were formerly named Newman Limestone and Pennington Formation. The names Newman and 

Pennington are excluded from the Cumberland Escarpment 

outcrop belt in Kentucky and are retained only for the Pine 

Mountain and Cumberland Mountain outcrop belts of southeasternmost Kentucky, eastern Tennessee, and southwestern 

Virginia. The Slade Formation, mostly carbonate rocks, is 

divided into 12 members and 1 bed. The Renfro Member of 

the Borden Formation, and the St. Louis Limestone Member, 

the Ste. Genevieve Limestone Member, and the Cave Branch 

Bed of the Newman Limestone are reassigned to the Slade 

Formation. Additional members of the Slade designated 

herein are the Warix Run (calcarenite), Mill Knob (calcilutite, 

calcarenite, and dolostone), Rosslyn (calcarenite), Armstrong 

Hill (calcilutite), Holly Fork (dolostone), Tygarts Creek 

(calcarenite), Ramey Creek (limestone and shale), Maddox 

Branch (shale), and Poppin Rock (calcarenite). The Paragron 

Formation, mostly shale, is divided into four informal 

members, a lower dark shale member, a clastic or dolostone 

member, a limestone member, and an upper shale member.

INTRODUCTION

Many individual Mississippian Stratigraphic units 

of the midcontinent region of the United States are somewhat unique because of their widespread distribution and 

lithologic homogeneity. For many years, correlations of 

lithostratigraphic units between the Eastern Interior and 

Appalachian basins have been influenced by these aspects 

(Butts, 1922; McFarlan and others, 1955; and McFarlan 

and Walker, 1956). However, many more recent roadcut 

and quarry exposures of Mississippian rocks along the 

Cumberland Escarpment in east-central and northeastern 

Kentucky reveal previously unknown Stratigraphic 

relations that cast doubt on unit terminology based on 

older correlations. During the last 20 years, the names 

used for the major Mississippian Stratigraphic units in 

this area included the Borden Formation, the Newman

'University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0059.

2U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 22092.

3Kentucky Geological Survey, Lexington, KY 40506-0056.

Limestone, and the Pennington Formation. The Borden 

Formation and its members as defined by Weir and 

others (1966) have been depicted in relatively recent 

geologic maps of east-central and northeastern Kentucky. 

The overlying rocks, represented by the Newman and 

Pennington, are distinctive, but in our opinion the names 

are misapplied. These terms, Newman and Pennington, 

were introduced to the Cumberland Escarpment in eastcentral Kentucky from areas in the Pine and Cumberland 

Mountains outcrop belt in southeastern Kentucky, Tennessee, and southwestern Virginia (Campbell, 1898a, b) 

(fig. 1). The supposedly equivalent rocks in those two 

areas differ markedly in general lithologies, thicknesses, 

and features; these differences reflect their depositional 

environments. We here propose that the names Newman 

and Pennington be excluded from the outcrop belt along 

the Cumberland Escarpment in Kentucky and that the 

rocks previously assigned to those formations be reassigned to two newly defined lithostratigraphic units, 

the Slade and Paragon Formations.

Stratigraphic subdivisions of the Newman Limestone of east-central and northeastern Kentucky by Butts 

(1922) and McFarlan and Walker (1956) (fig. 2) are 

largely names derived from those of the Eastern Interior 

basin. The correlation of such units across the Cincinnati 

arch has, in our opinion, resulted in an inappropriate 

nomenclature that has been shown to be incorrect. 

Earlier workers generally did not take into consideration 

intervening facies changes, and they relied heavily on 

guide fossils, some of which have since been shown to be 

facies dependent. The confusion in the identify of those 

named formational subdivisions is indicated further by 

some of these subdivisions being known by more than 

one name. For these reasons, we propose several new 

well-defined members of the Slade Formation with 

formally designated type and reference sections.

During this study, done cooperatively with the 

Kentucky Geological Survey, more than 100 Stratigraphic 

sections containing strata previously assigned to the 

Newman Limestone and Pennington Formation were described, measured, and photographed. Descriptions and 

locations of selected sections have been published in 

Dever (1980a [1973]), EttensoJm (1975, 1980), and 

Chesnut (1980).

Slade and Paragon Formations, Kentucky New Stratigraphic Nomenclature 1
WEST 

VIRGINIA

OLIVE HILL QUADRANGLE

(Section 3)

SOLDIER QUADRANGLE 

(Sections 4 and 7) ~z GRAHN QUADRANGLE

BANGOR QUADRANGLE 

(Sections 2 and 8)

STANTON QUADRANGLE 

(Sections 1 and 5) WILDIE QUADRANGLE 

BRODHEAD QUADRANGLE

XSLADE AND PARAGON 

FORMATIONS

WOODSTOCK QUADRANGLENEWMAN LIMESTONE AND 

PENNINGTON FORMATIO

BURNSIDE QUADRANGLE 

(Section 9)

TENNESSEE

CRAB ORCHARD QUADRANGLE

VIRGINIA

PARAGON 

FORMATION

BIG STONE GAP

(Principal reference sections

for the Newman and Pennington

Formations) 

Pennington Gap

0 10 20 30 40 50 KILOMETERS

Figure 1. The distribution of the Slade and Paragon Formations (light area) in northeastern and east-central Kentucky and the 

Paragon Formation (dark area) in south-central Kentucky. Section numbers refer to measured sections described in the Type and 

Reference Sections of this report.

HISTORICAL REVIEW

The names Newman Limestone and Pennington 

Shale were introduced into east-central Kentucky by 

Campbell (1898a, b), who first formalized them (1893, 

p. 37, 38) in a study of the Big Stone Gap coal field in

southwestern Virginia. He described the formations from 

exposures in Big Stone Gap (fig. I); he took the name 

Newman for the largely carbonate sequence underlying 

Newman Ridge, Tenn., and the name Pennington for the 

overlying dorninantly shale sequence from nearby Pennington Gap, Va. In the area of Big Stone Gap, Campbell

2 Contributions to Stratigraphy
CAMPBELL 

1898a, b

Breathitt 

Formation

Lee

Pennington 

Formation

I i 

?

i

i

Limestone

Waverly 

Formation

BUTTS, 1922

Pottsville 

Formation

Pennington 

Formation

Glen Dean 

Limestone

Golconda 

Formation

Cypress? 

Sandstone

Gasper 

Oolite

Bethel? 

Sandstone

O'Hara 

Member

Ste. Genevieve

Limestone

St. Louis 

Limestone

Warsaw? Formation

(Borden 

Formation)

McFARLAN AND 

WALKER, 1956

Pottsville 

Formation

Pennington 

Shale

Glen Dean 

Limestone

Hardinsburg Sandstone 

(Pencil Cave)

Haney Limestone

Big Clifty Sandstone

ReelsvilleBeech Creek 

Limestone

Beaver Bend 

Limestone

Sample _ / Mooretown 

Sandstone \ Sandstone

Paoli- pao|j 

Beaver Bend . . Limestone Limestone

Ste. Genevieve

Limestone

St. Louis 

Limestone

Waverly 

Formation

HORNE AND 

OTHERS, 1971

Breathitt 

Formation

-^-^ 

Lee 

Sandstone

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Borden 

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Borde Formati

THIS REPORT

Breathitt 

Formation

Lee 

Formation

Lower tongue of 

Breathitt 

Formation

Paragon 

Formation

Poppin Rock 

Member

Maddox Branch 

Member

Ramey Creek

Member

Tygarts Creek 

Member

Armstrong Hill Member

Cave Branch Bed

Mill Knob 

Member

Warix Run Member

Ste. Genevieve 

Member

St. Louis 

Member

Renfro Member

Nada Member

Figure 2. Comparison of major stratigraphic nomenclature applied in east-central Kentucky to subdivisions of the Slade and 

Paragon Formations. Interval shown for the Armstrong Hill Member of the Slade Formation for this report also locally includes 

the Holly Fork and Rosslyn Members of the Slade Formation.

(1893) placed a thick sandstone sequence later identified unit (about 35 m thick), a middle limestone and shale unit

as the Stony Gap Sandstone (Reger, 1926) at the base of 

the Pennington. He described the underlying Newman 

Limestone as comprising an upper sandstone and shale

(about 85 m thick), and a basal limestone unit (about 

130 m thick). Campbell (1898a, b) did not clearly define 

the Newman Limestone and Pennington Formation in

Slade and Paragon Formations, Kentucky New Stratigraphic Nomenclature 3
east-central Kentucky, except to describe the Newman as 

a limestone and the overlying Pennington as a shale unit 

containing thin beds of limestone. A. M. Miller (1917), 

following what became the general usage, restricted the 

Pennington to the marine shales and carbonates above 

the highest massive limestone bed of the Newman.

Butts (1922) reported on the Mississippian stratigraphy in eastern Kentucky after completing an examination of Mississippian strata in western Kentucky (Butts, 

1917). He described east-central Kentucky units and correlated them mostly with western Kentucky and southern 

Illinois units whose names he extended into eastern Kentucky. However, Butts (1922, p. 179) used the name Pennington Formation (Campbell, 1898a, b) to designate the 

predominantly shale uppermost Mississippian unit above 

the "Glen Dean Limestone" in east-central Kentucky. 

The work of Stokley (1949), Stokley and McFarlan 

(1952), Stokley and Walker (1953), McFarlan and 

Walker (1956), and Patterson and Hosterman (1961) was 

largely a refinement in the division and correlation of 

Butts' original units. In addition, in the late 1920's, 

county reports published by the Kentucky Geological 

Survey used many different names for the Mississippian 

carbonate units. These included Gasper (Martin, 1925; 

Perry, 1925), Chester (McFarlan and Goodwin, 1929), 

"Big Lime" and "Little Lime" (R. L. Miller and Briggs, 

1929; Robinson 1927), Maxville (Perry, 1926), Mammoth 

Cave (Robinson and others, 1927), and Greenbrier 

(Williams, 1925; Robinson and others, 1928; Robinson 

and Hudnall, 1925).

The name Newman was reintroduced into eastcentral Kentucky during the cooperative geologic mapping program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and 

the Kentucky Geological Survey (1960-78). Most geologic quadrangle maps produced for the mapping program use the top of the uppermost massive limestone unit 

as the top of the Newman Limestone (fig. 3); however, 

that limestone was included locally in the lower part of 

the Pennington Formation (Hatch, 1963, 1964). As 

Englund (1968, p. 12; see also Englund and Teaford, 

1981) noted, the division of those rocks into a predominantly limestone unit below (Newman) and a largely 

shale unit above (Pennington) did not take into consideration that the uppermost part of the type Newman does 

contain thick beds of shale and sandstone. Thus, some 

workers (Delaney and Englund, 1973; Englund and Windolph, 1975; Englund, 1976) included in the upper part 

of the Newman Limestone in northeastern Kentucky 

shale beds that many previous workers had assigned to 

the Pennington (fig. 3). The reintroducton of the name 

Newman into east-central Kentucky also resulted in a 

change in its original lower boundary. A distinctive 

yellow- to orange-weathering dolostone that was included 

within the basal Newman in its type area and in some 

northeastern and east-central Kentucky quadrangles was

given the name Renfro in south-central Kentucky by 

Weir and others (1966) as the uppermost member of the 

Borden Formation.

Subsequently, Home and others (1971, 1974) described the Mississippian rock section in northeastern 

Kentucky in terms of a depositional model called the LeeNewman barrier-shoreline model (fig. 2). In their classification, the Newman Limestone was attributed to a 

carbonate barrier or island deposit that occurred within 

and intertongued with what they interpreted to be 

Pennington-type, open-marine shale. This highly controversial Lee-Newman barrier-shoreline model was contested on both litho- and biostratigraphic grounds by 

Dever (1980a [1973]), Ettensohn and Dever (1975), Ettensohn (1977, 1979, 1980, 1981b), Ettensohn and Peppers 

(1979), Rice and others (1979), and Englund and Henry 

(1981).

SLADE FORMATION

The Slade Formation is named for the section of 

limestone, dolostone, and minor shale exposed in the 

southwestern high wall of the Natural Bridge Stone Co. 

quarry (fig. 4) near the Mountain Parkway about 6.5 km 

west-northwest of Slade, Ky. (see fig. 1 and the Type and 

Reference Sections, section 1, p. 23). A reference section 

(incomplete) for the Slade Formation in northeastern 

parts of its outcrop belt also was measured in the KenMor Stone Co. quarry at Olive Hill, Ky. (see fig. 8 and 

the Type and Reference Sections, section 6, p. 27). The 

Slade Formation extends northward to the northern 

boundary of Kentucky. In Ohio, the Maxville Limestone 

is mostly equivalent to the middle and upper parts of the 

Slade. To the southwest along the Cumberland Escarpment, the Slade reaches a maximum thickness of about 

100 m in northeastern Pulaski County at the arbitrary 

southwestern limit of the formation (fig. 1). Southwest of 

that area (generally south of lat 37°7'30" N. and west of 

long 84°37'30" W.) equivalent units of the Slade are the 

Muldraugh Member of the Borden Formation, the Salem 

and Warsaw Formations, the St. Louis and Monteagle 

Limestones, the Hartselle Formation, and the Bangor 

Limestone (fig. 3, first column).

The Slade Formation as here defined comprises 

twelve members and one bed. From oldest to youngest, 

these are the Renfro, St. Louis, Ste. Genevieve, Warix 

Run, and Mill Knob Members, the Cave Branch Bed, 

and the Armstrong Hill, Holly Fork, Rosslyn, Tygarts 

Creek, Ramey Creek, Maddox Branch, and Poppin Rock 

Members. For purposes of general description, the Slade 

Formation is informally divided into two parts (fig. 3, far 

right column), a lower part that consists primarily of 

thin- to thick-bedded carbonate members, commonly 

bounded by disconformities and subaerial-exposure surfaces, and an upper part that mostly consists of persistent

4 Contributions to Stratigraphy
Lewis and others 

(1973) 

(units for southcentral Kentucky

Pennington

Formation

Bangor

Limestone

Hartselle

Sandstone

03

c

o

to

03

E

~*

03

05

(0

03

C

o

^

Kidder

Limestone

Member

Ste. Genevieve

Limestone

Member

St. Louis

Limestone

Salem and Warsaw 

Formations

Muldraugh Member

of Borden Formation

Common mapping units 

of the U.S. Geological 

Survey in east-central 

and northeastern 

Kentucky (1960-78)

 ~ 

Pennington

Formation

03

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t)

03

E

c

to

E

03

Z

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c

C 0

03 '£1

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CD o

LL.

Upper

member

1

1

1

' r

i

i

i

i

i

i

Ste. Genevieve

Limestone

Member

St. Louis

Limestone

Member

Renfro

Member

Englund and 

Windolph (1971)

 "--»

c 

o 

-ato

co

C/5

CO

CO

U

C 

ro 

U

03

C

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03

E

c

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E

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^^^^XX-y^-^^-X^^^-^^^-^^^*--^^^-^"

Shale

member

^^

Limestone

member

This Report

Formation Paragon ,

|I Caves Sandstone Carter

Slade Formation

Upper shale member

Limestone member

Clastic member r= 

Lower dark 

shale member

Upper part

t to 

a

0)

o

Poppin Rock 

Member

Maddox Branch 

Member

Ramey Creek 

Member

Ty gaits Creek 

Member

Armstrong Hill 

Member

Cave Branch Bed

Mill Knob Member

Warix Run Member

Ste. Genevieve 

Member

St. Louis 

Member

Renfro Member

Figure 3. Recent variations in the nomenclature of the Slade and Paragon Formations used in northeastern, east-central, and 

south-central Kentucky. Interval shown for the Armstrong Hill Member of the Slade Formation for this report also locally includes 

the Holly Fork and Rosslyn Members of the Slade Formation.

thin- to thick-bedded carbonate units with interbedded 

shale. Most of the members are distributed widely 

throughout the outcrop belt. Local absence of units is

due to erosion or nondeposition, particularly in the 

northern part of the area where deposition was influenced by contemporaneous minor tectonism (Dever,

Slade and Paragon Formations, Kentucky New Stratigraphic Nomenclature 5
4Lower dark shale 

member

Poppin Rock 

Member

Maddox Branch Member

Ramey Creek 

Member

Tygarts Creek 

Member

Cave Branch Bed

Mill Knob 

Member

Warix Run Member

Ste. Genevieve Member

St. Louie Member

Renfro Member

O

cc 

O

LL 

O

O

£

O

I

a: 

O

LL

S

quarry floor

Figure 4. Type section of the Slade Formation showing major members on the southeastern highwall of the Natural Bridge Stone 

Co. quarry near Bowen, Ky. (see the Type and Reference Sections, section 1, p. 23). The lower members of the Slade are separated 

by disconformities marked by breccias and exposure-crust horizons that are not readily apparent at the scale of the photograph. 

The Tygarts Creek Member is 9.3 m thick. (Photograph taken in 1982.)

1977, 1980a [1973], 1980b; Dever and MacQuown, 1974; 

Ettensohn, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1981b; Ettensohn and 

Dever, 1975, 1979a, b, c).

Lower part of Slade Formation

The lower part of the Slade Formation is a 

Meramecian-early Chesterian onlap sequence of nearshore, shallow-water carbonate rocks that tend to thin 

toward the northeast. It is divided into five members: the 

Renfro, St. Louis, Ste. Genevieve, Warix Run, and Mill 

Knob. The Renfro Member is reassigned from the underlying Borden Formation, and the St. Louis Limestone 

and Ste. Genevieve Limestone Members are reassigned

from the Newman Limestone to the Slade Formation as 

the St. Louis and Ste. Genevieve Members. The names, 

St. Louis and Ste. Genevieve, have longstanding use in 

the limestone and petroleum industries of the State 

because they represent lithologic units that have distinctive physical and chemical properties. The Warix Run 

Member was originally designated as the northern unit of 

the Ste. Genevieve Limestone Member of the Newman by 

Dever (1980a [1973]). The Mill Knob Member is a newly 

designated member. The thickness of the lower part of 

the Slade Formation ranges from 0 to about 75 m. The 

lower part of the Slade Formation is capped by a 

widespread exposure zone that forms a prominent 

disconformity and separates the lower and upper parts of

6 Contributions to Stratigraphy
the formation. The complicated stratigraphy and depositional history of this sequence has been largely resolved 

by Klekamp (1971), Philley (1971), and Dever (1977, 

1980a [1973], 1980b). Members in the lower part of the 

Slade are described in the following sections.

Renfro Member

The Renfro Member, originally defined by Weir 

and others (1966) as a subdivision of the Borden Formation, is here reassigned to the Slade Formation. The Renfro, mainly dolostone and limestone, was the uppermost 

member of the Borden in east-central and northeastern 

Kentucky and the only carbonate-rock unit in a formation predominantly composed of terrigenous elastics. 

With reassignment to the Slade Formation, the Renfro 

becomes the basal member of a carbonate-dominated 

succession of beds.

The Renfro Member has been mapped as generally 

coextensive with the Newman Limestone except in the 

Crab Orchard quadrangle at the southwestern end of the 

outcrop belt (fig. 1). There, the Renfro caps the higher 

hills. For convenience and consistency, we propose that 

the Renfro Member of the Borden Formation in the Crab 

Orchard quadrangle, be designated the Renfro Member 

of the Slade Formation.

The type section of the Renfro Member of the 

Slade Formation, described by Weir and others (1966, 

p. F32-F34), was measured along U.S. Highway 25 

beginning about 0.3 km southwest of the village of 

Roundstone, about 4.8 km north of Renfro Valley, 

Rockcastle County, Ky., in the Wildie quadrangle (fig. 

1). The Renfro at that locality is 25.1 m thick. The 

thickness of the Renfro Member ranges from about 40 m 

in the southwest to less than 1 m in northeastern Kentucky where it has been mapped with the Newman 

Limestone (for example, Denny, 1964; Englund and 

Windolph, 1975). As a result of intra-Mississippian erosion, the Renfro is absent in parts of northeastern and 

northern east-central Kentucky; there, the Warix Run 

Member is at the base of the Slade (see fig. 6).

The Renfro Member is primarily dolostone with 

interbeds of limestone and lesser amounts of dolomitic 

siltstone, shale, and sandstone. Dolostone and dolomitic 

limestone are very finely crystalline, very thick to thin 

bedded, locally laminated or burrowed. Fresh rock colors 

are light gray to light olive gray, yellowish gray, and 

greenish gray; weathered rock colors are pale yellowish 

orange to dark yellowish orange and grayish orange. 

Dolostone in the lower part of the Renfro locally grades 

to dolomitic siltstone. Limestone in the Renfro is lightolive-gray to olive-gray and greenish-gray, very thin to 

medium-bedded, bioclastic calcarenite and calcilutite. 

Greenish-gray to dark-greenish-gray shale occurs mainly 

as partings but locally in beds as much as 1 m thick in the

lower part of the member. Conglomeratic sandstone containing quartz granules occurs as a bed about 0.4 m thick 

in the lower part of the Renfro Member in the vicinity of 

the type section; this bed pinches out to the northeast. It 

represents the northern distal part of the Science Hill 

Sandstone Member of the Warsaw Formation. The percentage of calcarenite, fossiliferous limestone, and sandstone in the Renfro increases southwestward from the 

type section as those parts correlative with the Salem and 

Warsaw Formations and Muldraugh Member of the 

Borden thicken.

Exotic constituents such as geodes as much as 

0.6 m across (Gualtieri, 1967) and chert are common in 

the lower part of the Renfro of southern east-central 

Kentucky, particularly in the interval correlative with the 

Muldraugh Member of the Borden. Layers of brecciated 

dolostone associated with nodular quartz are present in 

the upper part of the Renfro as far north as Madison 

County (fig. 1). These layers are at least partly correlative 

to similar breccia and quartz-nodule zones in the St. 

Louis Limestone of south-central Kentucky and are considered to have formed during the dissolution and 

replacement of evaporites (Dever and others, 1978, 

1979b).

Fossils are sparse in the dolostone beds of the 

Renfro Member and include brachiopods, bryozoans, 

pelmatozoan fragments, and pelecypods. Limestone beds 

in the Renfro are locally highly fossiliferous and contain 

brachiopods, bryozoans, echinoids, gastropods, crinoids, 

blastoids, pelecypods, and colonial corals (Syringopora 

and cf. Dorlodotia); foraminifers are also reported by 

Weir and others (1971). Minor shale beds in the dolostone locally contain small algal masses.

The Renfro Member conformably overlies the 

Borden Formation. The contact between the basal 

dolostone of the Renfro and the shale and siltstone of the 

Borden Formation is generally sharp. In northeastern 

and most of east-central Kentucky, the Renfro rests on 

interbedded shale and siltstone of the Nada Member of 

the Borden. In parts of east-central Kentucky, where a 

zone of interbedded dolostone and shale occurs in the 

basal Renfro, the contact is placed at the base of the 

lowest dolostone bed. In southern east-central Kentucky, 

the Renfro rests on shale and siltstone of the Wildie 

Member and locally on siltstone of the Halls Gap 

Member, both subdivisions of the Borden Formation.

The Renfro Member is conformably overlain by 

the St. Louis Member of the Slade Formation throughout 

most of east-central and northeastern Kentucky. Locally, 

the St. Louis is absent, and the Renfro is disconformably 

overlain by calcarenites of the Ste. Genevieve or Warix 

Run Members. The contact between the yellow- to 

orange-weathering dolostone of the Renfro and lightgray limestone of the St. Louis is generally obvious. The 

contact is wavy, and the two lithologies commonly are

Slade and Paragon Formations, Kentucky New Stratigraphic Nomenclature 7
separated by a very thin, greenish-gray shale of the 

Renfro. In the central part of the outcrop belt, the upper 

surface of the Renfro is marked by flow-roll or ball-andpillow structures in which limestone of the St. Louis projects downward as much as 1 m into Renfro dolostone 

(Rice, 1972; Haney, 1976). In parts of Menifee, Powell, 

and Wolfe Counties, the upper surface of the Renfro has 

narrow trough-like depressions, as much as 1.1 m deep, 

filled with limestone of the St. Louis Member (Dever, 

1980a [1973]). Dolomitization of basal limestone beds of 

the St. Louis has resulted also in a gradational contact 

between the St. Louis and Renfro at sites in Menifee and 

Rockcastle Counties (Dever and others, 1977, p. 63; 

Dever and others, 1979b).

An intertonguing relation between dolostone of the 

Renfro Member and limestone of the St. Louis Member 

in parts of Rockcastle County reported by Weir and 

others (1966) may be inaccurate. An examination of 

roadcuts and outcrops in the area by Dever and others 

(1979b) suggests that discrete bodies of dolostone occur 

locally within the basal St. Louis and that interbeds of 

limestone in the Renfro can be traced southward from 

Rockcastle County beyond the arbitrary geographic 

limits of the Renfro Member of the Slade Formation into 

the lower and middle St. Louis Limestone of southcentral Kentucky. These examples contribute to an appearance of intertonguing between the Renfro and 

overlying St. Louis.

At its type section, the upper 16.7 m of Renfro correlates with the lower and middle parts of the St. Louis 

Limestone of south-central Kentucky (Dever and Moody, 

1979). Those strata (units 31 through 47, Weir and 

others, 1966, p. F32-F33) were in fact mainly mapped on 

the Brodhead and Woodstock quadrangles (Gualtieri, 

1967; Weir and Schlanger, 1969) (fig. 1) as part of the St. 

Louis Limestone Member of the Newman Limestone. 

The lower 8 m of Renfro, below the 0.4 m of sandstone 

equivalent to the Science Hill Sandstone Member of the 

Warsaw Formation (Lewis and Taylor, 1979), consists of 

dolostone, cherty and geode-bearing dolomitic siltstone, 

and shale, and it correlates with the Muldraugh Member 

of the Borden Formation (fig. 3) to the southwest.

Dolostone of the Renfro represents intertidal and 

supratidal deposition (Kerby, 1971; Dever and others, 

1978). Fauna! and lithologic characteristics of the limestone beds of the Renfro indicate deposition mainly in a 

subtidal environment.

St. Louis Member

The St. Louis Limestone Member of the Newman 

Limestone (Hatch, 1964; Cohee and West, 1965) is reassigned here as the St. Louis Member of the Slade Formation. The St. Louis Limestone retains its formational 

rank in south-central and western Kentucky. For the

reasons given in the description of the Renfro Member, 

the St. Louis Member of the Slade Formation is lithologically equivalent to the upper part of the St. Louis Limestone in south-central Kentucky (as mapped by the 

USGS) and to the St. Louis Limestone as described by 

Butts (1922) and McFarlan and Walker (1956). The St. 

Louis Member consists mainly of limestone and dolostone, and it ranges in thickness from 0 to 9 m; average 

thickness along the outcrop is about 5 m. It is absent 

locally as a result of intra-Mississippian erosion in many 

parts of the outcrop belt in east-central and northeastern 

Kentucky (Rice, 1972; Dever, 1980a [1973]; Haney and 

Rice, 1978).

The St. Louis Member is characterized by lightolive-gray to light-gray calcirudite and calcarenite composed of bioclastic grains and whole fossils, commonly in 

a micritic matrix. This lithic type is interbedded with 

light-olive-gray to light-gray bioclastic calcarenite, lightolive-gray to greenish-gray calcilutite, and very thin beds 

of greenish-gray shale. Locally, discrete bodies of 

grayish-orange to moderate-yellowish-brown, very finely 

crystalline dolostone also occur in the St. Louis.

Chert of various colors occurs abundantly as irregularly shaped masses, as spheroidal and discoidal 

nodules, and as thin to very thin discontinuous beds. 

Silicification of fossils is common. Micritic crusts and 

stringers in an exposure zone at the top of the member 

commonly are silicified selectively and form wavy bands 

of light-colored chert in the dark-gray altered limestone.

Fauna! remains include brachiopods, bryozoans, 

gastropods, pelmatozoans, echinoids, and corals. Colonial lithostrotionoid corals, commonly identified as 

"Lithostrotion" proliferum Hall in Hall and Whitney 

(1858) and Lithostrotionella castelnaui Hayasaka, are 

common in the member and are useful guides for its field 

identification. Sando placed Hall's species in the genus 

Acrocyathus d'Orbigny and Hayasaka's species in the 

synonymy of A. floriformis floriformis (d'Orbigny) 

(1983, p. 20 and p. 17, respectively). Acrocyathus proliferum occurs throughout the outcrop belt; the other 

taxon, common in east-central Kentucky, has not been 

found northeast of Menifee County. Conodonts 

(Chaplin and Mason, 1979) and foraminifers (Pohl and 

Philley, 1971) in the St. Louis Member of northeastern 

Kentucky indicate correlation with the St. Louis Limestone of the type area in eastern Missouri.

Features indicative of intra-Mississippian subaerial 

exposure and vadose diagenesis occur at the top of the St. 

Louis Member throughout northeastern Kentucky and 

across east-central Kentucky as far south as northern 

Rockcastle County (fig. 5). Farther southward, in central 

Rockcastle County, there is no evidence of exposure. 

There, the top of the member is marked commonly by a 

bed of limestone containing abundant chert nodules, 

which upon weathering yield a blocky chert residuum.

8 Contributions to Stratigraphy
Figure 5. Sink hole in upper part of the St. Louis Member filled 

with shale of the Cave Branch Bed on Interstate Highway 64 

(see the Type and Reference Sections, section 7, p. 29). The irregular, brecciated upper surface at top of St. Louis marks a 

regional unconformity. Thin-bedded limestone and interbedded shale of the Cave Branch Bed are truncated by a channel containing thicker bedded calcilutites of the Armstrong 

Hill Member. All of the above units are members or beds of 

the Slade Formation. The hammer circled on the photograph, 

is 0.3 m long.

The St. Louis Member rests conformably on the 

Renfro Member. As noted previously (see p. 8), the contact is locally gradational between orange-weathering 

dolostone of the Renfro and light-gray limestone of the 

St. Louis, but in most places the contact is sharp.

In much of east-central Kentucky, the St. Louis 

Member is overlain disconformably by the Ste. 

Genevieve Member (fig. 4). The contact between the 

light-gray calcarenite and local calcilutite of the Ste. 

Genevieve and the dark-gray altered limestone of the upper part of the St. Louis is sharp. In southern east-central 

Kentucky, the Ste. Genevieve conformably overlies the 

St. Louis. Here, a transitional zone of interlayered calcarenite and calcilutite less than 1 m thick occurs between 

the cherty calcilutite of the upper part of the St. Louis 

and the lowest thick (about 2 m) beds of Ste. Genevieve 

calcarenite. In many parts of northeastern Kentucky, the 

dark-gray altered limestone of the upper part of the St. 

Louis is disconformably overlain by quartzose calcarenite 

of the Warix Run Member, calcilutite of the Mill Knob

Member, shale of the Cave Branch Bed (see figs. 5 and 

9), dolostone of the Holly Fork Member (see fig. 7), or 

calcarenite of the Tygarts Creek Member.

The St. Louis Member represents deposition in a 

subtidal environment. Its deposition in northeastern and 

most of east-central Kentucky was interrupted by tectonic 

uplift that resulted in episodes of subaerial exposure and 

vadose diagenesis of the sediments (Dever, 1980a [1973]).

Ste. Genevieve Member

The Ste. Genevieve Limestone Member of the 

Newman Limestone as defined by Hatch (1964) is principally a calcarenite. Dever (1980a [1973], 1980b) has 

shown that the Ste. Genevieve Limestone consists of two 

distinct lithic units separated by an erosional unconformity. The older lithic unit generally occurs in the 

southern and central parts of the outcrop belt and is reassigned here to the Ste. Genevieve Member of the Slade 

Formation. It consists mainly of bioclastic and oolitic 

calcarenite with lesser amounts of calcilutite. The 

younger unit is the Warix Run Member of the Slade Formation that consists mainly of quartzose, peloidal 

calcarenite deposited on the post-Ste. Genevieve (as restricted) erosional surface and occurs mainly in the northeastern and central parts of the outcrop belt. Southwest 

of the geographic limits of the Slade Formation, the Ste. 

Genevieve Member corresponds to the Ste. Genevieve 

Limestone Member of the Monteagle Limestone (Lewis 

and Thaden, 1965). In western Kentucky, the Ste. 

Genevieve Limestone retains its formational rank.

The Ste. Genevieve Member ranges in thickness 

from 0 to about 30 m. It is absent in northeastern and 

northern east-central Kentucky where the member thins 

and pinches out along the axis of the Waverly arch. The 

Waverly arch was a positive feature present during Ste. 

Genevieve deposition and flanked the Cincinnati arch in 

northeastern Kentucky. The northern limits of the Ste. 

Genevieve Member in Bath and Menifee Counties represent intra-Mississippian erosional truncation (Dever, 

1980a [1973]).

The Ste. Genevieve Member is mostly very light 

olive gray to olive-gray calcarenite, with lesser amounts 

of very light olive gray to medium-light-olive-gray 

calcilutite. The calcarenite is composed of bioclastic 

grains (commonly micrite-enveloped grains) and ooids. 

Peloids and lumps are common. The calcarenite is thin-to 

very thick bedded and is crossbedded; the calcilutite occurs as very thin to thick, planar to wavy and nodular 

beds that grade laterally into calcarenite. Beds of 

crinoidal calcirudite are present in southern east-central 

Kentucky. Shale is sparse, occurring mainly as very thin 

beds intercalated with calcilutite. Detrital quartz also is 

sparse, but a thin detrital zone, commonly present at the 

base of the member, locally contains abundant quartz silt

Slade and Paragon Formations, Kentucky New Stratigraphic Nomenclature 9
and sand. Chert is a minor constituent mainly associated 

with selective silicification of fossils and of micritic crusts 

and stringers in vadose- and subaerial-exposure zones.

The Ste. Genevieve Member contains multiple exposure zones in southern east-central Kentucky that are 

marked by diagenetic micritic crusts and stringers, zones 

of secondary coated grains and particles and, locally, 

brecciated calcilutite. In the northern part of the area, 

only the exposure zone at the top of the Ste. Genevieve is 

present, and it is correlated with the Bryantsville Breccia 

Bed (Malott, 1952; Shaver and others, 1970) at the top of 

the Ste. Genevieve Limestone of western Kentucky 

(McFarlan and others, 1955).

Fossils are relatively sparse in the Ste. Genevieve, 

but beds of fossiliferous limestone occur in the lower part 

of the member in southern east-central Kentucky. Fauna! 

remains include brachiopods, pelmatozoans, gastropods, 

echinoids, bryozoans, solitary corals, and ostracodes. 

The Meramecian crinoid species Platycrinites penicillus 

Meek and Worthen, common in the Ste. Genevieve 

Limestone member of the Monteagle Limestone in southcentral Kentucky, is rare in the member in east-central 

Kentucky.

The contact between the Ste. Genevieve and St. 

Louis Members is generally sharp. In much of eastcentral Kentucky, the Ste. Genevieve rests disconformably on the St. Louis Member, and the basal Ste. 

Genevieve contains clasts of St. Louis chert and 

limestone. In southern east-central Kentucky where the 

Ste. Genevieve conformably overlies the St. Louis, transitional beds, less than 1 m thick, occur between the cherty 

calcilutite of the St. Louis and the lowest thick calcarenite 

bed of the Ste. Genevieve. In parts of Estill and Jackson 

Counties, the St. Louis is absent, and the Ste. Genevieve 

rests disconformably on the Renfro Member.

The Ste. Genevieve Member is disconformably 

overlain by quartzose calcarenite of the Warix Run 

Member in much of east-central Kentucky. Where the 

Warix Run is absent, the Ste. Genevieve is disconformably overlain by calcilutite or calcarenite of the Mill Knob 

Member.

Calcarenites of the Ste. Genevieve Member were 

deposited mainly in very shallow water subtidal environments, whereas the calcilutites represent shallow-water 

lagoonal deposits. The exposure zone (equivalent to the 

Bryantsville Breccia Bed) at the top of the Ste. Genevieve 

is widespread. The prominence of the zone in east-central 

Kentucky is related to the degree of exposure of the Ste. 

Genevieve Member during recurrent activity of structural 

features.

Warix Run Member

The Warix Run Member of the Slade Formation, 

principally quartzose calcarenite, is named for Warix

Run, which is a tributary of the Licking River (Cave Run 

Lake) in southern Rowan County, Ky. The Warix Run 

Member was previously designated "the northern unit" 

of the Ste. Genevieve Limestone Member of the Newman 

Formation by Dever (1980a [1973]); the name, Warix 

Run, was introduced by Dever (1977). The type section, 

described in the Type and Reference Sections, section 2, 

p. 25, is near the head of Warix Run in the roadcut along 

Kentucky Highway 801 and is immediately north of the 

intersection of Kentucky Highways 801 and 1274 in the 

Bangor quadrangle (fig. 1). Warix Run strata were 

assigned previously to the Ste. Genevieve Limestone by 

Butts (1922) and McFarlan and Walker (1956). During 

the USGS and Kentucky Geological Survey cooperative 

mapping program, Warix Run strata were included in the 

Ste. Genevieve Limestone Member of the Newman Limestone (for example, Sheppard, 1964; Hylbert and Philley, 

1971).

Thickness of the Warix Run Member ranges from 0 

to 31 m. In northeastern and northern east-central Kentucky, it accumulated in low areas on the post-Ste. 

Genevieve erosional surface, partly filling them. The 

Warix Run commonly has a maximum thickness near the 

middle of the erosional lows; it thins and pinches out 

along the margins and thus forms a series of isolated 

bodies in the present outcrop. The Warix Run is more 

widespread to the south; it is commonly less than 3 m 

thick and forms a blanket-like deposit that has been 

traced as far south as Rockcastle County.

The Warix Run consists of light-olive-gray quartzose calcarenite and contains a lesser amount of lightolive-gray to olive-gray calcilutite. The calcarenite is 

composed mainly of peloids, sparse to abundant bioclastic grains (commonly micritic-enveloped grains), and 

ooids. Bedding in the calcarenite is very thin to very thick 

and dominantly crossbedded (fig. 6). In some sections, 

crossbedded calcarenite grades upward into planarbedded calcarenite. The calcilutite mainly occurs in very 

thin to thin beds.

The member contains abundant quartz silt and 

sand, and it locally grades into calcareous sandstone 

(McFarlan and Walker, 1956; Klekamp, 1971). Shale is 

sparse but present locally as partings and very thin beds. 

Locally in Rowan County, the Warix Run contains a lens 

of shale as much as 2 m thick that is probably reworked 

from shale of the underlying Nada Member of the 

Borden Formation (Dever, 1980a, [1973]). Clasts derived 

from members of the Borden and Slade Formations occur in the basal part of the unit, particularly in the northern part of the outcrop belt; grains and granules of St. 

Louis chert and limestone are common constituents. 

Fossils are sparse, but they include pelmatozoan plates, 

echinoid spines, and brachiopods. Diagenetic features, 

such as micritic crusts and stringers, are indicative of 

subaerial exposure and vadose diagenesis and occur at

10 Contributions to Stratigraphy
Figure 6. Crossbedded calcarenite of the Warix Run Member 

of the Slade Formation overlying disconformably the Cowbell 

Member of the Borden Formation. The St. Louis and Renfro 

Members of the Slade Formation and upper parts of the 

Borden Formation are absent due to erosion. The upper half of 

the limestone ledge contains the Mill Knob Member and the 

Cave Branch Bed of the Slade Formation. Tygarts Creek 

Member of the Slade Formation is the ledge in the upper righthand corner. Roadcut is on Kentucky Highway 2 just north of 

its junction with Interstate Highway 64 north of Armstrong 

Hill.

the top of the Warix Run in parts of the area, but their 

rather meager development suggests relatively brief 

periods of exposure.

The basal contact of the Warix Run Member is 

sharp; the light-gray quartzose calcarenite of the member 

is distinct from and disconformably rests on strata of the 

Borden Formation or older members of the Slade Formation (fig. 6). The Warix Run is overlain by the Mill Knob 

Member of the Slade. In the northern part of the outcrop 

belt, where the Mill Knob is dominantly calcilutite, its 

contact with the Warix Run is sharp. Locally, the two 

lithologies of the members intertongue, and the top of 

the Warix Run is placed at the top of the highest 

calcarenite bed. To the south in east-central Kentucky, 

the contact between quartzose calcarenite of the Warix 

Run and bioclastic oolitic calcarenite of the basal Mill 

Knob is generally distinctive.

Results of microfaunal studies suggest that the 

Warix Run Member may be either Meramecian or 

Chesterian in age (Pohl and Philley, 1971; Horowitz and 

Rexroad, 1972). Lithostratigraphic relations suggest a 

possible Chesterian age because the member disconformably overlies an exposure zone correlated with the 

Bryantsville Breccia Bed, which is the youngest Meramecian unit in west-central Kentucky (Rice and others, 1979, 

p. Fll). In northeastern Kentucky, the Warix Run 

Member intertongues with limestone of the Mill Knob 

Member, which is correlated with Talarocrinus-bearing 

limestone of early Chesterian age in south-central Kentucky (McFarlan and Walker, 1956).

Calcarenites of the Warix Run Member in northeastern Kentucky are probably tidal-channel deposits 

(Klekamp, 1971) and carbonate-barrier-island and tidalbar-belt deposits (Home and others, 1974).

Mill Knob Member

The Mill Knob Member of the Slade Formation, 

which consists largely of sequences of calcilutite and 

calcarenite, is named herein for Mill Knob, a hill 3.8 km 

east of Stanton, Powell County, Ky. The type section, 

described in the Type and Reference Sections, section 1, 

p. 23, is in the Natural Bridge Stone Co. quarry (fig. 4), 

4 km southeast of Mill Knob and 3 km south of the community of Bowen, Stanton quadrangle (fig. 1).

Strata of the Mill Knob Member previously were 

assigned to the Ohara Limestone Member of the Ste. 

Genevieve and, locally, to the Bethel(?) Sandstone and 

lower part of the Gasper Oolite by Butts (1922); to the 

Renault Formation by Stokley and McFarlan (1952); and 

to both the Paoli-Beaver Bend and Paoli Formations by 

McFarlan and Walker (1956) (fig. 2). During the USGS 

and Kentucky Geological Survey cooperative mapping 

program, these strata generally were included in the upper member of the Newman Limestone (fig. 3). Several 

workers in northeastern Kentucky included both Mill 

Knob and Warix Run rocks in the Ste. Genevieve Limestone Member of the Newman (Sheppard, 1964; Philley, 

1970, 1971; Klekamp, 1971).

Thickness of the Mill Knob Member ranges from 0 

to 13 m. In northeastern and northern east-central Kentucky, the member thins and pinches out along the axis of 

the Waverly arch, which was a positive feature during 

Mill Knob deposition (Dever, 1980a [1973]).

The Mill Knob Member consists of very light olive 

gray to medium-light-olive-gray calcarenite and very light 

olive gray to olive-gray and greenish-gray calcilutite, 

with lesser amounts of very light gray to grayish-orange 

and greenish-gray dolostone and greenish-gray silty 

shale. The calcarenite is composed mainly of bioclastic 

grains (commonly micritic-enveloped grains) and ooids. 

It occurs in thin to very thick beds and commonly is 

crossbedded. The calcilutite occurs in very thin to 

medium, wavy to nodular, and planar beds, commonly 

with intercalated shale occurring both as laminae and 

very thin beds. In east-central Kentucky, the calcarenite 

and calcilutite form multiple fining-upward sequences 

commonly capped by exposure zones. In northeastern 

and northern east-central Kentucky, the member is dominantly calcilutite with varying amounts of interbedded 

shale.

Very finely crystalline dolostone, in thin to very 

thick beds, is an important constituent of the Mill Knob 

of northeastern and northern east-central Kentucky. In 

Menifee County, the basal dolostone is in discrete bodies

Slade and Paragon Formations, Kentucky New Stratigraphic Nomenclature 11
as much as 2 m thick, which have an irregular domal 

shape with a flat base. These beds are enclosed by thinbedded calcilutite. Chert is relatively common in the Mill 

Knob Member and is associated generally with the 

secondary silicification of exposure features such as 

micritic crusts and stringers and teepee structures. A 

prominent exposure zone at the top of the Mill Knob can 

be traced throughout the outcrop belt. It consists of a 

zone of brecciated and altered calcilutite with micritic 

crusts and stringers. The breccia texture is masked locally 

by secondary dolomitization and silicification.

Fossils are sparse to locally abundant, and they include pelmatozoan plates brachiopods, blastoid thecae, 

echinoid spines, and gastropods. The Chesterian crinoid 

Talarocrinus was reported from only two localities in the 

Mill Knob Member in east-central Kentucky. One of 

these is in Rockcastle County (Butts, 1922) and the other 

in Powell County (McFarlan and Walker, 1956). The 

Chesterian crinoid Agassizocrinus also was reported 

from the Mill Knob of Rockcastle County (McFarlan and 

Walker, 1956).

In most places the Mill Knob intertongues with or 

rests conformably on the Warix Run Member; it also 

rests disconformably on the Ste. Genevieve and St. Louis 

Members. Its basal contact generally is distinct. The contact at the top of the Mill Knob is sharp; diagenetically 

altered limestone of the upper part of the Mill Knob 

generally is overlain disconformably by shale of the Cave 

Branch Bed and locally by calcilutite of the Armstrong 

Hill Member or calcarenite of the Tygarts Creek 

Member.

The Mill Knob Member represents deposition in 

subtidal, intertidal, and supratidal environments (Dever, 

1980a [1973], 1980b). Fining-upward sequences indicate 

transgressive-regressive cycles with progradation of tidalflat and supratidal deposits across carbonate-sand belts. 

Progradation of the shoreline resulted in exposure of 

supratidal deposits and vadose diagenesis.

Upper part of Slade Formation

The upper part of the Slade Formation consists of a 

basal bed and seven members of which four to six are 

present in any given outcrop (figs. 3 and 4). From oldest 

to youngest, these are the Cave Branch Bed, the Armstrong Hill, Holly Fork, Rosslyn, Tygarts Creek, Ramey 

Creek, Maddox Branch, and Poppin Rock Members. 

These strata previously were grouped as Upper Mississippian rocks undivided (Patterson and Hosterman, 1961; 

Hosterman and others, 1961) or as the upper member of 

the Newman Limestone (Sheppard, 1964; Denney, 1964; 

Simmons, 1967; Whittington and Perm, 1965; Sharps, 

1966; Pipiringos and others, 1968; Philley, 1970; 

Englund, 1976). This usage of the "upper member" terminology was inconsistent both within and between rocks

of the outcrop belts in Kentucky, and different workers 

included in the upper member different members of the 

Newman, as well as parts of the Pennington Formation. 

The upper Slade stratigraphic succession consists 

predominately of thin- to thick-bedded limestone and 

lesser amounts of shale and dolostone. It varies in 

thickness from 0 to 27 m, generally thins to the west and 

north, and probably is absent in much of the area north 

of the Ohio River because of pre-Pennsylvanian and Early Pennsylvanian erosion. It is thickest in the southern 

parts of the east-central outcrop belt where sections are 

almost entirely carbonate and attain thicknesses of 19 to 

27 m (Stokley and McFarlan, 1952; Stokley and Walker, 

1953; McGrain and Dever, 1967a; Dever and others, 

1979a). In south-central Kentucky, beyond the geographic limits of the Slade Formation, the upper part of 

the Slade corresponds to most of the Kidder Limestone 

Member of the Monteagle Limestone, the Hartselle Formation, and the Bangor Limestone (fig. 3), all of which 

are reported to have a combined thickness of as much as 

107 m (Lewis and Thaden, 1966; Lewis, 1971). Data from 

deep drilling and from exposures on Pine Mountain suggest that the upper part of the Slade Formation thickens 

eastward and interfingers with the upper parts of the 

Newman Limestone of its type area. The upper Slade disconformably overlies the St. Louis (see figs. 7 and 9) or 

Mill Knob Members (see figs. 4 and 8). It generally conformably underlies the Paragon Formation except where 

the latter was removed by erosion; there, it is overlain 

disconformably by Pennsylvanian rocks of the Lee or 

Breathitt Formations. Lithostratigraphic units in the 

upper part of the Slade are described in the following 

sections.

Cave Branch Bed

The name Cave Branch was introduced by Dever 

(1980a [1973]) for a thin extensive shale unit in the middle 

part of the Newman Limestone (fig. 4). The type section 

is in a roadcut along Kentucky Highway 1274 just south 

of Cave Branch, 0.2 km south of the Licking River (Cave 

Run Lake), in northeastern Menifee County, Ky. (Dever, 

1980a). The unit has been correlated with various 

Chesterian units in the Eastern Interior basin (fig. 2). 

Butts (1922, p. 147) placed the shale unit at the base of 

the Gasper Formation; he called it the Gasper clay, and 

he suggested that it was equivalent to the Bethel Sandstone of western Kentucky. Stokley and McFarlan (1952) 

continued that usage, whereas McFarlan and Walker 

(1956) correlated the unit with both the Sample Sandstone (above the Bethel) and the Mooretown Sandstone 

(equivalent to the Bethel). Hosterman and others (1961) 

included the unit in the St. Louis Limestone, whereas 

Patterson and Hosterman (1961) and Philley (1970) included it in the Beaver Bend Limestone. Because of its 

red and green colors, Home and others (1971; 1974) con12 Contributions to Stratigraphy
strued the Cave Branch to be a tongue of a back-barrier, 

Pennington-type facies (fig. 2). The name, Cave Branch, 

was formalized as the Cave Branch Bed of the Newman 

Limestone by Dever (1980a, p. 48-49). The Cave Branch 

Bed is reassigned herein to the Slade Formation.

The Cave Branch Bed extends throughout the outcrop belt of the upper part of the Slade Formation, 

except where removed by postdepositional erosion and 

disconformably overlies the St. Louis (fig. 5) or Mill 

Knob Members (see figs. 4 and 8). Its thickness varies 

from 0 to 5 m, and the bed thins southeastward. Where it 

is most complete, the bed consists of basal red and green 

shale or arenaceous claystone that grades upward to red 

and green silty shale interbedded with thin calcilutite 

lenses. These lenses consist mainly of pellet and detritalquartz wackestone and packstone, as well as calcareous 

mudstone.

Fossils in the Cave Branch are rare. However, agglutinated foraminifera, smooth-shelled ostracodes, and 

girvanellid algae are common; gastropods occur sparsely. 

Sedimentary structures are not abundant, but mud 

cracks, small vertical burrows, horizontal burrows and 

trails, and planed ripples, as well as scour-and-fill structures, are present locally. The bed represents terrigenous 

and carbonate deposition on intertidal mudflats (Ettensohn, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1980, 1981b; Ettensohn and 

Dever, 1979a, c).

Armstrong Hill Member

The name Armstrong Hill was given by Ettensohn 

(1977) to a sequence of calcilutite underlain by the Cave

Branch Bed and overlain by either the Holly Fork or 

Tygarts Creek Members (fig. 7); the name is here formalized. The type section, described in the Type and Reference Sections, section 3, p. 26, is a roadcut on Kentucky 

Highway 2 north of Armstrong Hill, just north of the 

highway's intersection with Interstate Highway 64, 

Carter County, Ky. Butts (1922) placed the unit in the 

Gasper Oolite, but subsequent workers suggested correlations with the Renault Formation (Stokley, 1949; 

Stokley and McFarlan, 1952), Beaver Bend formation 

(McFarlan and Walker, 1956, p. 31; Patterson and 

Hosterman, 1961), Mooretown Sandstone (McFarlan 

and Walker, 1956, p. 35), and the Paoli Limestone 

(Philley, 1970, p. 63; Hylbert and Philley, 1971; Hoge 

and Chaplin, 1972). More recently, Dever (1980a [1973], 

1980b) included it in the "lower unit" of the ReelsvilleBeech Creek Member of the Newman Limestone.

The Armstrong Hill Member occurs both north of 

the Kentucky River fault system and south of the IrvinePaint Creek fault system; it is absent in the intervening 

area. The member conformably overlies the Cave Branch 

and attains a maximum thickness of 5 m, generally thinning to the north and west. The Armstrong Hill consists 

largely of thin- to thick-bedded, gray calcilutite with thin 

shale partings, although layers of skeletal and oolitic 

calcarenite may occur locally; uppermost parts of the 

member are generally dolomitic. The member consists 

dominantly of wackestone, packstone, and fossiliferous, 

pelletal mudstone containing detrital quartz. Oncolite 

packstone, algal boundstone, and intraclastic packstone 

are common locally. It is dominated by a molluscan

Figure 7. Type section of the Holly Fork Member (see the Type and Reference Sections, section 4, p. 26) on Interstate Highway 64. 

The white limestone at the bench is the Tygarts Creek Member. Below this at the left-hand (west) end of the outcrop, the Holly 

Fork truncates the Armstrong Hill Member and the Cave Branch Bed in a large channel that was eroded to the level of the St. 

Louis Member. The St. Louis is the thick limestone that forms the lower half of the outcrop. All of the above units are members or 

beds of the Siade Formation.

Slade and Paragon Formations, Kentucky New Stratigraphic Nomenclature 13
fauna represented largely by gastropods. Scaphopods 

and pelecypods are common locally. Agglutinated foraminifera, brachiopods, and crinoids also are present. A 

more restricted fauna containing only gastropods, agglutinated foraminifera, ostracodes, and several kinds of 

algae occur in the member in areas west of the Waverly 

arch (Ettensohn, 1975, 1977, 1980, 1981b; Ettensohn and 

Dever, 1979c).

The basal contact of the Armstrong Hill with the 

Cave Branch Bed is sharp and conformable. The upper 

contact with dolostone of the Holly Fork Member and 

calcarenite of the Tygarts Creek Member also is distinct.

The Armstrong Hill Member contains trails and 

burrows throughout; ripple marks and channeling occur 

locally. The member represents an open, channel-lagoon 

deposit with locally restricted areas (Ettensohn, 1974, 

1975, 1977, 1980, 1981b; Ettensohn and Dever, 1979c).

Holly Fork Member

The name Holly Fork was given by Ettensohn 

(1977) to a dolomitic unit, restricted to northeastern 

Rowan County, that overlies the Armstrong Hill Member 

and underlies the Tygarts Creek Member; the name is 

here formalized. The type section, described in the Type 

and Reference Sections, section 4, p. 26, is a roadcut 

south of Holly Fork along the westbound lane of Interstate Highway 64, 16 km west of the intersection with 

Kentucky Highway 2, Rowan County, Ky. (fig. 7). The 

member has a maximum thickness of 4.6 m in the western part of its outcrop area and thins and pinches out to 

the north, south, and east. The member was included in 

the Gasper by Butts (1922); later it was included in the 

Beaver Bend Limestone by Philley (1970, p. 63) and in 

the lower part of the Reelsville-Beech Creek unit by 

McFarlan and Walker (1956) and Dever (1980a [1973], 

1980b).

The Holly Fork is an upward-fining dolomitic 

channel-sequence. The basal part of the member is largely dolomitic intraclast packstone and includes dolorudites 

containing mudchips and intraclasts, as well as fragments 

of stromatolites and other fossils. The middle part is a 

thin- to thick-bedded sequence of ferroan dololutite or 

dolosiltite with abundant birdseyes; this part of the 

member is characterized by intraclast grainstone, packstone, and mudstone, as well as bioclastic wackestone 

containing dolomitic pellets. The uppermost part is lightgray laminated calcilutite, in contract to the darkyellowish-orange-weathering dolostone of the lower and 

middle parts. It consists of calcareous mudstone and 

pelletal packstone. Birdseyes occur throughout the 

member; burrows are restricted to the uppermost calcilutites; channeling, scour-and-fill structures, crossbedding, and rare mud cracks are in lower parts of the 

member. Rare stromatolites, agglutinated foraminifera, 

and ostracodes are the only preserved organisms.

The Holly Fork Member is unconformable with 

both the overlying Tygarts Creek and the underlying 

Armstrong Hill Members, although intertonguing may 

occur locally with these units. Because of deep channeling 

prior to deposition of the member, the Holly Fork also 

locally overlies disconformably the St. Louis Member or 

the Cave Branch Bed (fig. 7). The member represents 

deposition on carbonate tidal flats (Ettensohn, 1975, 

1977, 1980, 1981b; Ettensohn and Dever, 1979c).

Rosslyn Member

The name Rosslyn is given to a thin, largely 

calcarenite sequence generally overlying the Cave Branch 

Bed and underlying the Tygarts Creek Member and is restricted to central Powell and southern Montgomery 

Counties, Ky. The member is named for the community 

of Rosslyn, 2 km east of the type section described in the 

Type and Reference Sections, section 5, p. 27 . The 

member was included in the Renault Formation by 

Stokley and McFarlan (1952); Dever (1980a [1973], 

1980b) placed it in the "lower unit" of the ReelsvilleBeech Creek Limestone Member of the Newman 

Limestone.

The Rosslyn Member is as much as 2 m thick in 

central Powell County and thins and apparently pinches 

out away from that area. The basal 8 to 20 cm of the 

member is a conglomerate composed of dolomitic mudchips, shale fragments, rounded calcilutite clasts, and 

fossil fragments reworked from the underlying Mill Knob 

Member and the Cave Branch Bed. The conglomerate 

grades upward to thin-bedded, brownish-gray, rippled 

calcarenite lenses interbedded with very thin flaserbedded greenish-gray shale, argillaceous dololutite, or 

argillaceous calcilutite. To the west, the member is more 

massive in appearance, although internally laminated. 

The calcarenite is primarily a pelletal packstone with 

detrital quartz or pelletal oolitic grainstone; thin muddy 

interbeds are predominately argillaceous dolomitic 

mudstone.

The contact at the base of the member is a disconformity, and the member grades upward into calcarenite 

of the Tygarts Creek Member. Lateral relations between 

the Rosslyn and adjacent members are uncertain.

Ripple marks are abundant locally, as are 

Cruziana-\ike and Phycodes-like trails and burrows. 

Although agglutinated foraminifera are abundant, 

megafossils are extremely rare. This member represents 

deposition on back-sand-belt intertidal flats (Ettensohn, 

1975).

Tygarts Creek Member

The name Tygarts Creek is given to a very light 

gray calcarenitic unit formerly called the Reelsville-Beech 

Creek [Limestone] by McFarlan and Walker (1956). The

14 Contributions to Stratigraphy
type section, described in the Type and Reference Sections, section 6, p. 28, is the southeastern highwall of the 

Ken-Mor Stone Company's Olive Hill quarry, Carter 

County, Ky. (fig. 8). The member is named for the creek 

that flows adjacent to the quarry. The Tygarts Creek corresponds approximately to the Gasper Oolite of Butts 

(1922) and also was assigned to the Paint Creek Formation (Stokley, 1949; Stokley and McFarlan, 1952; Stokley 

and Walker, 1953). Most workers (McGrain and Dever, 

1967a, b; Phffley, 1970; Hylbert and Philley, 1971; Hoge 

and Chaplin, 1972; Dever, 1980a [1973]) used the combined terminology, Reelsville-Beech Creek, whereas Patterson and Hosterman (1961, 1962) and Hosterman and 

others (1961) split the member into the two constituent 

units, the Reelsville and Beech Creek Limestones.

The Tygarts Creek is the most widespread member 

of the upper part of the Slade and occurs generally 

throughout the outcrop belt of the Slade Formation in 

eastern Kentucky. The member varies in thickness from 0 

to 10 m; it thins to the north and northwest and thickens 

to the south and east.

The Tygarts Creek Member is a white, medium to 

coarsely crystalline calcarenite. Basal parts of the unit 

locally contain grayish-orange dolomitic layers or as 

many as 20 thin stringers of argillaceous dolarenite or 

dololutite alternating with white calcarenite stringers. 

Alternating stringers occur only where the Tygarts Creek 

is underlain by the Armstrong Hill and may represent 

intertonguing of the two members. Except for areas

where the dolomitic stringers are present, the basal 

Tygarts Creek is dominantly oolitic and probably corresponds to the "Bowling Green Oolite" of Butts (1922, 

p. 141). Beds throughout the member are generally 

medium- to very thick bedded and are commonly 

bounded by stylolites. The lower boundary of the 

member generally is disconformable, whereas the upper 

boundary is conformable. Intertonguing also may occur 

locally with the underlying Armstrong Hill and Holly 

Fork Members.

Basal portions of the member are typically finer 

grained than the upper parts and are characterized by 

generally well-sorted oolitic grainstone or calcareous 

mudstone and wackestone with ooids, pellets, intraclasts, 

or rare detrital quartz; dolomitic stringers are typically 

bioclastic packstone or wackestone. Upper parts of the 

member are composed principally of moderately to poorly sorted ooid grainstone containing pelmatozoan fragments, pellets, pseudoolites, and grapestones.

Basal conglomerates occur locally; they include 

reworked fragments from underlying members. The upper part of the member locally has subaerial-exposure 

crusts, caliche, microkarst, or flat-pebble conglomerate. 

High- to low-angle tabular and lenticular crossbedding, 

usually with a herringbone pattern, is common throughout the member. Channeling and large intraclasts are 

prominent also. Ripple marks and sand volcanoes are 

known from a few localities. Indigenous fauna in the 

member is restricted to large, heavily constructed

Figure 8. South highwall of the Ken-Mor Stone Company's Olive Hill quarry, the type section of the Tygarts Creek Member of the 

Slade Formation and reference section for the Slade and Paragon Formations (see the Type and Reference Sections, section 6, 

p. 27). The adits of the drift mines are approximately 5 m high and are at the level of the Armstrong Hill and Tygarts Creek 

Members of the Slade Formation. The dark band at the base of the adits is the Cave Branch Bed of the Slade Formation. The 

Warix Run and Mill Knob Members of the Slade Formation form the highwall below the Cave Branch. The uppermost limestone 

bed is the Poppin Rock Member of the Slade Formation. The bed of dark shale in the upper part of the highwall is the lower dark 

shale member of the Paragon Formation. Lenses of Carter Caves Sandstone at the top intertongue with shale of the lower dark 

shale member. (Photograph taken in 1980.)

Slade and Paragon Formations, Kentucky New Stratigraphic Nomenclature 15
straparollid and bellerophontid gastropods, the stemless 

crinoid Agassizocrinus, as well as a large unidentified 

crinoid pluricolumnal, blastoid thecae, and endothyrid 

foraminifera. The dominant floral component is fragmental phylloid algae. This member represents deposition in an agitated, carbonate sand-belt environment (Ettensohn 1974, 1975, 1977, 1980, 1981b; Ettensohn and 

Dever, 1979a).

Ramey Creek Member

The name Ramey Creek is given to interbedded 

limestone and shale formerly assigned to the Cypress 

Sandstone and overlying Golconda Formation of Butts 

(1922) and to the Big Clifty Sandstone and overlying 

Haney Limestone by McFarlan and Walker (1956). It is 

named for a creek west of the type section. The type section, described in the Type and Reference Sections, section 2, p. 25, is a roadcut at the intersection of Kentucky 

Highways 1274 and 801, Rowan County, Ky. The Ramey 

Creek Member generally is present in the area south of 

Greenup County. It ranges in thickness from 0 to 10 m 

and thickens to the southwest.

The dominant lithology of the Ramey Creek 

Member is thin-bedded, grayish-green calcarenite and interbedded shale (see fig. 11). It is distinguished from the 

underlying limestone of the Tygarts Creek by its thinbedded nature, its shale, and by its limestone beds that 

contain an argillaceous and calcareous-mud matrix. It is 

distinguished from the overlying shale of the Maddox 

Branch Member by its associated limestone beds. The 

Ramey Creek also is characterized by abundant chert 

and includes widespread replacement of megafossils by 

red chert, a diverse fauna, and abundant horizontal 

burrows.

The lower part of the Ramey Creek Member is 

typically fine grained, and it contains 0.3 to 1.5 m of 

shale intercalated with thin lenses of calcarenite or, less 

commonly, intercalated with thin-bedded calcisiltite or 

calcilutite layers. The middle part includes as much as 

0.6 m of thin-bedded calcarenite with interbedded shale; 

commonly, fossils are abundant at bedding surfaces. 

Interbedded with and commonly occurring above the calcarenite beds are abundantly fossiliferous nodular calcilutites and shale beds. In areas north of Menifee and 

Morgan Counties, the nodular calcilutite beds locally 

grade laterally to argillaceous, dololutitic channel fills 

that are as much as 0.6 m thick. A single massive, crossbedded, skeletal or oolitic calcarenite, 0.3 to 2.1 m thick, 

that has a scoured planar upper surface commonly 

defines the top of the Ramey Creek Member.

The limestone of the Ramey Creek Member is 

dominantly a wackestone or packstone; the wackestone 

commonly contains fossil fragments or pellets, ooids, 

and spicules. The shaly nodular calcilutite of the Ramey 

Creek is typically a bioturbated spicule wackestone.

Many of the fine-grained limestone beds of the Ramey 

Creek are calcareous mudstones.

Because the coarser calcarenite of the Ramey Creek 

Member is a packstone, it is readily distinguished from 

the better sorted calcarenite (generally grainstone) of the 

Tygarts Creek Member. In the Ramey Creek, packstone 

containing ooids, fossil fragments, and intraclasts is the 

most abundant lithic type. Oolitic and pelmatozoan 

grainstone is locally a major constituent in the member.

The Ramey Creek conformably overlies the Tygarts Creek and is overlain conformably by the Maddox 

Branch Member. Both contacts generally are gradational; the member may intertongue with the Maddox 

Branch.

The Ramey Creek Member contains abundant burrows and trails. This member is the most highly 

fossiliferous and contains the most diverse fauna of any 

member in the upper part of the Slade Formation. 

Brachiopods, rugose corals, and various types of 

echinoderms are the dominant fossils. Foraminifera, 

conularids, sponges, pelecypods, gastropods, bryozoans, 

and several forms of algae also are known. The Ramey 

Creek Member represents deposition in a shallow openmarine environment (Ettensohn, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1980, 

1981b; Ettensohn and Dever, 1979a).

Maddox Branch Member

The name Maddox Branch is given herein to the 

prominent shale sequence formerly assigned to the 

Hardinsburg Sandstone by McFarlan and Walker (1956). 

The member is named for a creek just northeast of the 

type section, which is a roadcut along the westbound lane 

of Interstate Highway 64, Rowan County, Ky. (fig. 9). 

The type section, described in the Type and Reference 

Sections, section 7, p. 29, is 15.7 km west of the Intersection of Interstate Highway 64 and Kentucky Highway 2.

The Maddox Branch Member, predominantly 

shale, was assigned to the Golconda by Butts (1922) and 

Stokley (1949). Subsequently, the drillers' term "Pencil 

Cave" was used for the member (Stokley and McFarlan, 

1952; Stokley and Walker, 1953). However, McFarlan 

and Walker (1956) equated the "Pencil Cave" with the 

type Hardinsburg of west-central Kentucky. Thus, the 

term Hardinsburg commonly has been used east of the 

Cincinnati arch by all workers except Patterson and 

Hosterman (1961, 1962) and Hosterman and others 

(1961), who included it in the upper part of the Haney 

Limestone. Because the unit occurs in the upper part of 

what was called formerly the Newman Limestone and 

contains red and green shale, it commonly was mistaken 

for either the Pennington Formation itself (Hatch, 1963) 

or intertongues of the Pennington occurring within the 

Newman (Home and others, 1971, 1974) (fig. 2).

The Maddox Branch Member ranges in thickness 

from 0 to 14 m and extends throughout the outcrop belt

16 Contributions to Stratigraphy
Figure 9. Type section of the Maddox Branch Member (see the Type and Reference Sections, section 7, p. 29) along Interstate 

Highway 64. The gullied slope is the Maddox Branch Member. The thin white limestone at the bench is about 0.8 m thick and is 

the Tygarts Creek Member. Below this, the Holly Fork and Armstrong Hill Members and Cave Branch Bed complexly intertongue 

in what was a lagoon-tidal-flat environmental mosaic. The thick limestone forming the lower one-third of the exposure near road 

level is the St. Louis Member. All of the above units are members or beds of the Slade Formation.

south of Greenup County, Ky. To the north, it is absent 

locally because of postdepositional erosion. The member 

thickens southward.

The Maddox Branch Member is mostly a green calcareous shale with very thin, irregularly bedded lenses of 

calcilutite. Locally, it is primarily red and green shale. 

Most of the limestone lenses are calcareous mudstone. 

Calcilutite lenses are abundant in the lowermost 0.6 m of 

the member and commonly are brecciated; others are 

nodular with load features on the lower and upper 

surfaces.

The uppermost part of the Maddox Branch 

Member, in contrast to the underlying shale, is a thinbedded, argillaceous calcilutite or calcisiltite as much as 

0.8 m thick. Limestone forming this part of the member 

commonly is laminated and intensely bioturbated and 

may be dolomitic; it is largely argillaceous, calcareous 

mudstone containing detrital quartz.

The Maddox Branch Member conformably overlies 

the Ramey Creek Member and is either conformably or 

disconformably overlain by the Poppin Rock Member of 

the Slade Formation. To the southwest, beyond the limits 

of the Slade Formation, strata equivalent to this member 

are the shale and sandstone of the Hartselle Formation 

(Lewis, 1971) (fig. 3).

The faunas of the Maddox Branch Member are 

limited in diversity and characterized by rhabdomesoid 

and fenestrate bryozoans, pelecypods, and the productid 

brachiopod Diaphragmus. Fossils are restricted largely to

limestone lenses. The Maddox Branch was deposited in a 

relatively deep, outer-platform, open-marine environment (Ettensohn, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1980, 1981b; Ettensohn and Dever, 1979a).

Poppin Rock Member

The name Poppin Rock is given to a limestone 

previously called the Glen Dean Limestone in eastern 

Kentucky (Butts, 1922; McFarlan and Walker, 1956); 

these strata also were referred to as the "Little Lime," a 

drillers' term (R. L. Miller and Briggs, 1929; Robinson, 

1927; Robinson and others, 1927, 1928). The Glen Dean 

type section is in western Kentucky, and, because that 

unit is eroded and does not extend across the Cincinnati 

arch, use of its name in eastern Kentucky is here abandoned. Also, palynology (Ettensohn and Peppers, 1979) 

and conodont biostratigraphy (Ettensohn and Bliefnick, 

1982) indicate that the unit is only partially equivalent to 

the type Glen Dean. The Poppin Rock Member is in the 

same stratigraphic position and lithologically similar to 

the Bangor Limestone (of formational rank) in southcentral Kentucky. However, the Bangor type section is in 

Alabama, and application of that name to rocks of eastern Kentucky is questionable. As a result, use of the 

newly designated member, the Poppin Rock, as the 

uppermost member of the Slade Formation is restricted 

here to the geographic limits of the formation. The 

member is named for the Poppin Rock tunnel near

Slade and Paragon Formations, Kentucky New Stratigraphic Nomenclature 17
Paragon, Ky., about 5.5 km east of the type section in 

Rowan County. The type section, described in the type 

and Reference Sections, section 8, p. 30, is a roadcut 

along the western side of Kentucky Highway 1274, 1.1 km 

north of the Licking River (Cave Run Lake) (fig. 10).

The Poppin Rock Member occurs throughout the 

outcrop belt of the Slade Formation south of Greenup 

County, but in northern parts of the belt, it has a very 

patchy distribution due to erosion following deposition. 

Its thicknesses range from 0 to 12 m; the member thickens eastward where it probably correlates with portions 

of the upper part of the type Newman Limestone 

(Wilpolt and Marden, 1959). The Poppin Rock Member 

also thickens to the south where it is mapped as the 

Bangor Limestone, as used in south-central Kentucky 

(Lewis and Thaden, 1965).

The Poppin Rock is mostly composed of thin- to 

thick-bedded, medium- to coarsely crystalline calcarenite, which is hard, dense, and typically brownish or 

bluish gray. Dolostones occur locally in the southern 

parts of the outcrop belt (Ettensohn and Chesnut, 

1979a). Thin shale partings separate carbonate beds in

Figure 10. Type section of the Poppin Rock Member of the 

Slade Formation and type section of the Paragon Formation 

(see the Type and Reference Sections, section 8, p. 30). The 

thin-bedded limestone at the bottom of the picture is the upper part of the Poppin Rock Member. The lower dark shale 

member of the Paragon Formation and the basal parts of the 

clastic member of the Paragon Formation are covered by 

vegetation. The limestone member of the Paragon Formation 

is the fourth and highest of the resistant beds in the upper part 

of the outcrop. A thin ledge of the Corbin Sandstone Member 

of the Lee Formation unconformably overlies the Paragon at 

the top of the exposure. The interval between the top of the 

Poppin Rock Member and the base of the limestone member 

of the Paragon Formation (shown by a bracket on the photograph) is about 10 m thick.

lower parts of the member, and they increase in thickness 

and abundance in the upper parts of the member. The 

Poppin Rock generally overlies the Maddox Branch 

member disconformably. It generally is conformable 

with the overlying Paragon Formation (formerly the Pennington Formation). Locally, the Poppin Rock Member 

intertongues with the Paragon Formation. However, in 

northern parts of the study area, the Paragon, Lee, or 

Breathitt Formations may disconformably overlie the 

Poppin Rock (fig. 11).

Pelmatozoan and foraminiferal-pelmatozoan 

packstone is the most common petrographic type of limestone in the Poppin Rock Member, although grainstone, 

wackestone, and mudstone are present locally; ooids are 

rare. Detrital quartz, absent in the Tygarts Creek, Ramey 

Creek, and lower part of the Maddox Branch Members, 

occurs throughout the Poppin Rock Member. Large intraclasts, crossbedding, and channeling are common in 

lower parts of the member.

Like the Tygarts Creek Member, indigenous faunas 

from the lower part of the Poppin Rock consist of heavily constructed straparollid and bellerophontid

Figure 11. Clastic member of the Paragon Formation disconformably overlying the eroded surface of the Poppin Rock 

Member of the Slade Formation. Erosion of the Poppin Rock is 

related to postdepositional uplift. The thin dark unit in the upper part of the Paragon is a coal bed approximately 6 m above 

the Poppin Rock. A thick ledge of Corbin Sandstone Member 

of the Lee Formation in the upper right-hand part of the 

exposure unconformably overlies the Paragon. The Maddox 

Branch (talus-covered bench), Ramey Creek (thin-bedded limestone), and Tygarts Creek (massive limestone) Members of the 

Slade Formation are shown below the Poppin Rock. Location 

is on Kentucky Highway 1274, south of the Licking River (Cave 

Run Lake).

18 Contributions to Stratigraphy
crinoid stemless the and foraminifera, gastropods, 

in abundant more are fossils However, Agassizocrinus. 

the of parts upper the in shale interbedded and limestone 

corals, rugose bryozoans, brachiopods, where member, 

part upper The fauna. the constitute largely crinoids and 

fos- more progressively is Member Rock Poppin the of 

The belt. outcrop the of parts southern the in siliferous 

car- a in deposition represent member the of parts lower 

represent parts upper environment; sand-belt bonate 

environ- back-sand-belt shallow-water, a in deposition 

Ettensohn 1981b; 1980, 1977, 1975, (Ettensohn, ment 

1979b). Chesnut, and 

FORMATION PARAGON 

of sequence a for named is Formation Paragon The 

age Mississippian Late of limestone and dolostone, shale, 

the in equivalents or Formation Slade the overlies that 

Kentucky. eastern in Escarpment Cumberland the of area 

and m 60 to 0 from thickness in varies formation The 

to assigned strata The eastward. and southward thickens 

Pen- the of those as same the are Formation Paragon the 

Cumberland the along defined as Formation nington 

Butts and 1919) (1917, Miller M. A. by Escarpment 

on section the in outlined previously as However, (1922). 

ap- been has Pennington name the Review, Historical 

here is therefore and area this in inappropriately plied 

belt outcrop Escarpment Cumberland the from excluded 

Limestone Newman name the Furthermore, Kentucky. in 

Randall and Sigleo by area the in locally applied was 

assigned who (1981), Teaford and Englund by and (1981) 

upper the to Pennington as designated previously strata 

name the Because Limestone. Newman the of part 

by established usage previous the with conflicts Newman 

many in mapped sequence the for 3) (fig. (1971) Lewis 

in Maps Quadrangle Geological Survey Geological U.S. 

for Newman name the of use the Kentucky, south-central 

is also Newman name The inapplicable. is strata these 

outcrop Escarpment Cumberland the from excluded here 

Kentucky. in belt 

community the from derived is Paragon name The 

in section, type the of east km 5.6 about Paragon, of 

the in described section, type The Ky. County, Rowan 

a in occurs 29, p. 8, section Sections, Reference and Type 

Highway Kentucky of side western the along roadcut 

Lake) Run (Cave River Licking the of north km 1.1 1274, 

in variation great the of Because 12). and 10 (figs. 

section reference a Formation, Paragon the of thickness 

the where Kentucky south-central in established also is 

Sections, Reference and Type the (see thickest is unit 

31). p. 9, section 

the throughout occurs Formation Paragon The 

parts northern In County. Greenup of south belt outcrop 

patchy extremely is distribution its however, area, the of 

sub- of because 22D) fig. 1980, (Ettensohn, 

con- places most in Paragon The erosion. Pennsylvanian 

Slade the of Member Rock Poppin the overlies formably 

south- in southwest the to equivalent its or Formation 

the near or On Limestone. Bangor the Kentucky, central 

the in system fault River Kentucky and arch Waverly 

commonly is contact lower the area, the of part northern 

1980, 1977, 1975, (Ettensohn, 11) (fig. disconformable 

and Ettensohn 1979; Peppers, and Ettensohn 1981b; 

with Paragon the of contact upper The 1979b). Dever, 

disconformable typically is units Pennsylvania overlying 

and (Rice Kentucky east-central and northeastern in 

1980, Ettensohn, 1980; Haney, and Rice 1979; others, 

discon- the on relief of amount the although b), 1981a, 

1983). (Chesnut, southeastward decrease may formity 

Rock Poppin 

of Member 

Formation Slade 

Para- the of section type the of diagram Lithologic 12. Figure 

High- Kentucky of lane northbound the along Formation gon 

con- is section The County. Rowan southern in 1274, way 

underlying the of section complete nearly a with tinuous 

1975.) Ettensohn, from (Modified Formation. Slade 

19 Nomenclature Stratigraphic Kentucky New Formations, Paragon and Slade 
succes- vertical a exhibits Formation Paragon The 

infor- four into divided here are which lithologies, of sion 

or clastic (2) member; shale dark lower (1) members: mal 

upper (4) and member; limestone (3) member; dolostone 

belt, outcrop the of parts northern the In member. shale 

coarse- by dominated is member dolostone or clastic the 

of parts southern the in interval this but elastics, grained 

(Ettensohn dolostone predominantly is belt outcrop the 

members informal These 1979b). 1979a, Chesnut, and 

be cannot continuity lateral but widespread, be to appear 

and erosion postdepositional of because demonstrated 

middle and lower the only Additionally, exposures. poor 

structural near and on out crop formation the of parts 

1979; Peppers, and (Ettensohn area the in elements 

the of members informal The 1981b). 1977, Ettensohn, 

paragraphs. following the in described are Paragon 

member shale dark Lower 

was Paragon the of member shale dark lower The 

Ettensohn by member Rowan the called informally 

(1980). Chesnut by member Valley Sloans the and (1975) 

shale silty-calcareous dark-gray, of consists member The 

parts central and northern the In limestone. of lenses with 

thin few a contains sequence this belt, outcrop the of 

in increase and thicken which lenses, limestone calcilutite 

calcare- barlike to grade lenses The southward. number 

long. m 200 and thick m 3 as much as bodies, nite 

and debris organic abundant contains shale The 

area, the of parts northern the In fossiliferous. is locally 

characterized is fauna sparse the and rare is bioturbation 

crinoid the bryozoans, fenestrate and rhabdomesoid by 

Diaphrag- brachiopod productid the and Pterotocrinus, 

is member the south, the To (Worthen). cestriensis mus 

dominated fauna diverse abundant, an by characterized 

1979b; Chesnut, and (Ettensohn echinoderms by 

lime- the with associated is fauna this 1980); Chesnut, 

a in deposited was member The unit. the in lenses stone 

1980, 1977, 1975, (Ettensohn, environment lagoonal 

1979b). Chesnut, and Ettensohn 1981b; 

member dolostone or Clastic 

com- elastics coarse of sequence fining-upward A 

in member shale dark lower basal the overlies monly 

as thick as sequence, clastic This Kentucky. northeastern 

lenticular irregularly to well-bedded a typically is m, 30 

crossbedding high-angle to Low- sandstone. quartzose 

ball- crossbedding, Contorted sequence. the characterizes 

locally. common are structures slump and and-pillow, 

locally; occur surfaces reactivation and ripples Small 

se- The planes. bedding on occur burrows and trails 

sand- micaceous ripple-bedded to upward grades quence 

rich organically micaceous, of beds flaser with stone 

laminated The bioturbated. highly are which of all shale, 

or brecciated of lenses few a with shale, organic-rich 

is claystone, calcareous or siltstone argillaceous dolomitic 

Fossils sequence. the of part upper the in concentrated 

siltstone the in locally imbricated are fragments fossil and 

or one contains locally member The beds. claystone and 

capped are places in that sequences fining-upward more 

(Etten- 11) (fig. beds coals thin and underclays thin by 

1979). Peppers, and Ettensohn 1975; sohn, 

related probably is member the of facies clastic The 

over- its and Sandstone Caves Carter the to genetically 

named Sandstone, Caves Carter The shale. sandy lying 

channel-shaped a is (1971), Windolph and Englund by 

type the also see 3; (fig. member clastic the within lentil 

Sec- Reference and Type the in Paragon the of section 

the within represented is and 29) p. 8, section tions, 

repre- member clastic The sandstone. basal a by member 

1980, 1977, 1975, (Ettensohn, deposits tidal-flat sents 

Although 1979b). Chesnut, and Ettensohn 1981b; 

Carter the interpreted (1971) Windolph and Englund 

tidal-delta or beach-barrier-bar a be to Sandstone Caves 

tidal-channel a represent to it interpret we deposit, 

controlled. structurally is orientation whose deposit 

the County, Rockcastle southern from Southward 

dolostone. by largely represented is member clastic 

occupy facies dolostone and clastic the both Although 

the within interval stratigraphic same the generally 

in deposition represent probably and Formation Paragon 

uncertain. is relation exact their environments, adjacent 

vuggy massive, of mostly consists facies dolostone The 

with interbedded beds limestone dolomitic and dolostone 

grayish to brown light weather beds dolostone The shale. 

cherty. are and orange 

facies dolostone the of one-third lower The 

lime- and dolostone massive most the contains generally 

Member Limestone Spann the called was and beds stone 

to sandy the places In (1914). Munn by Pennington the of 

contains and fossiliferous sparsely is dolostone silty 

and bedding, contorted clasts, mud burrows, laminae, 

filled are diameter in cm 30 as much as Vugs birdseyes. 

or celestite, barite, dolomite, calcite, crystalline with 

very is Limestone common. are Stylolites strontianite. 

calcarenite. oolitic crossbedded, bedded, thick 

is facies dolostone the of one-third middle The 

rubbly and limestone thin-bedded by characterized 

The shale. green with interbedded stringers dolostone 

local- it and calcilutite, and calcisiltite largely is limestone 

exposure. suggest that surfaces upper brecciated has ly 

including fauna restricted a contain beds Some 

Orthotetes. braciopod the and pelecypods 

a is facies dolostone the of one-third upper The 

thinner but to similar bed dolostone bedded thick very 

bed, The facies. the of part lower the of those than 

fossiliferous. not is however, 

Stratigraphy to Contributions 20 
and south the to thickens facies dolostone The 

intertidal represents It thickness. in m 15 to 0 from varies 

and (Ettensohn flat tidal carbonate a on deposition 

1979b). Chesnut, 

member Limestone 

com- limestone, brownish-gray or bluish- thin, A 

dolo- or clastic the overlies thick, m 1 than less monly 

outcrop the of parts northern In 10). (fig. member stone 

the In calcisiltite. argillaceous platy, a is bed the belt, 

bioclastic silty, crossbedded, a is bed the however, south, 

fossilifer- dark into locally out pinches which calcarenite, 

because distribution patchy very a has bed The shale. ous 

the Petrographically, erosion. postdepositional of 

Most packstone. or wackestone bioclastic a is limestone 

mud, with coated or encrusted, bored, broken, are fossils 

indicating orientation all preferential show and 

lime- The reworking. and transportation postmortem 

trans- shallow-marine brief, a during deposited was stone 

char- deposition tidal-flat the terminated that gression 

(Ettensohn, member clastic underlying the acterizing 

1979b). Chesnut, and Ettensohn 1981b; 1980, 1975, 

member shale Upper 

green and red of consists member shale upper The 

mem- the of m 3 basal The thick. m 35 as much as shale 

shale calcareous rich, organically black, to gray is ber 

basal This limestone. fossiliferous of lenses thin with 

shale green and red silty into upward grades shale dark 

dolomite, brecciated of lenses and layers contains and 

shale the although siltstone, and sandstone, crossbedded 

biotur- is and debris plant macerated abundant contains 

lenses small in occur generally and rare are fossils bated, 

siltstone. calcareous of 

east- in unit Mississippian youngest the is shale This 

highly is thickness Its Kentucky. northeastern and central 

the along erosion postdepositional of because variable 

areas In unconformity. Mississippian-Pennsylvanian 

fault River Kentucky and Creek Irvine-Paint the of north 

is member the of m 3 basal the of part a only systems, 

is shale basal the systems fault the of south preserved; 

tidal-flat clastic represents member The thicker. 

deposition.

CORRELATIONS

inter- currently approximate the shows 13 Figure 

Slade the of members the between correlations preted 

Mis- the of formations the and Formations Paragon and 

(1963). Swann by described as section type sissippian 

eastern of units stratigraphic of correlations earlier Many 

were area type Mississippian the in units with Kentucky 

litho- of correspondence supposed the on largely based 

example, (for areas two the in strata of successions logic 

1952; McFarlan, and Stokley 1949; Stokley, 1922; Butts, 

are fossils guide Although 1956). Walker, and McFarlan 

always not are these strata, the of attributes important 

were generally correlations earlier resulting The present. 

such units stratigraphic lower the of some for successful 

traced be could that Genevieve Ste. and Louis St. the as 

in saddle Cumberland the via arch Cincinnati the of east 

the by published maps Detailed Kentucky. south-central 

Geological Kentucky the with cooperation in USGS 

those of correspondence the confirmed have Survey 

the of part upper the in units the of most For units. 

un- proved correlations however, sequence, carbonate 

dif- many of application the in resulted and satisfactory 

Ken- eastern to names of combination and names ferent 

units. Chesterian tucky 

of Kentucky in occurrence stratigraphic The 

general of basis a on fauna fossil Mississippian selected 

Rice in presented was recognition of ease and abundance 

success- been have fauna Those 6). fig. (1979, others and 

many correlating and mapping, tracing, in used fully 

many However, Kentucky. in units rock Mississippian 

and related, facies and ranging long be to appear species 

for basis poor a constitute generally they therefore, 

complete more A correlation. interregional and regional 

Mississippian of flora and fauna fossil the of knowledge 

of understanding better a to lead undoubtedly will rocks 

correlations The Kentucky. in stratigraphy Mississippian 

than rather biostratigraphic are 13 figure on suggested 

palynological, microfaunal, on based are and lithologic 

by summarized been have these data; macrofaunal and 

(1982). Chaplin and 1981b) (1980, Ettensohn 

SECTIONS REFERENCE AND TYPE 

Para- and Slade the of sections type the Although 

distributed are members their and Formations gon 

in Escarpment Cumberland the along km 100 almost 

following the Kentucky, northeastern and east-central 

type the only not describe to designed are sections nine 

the show that sections reference numerous but sections 

named newly the of each of variation and continuity 

which 27, p. 6, section example, For units. stratigraphic 

of Member Creek Tygarts the of section type the contains 

for sections reference includes also Formation, Slade the 

eastern the for Formations Paragon and Slade the both 

the of because Additionally, belt. outcrop the of edge 

a Formation, Paragon the of thickness in variation great 

south- in established is 31) p. 9, (section section reference 

thickest. is unit the where Kentucky central 

21 Nomenclature Stratigraphic Kentucky New Formations, Paragon and Slade 
SECTION TYPE MISSISSIPPIAN 

1963) (Swann, 

be- correlations Tentative 13. Figure 

Para- and Slade the of members tween 

the of formations and Formations gon 

No section. type ppian Mississi 

dis- the show to made is attempt 

type Mississippian the in conformities 

Meramecian-Chesterian The section. 

de- as shown is Kentucky in Boundary 

however, (1981); McDowell by fined 

placed 165) p. (1981, Henry and Gordon 

base the at Chesterian the of base the 

Mississippian the in Vases Aux the of 

section. type 

(/) . LLJLLJ 

WE

CHESTERIAN

VALMEYERAN -^ 

MERAMECIAN -s^- OSAGEAN |

STAGE

ELVIRAN

HOMBERGIAN

GASPERIAN

GENEVIEVIAN

FORMATION

Church Grove 

Kinkaid

Degonia

Clore

Palestine

Menard

Waltersburg

Vienna

Springs Tar 

Dean Glen 

Hardinsburg

Haney

co

Fraileys o 

0

Creek Beech ^ 

Cypress

Ridenhower ^^ 

Bethel 3? 5 

Bluff Downeys -° Q

Yankeetown

Shetlerville c±; 

Levias ro tr 

Vases Aux 

Genevieve Ste. 

Louis St. 

Salem

Warsaw

Keokuk

J\

Carter 

Caves 

Sandstone^

Hill Armstrong 

Member^

KENTUCKY EAST-CENTRAL 

report) (This 

AND MEMBER 

BED

?

shale Upper 

member

 ? 

member Limestone 

, member Clastic 

/ - "^ i

~m ^dark Lower <g^ 

^4tll member shale Is 

^4 Member* Rock Poppin II 

Member Branch Maddox || 

 Ramey 

Creek 

Member

Member Creek Tygarts 

7- z Member Fork ^JHolly 

{ SF- 

% Bed Branch Cave m 

?Nlii^iil :iS Knob Mill 

^^pl Member 

Warixiii»li|| 

Run 

bey|||l| em 

Member

"^"^ lliillll

: ^oS:; ; |S;^ : |:::&?:::^::S:^:^:^:Ji:: . Ol 

Louis 

m. *%H|f Member 

 fit z 

IlMember o Renfr

<^7 III 

^~ |l| 

Member ||| Nada 

|I 

1 J 

FORMATION

PARAGON

UJ 

Q 

<

(/)

Z 

UJ 

Q

oc 

o

CQ

\

Y Y V X 

SERIES

CHESTERIAN

OSAGEAN Y MERAMECIAN

SYSTEM

MISSISSIPPIAN

Stratigraphy to Contributions 22 
1 Section 

Knob Mill the and Formation Slade the of sections Type 

highwall southwestern the at Formation Slade the of Member 

mi) (1.3 km 2.1 quarry, Co. Stone Bridge Natural the of 

road, gravel a on Creek Cow of fork right the up southwest 

mi) (1 km 1.6 15, and 11 Highways Kentucky intersects which 

Powell quadrangle, -minute) A1 (7 Stanton Bowen, of south 

83°46'50"W. long N., 37°48'49" lat Ky., County, 

Thickness

(equivalents)

(Feet) Meters 

(Pennsylvanian): Formation Breathitt 

measured): (not member shale Basal 

silty. dark-gray, Shale, 29. 

Unconformity.

(Mississippian): Formation Paragon 

member: shale dark Lower 

con- silty; olive-gray, to black Shale, 28. 

and fossils marine scattered tains 

(7.5) 2.3 debris plant fossil 

section: type (Mississippian) Formation Slade 

Member: Rock Poppin 

olive-gray, to grayish-brown Shale, 27. 

thin- contains fossiliferous; silty, 

cal- argillaceous bioclastic, bedded, 

(4.9) 1.5 carenite 

medium-dark-gray, Calcarenite, 26. 

coarse- thin-bedded, to mediumfossiliferous; bioclastic, grained, 

shale, of beds thin very contains 

large and nodules, chert black rare 

bedding on burrows horizontal 

(17.1) 5.2 planes 

(22.0) 6.7 Member Rock Poppin of thickness Total 

Member: Branch Maddox 

greenish-gray; and grayish-red Shale, 25. 

of lenses thin scattered contains 

(6.9) 2.1 calcilutite 

Member: Creek Ramey 

to thin- medium-gray, Calcarenite, 24. 

bed- irregularly medium-bedded, 

argil- bioclastic, fine-grained, ded, 

thin very with interbedded laceous, 

fossils shale; greenish-gray of beds 

and planes bedding on common 

(10.8) 3.3 chert red by replaced generally 

nodu- contains greenish-gray, Shale, 23. 

(2.3) 0.7 calcilutite of lenses lar 

(13.1) 4.0 Member Creek Ramey of thickness Total 

Member: Creek Tygarts 

weathers brownish-gray, Dolostone, 22. 

bed- irregularly brown; yellowish 

brec- contains brecciated; ded; 

calcite-filled vugs, fossils, ciated 

with filled cavities solutions veins, 

Ramey overlying the from shale 

exposure rare and Member, Creek 

(2.0) 0.6 crusts 

Thickness

(equivalents)

(Feet) Meters 

thick- to medium- white, Calcarenite, 21. 

bioclastic; bedded, even bedded, 

and intraclasts oolitic contains 

(21.7) 6.6 gastropods large 

medium- to thin- white, Calcarenite, 20. 

large contains oolitic; bedded, 

solution recent other and cavities 

(5.2) 1.6 features 

to (2 thin-bedded white, Calcarenite, 19. 

con- oolitic; in.), 3.1 to 0.8 cm, 8 

calcil- of lenses discontinuous tains 

con- a contain beds many utite; 

shale fragments, shell of glomerate 

and Bed, Branch Cave from clasts 

Mill from fragments calcilutite 

con- brachiopods Member; Knob 

beds; of parts upper in centrated 

bed- basal on common casts load 

(2.0) 0.6 surfaces ding 

(30.8) 9.4 Member Creek Tygarts of thickness Total 

Bed: Branch Cave 

interbedded; claystone, and Shale 18. 

rubbly; gray; greenish and maroon 

calcilu- of clasts scattered contains 

Knob Mill underlying frorn tite 

(1.8) 0.5 Member 

Disconformity.

section: type Member Knob Mill 

thin- light-olive-gray, Calcilutite, 17. 

brownish-gray contains bedded; 

a and crusts exposure laminated 

reddish-brown of beds thin few 

preva- structures birdseye chert; 

solution- surface uppermost lent; 

(2.0) 0.6 brecciated and pitted 

gray, light very to white Calcarenite, 16. 

to coarse- medium-bedded, to thinoolitic; bioclastic, fine-grained, 

in contains upward; fines unit 

exposure discontinuous thin places 

in chert of lenses thin and crusts 

contact basal ft); (0.7 m 0.2 upper 

1.5 surface erosional on irregular 

ir- in medium-light-gray, Calcilutite, 15. 

with interbedded beds thin regular 

lens- beds shale; greenish-gray silty 

contains bioturbated; and oidal 

calcare- fine-grained of lenses thin 

0.6 nite 

thick- gray, light very Calcarenite, 14. 

indis- oolitic; bioclastic, bedded, 

crossbeds; planar low-angle tinct 

lo- base; near stylolites contains 

0.8 - shale greenish-gray contains cally 

0.1 silty bluish-gray, medium Shale, 13. 

(4.9)

(2.0)

(2.6) 

(0.3)

23 Nomenclature Stratigraphic Kentucky New Formations, Paragon and Slade 
Thickness

(equivalents)

(Feet) Meters 

bio- light-brownish-gray, Calcarenite, 12. 

planar small-scale indistinct clastic; 

and tubes root contains crossbeds; 

in crusts exposure discontinuous 

surface upper ft); (2 m 0.6 upper 

solu- with irregular and brecciated 

(7.5) 2.3 pitting tion 

calcilu- to upward grades Calcarenite, 11. 

irreg- white; to gray light very tite; 

conglomeratic; bedded; thin ularly 

clasts reworked contains part basal 

Mem- Run Warix underlying from 

(2.0) 0.6 - thickness in variable very unit ber; 

(21.3) 6.5 Member Knob Mill of thickness Total 

Disconformity.

Member: Run Warix 

to base at light-gray Calcarenite, 10. 

coarse- top; at light-brownish-gray 

upward; fining fine-grained, to 

some with thick-bedded to thin 

cross- festoon high-angle large, 

sand contains peloidal; beds; 

reddish- and quartz milky of grains 

discontinuous thin chert; brown 

m 0.3 upper in crusts exposure 

(6.9) 2.1 base at conglomerate thin ft); (1 

sandy, light-greenish-gray; Shale, 9. 

from clasts reworked containing 

Genevieve Ste. underlying the 

in variable highly unit Member; 

(0.7) 0.2 thickness 

(7.5) 2.3 Member Run Warix of thickness Total 

Disconformity.

Member: Genevieve Ste. 

fine- light-gray, to white Calcarenite, 8. 

thick-bedded; coarse-grained, to 

crossbeds bimodal small-scale 

skeletal; to oolitic throughout; 

string- discontinuous rare contains 

part; upper in chert red of ers 

and pitted solution surface upper 

brecciated; intensely part upper 

irregular at occur crusts exposure 

of fillings as places in intervals, 

concentrated or tubes and voids 

intraclasts planes; bedding along 

large throughout; clasts chert and 

basal thin common; gastropods 

and limestone of conglomerate 

the from reworked clasts chert 

(7.5) 2.3 Member Louis St. underlying 

Thickness

(equivalents)

(Feet) Meters 

Disconformity.

Member: Louis St. 

interbed- Calcarenite, and Calcilutite 7. 

irregular thin in gray; medium ded; 

shale light-greenish-gray thin beds; 

sur- upper part; lower in partings 

brecciated; and irregular very face 

(2.3) 0.7 top at rare crusts exposure 

thin- gray, light very Calcarenite, 6. 

light- of lenses contains bedded; 

(2.3) 0.7 base at calcilutite greenish-gray 

interbed- Calcarenite, and Calcisiltite 5. 

thin-bedded; pale-blue-green; bed; 

partings shale blue-green contains 

of beds reddish-brown thin and 

espe- glauconite(?) contains chert; 

abundant burrows; near cially 

brachio- and bryozoans fenestrate 

rare planes; bedding on pods 

(2.3) 0.7 base near lenses dololutite 

gray, light very to white Calcarenite, 4. 

contains medium-bedded; to thinpartings shale bluish-green thin 

pinkish-gray to reddish-brown and 

nodules; chert irregular to spherical 

echino- bryozoans, brachiopods, 

lithostrationid and debris, derm 

(3.0) 0.9 corals 

(9.8) 3.0 Member Louis St. of thickness Total 

quarry): of end north at (measured Member Renfro 

weathers gray, light very Dolosiltite, 3. 

to thin- orange; yellowish dark 

lami- indistinct medium-bedded; 

of partings thin contains nae; 

m 0.8 upper in shale bluish-green 

brachiopods, orthotetid ft); (2.6 

pelmato- and bryozoans, fenestrate 

upper in common debris zoan 

veins and voids ft); (4.6 m 1.4 

(12.5) 3.8 - common calcite sparry with filled 

ex- above 3 unit as same Dolosiltite, 2. 

are and sandy to silty are beds cept 

grayish- silty with interbedded 

 shale green 

 Member Renfro of thickness Total 

 Formation Slade of thickness Total 

(Mississippian): Formation Borden 

3.5 

7.3 

44.1

(11.5) 

(24.0) 

(144.7)

measured): (not Member Nada 

dark-grayish-green, Shale, 1. 

silty. bedded, 

poorly

Stratigraphy to Contributions 24 
2 Section 

of Members Creek Ramey and Run Warix the of sections Type 

junction the at 801 Highway Kentucky on Formation Slade the 

quadrangle, (71/2-minute) Bangor 1274, Highway Kentucky of 

W. 83°25'20" long N., 38°04'54" lat Ky., County, Rowan 

Thickness

(equivalents)

(Feet) Meters 

(Pennsylvania^: Formation Lee 

measured): (not Member Sandstone Corbin 

fine-grained, to coarse- Sandstone, 17. 

crossbedded; pebbly, quartzose, 

weathering. massive 

Unconformity.

(Mississippian): Formation Slade 

Member: Branch Maddox 

yellow- residuum, clay and Dolostone 16. 

argillace- laminated, ish-orange, 

iron shows weathered, highly ous; 

(2.6) 0.8 structures liesegang and stains 

fos- calcareous, greenish-gray, Shale, 15. 

nodular, thin, contains siliferous; 

a calcilutite; of lenses brecciated 

oc- calcarenite of lense prominent 

(11.2) 3.4 - base above ft) (3.3 m 1 about curs 

(13.8) 4.2 Member Branch Maddox of thickness Total 

section: type Member Creek Ramey 

oolitic, brownish-gray, Calcarenite, 14. 

crossbeds; planar bioclastic; 

(2.3) 0.7 surface upper scoured 

irregu- in medium-gray, Calcilutite, 13. 

argillace- beds; medium to thin lar 

dom- beds, shale thin contains ous; 

of lenses nodular with shale inantly 

m 0.5 uppermost in calcilutite 

bioturbated; fossiliferous, (1.6ft), 

(5.6) 1.7 nodules chert contains 

fossil- calcareous, green, olive, Shale, 12. 

thin irregular contains iferous; 

(1.6) 0.5 calcarenite of beds 

(9.5) 2.9 Member Creek Ramey of thickness Total 

Member: Creek Tygarts 

thick-bedded, white, Calcarenite, 11. 

intraclasts, contains bioclastic; 

and blastoids, stems, crinoid large 

(13.1) 4.0 stylolites 

Member: Hill Armstrong 

irregu- in medium-gray, Calcilutite, 10. 

shale with beds medium to thin lar 

is ft) (1 m 0.3 uppermost partings; 

brecciated; is part basal dolomitic; 

(8.2) 2.5 fossils and burrows contains 

Bed: Branch Cave 

sandy, to silty greenish-gray, Shale, 9. 

clasts contains rubble; to weathers 

Mill underlying from calcilutite of 

(0.7) 0.2 Member Knob 

Thickness

(equivalents)

(Feet) Meters 

(5.6) 1.7 

(7.9) 2.4 

(0.7) 0.2 

(6.6) 2.0 

(0.7) 0.2 

(21.5) 6.5 

Disconformity. 

Member: Knob Mill 

lami- locally light-gray, Calcilutite, 8. 

con- beds; thin irregular in nated, 

burrows, vertical birdseyes, tains 

to 0.5 upper beds; chert local and 

brecci- is unit of ft) 3 to (1.6 m 0.9 

over- is and dolomitized and ated 

dolomit- solution-pitted, a by lain 

 caliche of zone ized 

yel- weathers light-gray, Dolosiltite, 7. 

medium-bedded; brown; lowish 

 laminated 

lenses contains greenish-gray; Shale, 6. 

 sandstone shaly laminated of 

bed- inter calcilutite, and Calcarenite 5. 

thin- fine-grained; light-gray; ded; 

interbeds thin containing bedded, 

brecciated is part upper shale; of 

 crusts exposure contains and 

 sandy greenish-gray, Shale, 4. 

 Member Knob Mill of thickness Total 

section: type Member Run Warix 

in pale-red light-gray, Calcarenite, 3. 

thick-bedded; ft); (19 m 5.8 basal 

in grains red prominent with sandy 

conspicuous ft); (20 m 6.1 upper 

through- crossbeds and channels 

uppermost in crusts exposure out; 

 ft) (1.6 m 0.5 

 Formation Slade of thickness Total 

Disconformity

(Mississippian): Formation Borden 

Member: Nada 

silty; light-green; to maroon Shale, 2. 

 rubbly 

measured): (not Member Cowbell 

olive-brown, to olive-gray Siltstone, 1. 

interbedded bedded, thick to thinshale. with 

3 Section 

For- Slade the of Member Hill Armstrong the of section Type 

Arm- of north 2 Highway Kentucky on roadcuts at mation 

Highway Interstate with junction its of north just Hill strong 

Ky., County, Carter quadrangle, (7/2-minute) Hill Olive 64, 

W. Iong83°12'21" N., 38°20'05" lat 

(Pennsylvania^: Formation Breathitt 

sandstone contains dark-gray; Shale, 19. 

measured). (not lenses 

(39.0) 11.9 

(105.3) 32.1 

(3.9) 1.2

25 Nomenclature Stratigraphic Kentucky New Formations, Paragon and Slade 
Thickness 

(equivalents)

(Feet) Meters 

Unconformity.

(Mississippian): Formation Slade 

Member: Branch Maddox 

contains clayey; pale-green, Shale, 18. 

calcilu- fossiliferous of lenses thin 

(7.5) 2.3 covered) (largely base near tite 

Member: Creek Ramey 

fine-grained, light-gray, Calcarenite, 17. 

shale thin contains thin-bedded; 

dark-gray of nodules and partings 

(principally fossiliferous chert; 

(1.3) 0.4 bioturbated brachiopods), 

greenish- to light-gray Calcisiltite, 16. 

in- nodular, to thin-bedded gray, 

silty greenish-gray with terbedded 

light-yellowish- contains shale; 

fossiliferous, nodules; chert brown 

con- locally part basal bioturbated; 

dark-yellowish- of lenses tains 

(3.9) 1.2 dolosiltite orange 

calcare- silty, greenish-gray, Shale, 15. 

(0.3) 0.1 ous 

(5.6) 1.7 Member Creek Ramey of thickness Total 

Member: Creek Tygarts 

grayish weathers white, Calcarenite, 14. 

to thin- coarse-grained; pink; 

locally bioclastic; thick-bedded; 

be- unit north, the to channelled; 

with Calcarenite white a comes 

weather that Calcarenite of lenses 

(8.9) 2.7 pink grayish 

coarse-grained, white, Calcarenite, 13. 

commonly thick-bedded; to thin- 

(6.2) 1.9 bioclastic oolitic; crossbedded; 

moderate- dolomitic, Calcarenite, 12. 

fine-grained; yellowish-brown, 

alternating contains argillaceous; 

cal- skeletal and oolitic of lenses 

(1.6) 0.5 carenite 

(16.7) 5.1 Member Creek Tygarts of thickness Total 

section: type Member Hill Armstrong 

moderate- dolomitic, Calcilutite, 11. 

fine-grained, yellowish-brown, 

frag- fossil contains thin-bedded; 

0.8 ments 

0.25 greenish-gray Shale, 10. 

fine- medium-gray, Calcilutite, 9. 

0.6 thick-bedded grained, 

0.1 greenish-gray Shale, 8. 

fine- medium-gray, Calcilutite, 7. 

irregular in thin-bedded grained, 

(0.5 thin containing beds nodular 

of beds in.) 1 to 0.2 cm, 2.5 to 

(4.9) 1.5 fossiliferous shale; medium-gray 

very containing greenish-gray, Shale, 6. 

cal- of lenses nodular bedded thin 

(0.3) 0.1 cilutite 

(2.6) 

(0.8)

(2.0) 

(0.3)

fine- medium-gray, Calcilutite, 5. 

inter- beds planar thin in grained, 

to 1 cm, 5 to (2.5 thin with bedded 

shale; medium-gray of beds in.) 2 

 fossiliferous 

- Member Hill Armstrong of thickness Total 

Bed: Branch Cave 

calcareous; silty, dark-gray, Shale, 4. 

thin, containing bedded irregularly 

sandy dark-gray of beds nodular 

mottled-reddish-brown Calcilutite, 

 oxidized where 

silty, clayey, light-green, Shale, 3. 

irregu- calcareous; slightly sandy, 

con- rubbly; weathers bedded, larly 

of clasts pebble-size to sand- tains 

unit underlying from limestone 

clayey, dark-reddish-brown, Shale, 2. 

ir- calcareous; slightly sandy, silty, 

rubbly; weathers bedded, regularly 

zones reduced light-green thin has 

to sand- contains joints; along 

calcilutite of clasts pebble-sized 

Mem- Knob Mill underlying from 

 ber 

 Bed Branch Cave of thickness Total 

Disconformity.

measured): (not Member Knob Mill 

part upper light-gray; Calcilutite, 1. 

pitted. surface upper and brecciated 

- Formation Slade of thickness measured Total 

4 Section 

Thickness

(equivalents)

(Feet) Meters 

(2.0) 0.6 

(13.1) 4.0 

(2.6) 0.8 

(1.0) 0.3 

0.6

1.7

14.3

(2.0) 

(5.6)

(46.9)

at Formation Slade the of Member Fork Holly of section Type 

Interstate of lane westbound along roadcut of end western 

Kentucky with junction its of west mi) (10 km 16 64, Highway 

County, Rowan quadrangle, -minute) Vi (7 Soldier 2, Highway 

W. 18" Iong83°22' N., 38°16'39" lat Ky., 

(Mississippian): Formation Slade 

Member: Creek Tygarts 

coarse-grained, white, Calcarenite, 5. 

crossbedded, locally thick-bedded, 

fossiliferous bioclastic, oolitic, 

gas- stems, crinoid large containing 

lo- blastoids; and molds, tropod 

part upper with intertongues cally 

(3.0) 0.9 Member Fork Holly underlying of 

section: type Member Fork Holly 

lami- fine-grained, white, Calcilutite, 4. 

very with interbedded and nated 

contains shale; green of beds thin 

unit gastropods; and birdseyes 

(1.0) 0.3 thickness in variable highly 

Stratigraphy to Contributions 26 
to fine- yellowish-orange, Dolostone, 3. 

birdseyes; contains coarse-grained; 

that fill channel a largely is unit 

in ft) (1 m 0.3 to abruptly thins 

parts basal roadcut; of part eastern 

partially contain deposit channel of 

calcirudite interclastic dolomitized 

Bed Branch Cave underlying from 

Member Hill Armstrong and 

absent are units two these [Note: 

Member Fork Holly the where here 

are channel in beds thickest]; is 

dolorudite; birdseye or dololutite 

upper and middle in fill channel 

thin of consists unit of parts 

 lenses concave-upward 

 Member Fork Holly of thickness Total 

Disconformity.

Bed: Branch Cave 

clayey, dark-reddish-brown, Shale, 2. 

irregu- calcareous, slightly sandy, 

con- rubbly; weathers bedded, larly 

of clasts pebble-size to sand- tains 

St. underlying from limestone 

thick- in varies unit Member; Louis 

disconform- overlying to due ness 

_______________ ity 

Disconformity.

measured): (not Member Louis St. 

upper brown; to black Calcilutite, 1. 

and crusts exposure contains part 

pitted. surface upper breccias; 

- Formation Slade of thickness measured Total 

5 Section 

Thickness

(equivalents)

(Feet) Meters 

2.4 

2.7

(7.9) 

(8.9)

(1.0) 0.3

(12.8) 3.9 

aban- at Formation Slade of Member Rosslyn of section Type 

of southeast mi) (1 km 1.6 ridge a on Quarry Baker doned 

Stanton 213, Highway Kentucky of north Ky., Stanton, 

37°50'08" lat Ky., County, Powell quadrangle, (714-minute) 

N.,long83°50'03"W.

4.

beds shale; dolomitic orange 

trails unit; of part lower in thicker 

planes; bedding on burrows and 

 megafossils rare 

fine- brownish-gray, Calcarenite, 

thin very irregular in grained, 

beds flaser with interbedded lenses 

trails shale; yellowish-orange of 

of plane basal on burrows and 

 - rare megafossils beds; thicker 

con- calcareous; greenish-gray, Shale, 

mm, 12 to (6 lenses thin very tains 

cal- pelletoidal of in.) 0.5 to 0.2 

 carenite 

yellow- to medium-gray Calcirudite, 3. 

thin in conglomeratic, ish-orange, 

yellowish- with interbedded beds 

to sand- contains shale; orange 

and limestone of clasts pebble-size 

dolo- prominent fragments; fossil 

bed- on burrows mudchips; mitic 

 planes ding 

 Member Rosslyn of thickness Total 

Bed: Branch Cave 

poorly silty; greenish-gray, Shale, 2. 

 exposed 

Disconformity.

measured): (not Member Knob Mill 

Calcilutite 1. 

- Formation Slade of thickness measured Total 

Thickness

(equivalents)

(Feet) Meters 

(3.6) 1.1 

(3.6) 1.1 

(0.3) 0.1 - 

0.2

2.5

0.2

(0.7) 

(8.2)

(0.7)

(29.5) 9.0 

6 Section 

sec- reference and Member Creek Tygarts the of section Type 

of edge eastern on Formations Paragon and Slade the for tions 

Ken- the of highwall southeastern at are Sections belt. outcrop 

south mi) (0.3 km 0.5 quarry, Hill Olive Company, Stone Mor 

64, Highway Interstate and 60 Highway U.S. of juncton the of 

Carter quadrangle, (71/2-minute) Grahn Hill, Olive of northeast 

W. 83°07'25" long N., 19'39" 38° lat Ky., County, 

(Mississippian): Formation Slade 

Member: Creek Tygarts 

coarse-grained, white, Calcarenite, 8. 

crossbed- thick-bedded, to thincontains bioclastic; oolitic, ded, 

5.7 structures stylolite 

thin- fine-grained, white, Calcarenite, 7. 

0.6 oolitic bedded, 

6.3 Member Creek Tygarts of thickness Total 

section: type Member Rosslyn 

fine- brownish-gray, Calcarenite, 6. 

inter- beds, thin even, in grained; 

yellowish- of beds thin with bedded 

(18.7)

(2.0) 

(20.7)

(Mississippian): Formation Paragon 

(incomplete): member Clastic 

sandy; grayish-green, to green Shale, 22. 

of beds thin and lenses contains 

argillaceous, micaceous, chloritic, 

 sandstone bioturbated 

(Mississippian): Sandstone Caves Carter 

quartz- yellowish-brown, Sandstone, 21. 

(4.3) 1.3

medium-grained; to fine very ose; 

bed- ripple and crossbedded locally 

into west the to out pinches ded; 

0.9 below 20 unit (3.0)

27 Nomenclature Stratigraphic Kentucky New Formations, Paragon and Slade 
Thickness 

(equivalents) 

(Feet) Meters 

Disconformity. 

Formation: Paragon 

member: shale dark Lower 

silty, greenish-black, to black Shale, 20. 

calcilutite contains micaceous; 

and unit of bottom toward lenses 

toward lenses sandstone chloritic 

(15.1) 4.6 sparse fossils marine top; the 

Forma- Paragon of thickness measured Total 

(19.3) 5.9 tion 

(Mississippian): Formation Slade 

Member: Rock Poppin 

medium-dark-gray, Calcarenite, 19. 

hard); (very dense coarse-grained, 

(0.7) 0.2 bioclastic bedded; thick very 

contains brownish-black; Shale, 18. 

(1.6) 0.5 fossils marine abundant 

medium-dark- to white Calcarenite, 17. 

thick- dense, coarse-grained, gray, 

(6.6) 2.0 bioclastic bedded, 

(8.9) 2.7 Member Rock Poppin of thickness Total 

Member: Branch Maddox 

thin contains greenish-gray; Shale, 16. 

(4.9) 1.5 calcilutite of lenses 

Member: Creek Ramey 

medium-grained, white, Calcarenite, 15. 

with interbedded and thin-bedded 

chert contains shale; greenish-gray 

(1.0) 0.3 nodules 

bed- irregularly greenish-gray, Shale, 14. 

fossilif- highly and calcareous ded, 

lenses and nodules contains erous; 

(6.6) 2.0 calcisiltite of 

coarse-grained, white, Calcarenite, 13. 

crossbedded; locally thick-bedded, 

chert contains locally crinoidal; 

(2.0) 0.6 nodules 

fine- medium-gray, Calcilutite, 12. 

inter- and thin-bedded grained, 

(5.9) 1.8 fossiliferous shale; with bedded 

(15.4) 4.7 Member Creek Ramey of thickness Total 

section: type Member Creek Tygarts 

coarse-grained, white, Calcarenite, 11. 

thick to thin skeletal; and oolitic 

(5.9) 1.8 bedded 

fine- to coarse- white, Calcarenite, 10. 

interbedded thin-bedded, grained, 

(6.2) 1.9 - dolostone brown of stringers with 

(12.1) 3.7 Member Creek Tygarts of thickness Total 

Member: Hill Armstrong 

fine- light-brown, Dololutite, 9. 

(2.6) 0.8 thick-bedded grained, 

fine- medium-gray, Calcilutite, 8. 

inter- and thin-bedded grained, 

shale; greenish-gray with bedded 

(3.6) 1.1 fossiliferous 

(6.2) 1.9 - Member Hill Armstrong of thickness Total 

Thickness

(equivalents)

(Feet) Meters 

Bed: Branch Cave 

lami- finely medium-gray, Shale, 7. 

with mudstone calcareous nated 

1.5 appearance massive 

arenaceous, greenish-gray, Shale, 6. 

clasts contains calcareous; slightly 

Mill underlying from calcilutite of 

0.6 rubbly weathers Member; Knob 

2.1 Bed Branch Cave of thickness Total 

Disconformity.

Member: Knob Mill 

ir- dark-brownish-gray, Calcilutite, 5. 

and brecciated beds; thin regular 

with filled interstices with platy 

bedding shale; light-greenish-gray 

brec- and solution-pitted surfaces 

discontinuous thin contains ciated; 

and birdseyes, crusts, exposure 

and ostracodes of fragments rare 

1.1 gastropods 

in light-gray, to white Calcilutite, 4. 

with beds medium to thin irregular 

partings; shale light-greenish-gray 

birds- contains arenaceous; locally 

3.3 gastropods fragmented and eyes 

silty, dark-greenish-gray, Shale, 3. 

lime- reworked contains sandy; 

0.2 below 2 unit from clasts stone 

interbed- calcisiltite, and Calcilutite 2. 

dark-brownish- to light-gray ded; 

platy; beds; thin irregular in gray; 

filled interstices with brecciated 

con- shale; light-greenish-gray with 

exposure discontinuous thin, tains 

birdseyes and throughout crusts 

2.0 "slickensides" and 

6.6 Member Knob Mill of thickness Total 

(incomplete): Member Run Warix 

brownish-gray, to white Calcarenite, 1. 

thick-bedded to thin- arenaceous, 

crossbeds festoon high-angle with 

a locally throughout; scours and 

at shale of bed greenish-gray thin 

white of beds thin unit; of top 

0.7 upper in calcilutite arenaceous 

ex- of zone prominent ft); (2.3 m 

below ft) (3.9 m 1.2 crusts posure 

discontinuous thin and unit of top 

upper throughout crusts exposure 

conglom- contains ft); (15.1 m 4.6 

limestone and chert of lenses eratic 

Lime- Louis St. from fragments 

(section below Member stone 

10.1 quarry) of base to measured 

33.3 - Formation Slade of thickness measured Total 

(4.9)

(2.0) 

(6.9)

(3-6)

(10.8)

(0.7)

(6.6) 

(21.7)

(33.1) 

(109.3)

Stratigraphy to Contributions 28 
7 Section 

Formation Slade of Member Branch Maddox of section Type 

64, Highway Interstate of lane west-bound along roadcut at 

2, Highway Kentucky with junction its of west mi) (9.3 km 15 

lat Ky., County, Rowan quadrangle, (71/2-minute) Soldier 

W. '28" 83°21 long N., 38°16'35" 

Thickness

(equivalents)

(Feet) Meters 

(Pennsylvania^ Formation Breathitt 

measured): (not 

con- silty, black, to dark-gray Shale, 11. 

sand- hematitic basal thin tains 

stone

Unconformity.

(Mississippian): Formation Paragon 

member: Clastic 

weathers silty, light-green, Shale, 10. 

un- in features solution fills rubbly; 

of Member Rock Poppin derlying 

0.6 Formation Slade 

Disconformity.

(Mississippian): Formation Slade 

Member: Rock Poppin 

coarse-grained, white, Calcarenite, 9. 

contains part uppermost bioclastic; 

places in and features solution 

by replaced or stained is limestone 

1.1 ore iron 

section: type Member Branch Maddox 

weathers grayish-brown, Calcilutite, 8. 

thick-bedded; orange; yellowish 

silty dolomitic; 

(2.0)

Q ____________ 

(3.6)

(1.6)

containing calcareous, green, Shale, 7.

fossilifer- brecciated of lenses thin 

4.3 calcilutite ous 

4.8 Member Branch Maddox Total 

Member: Creek Ramey 

laminated, medium-gray, Calcilutite, 6. 

interbedded and beds thin very in 

fossilifer- sparsely shale; green with 

0.2 ous 

medium-bluish-gray, Calcilutite, 5. 

in bedded irregularly and nodular 

beds thin with interbedded beds, thin 

of fragments contains shale; green of 

0.6 fossils silicified 

weathers grayish-brown, Calcisiltite, 4. 

sil- fine-grained; brown; yellowish 

and shale contains dolomitic; ty; 

fossil and intraclasts limestone 

0.9 fragments 

thin with calcareous green, Shale, 3. 

calcarenite; fossiliferous of lenses 

places in ft.) (1 m 0.3 uppermost 

1.7 dolosiltite contorted contains 

3.4 Member Creek Ramey of thickness Total 

(14.1) 

(15.7)

(0.7)

(2.0)

(3.0)

(5.6) 

(11.2)

Thickness

(equivalents)

(Feet) Meters 

Member: Creek Tygarts 

white, to medium-gray Calcarenite, 2. 

large intraclasts, contains oolitic; 

gastropod large columnals, crinoid 

0.8 blastoids and molds, 

measured): (not Member Fork Holly 

Dolostone 1. 

10.1 - Formation Slade of thickness measured Total 

(2.6)

(33.1)

8 Section 

Forma- Slade the of Member Rock Poppin the of sections Type 

on side) (western roadcut at Formation Paragon the and tion 

junction its of south mi) (3.0 km 4.8 1274, Highway Kentucky 

quadrangle, (7!/2-minute) Bangor 801, Highway Kentucky with 

W. 83°26'49" long N., 38°02'26" lat Ky., County, Rowan 

(Pennsylvania^: Formation Lee 

measured): (not Member Sandstone Corbin 

coarse-grained, to fine- Sandstone, 33. 

pebbly

Unconformity.

section: type (Mississippian) Formation Paragon 

member: shale Upper 

calcareous, dark-gray, to black Shale, 32. 

dark-gray of lenses thin contains 

fossil- and calcilutite fossiliferous 

(11.5) 3.5 debris plant 

member: Limestone 

medium-dark-gray, Calcarenite, 31. 

argillace- fine-grained, to coarseweath- beds; thin irregular in ous, 

(3.0) 0.9 fossiliferous very platy; ers 

member: Clastic 

platy, dark-gray, to black Shale, 30. 

(2.3) 0.7 debris fossil-plant contains 

brown; weathers dark-gray, Siltstone, 29. 

cal- to upward grades argillaceous, 

bur- intensely mudstone, careous 

broken unoriented contains rowed; 

(1.3) 0.4 brachiopods 

contains platy; greenish-gray, Shale, 28. 

(2.6) 0.8 debris fossil-plant 

weathers greenish-gray, Claystone, 27. 

sil- masses; columnar to and brown 

(1.0) 0.3 burrows contains calcareous; ty, 

weathers greenish-gray, Sandstone, 26. 

argil- very cemented; where brown 

(2.6) 0.8 burrowed intensely laceous; 

sandy, to silty greenish-gray, Shale, 25. 

of lenses thin contains micaceous; 

(3.0) 0.9 burrows and sandstone 

lenticular; greenish-gray, Sandstone, 24. 

of beds flaser contains micaceous; 

fossil- and burrows, shale, silty 

(2.0) 0.6 fragments plant 

29 Nomenclature Stratigraphic Kentucky New Formations, Paragon and Slade 
Thickness

(equivalents)

(Feet) Meters 

quartz- moderate-brown, Sandstone, 23. 

grained, fine very to fine- ose, 

high- in thin-bedded, to laminated 

showing crossbeds unimodal angle 

bedding surfaces; reactivation rare 

burrows; and tracks have planes 

basal has and mudchips contains 

re- and mudchips of conglomerate 

(9.8) 3.0 fossils marine worked 

(24.6) 7.5 member clastic of thickness Total 

member: shale dark Lower 

laminated, thinly dark-gray, Shale, 22. 

fossiliferous, calcareous, silty, 

fene- and brachiopods especially 

len- thin contains bryozoans; strate 

(8.9) 2.7 calcilutite light-gray of ses 

(47.9) 14.6 Formation Paragon of thickness Total 

(Mississippian): Formation Slade 

section: type Member Rock Poppin 

thin-bedded, light-gray, Calcarenite, 21. 

thin contains skeletal; argillaceous, 

brach- shale, dark-gray of partings 

and pelecypods, bryozoans, iopods, 

(1.6) 0.5 bioturbated debris; echinoderm 

to silty dark-brownish-gray, Shale, 20. 

and beds thin contains sandy; 

calcarenite; argillaceous of lenses 

including fossiliferous extremely 

corals, rugose brachiopods, 

bryozoans, fenestrate and ramose 

frag- fish-bone and debris crinoid 

(2.6) 0.8 bioturbated ments; 

to dark-bluish-gray Calcarenite, 19. 

medium- to thin- medium-gray, 

inter- dense; argillaceous, bedded, 

dark-gray of beds thin with bedded 

brachiopods contain that shale 

bryozoans, (predominantly), 

all debris crinoid and corals, rugose 

bedding upper on concentrated 

(10.5) 3.2 planes 

(14.8) 4.5 Member Rock Poppin of thickness Total 

Member: Branch Maddox 

interbed- dolarenite, and Dolosiltite 18. 

thin- dark-yellowish-orange; ded; 

brachiopods, contains bedded; 

de- echinoderm and gastropods, 

 - bioturbated bris; 

 silty greenish-gray, Shale, 17. 

con- silty; medium-dark-gray, Shale, 15. 

containing nodules calcisiltite tains 

gastro- bryozoans, brachiopods, 

bio- debris; echinoderm and pods, 

 turbated 

thin- brownish-gray, Calcarenite, 14. 

with interbedded and bedded 

oolitic; shale; medium-dark-gray 

nod- chert large contains skeletal; 

 southward thins unit ules; 

light-gray, calcisiltite, to Calcarenite 13. 

contains argillaceous; thin-bedded, 

shale, medium-gray silty of beds 

pelecy- brachiopods, corals, rugose 

bryo- ramose gastropods, pods, 

bio- debris; echinoderm and zoans, 

 turbated 

con- silty; medium-dark-gray, Shale, 12. 

of lenses and nodules tains 

rugose calcilutite, medium-gray 

and ramose brachiopods, corals, 

echino- and bryozoans, fenestrate 

 debris derm 

light-olive-gray, Calcarenite, 11. 

Thickness

(equivalents)

(Feet) Meters 

(1.3) 0.4 

(1.6) 0.5 

(1.3) 0.4 

(1.6) 0.5 

Member Branch Maddox of thickness Total 

Member: Creek Ramey 

to thin- brownish-gray, Calcarenite, 16. 

skel- oolitic, finely thick-bedded, 

large contains crossbedded; etal, 

 fragments echinoderm 

0.2 

0.4 

0.6

(0.7) 

(1.3) 

(2.0)

(6.9) 2.1

skeletal, thick-bedded, to mediumcontains crossbedded; oolitic, 

con- part basal structures; scour 

reworked clasts dololutite tains 

(2.3) 0.7 unit underlying from 

dark-yellowish-orange, Dololutite, 10. 

con- beds; thick to thin irregular in 

"slickensides," and birdseyes tains 

breccia, clasts, rip-up cracks, sheet 

fills unit laminae; hummocky and 

and unit underlying in channels 

to 0.1 from thickness in varies 

outcrop; in ft) 4.6 to (0.3 1.4m 

(1.6) 0.5 base at structures load 

interbed- calcilutite, and Calcisiltite 9. 

thin irregular in light-gray; ded; 

of partings with interbedded beds 

con- shale; silty medium-dark-gray 

brachiopods, gastropods, tains 

chert rare and debris, echinoderm 

de- unit bioturbated; nodules; 

overlying of base at load by formed 

(5.6) 1.7 channels 

(0,7) 0.2 clayey greenish-gray, Shale, 8. 

(22.9) 7.0 Member Creek Ramey of thickness Total 

Member: Creek Tygarts 

gray, light very to white Calcarenite, 7. 

skele- crossbedded, thick-bedded, 

blastoids, contains oolitic; tal, 

and brachiopods, gastropods, large 

(9.5) 2.9 stylolites stems; crinoid large 

Stratigraphy to Contributions 30 
Thickness

(equivalents)

(Feet) Meters 

interbed- dolosiltite, and Dolarenite 6. 

in- thin-bedded; light-brown; ded; 

stringers light-gray with terbedded 

cross- calcarenite; of nodules and 

0.7 bedded 

to medium- light-gray, Calcarenite, 5. 

con- oolitic; skeletal, thin-bedded, 

gastropods, large intraclasts, tains 

0.8 brachiopods and 

dark-yellowish-orange, Dolosiltite, 4. 

inter- medium-bedded, to thicklight- of lenses thin with bedded 

skel- medium-bedded to thin- gray, 

poorly unit calcarenite; etal 

 exposed 

 Member Creek Tygarts of thickness Total 

Bed: Branch Cave 

 covered) (interval Shale 3. 

silty rubbly, greenish-gray, Shale, 2. 

in exposed poorly unit sandy; to 

 ditch drainage 

(2.3)

(2.6)

2.1 

6.5

0.4

0.9 

1.3

(6.9) 

(21.3)

(1.3)

(3.0) 

(4.3) Bed Branch Cave of thickness Total 

Disconformity.

measured): (not Member Knob Mill 

exposed poorly unit Calcilutite; 1. 

(64.6) 19.7 - Formation Slade of thickness measured Total 

9 Section 

south-central in Formation Paragon the for section Reference 

be- Ky., Valley, Sloans at roadcuts of series a is Kentucky 

cut road small a and Office Post U.S. Valley Sloans the tween 

junc- the of north just 27, Highway U.S. of side east the on 

quad- -minute) Vi (7 Burnside Road, Bend Dixie the with tion 

long N., 36°56'17" lat Ky., County, Pulaski rangle, 

84°32'10"W.

(incomplete; Formation Breathitt 

Pennsylvania^:

and silty fissile, dark-gray, Shale, 61. 

at nodules siderite contains clayey; 

(2.8) 0.9 debris plant base; 

silty; and clayey medium-gray, Shale, 60. 

becoming base at bedded poorly 

weath- debris; plant top; at rubbly 

(3.3) 1.0 top at orange yellowish dark ers 

coaly; to carbonaceous black, Shale, 59. 

(1.0) 0.3 sandy 

below white to base at black Shale, 58. 

organic sandy, very shale; coaly 

disconform- rubbly; weathers rich; 

Formation Paragon overlies ably 

(2.0) 0.6 absent is sandstone where 

Thickness

(equivalents)

(Feet) Meters 

to thick- grayish-orange, Sandstone, 57. 

medium- to fine- thin-bedded, 

interbedded argillaceous, grained, 

channel-fill layers; shale sandy with 

as much as truncates that deposit 

of strata underlying of in) (1 cm 2.7 

(0-12) 0-3.7 Formation Paragon the 

Forma- Breathitt of thickness measured Total 

(9.1-21.1) 2.8-6.5 tion 

Unconformity.

(Mississippian): Formation Paragon 

member: shale Upper 

miss- weathered; olive-green, Shale, 56. 

channeling to due south to ing 

(0.3) 0.1 above from 

weathers silty; olive-gray, Dolosiltite, 55. 

brown a has orange; yellowish dark 

under- it where coating ironstone 

(3.3) 1.0 rocks Pennsylvanian lies 

(1.3) 0.4 silty clayey, olive-green, Shale, 54. 

con- dolomitic; dark-green, Siltstone, 53. 

dark weathers ripples: current tains 

(1.3) 0.4 orange yellowish 

silty; clayey, green, and red Shale, 52. 

dolosilt- yellowish-orange contains 

(16.8) 5.1 stringers ite 

medium- greenish-gray, Sandstone, 51. 

dolomitic, argillaceous, grained; 

irregular- thin, micaceous; sparsely 

ripples current contains bedded; ly 

of middle the in beds flaser and 

dark weathers bioturbated; unit; 

(6.6) 2.0 brown olive to orange yellowish 

rub- silty; green; and maroon Shale, 50. 

dolosiltite thin contains bly; 

possible nodules; and stringers 

(7.2) 2.2 dolosiltites in mudcracks 

(13.3) 4.1 - Road) Bend (Dixie interval Covered 49. 

argillace- light-olive-gray, Siltstone, 48. 

bedded; poorly dolomitic; ous, 

vertical and pelecypods contains 

(1.6) 0.5 rubbly weathers burrows; 

becoming dark-greenish-gray Shale, 47. 

base; at fissile and dark-gray 

(2.0) 0.6 clayey 

dark-yellowish-orange, Dolosiltite, 46. 

(0.6) 0.2 silty 

dolomitic, yellowish-green, Shale, 45. 

(0.6) 0.2 silty 

lami- silty; light-gray, Dolosiltite, 44. 

at rubbly becoming base at nated 

yellowish dark weathers top; 

(1.0) 0.3 brown 

(0.6) 0.2 silty dark-greenish-gray, Shale, 43. 

31 Nomenclature Stratigraphic Kentucky New Formations, Paragon and Slade 
Thickness

(equivalents)

(Feet) Meters 

of consists light-gray; Dolosiltite, 42. 

by separated layers dolostone two 

0.4 north the to merge that shale green 

con- reddish-gray; to greenish- Shale, 41. 

dolosiltite brecciated of zone tains 

1.3 top from ft) (3.2 m 1.0 layers 

fine- grayish-orange, Sandstone, 40. 

dolomitic, thin-bedded; grained, 

rip- contains part lower micaceous; 

upper beds; flaser and marks ple 

and crossbedded ft) (0.6 m 0.2 

0.7 shale overlying to gradational 

dark-yellowish-orange, Dolosiltite, 39. 

of fragments contains thin-bedded; 

biotur- clasts; shale and fossils 

0.2 concretionary bated; 

dolomitic; silty, green; and red Shale, 38. 

and nodules dolomitic contains 

2.9 fissile clayey, lenses; 

clayey, black; to dark-gray Shale, 37. 

pro- contains carbonaceous; fissile, 

4.3 brachiopods ductid 

thin in light-olive-gray; Calcarenite, 36. 

with interbedded beds, irregular 

brach- contains argillaceous; shale; 

(poorly bryozoans and iopods 

 exposed) 

laminated clayey, dark-gray; Shale, 35. 

 member shale upper of thickness Total 

member: Limestone 

brownish-gray, to gray Calcarenite, 34. 

over- skeletal; oolitic, thin-bedded; 

irregular burrowed, a fills and lies 

dolostone; underlying on surface 

crinoids, contains crossbedded; 

 brachiopods and corals, 

 member limestone of thickness Total 

Limestone (Spann member Dolostone 

0.3 

1.6 

29.0

0.3 

0.3

[1914]): Munn of Member 

calcisiltite, dolomitic and Dolosiltite 33. 

thick- to thin- brownish-gray, 

con- vugs with laminated bedded; 

gypsum, calcite, dolomite, taining 

celestite; and strontianite, barite, 

thin-bedded ft) (2.6 m 0.8 upper 

weathers partings; shale with 

promi- a forms brown; yellowish 

limestone with together ledge nent 

2.2 member 

calcare- medium-dark-gray, Shale, 32. 

thin three fissile; laminated, ous, 

m 0.4 upper in beds dolosiltite 

biotur- contain parts lower ft); (1.3 

beds calcisiltite rippled and bated 

2.0 lenses dolosiltite thin and 

(1.4)

(4.2)

(2.3)

(0.7)

(9.4)

(14.2)

(1.0)

(5.3)

(95.0)

(1.0) 

(1.0)

(7.2)

(6.6)

Thickness

(equivalents)

(Feet) Meters 

thin- brownish-gray, Calcarenite, 31. 

brachio- contains skeletal; bedded, 

burrows; and pelecypods, pods, 

(0.6) 0.2 top at clasts chert 

black to base at grayish-green Shale, 30. 

base; at glauconitic(?) silty; top; at 

(1.2) 0.4 base at rubbly weathers 

thin- brownish-gray, Calcilutite, 29. 

ft) (1.6 m 0.5 uppermost bedded; 

gray- with fractured and brecciated 

fractures; filling shale ish-green 

dolo- locally fractures; spar-filled 

part upper fragments; fossil mitic; 

exposure calichified represents 

(3.0) 0.9 surface 

silty; calcareous, light-gray, Shale, 28. 

(0.4) 0.1 rubbly weathers 

brownish- calcisiltite, and Calcilutite 27. 

argillaceous; thick-bedded, gray, 

with top at brecciated and rubbly 

Calcarenite and shale glauconitic 

upper birdseyes; fractures; filling 

exposure calichified represents part 

(1.2) 0.4 surface 

(1.8) 0.6 clayey dark-gray, Shale, 26. 

greenish- dololutite, and Dolosiltite 25. 

contorted laminated; gray, 

and birdseyes, chips, mud laminae, 

yellowish dark weathers breccia; 

(1.0) 0.3 orange 

of lenses with greenish-gray, Shale, 24. 

cal- fossiliferous coarse-grained 

(1.0) 0.3 carenite 

thin- brownish-gray, Calcarenite, 23. 

fossiliferous; fine-grained, bedded, 

ex- representing top at brecciated 

(0.5) 0.2 surface posure 

(0.1) 0.05 silty gray, Shale, 22. 

to thin- brownish-gray, Calcisiltite, 21. 

dolomitic; locally medium-bedded; 

fos- top; toward shaly and rubbly 

(1.8) 0.6 siliferous 

rubbly contains light-gray; Shale, 20. 

(0.3) 0.1 nodules calcisiltite 

to thin- bluish-gray, Calcarenite, 19. 

oolitic; and skeletal thick-bedded; 

dolomite- contains crossbedded; 

(3.8) 1.2 burrows filled 

light-brownish-gray, Dolosiltite, 18. 

contain- vuggy, medium-bedded; 

m 0.8 lower stylolites; large ing 

dolo- shaly rubbly, be may ft) (2.6 

dolosilt- massive to grading siltite 

(3.3) 1.0 ite 

Stratigraphy to Contributions 32 
Thickness

(equivalents)

(Feet) Meters 

light- calcisiltite, and Dolosiltite 17. 

ex- thick-bedded; brownish-gray, 

and vugs, laminae, some hibits 

1.3 fragments fossil (4.4)

(38.2) 11.85 member dolostone of thickness Total 

member: shale dark Lower 

calcareous; silty, dark-gray, Shale, 16. 

cal- argillaceous of lenses contains 

fossiliferous extremely carenite; 

brachiopods, bryozoans, including 

0.6 crinoids and pelecypods, 

thick- brownish-gray, Calcarenite, 15.

skeletal; argillaceous, bedded, 

intraclasts, contains crossbedded; 

crin- and bryozoans, brachiopods, 

0.6 oids 

(2.0)

(2.0)

calcare- clayey, greenish-gray, Shale, 14. 

argillaceous few a contains ous; 

fos- extremely lenses; calcarenite 

bryozoans, including siliferous 

1.7 - crinoids and corals, brachiopods, 

brownish-gray; to bluish- Shale, 13. 

argilla- with interbedded marly; 

ex- stringers; and nodules ceous 

including fossiliferous tremely 

corals, brachiopods, bryozoans, 

1.1 crinoids and 

(5.4)

(3.6)

with interbedded bluish-gray, Shale, 12. 

calcare- argillaceous thin-bedded 

(3.3) 1.0 fossiliferous lenses; nite 

light-gray, to white Calcarenite, 11. 

oolitic; and skeletal thick-bedded; 

se- channel-fill two of composed 

shale into out pinch that quences 

southeast; and northwest toward 

intraclasts; scours; crossbedded; 

(0-16) 0-4.9 graded beds foreset 

greenish-black; to bluish-gray Shale, 10. 

argillaceous thin with interbedded 

ex- lenses; calcisiltite and calcarenite 

crin- including fossiliferous tremely 

pele- brachiopods, bryozoans, oids, 

(4.5-7.0) 1.4-2.1 corals and trilobites, cypods, 

(20.8-39.3) 6.4-12.0 member shale dark lower Total 

(155.0-174.5) 47.3-52.9 - Formation Paragon of thickness Total 

(Mississippian): Limestone Bangor 

to thin- bluish-gray, Calcarenite, 9. 

argillaceous; thick-bedded; 

with partings shale thin skeletal; 

cross- base; at one prominent most 

chert bryozoans; scours; bedded; 

(14.2) 4.3 top at nodules 

Thickness

(equivalents)

(Feet) Meters 

to thin- light-gray, Calcarenite, 8. 

skeletal coarse medium-bedded; 

in- crossbedding, contains grains; 

crin- partings; shale and traclasts 

bryozoans; and corals, oids, 

 gray reddish weathers 

to thin- bluish-gray, Calcarenite, 7. 

shale thin skeletal; thick-bedded; 

brach- corals, bryozoans, partings; 

 crinoids and iopods, 

dark-brownish-gray, Calcarenite, 6. 

cross- skeletal; thick-bedded; 

bryo- corals, intraclasts; bedded; 

brachiopods and blastoids, zoans, 

dark-brownish-gray, Calcarenite, 5. 

interbed- medium-bedded, to thinskeletal; shale; dark-gray with ded 

crin- reentrant; prominent forms 

 blastoids oids, 

thin in brownish-gray, Calcarenite, 4. 

bioturbated; shaly; beds; irregular 

and bryozoans, brachiopods, 

yel- light weathers echinoderms; 

 gray lowish 

thick- dark-bluish-gray, Calcarenite, 3. 

and thin-bedded becoming bedded 

skeletal; argillaceous; top; at shaly 

 - debris crinoidal abundant 

 Limestone Bangor of thickness Total 

(incomplete; Formation Hartselle 

Mississippian):

grayish- calcisiltite, and Dolosiltite 2. 

bio- beds; irregular thin in orange, 

productid and spiriferid turbated; 

 brachiopods 

micaceous, clayey, dark-gray, Shale, 1. 

laminae; silty thin with laminated 

in silty and rubbly, green, grayish 

pelecy- rare ft); (1.6 m 0.5 upper 

 pods 

Forma- Hartselle of thickness measured Total 

1.0

2.1

0.9

0.6

0.1

0.3 

9.3

0.2

1.1 

1.3

(3.3)

(7.0)

(2.9)

(1.8)

(0.3)

(1.0) 

(30.5)

(0.5)

(4.1) 

(4.6)

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Kentucky: County, Rowan of Map 1925, Frank, Martin, 

1:62,500. scale 6, series Survey, Geological Kentucky 

Ken- for formations geological of Table 1917, M., A. Miller, 

p. 7 Store, Book University Ky., Lexington, tucky: 

Department Kentucky Kentucky: of geology The _____1919, 

p. 2,292 Bulletin 5, series Forestry, and Geology of 

Powell of map Geological 1929, G., Briggs, and L., R. Miller, 

6, series Survey, Geological Kentucky Kentucky: County, 

1:63,360. scale 

in fields gas and oil of Reconnaissance 1914, J., M. Munn, 

Geolog- U.S. Kentucky: Counties, McCreary and Wayne 

p. 579,105 Bulletin Survey ical 

of Geology 1961, W., J. Hosterman, and H., S. Patterson, 

Geological U.S. Kentucky: quadrangle, Haldeman the 

1:24,000. scale GQ-169, Map Quadrangle Geologic Survey 

Halde- the of deposits clay refractory and Geology ____1962, 

Geological U.S. Kentucky: quadrangles, Wrigley and man 

p. 113 1122-F, Bulletin Survey 

Ken- County, Lewis of map Geological 1925, S., E. Perry, 

scale 6, series Survey, Geological Kentucky tucky: 

1:63,360.

of map gas and oil, structural, Reconnaissance ____1926, 

Survey, Geological Kentucky Kentucky: County, Greenup 

1:63,360. scale 6, series 

Cin- of flank east on section Paleozoic 1970, C., J. Philley, 

Hill, Olive to Lexington 64, Interstate along arch cinnati 

to eastward River Licking of Valley II; Kentucky Part 

an- 18th trips, field for Interchange Guidebook Hill Olive 

of Society Geological Section, Southeastern meeting, nual 

Survey, Geological Kentucky Ky., Lexington, America: 

56-70. p. 

Missis- some of stratigraphy environmental The _____1971, 

in carbonates Genevieve) Louis-Ste. (Renfro-St. sippian 

Knoxville, dissertation): (Ph.D. Kentucky northeastern 

p. 152 Tennessee, of University Tenn., 

1968, A., V. Trent, and C., S. Bergman, N., G. Pipiringos, 

Menifee and Morgan quadrangle, Ezel the of map Geologic 

Geologic Survey Geological U.S. Kentucky: Counties, 

1:24,000. scale GQ-721, Map Quadrangle 

stratigraphy and Age 1971, C., J. Philley, and R., E. Pohl, 

Ken- northeastern of carbonates Mississippian Upper of 

Pro- with Abstracts America of Society Geological tucky: 

340. p. 3, v. grams, 

Counties: Summers and Monroe, Mercer, 1926, B., D. Reger, 

p. 963 Reports, County Survey Geological Virginia West 

quadrangle, Alcorn the of map Geological 1972, L., C. Rice, 

Geologic Survey Geological U.S. Kentucky: east-central 

1:24,000. scale GQ-963, Map Quadrangle 

Stratigraphy to Contributions 36 
Mississippian- the 1980, C, D. Haney, and L., C. Rice, 

Kentucky eastern in boundary systemic Pennsylvanian 

4, no. 21, v. Geology, Southeastern reply: and Discussion 

299-305. p. 

M., T. Kehn, and Jr., R., G. Dever, G., E. Sable, L., C. Rice, 

(Car- Pennsylvanian and Mississippian The 1979, 

U.S. States Kentucky: United the in Systems boniferous) 

p. 32 1110-F, Paper Professional Survey Geological 

geology structural and area! the of Map 1927, C., L. Robinson, 

Survey, Geological Kentucky Kentucky: County, Wolfe of 

1:63,360. scale 6, series 

areal the of Map 1925, S., J. Hudnall, and C., L. Robinson, 

Ken- Kentucky: County, Morgan of geology structural and 

1:63,360. scale 6, series Survey, Geological tucky 

1928, T., H. Richardson, and S., J. Hudnall, C., L. Robinson, 

Ken- County, Elliott of map structural Reconnaissance 

unknown). (scale Survey Geological Kentucky tucky: 

1927, M., A. Miller, and C., A. McFarlan, C., L. Robinson, 

County, Menifee of geology the of map Reconnaissance 

scale 6, series Survey, Geological Kentucky Kentucky: 

1:63,360.

(Coelen- Lithostrotionella of Revision 1983, J., W. Sando, 

U.S. Permian: and Carboniferous the from Rugosa) terata, 

p. 52 1247, Paper Professional Survey Geological 

quadrangle, Load the of map Geologic 1966, A., J. Sharps, 

Geo- Survey Geological U.S. Kentucky: County, Greenup 

1:24,000. scale GQ-519, Map Quadrangle logic 

H., H. Gray, R., G. Gater, M., A. Burger, H., R. Shaver, 

Patton, J., S. Keller, C., H. Keller, C., H. Hutchinson, 

and S., W. Wayne, M., N. Smith, B., C. Rexroad, B., J. 

stratigraphy rock-unit of Compendium 1970, E., C. Wier, 

p. 229 43, Bulletin Survey Geological Indiana Indiana: in 

quad- Valley Tygarts the of Geology 1964, A., R. Sheppard, 

Quad- Geologic Survey Geological U.S. Kentucky: rangle, 

1:24,000. scale GQ-289, Map rangle 

map Geologic 1981, Ill, H., A. Randall, and R., W. Sigleo, 

Ken- County, McCreary area, roadless Troublesome the of 

Studies Field Miscellaneous Survey Geological U.S. tucky: 

1:50,000. scale MF-1341-A, Map 

quad- City Clay the of map Geologic 1967, C., G. Simmons, 

Geolog- U.S. Kentucky: Counties, Estill and Powell rangle, 

scale GQ-663, Map Quadrangle Geologic Survey ical 

1:24,000.

Kentucky: of limestones Industrial 1949, A., J. Stokley, 

Investiga- of Report 9, series Survey, Geological Kentucky 

p. 51 2, tions 

lime- Industrial 1952, C., A. McFarlan, and A., J. Stokley, 

Survey, Geological Kentucky 2: no. Kentucky of stones 

p. 95 4, Investigations of Report 9, series 

limestones Industrial 1953, H., F. Walker, and A., J. Stokley, 

9, series Survey, Geological Kentucky 3: no. Kentucky of 

p. 8,62 Investigations of Report 

Ches- and Genevievian of Classification 1963, H., D. Swann, 

Geo- Illinois Illinois: of rocks Mississippian) (Late terian 

p. 91 216, Investigations of Report Survey logical 

1966, O., S. Schlanger, and L., J. Gualtieri, W., G. Weir, 

southeast- and south- in (Mississippian) Formation Borden 

1224-F, Bulletin Survey Geological U.S. Kentucky: central 

p. 38 

Geo- 1971, E., P. Cassity, and Y., K. Lee, W., G. Weir, 

Kentucky: east-central quadrangle, Bighill the of map logic 

Map Quadrangle Geologic Survey Geological U.S. 

1:24,000. scale GQ-900, 

the of map Geologic 1969, O., S. Schlanger, and W., G. Weir, 

U.S. Kentucky: south-central quadrangle, Woodstock 

GQ-776, Map Quadrangle Geologic Survey Geological 

1:24,000. scale 

the of Geology 1965, C., J. Perm, and L., C. Whittington, 

Survey Geological U.S. Kentucky: quadrangle, Oldtown 

1:24,000. scale GQ-353, Map Quadrangle Geologic 

County, Elliott of map gas and Oil 1925, B., A. Williams, 

scale 6, series Survey, Geological Kentucky Kentucky: 

1:63,360.

oil and Geology 1959, W., D. Marden, and H., R. Wilpolt, 

south- of rocks Mississippian Upper of possibilities gas and 

Ken- eastern and Virginia, West southern Virginia, western 

587-656. p. 1072-K, Bulletin Survey Geological U.S. tucky: 

37 Nomenclature Stratigraphic Kentucky New Formations, Paragon and Slade