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NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

_____________

No. 11-1250

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MARS HOME FOR YOUTH,

 Petitioner

v.

NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD,

 Respondent

THE PENNSYLVANIA SOCIAL SERVICES UNION, LOCAL 668 OF 

THE SERVICE EMPLOYEES INTERNATIONAL UNION, AFL-CIO,

 Intervenor

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No. 11-1590

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NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD,

 Petitioner

THE PENNSYLVANIA SOCIAL SERVICES UNION, LOCAL 668 OF 

THE SERVICE EMPLOYEES INTERNATIONAL UNION, AFL-CIO,

 Intervenor

v.

MARS HOME FOR YOUTH,

 Respondent

_____________
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ON PETITION FOR REVIEW AND CROSS-APPLICATION

FOR ENFORCEMENT OF AN ORDER OF

THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD

Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a),

October 5, 2011

BEFORE: McKEE, Chief Judge, FUENTES, GREENEBRG, Circuit Judges

(Opinion Filed: October 26, 2011)

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OPINION OF THE COURT

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FUENTES, Circuit Judge.

Mars Home for Youth filed a Petition for Review of a final decision and order of 

the National Labor Relations Board (the “Board”). The Board filed a Cross Application 

for Enforcement. Mars Home seeks review of the Board’s determination that five 

Assistant Residential Program Mangers (“assistant managers”) were not “supervisors” 

under Section 2(11) of the National Labor Relations Act (the “Act”), and thus were able 

to participate in a unionizing vote. We reject Mar Home’s petition and grant the Board’s 

cross-application for enforcement.

I.

Because we write for the parties, we discuss only the facts relevant to our 

conclusion. Mars Home for Youth is a facility that provides residential and other 

services to at-risk juveniles. Each of the six residential units is staffed by a residential 

program manager (“program managers”), an assistant residential program manager, and 
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resident assistants (“assistants”). The assistants report to the assistant managers who, in 

turn, report to the program manager. 

The Pennsylvania Social Services Union Local 669 a/w Service Employees 

International Union a/w CTW (“Union”) filed a petition before the National Labor 

Relations Board seeking to represent the assistants and assistant managers as a collective 

bargaining unit. Mars Home opposed the inclusion of the assistant managers on the basis 

that they were supervisors. After a hearing, the Regional Director of the NLRB issued a 

decision finding that the five assistant managers were not supervisors and could be 

included in the collective bargaining unit. Mars Home timely sought review of the 

decision, which was denied. 

Union elections were held and the group voted 34-31 in favor of allowing the 

Union to represent them collectively. The NLRB certified the Union as the exclusive 

collective-bargaining representative of the employees. Mars Home refused to bargain, 

contending that the certification was invalid.

The Union filed an unfair labor practice charge and the NLRB issued a complaint 

against Mars Home alleging that its refusal to bargain violated Sections 8(a)(5) and (1) of 

the National Labor Relations Act. The Board found that Mars Home violated the Act and 

issued a cease and desist order. Mars Home timely petitioned this Court and the Board 

cross-petitioned for an enforcement of its order.1

II.

 

1 We exercise jurisdiction over the appeal of the Board’s decision pursuant to Sections 10(e) and (f) of the 

National Labor Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. §§ 160(e), (f). 
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Our review of the National Labor Relations Board’s decisions is limited. We 

“accept the Board’s factual determinations and reasonable inferences derived from 

factual determinations if they are supported by substantial evidence.” Citizens Publishing 

and Printing Co. v. NLRB, 263 F.3d 224, 232 (3d Cir. 2001). Substantial evidence is 

“more than a mere scintilla. It means such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might 

accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Id. We uphold the Board’s conclusions of 

fact “even if we would have made a contrary determination had the matter been before us 

de novo.” Id. The Board’s legal determinations are subject to plenary review, but “with 

due deference to the Board’s expertise in labor matters.” NLRB v. St. George Warehouse, 

Inc., 645 F.3d 666, 674 (3d Cir. 2011). We uphold the Board’s interpretations of the Act 

if they are reasonable. Citizens Publishing and Printing Co., 263 F.3d at 233. We have 

cautioned that “determinations respecting supervisor status are particularly suited to the 

Board’s expertise.” NLRB v. W.C. McQuaide, Inc., 552 F.2d 519, 532 (3d Cir. 1977).

III.

To be entitled to the Act’s protections and includable in a bargaining unit, one 

must be an “employee” as defined by the Act See 29 U.S.C. §§ 2(3), 152(3); see also 

NLRB v. Kentucky River Cmty. Care, Inc., 532 U.S. 706, 711 (2001). The definition of 

“employee” does not include “supervisors.” See id. at § 152(3). A supervisor is:

any individual having authority, in the interest of the employer, to hire, 

transfer, suspend, lay off, recall, promote, discharge, assign, reward, or 

discipline other employees, or responsibly to direct them, or to adjust their 

grievances, or effectively to recommend such action, if in connection with 

the foregoing the exercise of such authority is not of a merely routine or 

clerical nature, but requires the use of independent judgment. 
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29 U.S.C. § 152(11). Whether someone is a supervisor is a question of fact, and thus will 

be upheld if it supported by substantial evidence. See W.C. McQuiade, Inc., 552 F.2d at

532-33; NLRB v. Quinnipiac College, 256 F.3d 68, 75 (2d Cir. 2001); Entergy Gulf 

States., Inc. v. NLRB, 253 F.3d 203, 208 (5th Cir. 2001). There is a three-part test for 

determining supervisory status. Employees are supervisors if: “(1) they hold the 

authority to engage in any 1 of the 12 listed supervisory functions, (2) their exercise of 

such authority is not of a merely routine or clerical nature, but requires the use of 

independent judgment, and (3) their authority is held in the interest of the employer.” 

Kentucky River, 532 U.S. at 713 (internal quotation marks omitted). A supervisor 

exercises independent judgment when he acts or recommends action “free of the control 

of others and form[s] an opinion or evaluation by discerning and comparing data.” In re 

Oakwood Healthcare, Inc., 348 N.L.R.B. 686, 692-93 (2006). As the party asserting it, 

Mars Home bears the burden of establishing supervisory status. Id. at 711-12. 

Mars Home alleges that the assistant managers were supervisors under the Act

because they responsibly directed the work of employees, assigned employees and had 

the authority to discipline them. We disagree.

A.

Mars Home contends that the Board erred when it found that it had not met its 

burden of producing sufficient evidence to establish that the assistant managers

“responsibly direct” the assistant’s work. 

The Board, held that for direction to be responsible, “the person directing and 

performing the oversight of the employee must be accountable for the performance of the 
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task by the other, such that some adverse consequence may befall the one providing the 

oversight if the tasks performed by the employee are not performed properly.”2In re 

Oakwood Healthcare, Inc., 348 N.L.R.B. 686, 691-92 (2006). The putative supervisor 

must be at risk of suffering adverse consequences for the actual performance of others, 

not his own performance in overseeing others. Id. at 695. 

The record before the Board contained numerous examples of where assistant 

managers were not disciplined for the failure of resident assistants to follow their 

directions. Rather, the record shows that the assistant managers were disciplined for their 

own failings as managers. 

Mars Home argument that it implemented an evaluation system that encompassed 

the assistant manager’s responsible direction is similarly unavailing. The change has yet 

to be implemented. Further, the evaluation form, which will form the basis of these pay 

raises, does not evaluate the assistant managers on their responsible direction. The only 

relevant category is “interpersonal relationships,” but Mars Home points to no evidence 

in the record that indicates how the program managers use this category, or any other, in 

evaluating the assistant managers’ directing others.

Overall, the Board’s determination that Mars Home failed to met its burden of 

demonstrating that the assistant managers are supervisors because they responsibly direct 

others is supported by substantial evidence and should not be disturbed.

B.

 

2 The term “responsibly to direct” is ambiguous. NLRB v. Health Care & Retirement Corp., 511 U.S. 571, 

579 (1994). Thus the Board’s interpretation is entitled to deference so long as it is reasonable. See Fei Mei Cheng 

v. Attorney General, 623 F.3d 175, 185-86 (3d Cir. 2010). We find that the Board’s interpretation to be reasonable 

and thus entitled to deference. See e.g., Loparex LLC v. NLRB, 591 F.3d 540, 550 (7th Cir. 2009).
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Mars Home further alleges that the assistant managers are supervisors under 

Section 2(11) because they possess the authority to assign assistants to various tasks. 

The Board has construed the term “assign” to “refer to the act of designating an 

employee to a place . . ., appointing an employee to a time, . . . or giving significant 

overall duties, i.e., tasks, to an employee.”

3 Oakwood Health, 348 NLRB at 689. A 

supervisor designates “significant overall duties to an employee” not simply “instructions 

that an employee perform a discrete task.” Id. A supervisor must have the power to 

require that these duties be undertaken. Golden Crest, 348 NLRB at 729. 

As to scheduling, there is sufficient evidence in the record that only some assistant 

managers had the authority to recommend an assistant’s schedule, which was later 

reviewed and approved by the program manager, and they had no authority to require the 

assistant to follow certain schedules. See Golden Crest, 348 NLRB at 729 (finding no 

authority to assign when only another held the power to mandate). Further, the schedules 

are constrained by significant Government and Mars Home regulations, which cuts 

against finding that the assistant managers acted with independent judgment. 

Part of the assistant manager’s duties is to make sure that the resident halls are 

adequately staffed at all times. If assistants are absent, an assistant manager may either 

let the unit run short-staffed, assuming it still has the required staff-to-resident ratio, pull 

an assistant from another unit, or find a volunteer. When seeking volunteers, it is Mars

Home’s informal policy that the assistant manager call the most junior assistant first and 

 

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Similarly to responsibly to direct, the phrase “assign” is ambiguous and thus the Board’s interpretation is 

upheld if it is reasonable. We find that it is and thus is entitled to deference. 
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that no employee may work for more than 16 consecutive hours. A program manager 

must approve any overtime. 

Also, there is sufficient evidence in the record that demonstrates the assistant 

managers do not have the authority to assign transportation duty to the assistants. In fact, 

one assistant manager testified that when a resident needs to be transported he simply 

asks for volunteers and bases any staffing decisions on the gender of the patient. 

Finally, the Board’s interpretation that daily work schedules, such as assigning an 

assistant to monitor a single resident or to respond to a crisis constituted evidence of 

direction, not assignment, is not unreasonable. The Board has interpreted assignment to 

mean the allocation of significant overall responsibilities to an employee, not ad hoc 

duties. Oakwood Health, 348 NLRB at 689. Here, it is plain that the assistant managers

are giving only ad hoc duties and is not evidence of the authority to assign under the Act. 

Based on the above, the Board’s conclusion that the assistant managers lack the 

authority to assign under § 2(11) or did not use independent judgment is supported by 

substantial evidence and will not be overturned. 

IV.

We have considered Mars Home’s remaining claims and find them without 

merit. Mars Home for Youth’s Petition for Review is DENIED. The National Labor 

Relations Board’s Cross-Application for Enforcement of its Order is GRANTED.