I 

118TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION H. R. 1005 

To amend title 18, United States Code, to reauthorize and expand the 

National Threat Assessment Center of the Department of Homeland Security. 

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

FEBRUARY 14, 2023 

Mr. DIAZ-BALART (for himself and Mr. MOSKOWITZ) introduced the following 

bill; which was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary, and in addition to the Committee on Education and the Workforce, for a period to 

be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee 

concerned 

A BILL 

To amend title 18, United States Code, to reauthorize and 

expand the National Threat Assessment Center of the 

Department of Homeland Security. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

4 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘EAGLES Act of 

5 2023’’. 

6 SEC. 2. FINDINGS; SENSE OF CONGRESS. 

7 (a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following: 


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1 (1) On February 14, 2018, 17 individuals were 

2 murdered in a senseless and violent attack on Mar3 jory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland 

4 Florida, a school whose mascot is the eagle. 

5 (2) These individuals—Alaina Petty, Alex 

6 Schachter, Alyssa Alhadeff, Cara Loughran, Carmen 

7 Schentrup, Gina Montalto, Helena Ramsay, Jaime 

8 Guttenberg, Joaquin Oliver, Luke Hoyer, Martin 

9 Duque, Meadow Pollack, Nicholas Dworet, Peter 

10 Wang, Aaron Feis, Chris Hixon, and Scott Beigel— 

11 lived lives of warmth, joy, determination, service, 

12 and love, and their loss is mourned by the Nation. 

13 (3) Like many attackers, the shooter in that at14 tack exhibited patterns of threatening and con15 cerning behavior prior to the massacre that were 

16 alarming and that should have alerted law enforce17 ment and other Federal, State, and local officials 

18 about the potential for violence. 

19 (4) Acts of targeted violence, including the at20 tack on Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, 

21 are preventable. 

22 (5) Lives were saved because of the brave and 

23 exemplary conduct of many students, teachers, and 

24 staff at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, in25 cluding several of the victims of the attack. 


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1 (6) The Secret Service National Threat Assess2 ment Center (referred to in this Act as the ‘‘Cen3 ter’’) was established in 1998 to conduct research on 

4 all forms of targeted violence, including attacks tar5 geting government officials, government facilities, 

6 workplaces, houses of worship, K–12 schools, univer7 sities, and mass attacks in public spaces. 

8 (7) Research published by the Center on tar9 geted violence has shown that— 

10 (A) most incidents were planned in ad11 vance; 

12 (B) the attackers’ behavior gave some indi13 cation that the individual was planning, or at 

14 least contemplating, an attack; 

15 (C) most attackers had already exhibited a 

16 pattern of behavior that elicited concern to 

17 other people in their lives; and 

18 (D) prior to the attack, someone associated 

19 with the attacker, such as a family member or 

20 peer, often knew the attack was to likely to 

21 occur. 

22 (8) Through their research, the Center devel23 oped the Secret Service’s behavioral threat assess24 ment model for preventing targeted violence, which 

25 includes a 3-step process— 


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1 (A) identifying individuals who are exhib2 iting threatening or concerning behaviors that 

3 indicate they may pose a risk of violence; 

4 (B) assessing whether the individual poses 

5 a risk, based on articulable facts; and 

6 (C) risk posed by the individualized 

7 proactive and preventive measures. 

8 (9) The Secret Service’s behavioral threat as9 sessment model works most effectively when all the 

10 relevant parties, including local law enforcement, 

11 mental health professionals, workplace managers, 

12 school personnel, and members of the community, 

13 are part of a comprehensive protocol to identify, as14 sess, and manage a potential threat. 

15 (10) The primary goal of behavioral threat as16 sessment programs is to prevent targeted violence, 

17 with an emphasis on providing early intervention 

18 and connecting individuals exhibiting threatening or 

19 concerning behavior to existing community resources 

20 for support. 

21 (11) Early intervention is a proven and effective 

22 way to prevent violent conduct that would otherwise 

23 harm others and necessitate more punitive action, 

24 including criminal penalties. 


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1 (12) The parties involved need the appropriate 

2 research, guidance, training, and tools to establish 

3 the appropriate mechanisms for implementing this 

4 type of preventative approach. 

5 (13) In K–12 schools, a behavioral threat as6 sessment is a proactive approach to identify, assess, 

7 and provide age-appropriate interventions, resources, 

8 and supports for students who display behavior that 

9 elicits concerns for the safety of themselves or oth10 ers. 

11 (14) There has been a 79 percent decline in ju12 venile arrests in K–12 school communities who have 

13 received Center training, thus successfully diverting 

14 youth away from the criminal justice system. 

15 (15) The demand from local communities 

16 throughout the United States for behavioral threat 

17 assessment trainings has significantly increased. 

18 Since its inception, the Center has provided over 

19 2,575 training sessions to over 273,000 attendees. 

20 (16) From fiscal year 2018 to fiscal year 2022, 

21 the Center has experienced a 117 percent increase in 

22 demand for training sessions, with five times as 

23 many participants. 

24 (17) The Center additionally provides consulta25 tion and follow-up engagements with government 


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1 agencies, law enforcement, schools, and other organi2 zations with public safety responsibilities. From fis3 cal year 2018 to fiscal year 2022 the Center has 

4 seen a 553 percent increase in consultation activi5 ties. 

6 (b) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of Con7 gress that a fact-based behavioral threat assessment ap8 proach, involving local law enforcement, mental health 

9 professionals, workplace managers, school personnel, other 

10 public safety officials, and members of the community, is 

11 one of the most effective ways to prevent targeted violence 

12 impacting communities across the country, and is a fitting 

13 memorial to those whose lives were taken in the February 

14 14, 2018, attack on Marjory Stoneman Douglas High 

15 School and those who heroically acted to preserve the lives 

16 of their friends, students, and colleagues. 

17 SEC. 3. REAUTHORIZATION AND EXPANSION OF THE NA18 TIONAL THREAT ASSESSMENT CENTER OF 

19 THE DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY. 

20 (a) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 203 of title 18, United 

21 States Code, is amended by inserting after section 3056A 

22 the following: 


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1 ‘‘§ 3056B. Functions of the National Threat Assess2 ment Center of the United States Secret 

3 Service 

4 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—There is established a National 

5 Threat Assessment Center (in this section referred to as 

6 the ‘Center’), to be operated by the United States Secret 

7 Service, at the direction of the Secretary of Homeland Se8 curity. 

9 ‘‘(b) FUNCTIONS.—The functions of the Center shall 

10 include the following: 

11 ‘‘(1) Training and education in the area of best 

12 practices on threat assessment and the prevention of 

13 targeted violence. 

14 ‘‘(2) Consultation on complex threat assessment 

15 cases and programs. 

16 ‘‘(3) Research on threat assessment and the 

17 prevention of targeted violence, consistent with evi18 dence-based standards and existing laws and regula19 tions. 

20 ‘‘(4) Facilitation of information sharing on 

21 threat assessment and the prevention of targeted vi22 olence among agencies and organizations with pro23 tective or public safety responsibilities, as well as 

24 other public or private entities. 

25 ‘‘(5) Development of evidence-based programs 

26 to promote the standardization of Federal, State, 


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1 and local threat assessments and best practices for 

2 the prevention of targeted violence. 

3 ‘‘(c) SAFE SCHOOL INITIATIVE.—In carrying out the 

4 functions described in subsection (b), the Center shall es5 tablish a national program on targeted school violence pre6 vention, focusing on the following activities: 

7 ‘‘(1) RESEARCH.—The Center shall— 

8 ‘‘(A) conduct research into targeted school 

9 violence and evidence-based practices in tar10 geted school violence prevention, including 

11 school threat assessment; and 

12 ‘‘(B) publish the findings of the Center on 

13 the public website of the United States Secret 

14 Service and on the School Safety Clearinghouse 

15 website, known as www.SchoolSafety.gov. 

16 ‘‘(2) TRAINING.— 

17 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—The Center shall de18 velop and offer training courses on targeted 

19 school violence prevention to agencies with pro20 tective or public safety responsibilities and 

21 other public or private entities, including local 

22 educational agencies. 

23 ‘‘(B) PLAN.—Not later than one year after 

24 the date of enactment of this section, the Cen25 ter shall establish a plan to offer its training 


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1 and other educational resources to public or pri2 vate entities within each State. 

3 ‘‘(3) COORDINATION WITH OTHER FEDERAL

4 AGENCIES.—The Center shall develop research and 

5 training programs under this section in coordination 

6 with the Department of Justice, the Department of 

7 Education, and the Department of Health and 

8 Human Services. 

9 ‘‘(4) CONSULTATION WITH ENTITIES OUTSIDE

10 THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.—The Center is au11 thorized to consult with State and local educational, 

12 law enforcement, and mental health officials and pri13 vate entities in the development of research and 

14 training programs under this section. 

15 ‘‘(5) INTERACTIVE WEBSITE.—The Center may 

16 create an interactive website to disseminate informa17 tion and data on evidence-based practices in tar18 geted school violence prevention. 

19 ‘‘(d) HIRING OF ADDITIONAL PERSONNEL.—The Di20 rector of the United States Secret Service may hire addi21 tional personnel to comply with the requirements of this 

22 section, which, if the Director exercises that authority, 

23 shall include— 

24 ‘‘(1) at least one employee with expertise in 

25 child psychological development; and 


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1 ‘‘(2) at least one employee with expertise in 

2 school threat assessment. 

3 ‘‘(e) REPORT TO CONGRESS.—Not later than two 

4 years after the date of enactment of this section, the Di5 rector of the Secret Service shall submit to the Committee 

6 on the Judiciary, the Committee on Health, Education, 

7 Labor, and Pensions, and the Committee on Appropria8 tions of the Senate and the Committee on the Judiciary, 

9 the Committee on Education and Labor, and the Com10 mittee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives 

11 a report on actions taken by the United States Secret 

12 Service to implement provisions of this section, which shall 

13 include information relating to the following: 

14 ‘‘(1) The number of employees hired (on a full15 time equivalent basis). 

16 ‘‘(2) The number of individuals in each State 

17 trained in threat assessment. 

18 ‘‘(3) The number of school districts in each 

19 State trained in school threat assessment or targeted 

20 school violence prevention. 

21 ‘‘(4) Information on Federal, State, and local 

22 agencies trained or otherwise assisted by the Center. 

23 ‘‘(5) A formal evaluation indicating whether the 

24 training and other assistance provided by the Center 

25 is effective. 


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1 ‘‘(6) A formal evaluation indicating whether the 

2 training and other assistance provided by the Center 

3 was implemented by the school. 

4 ‘‘(7) A summary of the Center’s research activi5 ties and findings. 

6 ‘‘(8) A strategic plan for disseminating the 

7 Center’s educational and training resources to each 

8 State. 

9 ‘‘(f) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

10 is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section 

11 $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2028. 

12 Amounts appropriated pursuant to such authorization 

13 shall be derived wholly from the unobligated balances of 

14 amounts made available to the Department, on or before 

15 the date of the enactment of this section, to prevent, pre16 pare for, or respond to the coronavirus. 

17 ‘‘(g) NO FUNDS TO PROVIDE FIREARMS TRAIN18 ING.—Amounts made available to carry out this section 

19 may not be used to train any person in the use of a fire20 arm. 

21 ‘‘(h) NO EFFECT ON OTHER LAWS.—Nothing in this 

22 section may be construed to preclude or contradict any 

23 other provision of law authorizing training in the use of 

24 firearms. 


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1 ‘‘(i) TERMINATION.—This section shall terminate on 

2 September 30, 2028. 

3 ‘‘(j) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

4 ‘‘(1) EVIDENCE-BASED.—The term ‘evidence5 based’ means— 

6 ‘‘(A) strong evidence from at least one 

7 well-designed and well-implemented experi8 mental study; 

9 ‘‘(B) moderate evidence from at least one 

10 well-designed and well-implemented quasi-exper11 imental study; or 

12 ‘‘(C) promising evidence from at least one 

13 well-designed and well-implemented correla14 tional study with statistical controls for selec15 tion bias. 

16 ‘‘(2) LOCAL EDUCATIONAL AGENCY.—The term 

17 ‘local educational agency’ has the meaning given 

18 such term under section 8101 of the Elementary 

19 and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 

20 7801); and 

21 ‘‘(3) STATE.—The term ‘State’ means any 

22 State of the United States, the District of Columbia, 

23 the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Is24 lands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Common25 wealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.’’. 


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1 (b) TECHNICAL, CONFORMING, AND CLERICAL

2 AMENDMENTS.— 

3 (1) TECHNICAL AND CONFORMING AMEND4 MENT.—Section 4 of the Presidential Threat Protec5 tion Act of 2000 (18 U.S.C. 3056 note) is repealed. 

6 (2) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of sec7 tions for chapter 203 of title 18, United States 

8 Code, is amended by inserting after the item relating 

9 to section 3056A the following new item: 

‘‘3056B. Functions of the National Threat Assessment Center of the United 

States Secret Service.’’. 

Æ 


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