UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON D .C., 2 0460



### DEC S 02010 O FFICE O F C HEMICAL SA FETY AND POLl UTION PREVENT ION MEMORA ND UM
S UBJ E CT: B EAD C he mical Pr ofile fo r Registration Re view : P iperonyl But oxide ( PC Cod e : 067 501) F ROM : Ni khil M allampalli , E nto mologis t B iological An alys is Branch

Ji had A l sadek , Econom is t S cie n ce In f o rmation & Ana lysis Br anch B iologica l and Ec ono mi c Anal sis D i vis ion (7 503P) S tephen S me arman, E conomist 

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THR U: A rnet J ones, C hief B i o logic a l A na l ysis Br an T i m othy K iel y, C hie f Eco n o mi c A na lysis Bran ch D iann S im s, C hi e f Scie nce Inform ation & A naly sis Brane B iological and Ec o nomi c Analy sis D ivision (7503P T O: J ose G ayoso C hemical Revi ew Manage r Pe sticide Ree va luation Divi sion (75 08P) 

### BEAD Product Review Panel date: September 15, 2010

Page I of6I nt roductio n P iperony l but oxid e (PBO) is a c hem ical that is a dded in f orm ulations o f sy nthetic py rethro ids and org anophosp hates to i ncrease th eir in secticidal a ctivity. Thi s e ff ect i s ca lled sy nerg ism
. Th ere i s a l so e vidence th at th e a ddition o f P RO (e ither as part o f a fo rmulation o r appl ied se parately) i ncrea s es py rethroid efficacy aga inst i nsect pop ulation s s h owi n g res ist ance t o thi s cl ass of in secticide s (e .g., Bin gham e t a l. 2 007)
. A goo d overview of the his tory of PBO is p rovided by Jones ( 1999) and p araphrased b y th e websi te "Friends o f Py rethrum " (see http ://friend sofpyrethrum .co '.uklPBO- lntroduction .html )
. T his d o cum ent f ollow s a fo rmat re cently d eveloped b y BEAD to co nvey u sage in f orm ati on o n pes tic ides that are b eginning to un dergo regi str ati on rev iew
. The an tici pated au dience f or thi s pa per co nsi s t s o f th e team of E PA s taff c urrently evaluating th e registrati on s tatus ofP BO , as we ll a s th e ge nera l publi c. T his do cum ent build s upon the d ata a lready p rovided in th e "Usage an d L abel Use Data P ackage s" th at a re a l so p rov id ed to Regi s tration Rev iew te am s by B EAD
. 

### COMMON FORM ULA nONS AND APPLICA nON METHODS PBO i s u su ally f ormul ated i n m ix tures w ith i nsec ti cides, prim aril y syn thetic p yrethroids. T hu s, i t i s avai lable in d iverse form s, i ncluding aeroso ls , liquid s , ready -to- use s o luti o ns, d ust s, we ttable powd ers , m icroe ncapsulates , i mpregnated m aterials, pr e s surized gases , pr e ss urized liquid s, p ress urize d s p rays, mi cro- emul si ons , dilut able co ncentrate s, s ham poo s, p our-ons (spo t-on), an d water -ba se d co ncentrates . I n ag ricultura l u s e s , co mmo n f ormulations u s ed a re l ikely to include liquid , we ttabl e p owder , an d mic roe ncaps ulate ( since th e s e are f ormul ati on s th at a re u s ed f or sy nthetic pyre throids)
. In n onag ricultural setti ngs (e.g ., re s idential and food -handling es tablishment s), co mmon ly u sed f ormulations include ready-to-use s o lutio n s, l iquid s, and aeroso l s. A pplication m ethods a re a lso d iverse
. Th ey i nclude a ero s ol cans, m ist bl owers , m etered ae roso l un it s, ae rial app licatio n , tru ck-m ounted ultr a low vo lume ( ULV) eq ui pme nt, h and held s prayers, the rma l fogging eq uipment , co nventional dus ting e qu ipment (e .g., s hake r can s), and irriga tion s ystems. Of th ese, ae rial an d g r ound e qui pme nt u s ed f or s y nth et ic py rethro ids are p robably c o mmo n i n ag ricultural u s e si te s, w hile a pplication m ethods s uch as h and he ld s p raye r s, s hak er ca ns, a nd ae roso l uni t s a re m ore t ypical in n on- agricult ural s ites. 

### USAGE Ag ricultural U sage Base d o n p rivate m arket p esticide u sage data fro m 1 998-200 8, an nua l to tal a gricultural u s age ave raged ap prox imate ly 9,00 0 Ib s active in gredient (a.i .) f or a lmost 60,000 ac res o f a ll crops (G fK Kynet ic , 1 998- 2008 )
.

Pa ge 2 

### aU l

### During the same time peri od , 1 998 - 2008 , t he lar gest market s in term s o f total 

### pound s of a ctive 

### in

gred ientapplied were: w int er 

### wheat ( 39 %) , potatoe s ( 1 3%), milo so rghum ( 8%), lettu ce ( 6%), alfalfa, s trawberries, & lem ons ( 5% , e ach) , and s weet c om ( 4 %) (G tK K ynetcc, 19 98-20 08)
. 

### Figure 1.

II S traw berrie s
• terren e [] Sweet Corn

• O!h er 4 ' %

13 % , % 1 4 % Piperonyl .Butollide largest Crop Markets r .

:c

_ :::c -c ,,-c.

## ", =,, - .,.1

• so tetces o So rghum ( MIo) o l ettuce
• Alfalfa s%



### The s tates with the m o st a gricultura l usage in term s 

### of p ound s a .i. 

### applied include Oklahoma, Califo rni a, Wi sconsin. Ark ansa s, Iow a, Alabama, and Tex as ( GfK Kynete c , 

### 1998-2008) . Figure 2.

• OKLAH)fJA
• CA lFC>fNt\**cx:>NS** o ARKANSAS U lWA

• ALABAM4.

• TEXA S [] Other 4 0%

22 % 

## , % States Us ing P iperonyl ·Butollide Most Poundage

Non-Agricultural Usage 

### K

line d ata ar e limited , and da te from 19 99 . Th ey s h o w that about 67 5 Ib a.i . o f PBO w ere u sed o n in stituti onal turf , and almost 50 pound s o n nursery/ greenho use. B EAD f ound o ther po tentially o u tda ted d ata ( from 1 997) in U S DA's National Agri cult ur al St atistics S ervice (NASS) s urv eys . th at s h o w abo ut 51 ,000 Ib s of PB O were used o n a ll li ve st ock. 

### an d alm ost 1

9 .000 pound s were u sed in mi scellaneous general 

### f arm use, bui ldin gs an d struc tures, road s, and dit ches
. N ASS dat a a lso s how a bout 1 , 200 Ib s were u sed in 200 0 , 200 Ib s in 2 003, and 70 0 Ib s 

### in 20 06 o n all nur sery and floriculture c rops. NA SS data on po sth arve st u ses show that abo ut 300 l b s of PBO were u sed o n pean uts in 1999 and a lmo s t 3,0 00 Ib s in 2004 -05 (N ASS , 1 9 99-20 0 1 , 2 003, 2006 ).
Page 3 of6US E TRE N DS Th ere w a s no PB O u se o n alfalf a, exc ept i n 20 0 3 ( al mo s t 4 ,5 00 I b s a.i. ) , no u se o n le mon s fr om 19 98

- 0 3, a lmo s t 2,0 00 Ibs in 2 004 and sta rted to d ec line f rom then o n, u s e o n lettuce peak ed in 20 05 (a lmo s t 4 ,000 lb s a. i
. ) a nd w ent do wn to 3 4 1 1bs in 200 8 . Us age o n pot atoe s p eaked in 2 004 ( al m os t 8 , 500 I b s ) an d we nt do wn to z ero in f ollo wing year s. M ilo s orghum wa s t reated only in 2 0 0 0 ( almost 8 , 000 Ibs) ; u s e o n s t rawb e rries w a s re lativ ely h igh in 2 0 0 0 ( almost 4 , 000 Ibs ) , a nd al mo s t wen t d o w n to z e ro there a ft e r . S weet co m wa s treated w ith PS O in 2 000 o n ly (a l mos t 4 , 000 lb s ) , and w inte r w h eat was m ain l y treated i n 20 07 (a lmo s t 3 8, 0 0 0 I b s )
. T he f o llowing g raph s p rovid e u s age t rend s fo r PBO , in term s of po unds app l ied , for th e lar g e st ag ricultura l m arket s. Fi gure 3
. Po und s o f PBO A pp l ied t o W inter Wh eat ( 1998- 2 008 ) 

### Winte r Wheat <i. 4 0, 000 

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## l' " c:; Ye ar So urce: G fK K ynetec, 1998 -20 08

Figure 4
. Pound s o f P B O A pplied to Potatoe s (1 998-2008) 

### P otatoes <i. 10.0 00 

# • 

# .., c 

# , 0 0 Q, ,,'0 ",c:; c:;" 

### ",d' ",<0 ",'0 

# ," l' l' 'l) 

## l' " c:; Year So urce: G fK K ynete c , 199 8-2008

Page 4 o f6F ig ure 5
. Pound s o f PBO Applie d to S org hum ( Milo) ( 19 98 -2 008) Sorghum(Milo)



# ... 1 0 ,00 0 

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Fi gur e 6. P ound s of PB O App lied to Le ttuce ( 1998-2 008) Le ttuce -'


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# '" '" Year S ou r ce : G tK K y n etec , 1998 ·2008 P BO u s age tre nd s ( in both ag ricultural and n o n -agric ultural si tes) probab ly re flect th ose of s ev era l sy nthetic p yreth roid s (e.g. , c yfluthrin , e sfc nvalerate , e tc .) it i s fo rmulated w ith. Sy nthetic py rethro ids in the cro p s m enti oned abo ve a re typ ically u sed mo st o ften to co ntrol a v ariety o f caterp illars, ap hid s, bee tles, and grass hoppers/c ricket s. While p yrethroid s ( like o rgan o p hosphate s) a re - toxic o n contact a s we ll a s afte r ingestion, they are pa rticula rly valued by grower s and pe st co ntrol o perat ors f or thei r ra pid "knockdown " e ffect

- a temporary p aralysi s that literally cau ses target ins ects to f all off the p lan t. T hi s c an be particularl y u seful if in sec t s need to be co ntrolled a s well a s removed clo se to harvest . Past BEAD assess me nts Th ere were n o formal imp act as sessment s d one for the PB O Rere gistration Eligibility Deci s ion ( which was iss ued in 2006 )
. There i s o ne S ection 18 review by B EAD fo r an emer gency e xemption requ est by C a l ifo rn i a to u se a mixt ure of PBO and d -phenothrin to c ontrol mosquit oes i n alm o nd s, p astures, rice, and tree nuts ( Bras s ard
. 2 005 )
.

Pag e 5 of6DATA NEE DS RELE VAN T T O BEAD's FUTURE WOR K ON PDO O bta i ning additi onal i nf o rmatio n o n th e f o ll owing item s wo uld impro ve BE AD' s a ssessment of the importan ce o f PB O as a p est mana g ement to o l. Thi s ass essment i s m ay b e required as part o f th e regi stration r ev iew o f thi s p esticide. 

### 1
. For n o n- a gric ultur al u ses, in formation o n target p ests, e fficacy of PBO and its tec hn ically f easible a lternatives (e.g., M GK

- 264) , and tr eatment cos ts. 2 . C onfirmation o f the m ajo r target pe sts f or which PS O is u sed in a gricultural product ion. 3. Rece nt re sistance rep orts for PB O in popu l ations of important tar get pe sts. 4 . Fo r ag ricultural u ses, work er ac tivities that oc cur i n tr eated field s at th e typical tim e of PSO ap p l ications. 

### RE FERENCES: B ingham, G., R .V. Gunni n g, K
. Go rman, L.M . F ield, and G .D. Mo ores. 2 007
. T emporal sy nergism b y mi croencapsula tion o f pip ero nyl buto xide and u- cyperm ethrin o vercomes in secticide re sistance in c rop pe sts. P est Managem ent Sc i. 6 3: 2 76

- 281. Br assard , D . 2 005
. Pip eron yl buto xide + d

- phe no thrin f or mo squito co ntrol (W
. N i le v irus) in almond, g rass pa stures, r ice, and wa l nut ( DP 

### # 3 194 10). Intern al B EAD docum ent transmitted to OP P 's Registration Di visio n . J ones , D .G ( ed.). 1 998 . P iperony l But oxid e : The Insecticide Sy nergist. 323 pp . Aca demic Pr es s, S an Di ego, CA. G tK Kynet ec. ( 1998-2008). E PA Pr oprietary D ata. NASS Ag ricultura l Che mical Usage 1999 Livestock S ummary. A vai lable at: www. nass. usda. gov/
. NASS Ag ricultura l C hemical Usage 2 000 N ursery and F loriculture S ummary , 20 02
. Av ailable at: \'
...ww. nass.usda.gov/
. NA SS Ag ricultural C hemica l Usage 2 003 N ursery a nd Fl ori culture Summary, 2 004. Av ailab le at : \\'\'lw.nass. usda.gov /
. NASS A gricul tural C he mica l Us age 200 6 N ursery and F loricu lture S ummary, 2 007. Av ailab le at : www. nass.usda.gov/
. NASS A gricultural C hemical U s age 2 001 Po stharv est Applic ations-Peanut s , Ric e, a nd S orghum. Ava ilab le at: \'
...\\w .nass.usda.gov/
. N ASS Ag ricultura l C hemica l Us age 20 06 Postharvest Ap p lica tions -Pe an uts S ummary. Av ai lab le at: w \\'w .nass.usda.gov/
.

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