A111D2 MATin

HAH. INST OF STANDARDS & TECH R.I.C.

All 1024871 19

Treado, S J/Bulldlng energy analysis wl QC100 U56 NO 85-3256 V1986 C.1 NBS-PUB- Building Energy Analysis with

BLAST and CEL-1

NBS

PUBLICATIONS

Stephen J. Treado

Douglas B. Holland

William E. Remmert

Reference

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Building Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

William Pierpoint

Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory

Port Hueneme, California

February 1 986

'JREAU OF STANDARDS

NBSIR 85-3256

BUILDING ENERGY ANALYSIS WITH

BLAST AND CEL-1

Stephen J. Treado

Douglas B. Holland

William E. Remmert

U S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Building Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

William Pierpoint

Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory

Port Hueneme, California

February 1986

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

NBS RESEARCH INFORMATION CENTER

Abstract

This report describes the capabilities of the BLAST and CEL-1 computer programs

and the procedures for using a hybrid version which incorporates both programs

into a single design and analysis tool. Details on assembling the required

information for development of the input files and the actual execution of the

hybrid program are covered. The program allows detailed simulation of actual

lighting systems using CEL-1 including daylighting effects while providing

BLAST with lighting energy modifiers on an hourly basis.

The procedure is demonstrated using a sample building.

Keywords: day lighting, energy simulation, lighting, solar radiation.

iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

1. INTRODUCTION . 1

2. TECHNIQUES FOR BUILDING ENERGY COMPUTER ANALYSIS 1

2.1 LOADS, SYSTEMS AND PLANT 2 2.2 DESIGN PHASES 3

2.2.1 Predesign Stage 3

2.2.2 Preliminary Design Stage 4

2.2.3 Advanced Design Stage 4

2.2.4 Retrofit Analysis 5

3. THE BLAST/ CEL- 1 COMPUTER PROGRAM 5

3.1 BLAST/ CEL- 1 CAPABILITIES 5 3.2 INPUT INFORMATION AND FILE FORMATION 5 3.3 THE BLAST INPUT FILE 8

3.4 THE CEL-1 INPUT FILE 13

4. SAMPLE BUILDING ANALYSIS 16

4.1 SAMPLE BLAST INPUT FILE 16

4.2 SAMPLE CEL-1 INPUT FILE 20

5. SUMMARY 27

6. REFERENCES 28

APPENDIX A. CEL-1 PRECALCULATION AND BLAST INTERFACING ROUTINES A-l

APPENDIX B. ACCESSING THE BOEING COMPUTER SYSTEM AND RUNNING

BLAST/ CEL-1 B-l

iv
LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1. Sample Building Information 17

Table 2. BLAST Input File Listing . 32

Table 3. CEL-1 Input File for Zone 1 36

Table 4. CEL-1 Output for Zone 1 37

Table 5. CEL-1 Input Files for Zones 2 through 4 49

Table 6. CEL-1 Output for Zones 2 through 4 . 52

Table 7. CEL-1 Input Files for BLAST/ CEL- 1 ........ . 88

Table 8. Output from BLAST/ CEL- 1 Simulation 92

Table A-l. Diffuse and Direct Normal Illuminances Used for the Overcast Precalculations A7

Table A-2. Diffuse and Direct Normal Illuminances Used for the NonOvercast Precalculations A7

Table A-3a. Solar Position Boxes for Latitude 24° A-8

Table A-3b. Solar Position Boxes for Latitude 32° A-9

Table A-3c. Solar Position Boxes for Latitude 40° A-10

Table A-3d. Solar Position Boxes for Latitude 48° A-ll

Table A-4. Procedure File to Execute CEL-1 from BLAST A- 16

Table A-5. Update File Procedure Listing A-18

Table B-l. Procedure File to Execute BLAST/ CEL- 1 B-2

v
LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure A

Figure A

Building and surface coordinate systems in the

BLAST environment „ 29

Building and surface coordinate systems in the CEL-1

environment . . .

.

30

Floor nlan of sample building „ e ...... 31

-1 Definitions of solar angles .......................... A-29

-2 Typical combinations of diffuse and direct illuminances

observed over a year near Washington, D.C. . . A-30

vi
1. INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this report is to describe the techniques for using the BLAST

and CEL-1 computer programs together to analyze building heating, cooling, and

lighting loads and energy requirements. The BLAST (Building Loads and System

Thermodynamics) [1] program accommodates the simulation of heat gains, heat

losses, heat storage, and heat transfer throughout the building. HVAC equipment

and central plants can also be simulated.

Lighting is included in the BLAST simulation, but only in a general manner.

It is expressed as lighting power for each building space or zone. The percentage of lighting system output energy which is radiant, the percentage which

is visible, and the percentage which goes directly into the return air can be

specified. The effects of dimming or switching due to daylight utilization

for interior illumination are modeled as simple constant coefficients relating

interior electric lighting levels to the levels of direct and diffuse solar

radiation entering the zone. The determination of the appropriate values to

be used for the percent usable direct and diffuse irradiance parameters can require considerable effort. Lighting energy would not be expected to vary in

direct proportion to the total irradiance entering the zone, due to angular

effects and controller nonlinearity, so the constant coefficients must be

chosen for an average condition.

Motivated by a desire to model the performance of lighting systems in a more

realistic manner, and also to integrate the lighting and thermal analyses into

a single comprehensive package, the CEL-1 (Conservation of Electric Lighting)

[2,3] program has been modified to operate as a lighting simulation subprogram

of BLAST. Together, the hybrid program (BLAST/CEL-1) can perform detailed

lighting and thermal modeling of buildings.

This report describes some of the techniques for performing building energy

computer analysis using BLAST/CEL-1. The capabilities of BLAST/ CEL- 1 are discussed and a sample building evaluation is presented. The appendices list

the details of the hybrid BLAST/ CEL-1 interface routines.

2. COMPUTER TECHNIQUES FOR BUILDING ENERGY ANALYSIS

Computer programs for building energy analysis have been developed in response to

the need of the design and engineering community for tools to enable the design

of energy efficient buildings [4]. Due to the many energy and economic tradeoffs

associated with building design options, it is difficult to determine the

optimum ranges for design parameters based on intuition alone. The interactions

between the building envelope, building heating and cooling loads, and HVAC

system performance are complex, creating difficulties in evaluating the relative

performance of design options [5, 6, 7, 8]. For example, varying window size will

influence solar heat gains, thermal heat transfer, and interior daylight levels

[9]. The solar heat gains are beneficial in the heating season and detrimental

during the cooling season. Thermal heat transfer is usually not beneficial,

causing a heat loss in winter and a heat gain in summer. Interior daylight is

beneficial, but only at levels up to the required illumination set-point. At

1
any time, the net effect of the combination of these three factors is dependent

upon the weather conditions, whether the building is in a heating or cooling

mode, and occupant factors such as scheduling and internal energy usage for

equipment. Over a typical year, these conditions and the associated net effects

vary considerably. The annual net effect is simply the sum of each of the

incremental amounts.

The building model may include heat transfer and energy performance components

related to the building envelope, HVAC system and occupant loads. Hourly time

increments are usually used for this type of analysis, although shorter time

steps are sometimes required for detailed simulation of controls. Weather

tapes have been generated to provide hourly values for important weather parameters

The basic procedure for performing building energy analysis with BLAST/ CEL-1 is

as follows:

• establish baseline building

• simulate baseline building

® evaluate the design performance

» redesign

© resimulate

• repeat until optimum determined

This section of the report describes some of the background for building energy

simulations, including an analysis of simulation requirements and objectives

at various stages of design.

2.1 LOADS, SYSTEMS, AND PLANT

The sequencing of building energy simulation computer programs such as BLAST,

mirrors the general breakdown of the problem into its major components. Building

energy or thermal loads represent the energy which must be added to or extracted

from the building to maintain the desired conditions. A lighting load is energy

added to the space to provide for illumination. A heating load is energy which

must be added to the space to maintain the desired temperature conditions. A

cooling load is energy which must be removed from the space to meet comfort

conditions.

These loads are determined from heat balance considerations, including the

effects of solar heat gains, thermal heat transfer, internal equipment, occupancy schedules, and temperature control criteria. In many cases, the loads calculations are all that are required for a particular simulation. An attempt can

be made miniai^o xoads , and then design the best system to met: those loads.

While the HVAC system is not modeled during the loads computations, its effect

is implicitly Included in the specification of the temperature control strategy.

That is , the heat balance calculations used to determine the loads are dependent

upon the desired building space air temperatures, as specified by a temperature

control profile. The temperature control profile should be chosen to match the

temperature control performance of the HVAC system proposed for the building.

2
This might be dead-hand control, proportional control or some other typical

control profile. If the system type has not been determined, a standard

temperature control profile should be specified, usually from the BLAST library.

Once the loads are calculated they can be converted into energy by the user

through the use of an assumed heating efficiency and cooling coefficient of

performance. Dividing heating loads by heating efficiency determines heating

energy, while dividing cooling loads by the coefficient of performance determines cooling energy. Lighting and other electrical loads are equivalent to

energy without conversion. However, if more detailed system performance

information is required, BLAST can be used to simulate the HVAC system and plant.

During the systems portion of the calculations, BLAST can simulate fan system

performance, deck and outside air controls, coil performance, and heat recovery

systems. The central plant calculations include equipment performance and

load scheduling. In addition, an economic analysis can be included in the

plant section.

2.2 DESIGN PHASES

The simulation requirements and outputs are dependent on the objectives of the

analysis, which in turn are dependent upon the stage of the design and motivation

for the evaluation. This issue is discussed in the following sections.

2.2.1 Predesign Stage

The predesign category includes two general classes of design. First, for the

case of an actual proposed building, the predesign stage of analysis usually

is intended to determine general building characteristics. Second, there may

not be an actual proposed building under consideration, but rather generalized

design guidelines for a typical generic category of buildings. In either

case, specific building information is not available, so the simulation must

be based on general considerations. Performing only the loads calculations

and not considering system or plant performance may be most appropriate for

the predesign stage. The loads output is more directly sensitive to envelope

design than systems output, which provides information directly linked to a particular system, which might not be the appropriate system for the load

patterns.

Many critical design decisions must be made very early in the design process.

Items such as fenestration type and size cannot be easily altered once the

building design has reached an advanced stage, without severely disrupting other

elements of the design (structural, electrical, etc.). As a result, the predesign stage analysis should focus on those design options which potentially

will have the most impact on building loads, using a fairly simple building

model, and a variation of parameters technique. For example, varying window

size and location or comparing windows to skylights of various sizes will

enable initial determination of fenestration design. Once the initial design

has been determined, more detailed modeling can be used to fine-tune the

design options over a smaller range, including more specific design details.

3
2.2.2 Preliminary Design Stage

The preliminary design stage occurs during the initial planning stages for the

building. Typically, some information related to building usage and site

constraints is available. For example, the number of building floors, required

floor area, and general site layout are usually determined fairly early in the

design of a building. However, considerable latitude remains in determining

other design parameters, such as envelope construction components, heating,

cooling, and lighting systems, and design of interior spaces. If passive or hybrid solar strategies or other innovative design concepts are to be included

in the list of design alternatives, they must be considered at this stage of

design. This is due to the interactions between building structural and

envelope requirements, building orientation, and the building thermal and

lighting systems.

During the preliminary design stage, loads calculations may still suffice,

although a simple system model may allow easier comparison of the net energy

impacts of design alternatives. Since it is probable that a significant number

of simulations could be required to enable evaluation of the various design

options, an elaborate simulation model at this stage could be costly. The more detailed modeling should be done during the advanced and final design phases.

It is easy to see how a series of simulations with multiple variation of

parameters can mushroom into an excessively large set. As an example, consider

a typical office space with one exterior wall. Let's say that we would like to

compare annual energy requirements for the space for two different wall types,

two insulation levels, three sizes of single-pane and double-pane windows, and

three different window shading coefficients. The total number of required simulations, determined by the product of the number of variations of each variable,

is 72. If more than one system were to be simulated* this number would increase

in direct proportion. Thus, the simulation efforts during the preliminary

design stages should be directed towards general envelope design issues,

consistent with the objectives of initial building design.

2.2.3 Advanced Design Stage

The user will probably have passed through the preliminary design simulation

stage before reaching the advanced stage. This means that the simulation

input files are in existence, although they may be simplified geometrically,

and lacking detail, particularly regarding system design. However, the initial

simulations should have allowed identification of the most effective envelope

design on the basis of building loads and/or energy.

During the advanced design stage the building simulation input file can be

expanded to include more explicit detail than was required during the initial

simulations. Envelope parameters can be held constant, with emphasis placed on system performance, for various system options. Once the system design has been

basically determined, both the building envelope and systems can be adjusted

for optimum performance. This might involve slight adjustments in glazing area

or transmittance or changes in fan sizing or in other system parameters.

4
2.2.4. Retrofit Analysis

Building energy simulation for retrofit analysis differs from the previously

discussed phases, both in its scope and objective. Retrofit analysis concerns existing buildings, and the evaluation of the impact of proposed or potential

changes on building performance. These changes are usually small compared to

alternatives in new building design. For example, they might involve the

addition of insulation or replacement of part of the HVAC system.

For retrofit analysis, the existing building must be modeled first to establish

a baseline condition. Then the simulation input file is modified to simulate

the retrofit activity, and the output of the simulation compared to the baseline building. The energy or dollar savings, if any, are compared to the cost

of the retrofit to determine cost effectiveness. The retrofit alternative

with the greatest savings-to-investment ratio is usually selected if it meets

other design criteria.

Sometimes it is more useful to simulate retrofit options using a variation of

parameters technique rather than to simulate actual retrofit strategies. In

this manner, the optimum retrofit characteristics can be determined and the

actual retrofit strategy can be selected to match the optimum characteristics.

For example, window transmittance can be varied in steps of 0.1 to determine

the best value for a fixed window size.

3. THE BLAST/ CEL-1 COMPUTER PROGRAM

3.1. BLAST /CEL-1 CAPABILITIES

The hybrid version of BLAST/ CEL-1 contains all of the capabilities of both

programs. A complete understanding of the capabilities and their implementation

can only be gained from the respective user’s guides [1,3]. However, a general

description is provided here, along with a step-by-step description of the

procedure for using the program, illustrated by a sample building analysis.

3.2. INPUT INFORMATION AND FILE FORMATION

The first step in using BLAST/ CEL-1 is to obtain access to a computing system

which has both the programs. Appendix B of this report describes access information. Assuming that access has been established, we can examine the

details of performing building energy analysis with the hybrid program.

Many factors can influence building energy performance and usage. These include

internal and external loads, HVAC system design and operation, control types

and strategies, plant type and efficiency, and economic considerations. External

loads are associated with weather and solar conditions while internal loads

are due to lights, equipment, and people. In order to have a valid simulation,

accurate information must be used to assemble the input files.

5
Some of the information can be provided by BLAST/ CEL-1, but most is provided by

the user. The program will provide default values for some required parameters,

but these are not always appropriate for a specific design. Weather tape information is available, and other information is contained in the BLAST and CEL-1

libraries, and can be selected by the user.

Thus the first stage of a BLAST/ CEL- 1 analysis is the data gathering phase.

Building data must be obtained to enable the development of the input files.

For an existing building, the plans and specifications can usually be obtained.

For a new building design, proposed specifications can be used, if available.

If not, choices of materials and layout must be made (i.e., preliminary design

stage). For a full-fledged simulation, the following types of input information

are required t

architectural plans

o sections and details for walls, ceilings, etc.

*• mechanical plans - air systems

•7 mechanical plans - central plant

•> lighting plans

' schedules

- lighting

- heating

- cooling

- occupancy

- equipment

economic data

- equipment costs

- energy costs

- cost of capital

Once the information has been assembled, it must be organized, and put into the

BLAST/ CEL-1 input format. Choices must be made concerning the number of thermal

zones into which the building will be divided for the simulation. The geometric

data is usually simplified when assembling the input files from the actual

drawings.

There are a few points which should be addressed before proceeding with the

development of the BLAST input file. These points are:

*“ use and abuse of default values

•3 temperature control profiles

® punctuation and spacing

• concept of thermal zone

c multiple effective solution paths

Some BLAST input parameters are optional, but take on default values if not set

explicitly in the input file. It is important that these default values be

examined to ensure that they are appropriate for the simulation. Don’t blindly

accept default values without checking the BLAST user’s guide.

6
The operation of the building heating and cooling system is simulated during

the loads calculations by a temperature control profile. The temperature

control profile should be selected to match the operation of the HVAC system,

if that system is known. Otherwise, a typical control profile should be

specified.

Following the indicated punctuation is essential, although spacing is flexible

and commands can be stretched over several lines. Indenting can be useful for

organizing file structure.

Within BLAST, a thermal zone is defined as a space with uniform air temperature

conditions. During the heat balance calculations, air temperature is assumed

to be uniform throughout each zone. While this is not exactly true in an actual zone, it is a good approximation if the zones are chosen carefully.

Care should be exercised so that zones are not specified such that loads can- cellation occurs. That is, if two rooms are actually exposed to significantly

different thermal conditions, they should not be combined as a single thermal

zone. However, a row of adjacent identical rooms can be simulated as a single

zone with a multiplier.

The concept of multiple effective solution paths means simply that there is more than one way to accomplish the effective simulation of a building using

BLAST/CEL-1. Attempting to describe all the acceptable variations would be

fruitless; rather what is needed is a consistent approach towards assembling

the input file. Once a typical zone input file has been established, other

similar files can be generated and modified using the system editor. Preprocessor programs are available to assist in input file generation. These

may be particularly useful for beginning users, but do require familiarization

with the format and content of user responses to the questions from the preprocessor. In many ways, assembling the input file using the system editor may

be more efficient since the user has direct contact with the file.

7
3o3 THE BLAST INPUT FILE

Blast input files are assembled according to the rules listed in the BLAST users

guides, using an English-language type of high level computer code. Every

complete BLAST run has the following structure:

BEGIN INPUT;

(lead input block)

(building description block)

(fan description block) optional

(central plant description block) optional

END INPUT;

Each of the parenthesized blocks are described separately.

Lead Input Block

This block contains:

(run control block)

(library modification block)

(project description block)

The RUN OONTROL block contains the instructions concerning what simulations and

reports are requested, and what system of units should be used for input and

output. The format of the RUN OONTROL block is:

RUN CONTROL:

NEW ZONES,

NEW SYSTEMS,

PLANT,

PRINT LIBRARY,

REPORTS ( )

,

UNITS (IN = , OUT = );

NEW ZONES tells BLAST to calculate loads for any zone in the building description block. Any previous load calculation are ignored. If the prefix NEW is

replaced by ADD, NEW ZONE loads will be added to previously calculated zones which had been saved. All zones must have unique zone numbers. REPLACE

instead of NEW tells BLAST that the user has saved previously calculated loads

data, but wants to recalculate some of the zones. Zone numbers must match the zone numbers for the zones being replaced. A similar convention holds for the

NEW SYSTEMS command.

If no zones or systems run control commands are given, no simulations will

occur, but the input deck will be processed and checked.

8
The PLANT parameter causes BLAST to simulate the user-described central plant

using either the results of newly-generated or saved fan system simulations.

The REPORTS parameter allows the user to request optional reports, in addition

to the default output reports. Units can be specified as ENGLISH or METRIC,

and may not be mixed within one input file. PRINT LIBRARY causes the BLAST

library to be printed alphabetically by subset.

Library Modification Block

The BLAST library contains a substantial amount of information about building

materials, components, and elements. This information can be used very readily,

simply by specifying a library name, enabling rapid development of an input

file for a building using standard components. For example, specifying the

library name EXTWALL28 is equivalent to inputting a layer-by-layer description

of an insulated metal-siding exterior wall. The BLAST library contains similar

information on materials, interior wall, roofs, floors, locations, windows,

doors, schedules and temperature control profiles. It is frequently useful,

particularly during the initial design stages, to use library elements in the

simulation input file. This avoids the potential problem of incorrectly modeling a building component or material. However, the user can specify building

elements which are not found in the BLAST library in several ways. If the new

element is likely to be used frequently, it can be added to the BLAST library

using the DEFINE parameter. Old data can be replaced with new data using the

REDEFINE parameter. If the new element is only selected for the current simulation, the TEMPORARY command should be used. The DELETE command erases

both the name and the data from the library.

Materials are defined using their basic properties, and components are defined

as consisting of layers of materials. See the user's guide for format details.

Locations can be defined according to:

DEFINE LOCATION:

ANY PLACE = (LAT = , LONG = , TZ = ),

END LOCATION;

However, if a weather data tape is specified, the latitude (LAT), longitude

(LONG), and time zone (TZ) will be taken from the tape.

Design days are used to calculate peak heating and cooling loads. In addition,

they provide a chance to check the output for reasonableness and consistency,

before more expensive annual simulations are run. It Is advisable that a design

day simulation be performed before any long time period simulations, perhaps

with detailed hourly reports, to verify and validate the accuracy of the

simulation.

9
Design days can be defined in a manner similar to other library parameters.

See the user's guide for format details.

Schedules and controls are two important BLAST input parameters. Schedules are used to tell BLAST when things occur, and more importantly, when they don't.

An occupancy schedule specifies the normalized percentage of people in the

building for each hour of the day. The lighting schedule defines the profile

of lighting energy usage. Similar schedules can be defined, or specified from

the BLAST library, concerning equipment usage, air infiltration, and any other

parameters. Room temperature control strategies are defined as profiles, with

the ability to mix profiles for different days of the week and different times

of the year. This allows for night setback and different heating and cooling

control profiles. Using BLAST library profiles and schedules is very helpful

since most typical profiles are available.

Project Description Block

The last portion of the lead input:

1) gives the project title

2) extracts design day and location information

from the BLAST library

3) indicates simulation time period

(if weather tapes are being used)

4) provides ground temperatures

In BLAST syntax these take the form

PROJECT = "SAMPLE";

LOCATION = ANYPLACE;

DESIGN DAYS = username 1, username 2, ; WEATHER TAPE FROM userdate THRU userdate;

GROUND TEMPERATURES = (usn 1, usn 2, ...usn 12);

where:

username N = names of design days from BLAST library

userdate = starting and ending simulation dates usn N = average ground temperature for each month

It should be noted that ground temperature information may be difficult to

obtain. Measurements have shown that assuming a constant ground temperat- ’*e of 55°F (the default value) may be significantly in error. In addition, the

ground temperature which is needed is that which is adjacent to the building

surface (usually floor or wall), not the undisturbed earth temperature. One

method of estimating ground temperature adjacent to a building surface is to

average the interior air temperature and the undisturbed earth temperature.

10
Earth temperature information can be found in the BLAST Users Guide and several

other references [10,11].

Building Description Block

This section of the input file contains all of the information concerning the

construction, orientation, and usage of the building. The generalized format of

the block is

BEGIN BUILDING DESCRIPTION; BUILDING « "usname";

DIMENSION: usname 1 = usn 1, usname 2 = usn 2, ...; NORTH AXIS = usn;

DETACHED SHADING "usname": (usn 1 BY usn 2) or ((usn 1, usn 1')

,

(usn 2 , usn 2* ) )

STARTING AT (usn, usn, usn)

FACING (usn)

TILTED (usn);

ZONE usn "usname":

DIMENSION: usname 1 = usn 1, usname 2 = usn 2,...;

ORIGIN: (usn, usn, usn);

NORTH AXIS = usn;

surface type:

STARTING AT (usn, usn, usn)

FACING (usn)

TILTED (usn)

surface-name (usn 1 BY usn 2) or ((usn 1, usn 1'), (usn 2, usn 2’),...)

OTHER SIDE COEFFICIENTS (usn 1, usn 2, usn 3, usn 4, usn 5, usn 6, usn 7)

WITH subsurface-type OF TYPE subsurface-name

(usn 1 BY usn 2)

REVEAL (usn)

AT (usn 1, usn 2)

AND (usn 1, usn 2)

WITH subsurface-type OF TYPE subsurface-name

(usn 1 BY usn 2)

STARTING AT (usn, usn, usn)

11
surface-type

PEOPLE = usn 1, schedule-name, AT ACTIVITY LEVEL usn 2, usn 3 PERCENT RADIANT FROM date 1 THRU date 2;

LIGHTS = usn 1, schedule-name, usn 2 PERCENT RADIANT, usn 3 PERCENT RETURN AIR, usn 4 PERCENT, VISIBLE, usn 5 PERCENT REPLACEABLE, FROM date 1 THRU date 2;

ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT = usn 1, schedule-name, usn 2 PERCENT RADIANT, usn 3 PERCENT LATENT, usn 4 PERCENT LOST, FROM date 1 THRU date 2;

GAS EQUIPMENT = usn 1, schedule-name, usn 2 PERCENT RADIANT,

Usn 3 PERCENT LATENT, usn 4 PERCENT LOST, FROM date 1 THRU date 2;

INFILTRATION = usn 1, schedule-name,

WITH COEFFICIENTS, (usn 2, usn 3, usn 4, usn 5), FROM date 1 THRU date 2;

CONTROLS * control-schedule-name, usn 1 HEATING, usn 2 COOLING, usn 3 PERCENT RADIANT,

FROM date 1 thru date 2;

BASEBOARD HEATING - (usn 1 AT usn 2, usn 3 AT usn 4),

Schedule-name

,

usn 5 PERCENT RADIANT,

FROM date 1 THRU date 2;

END ZONE;

e

. other zones

END BUILDING DESCRIPTION;

In the above block, the lowercase parameters are user-selected names or values.

The BLAST User’s Guide should be consulted to determine default values and other

detailed information.

The system and plant blocks are developed in a similar manner. Specific

information on the system and plant input and simulation should be obtained

from the user’s guides, as they are beyond the scope of this report. There are

no changes in the system or plant sections of BLAST due to the incorporation

of CEL-1.

12
3.4 THE CEL-1 INPUT FILE

The CEL-1 package actually consists of twenty separate programs. Any single

simulation will involve a particular subset of these programs. The input file

must contain all of the information required to carry out the requested program

operations. Some of the CEL-1 capabilities are mutually exclusive, while other

sets may be mandatory or optional. For example, use of the DIMMING block

requires both FENESTRATION and LUMINAIRES blocks, but does not allow the DESIGN

block, while the FURNITURE block is optional. The user specifies the type of

simulation desired using the CEL-1 control structure. See the user's guide for

more detailed information.

The CEL-1 input file consists of several blocks of information, headed by a keyword that describes the type of information. The keyword is followed by one

or more lines of data values, as appropriate. The various blocks are as follows

1) ROOM - room dimensions, reflectances

2) TASK - define target points

3) INSERTS - doors, objects on walls, etc.

4) SENSORS - lighting control

5) FENESTRATION - windows, skylights, etc.

6) FURNITURE - objects in room

7) PROFILE - parameters for energy profile

8) ANALYSIS - simulation information

9) LUMINAIRES - type of location

10) DIMMING - control strategy

11) DESIGN - selects luminaire locations

12) CALCULATE - specifies metrics to be computed

Sub-blocks may follow block headings containing information required for the

block.

CEL-1 allows the calculation of several lighting metrics, including:

Illuminance

Equivalent Sphere Illuminance (ESI)

Task Luminance

Background Luminance

Contrast Rendering Factor (CRF)

Lighting Effectiveness Factor (LEF)

Luminance on Room Surfaces

Illuminance on Room Surfaces

Visual Comfort Probability (VCP)

The CEL-1 program possesses the following capabilities:

• luminaires may have any orientation

• rooms are assumed to be rectangular with opposite

surfaces parallel

• inserts, partitions, obstructions, and furniture may

be present

13
• various fenestration types can be modeled

e the external environment may be specified

The surfaces of the room being modeled are designated by their nominal compass

orientation (i.e., north, south). The relation between room north and

true north can be specified. Room surfaces are numbered as follows:

1. west wall

2. north wall

3. east wall

4. south wall

5. floor

6. ceiling

A rectangular coordinate system is established with its axes parallel to the room surfaces and its origin (0,0,0) located at the southwest corner of the room. Thus the positive x-direction is room east, positive y is room north, and positive

z is up. Angles are listed according to the convention of zero degrees for room north, 90 degrees for east, 180 degrees for south, and -90 or 270 degrees

for west.

Input data elements can be either alphabetic, like keywords and file names,

real numeric (decimal point optional), and/or integer numeric. Spaces or commas must be used to separate numeric inputs. Keywords must start in column 1.

Numeric input data can start in any column and must be separated by at least one blank. The sequencing of input data blocks and parameters is critical.

Any input data block, when used, must appear in the order listed above.

For the purpose of creating a CEL-1 input file to use for a BLAST simulation,

the CEL-1 input file should contain the request to calculate BLS, along with

the appropriate DIMMING block, the PROFILE block and the LUMINAIRES block.

While the complete details of CEL-1 input file generation should be obtained

from the user’s guides [3], a general description is given below.

In addition, a sample building simulation file is described in the following

section.

The ROOM block always begins each CEL-1 input file followed by five user comment

lines. These lines must be included even if they are left blank. Other blocks

and sub-blocks follow containing information related to room, fenestration,

lighting, and simulation characteristics.

Some of the input information is determined explicitly by the building design,

while other input parameters are chosen by the user. Room dimenriou*, ^ud

reflectances are examples of the first catagory of input data. User-chosen

input parameters include the specification of task locations and the subdivision of room surfaces into small zones for the inter-reflected light

14
calculations. If task locations are not known, the UNKNOWN sub-block can be

used to specify that illuminance calculations be performed over a grid of

target points, otherwise, the actual task location can be specified using the

KNOWN sub-block.

The subdivision of room surfaces into subareas deserves special attention.

Specifying smaller subareas improves simulation accuracy at the expense of

increasing simulation time and cost. The user must determine the level of

accuracy which is acceptable for a particular application. For initial

simulations, larger subareas may be appropriate, while the number of subareas

can be increased for more detailed Subsequent simulation. In most cases, the

minimum subarea dimension should not exceed one-half of the smallest room

dimension. In addition, subareas of 2 by 2 feet or larger should provide

sufficient accuracy for all but extreme cases.

For the simulation of lighting performance, the luminaire type, power consumption,

lumen output, and location must be specified. For the simulation of daylight

performance with lighting controls, the required illuminance level and control

parameters must be specified. This initially presents a problem since it is

impossible to specify the illumination set-point and lumen output independently.

This problem is overcome by initially simulating the lighting system without

daylighting, and computing the horizontal illuminance over a grid of target

points or known task locations, using the HOR calculation keyword. This

procedure causes the generation of a matrix of illuminance levels, along with

a listing of extreme and average values. The lighting design (i.e., number,

type of luminaire) can be varied to provide the required illumination conditions.

Once the lighting system design is determined, the resulting illuminance conditions

can be used to provide the lighting control criterion. That is, if a 50 fc

minimum illuminance level is required, the lighting system can be simulated

and adjusted until that minimum level is obtained. Then an illuminance level

of 50 fc can be specified as the lighting control criteria.

It is important that consistency be maintained between the lighting power and

lumen output in the CEL-1 input file and the lighting power in the BLAST input

file. The two lighting power inputs must be identical and the lumen output

must be appropriate for the power consumption. For example, the CEL-1 input

file for zone 1 (Table 3) shows six 90 watt luminaires for a zone total of 540

watts. The BLAST input file (Table 2) for zone 1 shows the lighting power in

the LIGHTS statement to be 1.843k BTU/hr which is the same as 540 watts. Care

must be taken to use the appropriate units in each input file.

15
4. SAMPLE BUILDING ANALYSIS

In order to demonstrate the techniques for developing the input files, a sample

building will be considered (see figure 3). It will be assumed that it is

desired to design a new building, according to the proposed general building

plans, although an existing building would be analyzed in a similar manner using

actual building drawings. This sample building has been chosen from the Naval

Facilities Engineering Command’s publication entitled. Definitive Designs for

Naval Shore Facilities (NAVFAC P-272), Sept. 1983. The particular structure,

a delivery retraining detachment building, was chosen because it allows the

illustration of several points.

The building consists of two classrooms, an office, mechanical equipment and

equipment maintenance rooms, a bathroom, a lobby, and storage areas. The floor area of the single-story building is approximately 1590 ft^ (148 m^). The

definitive drawings do not specify the components of the building structure,

envelope, or systems. However, limits on maximum heating, cooling, and lighting

energy usage are delineated. Of course, it will not be known if the building

meets these performance criteria until a proposed building design is established

and simulated. The best procedure is to specify standard components from the

BLAST library, according to standard energy and building codes and practices.

While the building actually consists of nine distinct rooms, the energy

performance of the building can be adequately simulated using six thermal zones. Each of the five major rooms with exterior walls constitute an individual zone. The sixth zone is composed of the lobby and the adjacent storage and bathroom

areas. Combining adjacent interior zones is beneficial because it reduces the

complexity of the input files and the cost of the simulation while not significantly degrading the accuracy of the building thermal performance calculations.

In addition, since daylighting will not be used in any of the sixth zone rooms,

separate CEL-1 input files will not be needed for those rooms. In fact, no

CEL-1 input file will be needed for zone six, since CEL-1 analysis is not

required. The lighting system for zone six can be adequately modeled using

only the BLAST input file.

Table 1 lists information for each zone size, lighting system design, and window

design.

4.1. SAMPLE BLAST INPUT FILE

Like all BLAST input files, the first line is:

BEGIN INPUT;

Since this is the first simulation and no previously calculated loads are to

be vced, the next lines are:

16
Table 1•

Sample

Building

Information

Zone 6Lobby

—

19x11

,5x9f t

8.5x10x9

ft

rM

4J VMCNIS

CJN i—1 o

CNI CN| K//4

CNI 180 W

No

161 W

Mc

Oil E /-N a E

^43

cr VM • m U2 CNJ O' X -NJ ^ z z

01 c—X £ M -SJ o c a m • >4- E < CM o z CN Q u • cni 00 ON

CM ^4 oc

X cni r-» z ^4 CNI c X vO w CO m • £ • CNI u 00 W a* 3:

0)uc

toc

01 M E c M M 4-i Z

CO • 00 X ON tNI QJ •—4 'T X X rsj :m rsl tni Z >4 NO

TJ un \C 4-> E 4J E CM ^4

0)

C • • VM VM

O c <0 CO CNI ao cn oo o X X ON >M O w M un cm 00 CN c • •

0)

C C1 E —

aM3

cr U

x-nE

±j c*

4-i • /-N

tNI CNJ CM /"N CN 0) O' X 4-1 E CM N4 u X o VM 4J E CM Z 00 Z 0) o • © IM V c VM —< CN in *o O >4 NO

4-4

XX

O

W 00

w oo o CM o un cni pX 'O ^4 • • o CO

•—

W E E oo rN. m M •

CNI to <M CNJ rsl CM rsl z 00 X 4-1 E 4-* E Z 00

0) <0 ON •—1« VM VM o> CN c X • •M vO O >4 ON s o O O' O O -n *a- CM N CO X \mS CM N»4 UN

4J

X CNJ un ^4

00 r** •

to

m

UE e Oou • 00 4J CNI CNJ 04 z 00 <4-1 X M ^ M /-v Z 0i to rH VM "M VM :M 00 CN c rH ON • E E vO o QJ On

CJ

X O'

O

O *4- >4 CM

N o w

—< rN. CM —4 UN

4J CO CM un -a00 X

01 un z .H

CO

0)M

iH

M

to 01 c a

to •M o bC

00 to 0J E Cl,

C c 0) M 3 •H

M o M < £ 6

4J c

•H < C £ 01 a a VM •H OC E c U o o 4J a E 0) 01 o •a £ «H o E E o c • OC 3 o to •H •M o •H to cr as Z a b. z z m3 Q U

17
RUN CONTROL: NEW ZONES,

REPORTS (ZONE LOADS, 26),

The ZONE LOADS report gives a monthly breakdown of zone loads by type for the

simulation period. Asking for report 26 is the cue that CEL-1 simulation is

requested. This means that the appropriate CEL-1 input files have been created

(see the following section for information on developing the CEL-1 input files

for use with BLAST/ CEL-1) . To specify English units for input and output:

UNITS (ENGLISH);

For this simulation no library modifications are needed so the building

description block is next. For the sample building, located in Norfolk, if an annual simulation is desired the next block would be:

PROJECT = "SAMPLE BUILDING TEST";

LOCATION = NORFOLK;

WEATHER TAPE FROM 01 JAN 51 THRU 31 DEC 51;

GROUND TEMPERATURES = (55,55, 55, 58, 64,71,73,74,71,67,61,57);

This completes the lead input for the simulation. The next section of the

input is the building description block. This block contains the building

data and zone information for each zone.

The building information is at the head of the block:

BEGIN BUILDING DESCRIPTION;

BUILDING = "DELIVERY RETRAINING DETACHMENT BUILDING";

DIMENSIONS: W = 53, L = 30, H * 11;

NORTH AXIS = 0;

SOLAR DISTRIBUTION = -1;

The building name is chosen by the user. The dimension statement is used to

assign numerical values to variables. If subsequent dimensions are listed as variables (i.e., W, L, etc.) the numerical values can be changed quickly and

easily by changing only the DIMENSION parameters. The NORTH AXIS command

orients the building north-south axis (and coordinate system) with true north,

allowing rotation of the entire building. By convention the lower southwest

corner of the building is designated the origin of the building coordinate

system. All surface locations are relative to the building origin. In contrast, all subsurface locations (i.e., windows, doors, etc.) are relative to

the surface origin. Each zone is modeled by specifying the origin of the zone to the building origin, and assembling a series of suriaces to enclose

the zone. Zone one has been chosen to be the west-facing classroom.

The origin of zone one, with respect to the building's southwest corner, is

(0,0,0). Each of the surfaces of zone one is specified as a surface type, of

particular length and height, facing a certain direction. The origin of a surface is its lower left-hand corner, with respect to the zone origin. A

subsurface, such as a window, is specified by type, width by height, and the

18
coordinate of its lower left-hand comer with respect to the origin of the surface

on which it is located. In this manner, the first zone input begins:

ZONE 1 "WEST CLASSROOM":

ORIGIN: (0,0,0);

NORTH AXIS = 0;

EXTERIOR WALLS:

STARTING AT (0,30,0) FACING (270)

EXTWALL28 (L BY H)

WITH WINDOWS OF TYPE

DOUBLE PANE WINDOW

(24 BY 5) AT (0,3.5),

STARTING AT (17,30,0 FACING (0)

EXTWALL 28 (17 BY H)

,

STARTING AT (0,0,0) FACING (180)

EXTWALL28 (17 BY H)

;

PARTITIONS

STARTING AT (17,0,0) FACING (90)

PARTITIONS 23 (L BY H);

ROOFS:

STARTING AT (0,0,H) FACING (180)

ROOF17 (17 BY L)

;

SLAB ON GRADE FLOOR:

STARTING AT (0,30,0) FACING (180)

FLOOR SLAB 4 IN (17 BY 30);

EXTWALL28, DOUBLE PANE WINDOW, PARTITION23 , R00F17 , and FLOOR SLAB 4 IN

have been selected from the BLAST library, which will provide BLAST with all

of the information required for their simulation. The facing directions for

horizontal surfaces is determined by rotating them about an axis through the

surface origin.

Surface types other than exterior walls, partition walls, roofs, and slab-ongrade floors can be specified. The specification of surface type determines

how BLAST treats the surface during the heat balance calculations. Exterior

walls separate the building interior from the outdoors. Partition walls separate adjacent interior zones of equal temperature. Slab-on-grade floors are

in contact with the ground. Interzone heat transfer can be simulated by defining INTERZONE PARTITION, or similar statements for the ceiling or floor. CEILINGS and FLOORS are used to divide temperature controlled spaces. The experienced user can make use of OTHER SIDE COEFFICIENTS to simulate interzone heat

19
transfer. WINDOWS are the only surfaces which can transmit sunlight; thus any

glass surface such as a door should be described as a window.

The STARTING AT command in conjunction with a surface type followed by a length

by height specification is used to describe rectangular surfaces. Other shapes

can be defined by specifying three vertex points in addition to the STARTING AT

command. See user's guide for details.

In this simulation file the classroom exit doors have been ignored, since the

doors represent only a small fraction of the exterior wall area. The doors can

be added in for later detailed simulations. Notice that substituting a door

for a portion of exterior wall influences only thermal heat transfer through

that portion of the envelope. Any air infiltration effects must be included in

subsequent infiltration parameter values.

The remainder of the zone input file is concerned with occupancy, infiltration

lighting, electric equipment, and temperature control. There are many optional

alternative ways of specifying these parameters; however, in this sample problem

the following commands suffice:

PEOPLE = 15, OFFICE OCCUPANCY;

INFILTRATION = 200, CONSTANT;

LIGHTS - 1.843, OFFICE LIGHTING, 90 PERCENT REPLACEABLE;

ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT = 1.00, CONSTANT;

CONTROLS = DEAD BAND;

END ZONE;

The foregoing parameters instruct BLAST that there will be a maximum of 15

people in the classroom, and occupancy will follow the OFFICE OCCUPANCY schedule

selected from the BLAST library. The peak infiltration rate is 200 ft^/min

(note the units). Peak lighting is input in units of KBtu/hr, and the OFFICE

LIGHTING schedule is selected from the BLAST library. A positive value must be

input with the PERCENT REPLACEABLE parameter for execution of BLAST/ CEL-1.

Electric equipment is specified in a manner similar to lighting. Temperature

control is specified as DEAD BAND, a selection from the BLAST library.

The sections of the input file for the other zones can be assembled using the same format. In this initial simulation, six thermal zones have been defined

by combining the lobby, restroom, and storage areas into a single zone in which

daylighting will not be used. A complete listing of the six-zone BLAST input

file is given in table 2.

4.2. SAMPLE CEL-1 INPUT FILE

If the lighting system design has already been determined, a CEL-1 input file

can be assembled for the generation of BLAST lighting power multipliers. In

many cases, it may be necessary, or useful, to utilize some of the other CEL-1

capabilities prior to generating the BLAST interface output. This would be true

if the lighting system design was undetermined or if analysis of a preliminary

lighting design was appropriate. CEL-1 possesses varied capabilities to assess

20
illumination levels, lighting energy performance, and visual quality conditions

in luminous environments.

While it would be beyond the scope of this report to investigate all of the

possible analysis variations, a typical procedure might be to use CEL-1 to

determine luminaire type and location and to evaluate illumination levels at

task points. This procedure will usually require several iterations until an acceptable design is determined; however, each of these simulations is simple

and inexpensive. Once the lighting system design has been determined, BLAST

lighting power multipliers can be generated- tv»«»co lighting power multipliers

can be used repeatedly for BLAST simulations as long as the lighting system

design is not subsequently altered. If the lighting system design is significantly changed, a new set of BLAST lighting power multipliers should be

generated.

For this sample building analysis, two related CE1-1 input files will be

demonstrated. The first file will be used to evaluate a proposed lighting

system design and the second file will be used to generate the BLAST lighting

power multipliers.

The first CEL-1 input file will be assembled to evaluate the performance of the

proposed lighting system, beginning with illuminance levels for electric light

only. Either the system editor or the CEL-1 program CEL1FE can be used to

assemble the input file. The input file should contain at least the following

blocks

ROOM

TASK

FENESTRATION

ANALYSIS (specifying one time at night)

LUMINAIRES

CALCULATE (request HOR and any other desired metrics)

This input file can be processed using the procedure CEL1II. The output will

include a printout of the horizontal illuminance levels, and a summary of

maximum, minimum, and average values. These levels can be examined to determine

if they meet the design criteria. If the illumination conditions are not

acceptable, the input file should be modified and resubmitted for simulation.

This process can be repeated as often as is needed until a satisfactory design

is obtained. At this point, the design of the lighting system is tentatively

fixed and the lighting control criterion can be selected to correspond to the

lighting system. That is, if the lighting control system is to maintain a particular minimum or average illuminance level, this level should be specified

to match the levels calculated in the initial simulations.

Table 3 presents the initial input file for the sample building. A description

of the input file and the simulation results, follows.

21
Like all CEL-1 input files the first line of the file is ROOM, followed by five

lines of user comments. There should be description to enable easy identification of the file and any associated output. The next three lines of the room

block define the units convention and room dimensions, as follows:

1 1 All input and output units are English

units (feet, footcandle, footlambert).

Specifying 2 for either or both entries

defines metric units (meters, lux,

candela/m^)

.

17 A 30 4 9 2 This specifies a room 17 feet (east-west)

by 30 feet (north-south) by 9 feet

(height). Each of the walls is subdivided into a grid with two sections

vertically. The ceiling and floor

are each divided into a 4 by 4 grid.

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.8 This line specifies the wall reflectances as 50 percent, the floor reflectance as 20 percent and the ceiling

reflectance as 80 percent.

The next block is the TASK block. If specific task locations are known, such

as the locations of desks, these locations can be explicitly defined using the

KNOWN keyword. In the present case, task locations are not known, so the

UNKNOWN parameter is used. The target points are the locations for which

calculations will be done, such as illumination level, ESI, etc.

TASK

UNKNOWN

4 4 3.5 14 6 24 3 4

0

These entries signify a 4 by 4 grid of target points. The x-coordinates of the

leftmost and rightmost columns are 3.5 and 14, respectively. The corresponding

y-coordinate are 6 and 24. Target height is 3. The last parameter, 4, defines

eye height for VCP calculations. A number must be coded here, even if VCP

calculations are not requested. The single zero defines the number of viewing

angles for ESI calculations. An integer between 0-4 must be entered here. If

a non-zero entry is made, an additional lir.s- r be included specifying the

viewing directions.

FENESTRATION

The next block is the FENESTRATION block. This block includes the fenestration

description and must also contain the sub-blocks GROUND and BUILDING. These

sub-blocks define objects other than the sky which may affect the light available

from the fenestration. Fenestration types available are:

22
WINDOW

CLERESTORY

SAWTOOTH

SKYLIGHT

The WINDOW sub-block has additional parameters to define shades, drapes, blinds,

light shelves, and barriers. These allow a very detailed description of the

daylighting provided by a window. The FENESTRATION block for zone 1 is as follows:

FENESTRATION

WINDOW

1 0.4

24 5

1

This line specifies the window glazing

(1-clear, 2-dif fusing) and the transmittance which must be in the range

0 to 1.

Window width and height.

The number of locations of this window.

1 0 3 2.5 The first number is the number of the

wall that the window is on (1-west,

2-north, 3-east, 4-south). The next

three numbers are the x,y,z coordinates

of the comer of the window closest to

the room origin.

BUILDING This sub-block must be included in the

FENESTRATION block.

1 The number of buildings. This must

always be at least one to include the

building which contains the room being

modeled.

0 0-1 53 30 12 The first three numbers are the coordinates

of the south-west corner of the building

relative to the room origin. The next

three numbers are the east-west dimension,

the north-south dimension and the height.

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.2 These are the reflectances of the west,

north, east, and south faces and the

roof of the building.

0 This is the displacement of the west face

from true north. This value must be

greater than -45° and less than 45°.

23
GROUND This sub-block must be included in the

FENESTRATION block.

0.2 Ground reflectance.

0 Number of inserts. If an insert such as a parking lot was needed, another line would

be added to define location, si^e, and

reflectance of the insert.

The next block is the LUMINAIRES block. Since we are in the process of designing

the lighting system, a luminaire type must be selected. If the luminaire type

is already known, it can be directly specified. The CEL-1 library contains

photometric information for many standard luminaire types. The user also has

the option of creating additional luminaire photometric files using other

available information. For this sample problem a two-tube four foot fluorescent

luminaire will be selected. Using experience and judgement, an initial specification of six luminaires will be made. Each luminaire has a light output of

6300 lumens, at a power consumption of 90 watts. The luminaire block is as follows:

LUMINAIRES

4B42

6300 0.9

2.0 4.5 0.0 90

0.3 0.0 90 0.0

Photometric file for this luminaire type.

Initial lamp lumens and light loss factor

(dirt, losses).

Luminaire dimensions are 2 by 4.5. The

height is entered as zero because fixture

is downlight only. Actual height must be

entered if luminaire has both uplight and

downlight. The luminaire full power is 90

watts.

This information describes the lighting

system control characteristics.

The 0.3 is the minimum gain (light output) of the system. The three other

parameters are quadratic gain coefficients a, b, and c in the relation:

light power (watts)

6

1 5.67 7.5

2 5.67 15.0

3 5.67 22.5

4 11.33 7.5

5 11.33 15.0

6 11.33 22.5

-ax gain^ + b x gain + c

9.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

9.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

9.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

9.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

9.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

9.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

six luminaires specified

luminaire locations

and orientation angle

24
The above values are luminaire number, x-coordinate, y-coordinate, z-coordinate

bearing, tilt, and cant.

DIMMING

The next block is the DIMMING block. The DIMMING block allows luminaires to be

controlled by the amount of daylighting available to replace electric lighting.

Luminaires can be controlled separately or as a group and they may be controlled

by three different methods.

1) On/Off

2) High/Low/Off

3) Continuous dimming from full output to a user specified minimum.

The continuous dimming option allows dimming by minimum or average illuminance

over target points or a control target area. The dimming criteria could also

be minimum ESI over the target points. The DIMMING block is optional for the

ANALYSIS mode but is included in the CEL-1 test data deck to allow easy conversion

to the data deck used by BLAST/CEL-1. The DIMMING block is as follows:

DIMMING

-3 Luminaires will be dimmed continuously.

The (-) sign indicates that the luminaires

are dimmed separately, not as a group.

1000 This is the control value to be maintained

during dimming. The value is set arbitrarily high to ensure that no dimming

occurs. This criterion value will be

replaced for the BLAST/ CEL-1 data deck by

a value determined by the CEL-1 output.

1 0 0 0 0 These are the luminaires control criterion

selection switches. Only one of the

five numbers can be a one. The rest must

be zeros. The method selected is minimum

illuminance over the user defined target

points.

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 This line can be used to define a control

target area. The control criterion

already chosen does not require a control

target area. The points must still be

entered as seven zeros.

0 The number of luminaires always off.

6 The number of luminaires in the

dimming group.

25
1 2 3 4 5 6 The list of the six luminaires in

the dimming group.

The final block is the CALCULATED block. Since horizontal illuminance levels

are required, the HOR calculation will be requested as follows:

CALCULATE

HOR

To summarize, the above CEL-1 input file defines the room dimensions and

reflectances, specifies the breakdown of the room surfaces into subsurfaces,

specifies a grid of target points, describes the luminaire and luminaire

locations, and requests a printout of horizontal illuminance. Table 4 presents

the output from the simulation.

The simulation output begins with a reformatted echo of the input data. The user should examine this information closely to ensure that input data were properly coded. Room dimensions, reflectances, and lighting system characteristics are summarized. Following that, the requested horizontal illuminance

output is presented in matrix form showing the calculated illuminances at

each target point. Below the illuminance grid, the average, minimum, and

maximum illuminance levels are printed along with the computed standard deviation of the calculated values. The user should examine this printout carefully

to evaluate absolute illuminance levels, uniformity, and minimum conditions in

order to determine if the proposed lighting system design is acceptable.

In this case, the average illuminance at the task locations is 48 fc, with a range of 37 to 60 fc over all of the task locations. Thus, any control

criterion chosen for subsequent simulations should be selected to correspond

to the appropriate level. Thus, if the lighting system is to be controlled

according to the average illuminance level, an average illuminance of 48 fc

should be specified in the DIMMING block.

The CEL-1 input files for the remaining building zones are listed in table 5.

The outputs from simulations using these files are presented in table 6.

Once the initial simulations are completed, input files must be assembled for

the BLAST/ CEL- 1 simulations. Then CEL-1 input files will be very similar to

the initial files, except the ANALYSIS block must be replaced by a PROFILE

block and the CALCULATE block must be changed to request BLS. The dimming

block should incorporate the control criteria determined during the initial

simulations described above. Table 7 presents the CEL-1 input files for the

BLAST/CEL-1 simulations for the four zones using CEL-1 lighting control.

The output from the BLAST/ CEL- 1 simulation of the entire building is presented

in table 8. Reports of monthly energy use for all zones are found on pages

119-124. These reports include heating, cooling, electric and other loads.

The peak heating and cooling loads and the date when these occured, is also

shown. The total building energy budget for the year and the energy budget

for the year without day lighting are given on page 131. With daylighting the

electric load is reduced by 13 percent. The reduction in electric load causes

an 8.6 percent decrease in cooling load and a 2.1 percent increase in the

heating load.

26
5. SUMMARY

The procedure for using a hybrid version of the BLAST and CEL-1 computer

programs to analyze building energy performance including daylighting has been

described and demonstrated. Techniques for developing the appropriate input

files, and performing the simulations have been presented. An analysis of a sample building was described indicating the potential of the hybrid

BLAST/ CEL-1 Program.

27
6.

REFERENCES

1. Hittle, D. , "The Building Loads Analysis and System Thermodynamics (BLAST)

Program," Version 2.0, Users Manual Vol. 1 and Vol. 2, Technical Report

E-153/ADA072272 and ADA722730, U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research

Laboratory, June 1979.

L CEL-1 Lighting Computer Program - Programmer’s Guide , CR 83.009, Naval

Civil Engineering Laboratory, Port Hueneme, CA. 93043, January 1983.

3. CEL-1 Lighting Computer Program - User's Guide , CR 81.026, Naval

Civil Engineering Laboratory, Port Hueneme, CA 93043, September 1981.

4. Kusuda, T. , "NBSLD, the Computer Program for Heating and Cooling Loads

in Buildings,” National Bureau of Standards Building Science Series 69,

July 1976.

5. Kusuda, T., Collins, B. , "Simplified Analysis of Thermal and Lighting

Characteristics of Windows - Two Case Studies," National Bureau of

Standards Building Science Series 109, February 1978.

6. Johnson, R. , Selkowitz, S., Winkelman, F. , Zentner, M. , "Glazing

Optimization Study for Energy Efficiency in Commercial Office Buildings,"

Third International Symposium on Energy Conservation in the Built

Environment, Dublin, Ireland, March 1982.

7. Jurovics, S., "Daylight, Glazing and Building Energy Minimization," IBM

Scientific Center publication, Los Angeles, CA, 1981.

8 . Place, W. , Fontoynant, M. , Bauman, F. , Anderson, B. , Howard, T. , "Commercial

Building Day lighting, " LBLO-14348, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley,

CA 94720, 1982

9. Treado, S., and Kusuda, T. , "Daylighting, Window Management Systems and

Lighting Controls," NBSIR 80-2147, December 1980.

10. Kusuda, T. , Achenbach, P., Earth Temperature and Thermal Diffusivity at

Selected Stations in the United States, ASHRAE Trans., Vol. 71, Part 1,

1965.

11. Kusuda, T. , "Least Squares Analysis of Annual Earth Temperature Cycles

for Selected Stations in the Contiguous United States," NBS Report 9493,

January 1968

12. Gillette, G. , Treado, S. , Correlations of Solar Irradiance and Daylight

Illuminance for Building Energy Analysis, ASHRAE Transaction 1985, Vol. 9,

Part 1, Atlanta, GA, 1985.

28
2- Building

t \

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BLAST environment
Room North

Figure 2

2

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0

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Building and surface coordinate systems in the CEL-1

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30
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36
Table

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37
CEL-1

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COMPUTER

PROGRAM

INPUT

DATA

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X OX o —1 • • p • • 3 • O I Cl x —J u. 3 SO PH PH SO OX X 80 001-3 X < u m VO <0 vn pH PH NO Z 0£ 00 X (- ID 1 z ph 00 ID X z Of < 1 PH Q00(- »X o < o pH VO VO pH 80 1 X —! < ID X N • • • • 1 >H —J *80 X i—i

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XZfsJID

X o 1 • • • • UJ <tOHKX o > 80 CM so > OOMQCU X • 1 CM pH pH < O X X X

"0 41
STATISTICAL

OCCURRENCE

LEVELS

FOR

HORIZONTAL

ILLUMINATION

H fH O o O' O'

r»- rv O' O' 00 «0 'T sT tO to to to

yj LU UJ LU LU UJ > > > > > >

o O o O O o

ea 60 CQ 60 PQ CQ < < < < < <

Q£ QC QC QC QC QC O O o O O O

H— t- 1- 1- L- K

< < < < < <

LU UJ UJ LU LU LU

Q£ QC 0£ <X or QC < < < <*£ < <

to to to to to to

LU LU LU LU UJ UJ 3 3 3 3 3 3

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> > > > > >

z Z Z Z Z Z

o O o O o o

l-t l-t t—

1

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u U o O U U

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i

< < c < < <

o o <J o u u

s© so so SO SO SO

r—

pH r—3 H (H •H

u. u. u_ u. u_ u. o o o o o o

o o o o o o

to o to o to O'

r*- CQ co O' OS O'

Xo

IDQOxm

t-i oo>-X Of < oo z _l H X u. X « * UJ Z X > O X o

XH

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QC

m

X z 00 • t-oo * o — >

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LU \ X z _l OL r-x

H

H CO z

U-CM

X H«

a • • • • < X X z z «o rv r^ 00 K0 UJ xa x X < o K0 >T vT fO XH 1 X

t-UJX

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x ox o —i • • • • • z> • O 1 CL X —I LL =5 vi) fv. VO ox Xoo OOI-D X < U m vO VO lO H XH X0 Z O' CO X h— UJ —j 1 Z •-I co uu x z cc 1 X-l o oo i— - x o < o *-h vO vO H CO 1 X

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m

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t— —IX UJ *0 vT Vj* N1

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Q

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X uj in ID r-O— UJ X O • —I ZhX II <C CM

a. uj o < x o O

O o ocm XZNJUJX o 1 • • • • UJ <OhQCX o >- nT oo CM vO >

wmoc o x • CMH

H < O X X X

K0 44

11
—

STATISTICAL

OCCURRENCE

LEVELS

FOR«

HORIZONTAL

ILLUMINATION

H

H o o O' • • • • • • O' O' eo eo & *> ro IO IO

LU UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ > > > > > > O o o o o o

CO CQ CQ CQ CQ CQ < < < < < <

OC oc OC OC OC oc o o o o o o

t- »- »- »- »- 1- < < < < < <

UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ

OC oc oc oc oc oc < < < < < <

CO to to to

to CO UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ 3 3 z> z 3

_J -J -J -J _l -J < < < < < < > > > > > > z z z z z z o o o o o o

t-c l-H l-H l-H l-H l-H h- h- 1- t- h- < < < < < <

-J —J

—J

-J -J

—J 3 => 3 O o o o o O

—J -J —1 -J -J -J < < < < < < o o o o o o

so so SO so SO SO H H rH rH l-H rH

U. u. U. u. u. LU O o o o o o o o o o o e m o m o in

eo eo O' O' O' I I
SUMMARY

OF

CALCULATIONS

FOR.

31

DECEMBER

TIME=

3.00

SKIES.

PARTLY

CLDY

X

V)>*

COO

UJK-oXQC h-

<n

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UJ nT

X >- CO ph

a • Zh X < UJ o O'

uj s x z a, r«.

—HpH o> NO z U. (SI X PH a • • • < X z z z eo r- eo NO UJ z a x z < a NO v? NO pH | z H UJ X -J o 1—( 1 HhX _l t- H 1 2 < X PH o < pH NO NO pH (SI 1 ZPN- Z Q X o —I • • • • z • O 1 0. X _J li- z NO rn NO OX Z eo OOI-3X < u in NO NO m —H

PH NO 2K(fl X 1- eu -J 1 z —1 10 UJ X z Of < 1 PH Q co (— - x o < o pH NO NO pH eo i z —< < m x N • • • • i >-i_j • co x PH V) IL NO I*- (N. NO >o V Z NO Z O Z N X z t- o in NO NO m z • ffl DCX o 1—1

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t- CO _J \ X z z o (SI (SI o nT

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m

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X

© • r1 , 2^x fl « (SI CLUJO < X o O o o aem SZNUJX o 1 • • • • UJ <OHQCX e >- Nff eo (SI NO > CONQSOX • 1 (SI pH pH < O X Z X

NO 47
STATISTICAL

OCCURRENCE

LEVELS

FOR«

HORIZONTAL

ILLUMINATION

H

H o

r*. r>. mt vT o

UJ UJ UJ > > > o O o

CO CO CO < <x <

Q£ OL C£ O o o

1- »- t- «X < <

ILI UJ UJ

0£ oc Q£ < < <

in in 1/1 UJ UJ UJ 3 3 3 —J

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-J —1

—J 3 3 3

CJu <J

—1 —1 < <x <j o o

so VO sO H pH rH

u. u. u. o o o o o o o O' O'

39, 38, 00

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CO co CO < < <

o: Qt ec o o o H t- t- < < <

UJ UJ UJ

Q£ 0£ oc < < <.

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U. LL. U. o O o o O o m o in o m O'

oo co O' O' o< 48

11
SAMPLE

TEST

BUILDING

ZONE

2

EAST

CLASSROOM

HORIZONTAL

ILLUM.

TESTWITH

FENESTRATION,

IN

ANALYSIS

MODE,

AT

NIGHT

CREATED

2/14/85,

UPDATED

2/14/85

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

o o o o o o

o o o o o o

o o o o o o

CO o • o o o o o o

o sT o

to o o o o o o

CM to CM m fh

• • cm o o o o o o O sX CM O pH

CM pH o o o o o o o

cm m m • pH

VO o • m o o ^ O' Os O' Os ^

O' o too —• O' • SO o mommoio

m tom r-t-t o

sT • to 2 m m • pH o • o NlflCMNinN O fH o • o • pH o o O' fH CM —< CM e HH CM pH 'O • co tom J- i m r«.o to LJ • m o M- r^. to to to

• • < to O • CO OS o • • VO VO SO K) NO >0 o ZtO OS ST 2 o o MOO pH HH ST o

S3- 2 h-2 -m r" t-t a CO 00 to < o

i m to o o hQ so m 2 CM > • O 2 o o pH pH pH H

t" -5^2 LU O \T -J to • 3 • —1 SO CM t—4 CM to • • z: to 022HCM 1 3 I 1 0 0 0 0 0 A 3 0 1 1 M 4 6 2 O VO fm cm to st m so z: i <2 UJfH 3 OS 2 3 « H

1-3 U.2 CQ o < jZ a

o

•—i o o

som

sjPO

(N

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HOR
ROOM

SAMPLE

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BUILDING

ZONE

3

OFFICE

o

lja

o

3

co

tO>“<

z

<

z

<

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1- * • © o

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tu X) X • • CVJ o o

h- X CM O o o rH O' O' X m to O

• *x O' tn • «n • rH o o

3 m x • CM to • m o o • • x> oo X o *no —

Ov • O' O'

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<r * m VO CM o irt 1^ © fO UJ • m o

h- * to • <. o • CO eg o • • mm

zo * o z CM at <r m o z 1/1 O *—

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CD UJ X m 3 1-3 • 1—

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CSJ IOOCSJHCALCULATE

HOR
ROOM

SAMPLE

TEST

BUILDING

ZONE

A

EQUIPMENT

AND

MAINTENANCE

o

LUo

o

an00

l-t 00

>-

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z

<

*

X

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r-t X Z N X H CM X

NH X 2Q x

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t- < X

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CM

( O'

M

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CM m«

CM o o

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• X uo m • fH o o

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-j oo x O' • o

_J \ X mm CM mm NH o NO H wcx • • r*» z • • fH o • o 00 sO

pH X coo o m fH O • fH O O O' • • —IN* NH « CM SO • VO O' cm m

< CM X m so H CO i m HO no uj *mo H X NO • < o • 00 Q£ O • • mm ZQ X O Z CM ac sy m oz m o HfOO F-l FH ST O CM CM o

OUJ X m 2 H2 • • (-1 • a OO CO NO <t O • • z

Nl- X fh • m o« I/IOOO mm Z CM >- • O Z O O no m m nh

nh < X o >^z LU o —J CM • => • -iso CM nh CM NO • • s: no R E X 1 1 0 S K 3 0 N N 1 6 1 CM Hi 1 0 0 0 0 0 A 3 0 1 1 M <t 6 2 0 2 1 2 M

OQ£ X <z LU NH zs 0£ z SCO H ZU X HZ U.2 ta O < UZ O

l O O CM HOONH

CALCULATE

HOR
Table

6.

(EL-1

Output

for

Zones

2

through

4

x

©

<

%

UJa

o

x

co

>-_j

<

<

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S o \ < X

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N a. x I- X \ H V tnin x

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X _J X X o X(SJ X

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X h- X O 1/1 CL X

X X X O O 111 3 X \ © \ ZQC(- X

S X lh m x x -J \ cun • * x x s

X / / / / s \ M_l3(OX

»<J—l N

I- </»

1/1 <t -J

UJ UJ <

UJ (\l _J

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m isi

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e

h~ CO <

UJa o

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oo h~ H UJ

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• < pH < z UJ o 1 z HI -J • < o eg z o pH O

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Ht X > • HI ocg * HI • • * * (9 o II <s E z * z H < o * UJ o HI X cs

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CL X S X 0C O HI hO So ZNX a z o o

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1 3 O —> \ X < ZhOOK uj o • UJrs. • o 00 J M —I'J- X OOZi-t Z>T Z rH Hfoouj UJ 1-HrtX 00 HI HI UJ tutu z<csiooos m o o -1-00 N X z 00 2 —I X O OH zo HZ

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Z OS >- UJ QS a Pi OS 11 O IUQ< UJ z o X H < < C 11 OS HhQ _J 3 H X H X 3 o h- LU 1 u_ z Hi _l O H O O O' O' uj ca l o UJZ U- < Q 21 HH a o o o o o H o <_> o o CL U. hi UJ UJ o o o o o Z <SI — HH OZ 2 X z ig i UJ • 00 HH O hi <r oo II o ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ z OS < C OC _l 00 UJ UJ UJ o HH UJ UJ H O OS QS oc O UJ u II H UJ UJ 00 UJ —1 _J H1 HH HH "0 QS <

< UJ ULUQQ pH Hi Z < < <t < • HH u o o o o o

•J o Z Q 3 3 OS O hi H Z 22 22 c o in o uo m o

0_ z < D h h UJH *hhlHHH HH z —1 X l 00 < CSHhhI ohiozz Z HH h.inNN»n

HH <hOOHh UJ X Z HI X 3 3 il z UJ — CJ — Q o 0-HZZ< CL Q_ HI _i l ) —J Z 3 os UJ < O O ID -1 >* HH —

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I I
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METHOD*

CONTINUOUS

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VALUES*

1000.0

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CRITERION*

MINIMUM

ILLUM.

ON

TARGET

PTS. <o

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*-a

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UJ<UJ2

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mm x H z id vr ID CO X H- 00 H a • Z N X < ID o O' lUO’X z —1 CD VO O' O' vO VO z

ILHX HH a • • • • • c

S X X z z CO VO vO CO *0 UJ Xfs! X X <t o o vT o- tO rH 1 X

t- X _J a HH 1 HQX —1 b- b- 1 ZUJ X •H O < K0 to b- CM 1 ZvJ

(- X o _J • • • • • X •

i <r x ID X m f'. m OX XOO EI-QX «s u m vO vO m rH HM Q 00 CL X 1- ID —I 1 z OOIU3X z OC < 1 »—

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(O _J<0 X X X v3- CO CO vO vT X (- l-H ^ X o • • • • <

t- oo nx t-H co M) vO CO to X

00<I -JCM X ID to O' vT *0 UJUJ<£ X X UJ rH

1- t- X o • ZO X II C CM ID CM O ID X o o O o oc m

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XZQCUJ X • 1 CM »—rH c

tnrsixu x
STATISTICAL

OCCURRENCE

LEVELS

FOR«

HORIZONTAL

ILLUMINATION

CO 00 SO vO VO VO

vo VO CO 00 CO eo c vT ro ro ro ro

ID ID ID ID ID UJ > > > > > > o O O O O O

oo 00 00 00 SO CO < < < < < <

Q£ oc 0C oc oc oc O o o o o o

t- I- H* 1- »- i- < < < < < <

ID ID ID ID ID ID

0C Q£ QC 0£ OC OC < < < < < <

(O (O to IO to to

ID ID ID ID ID ID 3 3 3 3 3 3

-J

—i —i —J _l —J < < < < < < > > > > > > Z Z Z Z Z Z O O O O O O

r-t HH l—i

r-i r-t t- r- 1- H *- H < < < < < <

_j

—J-J mJ 3 3 3 3 3 3 O a U U a U

_J _i

—i_J «t < < < < < o o u o o o

VO vO vO VO VO vO H H rH H H

u. u. u. u. u_ UL o o o a o o o o o o o o • • • • • • m e in e m

r^- 00 00 O' O' O' 57
SUMMARY

OF

CALCULATIONS

FOR.

31

DECEMBER

TIME=

3.00

SKIES.

CLEAR zX

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133
Appendix A - CEL-1 PRECALCULATION AND BLAST INTERFACING ROUTINES

A-l. CEL-1 AND BLAST INTERFACING ROUTINES

The hybrid version of BLAST/ CEL-1 consists of a custom update of BLAST and a special subset of CEL-1. Separate BLAST and CEL-1 input files are required,

but all output is contained in the BLAST output file. Details on the procedural aspects of executing BLAST/ CEL-1 are contained in appendix B of this

report. This appendix describes the nature of the interfacing routines and

the logic behind their implementation.

In addition to the original capabilities of BLAST and CEL-1, the hybrid version

of the two programs includes routines to provide BLAST with a scaling factor for

determination of lighting energy for each zone every hour. This scaling factor,

called the lighting power multiplier, is determined by interpolating among a set of precalculated values, on the basis of solar position, direct normal

illuminance and diffuse sky illuminance. The illuminance values for each hourly

interpolation are calculated using the solar radiation values which BLAST is

reading from a weather tape. During the initial stages of BLAST/ CEL-1 execution,

zone lighting energy requirements are calculated for 410 combinations of solar

position and intensities. Details on the precalculation and interpolation

routines are discussed in the following subsections.

A-l
A-2 FORMAT OF BLAST/ CEL-1 INTERFACE

The user signifies an intent to run BLAST/ CEL- 1 by calling for report 26 in

the BLAST input file. In addition, for any zone using CEL-1 control of lighting the PERCENT REPLACEABLE statement must be included in each lighting block,

with any positive value. This value is not used except to cue the program

that a CEL-1 lighting power multiplier should be obtained for that zone. The

original BLAST daylighting capability (i.e., PERCENT USABLE BEAM, PERCENT

USABLE DIFFUSE) should not be used when report 26 is selected. However, non- daylighting zones can be simulated by omitting the PERCENT REPLACEABLE statement, or by assigning it a value of zero or less. Also, CEL-1 can perform

other lighting calculations, consistent with its original capabilities, simply

by assembling the appropriate CEL-1 input file to correspond to each BLAST

zone input.

During the initial stages of BLAST execution, the request for report 26

triggers a temporary halt of BLAST, and subsequent execution of CEL-1.

This is accomplished through the use of a system utility called INVOKE. The

INVOKE procedure temporarily stores an image of everything related to the

BLAST execution, turning over control to the CEL-1 execution procedure file.

CEL-1 will then attempt to process a CEL-1 input file for each BLAST zone. If no input file is found for a particular zone, the program will go on to the

next zone, through the total number of BLAST zones. If the CEL-1 input file

for a particular zone contains the keyword BLS, a lighting power multiplier

(LPM) table will be generated for that zone. If a zone has no fenestration, a LPM table cannot be generated. However, the keyword HOR will cause the calculation and printout of horizontal footcandles at the task locations. Other

calculation options are explained in the CEL-1 User's Guide.

Once CEL-1 has attempted to process input files for each of the BLAST zones,

control is returned to BLAST, with execution resuming from the point of the

temporary halt. The only difference is that now a table of lighting power

multipliers has been generated, and stored on disk for subsequent use during

the hourly BLAST loads calculations. Every hour, BLAST computes the loads for

each zone by looping through each zone. One of the critical heat-balance

elements is lighting power. If report 26 has been specified, the CEL-1 lighting power interpolation subroutine will be activated for each zone having a LPM table, so long as either direct or diffuse solar radiation is greater than

zero.

BLAST supplies information about solar position and intensity to the CEL-1

subroutine, which returns a lighting power multiplier for scaling the BLAST

lighting power. In this manner, the effects of daylighting and lighting

system performance can be included in the BLAST energy calculations.

Details on each of the individual parts of the BLAST/ CEL-1 interface are contained in the following sections.

A2
A- 3 THE CUSTOM BLAST UPDATE PROCEDURE

In order to implement the hybrid BLAST/ CEL-1 program, some changes had to be

made to the original BLAST itself. These changes consist mainly of additional

sections of FORTRAN code. Additional changes in the system procedure files

required for execution were required. While procedure files can easily be

modified using the system editor, BLAST itself must be recompiled and saved

after any changes. A system utility called UPDATE was used to change the BLAST

FORTRAN source code, recompile the updated BLAST, and save the updated version.

Normally the user need not worry about the update procedure, since once the

updated version of BLAST is saved, it can be used repeatedly. A new update is

required only if an updated version is not available or if additional changes

are required. Information on the update procedure is given here to provide the user an understanding of the technical basis for the update.

A complete listing of the update procedure file is given in table B-l. The

comments in the file help explain the logic of the FORTRAN code.

A3
A-4 CEL-1 AND BLAST INPUT FILES

The details of the CEL-1 and BLAST input file format are contained in the

respective user's guides [1,2,3]. It would be impossible to include here all

potential input file combinations, but several important points should be made

regarding the correspondence between the BLAST and CEL-1 input files, and the

file naming conventions.

In a typical BLAST simulation, a building is divided into a number of thermal

zones. A thermal zone does not have to be a single room, but should represent

an area over which the themial conditions are relatively equivalent. This is

particularly important if fan systems are simulated. Also, since air temperature

is assumed to be uniform throughout a thermal zone, a loss of simulation

sensitivity and accuracy can result from inappropriate zone selection.

When assembling the BLAST input file, the user should number the building zones sequentially starting from one. A separate CEL-1 input file must be assembled

for each BLAST zone which will have CEL-1 lighting control. If CEL-1 control

of lighting is not desired for some zones, the corresponding CEL-1 input files

need not be created. The program will process all CEL-1 data decks called for

in procedure RUN CEL (table A-4).

The BLAST input files must contain the following elements for successful

execution of BLAST/CEL-1:

In the run control block:

REPORTS (26),

In zone block requesting CEL-1 lighting control:

LIGHTS =< lighting power >, < lighting schedule >, N PERCENT REPLACEABLE;

where 0<N<100

In zone block without CEL-1 lighting control:

Set N * 0 in lights statement above,

(or omit PERCENT REPLACEABLE statement).

The value N above is used only as a switch to cause implementation of the CEL-1

interpolation routi^s during the hourly BLAST load calculations. If N is

inadvertently specified as a greater than zero for a zone which did not have a CEL-1 input file calling for a lighting power multiplier table precalculation,

program execution will halt with error when the CEL-1 interpolation subroutine

attempts to read from disk a lighting power table for that zone.

A-4
The CEL-1 input files for each zone must contain the following keyword to cause generation of the lighting power multiplier tables.

In the CALCULATE block:

BLS

If the BLAST zone has no fenestration, or if CEL-1 control lighting is not

desired, the CEL-1 input file can be omitted, or the CALCULATE block can

request other CEL-1 capabilities.

The corresponding BLAST and CEL-1 input files must maintain consistency

regarding lighting system parameters. The lighting power specifications in

the BLAST zone description and the associated CEL-1 input file must be equal.

A5
A-5 THE PRECALCULATION ROUTINES

The following description applies for each zone using CEL-1 control of lighting.

The zone number from BLAST corresponds to a CEL-1 data deck designated in the

procedure which runs CEL-1 (RUNCEL). The procedure RUNCEL must be altered to

get the CEL-1 data decks to be used. Table A-4 shows the procedure altered to

get data decks N0SBDD1 through N0SBDD4. The other possible data decks for zones 5 through 20 are commented out. Only zones 1 through 4 will be run by

CEL-1.

For each zone, 410 combinations of solar conditions are simulated, intended to cover the range of potential conditions. The 410 combinations consist of 10

overcast calculations, which are independent of solar position and 40 sets

of solar altitude-azimuth combinations, each including 10 direct normal and

diffuse illumance combinations. That is, the sky is subdivided into 40

regions, and calculations are made for each region assuming the sun is at the

center of that region, for 10 combinations of direct normal and diffuse illuminances. Lighting power is calculated for each set of conditions, and the

lighting power multiplier computed as the ratio of actual lighting power to

maximum lighting power. The 410 conditions are combinations of different

values of solar altitude, solar azimuth, direct normal illuminance, and diffuse

sky illuminance. Figure A-2 shows the definitions of the solar angles. Figure

A-3 displays typical combinations of direct normal and diffuse illuminances

observed over a year near Washington, DC. Ten combinations of direct normal

and diffuse illuminance were chosen to cover this range. These values are shown in table A-l for overcast conditions and table A-2 for nonovercast

conditions. For each zone, one set of calculations is made using the values in

table A-l, and 40 sets of calculations are made using the values in table

A-2, each using a different solar position.

The pairs of solar altitude and azimuth used by the program for the precalculations are automatically chosen by the program on the basis of site latitude.

In this manner, the range of solar positions simulated can closely match the

actual range. Four ranges are provided, based on latitudes of 24, 32, 40 and

48 degrees. Tables A-3a through A-3d present the altitude and azimuth ranges

for each latitude.

The precalculation of lighting power requirements as a function of solar

position and illumination conditions automatically incorporates the effects of

sky condition on lighting energy, in terms of variables which can be provided

by BLAST during the BLAST hourly simulation. It provides detailed information

about lighting performance under a variety of conditions while minimizing the

number of CEL-1 calculations required. This is necessary because the detailed

nature of the CEL-1 calculations prohibits a large number of computations, as would be requ 4 r2 d if it were implemented hourly for an entire year.

The result of the precalculation portion of the hybrid BLAST/CEL-1 program is a disk file containing a table of lighting power multipliers for each zone,

indexed by solar position and illuminance levels. The file is an indirect

access, one with the name of the LPM table given by the user at the start of

procedure RUNCEL. The name must be enclosed in dollar signs. In table A-4

the name chosen is NOSBTAB.

A6
TABLE A-l. Diffuse and Direct Normal Illuminances

Used for the Overcast Precalculations

Direct Normal Diffuse sky

Illuminance illuminance

0 0.1 fc ( 1 lux)

0 1226.3 (13,145)

0 1627.6 (17,513)

0 2029.0 (21,832)

0 2550.2 (27,440)

0 3071.3 (33,047)

0 3765.3 (40,515)

0 4459.3 (47,982)

0 5011.1 (53,919)

0 5563. (59,858)

TABLE A-2. Diffuse and Direct Normal Illuminances Used

for the Non-Overcast Precalculations

Direct Normal

illuminance

2043.8 fc (21,911 lux)

1412.1 (15,194 ) 929.0 ( 9,996 ) 6317.4 (67,975 ) 5072.5 (54,580 ) 3493.1 (37,586 ) 2304.0 (24,791 ) 7144.2 (76,872 ) 4914.5 (52,880 ) 3251.6 (34,987 )

Diffuse sky

Illuminance

4273.5 fc (45,983 lux)

2945.0 (31,688 ) 1941.7 (20,892 ) 4059.8 (43,683 ) 3251.6 (34,987 ) 2238.9 (24,090 ) 1477.1 (15,894 ) 1226.3 (13,195 ) 845.4 ( 9,097 ) 555.6 ( 5,978 )

A7
TABLE A-3a

Solar Position Boxes for Latitude 24°

AZ ALT ALT RANGE AZ RANGE

BOX Is 105 75 60 90 0 120

BOX 2: 135 75 60 90 120 150

BOX 3: 165 75 60 90 150 180

BOX 4; 105 52 45 60 0 120

BOX 5: 135 52 45 60 120 150

BOX 6: 165 52 45 60 150 180

BOX 7: 80 37 30 45 0 90

BOX 8: 97 37 30 45 90 105

BOX 9: 112 37 30 45 105 120

BOX 10: 127 37 30 45 120 135

BOX 11: 142 37 30 45 135 150

BOX 12: 165 37 30 45 150 180

BOX 13: 80 22 15 30 0 90

BOX 14: 97 22 15 30 90 105

BOX 15: 112 22 15 30 105 120

BOX 16: 130 22 15 30 120 180

BOX 17: 73 7 0 15 0 80

BOX 18: 85 7 0 15 80 90

BOX 19: 97 7 0 15 90 105

BOX 20: 112 7 0 15 105 180

A8
TABLE A-3b

Solar Position Boxes for Latitude 32°

AZ ALT ALT RANGE AZ RANGE

BOX 1: 105 75 60 90 0 120

BOX 2: 135 75 60 90 120 150

BOX 3: 165 75 60 90 150 180

BOX 4: 105 52 45 60 0 120

BOX 5: 135 52 45 60 120 150

BOX 6: 165 52 45 60 150 180

BOX 7: 90 37 30 45 0 105

BOX 8: 110 37 30 45 105 120

BOX 9: 127 37 30 45 120 135

BOX 10: 145 37 30 45 135 150

BOX 11: 158 37 30 45 150 165

BOX 12: 173 37 30 45 165 180

BOX 13: 80 22 15 30 0 90

BOX 14: 95 22 15 30 90 105

BOX 15: 112 22 15 30 105 120

BOX 16: 135 22 15 30 120 180

BOX 17: 75 7 0 15 0 80

BOX 18: 85 7 0 15 80 90

BOX 19: 97 7 0 15 90 105

BOX 20: 115 7 0 15 105 180

A9
TABLE A-3c

Solar Position Boxes for Latitude 40°

AZ ALT ALT RANGE AZ RANGE

BOX 1: 133 75 60 90 0 150

BOX 2: 165 75 60 90 150 180

BOX 3: 110 52 45 60 0 120

BOX 4: 135 52 45 60 120 150

BOX 5: 165 52 45 60 150 180

BOX 6; 95 37 30 45 0 105

BOX 7: 112 37 30 45 105 120

BOX 8: 127 37 30 45 120 135

BOX 9: 142 37 30 45 135 150

BOX 10: 157 37 30 45 150 165

BOX 11: 172 37 30 45 165 180

BOX 12: 80 22 15 30 0 90

BOX 13: 97 22 15 30 90 105

BOX 14: 112 22 15 30 105 120

BOX 15: 127 22 15 30 120 135

BOX 16: 142 22 15 30 135 180

BOX 17: 75 7 0 15 0 80

BOX 18: 85 7 0 15 80 90

BOX 19: 97 7 0 15 90 105

BOX 20: 112 7 0 15 105 180

A- 10
TABLE A-3d

Solar Position Boxes for Latitude 48°

AZ ALT ALT RANGE AZ RANGE

BOX 1: 110 52 45 90 0 120

BOX 2: 130 52 45 90 120 150

BOX 3: 150 52 45 90 140 160

BOX 4: 170 52 45 90 160 180

BOX 5: 110 37 30 45 0 120

BOX 6: 130 37 30 45 120 140

BOX 7: 150 37 30 45 140 160

BOX 8: 170 37 30 45 160 180

BOX 9: 90 22 15 30 0 100

BOX 10: 110 22 15 30 100 120

BOX 11: 125 22 15 30 120 130

BOX 12: 135 22 15 30 130 140

BOX 13: 145 22 15 30 140 150

BOX 14: 155 22 15 30 150 160

BOX 15: 170 22 15 30 160 180

BOX 16: 70 7 0 15 0 80

BOX 17: 90 7 0 15 80 100

BOX 18: 105 7 0 15 100 no

BOX 19: 115 7 0 15 110 120

BOX 20: 130 7 0 15 120 180

A-ll
Before any precalculations are attempted, the program looks for the LPM table

file requested by RUN CEL. If one is found, no precalculations are done, and

the program assumes that the LPM table file is correct for that BLAST simulation. Thus, if a new LPM table file is required, the LPM table name RUN CEL

must be changed. It is wise to save any LPM tables since they can be reused

for any zone of similar daylight design. In this manner, system variations or other changes not influencing the lighting system (i.e., wall type, site location) con t_ simulated without generating a new LPM table. io be most accurate,

large changes in site latitude might require a new set of precalculations,

hu<" this is no*- essential since the interpolation will still he vrlid, s^nce

it is based on solar position and daylight levels.

A- 12
A-6 HOURLY LIGHTING POWER DETERMINATION

CEL-1 control of lighting during the hourly BLAST loads calculations is

accomplished through the use of CEL-1 based subroutines added to BLAST during

the custom update procedure. The basic functions of the additional code are

to:

a) convert BLAST-supplied direct normal and diffuse

irradiances to equivalent illuminances,

b) recompute solar altitude and azimuth,

c) determine lighting power for each zone by interpolation among the precalculated values.

The irradiances are converted to illuminances using luminous efficacy relations.

The luminous efficacy of solar radiation represents its light content in units

of lumens (weighted by the spectral response of the eye). Luminous efficacy

converts watts per square meter to lumens per square meter. Values for the

luminous efficacy of various solar radiation components are not constants, but are influenced by atmospheric conditions, such as cloudiness, water vapor or airborne particulates, and solar position, which influences both the atmospheric

path length for direct beam radiation and the spectral distribution of the

diffuse radiation.

Based on measurements made at the National Bureau of Standards [12], luminous

efficacy equations were developed for both direct normal and diffuse irradiance

(solar radiation) as functions of cloud ratio. Cloud ratio is defined as [12]:

Id _ diffuse horizontal irradiance

Ig global horizontal irradiance

Global irradiance includes radiation from both the sun and the sky, while

diffuse includes only radiation from the sky. Cloud ratio ( CR) is a general

indicator of sky condition. If CR equals one, there is no direct beam radiation.

This can occur if

a) sun is below the horizon, or

b) sun is behind a cloud

Consistently overcast or predominantly cloudy skies will have cloud ratios near

one. Occasionally, a predominantly clear sky will temporarily have a high

cloud ratio, due to the presence of a cloud patch in front of the solar disk.

Usually, however, clear skies will have cloud ratios near 0.1. Since the

relative contribution of the direct beam to horizontal global decreases with

solar altitude, using cloud ratio as a parameter in determining luminous efficacy

implicitly incorporates the effect of solar altitude along with the effect of

the relative contribution of diffuse irradiance.

A-13
The equations used for calculating luminous efficacy are:

Nd = 136 - 31.9 ( CR)

ND

= 89 + 40.1 (CR)

where

Nd = diffuse luminous efficacy

Nj) = direct beam luminous efficacy

Diffuse illuminance (Ed ) and direct normal illuminance (Ejjjj) are computed

from

eDN " IDN nD

Ed = Id Nd

The solar altitude and azimuth are computed routinely from the solar direction

cosines in BLAST common storage.

The CEL-1 hourly lighting power interpolation takes the current hour’s solar

altitude and azimuth, and determines which precalculated region of the sky

corresponds to the solar position. This choice is made from a selection of

40 sky boxes chosen to cover all possible solar positions. Once the sky

box is picked, a two-dimensional interpolation is performed, using direct beam

and diffuse sky illuminances as the interpolation parameters. The particular

combination of diffuse and direct illuminances is usually bounded by four precalculated points. If, due to extraordinary circumstances or erroneous weather

data, the diffuse or direct illuminances exceed the precalculated ranges,

extrapolation is used to compute the lighting power for that set of conditions.

A-14
A- 7 BLAST/ CEL-1 OUTPUT

When executing BLAST/ CEL-1, all of the simulation output is contained with the

BLAST output. The only differences between standard BLAST output and that from

BLAST/ CEL- 1 are in the lighting and electrical energy results themselves, and

the additional output generated by CEL-1 during the precalculation stage.

If a new lighting power multiplier table is generated, as would occur if no LPM table file existed, the GEL-1 input data file will be echoed, and the precalculation results printed. This section of printout will occur in the BLAST

output file immediately following the echo of the BLAST input file. If BLAST/

CEL-1 is run using an existing LPM table file, no additional BLAST output occurs.

When a new lighting power multiplier table is generated, it will appear as an indirect access file. The name of this file is defined in the procedure RUNdL.

A-15
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ILLUMINANCE

(KLUX)
APPENDIX B - ACCESSING THE BOEING COMPUTER SYSTEM AND RUNNING BLAST/ CEL-1

The user must first establish an account with the BOEING COMPUTER SERVICE,

through the closest office. The user will be supplied with an account number

and means of accessing the system using a user-supplied password. Once the user has successfully gained access to the system, the BLAST and CEL-1 input

files can be generated, in accordance with the related information in this

report and the respective user's guides (see references). At that point

BLAST/ CEL-1 can be executed using a procedure file to run the program.

The procedure file to run BLAST/ CEL-1 can have different forms depending upon

the options selected by the user. The procedure file to update BLAST with the

CEL-1 changes and then execute BLAST/ CEL-1 is listed in table A-l, including

self-explanatory comments. BLAST3X is the name of the updated BLAST/ CEL-1

program, in executable form. Once this has been generated, subsequent execution

of BLAST/ CEL-1 requires only a small procedure file, as shown in table B-l. If

BLAST3X is available, the procedure file to run BLAST/ CEL-1 is identical to

that for standard BLAST, except for the addition of a single line

ATTACH, ABLAST = BLAST3X

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B-3
NBS-114A (rev. 2 »ec) U.s. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET (See instructions)

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

1. PUBLICATION OR

REPORT NO. NBSIR 85-3256

2. Performing Organ. Report NoJ 3. Publication Date MARCH 1986

Building Energy Analysis with BLAST and CEL-1

5. AUTHOR(S)

Stephen J. Treado, Douglas B. Holland, William E. Remmert and William Pierpoint

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint 'or other than NBS

,

see instructions) 7. Contract/Grant No. NATIONAL BUREAU OE-STANDABJi.- V _

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE » WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

9.

SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City. State. ZIP)

. Type of Report & Period Covered

4

Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory

Port Hueneme , CA

10.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

I | Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FlPS Software Summary, is attached.

11.

ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most si gnificant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here

)

This report describes the capabilities of the BLAST and CEL-1 computer programs

,

and the procedures for using a hybrid version which incorporates both programs

into a single design and analysis tool. Details on assembling the required information for development of the input files and the actual execution of the hybrid

program are covered. The program allows detailed simulation of actual lighting

systems using CEL-1 including daylighting effects, while providing BLAST with

lighting energy modifiers on an hourly basis.

The procedure is demonstrated using a sample building.

12. KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by semicolon s) daylighting; energy simulation; lighting; solar radiation

13. availability

[j£] Uni imited

| | For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

20402.

[|X] Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS). Springfield, VA. 22161

14. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

176

15. Price$

$16.95

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