Modeling and Simulation of Critical 

Infrastructure Systems for Homeland 

Security Applications

Charles McLean

Y. Tina Lee

Dr. Sanjay Jain

Dr. Charles Hutchings

NISTIR 7785
NISTIR 7785

Modeling and Simulation of Critical 

Infrastructure Systems for Homeland 

Security Applications

Charles McLean

Y. Tina Lee

Manufacturing Systems Integration Division

Engineering Laboratory

Dr. Sanjay Jain

George Washington University

Dr. Charles Hutchings

U.S. Department of Homeland Security

September 2011

U.S. Department of Commerce

Rebecca M. Blank, Acting Secretary

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Patrick D. Gallagher, Under Secretary for Standards and Technology and Director
ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate sponsored the 

production of this material under Interagency Agreements HSHQDC-09-X-00009 and HSHQDC-09-X00357 with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The work described was funded 

by the United States Government and is not subject to copyright.

DISCLAIMERS

The findings expressed or implied in this report do not necessarily reflect the official view or policy of the 

U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Department of Commerce, or the United States 

Government.

Some software products may have been identified in context in this report. This does not imply a 

recommendation or endorsement of the software products by the authors or NIST, nor does it imply that 

such software products are necessarily the best available for the purpose. 

Comments or questions about this report may be e-mailed to: simresponse@cme.nist.gov.
iii

Contents

1. Purpose...............................................................................................................................................1

2. Introduction to Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources (CIKR)...................................................2

3. Perspectives on Methodologies, Models, and Simulations................................................................6

4. Needs Analysis Overview................................................................................................................13

5. Requirements Specifications............................................................................................................16

5.1. Intended Use...............................................................................................................................16

5.2. Functional Requirements............................................................................................................16

5.3. Data Requirements .....................................................................................................................18

5.4. User Interface Requirements ......................................................................................................18

5.5. Performance Requirements.........................................................................................................19

5.6. Credibility and Evaluation Requirements...................................................................................19

6. Identification of M&S Resources.....................................................................................................20

6.1. Projects, Facilities, and Capabilities...........................................................................................20

6.2. Simulations, Models and Tools..................................................................................................22

6.3. Relevant Standards and Guidelines............................................................................................30

6.3.1. Domain Specific Standards...............................................................................................30

6.3.2. Conceptual Modeling Standards.......................................................................................49

6.3.3. Distributed Simulation Standards.....................................................................................50

6.3.4. Selected Geographic Information System (GIS) Standards..............................................51

6.3.5. Selected Communication Standards .................................................................................56

6.4. Data Sources...............................................................................................................................57

7. Discussions and Recommendations.................................................................................................72

7.1. Best Practices..............................................................................................................................73

7.2. Limitations, Cautions and Warnings ..........................................................................................73

7.3. Research, Development, Standards and Implementation Issues.................................................73

8. Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................74

9. References........................................................................................................................................74
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1

1. Purpose

Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources (CIKR) models and simulations may be used to understand 

infrastructure systems, their interdependencies, their vulnerabilities, and the impact of the propagation of 

damage across interdependent infrastructure systems based upon emergency incidents. They may also be 

used to support training exercises, performance measurement, conceptual design, impact evaluation, 

response planning, analysis, acquisition, conceptualizing and evaluating new systems, vulnerability 

analysis, economic impact, and determining interdependencies between CIKR systems. The goal of this 

document is to capture the current knowledge and information resources that can serve as a common 

baseline for researchers and developers of models and simulations of CIKR for homeland security 

applications. This initial version of the document attempts to assemble relevant, publicly available 

information from a number of sources within U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the 

modeling and simulation (M&S) communities. 

This document is intended to help initiate the discussion of the current leading research, development, 

standards, and implementation issues within the CIKR M&S community. The document will be updated 

based on the input of domain experts across government, research, and commercial organizations. These 

experts will be invited to join together in a workshop to review and extend this document for its final 

publication. The workshop will focus on simulation and modeling activities and needs that support 

analysis, planning, and training for the CIKR sectors as well as the integration of M&S applications 

across the sectors. Issues to be addressed within the scope of this workshop include the establishment of 

consensus on: 

• identification of subject matter experts

• definition of customer and user needs

• system requirements specifications

• recommended/approved modeling techniques and approaches

• identification of data sources, reference data sets, formats, and standards

• identification of appropriate model evaluation and accreditation practices

The workshop will also help identify the current leading research, development, standards, and 

implementation issues. Such analysis by the workshop participants may be found to be relevant by future 

efforts for developing standards, conducting research and development, and enhancing implementation 

policies and procedures for homeland security applications of M&S to improve the protection of critical 

infrastructure systems.

This document provides a compendium of information that has been assembled that is relevant to the 

M&S of CIKR. CIKR, as defined by DHS, are introduced in Section 2. Section 3 provides a general 

background on methodologies, models, and simulations. An initial set of high level user and customer 

needs for M&S applications in the CIKR domain is presented in Section 4. Section 5 translates the high 

level needs to a representative set of M&S system requirements (a more detailed specification is currently 

under development in a related effort). The existing CIKR M&S resources and capabilities such as 

projects, tools, standards, and data sets that have been developed over the years to meet the needs and 

requirements are identified in Section 6. Section 7 presents a discussion of issues, concerns, and 

recommendations for advancing M&S for critical infrastructure protection emanating from a comparison 

of current resources and capabilities with the needs and requirements. Section 8 concludes the document 

while section 9 provides list of references used.

Three additional documents have been prepared as a part of this effort. The other documents address 

M&S for incident management, healthcare systems, and release of hazardous materials. To minimize 
2

redundancy between the documents, each document focuses on the M&S techniques that are most 

significant to the sectors mission and objectives. The CIKR document emphasizes modeling and 

simulation supporting analysis of systems (e.g., vulnerability, security), whereas the incident management 

document focuses more on training and exercises. The healthcare systems document addresses M&S for 

analysis, training, and exercises, but at a more detailed level than the previous two documents. The 

hazardous material release document focuses on the more physical aspects of M&S associated with 

explosions, fires, plumes, and the flow of hazardous materials in building ventilation systems, bodies of 

water, and the soil. The authors recognize that each of the sectors may employ all of the M&S techniques 

that have been identified in the other documents, but typically to a lesser extent.

The authors welcome identification of omissions as well as suggestions for improvements. Please contact 

the authors directly or submit comments or questions by e-mail to simresponse@cme.nist.gov.

2. Introduction to Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources (CIKR)

The National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) [DHS 2009] provides the structure needed to 

coordinate, integrate, and synchronize activities derived from various relevant statutes, national strategies, 

and Presidential directives to create a unified national approach to implementing the CIKR protection 

mission (see Figure 1). The relevant authorities include those that address the overarching homeland 

security and CIKR protection missions, as well as those that address a wide range of sector-specific CIKR 

protection-related functions, programs, and responsibilities. Homeland Security Presidential Directive 7 

(HSPD-7) established U.S. policy for enhancing CIKR protection by establishing a framework for NIPP 

partners to identify, prioritize, and protect the nation's CIKR from terrorist attacks. The directive 

identified 17 CIKR sectors and designated a federal Sector-Specific Agency (SSA) to lead CIKR 

protection efforts in each. The directive allows for the U.S. Department of Homeland Security to identify 

gaps in existing CIKR sectors and establish new sectors to fill these gaps. Under this authority, the 

Department established an 18th sector, the Critical Manufacturing Sector, in March 2008.

Protecting and ensuring the continuity of CIKR are essential to the nation’s security, public health and 

safety, economic vitality, and way of life. Critical Infrastructures are the assets, systems, and networks, 

whether physical or virtual, so vital to the nation that their incapacitation or destruction would have a 

debilitating effect on security, national economic security, public health or safety, or any combination 

thereof. Key Resources are publicly or privately controlled resources essential to the minimal operations 

of the economy and government [DHS 2009].

The NIPP identifies CIKR sectors and responsible agencies. The sectors and responsible agencies are 

identified below:

1. Agriculture and Food – This sector is defined as the supply chains for feed, animals, and animal 

products; crop production and the supply chains of seed, fertilizer, and other necessary related 

materials. It includes the post- harvesting components of the food supply chain, from processing, 

production, and packaging, through storage and distribution to retail sales, institutional food 

services, and restaurant or home consumption. (Responsible Agencies: Department of Agriculture, 

Department of Health and Human Services)

2. Banking and Finance – This sector includes institutions that provide the following products and 

services: deposit, consumer credit, and payment systems; credit and liquidity products, investment 

products, and risk-transfer products, including insurance. (Responsible Agency: Department of the 

Treasury)
3

Figure 1: National Framework for Homeland Security (from [DHS 2009])

3. Chemical –This sector can be divided into five main segments, based on the end product produced: 

basic chemicals, specialty chemicals, agricultural chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and consumer 

products. (Responsible Agency: Department of Homeland Security – Office of Infrastructure 

Protection)

4. Commercial Facilities – This sector consists of the following eight subsectors: public assembly 

(e.g., arenas, stadiums, aquariums, zoos, museums, convention centers); sports leagues (e.g., 

professional sports leagues and federations); resorts (e.g., casinos); lodging (e.g., hotels, motels, 

conference centers); outdoor events (e.g., theme and amusement parks, fairs, campgrounds, parades); 

entertainment and media (e.g., motion picture studios, broadcast media); real estate (e.g., 

office/apartment buildings, condominiums, mixed-use facilities, self-storage); and retail (e.g., retail 

centers and districts, shopping malls). (Responsible Agency: Department of Homeland Security –

Office of Infrastructure Protection)

5. Communications – This sector includes physical properties such as wire line, wireless infrastructure, 

satellite, cable, and broadcasting and also services such as the Internet, information services, and 

cable television networks. (Responsible Agency: Department of Homeland Security – Office of 

Cybersecurity and Communications)

6. Critical Manufacturing – This sector includes manufacturers that design, produce, and distribute 

products not covered by other sectors, including: primary metals (e.g., iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing, alumina and aluminum production and processing, nonferrous metal, except 

aluminum, production and processing); machinery (e.g., engines, turbines, and power transmission 
4

equipment); electrical equipment, appliances, and components; transportation equipment (e.g., motor 

vehicles, aerospace product and parts, railroad rolling stock, and other transportation equipment). 

(Responsible Agency: Department of Homeland Security – Office of Infrastructure Protection)

7. Dams – This sector comprises the assets, systems, networks, and functions related to dam projects, 

navigation locks, levees, hurricane barriers, mine tailings impoundments, or other similar water 

retention and/or control facilities. It provides a wide range of economic, environmental, and social 

benefits, including hydroelectric power, river navigation, water supply, wildlife habitat, waste 

management, flood control, and recreation. (Responsible Agency: Department of Homeland Security 

– Office of Infrastructure Protection)

8. Defense Industrial Base – This sector is subdivided into segments, sub-segments, and commodities 

that produce or comprise weapon system platforms, components, and expendables. Major segments 

include missile, aircraft, troop support, space, combat vehicle, ammunition, weapons, information 

technology, shipbuilding, and electronics. Commodities include mechanical components and 

systems, structural elements, electrical, and electronics. (Responsible Agency: Department of 

Defense)

9. Emergency Services – This sector is a system of response and recovery elements that forms the 

nation’s first line of defense and prevention and reduction of consequences from any terrorist attack. 

It is a sector of trained and tested personnel, plans, redundant systems, agreements, and pacts that 

provide life safety and security services across the nation via the first-responder community 

comprised of federal, state, local, tribal, and private partners. First-responder disciplines included 

within the sector are: emergency management, emergency medical services, fire, hazardous material, 

law enforcement, bomb squads, tactical operations/special weapons assault teams, and search and 

rescue. (Responsible Agency: Department of Homeland Security – Office of Infrastructure 

Protection)

10. Energy – The energy infrastructure is divided into three interrelated segments: electricity, petroleum, 

and natural gas. More than 80 percent of the country’s energy infrastructure is owned by the private 

sector. The sector’s reliance on pipelines highlights the interdependency with, and the reliance on,

the Energy Sector for power, which means that virtually all sectors have dependencies on this sector. 

(Responsible Agency: Department of Energy)

11. Government Facilities – This sector includes a wide variety of buildings, owned or leased by federal, 

state, territorial, local or tribal governments, located domestically and overseas. Many government 

facilities are open to the public for business activities, commercial transactions, or recreational 

activities. Others not open to the public contain highly sensitive information, materials, processes, 

and equipment. This includes general-use office buildings and special-use military installations, 

embassies, courthouses, national laboratories, and structures that may house critical equipment and 

systems, networks, and functions. (Responsible Agencies: Immigration and Customs Enforcement, 

Federal Protective Service)

12. Healthcare and Public Health – This sector consists of state and local health departments, hospitals, 

health clinics, mental health facilities, nursing homes, blood-supply facilities, laboratories, 

mortuaries, and pharmaceutical stockpiles. (Responsible Agency: Department of Health and Human 

Services)

13. Information Technology (IT) – This sector is comprised of virtual and distributed functions 

necessary to provide IT products, and services including hardware, software, IT systems, and 

services. (Responsible Agency: Department of Homeland Security – Office of Cybersecurity and 

Communications)

14. National Monuments and Icons – This sector is comprised of a diverse array of assets located 

throughout the United States and its Territories – many are listed on either the National Register of 

Historic Places or the List of National Historic Landmarks. They include monuments, physical 

structures, or objects that are: 1) recognized both nationally and internationally as representing the 

Nation’s heritage, traditions, and/or values or are recognized for their national, cultural, religious, 

historical, or political significance; and 2) serve the primary purpose of memorializing or 
5

representing significant aspects of our Nation’s heritage, traditions, or values and serve as points of 

interest for visitors and educational activities. These assets generally do not have a purpose or 

function that fits under the responsibility of another sector. (Responsible Agency: Department of the 

Interior)

15. Nuclear Reactors, Materials, and Waste – The sector includes: nuclear power plants; non-power 

nuclear reactors used for research, testing, and training; nuclear materials used in medical, industrial, 

and academic settings; nuclear fuel fabrication facilities; decommissioning reactors; and the 

transportation, storage, and disposal of nuclear material and waste. (Responsible Agency: 

Department of Energy)

16. Postal and Shipping – The sector moves over 720 million messages, products, and financial 

transactions each day. Postal and shipping activity is differentiated from general cargo operations by 

its focus on small- and medium-size packages and by service from millions of senders to nearly 150 

million destinations. Sector-specific assets include: high-volume automated processing facilities; 

local delivery units; many and varied collection, acceptance, and retail operations; mail transport 

vehicles including vans, trucks, tractor trailers and aircraft; and information and communications 

networks. Every sector of the economy depends on the service providers in this sector to deliver 

time-sensitive letters, packages, and other shipments. (Responsible Agency: Department of 

Homeland Security – Transportation Security Administration)

17. Transportation Systems – This sector comprises all modes of transportation (aviation, maritime, 

mass transit, highway, freight rail, and pipeline) – a vast, open, interdependent networked system 

that moves millions of passengers and millions of tons of goods each year. (Responsible Agencies: 

Department of Homeland Security – Transportation Security Administration, United States Coast 

Guard)

18. Water – This sector includes drinking water and wastewater utilities, facilities, and systems. 

(Responsible Agency – Environmental Protection Agency)

To ensure an effective, efficient CI/KR protection program over the long term, the NIPP relies on the 

development, safeguarding, and maintenance of data systems and simulations to enable continuously 

refined risk assessment within and across sectors and to ensure preparedness for domestic incident 

management. In particular, the complexity of interdependency calls for use of modeling and simulation 

capabilities. DHS Office of Infrastructure Protection (IP) is the lead coordinator for modeling and 

simulation capabilities regarding CIKR protection and resiliency [DHS 2009]. In this capacity, DHS has 

several objectives including:

• Specifying requirements for the development, maintenance, and application of research and 

operations related modeling capabilities for CIKR protection and resiliency

• Utilizing available relevant modeling and simulation capabilities in training and exercises to 

familiarize the Sector Specific Agencies (SSAs) and other CIKR partners with them

• Providing guidance on the vetting of modeling tools

• Promoting use of applicable private sector modeling capabilities, including initiatives and 

expertise, by DHS, SSAs and their CIKR partners

The principal capability within the IP to support modeling, simulation, and analysis efforts is the National 

Infrastructure Simulation and Analysis Center (NISAC). NISAC has been tasked to develop advanced 

modeling, simulation, and analysis capabilities for the Nation’s CIKR. These tools and analyses together 

address CIKR in all-hazards context including physical and cyber dependencies and interdependencies. 

These sophisticated models better inform decision-makers, especially for cross-sector priorities. NISAC 

is the principal but not the sole source available to CIKR stakeholders in need of modeling, simulation 

and analysis capabilities. NISAC works with other providers of CIKR analysis to improve overall 

analytical quality and ensure consistency.
6

Information regarding sector-specific CIKR-related authorities is addressed in the respective Sector 

Specific Plans (SSPs). The SSPs provide the means for implementing NIPP across all sectors. SSPs also 

provide a national framework for each sector that guides the development, implementation, and updating 

of State and local homeland security strategies and CIKR protection programs [DHS 2009]. As the 

responsible agent for the identification of assets and existing databases for their sectors, the SSAs’

objectives include:

• Outlining the sector plans and processes for database, data system, and modeling and simulation

development and updates in their respective SSPs; and

• Facilitating the collection and protection of accurate information for database, data system, and 

modeling and simulation use in collaboration with sector partners.

Fourteen of the SSPs are publicly available. The limited current capabilities identified in these SSPs 

suggest that there are large opportunities for use of M&S in each of the sectors.

3. Perspectives on Methodologies, Models, and Simulations

Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English, 1996, defines Methodology as “a body of methods used in 

a particular activity.” Methodology is principles of method, and such principles can be used to study and 

inform problem solving and decision-making. [Checkland 2000] describes a useful model linking 

methodology and the user of a methodology to problem solving: 

‘A problem-solving situation with three elements:

• A user of methodology (this assumes that the user is familiar with the methodology)

• Methodology as documented

• Situation as perceived by the user

Relationship and interactions between the three elements are encapsulated in the LUMAS model 

(Learning, User of methodology, Methodology formally described, Actual approach adopted, and 

real world problem Situation) shown in figure 2. A simple example narrative for the diagram 

may be: A user, U, appreciating a methodology, M, as a coherent set of principles and 

perceiving a problem situation, S, asks, “what can I do?” The User then tailors from M a specific 

approach, A, judged to be appropriate for S, and uses it in an attempt to improve the situation. 

This generates learning, L, which may change the user, U or the methodology, M.

A methodology is, then, a logical framework that not only brings forth learning for an individual, 

but does so in a consistent and systemic manner so learnings can be shared and passed on.’

Another perspective on methodology comes from the International Council on Systems Engineering 

(INCOSE) where methodology is defined as “a collection of related processes, methods and tools” 

[INCOSE 2008]. This is based on definitions from [Martin 1996]:

‘Methodology can be differentiated from other related concepts using the following definitions 

from [Martin 1996]:

• A Process (P) is a logical sequence of tasks performed to achieve a particular objective. A 

process defines “WHAT” is to be done, without specifying “HOW” each task is performed. 

The structure of a process provides several levels of aggregation to allow analysis and 

definition to be done at various levels of detail to support different decision-making needs.
7

Yields

Perceives,

Has a concern for

Tailors “M” to “S” yielding

Used to Guide Inquiry 

and Action in

Modifies, Enriches 

Appreciation of

Changes

Appreciates

Actual Approach 

Adopted

(Situation or User 

Specific)

A

Real World Problem 

Situation

S User of Methodology

U

New Problem Situation

“Improved”

Methodology 

Formally 

Described

M

Learning

L

Yields

Becomes 

Becomes 

Figure 2: The LUMAS Model (from [Checkland 2000])

• A Method (M) consists of techniques for performing a task, in other words, it defines the 

“HOW” of each task. (In this context, the words: “method,” “technique,” “practice,” and 

“procedure” are often used interchangeably.) At any level, process tasks are performed 

using methods. However, each method is also a process itself, with a sequence of tasks to be 

performed for that particular method. In other words, the “HOW” at one level of abstraction 

becomes the “WHAT” at the next lower level.

• A Tool (T) is an instrument that, when applied to a particular method, can enhance the 

efficiency of the task; provided it is applied properly and by somebody with proper skills and 

training. The purpose of a tool should be to facilitate the accomplishment of the “HOWs.” In 

a broader sense, a tool enhances the “WHAT” and the “HOW.” Most tools used to support 

systems engineering are computer- or software-based, and are also known as Computer 

Aided Engineering (CAE) tools.

Closely associated with methodology is an Environment (E) that consists of the surroundings, the 

external objects, conditions, or factors that influence the actions of an object, individual person 

or group [Martin 1996]. These conditions can be social, cultural, personal, physical, 

organizational, or functional. The purpose of a project environment should be to integrate and 

support the use of the tools and methods used on that project. An environment thus enables (or 

disables) the “WHAT” and the “HOW”.’

The interrelationship of processes, methods, tools, and environments is graphically represented in Figure 

3.

Using systems engineering as an example, one model of a systems engineering process is provided by the 

NIPP Risk Management Framework shown in Figure 4. 
8

Figure 3: The Process, Methods, Tools, Environments Elements, and Effects of Technology and 

People (from [INCOSE 2008])

Figure 4: NIPP Risk Management Framework (from DHS [2009])

The NIPP risk management framework uses several methods and sub-processes that support this process 

such as:

• Development of the national, state, regional, and sector risk profiles to facilitate setting goals and 

objectives

• Maintaining the inventory of CIKR and associated attributes through the Infrastructure Information 

Collection System (IICS), a federated integrated data warehouse (IDW), accessible in a geospatial 

context using the capabilities provided by the Integrated Common Analytical Viewer (iCAV) suite of 

tools, including the iCAV and DHS Earth viewers

• Important resilient and redundant security measures that apply to the IDW and provide system 

integrity and security, software security, and data protection

• Constellation/Automated Critical Asset Management System (C/ACAMS) to help State and local 

officials leverage their knowledge to create infrastructure inventories, implement practical CIKR 

protection programs, and facilitate information sharing within and across State and local boundaries, 

as well as with DHS and other Federal partners

• Strategic Homeland Infrastructure Risk Assessment (SHIRA) process, an annual collaborative 

process to assess and analyze the risks to the Nation’s infrastructure from terrorism, as well as natural 

and manmade hazards
9

• Assessment of risk based on consequence, vulnerability and threats

• Sophisticated models and simulations to identify dependencies and interdependencies within and 

across sectors

• Cyber Security Vulnerability Assessment (CSVA), a flexible and scalable approach that analyzes an 

entity’s cybersecurity posture and describes gaps and targeted considerations that can reduce overall 

cyber risks

• Vulnerability Assessment (VA) project to develop and deploy a scalable assessment methodology for 

identifying vulnerabilities, supporting collaborative security planning, and recommending protective 

measures strategies

• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Manual 452, Risk Management: A How-To Guide 

to Mitigate Potential Terrorist Attacks Against Buildings, to assess the risk to and mitigation for 

hundreds of buildings and museums

The National Infrastructure simulation and Analysis Center (NISAC) has developed a number of M&S 

tools which support the NIPP risk management framework. Users of the NIPP methodology document 

apply the elements in various ways depending on the questions that they need to address. For example, 

the SSPs tailor the NIPP for specific concerns in each CIKR sector.

“Model” and “simulation” can be defined or classified in many ways. For example, the DHS Lexicon 

[DHS 2010] includes the following definitions: 

• Model: approximation, representation, or idealization of selected aspects of the structure, behavior, 

operation, or other characteristics of a real-world process, concept, or system.

• Simulation: model that behaves or operates like a given process, concept, or system when provided a 

set of controlled inputs.

In addition, Department of Defense glossary [DoD 2010] provides the following definition.

• Modeling & Simulation: Modeling and Simulation (M&S): The discipline that comprises the 

development and/or use of models and simulations. M&S is highly dependent upon Information 

Technology as defined in DoD Directive 4630.05, Interoperability and Supportability of Information 

Technology (IT) and National Security Systems (NSS), May 5, 2004. 

a. The use of models, including emulators, prototypes, simulators, and stimulators, either statically or 

over time, to develop data as a basis for making managerial or technical decisions. The terms 

"modeling" and "simulation" are often used interchangeably, but simulations generally execute 

models over time, space, events, or other processes.

The focus of this document is on computer models and simulations – computer implemented physical, 

mathematical, process, phenomenological or other types of models. The way in which computer models 

and simulations support methodology is modeled in Figure 5 (M in the LUMAS Model). 

Models can broadly be divided into structural and behavior representations of systems, which could 

include mathematical or empirical modeling. Each of these types of models can be implemented using 

computer models for simulation and used to study questions of interest about a particular system. Various 

examples of model types are shown. This list of model types is not complete or exhaustive, but is meant 

to show typical applications of M&S that support methodologies such as operations research, systems 

engineering, experimentation, or other types of analysis.
10

Modeling

Behavioral 

Structural

Mathematical 

Modeling

Data 

Modeling

Computer Modeling

and Simulation 

Conceptual (language, images)

State Charts

Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) 

Hardware-in-the-Loop (HWIL)

Finite Element Model (FEM)

Finite Volume Model (FVM)

System Environment Models

Parametric/Empirical Models

Uncertainty Models

Differential Equation Specified Systems (DESS)

Stochastic Models

Logic Models

Linear Programs

Discrete Event System Specification

Discrete Time System Specification

Agent-Based Models

Cellular Automata

Neural Networks

Object-Oriented Models

Mock-up/Prototype

Scale Models; e.g., ships, airplanes

Maps

General 

Knowledge

(Epistemology)

METHODOLOGY

M

Examples of 

Methodologies:

• Policy Analysis

• Operations 

Research

• Systems 

Engineering

• Experimentation

• Statistics

• Test and 

Evaluation

• Computer 

Modeling 

 and 

 Simulation

Figure 5: Modeling in methodology

Although M&S capabilities are tools in many different methodologies, M&S using computers is itself a 

methodology with supporting processes, methods and tools. Figure 6 illustrates a simplified, generic 

process for development of computational M&S capabilities to address a non-trivial engineering or 

scientific problem from the perspective of an M&S developer. The process shown in Figure 6 also maps 

to the LUMAS model as shown in the figure. This process is also applicable to simpler problems where 

trivial steps may be combined. Also, the M&S developer may be the problem solver and consumer of the 

M&S results such as an engineer addressing a systems design question or a program manager doing a 

“what if’ analysis to assess the risk to a program.

The first step in the process includes the model or code developer (U) developing a clear understanding of 

what problem situation (S) the consumer of the M&S results is trying to address. A conceptual model of 

the system or problem serves as a framework in developing and implementing the appropriate computer 

modeling capability (A) using the M&S methodology (M) to address the question at hand. With a clear 

conceptual model in mind, developers have a number of choices to make in generating results:

• What data, knowledge, theories, or models are available or applicable to address the problem at hand?

• Is the data, knowledge, or understanding sufficient in both quality and quantity to address the problem 

at hand, or will additional data or observations be required to support development?

• What is the risk of using erroneous results, e.g., will these results be the only input to a decision, or 

will other sources of information be available to support decision making?

• How can the conceptual model be expressed mathematically or physically?

• What boundary and initial condition should be used?

• What modeling paradigm or approach would be most appropriate to implement the analysis?

• Given the developers’ experience, what particular codes or capabilities would be most suitable for 

implementing the model, considering software, hardware, and other constraints and limitations?

• Given the code or computer capability has been developed, have any mistakes or errors been made in 

completing this or in entering the data?
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Grounds

Uses

Includes

Informs

Computer Model/

Simulation A

Problem at Hand / 

System S

Model Developer

U

M&S Results

M&S 

Methodology

M

Consumer of Results

Observations and 

Data Conceptual Model

Evaluation Process

(VV&A)

L

Uses

Supports

Supports

Creates 

Produces

Enhances

Address Checks

Data from 

Existing 

Systems

Interprets

Grounds

Creates

Evaluates

Specify Intended

Use to Address

Inform 

Accredit 

Grounds 

Guides Development and Use of

Needs

Figure 6: Computer Modeling and Simulation – Developer’s Perspective

• Given there are no mistakes or errors found in developing the capability or entering the data, are the 

results realistic, and do they make sense?

• What approach should be used to ensure that the results are correct?

• How do uncertainties and approximations affect the computational results?

• Given that everything else is correct, are the results suitable to address the problem at hand?

• How should the results and associated uncertainty be present for use in decision making?

M&S capabilities are used to model only selected aspects of a system and the models are implemented in 

a computing environment; therefore, the models need to be critically evaluated to ensure that the results 

are credible for their specific intended use, and this is typically done using an evaluation process (L) 

which is included in the M&S methodology (M) and informs the model developer (U) of the quality of 

the M&S capability and results in addressing the problem at hand (S).

Evaluation of M&S capabilities and results should take into account the many factors that affect the 

quality of the results including the level of understanding or knowledge of the issues being addressed and 

the experience level of model developers. Several organizations have developed processes and guidelines 

to address the credibility of M&S capabilities. For example, DoD has a process for documentation, 

evaluation, and certification of M&S results known as Verification, Validation and Accreditation 

(VV&A) that is defined in a recommended practice guide [DoD 2006]. The DoD process is implemented 

in policy, which develops a common understanding of the major steps in the VV&A process defined as 

below [DoD 2009]:
12

• Verification. The process of determining that a model implementation and its associated data 

accurately represents the developer’s conceptual description and specifications. 

• Validation. The process of determining the degree to which a model and its associated data are an 

accurate representation of the real world from the perspective of the intended uses of the model. 

• Accreditation. The official certification that a model, simulation, or federation of models and 

simulations and its associated data are acceptable for use for a specific purpose.

All M&S capabilities should complete verification and validation (V&V). M&S capabilities used as the 

primary input to critical decision making, e.g., on cost, schedule, or performance of the system, should be 

formally accredited to certify that the results are credible for their intended use. Analysts and decisionmakers need to be aware of these sorts of issues when presented with computational modeling and 

simulation results.

[Balci 1998] developed a taxonomy and describes the use of different methods to evaluate M&S 

capabilities and results based on software testing approaches. Figure 7 identifies these verification, 

validation, and testing methods or techniques which can be used to support an evaluation process such as 

VV&A. 

In addition to the use of recommended practices for conceptual modeling and ensuring model credibility, 

model developers should employ recommended practices for a number of other aspects. [Jain 2011] 

recommends best practices for modeling, simulation, and analysis for homeland security applications for 

the following aspects:

1. conceptual modeling 

2. innovative approaches 

3. software engineering 

4. model confidence/ verification, validation and accreditation (VV&A) 

5. use of standards 

6. interoperability 

7. execution performance 

8. user friendliness and accessibility 

 
13

Figure 7: Taxonomy of Verification, Validation, and Testing Techniques (from [Balci 1998])

4. Needs Analysis Overview

Modeling and simulation should be used to support the needs of the various CIKR sectors, managers, 

analysts, service providers, and first responders within the homeland security community. Most 

importantly, it must support the planning and response needs of the NIPP partners including the 

Department of Homeland Security and other federal, state, local, tribal, territorial, and private sector 

organizations. The high level needs identified below have been derived from the National Infrastructure 

Protection Plan (NIPP) [DHS 2009]. High level needs for CIKR modeling and simulation have been 

grouped into the following categories:
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- Model, simulation, tool, and database development

- M&S maintenance, updates, and security

- M&S partnering and coordination

- M&S resource support and information dissemination

A list of high level user and customer needs for CIKR M&S follows:

Model, simulation, tool, and database development –

• Provide modeling, simulation, and analysis of the CIKR assets and systems to enhance preparedness, 

protection, response, recovery, and mitigation activities.

• Develop, protect, and maintain data systems and simulations to enable continuously refined risk 

assessment within and across sectors and to ensure preparedness for domestic incident management.

• Use models and simulations to comprehensively examine the potential consequences from terrorist 

attacks, natural disasters, and manmade accidents that affect CIKR and to analyze sector, cross-sector, 

and regional dependencies and interdependencies, including the cyber domain.

• Conduct pre-planned, short-term and long-term analyses; as well as unplanned, priority analytical 

projects that are based on higher-level tasking or that are related to current threats to CIKR (e.g., 

hurricane CIKR impact analysis).

• Conduct pre-incident studies (e.g., hurricane scenario studies) that are posted and available for 

downloading on the Homeland Security Information Network (HSIN).

• Work with end-users to design operations-related tools that provide maximum utility and clarity for 

CIKR protection activities in both emergencies and routine operations.

• Identify and integrate existing databases and other data services into CIKR databases and data 

systems, such as the Integrated Data Warehouse (IDW), to: reduce the duplication of effort; ensure 

that available data are consistent, current, and accurate; and provide users with a consolidated picture 

across all CIKR sectors.

• Facilitate the actual integration of supporting databases or the importation of data into CIKR 

protection databases and data systems using a common, standardized format, data scheme, and 

categorization system or taxonomy specified by DHS in coordination with the SSAs.

• Provide guidance on the vetting of modeling tools to include the use of private sector operational, 

technical, and business expertise.

• Provide mechanisms for accessing and inputting information into models, simulations, tools, and 

cross-sector interdependency analyses.

• Develop long-term capabilities by maintaining expertise in the development, application of improved 

processes and analysis tools in support of longer-term DHS projects.

M&S maintenance, updates, and security –

• Continuously update, maintain, and/or develop new tools and key databases to keep pace with the 

constantly evolving threat, technology, and business environments to produce reliable projections.

• Protect sensitive information associated with M&S tools and databases.

• Work with end-users to design appropriate information protection plans for sensitive information 

used and produced by CIKR protection modeling tools.

• Outline in the sector plans processes for database, data system, and modeling and simulation development and updates.

• Specify the timelines, milestones, and schedules for the initial population of CIKR databases, as well 

as their regular maintenance and updates.

• Define the schedule for integrating data and databases into such systems as the IDW.
15

M&S partnering and coordination –

• Partner with the private sector on M&S activities to add value to industry’s ability to assess risk and 

refine its own business continuity and security plans, as well as to contribute to the security and 

sustained economic vitality of the for CIKR protection and resiliency.

• Develop and maintain simulation and modeling capabilities in coordination with partners that have 

relevant modeling capabilities to create appropriate mechanisms for the development, maintenance, 

and use of such for CIKR protection as directed by HSPD-7.

• Review existing private sector modeling initiatives and opportunities for joint ventures to ensure that 

DHS, the SSAs, and their CIKR partners make the maximum use of applicable private sector 

modeling capabilities.

• Work with sector partners, as appropriate, to facilitate the collection and protection of accurate 

information for database, data system, and modeling and simulation use and to enhance abilities to 

innovate and to provide products, services, and technologies to quickly focus on mission needs.

• Establish robust relationships that are useful for sharing and protecting sensitive information 

regarding threats, vulnerabilities, countermeasures, and best practices.

• Encourage industry and other partners to participate as early as possible in policy development, 

initiatives, risk analysis, and the management framework so as to help focus corporate and 

government planning, resource investment, and NIPP implementation.

• Enable greater information sharing regarding specific threats and hazards enabled by the issuance of 

security clearances to private sector partners.

• Encourage the leveraged application of preparedness guidelines and self-assessment tools within and 

across sectors so that risks can be managed more effectively and efficiently from the corporate level 

down to the individual facility level.

• Coordinate and plan across multiple agencies for those assets and facilities that are considered to be at 

the greatest risk.

• Participate in national-level and cross-sector training and exercise programs, as well as the National 

Incident Management System.

• Establish informal networks among private sector partners and between the private sector and the 

various Federal agencies that can be used for all-hazards planning and response.

• Encourage industry to go beyond efforts already justified by their corporate business needs to assist in 

broad-scale CIKR protection.

• Coordinate with the DHS Science and Technology Directorate (S&T) and the SSAs on the 

specification of requirements for the development, maintenance, and application of research- and 

operations-related modeling capabilities.

• Create an environment that encourages and supports incentives and recognition for companies to 

voluntarily adopt widely accepted security practices.

• Work with industry to develop and clearly prioritize key missions and enable the protection and/or 

restoration of related CIKR.

M&S resource support and information dissemination –

• Provide the resources necessary to enable cross-sector interdependency studies, exercises, 

symposiums, training sessions, and computer modeling; and otherwise support business continuity 

planning.

• Provide information on the availability of relevant modeling and simulation capabilities to SSAs, 

Federal agencies and departments, and other CIKR partners that have CIKR responsibilities through 

outreach meetings, training, and exercises with sectors, analysts, and consumers.

• Articulate the benefits of CIKR M&S to government, private sector partners, e.g., corporate leaders, 

through the use of public platforms and private communications, both the business and national 

security benefits of investing in security measures that exceed their business case.
16

• Promote understanding of CIKR assets, systems, networks, and facilities, and other capabilities 

through industry ownership and management of a vast majority of CIKR in most sectors.

• Provide private sector owners and operators with timely, accurate, and useful analysis and 

information on threats to CIKR.

• Enable time-sensitive information sharing, restoration, and recovery support to CIKR partners and 

priority CIKR facilities and services during emerging threat and incident management situations.

• Target application of limited resources to the highest risk issues, to include Federal grant funding 

where appropriate.

• Provide support for M&S R&D initiatives that are needed to enhance future CIKR protection efforts.

• Establish and conduct joint R&D and modeling, simulation, and analysis programs.

• Provide operational support to DHS and other Federal Government entities on an as-needed basis in 

the form of analysis, simulation, and scenario development.

• Reproduce selected products for widespread dissemination in hard copy, by email or via electronic 

media.

5. Requirements Specifications

This section translates the high level needs discussed in the previous section to a set of requirements. The 

requirements are intended to be common across all the CIKR and hence at a high level. These 

requirements will serve as the starting set that may need to be enhanced for specific CIKR for unique 

intended use. A separate document with a more detailed set of common requirements is being developed 

in a related effort.

5.1. Intended Use

CIKR models and simulations will be used by analysts, CIKR managers, emergency planners, first 

responders, and training personnel to:

a) Analyze the resource requirements, behavior, and performance of CIKR systems

b) Determine the readiness of CIKR systems to respond to various types of emergencies

c) Analyze interdependencies between CIKR systems

d) Model past incidents and system failures for education, training, and analysis purposes

e) Evaluate security measures and practices developed for CIKR systems

f) Conduct training exercises, drills, emergencies, tests, alerts, real world incidents, and planning for 

national security events

5.2. Functional Requirements

This section identifies possible functions that may be included in CIKR models and simulations.

a) Create and evaluate models/computer simulations that provide more information about 

interdependencies, and promote rapid response, repair, and recovery from attacks

b) Simulate incidents requiring a response based on policies and procedures established for the entity 

involved

c) Predict the impact of vulnerabilities and protective measures

d) Create simulations and tabletop exercises for national-level multi-agency events

e) Conduct tabletop exercises that simulate real-world security emergency in order to assess and 

improve the emergency response and preparedness of owners and operators, State and local law 

enforcement, and local emergency responders

f) Simulate response to catastrophic incidents
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g) Simulate threats, identify vulnerabilities in CIKR systems, measure potential impacts, and evaluate 

countermeasure, mitigation, and response strategies

h) Perform cross-sector interdependency analyses

i) Test facilities protective measures using trained teams of simulated adversaries to help asset owners 

and operators determine the effectiveness of their protection programs and prepare staff to respond 

quickly and properly in the event of an actual incident

j) Establish capabilities for modeling and simulation of strategies for quickly evacuating large crowds 

(e.g., 50 000–130 000 individuals)

k) Develop modeling and simulation methods to determine the resilience of the sector when an event or 

incident occurs

l) Create multi-use tools that supports situational awareness, command and control operations, planning, 

simulations, research, training, and re-analysis of past events

m) Conduct cyber-security assessments of control systems and related technologies

n) Develop advanced control system technologies using modeling and simulation to better evaluate risk

o) Develop and participate in threat simulations and exercises, including those that test cyber-security 

readiness and response capabilities

p) Use system studies, models, simulations, and analyses to identify, develop, and submit gaps that 

represent mission needs

q) Provide simulations to train security personnel to secure facilities against a potential attack and 

handle the aftermath of an attack

r) Provide simulation capabilities for modeling, simulation, and visualization of the Internet as it relates 

to each CIKR sector

s) Setup more realistic simulations of failure scenarios and the consequences of full or partial failure of 

CIKR systems

t) Provide capabilities to model chains-of-events, transactions, etc. that lead to CIKR system failures

u) Provide software resources including the tools, models, and communications databases needed to 

assess network performance, perform modeling and simulation, and visualize network topologies as 

they relate to CIKR systems

v) Provide capabilities for dependency identification and its utility with other sectors for their own risk 

analysis and management efforts

w) Support broader national-level interdependency analyses conducted by enhancing the modeling and 

simulation capabilities of national laboratories and government agencies

x) Provide functions to create high level models of CIKR evolutions over time to support analysis of 

system vulnerabilities, security, readiness, performance and resource requirements

y) Provide training and exercise simulations for CIKR systems that provide functionality for various 

incident and exercise parameters, exercise control, and after action reviews

z) Provide various types of training implementations including tabletop exercises, 2D and 3D computer 

gaming, and immersive virtual reality environments

aa) Provide capabilities to refine simulations based on actual incident data, field measurements, and 

sensor data

bb) Support vector and raster representations of geography, buildings, and other CIKR structures and 

systems

cc) Support a range of different grid resolutions on critical infrastructure models, maps, and displays, 

e.g., 30 meter, 100 meter, 1 kilometer, 10 kilometer

dd) Support the integration and/or distributed execution of interrelated CIKR and other models including 

hazardous material release exposure and effects, incident management systems, healthcare systems, 

weather, and watershed flows

ee) Identify regions where the exposed population will experience life threatening, serious long-lasting or 

notable effects from incidents or failure of CIKR systems
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5.3. Data Requirements

This section identifies data management issues as well as input and output data types that may be 

supported for CIKR models and simulations.

a) Establish a data taxonomy, meta-data framework, and detailed information models for CIKR 

simulation and modeling data to help support analyses and support data interoperability and 

data/information fusion

b) Establish standard data structures, databases, and exchange mechanisms for CIKR data used in 

models and simulations

c) Establish a CIKR M&S data warehouse that categorizes each item in a data item into non-overlapping 

region to support filtering, grouping, and labeling

d) Establish processes to ensure data quality and provide traceability mechanisms to track data back to 

original sources

e) Establish an information assurance program to manage risks related to the use, processing, storage, 

and transmission of information or data and the systems and processes used for those purposes

f) Provide information assurance measures that protect and defend information and information systems 

by ensuring their availability, integrity, authentication, confidentiality, and non-repudiation of CIKR 

M&S data

g) Support the Protected Critical Infrastructure Information (PCII) Program that enhances information 

sharing between the private sector and the government in order to analyze and secure critical 

infrastructure and protected systems, identify vulnerabilities and develop risk assessments, and 

enhance recovery preparedness measures

h) Use geographical information systems-based methods to track and model the effects of incidents on 

CIKR systems, e.g., the flow and concentration of contaminants in source water supplies

i) Establish a data taxonomy, information models, databases, and exchange mechanisms for CIKR data 

including:

• Structure and layout of CIKR systems and support organizations

• CIKR system data flows 

• Inventory of CIKR resources

• Standard CIKR management operations, processes and procedures

• Message logs and incident time lines

• Specification of the incident area including event types and parameters, timing of events, 

schedule of restoration activities, terrain and buildings in affected areas

• Demographics data: population location, density, and attributes by time of day

• Meteorological data: observed and forecast weather conditions that may affect an incident 

including wind speed, direction, and precipitation

• Plume data for hazardous material releases and explosions

j) Support of appropriate existing data standards in model implementations, training and exercise 

simulations, e.g., SCORM – Shareable Content Object Reference Model [ADL 2011].

5.4. User Interface Requirements

This section identifies user interface capabilities that may be supported for CIKR models and simulations.

a) Provide three-dimensional urban imagery with data visualization, zoom capabilities, and high-spatial 

resolution

b) Provide after-action reporting capabilities to identify weaknesses and issues identified from exercises, 

assign offices to be responsible for correcting problems, and track these assignments to ensure 

completion
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c) Provide tools for modeling, simulation, and visualization of information technology systems

d) Provide capabilities to configure simulation runs with specific CIKR systems, incident types and 

associated parameters, affected populations, responder resources, weather conditions, and geographic 

regions

e) Generate graphical views of CIKR systems, failures, incident and responder activities over a 2D or 

3D representation of area of interest at different levels of resolution

f) Provide user control mechanisms that affect rapid execution/playback of simulation runs to move 

forward and back to desired points in time

g) Use various DHS standard symbology, maps, and representation schemes to display incident 

parameters, resource locations, and time lines

h) Provide virtual reality interfaces to support 3D gaming for critical infrastructure exercises

i) Provide exercise controller interfaces for the initiation, execution, as well as playback of exercise 

simulations for after action reviews and hot washes

j) Provide interfaces to generate still image and video files that can be used to transfer results for 

viewing or playback using other software tools

k) Provide displays that help users understand the uncertainty associated with M&S results

5.5. Performance Requirements

This section identifies possible performance considerations for CIKR models and simulations.

a) Support various simulation techniques, as appropriate such as system dynamics modeling, discrete 

event simulation, business process modeling, agent-based modeling, and computational fluid 

dynamics models as appropriate to create specific individual-based computational models for 

modeling complex systems, emergence, Monte Carlo Methods, computational sociology, multi-agent 

systems, and evolutionary programming

b) Support time scaling of models and simulations and abilities to move forward rapidly in time to focus 

on events of interest (real-time for training and faster than real-time to support planning and analysis 

during actual incidents)

c) Provide for updates from real time CIKR system information, meteorological databases and 

observations

d) Share model predictions with other software applications

e) Provide capabilities for interoperable networked implementations at different sites by different 

organizations

5.6. Credibility and Evaluation Requirements

This section identifies considerations for ensuring the credibility and evaluating CIKR models and 

simulations.

a) Support the Systems-Based Risk Management (SBRM) process

b) Establish cross-sector working groups to support the development and evaluation of simulation 

models

c) Support evaluation of M&S tools using standard validated scenarios with data and results

d) Support evaluation of M&S tools through identification of standard processes and techniques for the 

purpose that may be customized to CIKR sectors if needed

e) Establishing procedures for evaluating credibility of CIKR and other data used as input for M&S 

tools

f) Provide guidance for generating uncertainty data with results from M&S tools
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6. Identification of M&S Resources

This section identifies existing M&S resources that support CIKR and are possibly relevant to meeting 

some of the needs and requirements presented in sections 4 and 5. Resources that primarily support other 

M&S areas or domains, e.g., incident command, are not included. 

The section is divided into:

• Projects, facilities, and capabilities (Section 6.1)

• Simulation models and tools (Section 6.2) 

• Relevant Standards and Guidelines (Section 6.3) 

• Data Sources (Section 6.4)

6.1. Projects, Facilities, and Capabilities

A number of projects have been initiated to address CIKR M&S issues. Although some have been 

sponsored by DHS, there have been others conducted by outside organizations both within and outside of 

the U.S. A representative list of projects follows:

Canada’s Public Security Technical Program CIP Projects: The modeling and simulation (M&S) of 

elements of Canada’s critical infrastructure—and particularly the area of dependencies and 

interdependencies between sectors and sub-sectors—is developing as a unique, horizontal CI research 

area with opportunities to support all CI sectors. Two ongoing projects are: PSTP Study 08-0120CI (2009 

to 2010) – Conducting a HAZMAT scenario-based live simulation of telecommunication CI business 

continuity capability that will include the development and validation of “as-is” and “to-be” models 

(using an established architecture framework); PSTP Study 08-100CI (2009 to 2010) –Integrated 

Evaluation of Critical Infrastructure Interdependencies for Major Event Planning, using M&S 

technologies [DRDC 2009]. 

Chemical Sector Supply Chain and Economics Project: This project is a key component of a larger effort 

to deliver Enabling Homeland Security Capabilities (EHCs) for the Modeling, Mapping, and Simulation 

program. The first goal of this project is to populate a detailed data set of the chemical and petrochemical 

manufacturing, supply and distribution components that comprise the chemical infrastructure supply 

chain. The second goal is to develop a means to mathematically analyze not only the consequence of 

significant threats, but also the resiliency of the supply chain to recover from these impacts [DHS 2011a].

Critical Infrastructure Test Range Complex (CITRC): CITRC at Idaho National Laboratory is a national, 

comprehensive program that researches, develops, and tests technologies, systems, and policies to protect 

the nation’s infrastructure. CITRC is comprised of the sites formerly occupied by the Auxiliary 

(originally Army) Reactor Area (ARA) and the Power Burst Facility (PBF), later part of the Waste 

Reduction Operations Complex (WROC). The remainder of INL land not occupied by facilities is 

designated part of the site-wide critical infrastructure test range (CITR), and serves as a real-world natural 

laboratory. CITR has industrial-scale infrastructure components, including an isolatable full-scale electric 

power grid with a 61-mile transmission loop, seven independent substations, and a control room for 

conducting comprehensive interoperability, vulnerability and risk assessments [INL 2008]. 

Design of an Interoperable European federated Simulation network for critical InfraStructures (DIESIS): 

This project proposes to establish the basis for a European modeling and simulation e-Infrastructure based 

upon open standards to foster and support research on all aspects of critical infrastructures with a specific 

focus on their protection. This European e-Infrastructure will support full cooperation of the different 
21

partners in charge for studying (inter)dependencies of critical infrastructures, while preserving the 

confidentiality of the proprietary knowledge embedded into the different models and simulation packages. 

The project aims to address the following: availability of models and data for single infrastructures, 

interoperable simulation of multiple infrastructures, and testbeds and benchmarks for protection solutions 

[DIESIS 2011]. 

Group Model Building for Critical Infrastructure Simulation: A group of researchers from Europe and 

the U.S. are utilizing group model building workshops to develop systems dynamics models of critical 

infrastructure. In initial reported effort Group Model Building (GMB) and system dynamics were used to 

develop plausible scenarios for a CI & Information Technology (IT) crisis with cross-border effects. 

Expert consensus was achieved about the crisis causal structure “driving” the event into a cross-border 

crisis. The model showed the negative effects of uncoordinated single country action on crisis perception 

and resource misallocation, in turn escalating crisis duration and severity. It is particularly severe if the 

crisis is exacerbated by IT failures [Sveen 2010].

Modeling Delay Tolerant Networking following Communication Infrastructure Disruption in a Disaster: 

Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) is needed for communications following disruptions in 

communications infrastructure in a disaster. In a disaster scenario people with hand-held wireless devices 

(e.g., cell phone, PDA, even laptops), houses with WiFi routers and automobiles with radios can be 

connected in an effective way using DTN devices to form a functional communication network. This 

project is developing a mobility model that includes the impact of the disaster on the transportation 

network, and that models population and relief vehicle movement. The researchers are augmenting the 

“Opportunistic Network Environment” (ONE) simulator of DTNs with required extensions for the 

purpose [Uddin 2009].

National Infrastructure Simulation and Analysis Center (NISAC): NISAC is a modeling, simulation, and 

analysis program within DHS comprising personnel in the Washington, D.C., area as well as from Sandia 

National Laboratories (Sandia) and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). A facility dedicated to 

NISAC is located at Sandia Albuquerque. Congress mandated that NISAC serve as a “source of national 

expertise to address critical infrastructure protection” research and analysis. NISAC prepares and shares 

analyses of critical infrastructure and key resources (CIKR), including their interdependencies, 

vulnerabilities, consequences, and other complexities. Its mission is to improve the robustness of the 

nation’s critical infrastructures by providing an advanced modeling and simulation capability that will 

enable an understanding of how the infrastructure operates; help identify vulnerabilities; determine the 

consequences of infrastructure outages; and optimize protection and mitigation strategies. NISAC’s 

objectives are to leverage the existing capabilities of the NISAC partners to provide leadership in critical 

infrastructure interdependencies modeling, simulation, and analysis [NISAC 2011a]. 

Particle Dynamic Simulation for Critical Infrastructure Protection: The project utilizes particle modeling 

for the simulation of dynamic fracture phenomena in homogeneous and heterogeneous materials such as 

encountered in blasts on a concrete wall. Particle modeling is a dynamic simulation method that typically 

uses a lattice of small (but not molecular level) particles, evolving according to laws of mechanics, as a 

discrete representation of fluids and/or solids. The analysis will be used to establish design requirements 

for nanoparticle reinforcement of concrete structural components to meet severe loading (i.e., blast and 

seismic) demands [SERRI 2007]. 

Virtual USA – A DHS program, called Virtual USA, will enable first responders nationwide to link 

disparate tools and technologies in order to share the location and status of critical assets and information. 

These may include power and water lines, flood detectors, helicopter-capable landing sites, emergency 

vehicle and ambulance locations, weather and traffic conditions, evacuation routes, and school and 

government building floor plans [Boyd 2009].
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6.2. Simulations, Models and Tools

A large number of critical infrastructure modeling tools have been developed through the efforts of 

federal agencies, universities, research organizations and commercial companies. A survey performed by 

Idaho National Lab under the sponsorship of U.S. Technical Support Working Group identified 30 tools 

for critical infrastructure interdependency modeling [Pederson 2006]. This section lists existing tools that 

have been identified through Internet searches and site visits to organizations involved in M&S of CIKR 

systems. The tools are arranged alphabetically based on their developer’s acronyms, or in some cases, 

abbreviations assigned by the authors for purposes of the readability of this document.

Tool Acronym Brief Description

AIMS The AIMS system is designed to aid research into critical infrastructures and the 

interdependencies between them. The simulation suite focuses on the types of 

services that are provided by infrastructure components. Each infrastructure system 

component is modeled as an agent and its services as its behavior [Bagheri 2007]. 

AIMSUN Developed by Transport Simulation Systems, Spain, AIMSUN provides integrated 

modeling of traffic at macro-meso-micro scales. It provides advanced traffic models 

capable of fast execution [TSS 2010]. It is one of the tools used in the M&S 

Integration Framework project at the National Center for the Study of Preparedness 

and Catastrophic Event Response (PACER) located at Johns Hopkins University.

ATFP Anti Terrorism/ Force Protection (ATFP) tool has been developed at the Naval 

Postgraduate School and can be used for planning for waterside security for ships in a 

port. It combines agent-based simulation with X3D based visualization. The target 

users are personnel in charge of port security and Coast Guard [Brutzman 2006].

ATOM Air Transportation Optimization Model (ATOM) is a network flow model of the air 

transportation system of the nation. It can be used to determine the impact of 

disruptions and to develop optimal re-routing schemes [NISAC 2011b].

CARVER2 The CARVER2 vulnerability assessment tool is designed to quickly and easily 

identify and compare potential natural disaster and/or terrorist targets at the local, 

state and national levels in order to assist government officials in the allocation of 

protective resources. It does not have any simulation capability. Developed under the 

sponsorship of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, it is available free 

of charge to federal, state, and local government officials and agencies [NI2CIE 

2009].

CASCADE The CASCADE model can be used for analyzing the potential of catastrophic 

disruptions of large, interconnected infrastructure systems due to cascading failures. It 

is a probabilistic model of load depending cascading failure. It has been extended to 

include a dynamic component. It can be used to evaluate the impact of policies on the 

reliability of infrastructure for various operation ranges [Carreras 2009].

CI3 Critical Infrastructure Interdependencies Integrator (CI3) has been developed at 

Argonne National Labs to estimate (through Monte Carlo simulation) the time and/or 

cost to restore a given infrastructure component, a specific infrastructure system, or an 

interdependent set of infrastructures to an operational state. CI3 also provides a 

framework for incorporating uncertainty into the analysis of critical infrastructures 
23

[Gillette 2002]. 

CIMS Critical Infrastructure Modeling System (CIMS) has been developed to examine the 

interrelationships between infrastructure networks and more specifically, the 

emergent systems behaviors that develop when one or more nodes within the system 

are perturbed. It takes a command-level approach seeking to provide decision makers 

with sufficient information in terms of mission [Dudenhoeffer 2006]. 

CIMSuite Critical Infrastructure Modeling (CIMSuite) software offers powerful, easy-to-use 

tools for both modeling and simulating complex interactions of infrastructure systems 

and predicting emergent behaviors through time. CIMSuite software gives users the 

potential to integrate multiple systems and visualize the results of cascading events 

including factors such as human social dynamics. The CIMSuite software data 

structure lends itself to both 3-D visualization and further algorithmic treatment, 

including time-step simulations, real-time data integration and analysis using methods 

such as genetic algorithms and neural networks [INL 2007]. 

CIPDSS Critical Infrastructure Protection Decision Support System (CIPDSS) has been 

developed jointly by LANL, Sandia and Argonne National Labs (ANL). The set of 

tools under the CIPDSS program models the impact of CI on the economy, 

government, and population. LANL developed the city level models, Sandia 

developed the national level models while ANL provided the decision support part. 

The set of tools is intended to provide “orders of magnitude” results quickly. It was 

used for the analysis underlying NISAC’s report on potential impact of pandemic 

influenza [Powell 2007].

CIPDSS-DM CIPDSS-DM is a model used to compute the relative preference of alternative 

intervention strategies based on multi-attribute decision theory and was developed 

specifically as an aid to making decisions under conditions of uncertainty and risk. It 

helps decision makers integrate the large amount of quantitative information and 

insights generated by consequence simulations into a single measure of relative merit 

that informs the decision maker’s comparison of available alternative intervention 

strategies. The relative preference model is combined with an analysis model that 

calculates the level of confidence in choosing any one intervention strategy over 

another and quantifies maximum and expected levels of satisfaction and regret 

[NISAC 2007].

CIPMA The Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) Modeling and Analysis (CIPMA) 

Program is a key component of the Australian Government’s efforts to enhance the 

protection of the critical infrastructure. The capability includes a series of ‘impact 

models’ to analyze the effects of a disruption to critical infrastructure services. This 

information is assisting the development and direction of government policy in 

national security and critical infrastructure protection (CIP), and helping owners and 

operators to better protect their critical infrastructure [TISN 2010].

CIPR/Sim Critical Infrastructure Protection and Resiliency Simulator (CIPR/sim) allows 

emergency planners to visualize the real-time cascading effects of multiple 

infrastructure failures before an actual emergency occurs. It uses a common operating 

framework that allows the tool to import real-time data from numerous existing 

analysis modules, including RTDS (Real Time Digital Simulator) for electric grid 
24

analysis, QualNet for telecommunications analysis, and PC Tide for wind speed and 

flood surge analysis [Walsh 2009].

CISIA Critical Infrastructure Simulation by Interdependent Agents (CISIA) is a simulator 

that uses a modular and sufficiently abstract representation of the different 

infrastructures’ components to allow consistent descriptions, starting from the 

incomplete and generic data acquirable from stakeholders. Each component interacts 

with the others via a multitude of mechanisms that codify different concepts of 

proximity. The simulator has been used to analyze, in a simplified scenario, crisis 

evolution in the urban area of Rome in the presence of a failure in the electric power 

system [De Porcellinis 2008].

CommAspen CommAspen is an agent-based model for simulating the interdependent effects of 

market decisions and disruptions in the telecommunications infrastructure on other 

critical infrastructures in the U.S. economy such as banking and finance, and electric 

power. CommAspen extends and modifies the capabilities of Aspen-EE, an agentbased model previously developed by Sandia National Laboratories to analyze the 

interdependencies between the electric power system and other critical infrastructures 

[Barton 2004]. 

DEM The Discrete Event Model (DEM) has been combined with hydraulic simulation 

model (Adaptive Hydraulic model [ADH]) to produce an integrated set of tools for 

addressing a wide range of navigation and operational problems at Corps locks and 

dams and commercial facilities and thus investigate issues with waterways 

transportation infrastructure [USACE 2011].

DEW Distributed Engineering Workstation (DEW) can be used to create integrated system 

models, incorporating entire power distribution network from substations to service 

points. It supports interconnected, multidisciplinary models (i.e. Power, Fluid, Gas) 

and system interdependencies and provides analytical tools for advanced system 

planning, design, and operation [EDD 2011].

 

DYNA3D DYNA3D (“Dynamics in 3 Dimensions”) is an explicit finite-element code that 

addresses the behavior of structures as they deform and fail. Homeland security 

applications of the code include: blast-effect analyses, mass transit vulnerability 

analysis (underwater tunnel), blast resistant trash can analysis, and analysis of effects 

of destructive earthquakes and major accidents on bridges and dams. Some of the 

analyses include use of related codes such as ALE3D (Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian 

in 3D code for modeling explosive processes), NIKE3D (Nonlinear implicit 3D finite 

element code for modeling dynamic deformations) and SPH (Smooth Particle 

Hydrodynamics code for modeling a hole in an underwater tunnel) [LLNL 2011].

 

EMCAS The Electricity Market Complex Adaptive System (EMCAS) models the electricity 

market representing its diverse participants as “agents.” All agents have their own set 

of objectives, decision-making rules, and behavioral patterns. Further, agents can 

draw on an array of historical information (e.g., past power prices) and projected data 

(e.g., next-day load) to support their unique decision process. EMCAS has been used 

to study electricity market restructuring issues in the U.S., Europe, and Asia [ANL 

2011a]. 
25

FAIT Fast Analysis Infrastructure Tool (FAIT) is used to determine the significance and 

interdependencies associated with elements of the nation’s critical infrastructure. It 

utilizes system expert-defined object-oriented interdependencies, encoded in a rulebased expert systems software language (JESS), to define relationships between assets 

across different infrastructures. These interdependencies take into account proximity, 

known service boundaries, ownership, and other unique characteristics of assets found 

in their associated metadata [NISAC 2011c]. 

FEPVA The Framework for Electricity Production Vulnerability Assessment (FEPVA) can be 

used to assess the potential impact of natural disasters or malicious attacks for both 

response and preventative purposes. In particular, it can be used to identify the power 

plants that will be potentially affected and to what degree given a disruption of fuel 

supply due to a disaster. The framework has three major capabilities: (1) requirement 

analysis, data acquisition, and data processing; (2) development of the data 

warehouse; and (3) visualization and data mining [Shih 2009].

FinSim Financial System Infrastructure Model (FinSim) represents the U.S. financial services 

sector as a complex decentralized system with multiple interacting autonomous 

decision nodes, or agents. Those nodes represent different types of real-world agents, 

such as banks, traders, markets, and brokers. The financial system interactions are 

executed through an explicit message exchange, intermediated by the 

telecommunications system with electric power dependencies for the purpose of 

investigating possible vulnerabilities [Outkin 2006].

Fort Future VI Fort Future Virtual Installation (VI) is meant for installation level infrastructure 

modeling. It integrates utility system simulations with each other and with a resource 

contention process model. Results from utility simulations include detailed operating 

data, such as flow rates and pressures in water systems and voltages and currents in 

electrical systems. The VI incorporates rules of thumb (heuristics) to translate 

simulation results into actionable information based on the question at hand [USACE 

2010]. 

FRAM The Fuzzy Relation Analysis Method (FRAM) method has been implemented in GIS 

for modeling and analyzing interdependencies of critical infrastructures. The 

modeling processes include the following four components: (1) an asymmetrical 

fuzzy relation matrix representing direct relationships between nodes in infrastructure 

networks; (2) an asymmetrical fuzzy relation matrix representing direct and cascade 

relationships between infrastructure networks; (3) a mathematical transformation 

converting asymmetric relations in to transitive relations with properties of direct 

relations stronger than indirect relations; and (4) a method for ranking infrastructures 

in terms of their relative importance [Cheng 2007].

I2SIM Infrastructure Interdependencies Simulation (I2SIM) is being developed under the 

Joint Infrastructure Interdependencies Research Program (JIIRP) at the University of 

British Columbia in Canada. It is intended to capture the complex time line dynamics 

that occur in a system of multiple infrastructures as events develop during large 

disaster situations. The system modeling and solution approach implemented in 

I2SIM is based on a dynamic time-sensitive coordination of the delivery of the vital 

goods and services required to maximize human survivability. I2SIM models the 

network of networks that results when multiple CIs are brought into the picture 
26

simultaneously [UBC 2007]. 

IEISS Interdependent Environment for Infrastructure System Simulations (IEISS) is a 

flexible and extendible software framework designed for MS&A of multiple 

interdependent infrastructures. It allows study of complex, nonlinear and emergent 

system behaviors through a system-of-systems modeling approach and a unified view 

of physical interdependencies. It includes the following infrastructure models: 

electric power, natural gas, water, petroleum (POL), telecomm and SCADA. It 

includes interactive 2D and 3D visualizers. It is accessible through HYDRA, a 

service oriented architecture, and INDRA, a browser enabled client for risk based 

decision support [NISAC 2011d]. 

IIM Inoperability Input–Output Model (IIM) estimates the cascading inoperability and 

economic losses that result from interdependencies within large-scale economic and 

infrastructure systems. Based on the Nobel Prize-winning W. Leontief economic 

model, the IIM is a computationally efficient, inexpensive, holistic method for 

estimating economic impacts. It can be used to calculate higher-order effects from 

attacks to vulnerabilities and implementation of risk management policies in largescale economic systems and to evaluate risk management options against multiple 

objectives [Crowther 2005].

INTEPOINT 

VU

IntePoint Vu uses a combination of techniques to analyze complex environments and 

model system-wide interdependencies across physical, virtual and social networks. It 

utilizes Agent-Based Simulation to model the behavior of dynamic systems. It allows 

developing a broad understanding of an incident and its implications and facilitates 

effective, timely decisions to plan for the unknown [IntePoint 2008]. 

Loki Toolkit Loki is a generalized networked-agent modeling toolkit. It includes a set of 

components that can be selected, customized, and combined to create abstract models 

of diverse networks including power systems, pipelines, social networks, and 

financial networks. The ability to combine networks allows modeling the interactions 

across these networks. The toolkit includes analysis and visualization resources, such 

as network displays and statistical summaries to allow analysts to rapidly gain insights 

into the behavior of networked systems. Loki-Infect, a social network model for 

evaluating disease cascades, has been used to identify and evaluate mitigation 

strategies for disease spread [NISAC 2011e].

MBRA The MBRA tool supports the Model-Based Risk Assessment technique. There are two 

key components of MBRA: the network analysis and the fault tree analysis. These 

two parts can be performed independently or together. The network analysis models 

an infrastructure network and helps the analyst to determine which components are 

the most critical. The fault tree is an engineering technique used to model possible 

faults to related parts of a system and then to determine how best to allocate resources 

to those parts to minimize overall risk [CHDS 2011]. 

MIITS Multi-Scale Integrated Information and Telecommunications System (MIITS) module 

is a scalable, end-to-end simulation environment for representing and analyzing 

extremely large, complex communication networks of any type, including cellular 

networks, public switched telephone networks (PSTNs), the Internet, and ad hoc mesh 

networks. MIITS offers network representation in several resolutions, ranging from 
27

packet-level simulation to flow-based approaches. It is used as a part of the Urban 

Infrastructure Suite (UIS) at NISAC [NISAC 2011f]. 

MIN A three-layer Multi-Layer Infrastructure Networks (MIN) model is used to model 

auto, urban freight, and data infrastructure and solved using Agent-Based Simulation. 

This modeling uses a game-theoretic approach because the auto and freight flow 

dynamics are based on a fixed-point formulation of a Cournot-Nash equilibrium of 

games while travelers, travel information providers, freight shippers, and carriers are 

treated as self-interest players in the games [Zhang 2005].

MSM The MIT Screening Methodology (MSM) has been developed at the Massachusetts 

Institute of Technology (MIT) for the identification and prioritization of 

vulnerabilities in infrastructures. The infrastructures are modeled as interconnected 

digraphs and employ graph theory to identify the candidate vulnerable scenarios. 

These scenarios are screened for the susceptibility of their elements to a terrorist 

attack, and a prioritized list of vulnerabilities is produced. The prioritization 

methodology is based on multi-attribute utility theory. The impact of losing 

infrastructure services is evaluated using a value tree that reflects the perceptions and 

values of the decisionmaker and the relevant stakeholders. These results, which are 

conditional on a specified threat, are provided to the decisionmaker for use in risk 

management [Li 2009], [Apostolakas 2005].

MUNICIPAL Multi-Network Interdependent Critical Infrastructure Program for Analysis of 

Lifelines (MUNICIPAL) is a decision support system for the design and assessment 

of protection strategies including: identifying key elements to reduce the impact of 

disruptions, determining what levels of effort are required to restore service, 

designing alternative paths to reduce vulnerability, and determining where to site 

emergency response resources to rapidly restore services after a disruption. 

MUNICIPAL supports response and restoration following disruptions, facilitates 

analysis of threat scenarios and supports emergency preparation and training activities 

[Lee 2005]. 

N-ABLE NISAC Agent-Based Laboratory for Economics (N-ABLE) is a large-scale

microeconomic simulation tool that captures complex internal supply chain and 

market dynamics of businesses in the U.S. economy. It can be used to evaluate 

policies through simulation of millions of interacting firms. It has been used to study 

the impact of chlorine transportation disruption with a model of 3,300 related firms 

and 15 000 links [NISAC 2011g]. 

Net-Centric 

GIS

A network-centric modeling approach is used and an infrastructure interdependency 

knowledgebase is implemented in a WEBGIS environment for effective decisionmaking process. The spatial knowledgebase mimics interrelationships between 

selected critical infrastructure sectors. The approach can be used for effectively 

addressing the issues of infrastructure interdependency during emergencies [Abdalla 

2007].

NG Analysis 

Tools

Natural gas (NGx) analysis tools allow modeling of the natural gas pipeline 

infrastructure. NGflow identifies critical links and nodes in a network topology. 

NGanalyzer assists users in analyzing identified gas engineering vulnerabilities, such 

as the number of city-gates, available storage, and pipeline capacity and 
28

interconnection. NGcut determines network component failure sets that could isolate 

a specific location or site from all supply sources. NGdepletion addresses outage 

duration times and determines whether and when a component outage will affect a 

specific location or site. NGpressure determines how the loss of a critical link or node 

under various operating conditions might affect a natural gas system [ANL 2011b].

NSRAM Network Security Risk Assessment Model (NSRAM) is a tool for determining the 

probability of failure and repair/recovery time of complex systems composed of a 

network or system of networks. It models interconnected networks, such as electrical 

grids, communication systems, and roadways. Its features include: a time domain 

probabilistic risk assessment method, an ability to analyze the interaction of disparate 

network elements, and a detailed repair simulation capability [IIIA 2007]. 

PipelineNet PipelineNet is a Windows stand-alone PC application that integrates hydraulic and 

water quality models from EPA’s EPANET 2.0 with existing databases to give 

emergency managers real time information for estimating the risks to public water

supplies. PipelineNet simulates the flow and concentration of biological or chemical 

contaminants in a city or municipality’s water distribution system from single and 

multiple sources, simulates water tracing and ageing, aids in the location of 

monitoring sites, provides tools for regulatory compliance and helps to evaluate 

contamination mitigation alternatives [SAIC 2011].

Restore Restore models complex sets of steps required to accomplish a goal, such as repairing 

a ruptured natural gas pipeline, when the time required to complete a step may be 

uncertain due to such factors as the time of day, weather, and availability of crew. 

Restore allows a user to estimate the time and cost (which may also be uncertain) 

needed to achieve an intermediate stage of completion, as well as overall completion. 

The tool also identifies the “most active path” through the network of tasks. It 

generates output graphs of probability distributions for overall and intermediate 

completion times [ANL 2011c]. 

R-NAS R-NAS is a network flow model of primary rail tracks, yards, bridges and other rail 

facilities in the continental U.S., with flow based on commodity movement data from 

the Department of Transportation. The model can be used for quantifying the impact 

of disruptions in the network. Network flow optimization routines can be used to 

reroute the flows to support trans-incident operations support. The model has been 

used to analyze the impact of Hurricane Katrina on the rail network [NISAC 2011b]. 

RTDS Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) provides power systems simulation technology 

for study of power systems with complex High Voltage Alternating Current (HVAC) 

and High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) networks. It is a fully digital 

electromagnetic transients power system simulator that operates in real time. Since 

the simulator functions in real-time the power system algorithms are calculated 

quickly enough to continuously produce output conditions which realistically 

represent conditions in a real network. The simulator can be directly connected to the 

power system control and protection equipment for running simulations [INL 2010].

TEVA Threat Ensemble Vulnerability Assessment (TEVA) is a probabilistic framework for 

assessing the vulnerability of a water utility to a large range of contamination attacks. 

TEVA addresses the spatial and temporal complexities of water-distribution networks 
29

by integrating network hydraulic models with water-quality models, health-impact 

models, and sensor-placement algorithms. The integrated set of models allows 

decision makers to assess the potential health impacts of a variety of contamination 

scenarios; to design and evaluate possible mitigation strategies, such as a contaminant 

warning system; and to plan effective response activities, such as containment and 

public health intervention [ANL 2011d]. 

TRAGIS The Transportation Routing Analysis Geographic Information System (TRAGIS) 

model is used to calculate highway, rail, or waterway routes within the United States. 

TRAGIS is a client-server application with the user interface and map data files 

residing on the user’s personal computer and the routing engine and network data files 

on a network server. The user can also view a detailed listing of the route and 

population-density information, which can be used with other risk models [ORNL 

2006]. 

TRANSIMS Transportation Analysis Simulation System (TRANSIMS) simulates the daily 

activities and movements of individuals in an urban region. The individuals are 

synthetic—they do not represent actual people—but a census taken on the entire 

synthetic population would be statistically identical. The locations visited by 

individuals are real street addresses and reflect actual land-use patterns in the region. 

It provides the following information about the synthetic population and its mobility: 

household structure and demographics, activity locations, times, and durations, and 

trips between activities, including route plans and execution of the route plans on the 

transportation network. It is also used as a module in Urban Infrastructure Suite 

(UIS) at NISAC [NISAC 2011h]. 

UIS Urban Infrastructure Suite (UIS) is a set of seven interoperable modules that employ 

advanced modeling and simulation methodologies to represent urban infrastructures 

and populations. These simulation-based modules are linked through a common 

interface for the flow of information between UIS sector simulations to model urban 

transportation, telecommunications, public health, energy (IEISS), financial 

(commodity markets), and water-distribution (WISE) infrastructures and their 

interdependencies [NISAC 2011i]. 

VISAC Visual Interactive Site Analysis Code (VISAC) is a Java-based expert system that 

provides mission planners with a coordinated capability to predict and analyze the 

outcomes of different accidents/incidents at various nuclear and industrial facilities. 

The incidents can range from simple individual equipment sabotage to complex 

sorties that utilize a range of military weapons, simulated truck or car bombs, or 

satchel charges. The target facility is generated by either customizing existing 3-D 

CAD models for near real-time analysis or creating a new model from scratch. Using 

event/fault tree methodology, VISAC provides the probability of facility kill, the 

probability of undesirable collateral effects (chemical or radiological releases), and an 

estimate of facility down time [ORNL 2004]. 

WISE Water Infrastructure Simulation Environment (WISE) is an analytic framework 

supporting the evaluation of water infrastructure in terms of both infrastructure 

specific and interdependency issues. Analysts can use WISE to study transmission 

scale water distribution systems, define and simulate flood events due to excess 

rainfall and hurricane storm surge, create spatial estimates of water demand, simulate 
30

water distribution system hydraulics and water quality using EPANET, build water 

distribution network models within a GIS and visualize output from EPANET within 

a GIS [NISAC 2011j]. 

6.3. Relevant Standards and Guidelines

This section identifies standards and guidelines that are potentially relevant to the development of M&S 

applications for CIKR systems. The standards and guidelines may include mechanisms and formats for 

the interchange of data, data storage, generation of information displays, integration of systems, and/or 

conceptualization and design of CIKR M&S applications. Subsection 1 includes the standards that are 

specific to CIKR domain. The following subsections list standards that are common across the homeland 

security applications of M&S and focus on conceptual modeling, distributed simulation, geographical 

information system (GIS), and communications respectively.

6.3.1. Domain Specific Standards

Standard Title Overview

Building Escape and Evacuation 

Plans

Description: The standard establishes design principles for 

displayed escape plans that provide information vital to fire 

safety, escape, evacuation, and rescue of a facility’s occupants. 

These plans may also be used by intervention forces in case of 

terrorist attack [ISO 2011a].

Standard Type: ISO 23601:2009

Organization: ISO

Classification: Operational guidelines

Caltech-USGS Broadcast of 

Earthquakes (CUBE) Message 

Format

Description: A message format used to report earthquake 

broadcast message from the Caltech-USGS Broadcast of 

Earthquakes (CUBE) system, a real-time notification system for 

earthquake information. CUBE message consists of an 

identification segment, earthquake’s time, location, magnitude, 

depth, etc. [USGS 2011a].

Standard Type: Government specification

Organization: California Institute of Technology Seismological 

Laboratory (Caltech); United States Geological Survey (USGS)

Classification: Document format

Center-to-Center (C2C) Naming 

Convention Specification

Description: This standard provides a standard way for 

transportation management centers to uniquely name entities for 

which data are exchanged with other centers. It also lists the 

requirements for establishing names for management systems 

and for the objects managed by those systems [NTCIP 2011]. 

Standard Type: NTCIP 1104:2008 Version 01.09

Organization: American Association of State Highway and 

Transportation Officials (AASHTO); Institute of

Transportation Engineers (ITE); National Electrical 

Manufacturers Association (NEMA)

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface
31

Common Incident Management 

Message Sets for use by Emergency 

Management Centers (IEEE 1512 

Family of Standards)

Description: An IEEE Family of standards for traffic incident 

management that provides incident management message sets 

common to traffic management, public safety, and hazardous 

materials incident response activities. The standards address the 

intercommunication needs of emergency management centers 

and other types of centers engaged in transportation incident 

management [IEEE 2011a].

Standard Type: IEEE 1512-2006; IEEE 1512.1-2003; IEEE 

1512.2-2004; IEEE 1512.3-2006

Organization: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 

(IEEE); Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Communicable Disease Surveillance 

and Response Systems: A Guide to 

Planning

Description: This planning guide is to assist Member States to 

develop and/or refine comprehensive and cohesive plans for 

implementing and strengthening surveillance and response 

systems. It is anticipated that planners at all levels of the health 

system will find this guide useful as a general framework for 

developing a vision, strategies and routine operational plans for 

strengthening surveillance and response systems [WHO 2011a].

Standard Type: WHO/CDS/EPR/LYO/2006.1

Organization: The World Health Organization (WHO)

Classification: Operational guidelines

Communicable Disease Surveillance 

and Response Systems: Guide to 

Monitoring and Evaluating

Description: This guide is to support implementation of 

monitoring and evaluation of communicable disease surveillance 

and response systems at country level. It was reviewed by 

experts in communicable disease surveillance and response 

systems, and pre-tested in Estonia and Ethiopia. This guide 

aims to assist countries in formulating and implementing 

monitoring and evaluation strategies [WHO 2011b].

Standard Type: WHO/CDS/EPR/LYO/2006.2

Organization: the World Health Organization (WHO)

Classification: Operational guidelines

Community-Based Mass 

Prophylaxis: A Planning Guide for 

Public Health Preparedness

Description: A planning guide is used to help state, county, & 

local officials meet federal requirements to prepare for public 

health emergencies. Outlines five components of mass 

prophylaxis response to epidemic outbreaks: surveillance, 

stockpiling, distribution, dispensing, and follow up. Addresses 

dispensing operations using a comprehensive operational 

structure for Dispensing/Vaccination Centers (DVCs) based on 

the National Incident Management System (NIMS) [AHRQ 

2011a]. 

Standard Type: Specification

Organization: The Agency of Healthcare Research & Quality 

(AHRQ)

Classification: Operational guidelines 
32

Converting ATIS Message Standards 

from ASN.1 to XML

Description: This SAE Standard presents a set of rules for 

transforming an Abstract Syntax Notation (ASN.1) message set 

definition into an eXtensible Markup Language (XML) schema. 

The result is intended to be a stand-alone XML Schema that is 

fully consistent with an existing ASN.1 information model [SAE 

2011b]. 

Standard Type: SAE J2630

Organization: Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) 

International

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Data Dictionaries for Intelligent 

Transportation Systems 

Description: The expanding use of digital communications 

among subsystems of the transportation infrastructure has 

spawned the development of data dictionaries for the 

communications between these subsystems. A format for 

intelligent transportation system (ITS) data dictionaries, 

including common terms (e.g. time, date, location), as well as 

the meta-attributes necessary to document ITS data concepts, is 

addressed in this standard [IEEE 2011b]. 

Standard Type: IEEE 1489-1999

Organization: IEEE

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Earthquake Instrumentation Criteria 

for Nuclear Power Plants

Description: This standard specifies the required earthquake 

instrumentation for the site and structures of light-water-cooled, 

land-based nuclear power plants. It may be used for guidance at 

other types of nuclear facilities [ANS 2011]. 

Standard Type: ANSI/ANS-2.2-2002

Organization: ANSI; American Nuclear Society (ANS)

Classification: Operational guidelines

Electronic Data Interchange for 

Administration, Commerce, and 

Transport (EDIFACT) 

Description: EDIFACT is an international electronic data 

interchange (EDI) standard developed under the United Nations 

and has been adopted by ISO as the ISO standard, ISO 9735. 

The standard gives syntax rules for the preparation of messages 

to be interchanged between partners in the fields of 

administration, commerce, and transport. ISO/TS 20625:2002 

(or Electronic Data Interchange for Administration, Commerce 

and Transport (EDIFACT) – Rules for Generation of XML 

Scheme Files (XSD) on the Basis of EDI(FACT) 

implementation guidelines), describes how to derive XML from 

UN/EDIFACT Message Implementation Guides (MIGs) [ISO 

2011d].

Standard Type: ISO 9735-1:2002; ISO 9735-2:2002; ISO 

9735-3:2002; ISO 9735-4:2002; ISO 9735-5:2002; ISO 9735-

6:2002; ISO 9735-7:2002; ISO 9735-8:2002; ISO 9735-9:2002; 

ISO 9735-10:2002; ISO/TS 20625:2002 

Organization: ISO

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface
33

Field Management Stations (FMS) –

Part 1: Object Definitions for Signal 

System Masters

Description: This standard provides the vocabulary (commands, 

responses and information) necessary for traffic management 

and operations personnel to control, manage and monitor signal 

system masters. The standard also includes a protocol 

requirements list (PRL) and a requirements traceability matrix 

providing object conformity information [NTCIP 2011]. 

Standard Type: NTCIP 1210:2009 Version 01.52

Organization: American Association of State Highway and 

Transportation Officials (AASHTO); Institute of

Transportation Engineers (ITE); National Electrical 

Manufacturers Association (NEMA)

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Health informatics – Genomic 

Sequence Variation Markup 

Language (GSVML)

Description: ISO 25720:2009 is applicable to the data exchange 

format that is designed to facilitate the exchange of the genomic 

sequence variation data around the world, without forcing 

change of any database schema. From an informatics 

perspective, GSVML defines the data exchange format based on 

XML. The scope of ISO 25720:2009 is the data exchange 

format, but the database schema itself is outside the scope of this 

International Standard. From a biological point of view, all 

genetic sequence variations are taken into consideration and are 

within the scope of this International Standard, while 

polymorphisms, especially single nucleotide polymorphism 

(SNP), are the main focus of this International Standard [ISO 

2011b]. 

Standard Type: ISO 25720:2009

Organization: ISO

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

IEEE Safety and Security Standards 

Series 

Description: The IEEE standards Association has prepared a 

three-volume Safety & Security standard series to assist the 

development of the organization’s safety, security, and 

emergency management plans where Volume 1 is about critical 

infrastructure, Volume 2 is about computers and networks, and 

Volume 3 is about electrical systems. [IEEE 2011d] [IEEE 

2011e] [IEEE 2011f].

Standard Type: IEEE STDVU121; IEEE STDVU122; IEEE 

STDVU123

Organization: IEEE

Classification: Operational guidelines

Information Technology –

Multimedia Content Description 

Interface

Description: ISO/IEC 15938 is a family of standards, under the 

general title of Information technology – Multimedia content 

description interface, provides multimedia content description 

interface including geographic. It consists of 8 parts: systems, 

description definition language, visual, audio, multimedia 

description schemes, reference software, conformance testing, 

and extraction and use of Multimedia Content Description 

Interface (MPEG-7) description [ISO 2011b].

Standard Type: ISO/IEC 15938-1:2002, ISO/IEC 15938-
34

1:2002/Amd 1:2005/Cor 1:2005; ISO/IEC 15938-1:2002/Cor 

1:2004; ISO/IEC 15938-1:2002/Cor 2:2005; ISO/IEC 15938-

1:2002/Amd 1:2005; ISO/IEC 15938-1:2002/Amd 2:2006; 

ISO/IEC 15938-2:2002; ISO/IEC 15938-3:2002; ISO/IEC 

15938-4:2002; ISO/IEC 15938-5:2003; ISO/IEC 15938-6:2003; 

ISO/IEC 15938-7:2003; ISO/IEC TR 15938-8:2002; ISO/IEC 

15938-9:2005; ISO/IEC 15938-10:2005; ISO/IEC TR 15938-

11:2005; ISO/IEC 15938-12:2008

Organization: ISO; International Electrotechnical Commission 

(IEC)

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

International Classification of 

Diseases

Description: An official system of assigning codes to diagnoses 

and procedures associated with hospital utilization. The National 

Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), the Federal agency 

responsible for use of the International Statistical Classification 

of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision (ICD-10) 

in the United States, has developed a clinical modification of the 

classification for morbidity purposes. The ICD-10 is used to 

code and classify mortality data from death certificates, having 

replaced ICD-9 for this purpose as of January 1, 1999. ICD-10-

CM is planned as the replacement for ICD-9-CM [CDC 2011a]. 

Standard Type: International Classification of Diseases,

10th Revision; Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM)

Organization: World Health Organization (WHO); National 

Center for Health Statistics (NCHS); Centers for Medicare and 

Medicaid Services

Classification: Operational guidelines

Keyhole Markup Language (KML) Description: This standard is about an XML grammar and file 

format for modeling and storing geographic features such as 

points, lines, images, and polygons for display in GIS 

applications. KML is focused on geographic visualization, 

including annotation of maps and images. Geographic 

visualization includes not only the presentation of graphical data 

on the globe, but also the control of the user’s navigation in the 

sense of where to go and where to look [OGC 2011b]. 

Standard Type: KML 2.2-2007

Organization: Google Inc.; Open Geospatial Consortium 

(OGC)

Classification: Document format

Multi-Purpose Weather Products 

Specification

Description: This procedural directive provides detailed 

information on products Weather Forecast Offices (WFO) and 

the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) issue for severe, fire, marine, 

tropical, winter and/or non-precipitation weather and flooding 

hazards.

Standard Type: NWSI 10-517 2005

Organization: National Weather Service (NWS); NOAA

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface
35

National Highway Traffic Safety 

Administration (NHTSA) Data 

Dictionary

Description: The data dictionary, used to create the National 

Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s Uniform Pre-Hospital 

Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Dataset, provides over 400 

definitions that can be implemented by an Emergency Medical 

Services (EMS) system. Information provided in the dictionary 

includes name, definition, data type, medical record information, 

variables associated, relation to other national data tools, data 

provider, etc. [UIC 2011]. 

Standard Type: NHTSA Uniform PreHospital EMS Dataset

Version 2.2.1 (2006)

Organization: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 

(NHTSA) 

Classification: Document format

National Infrastructure Protection 

Plan (NIPP)

Description: The National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) 

is a coordinated strategy that defines critical infrastructure and 

key resources (CIKR) protection roles and responsibilities for 

federal, state, local, tribal, and private sector security partners. 

The NIPP sets national priorities, goals, and requirements for 

effective distribution of resources which will enable the 

government, economy, and public services to continue in the 

event of a terrorist attack or other disaster. The plan provides 

the unifying structure for the integration of a wide range of 

efforts for the enhanced protection and resiliency of the nation’s 

CIKR into a single national program [DHS 2009].

Standard Type: The 2009 National Infrastructure Protection 

Plan

Organization: Department of Homeland Security

Classification: Operational guidelines

Object Definitions for Actuated 

Traffic Signal Controller Units

Description: A National Transportation Communications for 

the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITS) Protocol 

(NTCIP) standard where NTCIP is a family of communication 

protocols for traffic management devices. The standard defines 

the data elements and conformance requirements for actuated 

traffic signal controllers (ASC) [NTCIP 2011]. The data in the 

standard is defined using specifications from the internet, and 

expresses a signal system’s operating parameters, functional 

controls, and status information. Some of these functions 

include: signal phases, detectors, coordination, preemption, 

upload and download, and block object data for efficient device 

configuration.

Standard Type: NTCIP 1202:2005, Version 02 

Organization: American Association of State Highway and 

Transportation Officials (AASHTO); Institute of Transportation 

Engineers (ITE); National Electrical Manufacturers Association 

(NEMA) 

Classification: Document format

Object Definitions for Closed Circuit 

Television (CCTV) Camera Control

Description: This standard defines data elements required to 

control video cameras and also defines standardized object 
36

Groups which can be used for conformance statements [NTCIP 

2011]. It provides the vocabulary – commands, responses and 

information – necessary for traffic management and operations 

personnel to control, manage, and monitor cameras, lenses and 

pan/tilt units. This standard contains object definitions to 

support the functionality of these devices as used for 

transportation and traffic monitoring applications. The standard 

includes conformance group requirements and conformance 

statements to support compliance with the standard.

Standard Type: NTCIP 1205:2001, Version 01.08

Organization: American Association of State Highway and 

Transportation Officials (AASHTO); Institute of

Transportation Engineers (ITE); National Electrical 

Manufacturers Association (NEMA)

Classification: Document format

Object Definitions for Dynamic 

Message Signs (DMS)

Description: This standard provides the vocabulary –

commands, responses, and information – necessary for traffic 

management and operations personnel to advise and inform the 

vehicle operators of current highway conditions by using 

dynamic message signs. A dynamic message sign is any sign 

that can change the message presented to the viewer. The 

standard also includes a Protocol Requirements List table, 

standardized data exchange dialogs, a Requirements Traceability 

Matrix, etc. [NTCIP 2011].

Standard Type: NTCIP 1203: 1997, Version 01.15

Organization: American Association of State Highway and 

Transportation Officials (AASHTO); Institute of

Transportation Engineers (ITE); National Electrical 

Manufacturers Association (NEMA)

Classification: Document format

Object Definitions for Environmental 

Sensor Stations (ESS)

Description: The standard provides the vocabulary –

commands, responses, and information – necessary for the 

management of environmental sensor stations, including road 

weather information systems (RWIS), air quality monitoring 

systems, and pavement treatment systems (PTS) [NTCIP 2011].

Standard Type: NTCIP 1204, Version 03

Organization: American Association of State Highway and 

Transportation Officials (AASHTO); Institute of

Transportation Engineers (ITE); National Electrical 

Manufacturers Association (NEMA)

Classification: Document format

Object Definitions for 

Transportation Sensor Systems (TSS)

Description: The standard defines the user needs and features, 

functional requirements, and standardized data element and 

message dialog definitions for Transportation Sensor Systems 

(TSS) [NCTIP 2011]. It provides the vocabulary – commands, 

responses and information – necessary for traffic management 

and operations personnel to control, manage, and monitor 

transportation sensor system devices. These devices include 
37

smart inductive loop amplifiers, machine vision video detection, 

and microwave radar monitoring systems. 

Standard Type: NTCIP 1209:2005, Version 01.19; NTCIP 

1209, Version 2 (Recommended standard)

Organization: American Association of State Highway and 

Transportation Officials (AASHTO); Institute of

Transportation Engineers (ITE); National Electrical 

Manufacturers Association (NEMA)

Classification: Document format

On-Board Land Vehicle Mayday

Reporting Interface

Description: This standard addresses the responsibilities of a 

vehicle in detecting and reporting the event associated with 

either the intelligent vehicle itself or by the intelligent roadway 

of the vehicle that is disabled or involved. It proscribes a basic 

methodology to uniformly incorporate whatever level of data 

reporting the vehicle supports (containing information about 

both the vehicle condition and any occupant data), and transmits 

this data to the response management agency in a Nationally 

standardized format, regardless of the transmission media used 

to effect the communications [SAE 2011a]. The standard is 

intended for use by private industry (e.g., manufacturers) and 

public safety and emergency response agencies (at the 

receiving/dispatching point) at local, state, and national levels. 

Receiving devices are expected to be found at local public 

response dispatch points (primary safety answering points).

Standard Type: SAE J2313

Organization: Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) 

International

Classification: Operational guidelines

Pandemic Phase Descriptions and 

Main Actions by Phase

Description: This document defines pandemic phases and main 

actions by phase. The pandemic phases include phases 1-6, post 

peak period, and post pandemic period [WHO 2011c]

Standard Type: WHO specification

Organization: World Health Organization (WHO)

Classification: Operational guidelines

Practice for Metadata to Support 

Archived Data Management Systems

Description: This standard practice describes a hierarchical 

outline of sections and elements to be used in developing 

metadata to support archived data management systems. 

Specifically, the standard establishes the names of metadata 

elements and compound elements to be used in the metadata, the 

definitions of these metadata elements and compound elements, 

and suggested information about and examples of the values that 

are to be provided for the metadata elements. This standard is 

applicable to various types of operational data collected by 

intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and stored in an archived 

data management system. Similarly, the standard can also be 

used with other types of historical traffic and transportation data 

collected and stored in an archived data management system 

[ASTM 2011a].
38

Standard Type: ASTM E2468-05

Organization: ASTM International

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Protocol for the Assessment of 

National Communicable Disease 

Surveillance and Response Systems: 

Guidelines for Assessment Teams

Description: This manual has been developed for World Health 

Organization (WHO) staff and partners carrying out assessments 

of national communicable disease surveillance systems with a 

national team. It will help WHO staff and consultants guide a 

group of national professionals through an assessment of the 

overall structure and performance of surveillance activities in a 

Member State. This assessment should lead to a standardized 

report and an agreed plan of action. The manual also outlines a 

suggested reporting format with tables for implementation plans 

[WHO 2011d].

Standard Type: WHO/CDS/CSR/ISR/2001/2/EN

Organization: The World Health Organization (WHO)

Classification: Operational guidelines; Document format

Public Health Emergency Response 

Guide for State, Local, & Tribal 

Public Health Directors

Description: The Public Health Emergency Response Guide is 

used for State, Local, and Tribal Public Health Directors. The 

guide is an all-hazards reference tool for health professionals 

who are responsible for initiating the public health response 

during the first 24 hours (i.e., the acute phase) of an emergency 

or disaster. It also contains guidance that is applicable to specific 

types of incidents, such as floods, earthquakes, and acts of 

terrorism [CDC 2011b].

Standard Type: Specification

Organization: The National Center for Environmental Health 

(NCEH), Division of Emergency and Environmental Health 

Services (EEHS), the Centers for Disease Control and 

Prevention (CDC)

Classification: Operational guidelines

Radio Data System- Traffic Message 

Channel (RDS-TMC)

Description: The Traffic Message Channel (TMC) is a 

technology for providing traffic and travel delay information to 

drivers. The complementary Radio Data System (RDS) 

broadcasts digital information carrying TMC updates via FM 

radio waves. RDS-TMC is standardized under the EN ISO 

14819-series [ETSI 2011].

Standard Type: Industry specification

Organization: Traveler Information Services Association 

(TISA); ISO; European Committee for Standardization

Classification: Document format

Road Transport and Traffic 

Telematics – Dedicate Short Range 

Communication (DSRC) – DSRC 

Application Layer

Description: The standard specifies the application layer core, 

which provides communication tools for applications based on 

dedicated short range communication (DSRC) [ISO 2011c]. 

Standard Type: ISO 15628: 2007

Organization: ISO

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface
39

SARS Risk Assessment and 

Preparedness Framework

Description: This document sets out a framework of activities, 

at national and international levels, that can be used to assess the 

risk that SARS might recur and to prepare appropriate 

contingency plans. Modeled on WHO’s influenza pandemic 

preparedness plan, the framework adopts a phased approach in 

which recommended activities escalate in line with the evolving 

epidemiological situation. Phases are defined by distinct 

epidemiological criteria, such as the detection of sporadic cases 

with no secondary spread, the establishment of human-to-human 

transmission, and evidence of international spread [WHO 

2011e]. 

Standard Type: WHO/CDS/CSR/ARO/2004.2

Organization: The World Health Organization (WHO)

Classification: Operational guidelines

Schema for Coverage Geometry and 

Functions

Description: The standard defines a conceptual schema for the 

spatial characteristics of coverage, which support mapping from 

a spatial, temporal or spatiotemporal domain to feature attribute 

values where feature attribute types are common to all 

geographic positions within the domain. A coverage domain 

consists of a collection of direct positions in a coordinate space 

that may be defined in terms of up to three spatial dimensions as 

well as a temporal dimension [ISO 2011b].

Standard Type: ISO 19123: 2005

Organization: ISO

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Sector-Specific Plans (SSPs) Description: Sector-Specific Plans (SSPs) have been developed 

for each of the identified critical infrastructure sectors 

supporting the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP). 

The Sector-Specific Plans (SSPs) detail the application of the 

National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) risk management 

framework to the unique characteristics and risk landscape of 

each sector and provide the means by which the NIPP is 

implemented across all critical infrastructure and key resources 

(CIKR) sectors. Each Sector-Specific Agency developed an SSP 

through a coordinated effort involving their public and private 

sector CIKR partners [DHS 2011b].

Standard Type: The Sector-Specific Plans for Agriculture and 

Food; Banking and Finance; Communications; Defense 

Industrial Base; Energy; Information Technology; National 

Monuments and Icons; Transportation Systems; and Water.

Organization: Department of Homeland Security

Classification: Operational guidelines

SEDRIS Technologies Description: SEDRIS is an infrastructure technology that 

enables information technology applications to express, 

understand, share, and reuse environmental data. SEDRIS 

technologies provide the means to represent environmental data 
40

(terrain, ocean, air, and space), and promote the unambiguous, 

loss-less, and on-proprietary interchange of environmental data. 

SEDRIS technologies have been assembled into the 

specifications and associated language bindings that include: 

SEDRIS functional specification, SEDRIS abstract transmittal 

format, SEDRIS transmittal format binary encoding, SEDRIS 

language binding, Spatial Reference Model (SRM), the 

Environmental Data Coding Specification (EDCS), EDCS 

language bindings, and SRM binding. Relies on its five core 

technology components. These are the SEDRIS Data 

Representation Model (DRM), the Environmental Data Coding 

Specification (EDCS), the Spatial Reference Model (SRM), the 

SEDRIS interface specification (API), and the SEDRIS 

Transmittal Format (STF) [SEDRIS 2011a]. 

Standard Type: ISO/IEC 18023-1; ISO/IEC 18023-2; ISO/IEC 

18023-3; ISO/IEC 18024-4; ISO/IEC 18025; ISO/IEC 18026; 

ISO/IEC 18041-4; ISO/IEC 18042-4 

Organization: ISO/IEC; SEDRIS

Classification: Document format and Domain-specific 

integration interface

Shapefiles (.shp) Description: A shapefile stores non-topological geometry and 

attribute information for the spatial features in a data set. The 

geometry for a feature is stored as a shape comprising a set of 

vector coordinates. A geospatial format provides users a 

graphical method to display geographic data. Shapefiles are a 

geospatial vector data format for geographic information 

systems software. Shapefiles spatially describe points, polygons, 

polylines. A “shapefile” commonly refers to a collection of files 

with “.shp”, “.shx”, “.dbf”, and other extensions on a common 

prefix name (i.e., “lakes.*”) [ESRI 2011a].

Standard Type: Industry specification

Organization: Environmental Systems Research Institute 

(ESRI)

Classification: Document format

Simple Transportation Management 

Framework (STMF)

Description: This standard describes the simple transportation 

management framework used for managing and communicating 

information between management stations and transportation 

devices. It covers integrated management of transportation 

networks, networking devices, and transportation specific 

equipment attached to NTCIP-based networks [NTCIP 2011]. It 

specifies a set of rules for processing, organizing and 

exchanging information between transportation centers 

(management applications) and transportation equipment (traffic 

signal controllers, message signs, etc.) so they can communicate 

with each other.

Standard Type: NTCIP 1101:1996; NTCIP 1101 Amendment 

1

Organization: American Association of State Highway and 

Transportation Officials (AASHTO); Institute of
41

Transportation Engineers (ITE); National Electrical 

Manufacturers Association (NEMA)

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Simple Transportation Management 

Framework (STMF) Application 

Profile

Description: This standard defines how to exchange data 

between a management system and a field device with the 

Simple Transportation Management Framework (STMF). This 

standard includes mandatory requirements for implementing the 

STMF, and optional and conditional requirements that may be 

applicable in specific environments [NTCIP 2011].

Standard Type: NTCIP 2301:2001

Organization: American Association of State Highway and 

Transportation Officials (AASHTO); Institute of Transportation 

Engineers (ITE); National Electrical Manufacturers Association 

(NEMA)

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Smallpox Response Plan and 

Guidelines

Description: This document outlines the public health strategies 

that would guide the public health response to a smallpox 

emergency and many of the federal, state, and local public 

health activities that must be undertaken in a smallpox outbreak 

[CDC 2011c].

Standard Type: Smallpox Response Plan and Guidelines, 

Version 3.0

Organization: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

(CDC)

Classification: Operational guidelines 

Spatial Data Modeling Language 

(SDML)

Description: SDML format is very simple text, which provides 

for easy parsing and support for attribute information [UWA 

2011].

Standard Type: SDML 1.0

Organization: Silicon Graphics

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Spatial Referencing by Coordinates Description: The standard defines the conceptual schema for 

the description of spatial referencing by coordinates, optionally 

extended to spatio-temporal referencing. It describes the 

minimum data required to define one-, two- and threedimensional spatial coordinate reference systems with an 

extension to merged spatial-temporal reference systems. It 

allows additional descriptive information to be provided. The 

part 2 of the standard, ISO 19111-2:2009, specifies the 

conceptual schema for the description of spatial referencing 

using parametric values or functions. It applies the schema of 

ISO 19111 to combine a position referenced by coordinates with 

a parametric value to form a spatio-parametric coordinate 

reference system (CRS). The spatio-parametric CRS can 

optionally be extended to include time [ISO 2011b].

Standard Type: ISO 19111: 2007; ISO 19111-2: 2009
42

Organization: ISO

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Specification for 

Telecommunications and Information 

Exchange Between Roadside and 

Vehicle Systems

Description: This standard describes a medium access control 

(MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specification for wireless 

connectivity using dedicated short-range communications 

(DSRC) services. DSRC provides the foundation for a variety of 

applications including vehicle safety, automated tolling, 

enhanced navigation, traffic management and many others 

[ASTM 2011b].

Standard Type: ASTM E2213-03 (2010)

Organization: ASTM International

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Specifications for Archiving ITSGenerated Traffic Monitoring DataDescription: This specification describes data elements and 

schema for an archived data management system for intelligent 

transportation system (ITS)-generated traffic monitoring data, 

including conventional traffic monitoring data, data collected 

directly from ITS systems, and travel-time data from probe 

vehicles. It establishes the names of the data elements, their 

interrelationships, and their procedural definitions. These 

procedural definitions include data collection instrumentation 

and methodology as well as recommended procedures for 

calculating traffic statistics [ASTM 2011c].

Standard Type: ASTM E2665-08

Organization: ASTM International

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Standard Classifications for Incident 

Reporting and Fire Protection Data

Description: The specification provides a common language 

and definitions for define and describe pre-incident 

environments, fire, and other emergency incidents, post-incident 

damage assessments, and fire service data [NFPA 2011].

Standard Type: NFPA 901: 2011

Organization: National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface; 

Operational guidelines

Standard for a Fire Service Vehicle 

Operations Training Program

Description: It specifies the minimum requirements for a fire 

service vehicle operations training program (except for aircraft 

and watercraft), including safety procedures for those members 

who drive or occupy fire service vehicles [NFPA 2011].

Standard Type: NFPA 1451: 2007

Organization: National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

Classification: Operational guidelines

Standard for a U.S. National Grid 

(USNG)

Description: A standard is used to define the U.S. National Grid 

and supports Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) 

coordinates, Military Grid Reference System (MGRS) grids, and 

the specific grid presentation requirements. It is used for 

acquisition/production of printed map and acquisition of 
43

location service appliances with printed map products [FGDC 

2011e]

Standard Type: FGDC-STD-011-2001

Organization: Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC)

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Standard for Installation, 

Maintenance, and Use of Emergency 

Services Communications Systems

Description: The standard covers the installation, performance, 

operation, and maintenance of public emergency services 

communications systems and facilities [NFPA 2011].

Standard Type: NFPA 1221: 2010

Organization: National Protection Association (NFPA)

Classification: Operational guidelines

Standard on Disaster/Emergency 

Management and Business 

Continuity Programs

Description: The standard provides a foundation for 

disaster/emergency management planning and operations and 

describes common elements, techniques, and processes [NFPA 

2011].

Standard Type: NFPA 1600:2010

Organization: National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

Classification: Operational guidelines

Standard on Emergency Services 

Incident Management System 

Overview

Description: The standard defines and describes the essential 

elements of an incident management system that promotes 

coordination among responding agencies [NFPA 2011].

Standard Type: NFPA 1561:2008

Organization: National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Standard on Stored Electrical 

Energy Emergency and Standby 

Power Systems

Description: This Standard presents performance requirements 

for Level 1 and Level 2 stored electric energy systems providing 

an alternate source of electrical power in buildings and facilities 

in the event that the normal electrical power source fails. NFPA 

111 also provides guidance for inspectors, designers, installers, 

manufacturers, and users of a stored emergency power supply 

system (SEPSS) and to serve as a basis for communication 

between the parties involved. Systems covered include power 

sources, transfer equipment, controls, supervisory equipment, 

and accessory equipment needed to supply electrical power to 

selected circuits [NFPA 2011].

Standard Type: NFPA 111-2010

Organization: National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

Classification: Operational guidelines

Standard Representation of 

Geographic Point Location by 

Coordinates

Description: The standard is a representation of latitude, 

longitude and altitude for geographic point locations. The order

of the elements is the latitude, the longitude and the altitude. 

Representation includes units of measure and coordinate order 

[ISO 2011b].

Standard Type: ISO 6709:2008

Organization: ISO
44

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

The Collaborative Design Activity 

(COLLADA) 

Description: COLLADA is for establishing an open standard 

digital asset schema for interactive 3D applications [COLLADA 

2011]. The schema supports all the features that modern 3D 

interactive applications need including programmable shade 

effects and physics simulation.

Standard Type: COLLADA 1.4.0

Organization: The Khronos Group

Classification: Document format

The Health Level 7 (HL7) Arden 

Syntax

Description: This specification covers the sharing of 

computerized health knowledge bases among personnel, 

information systems, and institutions. The scope has been 

limited to those knowledge bases that can be represented as a set 

of discrete modules. Each module, referred to as a Medical 

Logic Module (MLM), contains sufficient knowledge to make a 

single decision. Contraindication alerts, management 

suggestions, data interpretations, treatment protocols, and 

diagnosis scores are examples of the health knowledge that can 

be represented using MLMs. Each MLM also contains 

management information to help maintain a knowledge base of 

MLMs and links to other sources of knowledge. Health 

personnel can create MLMs directly using this format, and the 

resulting MLMs can be used directly by an information system 

that conforms to this specification [HL7 2011a].

Standard Type: ANSI/HL7 Arden V2.7-2008; ANSI/HL7 

Arden V2.6-2007; ANSI/HL7 Arden V2.5-2005; ANSI/HL7 

Arden V2.1-2002; ANSI/HL7 Arden V2.0-1999

Organization: Health Level Seven International; ANSI

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

The Health Level 7 (HL7) Clinical 

Context Management (CCOW)

Description: Aimed at facilitating the integration of 

applications at the point of use, CCOW is an end-user-focused 

standard that complements HL7’s traditional emphasis on data 

interchange and enterprise workflow [HL7 2011b]. 

Standard Type: CCOW Version 1.5; ANSI/HL7 CMS USPP, 

R1-2008; ANSI/HL7 CMS CMPP, R1-2008; ANSI/HL7 CMS 

APP, R1-2008

Organization: Health Level Seven International; ANSI

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

The Health Level 7 (HL7) V3 

Clinical Document Architecture 

(CDA)

Description: HL7 V3 Clinical Document Architecture (CDA) 

allows for a common format for exchanging a patient’s medical 

record between different hospital systems or even different 

hospitals. This HL7 standard has come to serve as a foundation 

for the universal electronic medical record. It is an XML-based 

markup standard intended to specify the encoding, structure and 

semantics of clinical documents for exchange [HL7 2011c]. 
45

Standard Type: HL7 CDA Release 2.0; ANSI/HL7 CDA, R2-

2005; ANSI/HL7 CDA, R1-2000

Organization: Health Level Seven, Inc.; ANSI

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

The Health Level 7 (HL7) Version 

2.x Messaging Standard

Description: Health Level Seven (HL7) is an all-volunteer, nonprofit organization, involved in development of international 

healthcare standards. HL7 version 2.x messaging standard 

defines a series of electronic messages to support administrative, 

logistical, financial and clinical processes. HL7 v2.x mostly uses 

a proprietary (non-XML) encoding syntax based on delimiters. 

HL7 v2.x has allowed for the interoperability between electronic 

Patient Administration Systems (PAS), Electronic Practice 

Management (EPM) systems, Laboratory Information Systems 

(LIS), Dietary, Pharmacy and Billing systems as well as 

Electronic Medical Record (EMR) or Electronic Health Record 

(EHR) systems. Currently, HL7’s v2.x messaging standard is 

supported by every major medical information systems vendor 

in the United States [HL7 2011d].

Standard Type: HL7 Version 2.6, HL7 Version 2.5.1; HL7 

Version 2.5, HL7 Version 2.4;HL7 Version 2.3.1;HL7 Version 

2.3

Organization: Health Level Seven, Inc.; ANSI

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

The Health Level 7 (HL7) Version 3 

Messaging Standard 

Description: The HL7 version 3 messaging standard is aimed to 

support any and all healthcare workflows. The v3 standard, as 

opposed to version 2, is based on a formal methodology and 

object oriented principles. The Reference Information Model 

(RIM) is the cornerstone of the HL7 Version 3 development 

process and an essential part of the HL7 V3 development 

methodology. The RIM expresses the data content needed in a 

specific clinical or administrative context and provides an 

explicit representation of the semantic and lexical connections 

that exist between the information carried in the fields of HL7 

messages [HL7 2011e].

Standard Type: HL7 Version 3

Organization: Health Level Seven, Inc.; ANSI

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Topologically Integrated Geographic 

Encoding and Referencing 

/Geography Markup Language 

(TIGER/GML)

Description: A GML (an OGC specification for encoding 

geographic features in XML) data format for TIGER 

(Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and 

Referencing) data is a standards-based alternative to the 

TIGER/Line format. The TIGER/Line files are extracts of 

selected geographic and cartographic information from the 

Census Bureau’s TIGER database. TIGER/GML data can be 

viewed as JPEG, PNG, and TIFF images and SVG maps [OGC 

2011d].

Standard Type: TIGER/GML v3.0

Organization: Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc (OGC); U.S. 
46

Census Bureau

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Traffic and Travel Information (TTI) 

– TTI via Transport Protocol Experts 

Group (TPEG) Extensible Markup 

Language (XML)

Description: ISO/TS 24530-1:2006 establishes the top-level 

“containers” for TPEG messages in XML and the common data 

types that are used by tpegML applications (e.g. tpeg-ptiML). 

ISO/TS 24530-2:2006 establishes the XML encoding of the 

method of Location Referencing used by TPEG applications. 

ISO/TS 24530-3:2006 establishes the XML encoding of the 

method of the Road Traffic Message application. ISO/TS 

24530-4:2006 establishes the XML encoding of the method of 

the Public Transport Information application [ISO 2011b].

Standard Type: ISO/TS 24530-1:2006; ISO/TS 24530-2:2006; 

ISO/TS 24530-3:2006; ISO/TS 24530-4:2006

Organization: ISO

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Traffic Management Center-toCenter Communications Description: The standard for Traffic Management Center-toCenter contains both a functional level data dictionary and a 

message set and is designed to be independent of any specific 

communications protocol. The data dictionary defines a set of 

data elements (Des) necessary to support data exchange within 

and among traffic management systems. Specifically, it provides 

meta-attributes for each DE including definitions (semantics) 

and specific format (syntax) [IHS 2011].

Standard Type: AASHTO-ITE TM 2.1

Organization: U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT)

Classification: Document format

Transit Communications Interface 

Profiles (TCIP)

Description: TCIP provides a library of information exchange 

building blocks, to allow transit agencies and transit suppliers to 

create standardized tailored interfaces [APTATCIP 2011]. The 

Transit Communications Interface Profiles (TCIP) standard 

specifies the rules and terms for the automated exchange of 

information in transit applications such as operations, 

maintenance, planning, management, and customer services. 

TCIP is an interface standard whose primary purpose is to define 

standardized mechanisms for the exchange of information in the 

form of data among transit business systems, subsystems, 

components, and devices.

Standard Type: APTA TCIP-S-01 3.0.3

Organization: American Association of State Highway and 

Transportation Officials (AASHTO); Institute of Transportation 

Engineers (ITE); National Electrical Manufacturers Association 

(NEMA)

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Transport information and control 

systems – Traffic Impediment 

Warning Systems (TIWS) – System 

Description: This standard specifies system requirements for 

Traffic Impediment Warning Systems (TIWS). The purposes of 

the warning system are that information collected by the 
47

Requirements infrastructure is automatically and quickly provided to vehicles 

and reported to the traffic system operator, so vehicles can avoid 

secondary accidents. This Technical Specification focuses on 

closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras as the sensors, to 

detect traffic impediments using image processing and variable 

message signs as the communication method to provide 

information to drivers [ISO 2011b].

Standard Type: ISO/TS 15624:2001

Organization: ISO

Classification: Operating guidelines

Transportation Management 

Protocols (TMP) 

Description: This standard defines a set of rules and services for 

exchanging transportation management information between 

transportation management applications and equipment in an 

interoperable manner. TMP defines a composite application 

layer protocol for the management of transportation equipment. 

The composite protocol consists of three component protocols: 

the Internet-standard Simple Network Management Protocol 

(SNMP), the Simple Fixed Message Protocol (SFMP), and the 

Simple Transportation Management Protocol (STMP) [NTCIP 

2011]. 

Standard Type: NTCIP 1103:2010 Version 02.17

Organization: American Association of State Highway and 

Transportation Officials (AASHTO); Institute of

Transportation Engineers (ITE); National Electrical 

Manufacturers Association (NEMA)

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Vector Product Format (VPF) Description: VPF is a standard format, structure, and 

organization for large geographic databases that are based on a 

georelational data model and are intended for direct use. VPF is 

designed to be compatible with a wide variety of applications 

and products. VPF allows application software to read data 

directly from computer-readable media without

prior conversion to an intermediate form. VPF uses tables and 

indexes that permit direct access by spatial location and thematic 

content and is designed to be used with any digital geographic 

data in vector format that can be represented using nodes, edges, 

and faces [NGA 2011].

Standard Type: MIL-STD-2407; MIL-STD-600006

Organization: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)

Classification: Document format

Virtual Reality Modeling Language 

(VRML)

Description: VRML is a proposed design based on the Silicon 

Graphics Open Inventor ASCII file format. VRML is a language 

for describing multi-participant interactive simulations – virtual 

worlds networked via the global Internet and hyper-linked with 

the World Wide Web. All aspects of virtual world display, 

interaction and internetworking can be specified using VRML. It 

is the intention of its designers that VRML become the standard 

language for interactive simulation within the World Wide Web 
48

[WEB3D 2011a].

Standard Type: VRML 1.0

Organization: Silicon Graphics, Inc.

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Web Coverage Service (WCS) Description: Web Coverage Service (WCS) defines a standard 

interface and operations that enables interoperable access to 

geospatial coverage that refers to content such as satellite 

images, digital aerial photos, digital elevation data, and other 

phenomena represented by values at each measurement point 

[OGC 2011e].

Standard Type: OGC WCS 2.0 Interface Standard, WCS 

Implementation Standard 1.1.2

Organization: The Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc (OGC)

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface 

Web Feature Service (WFS) Description: This specification describes the Web Feature 

Service (WFS) operations. The WFS operations support 

INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, LOCK, QUERY and 

DISCOVERY operations on geographic features using HTTP as 

the distributed computing platform. In the context of this 

specification, a transaction is a logical unit of work that is 

composed of one or more data manipulation operations [OGC 

2011f].

Standard Type: OpenGIS WFS Implementation Specification, 

Version 1.1.0; OpenGIS WFS Interface Standard Version 2.0; 

ISO 19142 

Organization: The Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc (OGC); 

ISO

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Web Map Service (WMS) Description: The specification provides a simple HTTP 

interface for requesting geo-registered map images from one or 

more distributed geospatial databases. A WMS request defines 

the geographic layer(s) and area of interest to be processed. The 

response to the request is one or more geo-registered map 

images (returned as JPEG, PNG, etc) that can be displayed in a 

browser application. The interface also supports the ability to 

specify whether the returned images should be transparent so 

that layers from multiple servers can be combined or not [OGC 

2011g].

Standard Type: OpenGIS WMS Implementation Specification 

Version 1.3.0; ISO 19128:2005

Organization: The Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. (OGC); 

ISO

Classification: Document format

X3D Description: X3D is a royalty-free open standards file format 

and run-time architecture to represent and communicate 3D 

scenes and objects using XML. It is an ISO ratified standard that 
49

provides a system for the storage, retrieval and playback of real 

time graphics content embedded in applications, all within an 

open architecture to support a wide array of domains and user 

scenarios [WEB3D 2011b].

Standard Type: ISO/IEC 19774:2006 (Humanoid Animation); 

ISO/IEC 19775-1:2008 (Architecture and base components); 

ISO/IEC 19775-2:2010 (Scene access interface); ISO/IEC 

19776-1:2009 (XML encoding); NEN-ISO/IEC 19776-2:2008 

en (Classic VRML encoding); ISO/IEC 19776-3.2:2010 

(Compressed binary encoding); ISO/IEC 19777-1:2005 

(ECMAScript binding); ISO/IEC 19777-2:2006 (Java binding) 

Organization: The Web3D Consortium

Classification: Document format

6.3.2. Conceptual Modeling Standards

Standard Title Overview

Discrete Event System Specification 

(DEVS) 

Description: DEVS is a systems-theoretic approach to 

modeling. More specifically, it is state-centered formalism. A 

system consists of interconnected subsystems. A subsystem is a 

system. Leaf systems (atomic DEVSes) are state machines. 

DEVS can be viewed as a framework unifying a number of 

other formalisms in a consistent, systems theoretic, state 

centered fashion [DEVS 2011].

Standard Type: Specification

Organization: Simulation Interoperability Standards 

Organization (SISO); Society for Modeling and Computer 

Simulation International (SCS)

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Systems Modeling Language 

(SysML)

Description: SysML is a general purpose modeling language for 

systems engineering applications. It is a dialect of UML, the 

industry standard for modeling software-intensive systems. It 

supports the specification, analysis, design, verification and 

validation of a broad range of systems and systems-of-systems. 

These systems may include hardware, software, information, 

processes, personnel, and facilities [OMG 2011]. 

Standard Type: SysML 1.2

Organization: Object Management Group, Inc. (OMG)

Classification: Document format

Unified Modeling Language (UML) Description: A graphical language for visualizing, specifying, 

constructing and documenting the artifacts of a softwareintensive system. The UML offers a standard way to write a 

system’s blueprints, including conceptual things such as 

business processes and system functions, as well as concrete 

things such as programming language statements, database 

schemas, and reusable software components [ANSI 2011c]. 
50

Standard Type: UML 2.0, UML 2.1.1; UML 2.1.2; UML 2.2; 

UML 2.3; ISO/IEC 19501:2004

Organization: ISO; ANSI; Object Management Group, Inc. 

(OMG)

Classification: Document format

6.3.3. Distributed Simulation Standards

Standard Title Overview

Distributed Interactive Simulation Description: Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS) is a 

government/industry initiative to define an infrastructure for 

linking simulations of various types at multiple locations to 

create realistic, complex, virtual worlds for the simulation of 

highly interactive activities. A series of IEEE standards to 

support information exchange between simulation applications 

participating in the DIS environment are defined. IEEE Std 

1278.1 defines the format and semantics of data messages, also 

known as Protocol Data Units (PDUs), that are exchanged 

between simulation applications and simulation management. 

IEEE Std 1278.2 defines the communication services required to 

support the message exchange described in IEEE Std 1278.1. 

IEEE 1278-3 provides guidelines for establishing a DIS 

exercise, managing the exercise, and providing proper feedback. 

IEEE 1278-4 establishes guidelines for the verification, 

validation, and accreditation (VV&A) of Distributed Interactive 

Simulation (DIS) exercises [IHS 2011a].

Standard Type: IEEE 1278-1993, IEEE 1278.1-1995, IEEE 

1278.1A-1998, IEEE-1278.2-1995, IEEE 1278.3-1996, IEEE 

1278.4-1997

Organization: IEEE; IHS, Inc.

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Extensible Modeling and Simulation 

Framework (XMSF) 

Description: The Extensible Modeling and Simulation 

Framework (XMSF) is defined as a set of Web-based 

technologies and services, applied within an extensible 

framework, that enables a new generation of modeling & 

simulation (M&S) applications to emerge, develop and 

interoperate [DODCCRP 2011]. XMSF provides a framework 

which allows both Department of Defense (DoD) and non-DoD 

Modeling and Simulation (M&S) projects to take advantage of 

Web-based technologies.

Standard Type: XMSF 1.0

Organization: Naval Postgraduate School MOVES Institute; 

George Mason University NetLab; Science Applications 

International Corporation; Old Dominion University

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface
51

High Level Architecture (HLA) Description: This standard defines the HLA, its components, 

and the rules that outline the responsibilities of HLA federates 

and federations to ensure a consistent implementation [IEEE

2011c].

Standard Type: IEEE 1516-2000, IEEE 1516.1-2000, 1516.2-

2000, ANSI/IEEE 1516.3-2003; IEEE 1516.4-2007

Organization: IEEE/Simulation Interoperability Standards 

Organization (SISO); ANSI

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

6.3.4. Selected Geographic Information System (GIS) Standards

Standard Title Overview

CityGML – Exchange and Storage of 

Virtual 3D City Models

Description: A standard for the representation, storage, and 

exchange of virtual 3D city and landscape models. CityGML is 

implemented as an application schema of the Geography 

Markup Language version 3.1.1. It is based on a rich, general 

purpose information model in additional to geometry and 

appearance information. For specific domain areas, CityGML 

also provides an extension mechanism to enrich the data with 

identifiable features under preservation of semantic 

interoperability [OGC 2011a].

Standard Type: OGC 06-057r1; ISO TC211

Organization: Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. (OGC)

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

American National Standard for 

Information Technology –

Geographical Information Systems –

Spatial Data Standard for Facilities, 

Infrastructure, and Environment 

(SDSFIE)

Description: This standard provides a means to model and 

categorize real-world geographic phenomena of interest to the 

Facilities, Infrastructure, and Environment (FIE) Domain(s) into 

a set of geographic data that can be represented in a spatial 

database and presented to a user in digital form. This SDSFIE 

standard is intended to provide the enterprise spatial database 

schema to support multiple FIE applications. This National 

Standard is applicable to the federal, state, county, and city 

agencies; private companies; and any other organizations that 

perform AM & FM functions for facilities and other types of 

infrastructure (such as roads, waterways, utility systems, etc,) 

and/or perform environmental compliance, restoration, and/or 

pollution prevention activities [ANSI 2011a]. 

Standard Type: ANSI INCITS 353-2006

Organization: American National Standards Institute (ANSI); 

International Committee for Information Technology Standards 

(INCITS)

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Content Standard for Digital 

Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM)

Description: The standard is often referred to as the FGDC 

Metadata Standard. The objectives of the standard are to 

provide a common set of terminology and definitions for the 
52

documentation of digital geospatial data. The standard 

establishes the names of data elements and compound elements 

(groups of data elements) to be used for these purposes, the 

definitions of these compound elements and data elements, and 

information about the values that are to be provided for the data 

elements [FGDC 2011a].

Standard Type: FGDC-STD-001-1998; FGDC-STD-001.1-

1999; FGDC-STD-001.2-2001

Organization: Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC)

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Content Standard for Digital 

Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM) –

Extensions for Remote Sensing 

Metadata

Description: The standard of Extensions for Remote Sensing 

Metadata standard provides a common terminology and set of 

definitions for documenting geospatial data obtained from 

remote sensing, within the framework of the FGDC Content 

Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM) standard. 

The extensions provide a means to use standard FGDC content 

to describe geospatial data derived from remote sensing 

measurements. This standard is intended to support the 

collection and processing of geospatial metadata for data derived 

from remote sensing. It is intended to be used by all levels of 

government and the private sector [FGDC 2011b].

Standard Type: FGDC-STD-012-2002

Organization: The Federal Geographic Data Committee 

(FGDC)

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

GeoAPI SWG Standard Description: The GeoAPI Standard Working Group (SWG) 

aims to create the GeoAPI 3.0 Standard, which will define a set 

of Java language interfaces along with an associated test suite, to 

provide a standardized, programming language level realization 

of some core Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) 

specifications. These interfaces will facilitate the creation of 

accurate, coherent, interoperable, and verifiable implementations 

of those OGC standards [GEOAPI 2011].

Standard Type: OGC GeoAPI 3.0 SWG

Organization: OGC

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Geographic Information – Encoding Description: The standard specifies the requirements for 

defining encoding rules to be used for interchange of geographic 

data within the ISO 19100 series of International Standards [ISO 

2011b]. 

Standard Type: ISO 19118:2005

Organization: ISO

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Geographic Information – LocationBased Services – Multimodal

Routing and Navigation

Description: The standard specifies the data types and their 

associated operations for the implementation of multimodal 

location-based services for routing and navigation. It is designed 
53

to specify web services that may be made available to wireless 

devices through web-resident proxy applications, but is not 

limited to that environment [ISO 2011b].

Standard Type: ISO 19134:2007

Organization: ISO

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Geographic Information – LocationBased Services – Tracking and 

Navigation

Description: ISO 19133:2005 describes the data types, and 

operations associated with those types, for the implementation 

of tracking and navigation services. It is designed to specify web 

services that can be made available to wireless devices through 

web-resident proxy applications, but is not restricted to that 

environment [ISO 2011b].

Standard Type: ISO 19133:2005 

Organization: ISO

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Geographic Information – Portrayal Description: The standard defines a schema describing the 

portrayal of geographic information in a form understandable by 

humans. It includes the methodology for describing symbols and 

mapping of the schema to an application schema. It does not 

include standardization of cartographic symbols, and their 

geometric and functional description [ISO 2011b].

Standard Type: ISO 19117:2005 

Organization: ISO

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Geographic Information –

Procedures for Item Registration 

Description: ISO 19135:2005 specifies procedures to be 

followed in establishing, maintaining and publishing registers of 

unique, unambiguous and permanent identifiers, and meanings 

that are assigned to items of geographic information. In order to 

accomplish this purpose, ISO 19135:2005 specifies elements of 

information that are necessary to provide identification and 

meaning to the registered items and to manage the registration of 

these items [ISO 2011b].

Standard Type: INCITS/ISO/IEC 19135-2005 

Organization: ISO; International Committee for Information 

Technology Standards (INCITS); International Electrotechnical 

Commission (IEC)

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Geographic Information – Schema 

for Moving Features 

Description: The standard defines a method to describe the 

geometry of a feature that moves as a rigid body [ISO 2011b]. 

Standard Type: ISO 19141:2008 

Organization: ISO

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Geographic Information – Services Description: ISO 19119:2005 identifies and defines the 

architecture patterns for service interfaces used for geographic 

information, defines its relationship to the Open Systems 
54

Environment model, presents a geographic services taxonomy 

and a list of example geographic services placed in the services 

taxonomy. It also prescribes how to create a platform-neutral 

service specification, how to derive conformant platformspecific service specifications, and provides guidelines for the 

selection and specification of geographic services from both 

platform-neutral and platform-specific perspectives [ISO 

2011b].

Standard Type: INCITS/ISO 19119-2005

Organization: ISO; International Committee for Information 

Technology Standards (INCITS)

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Geographic Information – Simple 

Feature Access

Description: ISO 19125-1:2004 establishes a common 

architecture for geographic information and defines terms to use 

within the architecture. It also standardizes names and geometric 

definitions for Types for Geometry. INCITS/ISO 19125-2-2004 

specifies an Structured Query Language (SQL) schema that 

supports storage, retrieval, query and update of simple 

geospatial feature collections via the SQL Call Level Interface 

(SQL/CLI) and establishes an architecture for the 

implementation of feature tables. INCITS/ISO 19125-2-2004 

defines terms to use within the architecture. Of geographic 

information and defines a simple feature profile of ISO 19107. 

In addition, this part of ISO 19125:2004 describes a set of SQL 

Geometry Types together with SQL functions on those types. 

The Geometry Types and Functions described represent a profile 

of ISO 13249-3. INCITS/ISO 19125-2-2004 standardizes the 

names and geometric definitions of the SQL Types for 

Geometry and the names, signatures and geometric definitions 

of the SQL Functions for Geometry [ISO 2011b].

Standard Type: INCITS/ISO 19125-1-2004 ; INCITS/ISO 

19125-2-2004 

Organization: ISO; International Committee for Information 

Technology Standards (INCITS)

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Geographic Information Framework 

Data Standard

Description: The standard establishes common data 

requirements for the exchange of National Spatial Data 

Infrastructure (NSDI) framework data [FGDC 2011c].

Standard Type: FGDC-STD-014.0-2008; FGDC-STD-014.1-

2008; FGDC-STD-014.2-2008; FGDC-STD-014.3-2008; 

FGDC-STD-014.4-2008; FGDC-STD-014.5-2008; FGDC-STD014.6-2008; FGDC-STD-014.7-2008; FGDC-STD-014.7b2008; FGDC-STD-014.7c-2008; FGDC-STD-014.7d-2008; 

FGDC-STD-014.7e-2008

Organization: Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC)

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

GeoTIFF Description: GeoTIFF is a metadata format, which provides 

geographic information to associate with the image data. 
55

GeoTIFF implements the geographic metadata formally, using 

compliant Tagged Image File (TIFF 6.0) tags and structures. 

"GeoTIFF" refers to TIFF files, which have geographic (or 

cartographic) data embedded as tags within the TIFF file. The 

geographic data can then be used to position the image in the 

correct location and geometry on the screen of a geographic 

information display [GEOTIFF 2011].

Standard Type: GeoTIFF/Revision 1.0

Organization: geotiff.osgeo.org

Classification: Document format

Governmental Unit and Other 

Geographic Area Boundaries

Description: A specification for establishing of content 

requirements for the collection and interchange of Government 

units and legal entity boundary data and for facilitating the 

maintenance and use of that information [FGDC 2010].

Standard Type: FGDC-STD-014.5-2008 

Organization: Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC)

Classification: Domain-specific Integration Interfaces

GRIdded Binary (GRIB) Description: Format specifications for representing 

meteorological, gridded-point data [WMO 2010a].

Standard Type: FM 92-IX Ext. GRIB; FM 92-VIII EXT. GRIB

Organization: World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 

Classification: Domain-specific Integration Interfaces

Homeland Security Mapping 

Standard – Point Symbology for 

Emergency Management

Description: The primary purpose of this standard is to 

establish a common set of symbols for use by mapmakers in 

support of emergency managers and first responders. It will 

allow users to rapidly interpret map data and to be able to 

disseminate consistent, usable information. This American 

National Standard is applicable to all organizations that create 

maps or otherwise display features for the Emergency 

Management or First Responder communities. It is limited at 

this time to support portrayal of point features that relate to the 

emergency management and hazard mapping disciplines [ANSI 

2011b].

Standard Type: ANSI INCITS 415-2006 

Organization: American National Standards Institute (ANSI); 

International Committee for Information Technology Standards 

(INCITS)

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

OpenGIS Implementation 

Specification for Geographic 

Information – Simple Feature Access

Description: The OpenGIS Simple Features Interface Standard 

(SFS) provides a well-defined and common way for applications 

to store and access feature data in relational or object-relational 

databases, so that the data can be used to support other 

applications through a common feature model, data store and 

information access interface. OpenGIS Simple Features are 

geospatial features described using vector data elements such as 

points, lines, and polygons [OGC 2011c].
56

Standard Type: OGC 06-103r4 Version 1.2.1, OGC 05-126 

Organization: Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc (OGC)

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Spatial Data Transfer Standard 

(SDTS) 

Description: The Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS) base 

specification (Parts 1, 2 and 3) describes the underlying 

conceptual model and the detailed specifications for the content, 

structure, and format for exchange of spatial data. Additional 

parts (4, 5, 6 and potentially others) are added as profiles, each 

of which defines specific rules and formats for applying SDTS 

for the exchange of particular types of data [FGDC 2011d] 

Standard Type: FGDC-STD-002.1; FGDC-STD-002.5; FGDCSTD-002.6; FGDC-STD-002.7-2000

Organization: Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC)

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

Standard for a U.S. National Grid 

(USNG)

Description: A standard is used to define the U.S. National Grid 

and supports Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) 

coordinates, Military Grid Reference System (MGRS) grids, and 

the specific grid presentation requirements. It is used for 

acquisition/production of printed map and acquisition of 

location service appliances with printed map products [FGDC 

2011e]

Standard Type: FGDC-STD-011-2001

Organization: Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC)

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

6.3.5. Selected Communication Standards

Standard Title Overview

Common Alerting Protocol (CAP) Description: The Common Alerting Protocol (CAP) is a simple, 

flexible data interchange format for collecting and distributing 

“all-hazard” safety notifications and emergency warnings over 

information networks and public alerting systems. In Webservices applications, CAP provides a lightweight standard for 

exchanging urgent notifications. CAP can also be used in databroadcast applications and over legacy data networks. CAP is 

fully compatible with the existing national broadcast Emergency 

Alert System (EAS) [OASIS 2011a]. It is an XML-related data 

interchange standard for alerting and event notification 

applications. The standard supports two functions: a standalone 

protocol and a payload for Emergency Data Exchange Language 

(EDXL) messages [OASIS 2011b].

Standard Type: CAP-V1.1

Organization: Organization for the Advancement of Structured 

Information Standards (OASIS)

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface
57

Emergency Data Exchange 

Language (EDXL)

Description: Several organizations are collaborating on the 

design and development of a suite of specifications under the 

name “Emergency Data Exchange Language (EDXL)” [OASIS 

2011b]. EDXL is an integrated framework for a wide range of 

emergency data exchange standards to support operations, 

logistics, planning, and finance.

Standard Type: EXDL Distribution Element, V. 1.0 (EDXLDE-V1.0); EDXL Resource Message Specification 1.0 Working 

Draft Version 26 (EDXL-RM 1.0 v0026); EDXL Hospital 

Availability Exchange v1.0 Public Review Draft 02 (EDXLHAVE-1.0-spec-pr02)

Organization: Organization for the Advancement of Structured 

Information Standards (OASIS); Department of Homeland 

Security (DHS); Emergency Interoperability Consortium (EIC)

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

National Information Exchange 

Model (NIEM)

Description: NIEM is designed to develop, disseminate and 

support enterprise-wide information exchange standards and 

processes that can enable jurisdictions to effectively share 

critical information in emergency situations, as well as support 

the day-to-day operations of agencies throughout the nation 

[NIEM 2011].

Organization: A partnership of the U.S. Department of Justice, 

the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, and the U.S. 

Department of Health and Human Services.

Classification: Domain-specific integration interface

6.4. Data Sources

This section identifies databases and other sources of data that may be used to develop or run CIKR 

models and simulations. The name of data source, a brief description of its contents, its access location, 

responsible organization, data formats used, as well a classification of the type of data is given below.

Data Source Title Overview

American Community Survey (ACS) Description: The American Community Survey (ACS) is a 

nationwide survey designed to provide communities a fresh 

look at how they are changing. It is a critical element in the 

Census Bureau’s reengineered decennial census program. The 

ACS collects and produces population and housing information 

every year instead of every ten years. The ACS FTP Site

contains data from the American Community Survey as they 

are released. The FTP site contains data tables from all years 

of the ACS, Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) Files, the 

ACS Summary Files, table shells, archived from the 1996 –

2004 ACS, and more [CENSUS 2011b].

Data Source: ACS FTP Site

Organization: U.S. Census Bureau (USCS)

Format Used: PDF; Excel

Classification: Demographic and Behavioral
58

American FactFinder Description: The American FactFinder, an on-line tool, 

provides data in the form of maps, tables, and reports from a 

variety of Census Bureau sources. Information provided by the 

American FactFinder includes basic demographic; social and 

economic data; popular statistics tables on people, housing, and 

business and government; censuses and surveys; etc. The 

Census Bureau conducts many censuses and surveys. The most 

well-known is the official population census of the United 

States, called the decennial census. It is conducted every ten 

years, most recently in April 2010. During each decennial 

census, the Census Bureau collects data from every household 

in the U.S. and its territories [CENSUS 2011c].

Data Source: American FactFinder 

Organization: U.S. Census Bureau

Format Used: Shapefile; Excel; ASCII

Classification: Demographic and Behavioral

American Hospital Association (AHA) 

Database

Description: American Hospital Association (AHA) Database 

contains data for every hospital in the U.S. The data is collected 

from AHA annually survey. Non-responding hospital data are 

estimated using advanced methods to approximate specific data 

elements. The AHA Annual Survey Database for Fiscal Year 

2009 has more than 700 fields of data and information on 

6,000+ hospitals. Included in the database are demographic 

information, organizational structure, facilities and services, 

utilization data, community orientation indicators, physician 

arrangements, managed care relationships, expenses and 

staffing [AHADATA 2011].

Data Source: American Hospital Association (AHA) 

Database; Hospital Detail Report Wizard; Hospital Market 

Analysis Wizard; Healthcare Systems and Networks Report 

Wizard

Organization: American Hospital Association (AHA)

Format Used: Excel; ASCII; PDF

Classification: Resources; Demographic and Behavioral

American Hospital Directory’s Data 

Services

Description: The American Hospital Directory (AHD) 

provides data and statistics about more than 6,000 hospitals 

nationwide. The database of information about hospitals is built 

from both public and private sources including Medicare claims 

data, hospital cost reports, and other files obtained from the 

federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). 

AHD is not affiliated with the American Hospital Association 

and is not a source for AHA Data. Users use their search tools 

to explore their database of hospital information. Key statistics 

may be summarized by hospital, state, and nation. Statistics 

include bed size, discharges, patient days, and gross patient 

revenue [AHD 2011].

Data Source: AHD’s Data Services, AHD’s Quick Search;

AHD’s Advanced Search
59

Organization: American Hospital Directory (AHD) 

Format Used: .CSV; ASCII; Excel

Classification: Resources; Demographic and Behavioral

American Housing Survey (AHS) Description: The American Housing Survey (AHS) collects 

data on the Nation’s housing, including apartments, singlefamily homes, mobile homes, vacant housing units, household 

characteristics, income, housing and neighborhood quality, 

housing costs, equipment and fuels, size of housing unit, and 

recent movers. National data are collected in odd numbered 

years, and data for each of 47 selected Metropolitan Areas are 

collected currently about every six years. The national sample 

covers an average 55,000 housing units. Each metropolitan area 

sample covers 4,100 or more housing units. The survey is 

conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Department of 

Housing and Urban Development (HUD). The Data Access 

includes three categories: National Data, Metropolitan Data, 

and Dates metropolitan Areas are Surveyed [CENSUS 2011d].

Data Source: AHS Data Access

Organization: U.S. Census Bureau (USCS)

Format Used: Excel; PDF

Classification: Demographic and Behavioral

Automated Critical Asset 

Management System (ACAMS)

Description: Automated Critical Asset Management System 

(ACAMS) is a web-enabled information services portal that 

helps state and local governments build CIKR protection 

programs in their local jurisdictions. ACAMS is a secure, 

online database, and database management platform that allows 

for the collection and management of CIKR asset data; the 

cataloguing, screening, and sorting of this data; the production 

of tailored infrastructure reports; and the development of a 

variety of pre- and post-incident response plans useful to 

strategic and operational planners and tactical commanders 

[DHS 2011c].

Data Source: ACAMS

Organization: Department of Homeland Security/Office of

Infrastructure Protection

Format Used: TXT; PDF; Keyhole Markup Language (KML)

Classification: Resources; Controlling Documents

ChicagoMaps Description: ChicagoMaps provides information on citizen 

services and physical infrastructure components in the city. 

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is used to manage street 

and building inventories, dispatch services, and maintenance of 

underground utilities [CHICAGO 2011].

Data Source: Chicago GIS Portal

Organization: City of Chicago

Format Used: GIF

Classification: Resources; Spatial
60

Community Collaborative Rain, Hail 

and Snow Observations (CoCoRaHS) 

Reports

Description: The National Weather Service (NWS) supports 

the Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow 

(CoCoRaHS) network. CoCoRaHS is a unique, non-profit, 

community-based network of volunteers of all ages and 

backgrounds working together to measure and map 

precipitation (rain, snow, and hail). The network has 20,000 

active observers in all 50 states. CoCoRaHS provides reports 

on daily precipitation, significant weather, multiple day 

accumulation, drought impact, etc. [COCO 2011].

Data Source: CoCoRaHS

Organization: CoCoRaHS network

Format Used: KML

Classification: Environment

Computer-Aided Management of 

Emergency Operations (CAMEO)

Description: CAMEO is a system of software applications 

used widely to plan for and respond to chemical emergencies. 

CAMEO can also be used to navigate between ALOHA (Areal 

Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres), MARPLOT (Mapping 

Applications for Response, Planning, and Local Operational 

Tasks), and the downloadable version of CAMEO Chemicals. 

All modules work interactively to share and display critical 

information in a timely fashion. The CAMEO system is 

available in Macintosh and Windows formats. CAMEO is a 

database application that includes eight modules (such as 

Facilities and Contacts) to assist with data management 

requirements under the Emergency Planning and Community 

Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA). The system includes a chemical 

database of over 6,000 hazardous chemicals, 80,000 synonyms, 

and product trade names. It provides a search engine to find 

chemicals instantly for support making plan for and respond to 

chemical emergencies [EPA 2011a].

Data Source: CAMEOfm Version 2.0

Organization: Environment Protection Agency (EPA); 

National Oceanic; Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

Format Used: ASCII

Classification: Environment; Controlling Documents

Consolidated Database System 

(CDBS) 

Description: The FCC Media Bureau is responsible for 

licensing broadcast services in the Unites States. The licensing 

information for broadcast radio (AM and FM) and television 

(TV, LPTV, and DTV) is contained in the Consolidated 

Database System (CDBS).The CDBS is used to track the filing 

and completion of broadcast construction permit, license, 

renewal, ownership, assignment of license (sale of station), 

transfer of control (change of ownership structure), and EEO 

(Equal Employment Opportunity) applications. The CDBS 

Public Access links access web pages that provide the ability to 

search and retrieve information from FCC Media Bureau 

databases for broadcast stations, and for certain EEO 

information for broadcast stations and Cable and MVPD 

(Multi-channel Video Programming Distributor) employment 
61

units [FCC 2011].

Data Source: CDBS Public Searches

Organization: Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

Format Used: PDF; HTML

Classification: Resources

DC Atlas Description: The DC Atlas is a web-based tool that contains 

over 150 map layers arranged in various overlay categories. 

Each overlay grouping is interactive, allowing users to zoom in 

and out, move to different places, and identify features for more 

information. The DC Atlas provides detailed maps with GIS 

functionality. The information can be retrieved from its All-inOne Service. Additionally, maps and information can be 

printed. The service provides access to a wide range of 

planimetric, cultural, environment datasets enabling users to 

create their own maps easily and quickly [DC 2011]. 

Data Source: DC Atlas All-In-One

Organization: Government of the District of Columbia

Format Used: TXT; CSV; Shapefile; MXD (ArcGIS Map 

Document)

Classification: Incidents; Environment; Resources; Spatial, 

Demographic and Behavioral

Earth Observing System (EOS) Data 

Services

Description: The Earth Observing System (EOS) is a 

coordinated series of polar-orbiting and low inclination 

satellites for long-term global observations of the land surface, 

biosphere, solid Earth, atmosphere, and oceans. EOS is a major 

component of the Earth Science Division of NASA’s Science 

Mission Directorate. EOS enables an improved understanding 

of the Earth as an integrated system. The EOS Data Gateway 

(EDG) is the primary interface to all data available in NASA’s 

Earth Observation System Data Information System, and 

related data centers. With EDG, a user can search for and 

acquire a large variety of earth, ocean, and atmospheric science 

data obtained from EOS instruments such as MODIS and 

MISR, as well as other satellites such as Landsat [NASA 2011]. 

Data Source: EOS Data Gateway (EDG)

Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

(NASA)

Format Used: TXT

Classification: Environment

Emergency Preparedness Resource 

Inventory (EPRI)

Description: Emergency Preparedness Resource Inventory 

(EPRI) is a Web-based tool allowing local or regional planners 

to assemble an inventory of critical resources that would be 

useful in responding to a bioterrorist attack. It can be 

customized for any region, state, or locality. EPRI creates 

automated reports for use in preparedness and planning as well 

as incident response [AHRQ 2011b].

Data Source: Emergency Preparedness Resource Inventory 

(EPRI)
62

Organization: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 

(AHRQ) 

Format Used: ASCII

Classification: Resources; Incidents

Envirofacts Description: The Envirofact Multisystem Search allows the 

users to search multiple environmental databases for facility 

information, including toxic chemical releases, water discharge 

permit compliance, hazardous waste handling processes, 

Superfund status, and air emission estimates. Search the 

Envirofacts data using any combination of the following 

criteria: facility name, geography, facility industrial 

classification, or pollutant. Envirofacts offers several choices 

for downloading data: EZ Searcher, Custom Searches, and 

Geospatial Download. Through different search options, users 

can select data from EPA’s Facility Registry System (FRS), 

Locational Reference Database, Toxics Release Inventory 

(TRI), Permit Compliance System (PCS), and RadNet 

(formerly the Environmental Radiation Ambient Monitoring 

System (ERAMS) and build reports or files [EPA 2011b]. 

Data Source: Envirofacts Multisystem Search

Organization: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Format Used: Table; CSV; XML; KML; Shapefile; 

Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) Feature 

Class 

Classification: Environmental; Resources

Geodatabase Description: The Geodatabase is a storage and management 

framework for geographic information systems (GIS) Data. It 

combines “geo” (spatial data) with “database” (data repository) 

to create a central data repository for spatial data storage and 

management. It is designed to store, query, and manipulate 

geographic information and spatial data. The Geodatabase 

Toolset (GDBT) 9.3/9.3.1 is available for monitoring, 

investigating, and reporting the performance of multiuser 

geodatabase [ESRI 2011b].

Data Source: GEODATABASE Toolset (GDBT)

Organization: U.S. Geological Survey

Format Used: SQL

Classification: Environment; Spatial

Geospatial Multi-Agency 

Coordination Group (GeoMAC) 

Description: The Geospatial Multi-Agency Coordination 

Group (GeoMAC) is an internet-based mapping application 

originally designed for fire managers to access online maps of 

current fire locations and perimeters in the conterminous 48 

States and Alaska. Using a standard web browser, fire 

personnel can view this information to pinpoint the affected 

areas. With the growing concern of western wildland fires in 

the summer of 2000, this application has also become available 

to the public. In order to give fire managers near real-time 

information, fire perimeter data is updated daily based upon 
63

input from incident intelligence sources, GPS data, infrared 

(IR) imagery from fixed wing and satellite platforms. The 

GeoMAC web site allows users in remote locations to 

manipulate map information displays, zoom in and out to 

display fire information at various scales and detail, and print 

hard copy maps for use in fire information and media briefings, 

dispatch offices and coordination centers. The fire maps also 

have relational databases in which the user can display 

information on individual fires such as name of the fire, current 

acreage and other fire status information [GEOMAC 2011].

Data Source: GeoMAC Group

Organization: U.S. Department of the Interior; U.S. 

Department of Agriculture; National Interagency Fire Center; 

U.S. Geological Survey

Format Used: Feeds; ASCII; XML

Classification: Spatial; Environment

Global Terrorism Database (GTD) Description: The Global Terrorism Database (GTD) is an 

open-source database including information on terrorist events 

around the world from 1970 through 2008 (with additional 

annual updates planned for the future). Unlike many other 

event databases, the GTD includes systematic data on domestic 

as well as transnational and international terrorist incidents that 

have occurred during this time period and now includes more 

than 87,000 cases. For each GTD incident, information is 

available on the date and location of the incident, the weapons 

used and nature of the target, the number of casualties, and–

when identifiable–the group or individual responsible [UMD 

2011]. 

Data Source: GTD online interface; “GTD Contact Form” 

request

Organization: U.S. Department of Homeland Security; 

National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses 

to Terrorism

Format Used: CSV

Classification: Incidents; Demographic and Behavioral

Google Earth Description: Offers maps and satellite images for complex or 

pinpointed regional searches.

Data Source: Google Earth 5, Google Earth Pro 

Organization: Google

Format Used: KLM; KMZ; COLLADA

Classification: Spatial

Government Datasets Description: The purpose of Data.gov is to increase public 

access to high value, machine readable datasets generated by 

the Executive Branch of the Federal Government. Data.gov 

provides descriptions of the Federal datasets (metadata), 

information about how to access the datasets and tools that 

leverage government datasets. Data.gov includes searchable 

catalogs that provide access to “raw” datasets and various 
64

tools. Catalogs offers “Raw” Data catalog, Tool Catalog, and 

Geodata Catalog. “Raw” Data Catalog provides users with 

instant view/download of platform-independent, machine 

readable data as well as a link to a metadata page specific to the 

respective dataset. Tool Catalog provides the public with 

simple, application-driven access to Federal data with 

hyperlinks and features widgets, data mining and extraction 

tools, applications, and other services. Geodata Catalog

provides trusted, authoritative, Federal geospatial through links 

to download the datasets and a metadata page with details on 

the datasets, as well as links to more detailed Federal 

Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) metadata information. 

The categories used by “Raw” Data Category and Tool 

Category include Agriculture; Art, Recreation, and Travel; 

Banking, Finance, and Insurance; Births, Deaths, marriages, 

and Divorces; Business Enterprise; Construction and housing; 

Educations; Energy and Utilities; Federal Government 

Finances, and Employment; Foreign Commerce and Aid; 

Geography and Environment; Health and Nutrition; Income, 

Expenditures, Poverty, and Wealth; Information and 

Communication; International Statistics; Labor Force, 

Employment, and earning; Law Enforcement, Courts, and

Prisons, national Security and Veterans Affairs; Natural 

Resources; Other; Population; Prices; Science and Technology; 

Social Insurance and Human Services; State and Local 

Government Finances and Employment; Transportation; and 

Wholesale and Retail trade.

The categories used by Geodata Category include Biology and 

Ecology; Administrative and Political Boundaries; 

Atmospheric and Climatic; Business and Economic; Elevation 

and Derived Products; Environment and Conservation; 

Agriculture and Geophysical; Human Health and Disease; 

Imagery and base Maps; Inland Water Resources; Military; 

Locations and Geodetic Networks; Oceans and Estuaries; 

Cadastral; Cultural, Society, and Demographics; Facilities and 

Structures; Transportation Network; and Utilities and 

Communication [DATA 2011].

Data Source: Data.gov Catalogs

Organization: General Services Administration; Federal Chief 

Information Officer (CIO) Council

Format Used: XML; Keyhole Markup Language (KML); 

Compressed Keyhole Markup Language (KMZ); Shapefile; 

PDF; CSV; TXT; XLS; Feeds; Chart

Classification: Resources; Environment; Demographic and 

Behavioral

Interactive GIS Web Mapping 

Applications 

Description: The web applications, GIS-NET, SUB-NET, 

OVOV-NET, and Z-NET allow for interactively viewing and 

investigating zoning, land use policy, subdivision activity, 

aerial imagery, and many other features pertaining to land use 

within the unincorporated communities of Los Angeles County. 
65

GIS-NET provides geographic information regarding land use 

planning and zoning for the unincorporated areas of Los 

Angeles County. SUB-NET provides geographic information 

regarding subdivision activity in the unincorporated areas of 

Los Angeles County. OVOV-NET provides geographic 

information regarding land use planning and zoning for the 

incorporated areas of Santa Clarita Valley in the Los Angeles 

County. Z-NET provides basic zoning and land use information 

about properties in incorporate areas of Los Angeles County 

[LACOUNTY 2011]. 

Data Source: GIS-NET; SUB-NET; OVOV-NET; Z-NET

Organization: Los Angeles County Department of Regional 

Planning

Format Used: GIF; PDF

Classification: Environment; Spatial

Montgomery County Government 

Map Viewer

Description: Montgomery County Government Map Viewer 

contains over 17 thematic areas of data including aerial photos, 

boundaries, census, economic development, education, 

environmental protection, grids, health and human services, 

housing, place of interest, public safety, public works and 

transportation, recreation, regional services centers, streets and 

zip codes, and other high accuracy base map datasets [MCMD 

2011]. 

Data Source: Montgomery County Government Map Viewer

Organization: Montgomery County, Maryland Government

Format Used: GIF

Classification: Environment; Resources; Demographic and 

Behavioral; Spatial

National Climatic Data Center 

(NCDC) Geodata 

Description: NCDC, the world’s largest active archive of 

weather data, produces numerous climate publications and 

responses to data requests from all over the world. NCDC 

supports a three tier national climate services support program 

– the partners include: NCDC, Regional Climate Centers, and 

State Climatologists. The online Climate data Directory 

includes Surface Data, Upper Air Data, Marine Data, Satellite 

Data, Important Notes, Climatology & Extremes, and Related 

Links. NCDC provides data access tools to retrieve climate and 

weather, satellite, and radar data [NCDC 2011a]. NCDC’s GIS 

Portal allows users to view, access, and utilize in situ station 

data through NCDC’s Geographic Information System (GIS) 

portal. Interactive maps, associated metadata, and advanced 

Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) services, such as Web 

Map Services (WMS) and Web Feature Services (WFS) are 

available [NCDC 2011b].

Data Source: National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Geodata 

Portal

Organization: NOAA

Format Used: WMS; WFS;KML;KMZ

Classification: Environment; Spatial
66

National Digital Forecast Database 

(NDFD) 

Description: As the foundation of the NWS Digital Services 

Program, the National Digital Forecast Database (NDFD) 

consists of gridded forecasts of sensible weather elements (e.g., 

cloud cover, maximum temperature). NDFD contains a 

seamless mosaic of digital forecasts from NWS field offices 

working in collaboration with the National Centers for 

Environmental Prediction (NCEP) [NWS 2011a]. 

Data Source: NDFD Access Data (via File Transfer Protocol 

(FTP); HTTP; XML Web Service; Web Feature Service; Web 

Browser)

Organization: National Weather Service (NWS)

Format Used: Grids in Gridded Binary (GRIB2); XML; 

Shapefile

Classification: Environment

National Emergency Medical Services 

(EMS) Information System (NEMSIS)

Description: The National Emergency Medical Services 

(EMS) Information System (NEMSIS) is the national 

repository that will be used to potentially store EMS data from 

every state in the nation. The NEMSIS project was developed 

to help states collect more standardized elements and 

eventually submit the data to a national EMS database. The 

NEMSIS Technical Assistance Center (TAC) is the resource 

center for the NEMSIS project. The 2009 NEMSIS PublicRelease Research Dataset is now available. This dataset 

includes 6,216,520 EMS events submitted by 26 states during 

the 2009 calendar year. The 2008 NEMSIS Public-Release 

Research Dataset will continue to be available through the 

NEMSIS TAC [NEMSIS 2010].

Data Source: NEMSIS Technical Assistance Center

Organization: National Highway Traffic Safety 

Administration (NHTSA); Health Resources and Services 

Administration (HRSA); CDC

Format Used: XML

Classification: Demographic and Behavioral

National Fire Department Census 

Database

Description: The National Fire Department Census Database 

provides an online address listing of U.S. fire departments 

registered with U. S. Fire Administration (USFA) as well as 

some basic information about each fire department. The 

purpose of the census, which is ongoing, is to create a national 

database for use by USFA to conduct special studies that will 

guide program decision-making and to improve direct 

communication with individual fire departments. Data in the 

database may include These files contain the following 

information: department name, headquarters address, 

department mailing address, headquarters telephone number, 

headquarters fax number, county, department type, 

organization type, Web site address, number of stations, 

number of active firefighters, the number of non-firefighting 

personnel, and a flag indicating the department’s status as 
67

primary emergency management department [USFA 2011].

Data Source: National Fire Department Census Database

Organization: U.S. Fire Administration (USFA)

Format Used: CSV

Classification: Incidents, Controlling Documents

National Geochemical Survey 

Database

Description: The online spatial data is provided by the 

National Geochemical Survey Database. The database contains 

information from the National-scale geochemical analysis of 

stream sediments and soils in the U.S., from existing data, 

reanalysis of existing samples, and new sampling. Goal for 

sample density is one per 289 square km. There are 3 ways to 

get information: 1) View: show in a web browser window, 

show in Google Earth or down load KML, and show in GIS 

using OGC WMS; 2) Download: download data for selected 

geographic areas; 3) Documentation: complete National 

Geochemical Survey report available on the web [USGS 

2011b]. 

Data Source: National Geochemical Survey Database

Organization: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)

Format Used: Shapefile; dBase; HTML; TXT; CSV; KML; 

KMZ

Classification: Environment; Spatial

National Geophysical Data Center 

(NGDC)

Description: The National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) 

Online Access Systems include Interactive Map Services, 

Space Physics Interactive Data Resources (SPIDR), 

Geophysical Data System (GEODAS), Seafloor Composition, 

and FTP Area. Interactive Maps provides visually display for 

many NGDC data layers. SPIDR is designed to allow a solar 

terrestrial physics customer to intelligently access and manage 

historical space and physics data for integration with 

environment models and space weather forecasts. SPIDR is a 

distributed network of synchronous databases. GEODAS is an 

interactive database management system for used in the 

assimilation, storage, and retrieval geophysical data. The data 

included in the GEODAS are trackline marine geophysics, 

hydrographic surveys, coastal relief, multi-beam bathymetry, 

and aeromagnetic surveys. Download data directly, create 

custom CDs. Seafloor Composition is used to search for and 

download selected descriptions and analyses of marine 

sediment and rock samples. FTP Area is for browse data types 

available from NGDC [NGDC 2011]. 

Data Source: NGDC Online Access Systems

Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration (NOAA)/National Geophysical Data Center 

(NGDC)

Format Used: GIF; PNG; XML

Classification: Environment; Spatial
68

National Integrated Land System 

(NILS)

Description: GeoCommunicator is the publication site for the 

Bureau of Land management’s (BLM’s) National Integrated 

Land System (NILS). NILS’ Land Survey Information System 

is the official federal government website for the distribution of 

the Public Land Survey System – PLSS of the United States 

and other survey-based data for the federal government. 

GeoCommunicator provides searching, processing, and 

dynamic mapping of many BLM activities, such as land use 

permits; Mineral materials, community pits; oil, gas, and 

geothermal leasing; mining claims; etc. It provides a 

centralized site for downloading NILS data and exporting 

survey points/lines and control points [BLM 2011]. 

Data Source: GeoCommunicator

Organization: Bureau of Land Management (BLM)

Format Used: Shapefile

Classification: Environment; Resources

National Renewable Energy 

Laboratory (NREL) Geographic 

Information System (GIS) Data 

Description: The National Renewable Energy Laboratory 

(NREL) Dynamic Maps, GIS Data and Analysis Tools Web 

Site provides dynamically-generated maps of renewable energy 

resources that determine which energy technologies are viable 

solutions in national and international regions. Click on the

download data link in the page to activate the File Archive 

Download Utility. Data are available for the U.S. and 

internationally, and for energy resources including biomass, 

hydrogen, solar, and wind. The NREL’s Geographic 

Information System (GIS) team analyzes wind, solar, biomass, 

geothermal, and other energy resources and inputs the data into 

the GIS. NRFL has made some of their biomass, solar and wind 

datasets — in either high resolution or low resolution —

available for download through this Web site. High-resolution 

datasets are available for specific states. Low-resolution 

datasets are available for Alaska, Hawaii, and the lower 48 

states [NREL 2011].

Data Source: NREL’s Geographic Information System Data

Organization: The National Renewable Energy Laboratory 

(NREL)

Format Used: SHP 

Classification: Resources; Spatial

National Weather Service File/Web 

Services

Description: The National Weather Service 

Telecommunication Gateway web site contains information on 

meteorological data exchange, communication standards, 

switching practices, and meteorological data codes. The 

File/Web Services allows user to access data and products filed 

on the Gateway central server resources using FTP and HTTP 

applications. The File/Web Services provide current data and 

product files of computer models, text products, text parsed 

data, observed data, radar products, and satellite products 

[NWS 2011b]. 

Data Source: File/Web Services
69

Organization: National Weather Service

Format Used: GRIB; FTP; HTTP; RPG/SPG; NESDIS; TXT

Classification: Incidents; Environment

Public Utilities Commission 

Interactive Maps

Description: The Public Utilities Commission of Ohio’s 

Interactive Maps Page was created to provide on-line access to 

the PUCO’s Geographic Information System (GIS) maps and 

database. The various maps enable the user to search, identify, 

and print information on data layers including service area 

boundaries, exchanges, roads, school districts, county 

boundaries, cities, political districts, railroad crossings, etc. 

The maps types include telephone/electric/rail map; telephone 

service map, electric map, railroad cross accident maps, 

railroad map, water and waste water utilities map, telephone 

extended area service map, census boundary and zip code map, 

etc. [PUCO 2011].

Data Source: PUCO Interactive Maps

Organization: The Public Utilities Commission of Ohio 

(PUCO)

Format Used: PDF; Google Map

Classification: Spatial; Environment; Incidents; Resources

QuickFacts Description: QuickFacts is an easy access to facts about 

people, business, and geography. It includes data for all states 

and counties, and for cities and towns with more than 25,000 

people. QuickFacts tables are summary profiles showing 

frequently requested data items from various Census Bureau 

programs. Profiles are available for the nation, states, counties, 

and large cities [CENSUS 2011e]. 

Data Source: QuickFacts

Organization: U.S. Census Bureau

Format Used: ASCII

Classification: Spatial; Resources; Demographic and 

Behavior; Environment

San Francisco Enterprise Geographic 

Information Systems (GIS) Program 

Description: The San Francisco Enterprise GIS Program 

provides mapping expertise, data, and applications for the City 

and County of San Francisco. The Program provides four 

mapping services: SFViewer, SFParcel, SFProspector, and 

CrimeMaps. With SFViewer and SFParcel, users can find a 

location or an assessor parcel, view parcel information, view 

aerial photos, and print maps. SFProspector allows searching 

for properties and creating demographic or business report for 

an area of San Francisco. CrimeMaps provides the public with 

information about recent crime activity in their neighborhood 

[SFGOV 2011].

Data Source: SFViewer; SFParcel; SFProspector; CrimeMaps

Organization: City & County of San Francisco

Format Used: GIF; TXT; ASCII

Classification: Resources; Spatial; Environment; Demographic 

and Behavioral
70

SEDRIS Environmental Data Sets Description: SEDRIS includes the representation of 

environmental data and the interchange of environmental data 

sets. The SEDRIS environmental data sets are available free of 

charge from SEDRIS. The types of SEDRIS data sets include 

models (e.g., chair, communication console, space station 

gamma, and test), Terrain (e.g., Atlantis, Auto-generated 

Terrain, Bellevue Washington, and Lake Tahoe), and other 

domains (e.g., atmosphere, Master Environmental Library), and 

data achieves (e.g., 4.0-compliant SEDRIS Transmittal 

Formats) [SEDRIS 2011b]. 

Data Source: SEDRIS Environmental Databases

Organization: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 

(DARPA)

Format Used: SEDRIS Transmittal Format (SFT)

Classification: Environment

The Federated Data System 

(DataFed)

Description: DataFed is web services-based software that nonintrusively mediates between autonomous, distributed data 

providers and users. The main goals of DataFed include to aid 

air quality management and science by effective use of relevant 

data, to facilitate the access and flow of atmospheric data from 

provider to users, and to support the development of userdriven data processing value chains. The main web application 

of DataFed is the generic Viewer of spatio-temporal datasets. 

The Viewer can be used for all the federated datasets in 

DataFed [DATAFED 2011].

Data Source: DataFed Viewer

Organization: National Science Foundation (NSF); National 

Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Format Used: CSV; KML

Classification: Environment

The National Map Description: The National Map is a collaborative effort among 

the USGS and other Federal, State, and local partners to 

improve and deliver topographic information for the Nation. It 

has many uses ranging from recreation to scientific analysis to 

emergency response. The National Map includes several 

primary data viewers: the first viewer, The National Map 

Viewer, has the primary role of viewing distributed data sets 

from many contributing Federal State and Local Partners 

through dynamic web map services. The second viewer, The 

National Map Seamless Server, is the primary site for 

downloading USGS imagery, elevation and land cover data. 

Use the 'Best Practices' viewer to download the most up-to-date 

National Map road, boundaries, structures and other 'vector' 

data. Use the National Hydrography Data (NHD) viewer to 

download our full featured National Hydrography data [NMAP 

2011].

Data Source: The National Map 

Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
71

Format Used: PDF; GeoPDF; GeoTIFF; SHP; JPEG

Classification: Spatial

The North American Environmental 

Atlas

Description: The North American Environmental Atlas is a 

digital repository of maps and information that are available as 

downloadable map and data files without cost. It is an 

interactive mapping tool to research, analyze and manage 

environmental issues in Canada, United States and Mexico. It is 

designed to help understand continental-scale environmental 

issues. The Atlas offers basic cartographic and environmental 

data for the continent. It is intended for use by both 

environmental scientists and the citizens of the United States, 

Canada, and Mexico. Its maps and services are designed to 

help the public visualize environmental topics at a continental 

scale [CEC 2011].

Data Source: North American Environmental Atlas

Organization: Commission for Environmental Cooperation 

(CEC)

Format Used: Shapefile; PDF; ZIP

Classification: Environment

Topologically Integrated Geographic 

Encoding and Referencing (TIGER) 

Database

Description: The Web browser is used to view and download 

Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and 

Referencing (TIGER) data. The design of the TIGER database 

adapts the theories of topology, graph theory, and associated 

fields of mathematics to provide a disciplined, mathematical 

description for the geographic structure of the United States 

and its territories [CENSUS 2011f]. 

Data Source: Tiger Map Server Browser

Organization: U.S. Census Bureau

Format Used: SHP; Tiger/Line; ASCII; XML

Classification: Spatial

U.S. Board on Geographic Names 

Database

Description: The U.S. Board on Geographic Names serves the 

Federal Government and the public as a central authority to 

which name problems, name inquiries, name changes, and new 

name proposals can be directed. The U.S. Board on Geographic 

Names Database holds the Federally recognized name of each 

feature and defines the feature location by state, county, USGS 

topographic map, and geographic coordinates. Other attributes 

include names or spellings other than the official name, feature 

designations, feature classification, historical and descriptive 

information, and for some categories the geometric boundaries. 

Use “Search Domestic Names”, “Download Domestic Names”, 

“Search Foreign Names”, and “Search Antarctic Names” to 

query or download information [USGS 2011c].

Data Source: Online Systems: Search Domestic Names, 

Download Domestic Names

Organization: U.S. Geological Survey

Format Used: XML; HTML; ASCII 

Classification: Controlling Document
72

United States-Mexico Demographic 

Data 

Description: United States-Mexico Demographic Data Viewer 

is an interactive application that provides rapid, interactive data 

mapping, viewing, and analysis of more than 200 

socioeconomic variables that are congruent between the United 

States and Mexico. It is a useful tool for browsing and 

visualizing patterns at geographic levels ranging from regions 

to counties/ municipalities, the U.S.-Mexico DDViewer may be 

used to map population, vital statistic, land area, and household 

data [CU 2011]. 

Data Source: DDViewer 3.1

Organization: Columbia University, International Earth 

Science Information Network (CIESIN)

Format Used: 

Classification: Spatial; Demographic and Behavioral; 

Resources

Westchester County Geographic 

Information Systems

Description: The Mapping Westchester County of New York 

map service provides access to a large amount of facility, 

environmental, demographic, transportation, and large scale 

planimetric datasets. Links to other areas of the county’s GIS 

website also enables users to download coverage and metadata 

[WCNY 2011].

Data Source: Westchester County Geographic Information 

Systems

Organization: Westchester County, New York Government

Format Used: GIF

Classification: Incidents; Environment; Resources; 

Demographic and Behavioral; Spatial

7. Discussions and Recommendations

This section is intended to capture practices and issues relevant to program sponsors, project managers, 

researchers, developers, and implementers of M&S of CIKR for homeland security applications. The 

resources presented in section 6 and research, development and implementation experiences are used to 

identify the best practices to be followed for future efforts and to provide uncertainties, cautions and 

warnings for use of such applications. Further, the resources in section 6 are compared with the 

information in sections 4 and 5 to identify the unmet needs and requirements. These unmet needs and 

requirements are used to identify and prioritize the research, development, standards, and implementation 

issues that should be addressed going forward. This section hence provides a summary of discussion 

topics and recommendations that are divided into three major areas: 

• Identification of best practices (Section 7.1)

• Uncertainties, cautions and warnings regarding expectations of these models and simulations (Section 

7.2)

• Research, development, standards and implementation issues that may need to be addressed by the 

research community, program sponsors, and stakeholders to improve the quality and utility of 

incident management models and simulations (Section 7.3)
73

The initial versions of the following subsections are intended to provide a starting point for discussions 

during the workshop.

7.1. Best Practices

Best practices are really only effective if a methodology is well defined for a given problem solving 

approach. For example, the LUMAS model shows how learning influences a documented methodology, 

and the link between L and M in the LUMAS model is where best practice is encountered by the user of a 

methodology. The risk management framework defined in the National Infrastructure Protection Plan 

(NIPP) [DHS 2009] provides the high level methodology relevant to use of modeling and simulation for 

CIKR. The best practices included here will primarily focus on those used for modeling and simulation 

tool development, deployment, and use in support of the NIPP risk management framework.

A variety of M&S approaches, methodologies, and tools are currently available. Some are more suitable 

to solving certain classes of problems than others. This section will identify recommended approaches 

and best practices for solving different types of CIKR modeling problems.

• Provide tools that can be used at the local level for critical infrastructure analysis, evaluation, or 

training purposes

• Use various test and validation methods

• Provide tools that do not require sophisticated and expensive system support

• Provide distributed web-based tools that allow CIKR organizations to develop and run custom 

exercises.

7.2. Limitations, Cautions and Warnings

This sub-section is intended to highlight and document the limitations associated with M&S applications 

to minimize improper use and highlight potential areas for further development. M&S application 

requires significant effort and hence they should be utilized only when appropriate, i.e., they should be 

considered for complex problems that cannot be addressed using other analytical options. The level of 

detail and specificity achieved by using the most sophisticated models and simulations may not be 

practical or necessary for all assets, systems, or networks. In these circumstances, a simplified 

dependency and interdependency analysis based on expert judgment may provide sufficient insight to 

make informed risk management decisions in a timely manner (DHS 2009).

For applications that are identified as suitable for M&S applications, it should be recognized that models 

provide results with varying levels of error and uncertainty. Analysts should ensure that decision-makers 

understand the uncertainties in M&S results and other limitations such as the ones listed below.

• Training exercises may not create the stress conditions and state of mind in the response personnel 

that would occur during a real incident such as a massive failure or attack on a CIKR system.

• Data inconsistencies between simulated exercises and real incidents may affect the results and 

perceptions.

• Communication difficulties and incompatibilities between systems may not be accurately reflected in 

training exercises.

7.3. Research, Development, Standards and Implementation Issues

A number of research, development, standards, and implementation issues remain to be addressed. An 

initial straw man list follows:
74

• Identification of appropriate models, simulations, tools, and databases to address CIKR analysis 

needs

• Identification of common models, simulations, tools, and databases that can be shared by SSAs with 

the user community

• Identification of technical gaps and needs for models, simulations, tools, and databases

• Development of system requirements specifications for CIKR models, simulations, tools, and 

databases

• Development of systems dynamics models for addressing strategic issues for different CIKR sectors 

and systems

• Development of mechanisms to enable access to and usage of CIKR M&S applications by SSAs, 

CIKR partners, and operational personnel

• Development of simulation application architectures to enable module integration and standard data 

interfaces to import data from external databases

• Use of a system of systems engineering approach to the development of applications

• Use of UML/SysML in specification of CIKR systems and M&S applications

• Development of M&S applications as open systems

• Use of object-oriented models in CIKR M&S

• Integration of CIKR models and simulations

• Establishment of security and protection mechanisms for sensitive data

• Ownership and usage of publicly vs. privately developed models, simulations, tools, and databases

• Return on investment to stakeholders and sponsors for research projects

8. Conclusion

This initial version of the document is the starting point of an effort to capture the current knowledge 

relevant to M&S of CIKR for homeland security applications. It identifies the needs, translates them into 

requirements and provides summary information on resources available to meet the needs and 

requirements. The information on needs, requirements, and resources is used together with research, 

development, and implementation experiences to distill practices and issues for future efforts.

This version will be used to facilitate input from domain experts in a workshop setting. It is hoped that 

the next version updated with such input will provide value as a reference for program managers, project 

managers, researchers, developers, and implementers of M&S of CIKR for homeland security 

applications. Use of the updated document as a common reference may help increase the awareness 

across the associated communities and help enhance collaborative efforts for homeland security 

applications of M&S for CIKR.

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