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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

HERBERT HOOVER, SECRETARY A ZONING PRIMER

BY

THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE

ON ZONING

APPOINTED BY SECRETARY HOOVER

CHARLES B. BALL

Sanitary Engineer. EDWARD M. BASSETT

Lawyer. ALFRED BETTMAN

Lawyer. IRVING B. HIETT

Realtor. JOHN IHLDER

Housing Consultant. MORRIS KNOWLES

Consulting Engineer.

j. HORACE McFarland

Master Printer and Civic Investigator. FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED ....

Landscape Architect. LAWRENCE VEILLER

Housing Expert.

Secretary Treasurer, City Planning Division, American Society of Civil Engineers. Counsel, Zoning Committee of New York.

Director, National Conference on City Planning.

Ex-President, National Association of Real

Estate Boards. Manager, Civic Development Department of the Chamber of Commerce of the United States. From the Chamber of Commerce of the United

States; Chairman, City Planning Division, American Society of Civil Engineers.

Ex-President, The American Civic Association.

Ex-President, The American Society of Landscape Architects; Ex-President, American

City Planning Institute. Secretary and Director, The National Housing

Association. JOHN M.jGRIES^

Chief, Division of^ l^xTildiag tjoysingj Bureayi'^of f^tandards

[Revised Edition, 1926] PRICE 5 CENTS

SOLD ONLY BY SUPERINTENDENT OP DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON, D. C. WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1S2S
CONTENTS

Page

What is zoning?

Why do we need zoning?

Zoning protects property and health Zoning reduces the cost of living

Zoning is legal

How to get started A zoning program

What cities and towns have accomplished by zoning.

Where to get information

Zoned municipalities

II
A ZONING PRIMER

WHAT IS ZONING?

Zoning is the application of common sense and fairness to the

public regulations governing the use of private real estate. It is a painstaking, honest effort to provide each district or neighborhood,

as nearly as practicable, with just such 'protection and just such lihert'y as are sensible in that particular district. It avoids the error of trying to apply exactly the same building regulations to every

part of a city or town regardless of whether it is a suburban resi- dence section, or a factory district, or a business and financial center. It fosters civic spirit by creating confidence in the justice and sta- bility of the protection afforded.

Zoning gives everyone who lives or does business in a community

a chance for the reasonable enjoyment of his rights. At the same

time it protects him from unreasonable injury by neighbors who

would seek private gain at his expense.

Zoning regulations differ in different districts according to the

determined uses of the land for residence, business, or manufacturing,

and according to the advisable heights and ground areas. But these differing regulations are the sarae for all distmcts of the same type. They treat all men alike. WHY DO WE NEED ZONING?

Some one has asked, “ Does your city keep its gas range in the

parlor and its piano in the kitchen? ” That is what many an American city permits it« household to do for it. We know what to think of a household in which an undisciplined

daughter makes fudge in the parlor, in which her sister leaves soiled

clothes soaking in the bathtub, while father throv^^s his muddy shoes on the stairs, and little Johnny makes beautiful mud pies on the

front steps.

Yet many American cities do the same sort of thing when they

allow stores to crowd in at random among private dwellings, and

factories and public garages to come elbowing in among neat retail stores or well-kept apartment houses. Cities do no better when

they allow office buildings so tall and bulky and so closely crowded

that the lower floors not only become too dark and unsatisfactory

for human use but for that very reason fail to earn a fair cash return

to the individual investors.

“ Live and let live ” is a better motto for the modern city than

the savage one of dog eat dog.”

It is this stupid, wasteful jumble which zoning will prevent and

gradually correct. We must remember, however, that while zoning

2890®—28

C
2 A ZONIISTG PRIMEE

is a very important part of city planning, it should go hand in hand

with planning streets and providing for parks and playgrounds and

other essential features of a well-equipped city. Alone it is no universal panacea for all municipal ills, but as part of a larger program it pays the city and the citizens a quicker return than any other

form of civic improvement.

ZONING PROTECTS PROPERTY AND HEALTH

Suppose you have just bought some land in a neighborhood of

homes and built a cozy little house. There are two vacant lots south of you. If your town is zoned, no one can put up a large

apartment house on those lots, overshadowing your home, stealing

your sunshine and spoiling the investment of 20 years’ saving. Nor

is anyone at liberty to erect a noisy, malodorous public garage to keep you awake nights or to drive you to sell out for half of what you

put into your home.

If a town is zoned, property values become more stable, mortgage

companies are more ready to lend money, and more houses can be

built. A zoning law, if enacted in time, prevents an apartment house

from becoming a giant airless hive, housing human beings like

crowded bees. It provides that buildings may not be so high and

so close that men and women must work in rooms never freshened

by sunshine or lighted from the open sky.

ZONING REDUCES THE COST OF LIVING

zoning, millions of waste from the scrapping of buildings in “ blighted districts ” may be eliminated.

A ‘‘ blighted district ” is a district, originally developed for resi- dence, business, or industry, in the future of which people have lost confidence.

* The causes of such “ blight ” are manifold. The most familiar

case is that of a residential district into which there have begun to creep various uses threatening rapid destruction of its value for resi- dences—such new uses as sporadic stores, or factories, or junk yards.

It is not that a few such inappropriate uses really spoil the district,

but that people having lost confidence, start a panic like a “run on

the bank.” Hundreds of them hurry up to “ unload ” their properties at a sacrifice for any kind of use, no matter how objectionable

to their neighbors—and the “ blight ” is on ! Dwellings worth in

the aggregate millions of dollars for the purposes for which they were built, and physically fit to serve those purposes for many years

to come, with a moderate investment in alterations and improvements, are thus annually abandoned to purposes for which they are not fit, or are left to stand practically idle. Expensive public services of water, gas, electricity, sewers, and transportation are maintained at great waste in order to get through the “ blighted ” district to the more distant and newly fashionable location.

The total economic loss is enormous, and this loss and the risk of

it are paid by the people, in the price of house rents or otherwise,

as inevitably as they pay the price of the enormous fire losses, either

directly or through insurance.

Proper zoning cuts these losses at their source, just as proper build^

ing regulations and fire protection cut fire losses at their source.
A ZONING PRIMER. 3

I Again, miles of streets and sewers and other utilities, such as are ordinarily built when land is newly subdivided for dwellings, need

I never be constructed if we know that these areas will be devoted

I mainly to large factories. Industry will be more efficient, as well as

i homes more wholesome, if kept generally separate. Separation need

!: not mean great distances for workers to travel. Concentration of

li uses and a fair apportioning of districts should reduce the amount

Owing to haphazard city growth hundreds of perfectly

good buildings go to the dump each year.

ZONING IS LEGAL

When a zoning law is properly drawn there is no doubt that the

courts will support it. Enough favorable decisions have been handed

down to show that the courts regard regulation of the uses of land

and structures thereon, in accordance with the hind of district in

which they are situated, as a reasonable exercise of the police power

for the public health, safety, and general welfare.”

In fact, the courts have approved zoning whenever it was done

sensibly and comprehensively. The first case arose in Boston, Mass.,

where two different heights for future buildings were fixed through-
4 A ZONING PRIMER

out the city. This was supported by the highest court of ^lassachusetts and the United States Supreme Court. (Welch v. Swasey, 214

U. S. 91.)

The next important case arose in Los Angeles, Calif., where, under

a zoning plan dividing the city into industrial and residential districts, a brickyard in a residential district was ousted, although it had

been in existence for many years. This was upheld by the California

courts and also by the United States Supreme Court as a proper exercise of the police power. Modern zoning ordinances are not retroactive, however. (Hadacheck v. Sebastian, 239 U. S. 394.)

In New York State the highest court has declared the zoning of

New York City to be constitutional, stating that zoning can be

done under the police power if done with care and good judgment

so as not to be arbitrar}^ or confiscatory. (Lincoln Trust Co. v. Williams Building Corporation, 229 N. Y. 313.)

Recent decisions of some of the highest State courts show how

widely and strongly comprehensive zoning is approved. It has been

upheld by the highest and appellate courts of New York, Louisiana,

California, Wisconsin, Massachusetts, Kansas, Ohio, Minnesota,

Illinois, and Oregon.

Exclusion of stores from residence districts,—Spector v. Town of

Milton, 250 Mass. 63 ; 145 N. E. Rep. 265. Zahn v. Board of Public

Works of Los Angeles, 234 Pac. Rep. 388. Area and height restrictions in residence districts.—Pritz v. Messer, 113 Ohio State Rep. 89 ; 149 N. E. Rep. 30. Exclusion of two-family houses or multifamily houses in certain

districts.—^YAi v. Building Commissioner of Brookline, 250 Mass.

73; 145 N. E. Rep. 269. Miller v. Board of Public Works of Los

Angeles, 234 Pac. Rep. 381. now TO GET STARTED

Enabling act,—Before any community undertakes zoning it must

make sure that it has the power to pass a zoning ordinance. A general State enabling act passed by the State legislature is always

desirable, and while the power to zone may, in some States, be

derived from constitutional, as distinguished from statutory, home

rule, still it is seldom that the home-rule powers will cover ail the

necessary provisions for successful zoning. The United States Department of Commerce has issued A Standard State Zoning Enabling

Act which contains all provisions needed. This standard act has

been the basis of legislation in the following States, though in some

cases it applies only to certain classes of cities

Arizona.

Colorado. Delaware.

Idaho.

Illinois. Iowa.

Louisiana. Nevada.

New Hampshire.

New Jersey. North Carolina. North Dakota.

Oklahoma.

Pennsylvania.

Rhode Island. South Carolina. Utah. Wyoming.

Zoning is also authorized in the following States

Alabama. Kentucky.

Arkansas. Maine.

California. Massachusetts.

Connecticut. Michigan.

District of Columbia. Minnesota.

Indiana. Mississippi. Kansas. Missouri.

Nebraska.

New York.

Ohio. Oregon.

Texas.

Virginia.

Wisconsin.
A ZONING PKIMEK 5

Acts applying to a particular city or cities are in effect in Florida,

Georgia, Maryland, Tennessee, and Washington. Several of those

in Florida and Georgia are based on the Department of Commerce

standard act. Zoning commission.—There must be some local official body to

initiate the work of zoning. If there is a planning board or commission, that is the logical body to take up the problem. If there is no such body, one should be created, because zoning, to be done with

wise foresight, must take account not only of existing conditions

and obvious tendencies of growth but of probable changes and improvements of many sorts. It is part of the general planning problem. It relates to the transportation system, including streets, street railways and other local passenger transportation, railroad freight

and passenger service, and water-borne commerce, if any. It relates also to public works and utilities, to parks, schools, and many special

public and private undertakings.

A ZONING PROGRAM

Surveys.—A zoning ordinance needs to be based on a comprehensive and detailed study of the precise local conditions., both present

and prospective. What fits one city or town may be a bad misfit

for another. There is no short cut to good zoning in any com- munity through blindly accepting what has been done for another

community. The only safe path is a thorough, open-minded ex- amination of the facts in each community as to existing uses, existing densities, and heights of buildings, the customs of the people,

and the trend of affairs. In eveiy city there are citizens and or- ganizations having in their possession valuable ImoAvledge of local conditions. These have a large contribution to make to those re- sponsible for zoning, although those who have lived their whole

lives in a community do not necessarily realize all that is going on

about them.

The zoning of a city requires expert professional knowledge just as the presentation of a case in court requires legal training. But

just as the lawyer depends upon the layman to secure his facts, so must the professional zoning expert call upon the citizens for much

of the accurate information upon which any good zoning regulations

must be based.

Technical advice. —The practice of zoning is relatively new in

America. We are feeling our wa}^ and must learn by experience.

Those who have had experience tend to become expert, with broader

knowledge of practices that are proving effective. These men are becoming gradually more skilled in the methods of getting at the

essential facts of any local situation and in the interpretation of

those facts. If they possess insight and sane judgment, their advice

becomes increasingly valuable.

Scope of a zoning

^ ordinance.—A zoning ordinance consists of one

or more maps dividing the city into different kinds of districts ; and

a statement of methods of regulation to be employed in each district

in regard to the use to which property may be put, the height and

size of buildings, . and the amount of space to be left vacant, with

adequate provisions for enforcement.

c
6 A ZONING PRIMER

Importance of correct procedure.—Certain points in procedure

have proved themselves workable as practical steps for securing

carefully drawn zoning measures, and ordinances so adopted are

less liable to attack in the courts. These points are set forth in

the standard enabling act of the Department of Commerce, with

the aim of encouraging proper satisfactory measures well within the

police power. The most important of them are:

1. Proper definition of the purposes for which zoning may be

undertaken.

2. Uniformity of regulations for each class or kind of buildings

throughout each district.

3. The appointment and functioning of a zoning commission.

4. The careful preparation of regulations with reference to the

character of the district and its peculiar suitability for particular

uses.

5. The holding of public hearings.

6. The method of changing the ordinance.

7. Rules for establishing a board of adjustment.

8. Provision for adequate remedies against violations of the ordi- nance. Getting public support.—In the process of drafting a tentative

ordinance it is important, by means of full public discussion, to be

sure that the ordinance is an ‘‘ application of common sense and

fairness ” and will “ provide each district, as nearly as practicable,

with fjust such protection and fust such liberty as are sensible in

that particular district.” It is essential likewise to be sure that

public opinion, as a whole, will support it. Zoning in operation. —A zoning ordinance is of value only as it is properly enforced. Because of the difficulty in making with precision the forecasts on which it is based, its operation should be

closely followed by those who most intimately understand the rea- sons for its provisions. Thus, improvements and adjustments may

from time to time be made intelligently. It is to furnish in exceptional cases a means for remedying possible injustice that, in the

standard act and in some other State laws, provision is made for a board of adjustment or appeals.

It is obvious from the nature of the case that, even if a zoning

ordinance were drawn with superhuman perfection, time and the

natural growth of the community might show the need of modifications. The purpose of a zoning ordinance is not to stifle growth,

but only to insure that instead of taking place sporadically and

wastefully it shall go on in an orderly way, in response to generally

recognized needs and with due notice to all concerned.

WHAT CITIES AND TOWNS HAVE ACCOMPLISHED BY ZONING

Undoubtedly the most convincing statement which could be made

in regard to the value of zoning is that practically all the large cities of the United States now feel that it is impossible to continue to develop further without the adoption of a building zone plan. New

York, Chicago, Boston, Baltimore, Pittsburgh, Los Angeles, Buffalo,

and San Francisco head the list of the large cities that already have

zoning ordinances in operation. On January 1, 1926, 48 of the 68

lavgest cities in the United States, having in 1920 a population of
A ZONING PRIMER 7 more than 100,000 each, had adopted zoning ordinances, while most

of the others had zoning plans in progress. Moreover, it is not alone our larger cities which realize the necessity for timely regulation of

the uses of property. Hundreds of the smaller cities and towns,

especially in California, Illinois, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New

York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, but also in many other States,

have passed zoning ordinances and hundreds more were reported as having zoning plans in progress. In fact, on January 1, 1926, the 426 zoned municipalities in the

United States had a total of more than 27,000,000 inhabitants, ex- ceeding half the total urban population of the United States. Thus

a majority of ail people living in incorporated places with 2,500 or more people now enjoy the protection and other benefits of zoning.

On January 1, 1921, there were only 35 zoned cities and towns, with

less than 11,000,000 population, so that in a period of five years the

number of zoned municipalities increased more than twelvefold.

Actual experience with zoning regulations has brought to light

certain striking facts. It is stated on reliable authority that the New York zoning regulations have prevented vast depreciation in many districts and ef- fected savings in values amounting to millions of dollars in established sections. Certain districts have been rehabilitated as a direct

result of the zoning ordinance. Another interesting result has been

the production of a type of high building believed to be far better

than the former elongated match-box type.

To avoid the common condition that industrial plants encounter

of having to do business on a “ residential basis,” denied large-scale

facilities in their vicinity on account of protests by residence owners,

Alameda, Calif., among other cities, has established industrial zones

in which no new permits to build residences will be granted. A

leading municipal engineer is quoted as saying that the prohibition

of residences in industrial zones is one of the most important protections to put in a zoning ordinance. This method is being relied

upon to develop Hoboken, N. J., as a great industrial terminal.

In a number of suburban areas located in large metropolitan districts it has been found that the unzoned suburban town is at a distinct disadvantage as compared with the community protected by a zoning ordinance. People are asking themselves why they should

invest money in a home or lend money on a mortgage in an unprotected, unzoned locality. The zoned towns are actually absorbing the

better grade of development. The result has been that builders,

architects, and real estate owners in unzoned towns are persistently

urging their local councils to adopt zoning, so that they may have

as good a selling proposition to offer prospective clients as their competitors in the zoned towns.

WHERE TO GET INFORMATION

The Division of Building and Housing of the Department of Commerce at Washington, D. C., maintains a current list of zoned municipalities (supplementing those which are listed in the following pages)

and of zoning enabling acts passed by State legislatures. The division is always glad to answer inquiries in its field of work. A. list

Q
8 A ZONING PRIMER

of the publications of the Department of Commerce relating to housing, zoning, building codes, plumbing codes, and home ownership is obtainable on application.

ZONED MUNICIPALITIES

The following cities, towns, villages, and other incorporated places were known to have zoning regulations in effect January 1, 1926

:

ALABAMA

Montgomery.

ARKANSAS

Little Rock. Pine Bluff. CALIFORNIA Alameda.

Albany.

Bakersfield. Berkeley.

Burbank.

Burlingame.

Coronado.

Fresno.

Glendale. Inglewood.

Long Beach. Los Angeles.

Mayfield.

Monrovia.

Oakland.

Palo Alto. Pasadena.

Petaluma.

Piedmont.

Pittsburg. Pomona. Redondo Beach. Redwood City.

Richmond.

Riverside. Sacramento. San Buenaventura. San Diego.

San Francisco. San Gabriel. San Leandro. San Mateo. San Rafael. Santa Barbara. Santa Clara. Santa Cruz. Santa Monica.

Selma.

Sierra Madre.

South Pasadena.

South San Francisco.

Stockton. Torrance.

Turlock.

Venice.

Visalia. Whittier.

COLORADO

Colorado Springs. Denver.

Pueblo.CONNECTICUT

Enfield.

Fairfield. tiartford. New Britain. Norwich.

West Hartford. DELAWARE

Wilmington.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

Washington.

FLORIDA Bradentown.

Jacksonville. Orlando.

St. Augustine. GEORGIA

Atlanta. Savannah.

ILLINOIS Aurora.

Batavia. Berwyn.

Carbondale.

Chicago.

Cicero. Decatur.

Deerfield. Des Plaines. Downers Grove. Elmhurst.

Evanston.

Glencoe. Glen Ellyn.

Highland Park.

Hinsdale. Kenilworth.

La Grange.

Lake Bluff. Lake Forest. Lyons.

Maywood.

ILLINOIS—continued

Mount Prospect.

Naperville.

Oak Park.

Palos Park. Park Ridge.

River Forest. Riverside. Rockford.

Springfield. Villa Park. Waukegan.

Western Springs.

Wheaton.

Wilmette.

Winnetka.INDIANA

Anderson.

Elkhart.

Evansville. Gary.

Indianapolis.

Kokomo.

Mishawaka.

Muncie.

Richmond.

South Bend. Terre Haute.

Valparaiso.

IOWA

Ames.

Cedar Rapids.

Davenport.

Iowa City.

Red Oak.

Waterloo.KANSAS

Hutchinson. Kansas City.

Manhattan.

Salina. Topeka.

Wichita.LOUISIANA

Shreveport.

MARYLAND

Baltimore.
A ZONING PEIMEE 9

MASSACHUSETTS

Arlington.

Belmont.

Boston. Brockton.

Brookline. Cambridge.

Chelsea. Dedham.

Haverhill. Holyoke.

Lexington.

Longmeadow.

Lowell. Lynn.

Malden.

Medford.

Melrose.

Milton. Needham.

New Bedford. Newton. North Adams.

Paxton.

Revere. Salem.

Somerville.

Springfield.

Stoneham.

Swampscott.

Taunton.

Wakefield. Walpole.

Waltham.

Wellesley.

Westfield. West Springfield.

Winchester.

Winthrop.

Woburn,

Worcester. MICHIGAN

Ann Arbor.

Battle Creek. Dearborn. East Grand Rapids.

Grand Haven. Grand Rapids.

Grandville. Grosse Point. Ironwood.

Jackson. Kalamazoo.

Midland.

Muskegon.

Owosso.

Ypsilanti.

MINNESOTA

Duluth.

Minneapolis.

St. Paul.MISSOURI • Kansas City.

Richmond Heights.

University City.

Webster Groves.

NEBRASKA

Fremont. Omaha.

NEVADA

Reno. NEW JERSEY Audubon,

Beachwood.

Belleville. Bloomfield. Bogota,

Boonton,

Bound Brook.

Bradley Beach.

Caldwell.

Cliffside Park.

Clifton. Cranford Township,

Cresskill. Deal. Demurest.

Dunellen. East Orange,

Elizabeth. Englewood.

Pairview.

Fanwood.

Fort Lee. Freehold. Garwood,

Glen Ridge.

Glen Rock.

Hackensack.

Haworth.

Hawthorne,

Highland Park. Hightstown.

Hoboken.

Hohokus.

Irvington.

Jersey City.

Kearny.

Lakewood.

Leonia. Linden.

Long Branch.

Lyndhurst Township.

Madison.

Maplewood.

Maywood.

Merchantville. Milburn.

Montclair. Newark.

New Brunswick.

North Plainfield. Nutley.

Orange.

Passaic, Paterson.

Plainfield. Pompton Lakes. Rahway.

Ridgefield Park. Ridgewood.

Roselle.

NEW JERSEY—Continued

Roselle Park. Rutherford.

Seagirt.

South Orange Township.

Summit.

Tenafly. Totowa.

Verona. Weehawken Township.

Westfield. West Hoboken.

West Orange.

West New York. NEW YORK

Albany.

Auburn.

Baldwinsville,

Brightwaters.

Bronxville.

Buffalo. Cayuga Heights. Cedarhurst. Dobbs Ferry, Eastchester Town.

East Rockaway.

Elmsford.

Endicott. Parmingdale.

Floral Park.

Freeport. Fulton. Garden City. Glens Falls. Gloversville. Great Neck. Greenburgh.

Harrison.

Hastings.

Hempstead.

Irvington.

Ithaca. Jamestown. Kenmore.

Kingston.

Larchmont.

La Salle. Lawrence. Long Beach.

Lowville. Lynbrook.

Mamaroneck,

Mamaroneck Town.

Mineola.

Mount Vernon. Newburgh.

New Rochelle. New York. Niagara Falls. North Pelham.

Oneida.

Ossining.

Patchogue.

Pelham.

Pelham Manor. Penn Yan. Plandome.

c
10 A ZONING PRIMER

NEW YORK—continued

Port Chester. Potsdam.

Rochester. Rockville Center. Rome.

Rye.

Saltaire. Sands Point. Saratoga Springs. Scarsdale. Seneca Falls. Syracuse.

Tarrytown.

Troy.

Tuckahoe.

Union Corners.

Utica. Watertown. Waverly. White Plains. Wilmont.

Yonkers. NORTH CAROLINA

Raleigh.

NORTH DAKOTA

Bismarck.

Fargo. Jamestown.

OHIO

Akron.

Ashtabula. Bay Village.

Bexley. Bratenahl.

Cincinnati. Cleveland Heights.

Columbus.

East Cleveland. Euclid Village.

Grandview Heights. Idlewood.

OHIO—continued

Lakewood.

Lima.

Madison.

Mansfield. Marion.

Maumee.

Oakwood.

Toledo. Warren.

Willoughby.

Worthington.

Wyoming.

OKLAHOMA

Oklahoma City. Tulsa. OREGON

Medford.

Portland. PENNSYLVANIA

Aldan.

Beaver.

Bellevue. Ben Avon.

Chester.

Connellsville. Edgewood.

Edgeworth.

Emsworth.

Haverford Township.

Ingram. Monaca.

Monessen.

Narberth. New Castle. Oil City.

Pittsburgh. Scranton.

Sewickley.

Swissvale. Westview.

RHODE ISLAND

Cranston. Newport.

Providence. Westerly.

Woonsocket.

SOUTH CAROLINA

Columbia.TENNESSEE Memphis.

UTAH

Salt Lake City. VIRGINIA

Norfolk. Petersburg.

Richmond.

Suffolk.WASHINGTON

Olympia.

Seattle. Tacoma.

WISCONSIN

Appleton.

Beloit. Cudahy.

Eau Claire. Green Bay.

Janesville. Kenosha.

La Crosse. Madison.

Milwaukee.

Neenah.

Racine. Shorewood.

Waukesha.

Wausau.

Wauwatosa.

West Allis. Cities reported

CONNECTICUT

Greenwich.

zoned since January

IOWA

Clinton. Des Moines.

MICHIGAN

1 , 1926 : NORTH CAROLINA

Greensboro. High Point. Southern Pines. ILLINOIS Freeport.

Homewood.

Libertyville.

Mundelein.INDIANA

Michigan City.

Holland.MISSOURI

St. Louis.NEBRASKA

Lincoln.NEW YORK

Glen Cove.

OHIO

Dayton.

Hamilton.

PENNSYLVANIA

Bethlehem.

Crafton. Johnstown. WHSCONSIN

Shelwygan.

Two Rivers.