164

Table 1

Demographics

 Male Subjects

Comparison Treatment Total

DAP

(n=451) 

Non-DAP

(n=443)

Completed

(n=763)

Dropout

(n=36)

Discip.

Discharge

(n=67)

Incomplete

(n=82) (n=1,842)

Race

 White 59 % 55 % 67 % 56 % 58 % 62 % 61 %

 African-American 39 % 43 % 30 % 33 % 37 % 37 % 36 %

 Other 2 % 2 % 3 % 11 % 5 % 1 % 3 %

Ethnicity

 Hispanic 8 % 9 % 8 % 6 % 10 % 7 % 8 %

 Non-Hispanic 92 % 91 % 92 % 94 % 90 % 93 % 92 %

Age At Time Of

Release

 Mean 37. 76 36. 68 38. 02 38. 78 34. 03 34. 75 37. 36

 Std. dev. 9. 42 8. 99 8. 79 9. 85 8. 06 8. 37 9. 02

 Minimum 21. 05 20. 55 21. 65 23. 88 21. 14 21. 45 20. 55

 Maximum 70. 94 72. 79 71. 43 72. 93 58. 83 54. 41 72. 93

(n=450) (n=443) (n=762) (n=36) (n=66) (n=82) (n=1,839)

Education

 12 years or less165 % 69 % 68 % 69 % 80 % 73 % 68 %

 Greater than 12 years 35 % 31 % 32 % 31 % 20 % 27 % 32 %

 Mean 12. 41 12. 05 12. 18 12. 02 11. 67 11. 68 12. 16

 Std. dev.

Missing = 3

1. 90 2. 00 2. 15 2. 53 2. 00 2. 12 2. 07

1

 Includes those earning a General Education Degree (GED).
165

Table 2

Demographics

 Female Subjects

Comparison Treatment Total

DAP

(n=141) 

Non-DAP

(n=87)

Completed

(n=171)

Dropout

(n=22)

Discip.

Discharge

(n=20)

Incomplete

(n=32) (n=473)

Race

 White 54 % 70 % 51 % 45 % 60 % 34 % 54 %

 African-American 42 % 26 % 47 % 50 % 40 % 66 % 43 %

 Other 4 % 4 % 2 % 5 % 0 % 0 % 3 %

Ethnicity

 Hispanic 10 % 9 % 6 % 9 % 25 % 3 % 9 %

 Non-Hispanic 90 % 91 % 94 % 91 % 75 % 97 % 91 %

Age At Time Of

Release

 Mean 34. 84 34. 93 36. 19 35. 26 31. 34 33. 99 35. 13

 Std. dev. 7. 86 8. 40 7. 41 8. 93 6. 80 6. 99 7. 89

 Minimum 21. 58 20. 00 20. 73 22. 83 22. 89 20. 68 20. 00

 Maximum 61. 41 58. 25 61. 29 54. 21 39. 27 47. 15 61. 41

(n=140) (n= 87) (n=170) (n=22) (n=20) (n=32) (n=471)

Education

 12 years or less179 % 62 % 81 % 86 % 95 % 69 % 77 %

 Greater than 12 years 21 % 38 % 19 % 14 % 5 % 31 % 23 %

 Mean 11. 52 12. 00 11. 53 11. 09 10. 75 11. 69 11. 57

 Std. dev. 

Missing = 2

 2. 18 2. 29 2. 05 2. 27 1. 83 2. 66 2. 19

1 Includes those earning a General Education Degree (GED).
166

Table 3

Criminal and Incarceration History

 Male Subjects

Comparison Treatment Total

DAP

(n=451)

Non-DAP

(n=443)

Completed

(n=763)

Drop-Out

(n=36)

Discip.

Discharge

(n=67)

Incomplete

(n=82) (n=1,842)

Had Any Prior

Commitments

71 % 67 % 68 % 72 % 76 % 67 % 69 %

(n=450) (n=440) (n=761) (n=35) (n=67) (n=82) (n=1,835)

Age At First

Commitment

 Mean 26. 20 26. 71 27. 35 28. 17 22. 40 25. 11 26. 65

 Std. dev. 10. 06 9. 46 9. 29 11. 49 8. 28 9. 49 9. 59

 Minimum 5. 00 10. 00 11. 00 13. 00 11. 00 8. 00 5. 00

 Maximum

Missing = 7

70. 00 58. 87 57. 16 69. 41 55. 06 49. 00 70. 00
167

Table 4

Criminal and Incarceration History

 Female Subjects

Comparison Treatment Total

DAP

(n=141)

Non-DAP

(n=87)

Completed

(n=171)

Drop-Out

(n=22)

Discip.

Discharge

(n=20)

Incomplete

(n=32) (n=473)

Had Any Prior

Commitments

39 % 32 % 39 % 50 % 45 % 56 % 40 %

(n=141) (n=87) (n=170) (n=22) (n=20) (n=32) (n=472)

Age At First

Commitment

 Mean 29. 18 32. 19 30. 03 29. 38 26. 78 28. 76 29. 92

 Std. dev. 9. 09 8. 63 7. 71 8. 29 7. 98 8. 73 8. 47

 Minimum 12. 00 18. 68 13. 00 10. 00 14. 00 13. 00 10. 00

 Maximum

Missing = 1

58. 96 56. 38 54. 87 42. 32 37. 83 45. 56 58. 96
168

Table 5

Employment History

 Male Subjects

Comparison Treatment Total

DAP

(n=446)

Non-DAP

(n=439)

Completed

(n=751)

Drop-Out

(n=33)

Discip.

Discharge

(n=64)

Incomplete

(n=78) (n=1,811)

Employment In Month

Before Incarceration

 Full or part time 48 % 57 % 57 % 36 % 50 % 63 % 55 %

 Not in labor force 4 % 6 % 4 % 3 % 6 % 2 % 4 %

 Looking for work 11 % 7 % 9 % 9 % 8 % 4 % 9 %

 Illegal income, other

 reason unemployed,

 or never worked

 Missing = 31

37 % 30 % 30 % 52 % 36 % 31 % 32 %

(n=449) (n=440) (n=757) (n=36) (n=66) (n=81) (n=1,829)

Supported Self One

Year With Illegal

Income 

 

Missing = 13

43 % 41 % 36 % 33 % 52 % 35 % 39 %

(n=432) (n=413) (n=740) (n=34) (n=62) (n=77) (n=1,758)

Unemployed 30 Days

Or More At Least

Once

 Yes 68 % 71 % 65 % 65 % 64 % 48 % 66 %

 No 23 % 24 % 32 % 20 % 26 % 43 % 28 %

 Never worked 

 

Missing = 84

 9 % 5 % 3 % 15 % 10 % 9 % 6 %
169

Table 6

Employment History

 Female Subjects

Comparison Treatment Total

DAP

(n=138)

Non-DAP

(n=87)

Completed

(n=169)

Drop-Out

(n=22)

Discip.

Discharge

(n=20)

Incomplete

(n=31) (n=467)

Employment In Month

Before Incarceration

 Full or part time 40 % 44 % 38 % 36 % 35 % 39 % 40 %

 Not in labor force 9 % 9 % 7 % 14 % 5 % 13 % 8 %

 Looking for work 11 % 11 % 7 % 9 % 5 % 6 % 9 %

 Illegal income, other

 reason unemployed,

 or never worked

 Missing = 6

40 % 36 % 48 % 41 % 55 % 42 % 43 %

(n=140) (n=87) (n=171) (n=22) (n=19) (n=32) (n=471)

Supported Self One

Year With Illegal

Income 

 

Missing = 2

39 % 23 % 46 % 32 % 58 % 47 % 39 %

(n=136) (n= 84) (n=164) (n=20) (n=18) (n=31) (n=453)

Unemployed 30 Days

Or More At Least

Once

 Yes 71 % 78 % 76 % 75 % 78 % 84 % 76 %

 No 21 % 17 % 14 % 15 % 11 % 13 % 16 %

 Never worked 

 

Missing = 20

8 % 5 % 10 % 10 % 11 % 3 % 8 %
170

Table 7

Daily Drug Use and Drug Treatment History

 Male Subjects

Comparison Treatment Total

DAP

(n=429)

Non-DAP

(n=425)

Completed

(n=711)

Drop-Out

(n=32)

Discip.

Discharge

(n=60)

Incomplete

(n=76) (n=1,733)

Daily Drug Use In

Year Before Arrest

 

 No daily use 36 % 41 % 38 % 50 % 27 % 41 % 38 %

 Alcohol only 21 % 17 % 18 % 13 % 12 % 17 % 18 %

 Marijuana only 14 % 9 % 7 % 6 % 15 % 8 % 10 %

 Marijuana and 

 alcohol

5 % 8 % 6 % 0 % 5 % 4 % 6 %

 One hard drug1 

 without alcohol

11 % 9 % 13 % 16 % 17 % 8 % 11 %

 One hard drug with 

 alcohol

6 % 8 % 9 % 3 % 11 % 7 % 8 %

 Two hard drugs 

 without alcohol

4 % 4 % 5 % 6 % 11 % 9 % 5 %

 Two hard drugs with 

 alcohol 

 

 Missing = 109

3 % 4 % 4 % 6 % 2 % 6 % 4 %

(n=448) (n=438) (n=756) (n=36) (n=66) (n=81) (n=1,825)

Spouse Ever Had A

Drug Problem 

 

Missing = 17

24 % 21 % 24 % 25 % 26 % 21 % 23 %

(n=451) (n=443) (n=763) (n=36) (n=67) (n=82) (n=1,842)

Past Drug Treatment233 % 33 % 33 % 31 % 37 % 39 % 34 %

Past Alcohol

Treatment 

4 % 6 % 8 % 6 % 1 % 7 % 6 %

1Hard drug is defined as any illegal drug except marijuana. 

2Self-help groups, such as AA, were not included in treatment history.
171

Table 8

Daily Drug Use and Drug Treatment History

 Female Subjects

Comparison Treatment Total

DAP

(n=136)

Non-DAP

(n=79)

Completed

(n=163)

Drop-Out

(n=19)

Discip.

Discharge

(n=17)

Incomplete

(n=30) (n=444)

Daily Drug Use In

Year Before Arrest

 

 No daily use 40 % 38 % 24 % 31 % 29 % 26 % 32 %

 Alcohol only 6 % 6 % 11 % 5 % 6 % 13 % 8 %

 Marijuana only 10 % 11 % 7 % 11 % 6 % 3 % 9 %

 Marijuana and 

 alcohol

5 % 1 % 4 % 5 % 0 % 0 % 3 %

 One hard drug1 

 without alcohol

19 % 28 % 23 % 26 % 23 % 17 % 22 %

 One hard drug with 

 alcohol

7 % 8 % 17 % 11 % 18 % 17 % 12 %

 Two hard drugs 

 without alcohol

7 % 4 % 10 % 11 % 18 % 17 % 9 %

 Two hard drugs with 

 alcohol 

 

 Missing = 109

6 % 4 % 4 % 0 % 0 % 7 % 5 %

(n=138) (n=82) (n=171) (n=22) (n=20) (n=31) (n=464)

Spouse Ever Had A

Drug Problem 

 

Missing = 9 

45 % 51 % 63 % 59 % 55 % 61 % 55 %

 (n=141) (n=87) (n=171) (n=22) (n=20) (n=32) (n=473)

Past Drug Treatment237 % 31 % 44 % 27 % 45 % 44 % 39 %

Past Alcohol

Treatment 

4 % 3 % 3 % 5 % 15 % 0 % 4 %

1Hard drug is defined as any illegal drug except marijuana. 

2Self-help groups, such as AA, were not included in treatment history.
172

Table 9

Mental Health History

Male Subjects

Comparison Treatment Total

DAP

(n=416)

Non-DAP

(n=386)

Completed

(n=724)

DropOut

(n=32)

Discip.

Discharge

(n=59)

Incomplete

(n=70) (n=1,687)

Psychiatric Diagnosis1

 None 51 % 51 % 58 % 66 % 37 % 58 % 54 %

 Depression 7 % 7 % 10 % 3 % 5 % 4 % 8 %

 Antisocial personality 31 % 34 % 26 % 22 % 43 % 29 % 30 %

 Depression and

 antisocial personality

11 % 8 % 6 % 9 % 15 % 9 % 8 %

Missing = 155

(n=451) (n=442) (n=762) (n=35) (n=66) (n=81) (n=1,837)

Had Past Mental

Health Treatment

Missing = 5

21 % 19 % 19 % 20 % 18 % 22 % 20 %

1

 Diagnoses were based on the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) using DSM-III-R criteria.
173

Table 10

Mental Health History

Female Subjects

Comparison Treatment Total

DAP

(n=127)

Non-DAP

(n=77)

Completed

(n=150)

DropOut

(n=19)

Discip.

Discharge

(n=16)

Incomplete

(n=26) (n=415)

Psychiatric Diagnosis1

 None 50 % 48 % 55 % 52 % 31 % 50 % 51 %

 Depression 21 % 26 % 16 % 32 % 0 % 15 % 19 %

 Antisocial personality 15 % 12 % 18 % 5 % 44 % 15 % 16 %

 Depression and

 antisocial personality

14 % 14 % 11 % 11 % 25 % 20 % 14 %

Missing = 58

(n=141) (n=87) (n=171) (n=22) (n=20) (n=31) (n=472)

Had Past Mental

Health Treatment

Missing = 1

41 % 45 % 35 % 45 % 55 % 39 % 40 %

1

 Diagnoses were based on the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) using DSM-III-R criteria.
174

Table 11

Disciplinary Infractions Before Release And Employment/Vocational Training During Incarceration

 Male Subjects

Comparison Treatment Total

DAP

(n=451)

Non-DAP

(n=443)

Completed

(n=763)

Drop-Out

(n=36)

Discip.

Discharge

(n=67)

Incomplete

(n=82) (n=1,842)

100 or 200 Level

Disciplinary Infraction

Within Six Months Of

Release

 None 88 % 87 % 88 % 92 % 69 % 84 % 87 %

 One or more 12 % 13 % 12 % 8 % 31 % 16 % 13 %

Drug-Related

Disciplinary Infraction

Within Six Months Of

Release

 None 92 % 89 % 91 % 97 % 76 % 88 % 90 %

 One or more 8 % 11 % 9 % 3 % 24 % 12 % 10 %

(n=451) (n=443) (n=763) (n=36) (n=67) (n=82) (n=1,842)

Percent Of Time

Worked In Prison

Industries During

Incarceration

 Mean 13. 14 9. 67 10. 17 4. 65 6. 57 3. 80 10. 26

 Std. dev. 19. 34 17. 83 16. 83 10. 47 10. 94 9. 14 17. 32

 Minimum 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00

 Maximum 75. 84 68. 99 68. 17 36. 38 50. 18 46. 12 75. 84

Participated In

Vocational Training

During Incarceration

34 % 21 % 39 % 28 % 29 % 32 % 33 %
175

Table 12

Disciplinary Infractions Before Release And Employment/Vocational Training During Incarceration

 Female Subjects

Comparison Treatment Total

DAP

(n=141)

Non-DAP

(n=86)

Completed

(n=171)

Drop-Out

(n=22)

Discip.

Discharge

(n=20)

Incomplete

(n=32) (n=472)

100 or 200 Level

Disciplinary Infraction

Within Six Months Of

Release

 None 90 % 92 % 91 % 91 % 85 % 84 % 90 %

 One or more 10 % 8 % 9 % 9 % 15 % 16 % 10 %

Drug-Related

Disciplinary Infraction

Within Six Months Of

Release

 None 94 % 94 % 92 % 100 % 90 % 94 % 93 %

 One or more 

 

Missing = 1

 6 % 6 % 8 % 0 % 10 % 6 % 7 %

(n=141) (n=87) (n=171) (n=22) (n=20) (n=32) (n=473)

Percent Of Time

Worked In Prison

Industries During

Incarceration

 Mean 11. 95 4. 89 10. 68 6. 72 5. 26 2. 63 9. 04

 Std. dev. 19. 84 13. 33 17. 55 14. 73 14. 85 11. 09 17. 24

 Minimum 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00

 Maximum 78. 85 55. 94 74. 07 57. 61 63. 38 57. 88 78. 85

Participated In

Vocational Training

During Incarceration

24 % 23 % 37 % 14 % 15 % 52 % 28 %
176

Table 13

Year Off Provision Available

 Male Subjects

Comparison Treatment Total

DAP

(n=451)

Non-DAP

(n=443)

Completed

(n=763)

Drop-Out

(n=36)

Discip.

Discharge

(n=67)

Incomplete

(n=82) (n=1,842)

Year Off Provision

Available

 Yes 37 % 0 % 13 % 6 % 12 % 6 % 15 %

 No 63 % 0 % 87 % 94 % 88 % 94 % 61 %

 Not applicable 0 % 100 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 24 %

Table 14

Year Off Provision Available

 Female Subjects

Comparison Treatment Total

DAP

(n=141)

Non-DAP

(n=87)

Completed

(n=171)

Drop-Out

(n=22)

Discip.

Discharge

(n=20)

Incomplete

(n=32) (n=473)

Year Off Provision

Available

 Yes 72 % 0 % 27 % 50 % 20 % 19 % 36 %

 No 28 % 0 % 73 % 50 % 80 % 81 % 46 %

 Not applicable 0 % 100 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 18 %
177

Table 15

CCC Placements, Failures, and Reasons for Failing

Male Subjects

Comparison Treatment Total

DAP

(n=451)

Non-DAP

(n=443)

Completed

(n=763)

DropOut

(n=36)

Discip.

Discharge

(n=67)

Incomplete

(n= 82) (n=1,842)

Received CCC

Placement

63 % 69 % 83 % 58 % 57 % 72 % 73 %

(n=287) (n=306) (n=634) (n=21) (n=38) (n=59) (n=1,345)

Failed CCC

Placement

23 % 21 % 19 % 19 % 37 % 29 % 21 %

 (n=60) (n=62) (n=114) (n=4) (n=13) (n=17) (n=270)

Reason For Failing

CCC Placement

 Positive drug UA 48 % 40 % 44 % 25 % 38 % 17 % 42 %

 Positive alcohol13 % 5 % 3 % 0 % 15 % 18 % 5 %

 Possession of drugs 2 % 6 % 7 % 0 % 23 % 0 % 6 %

 Possession of alcohol 3 % 8 % 8 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 6 %

 Possession of 

 weapon

0 % 0 % 1 % 0 % 0 % 6 % 1 %

 Act of violence 0 % 2 % 2 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 1 %

 Accountability22 % 3 % 2 % 25 % 8 % 6 % 3 %

 Violation of CCC

 rules3

12 % 5 % 8 % 0 % 8 % 12 % 8 %

 Violation of 

 transitional services 

 program rules

2 % 2 % 3 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 2 %

 Escape 8 % 6 % 10 % 25 % 8 % 6 % 9 %

 New criminal 

 activity

2 % 2 % 3 % 0 % 0 % 6 % 2 %

 Other

Missing = 14

18 % 21 % 9 % 25 % 0 % 29 % 15 %

1

 As determined by breathalyzer or urinalysis.

2

 Accountability transgressions consist almost solely of unexcused absences from the CCC.

3

 “Violation of CCC rules” comprises subjects who were cited for committing any of a variety of transgressions,

including but not limited to gambling, acting disruptively, and refusing an order.
178

Table 16

CCC Placements, Failures, and Reasons for Failing

Female Subjects

Comparison Treatment Total

DAP

(n=141)

Non-DAP

(n=87)

Completed

(n=171)

DropOut

(n=22)

Discip.

Discharge

(n=20)

Incomplete

(n=32) (n=473)

Received CCC

Placement

65 % 80 % 87 % 68 % 65 % 81 % 77 %

(n= 92) (n=70) (n=148) (n=15) (n=13) (n=26) (n=364)

Failed CCC

Placement

17 % 11 % 12 % 33 % 15 % 19 % 15 %

 (n=13) (n=6) (n=18) (n=4) (n=2) (n=5) (n=48)

Reason For Failing

CCC Placement

 Positive drug UA 38 % 66 % 38 % 25 % 50 % 20 % 40 %

 Positive alcohol123 % 0 % 5 % 0 % 50 % 0 % 11 %

 Possession of drugs 8 % 0 % 10 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 6 %

 Possession of alcohol 8 % 0 % 22 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 11 %

 Act of violence 8 % 0 % 5 % 0 % 0 % 20 % 4 %

 Accountability20 % 0 % 10 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 4 %

 Violation of CCC

 rules3

7 % 17 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 4 %

 Escape 0 % 0 % 0 % 50 % 0 % 20 % 6 %

 New criminal 

 activity

8 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 20 % 4 %

 Other

Missing = 6 

 0 % 17 % 10 % 25 % 0 % 20 % 10 %

1

 As determined by breathalyzer or urinalysis.

2

 Accountability transgressions consist almost solely of unexcused absences from the CCC.

3

 “Violation of CCC rules” comprises subjects who were cited for committing any of a variety of transgressions,

including but not limited to gambling, acting disruptively, and refusing an order.
179

Table 17

Drug and Alcohol Urinalysis During CCC Placement 

Male Subjects

Comparison Treatment Total

DAP

(n=246)

Non-DAP

(n=240)

Completed

(n=488)

DropOut

(n=14)

Discip.

Discharge

(n=21)

Incomplete

(n=53) (n=1,062)

Percent Tested For

Drugs Or Alcohol 

Missing = 283

98 % 98 % 99 % 93 % 100 % 96 % 98 %

(n=239) (n=236) (n=483) (n=13) (n=21) (n=51) (n=1,043)

Percent Testing Positive

For Drugs or Alcohol 

Missing = 2

14 % 17 % 11 % 8 % 33 % 18 % 14 %

(n=32) (n=39) (n=52) (n=1) (n=7) (n=89) (n=140)

Positive Drug Type

 Alcohol 16 % 41 % 17 % 0 % 28 % 45 % 26 %

 Amphetamines 9 % 0 % 4 % 0 % 14 % 0 % 4 %

 Barbiturates 0 % 3 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 1 %

 Benzodiazepines 0 % 2 % 0 % 0 % 29 % 0 % 2 %

 Cocaine 38 % 26 % 50 % 0 % 0 % 44 % 37 %

 Heroin 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 %

 LSD 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 %

 Marijuana 28 % 18 % 19 % 0 % 29 % 11 % 21 %

 Methadone 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 %

 Opiates 9 % 10 % 10 % 100 % 0 % 0 % 9 %

 PCP

Missing = 3

0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 %

Note: 497 male subjects did not receive a CCC placement. More than one positive test was reported for 30 male

subjects. The results shown reflect the first positive urinalysis test.
180

Table 18

Drug and Alcohol Urinalysis During CCC Placement 

Female Subjects

Comparison Treatment Total

DAP

(n=66)

Non-DAP

(n=34)

Completed

(n=118)

DropOut

(n=10)

Discip.

Discharge

(n= 8)

Incomplete

(n=23) (n=259)

Percent Tested For

Drugs Or Alcohol 

Missing = 105

98 % 97 % 98 % 100 % 100 % 96 % 98 %

(n=239) (n=236) (n=483) (n=13) (n=21) (n=51) (n=1,043)

Percent Testing Positive

For Drugs or Alcohol 

Missing = 1

11 % 9 % 9 % 10 % 13 % 5 % 9 %

(n=7) (n=3) (n=10) (n=1) (n=1) (n=1) (n=23)

Positive Drug Type

 Alcohol 15 % 0 % 30 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 18 %

 Amphetamines 14 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 4 %

 Barbiturates 0 % 0 % 10 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 4 %

 Benzodiazepines 0 % 0 % 10 % 0 % 0 % 100 % 9 %

 Cocaine 57 % 34 % 40 % 100 % 100 % 0 % 48 %

 Heroin 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 %

 LSD 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 %

 Marijuana 0 % 33 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 4 %

 Methadone 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 %

 Opiates 14 % 0 % 10 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 9 %

 PCP 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 %

 Prescription1

0 % 33 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 4 %

Note: 109 female subjects did not receive a CCC placement. More than one positive test was reported for four female

subjects. The results shown reflect the first positive urinalysis test. 

1The prescription drug may or may not have been prescribed to the inmate; therefore, we do not know whether the

positive test was a transgression of the rules.
181

Table 19

Post-Release Supervision

 Male Subjects

Comparison Treatment Total

DAP

(n=450)

Non-DAP

(n=440)

Completed

(n=762)

Drop-Out

(n=35)

Discip.

Discharge

(n=67)

Incomplete

(n=81) (n=1,835)

Number Of Contacts

With Probation Officer

During First 6 Months

Of Supervision

 Mean 0. 53 0. 53 0. 54 0. 48 0. 53 0. 42 0. 53

 Std. dev. 0. 66 0. 58 0. 73 0. 47 0. 48 0. 45 0. 66

 Minimum 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00

 Maximum 

 

Missing = 7

7. 60 4. 90 12. 10 2. 00 2. 60 2. 00 12. 10

Number Of Collateral

Contacts Of Probation

Officer During First 6

Months Of Supervision

 Mean 0. 72 0. 58 0. 66 0. 44 0. 71 0. 55 0. 65

 Std. dev. 4. 58 1. 15 3. 07 0. 57 1. 09 1. 27 3. 08

 Minimum 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00

 Maximum 

 

Missing = 7

91. 50 18. 30 81. 30 2. 40 5. 70 8. 10 91. 50

(n=448) (n=441) (n=760) (n=35) (n=67) (n=81) (n=1,832)

Number Of Urinalysis

Tests During First 6

Months Of Supervision

 Mean 2. 45 2. 16 2. 68 2. 16 2. 58 2. 30 2. 47

 Std. dev. 2. 47 2. 06 2. 09 2. 29 2. 22 2. 07 2. 20

 Minimum 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00

 Maximum 

 

Missing = 10

30. 50 19. 20 11. 70 8. 00 10. 20 8. 10 30. 50
182

Table 20

Post-Release Supervision

 Female Subjects

Comparison Treatment Total

DAP

(n=141)

Non-DAP

(n=87)

Completed

(n=171)

Drop-Out

(n=22)

Discip.

Discharge

(n=20)

Incomplete

(n=32) (n=473)

Number Of Contacts

With Probation Officer

During First 6 Months

Of Supervision

 Mean 0. 54 0. 66 0. 50 0. 46 0. 57 0. 47 0. 54

 Std. dev. 0. 49 0. 57 0. 43 0. 50 0. 59 0. 37 0. 49

 Minimum 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00

 Maximum 2. 50 2. 50 4. 00 1. 80 2. 60 1. 50 4. 00

Number Of Collateral

Contacts Of Probation

Officer During First 6

Months Of Supervision

 Mean 0. 63 0. 83 0. 47 0. 49 0. 47 0. 68 0. 60

 Std. dev. 1. 63 1. 97 0. 73 0. 70 0. 61 1. 08 1. 35

 Minimum 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00

 Maximum 15. 80 17. 40 4. 00 2. 70 2. 50 4. 00 17. 40

(n=140) (n=87) (n=169) (n=22) (n=20) (n=31) (n=469)

Number Of Urinalysis

Tests During First 6

Months Of Supervision

 Mean 2. 37 2. 26 2. 50 2. 98 2. 69 2. 50 2. 45

 Std. dev. 2. 17 2. 16 1. 88 2. 20 1. 62 1. 92 2. 03

 Minimum 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00

 Maximum 

 

Missing = 4

 9. 10 9. 30 8. 00 7. 20 6. 00 6. 00 9. 30
183

Table 21

Post-Release Treatment Services and Cohabitation Status

 Male Subjects

Comparison Treatment Total

DAP

(n=446)

Non-DAP

(n=437)

Completed

(n=759)

Drop-Out

(n=36)

Discip.

Discharge

(n=67)

Incomplete

(n=82) (n=1,827)

Treatment Provided

During First 6 Months

After Release

 No treatment 59 % 62 % 50 % 61 % 46 % 57 % 56 %

 Individual treatment 

 only

25 % 17 % 31 % 14 % 25 % 22 % 25 %

 Group treatment only 7 % 9 % 9 % 6 % 14 % 10 % 9 %

 Both individual and 

 group treatment

Missing = 15

9 % 12 % 10 % 19 % 15 % 11 % 10 %

Participated in SelfHelp Group

Missing = 15

14 % 19 % 20 % 11 % 16 % 12 % 18 %

(n=399) (n=389) (n=688) (n=31) (n=55) (n=69) (n=1,631)

Cohabitation Status

 Living with spouse 19 % 25 % 22 % 23 % 13 % 30 % 22 %

 Living with common- 

 law spouse or 

 paramour

18 % 16 % 17 % 23 % 16 % 22 % 17 %

 Living with neither

Missing = 211

63 % 59 % 61 % 54 % 71 % 48 % 61 %
184

Table 22

Post-Release Treatment Services and Cohabitation Status

 Female Subjects

Comparison Treatment Total

DAP

(n=139)

Non-DAP

(n=86)

Completed

(n=171)

Drop-Out

(n=21)

Discip.

Discharge

(n=19)

Incomplete

(n=32) (n=468)

Treatment Provided

During First 6 Months

After Release

 No treatment 54 % 49 % 45 % 34 % 37 % 50 % 48 %

 Individual treatment 

 only

28 % 26 % 35 % 38 % 37 % 28 % 31 %

 Group treatment only 8 % 9 % 6 % 14 % 5 % 3 % 7 %

 Both individual and 

 group treatment

Missing = 5

10 % 16 % 14 % 14 % 21 % 19 % 14 %

Participated in SelfHelp Group

Missing = 5

17 % 21 % 26 % 24 % 26 % 44 % 23 %

(n=130) (n=77) (n=157) (n=20) (n=17) (n=32) (n=433)

Cohabitation Status

 Living with spouse 13 % 16 % 13 % 10 % 12 % 7 % 13 %

 Living with common- 

 law spouse or 

 paramour

14 % 16 % 8 % 5 % 6 % 9 % 11 %

 Living with neither

Missing = 40

73 % 68 % 79 % 85 % 82 % 84 % 76 %
185

Table 23

Post-Release Offenses

 Male Subjects

Comparison Treatment Total

DAP

(n=451)

Non-DAP

(n=443)

Completed

(n=763)

Drop-Out

(n=36)

Discip.

Discharge

(n=67)

Incomplete

(n=82) (n=1,842)

Subjects With New

Arrest Or Revocation

 New offense 31 % 36 % 31 % 53 % 48 % 38 % 34 %

 Revocation 24 % 21 % 19 % 19 % 24 % 26 % 21 %

 Not arrested 45 % 43 % 50 % 28 % 28 % 36 % 45 %

(n=249) (n=252) (n=383) (n=26) (n=48) (n=52) (n=1,010)

Offense Type

 Drug-related 10 % 13 % 11 % 12 % 8 % 17 % 12 %

 Violent 13 % 15 % 10 % 11 % 15 % 10 % 12 %

 Robbery 3 % 3 % 4 % 8 % 6 % 0 % 3 %

 Property 6 % 8 % 7 % 4 % 11 % 2 % 7 %

 Fraud, forgery 3 % 4 % 3 % 0 % 4 % 2 % 3 %

 Traffic 10 % 10 % 14 % 23 % 10 % 19 % 13 %

 Revocation 43 % 38 % 39 % 27 % 33 % 40 % 39 %

 Other 12 % 9 % 12 % 15 % 13 % 10 % 11 %
186

Table 24

Post-Release Offenses

 Female Subjects

Comparison Treatment Total

DAP

(n=141)

Non-DAP

(n=87)

Completed

(n=171)

Drop-Out

(n=22)

Discip.

Discharge

(n=20)

Incomplete

(n=32) (n=473)

Subjects With New

Arrest Or Revocation

 New offense 17 % 14 % 15 % 23 % 40 % 13 % 17 %

 Revocation 18 % 16 % 16 % 9 % 20 % 31 % 17 %

 Not arrested 65 % 70 % 69 % 68 % 40 % 56 % 66 %

(n=49) (n=26) (n=54) (n=7) (n=12) (n=14) (n=162)

Offense Type

 Drug-related 11 % 4 % 11 % 28 % 8 % 14 % 10 %

 Violent 6 % 7 % 6 % 0 % 8 % 0 % 5 %

 Robbery 0 % 0 % 2 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 1 %

 Property 6 % 19 % 0 % 0 % 8 % 7 % 6 %

 Fraud, forgery 6 % 4 % 2 % 43 % 9 % 0 % 6 %

 Traffic 10 % 8 % 9 % 0 % 8 % 7 % 9 %

 Revocation 51 % 54 % 52 % 29 % 34 % 72 % 51 %

 Other 10 % 4 % 18 % 0 % 25 % 0 % 12 %
187

Table 25

Post-Release Drug and Alcohol Use

 Male Subjects

Comparison Treatment Total

DAP

(n=406)

Non-DAP

(n=394)

Completed

(n=726)

Drop-Out

(n=30)

Discip.

Discharge

(n=63)

Incomplete

(n=73) (n=1,692)

Used Drugs Or

Alcohol While Under

Supervision

Missing = 1501

56 % 55 % 49 % 60 % 67 % 62 % 54 %

(n=228) (n=216) (n=359) (n=18) (n=42) (n=45) (n=908)

Method Of Detection

 Positive urinalysis 72 % 77 % 71 % 78 % 71 % 80 % 73 %

 UA miss/refusal 18 % 18 % 19 % 17 % 17 % 13 % 18 %

 Admitted drug use 9 % 4 % 9 % 5 % 10 % 7 % 8 %

 Positive breathalyzer 1 % 1 % 1 % 0 % 2 % 0 % 1 %

(n=165) (n=166) (n=250) (n=14) (n=30) (n=36) (n=661)

Positive Urinalysis

Drug Type

 Alcohol 4 % 2 % 4 % 15 % 7 % 3 % 4 %

 Amphetamine 3 % 3 % 5 % 7 % 7 % 5 % 4 %

 Barbiturate 1 % 1 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 %

 Benzodiazepine 1 % 1 % 0 % 7 % 0 % 0 % 1 %

 Cocaine 42 % 47 % 44 % 50 % 30 % 53 % 44 %

 Heroin 0 % 2 % 1 % 0 % 0 % 3 % 1 %

 Methadone 0 % 0 % 1 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 %

 Marijuana 33 % 29 % 27 % 14 % 40 % 14 % 29 %

 Opiate 6 % 6 % 10 % 7 % 10 % 11 % 8 %

 Phencyclidine 0 % 1 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 %

 Multiple2

Missing = 5

10 % 8 % 8 % 0 % 6 % 11 % 9 %
188

1150 male subjects were not tested for drug use.

2

 49 male subjects tested positive for two drugs; 5 tested positive for three drugs; and 2 tested positive for four drugs. 

Cocaine or marijuana was most often combined with another drug.

Table 26

Post-Release Drug and Alcohol Use

 Female Subjects

Comparison Treatment Total

DAP

(n=126)

Non-DAP

(n=73)

Completed

(n=160)

Drop-Out

(n=21)

Discip.

Discharge

(n=19)

Incomplete

(n=31) (n=430)

Used Drugs Or

Alcohol While Under

Supervision

Missing = 431

42 % 40 % 41 % 33 % 53 % 55 % 42 %

(n=53) (n=29) (n=65) (n=7) (n=10) (n=17) (n=181)

Method Of Detection

 Positive urinalysis 74 % 59 % 75 % 100 % 80 % 53 % 71 %

 UA miss/refusal 17 % 24 % 11 % 0 % 20 % 23 % 16 %

 Admitted drug use 9 % 14 % 14 % 0 % 0 % 24 % 12 %

 Positive breathalyzer 0 % 3 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 %

(n=39) (n=17) (n=49) (n=7) (n=8) (n=9) (n=129)

Positive Urinalysis

Drug Type

 Alcohol 0 % 6 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 1 %

 Amphetamine 0 % 17 % 2 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 3 %

 Barbiturate 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 11 % 1 %

 Benzodiazepine 5 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 1 %

 Cocaine 62 % 53 % 49 % 57 % 62 % 56 % 55 %

 Heroin 0 % 0 % 2 % 0 % 13 % 0 % 2 %

 Marijuana 20 % 18 % 17 % 14 % 13 % 33 % 19 %

 Opiate 5 % 0 % 18 % 29 % 0 % 0 % 10 %

 Multiple2 8 % 6 % 12 % 0 % 12 % 0 % 8 %

1 43 female subjects were not tested for drug use.

2

 8 female subjects tested positive for two drugs; 2 tested positive for three drugs; and 1 tested positive for four drugs. 

Cocaine or marijuana was most often combined with another drug.
189

Table 27

Post-Release Employment

 Male Subjects

Comparison Treatment Total

DAP

(n=451)

Non-DAP

(n=443)

Completed

(n=763)

Drop-Out

(n=36)

Discip.

Discharge

(n=67)

Incomplete

(n=82) (n=1,842)

Employment Status

 Full-time for the 

 entire period

32 % 38 % 40 % 14 % 19 % 24 % 36 %

 Full-time for some of 

 the period

47 % 45 % 42 % 61 % 49 % 46 % 45 %

 Part-time 7 % 5 % 7 % 8 % 15 % 9 % 7 %

 Ineligible14 % 2 % 3 % 3 % 0 % 7 % 3 %

 Unemployed 10 % 10 % 8 % 14 % 17 % 14 % 9 %

(n=450) (n=441) (n=758) (n=36) (n=65) (n=81) (n=1,831)

Employment Rate2

 Mean 0. 65 0. 68 0. 72 0. 58 0. 56 0. 58 0. 68

 Std. dev. 0. 38 0. 37 0. 36 0. 40 0. 38 0. 40 0. 37

 Minimum 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00

 Maximum

Missing = 11

1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00

1

 Subjects were categorized as ineligible if they were attending school full-time, providing child care, retired, or disabled.

2

 The employment rate was calculated as the number of hours worked per week divided by the number of hours available 

to work (40 hours multiplied by the number of weeks on the street).
190

Table 28

Post-Release Employment

 Female Subjects

Comparison Treatment Total

DAP

(n=141)

Non-DAP

(n=87)

Completed

(n=171)

Drop-Out

(n=22)

Discip.

Discharge

(n=20)

Incomplete

(n=32) (n=473)

Employment Status

 Full-time for the 

 entire period

15 % 28 % 26 % 18 % 15 % 13 % 21 %

 Full-time for some of 

 the period

61 % 45 % 51 % 42 % 40 % 66 % 53 %

 Part-time 9 % 10 % 13 % 27 % 15 % 9 % 12 %

 Ineligible15 % 6 % 5 % 4 % 15 % 3 % 5 %

 Unemployed 10 % 11 % 5 % 9 % 15 % 9 % 9 %

(n=141) (n=86) (n=171) (n=22) (n=20) (n=32) (n=472)

Employment Rate2

 Mean 0. 55 0. 61 0. 65 0. 46 0. 45 0. 53 0. 59

 Std. dev. 0. 37 0. 40 0. 36 0. 38 0. 43 0. 35 0. 38

 Minimum 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00

 Maximum

Missing = 1

1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00

1

 Subjects were categorized as ineligible if they were attending school full-time, providing child care, retired, or disabled.

2

 The employment rate was calculated as the number of hours worked per week divided by the number of hours available 

to work (40 hours multiplied by the number of weeks on the street).
191