1 Local Rule 47.5 provides: "The publication of opinions

that have no precedential value and merely decide particular

cases on the basis of well-settled principles of law imposes

needless expense on the public and burdens on the legal

profession." Pursuant to that Rule, the court has determined

that this opinion should not be published.

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

for the Fifth Circuit

_____________________________________

No. 95-40235

Summary Calendar

_____________________________________

RICHARD ALLEN PAZ,

Petitioner-Appellant,

VERSUS

WAYNE SCOTT, Director,

Texas Department of Criminal

Justice, Institutional Division,

Respondent-Appellee.

______________________________________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Texas

(CA-V-91-58)

______________________________________________________

(September 21, 1995)

Before DAVIS, BARKSDALE and DeMOSS, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:1

Allen Paz challenges the district court's rejection of his §

2254 petition. We affirm.

I.

A Texas jury convicted Richard Allen Paz of the aggravated

robbery of Margaret Totah. The jury assessed punishment at 99

years imprisonment and a $3000 fine. 
2

Following an unsuccessful direct appeal and two state habeas

applications, Paz filed a federal habeas petition. The district

court denied relief but granted CPC. 

II.

Paz raises several issues on appeal. As to each issue, this

Court looks to whether the petitioner has shown a federal

constitutional violation and prejudice. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a);

Carter v. Lynaugh, 826 F.2d 408, 409 (5th Cir. 1987). Errors of

state law and procedure are not cognizable unless they result in

the violation of a federal constitutional right. Bridge v.

Lynaugh, 838 F.2d 770, 772 (5th Cir. 1988). 

A.

Paz argues first that the evidence was insufficient. In

reviewing his claim, this Court must determine "whether, after

viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the

prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the

essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt."

Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). 

In Texas, aggravated robbery occurs when, "in the course of

committing theft . . . and with intent to obtain or maintain

control of the property," one (1) intentionally, knowingly, or

recklessly causes bodily injury to another; or (2) intentionally or

knowingly threatens or places another in fear of imminent bodily

injury or death." Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 29.02(a) (West 1994). The

robbery is aggravated if the perpetrator "(1) causes serious bodily
3

injury to another [or] (2) uses or exhibits a deadly weapon." Tex.

Pen. Code Ann. § 29.03(a) (West 1994).

At trial, Mr. Leslie Montag, the owner of a Victoria, Texas,

grocery store, testified that a lone male with a silver gun robbed

him at about 12:30 p.m. on January 10, 1987. Montag gave him about

$1900 in cash, some of which was in a wrapper bearing the name of

H.E.B. supermarkets. Margaret Totah, the desk clerk of a motel in

Victoria, testified that, less than an hour later, a lone male with

a silver gun robbed her. She gave him the cash in her drawer and

a yellow, signed and dated bank deposit envelope. Upon the

robber's exit from the motel, Totah and others looked out of a

window. They saw a gray sports car with a dark top speed away

towards Houston. They called police. About a half hour later at

a point that was about a 25-minute drive from Victoria, police

observed a car matching the description of the car that had sped

away from the motel. A license plate search revealed that the car

had been stolen. The stolen car sped away from police officers,

leading them on a long, high-speed chase. Finally, the police

apprehended Paz, who was the driver of the gray sports car, and

John Deaton, who was the passenger. 

Totah identified Deaton as the man who robbed her. Totah's

yellow bank envelope and a silver gun that was similar to the one

used in the two robberies were in the car. Paz had on his person

money bound in an H.E.B. wrapper. Montag identified the bundle as

the one that the robber took from him.
4

This evidence clearly connects Paz to the robbery and the fact

that it is only circumstantial does not make the jury's conclusion

that Paz is guilty an irrational one. Accordingly, we find the

evidence sufficient to support Paz's conviction for aggravated

robbery. 

B.

Paz argues next that he should not have been tried as a party

to the aggravated robbery because there was no proof that he,

rather than Deaton, used or exhibited a deadly weapon. 

The Texas law of parties abolishes all distinctions between

accomplices and principals, providing that each party to an offense

is criminally responsible. Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 7.01 (West 1994).

Paz's argument challenges the state legislature's allocation of

criminal responsibility. However, matters of state law do not form

the basis for federal habeas relief. See, Bridge, 838 F.2d at 772.

C.

Paz argues next that the trial court improperly instructed the

jury about parole. Whether to instruct the jury about parole is a

matter of state law that does not implicate the federal

constitution. Simmons v. South Carolina, 114 S. Ct. 2187, 2195-96

(1994); Mendez v. Collins, 947 F.2d 189 (5th Cir. 1991).

D. 

Paz also argues that trial counsel was ineffective. To

demonstrate ineffectiveness of counsel, Paz must establish that

counsel's performance fell below an objective standard of

reasonable competence and that he was prejudiced by his counsel's
5

deficient performance. Lockhart v. Fretwell, 113 S. Ct. 838, 842

(1993).

First, Paz argues that counsel did not investigate or

interview potential witnesses, some of whom Paz names and some of

whom he does not. To demonstrate prejudice on such a claim, a

petitioner must show that the witnesses' testimonies would have

been favorable to him and that those individuals would have been

willing to so testify. Alexander v. McCotter, 775 F.2d 595, 602

(5th Cir. 1985). Paz has made no showing of what these witnesses

would have said and that they would have been willing to testify.

Second, Paz argues that counsel failed to rebut the state's

evidence as to when the robbery occurred. He argues that counsel

did not attack witnesses' inconsistent testimonies indicating that

the police spotted the car anywhere from 30 to 40 minutes after the

Totah robbery. The jury, which heard the evidence, obviously

believed that Paz was a party to the robbery and Paz has not

explained how slight discrepancies in time could have prejudiced

him, other than to say that anything could have happened in that

time. Such speculation does not show prejudice.

Third, Paz argues that counsel failed to promote the theory

that Deaton committed the robberies alone. However, in closing

argument, Paz's counsel told the jury that the state presented no

direct evidence linking Paz to the robbery and no evidence that Paz

"assisted or aided or encouraged Mr. Deaton in committing an

aggravated robbery." Counsel pointed out to the jury that the

evidence did not show whether Paz was in the car when Deaton left
6

the scene of the robbery. She also noted that the evidence did not

show when Paz got into the car in which he and Deaton were

apprehended. Counsel concluded by asserting that the prosecutor

was asking the jury "to guess that Mr. Paz helped Mr. Deaton commit

this robbery. He's asking you to guess about it. That's not his

burden. His burden is to prove it to you." As a result, we find

that Paz's counsel did attempt to convince the jury that the state

had not shown that Deaton did not commit the robbery alone. 

The important part of this assertion by Paz and the legal

issue that the district court certified for appeal concerns Texas

law regarding the test for measuring the sufficiency of

circumstantial evidence. At the time of Paz's trial, the

sufficiency of circumstantial evidence was reviewed by looking to

whether every reasonable hypothesis of innocence had been excluded.

Carlsen v. State, 654 S.W.2d 444, 449 (Tex. Ct. Crim. App. 1983)

(en banc) (reversed by Geesa v. State, 820 S.W.2d 154, 160-61 (Tex.

Ct. Crim. App. 1991) (en banc) which applied the Jackson standard

to all evidence). "Stated in the converse," the Carlsen court

said, "if the evidence supports an inference other than the guilt

of the appellant, a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt is

not a rational finding." Id. 

Paz argues that counsel should have developed the theory that

Deaton acted alone so that the jury would have been able to infer

his innocence from the evidence. As described above, however,

counsel did develop that theory for the jury and Paz does not
7

identify any witness who could have developed that theory better.

Paz has shown neither deficiency nor prejudice. 

Fourth, Paz argues that counsel failed to request a jury

instruction on the lesser included offense of robbery. In Texas,

a lesser included offense instruction is required only when the

lesser offense comes within the proof necessary for the greater

offense and the record contains evidence that, if the defendant is

guilty, he is guilty only of the lesser. Alexander, 775 F.2d at

600. In the instant case, the robbery was plainly aggravated by

the exhibition of a deadly weapon. Paz does not want to be held

responsible as a principal, but that issue, addressed above, is

different from the question of whether a lesser included offense

instruction was required. Under Texas law, it was not required and

Paz has shown no deficiency or prejudice. 

Fifth, Paz argues that counsel should have objected to the

trial court's jury instruction on parole law. Paz was convicted in

March 1987. In November 1987, the Court of Criminal Appeals held

that the state statute providing for instructing the jury about

parole violated the state constitution. Rose v. State, 752 S.W.2d

529 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987) (en banc). After Rose, Texas amended

its constitution to permit the instruction of which Rose

disapproved. See Madison v. State, 825 S.W.2d 202, 207 (Tex. Ct.

App. 1992). Counsel was not deficient for failing to object on the

basis of a rule that was not made until eight months after trial.
8

E.

Paz argues finally that his appellate counsel was ineffective

for not challenging the sufficiency of the evidence and the jury's

parole law instruction. This claim fails because an "ineffective

assistance of counsel" claim may not arise from counsel's

performance in a discretionary appeal. Wainwright v. Torna, 455

U.S. 586, 587 (1982); Gray v. Lucas, 710 F.2d 1048, 1061 (5th Cir.

1983). In any case, the record shows that appellate counsel did

challenge the sufficiency of the evidence. See Paz, 749 S.W.2d at

630. Also, appellate counsel was unable to attack the instruction

about parole because it became the law only after Paz's first

appeal and discretionary review is limited to the errors or

reasoning of the Court of Appeals. 

III.

For the reasons stated above, we affirm the district court's

judgment dismissing Paz's habeas petition.

AFFIRMED.