PUBLICATIONS

NBSIR 81-2300

Passive/ Hybrid Solar Components - An

Approach to Standard Thermal Test

Methods

A111D0 TT47fifi

M. E. McCabe

W. Ducas

M. J. Orloski

K. N. Decorte

Center for Building Technology

National Engineering Laboratory

U.S. Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, DC 20234

July 1981

Prepared for

1

1

S. Department of Energy

ice of Solar Applications for Buildings

lservation and Renewable Energy

shington, DC 20585

MB*ART

JUL 2 0

1981

NBSIR 81-2300

PASSIVE/HYDRID SOLAR COMPONENTS - AN

APPROACH TO STANDARD THERMAL TEST

METHODS

M. E. McCabe

W. Ducas

M. J. Orloski

K. N. Decorte

Center for Building Technology

National Engineering Laboratory

U.S. Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, DC 20234

July 1981

Prepared for U.S. Department of Energy

Office of Solar Applications for Buildings

Conservation and Renewable Energy

Washington, DC 20585

/

o

QJ

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Ernest Ambler, Director

ABSTRACT

As part of a continuing program to develop standard test procedures to measure

thermal performance of solar heating and cooling equipment, NBS has developed a plan and methodology that will be utilized for passive/hybrid solar components.

A survey of passive solar products currently available or under development

enabled the development of an interim classification system consisting of ten

component classifications for purposes of thermal testing. A survey of cur- rently available thermal test procedures was performed to assess the applicability of these test methods for passive/hybrid solar components. Existing

test procedures that are useful for the Direct Gain Fenestration System classification are identified and recommendations are made for evaluation of these

laboratory-based procedures by comparison with field-based testing of components

under controlled interior conditions. A proposed program to develop testing

procedures for the Collector Storage Wall Module classification is provided.

Recommendations are also made for the development of new test procedures for

the Direct Gain Fenestration System and Collector Storage Wall Module passive/

hybrid solar components classifications for which existing test methods are not

applicable.

Key words: passive/hybrid solar components; solar energy; steady-state tests;

thermal test procedures; transient thermal tests.

iii
FOREWORD

The use of solar energy for space heating, cooling and supplying domestic hot

water to buildings is receiving serious attention at present due to the mounting public awareness of the shortage of conventional fuels. It is clear that

this trend is creating an on-rush of solar components of various designs, all

claiming high efficiency and potentially significant fuel savings if used. The

purpose of the research program presently underway at the National Bureau of

Standards and whose preliminary results are described in this report, is to

develop thermal performance evaluation and testing methods for passive/hybrid

solar devices so that the components can be evaluated in a meaningful and

consistent way.

In discussing testing procedures, certain commercial components are identified

in order to provide a descriptive characterization of their features and thermal performance characteristics. Inclusion of a given component is this report

in no case implies a recommendation or endorsement by the National Bureau of

Standards, and the presentation should not be construed as a certification

that any component would provide the indicated performance. Similarly, the

omission of a component does not imply that its capabilities are less than

those of the included components. The information presented was obtained primarily from the open literature. This report is intended to be informative and

instructive and not an evaluation of any commercially available components.

The purpose of this report is to identify needed standard thermal performance

test methods for passive/hybrid solar components. Comments concerning the

classification and plan for developing standard thermal performance test methods

for passive/hybrid solar components are invited and should be sent to:

Passive/Hybrid Solar Program Group Leader

National Bureau of Standards

Building 226, Room B-126

Washington, D.C. 20234

iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT ill

1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 BACKGROUND 1 1.2 APPROACH AND CONTENT OF REPORT 2

2. CLASSIFICATION OF PASSIVE/HYBRID SOLAR COMPONENTS FOR THERMAL

PERFORMANCE TESTING 4

2.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF PASSIVE AND PASSIVE /HYBRID SOLAR

COMPONENTS 4

2.2 SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON PASSIVE SOLAR COMPONENTS 4

2.3 INTERIM CLASSIFICATION FOR PASSIVE SOLAR COMPONENTS 6

3. -REVIEW OF EXISTING THERMAL PERFORMANCE TEST PROCEDURES FOR

APPLICABILITY IN TESTING PASSIVE SOLAR COMPONENTS 26

3.1 LABORATORY-BASED TEST PROCEDURES 26

3.2 FIELD TEST METHODS FOR PASSIVE SOLAR SYSTEMS 28

4. THERMAL PERFORMANCE TESTING PROCEDURES FOR SELECTED PASSIVE SOLAR

COMPONENTS 34

4.1 STEADY-STATE TESTING FOR DIRECT GAIN FENESTRATION SYSTEMS 34

4.2 TRANSIENT TESTING FOR STORAGE WALL MODULES 44

5. PROGRAM TO DEVELOP LABORATORY-BASED THERMAL TEST PROCEDURES FOR

PASSIVE SOLAR COMPONENTS 49

5.1 TEST PROCEDURE OBJECTIVES 49

5.2 METHODOLOGY 49

6. REFERENCES 56

APPENDIX A SAMPLE SURVEY LETTER AND LIST OF MANUFACTURERS AND

DISTRIBUTORS OF PASSIVE SOLAR PRODUCTS Al

APPENDIX B PASSIVE SOLAR PRODUCTS INFORMATION SUMMARY Bl

APPENDIX C COMMERCIAL FACILITIES FOR THERMAL PERFORMANCE TESTING Cl

v
LIST OF TABLES

Page

1. Interim Classification of Passive Solar Components According to

Test Methods for Thermal Performance 7

2. Existing Test Procedures for Thermal Characteristics of Materials,

Components and Systems 30

3. Nomenclature . 32

4. Interim Recommended Thermal Testing For DGFS Products 45

5. Proposed Test Procedure Development Plan for Passive Solar

Components - Preliminary 55

LIST OF FIGURES

la. Multiple-glazed window (DGFS) 9

lb. Indoor movable insulation (DGFS 10

lc. Indoor movable shade (DGFS) . 11

l d. Air flow window (DGFS) 12

2. Collector/storage wall module (CSWM) 13

3. Sunspace/greenhouse module (S/GM) 15

4a. Passive solar water heater - discrete component thermosyphon

system (PSWH-DCT) 16

4b. Passive solar water heater - integrated batch system

(PSWH-IS) 17

5. Thermosyphon solar collector (TSC) 18

6. Thermal storage units (TSU) 20

7 . Roof pond module (RPM) 21

8. Radiative cooling module (RCM) 22

9. Ground coupling modular system (GCM) 23

10a. Evaporative cooling module (EC/NVM) 24

vi
LIST OF FIGURES (continued)

Page

10b. Natural ventilation module (EC/NVM) 25

11. General arrangement of equipment in guarded hot box

apparatus for the ASTM C236 standard thermal transmission

test procedure of building envelope assemblies 36

12 Conceptual general arrangement of equipment in a calibrated

hot box apparatus from a draft of a proposed ASTM standard

thermal transmission test procedure for building envelope

assemblies 37

13 . General arrangement of equipment in calibrated thermal chamber

for AAMA 1502.6 thermal performance tests of insulating

windows and sliding glass doors 38

14. UF-ASHRAE solar calorimeter 40

15. General arrangement of apparatus for ASTM E283 standard

air leakage test through exterior windows , curtain walls

and doors 43

16. Conceptual general arrangement of an indoor test facility

for thermal performance testing of a passive component having

direct gain and integral thermal storage features 48

vii
.
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Identification and development of performance based standards for solar heating

and cooling systems and components is a key objective identified in both the

Department of Energy (DoE) National Program for Solar Heating and Cooling [1]*

and in the National Program Plan for Passive and Hybrid Solar Heating and Cooling [2]. Performance based standards are required to establish minimum requirements for health and safety as well as acceptable minimum levels of thermal

performance, durability and reliability. In anticipation of the need to plan

and coordinate the development of standards for solar energy systems, subsystems,

components, and materials, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

established a Steering Committee on Solar Energy Standards and with financial

support of DoE and technical assistance from the National Bureau of Standards

(NBS), prepared a plan to avoid duplication within the program and to ensure

that all needed standards are systematically developed [3].

Staff members in the Solar Equipment Group at NBS have been active in programs

to assist in developing standard test procedures for measuring thermal performance of solar heating and cooling equipment since 1974. The objectives of

these programs have been to encourage the adoption of consensus standards for

thermal performance testing of a variety of solar products by performing the

basic research needed to develop draft testing procedures and the validation of

these procedures through laboratory and field testing of a number of solar

energy components and systems. The first test procedures developed at NBS were

for solar collectors and thermal storage devices. As a direct result of this

effort, the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning

Engineers (ASHRAE) was able to adopt standard test procedures [4, 5] for both

components in early 1977. Currently under way are efforts to develop standard

test procedures for other products, including complete solar domestic hot water

systems [6], and modular passive/hybrid solar components.

The work discussed in this report represents a status assessment of thermal

test procedures for passive solar components, a summary of which was presented

at a National Passive Solar Conference [7]. In addition, this report presents

an input to a coordinating group comprised of staff members of the national

laboratories assisting the Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI) in the development of a national plan dealing with performance evaluation of passive/hybrid

solar heating and cooling systems [8].

It is evident that there is an immediate need to develop standardized test

procedures for thermal performance of passive/hybrid solar components in support

of research and development activities of DoE, which are currently being implemented as part of the National Program for Solar Applications. In 1980, the

DoE issued two Program Opportunity Notices (PONs) intended to lead to development of marketable passive/hybrid solar components [9, 10]. In both of these

PONs, engineering field testing of thermal performance is required for final

* Numbers in brackets identify the references listed in section 6.

1
design development for each passive/hybrid solar component, and Independent

laboratory testing of final prototype designs is desired in order to achieve

maximum credibility of product performance. Standard methods for testing many

of these components have not been identified to date.

It is also evident that there will soon be an increased need for standardized

thermal performance test procedures which can be applied to a broader range of

building products varying from components to complete systems. The U.S. Congress has passed legislation requiring the development of standards for energy

consumption related to the heating and cooling of new buildings [11] . These

standards, when promulgated, will require more detailed information on the thermal performance of a wide variety of building products to be derived from standard test methods. This information is needed to accurately estimate the

thermal performance of the entire building, in order to demonstrate that building energy consumption is in compliance with the proposed standards, and also

to provide an improved basis for evaluation of alternate passive solar design

concepts and for selection of specific products.

1.2 APPROACH AND CONTENT OF REPORT

A general approach for drafting standard test methods for a technology in a stage of development similar to that of passive solar components is concisely

described in a recent report prepared by NBS for the Solar Energy Research

Institute (SERI) [12]. That report states that the major activities in preparing standard test methods for solar energy systems should include the following:

(1) Evaluation of the proposed test procedure for: practicality and

economic feasibility to perform the test, the lack of impedance to new technology development, and the avoidance of unfair discrimination of one product or technology in favor of another due to

implementation of the test procedure,

(2) Preparatory work for writing and introducing a test method would

include steps such as: background information search, establishing

the appropriateness of the proposed method, describing the principles

and assumptions, and performing error analysis,

(3) Preparation of the step-by-step procedures developed for each test

method and subsequent validation of the procedure by interlaboratory

comparisons

.

The following sections in this report include some of the key elements

identified in items (1) and (2) above, prior to the actual preparation of the

draft testing method. Section 2 identifies the characteristics and classifications of passive and passive/hybrid solar components and systems, for the purpose of testing for thermal performance. Section 3 is an overview of thermal

performance test procedures for materials and assemblies, such as those used

in building envelope sections and active solar systems which perform one or more of the thermal functions of passive/hybrid solar components including

controlling solar gain, thermal transmission and thermal storage.

2
The test procedures reviewed include existing consensus test procedures of

technical organizations and experimental work documented in the open literature

but not presently adopted as standard tests. Also reviewed in section 3 are

the testing methods that have been used in research and development activities

for passive/hybrid solar energy systems. Section 4 discusses the applicability

of existing testing procedures and reviews the important features to be applied

or developed in new standardized test procedures for two of the passive solar

component classifications considered to be at the most advanced stage of development. Section 5 identifies and discusses the recommended activities to be

performed in developing new test procedures for these two specific passive

classifications. Also, an outline of a long-range plan is given for systematic

development of new test procedures for all ten component classifications

presented in the report.

3
2. CLASSIFICATION OF PASSIVE /HYBRID SOLAR COMPONENTS FOR THERMAL PERFORMANCE

TESTING

The objective of this portion of the study was to develop a classification

system for passive/hybrid solar components based on thermal performance testing

requirements. Input to this study included information on specific passive/

hybrid solar products such as details of design, principles of operation and

the functional role of each product in building applications. This information

was obtained from manufacturers' response to a letter questionnaire, review of

technical and popular literature, and technical evaluation of proposals submitted to the Government for passive and passive/hybrid solar and energy conservation products. The information derived from this study has resulted in the

development of an interim classification system that contains groupings of

generic passive/hybrid solar components. For each class of passive and

passive/hybrid solar components, it is possible that standard test procedures

for thermal performance can be developed.

2.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF PASSIVE AND PASSIVE/HYBRID SOLAR COMPONENTS

To be identified as a passive solar component, within the scope of this study,

the criteria a product must satisfy is that it is: (1) capable of being mass produced for manufacturing economy; (2) fabricated in modular incremental sizes

to permit ready integration into building structures; and (3) designed to utilize solar energy in conjunction with natural thermal processes such as conduction; free convection, radiation and evaporation to reduce fossil energy

consumed in buildings for purposes of space heating, space cooling and/or

domestic water heating.

Passive/hybrid solar components, which are similar to passive solar components

but utilize small quantities of non-renewable energy to improve the transfer of

solar or thermal energy or to improve the control of the natural process, are included in the scope of this study. Hereinafter in this report, the term passive component will be assumed to also include passive/hybrid solar component.

Components that do not meet the criteria listed above are excluded from

consideration in this study. Excluded components are: (1) passive design

elements that exhibit significant variation in thermal properties from unit to

unit, such as site-built storage walls constructed with local materials, (2)

products that primarily reduce solar heat gain during both the cooling and

heating seasons, or (3) products that are primarily designed or utilized to

reduce electrical energy consumption by displacing artificial lighting with

natural daylighting.

2.2 SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON PASSIVE COMPONENTS

2.2.1 Results of Letter Survey

A letter questionnaire was sent to 169 manufacturers or distributors of

passive solar products describing the NBS project to identify and classify

these products for the purposes of developing standard test methods. The list

of manufacturers was compiled from solar product directories that appeared in

4
several trade magazines, and from a passive solar product directory prepared by

the Northeast Solar Energy Center (NESEC) [13]. The letter questionnaires were mailed between January 1979 and April 1980 and requested information on product

descriptions, recommended installation and operating procedures, and anticipated

thermal performance for each passive solar product handled by the organization.

Appendix A includes a sample letter and the list of firms that were contacted.

Of the 169 information requests, 74 responses were received containing

information on a wide range of products, some of which were not related to

passive solar applications. Of the 74 responses received, 37 passive solar

products were identified which satisfied the above definitions. Product information extracted from manufacturers' response were compiled for each of the 37

products and is presented in appendix B. Included in this information are the

product description data, operating procedures and thermal performance data

reported by the manufacturers. No attempt was made to verify the accuracy of

these data.

2.2.2 Other Sources of Data

• Other sources of technical information on both commercially available products,

and products currently under development included technical papers published in

the journals of ASHRAE and the International Solar Energy Society, the Proceedings of the National Passive Solar Conferences, and the Proceedings of the

American Section of the International Solar Energy Society. A comprehensive

overview of a number of new developments In insulating window systems that was useful in developing our classification system is described in reference [14].

In addition to the technical sources of information, numerous articles

published in solar energy trade magazines and consumer-oriented technical magazines were reviewed. Noteworthy compilations of product description information

are included in the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory's (LBL) publication — Windows

for Energy Efficient Building [15], William Schurcliffe' s book Thermal Shutters

and Shades [16], and the Northeast Solar Energy Center's recent publication - Passive Solar Products Directory [17].

NBS staff members also assisted in the technical review of proposals received

by the DoE in response to the Project Opportunity Notice (PON) on "Marketable

Products for Passive Solar Applications” [9]. Product testing was an important

factor for this PON and applicants were required to provide details on their

proposed plans for thermal performance testing, in addition to providing

information on product descriptions and thermal performance.

Other than "Windows for Energy Efficient Buildings", "Thermal Shades and

Shutters" and the "Passive Solar Products Directory" no systematic compilation

of data for passive solar products is available. In some cases, the particular

passive solar products are still in the conceptual or early laboratory stages

of development, and in other cases, the information is considered to be

proprietary.

5
2.3 INTERIM CLASSIFICATION FOR PASSIVE SOLAR COMPONENTS

2.3.1 Classification Scheme

Based on a review of the function, construction and operating principles of a substantial number of different products, the interim classification shown in

table 1 was developed. Both the major subdivision by test method and the major

classes of passive solar components distinguish different thermal performance

test requirements.

The major subdivision by test method is determined by whether the passive solar

component is provided with elements that store thermal energy. Products that

provide little, if any, thermal storage can be tested using steady-state test

methods, and products that provide thermal storage require transient test

methods

.

Functional characteristics distinguish major classes of passive solar components

from one another. Space heating, space cooling, and hot water heating are different functions, each requiring different test procedures for thermal performance. Other functional characteristics which affect thermal test requirements

include the location and orientation for an applications of the component.

Components for use in a south wall exposed to solar radiation, require different

test procedures than components either isolated from direct solar radiation or which are to be placed in ceiling, floor or interior wall sections. The heat

transfer to and from a component is dependent on its location and orientation,

and this must be considered in each test procedure.

2.3.2 Discussion of Passive Solar Component Classification

Figures 1-10 are conceptual illustrations of passive solar components identified

in table 1. Examples of available products, corresponding to some of the passive solar component classes of table 1, are listed in appendix B. A number of

passive solar components identified in table 1 but not described in appendix B

correspond to components that were not commercially available at the time of

the survey but which may be available in the near future.

Based on the survey and literature review, it is apparent that there are large

numbers of products, either commercially available or currently under development, which provide different building functions and operate under different

heat transfer principles, and which qualify as passive solar components under

the terms of our definitions. Currently four groupings of passive solar com- ponents appear to be most advanced in terms of their commercial availability.

These four are: (1) Direct Gain Fenestration System (DGFS), (2) Collector/

Storage Wall Modules (CSWM), (3) Sunspace/Greenhouse Modules (S/GM), and

(4) Domestic Hot Water Systems (DHW).

6
TABLE 1

INTERIM CLASSIFICATION OF PASSIVE SOLAR COMPONENTS

ACCORDING TO TEST METHODS FOR THERMAL PERFORMANCE

Passive Component Classif ication(l)

Thermal Test Method^)

Steady State Transient

1. Direct Gain Fenestation Systems (DGFS)

° Multiple-glazed windows

° Movable insulation - shutters, loose-fill materials

between glazings

Movable shading devices - insulating shades, blinds,

louvers, draperies, curtains

° Air Flow Windows

•

2. Collector/Storage Wall Modules (CSWM) - with sensible

heat storage (water, concrete, brick) or latent

heat storage (phase change materials)

•

3. Sunspace/Greenhouse Modules (S/GM) •(3)

4. Passive Solar Water Heating Systems (PSWH)

Discrete component thermosyphon systems

Integrated component (Batch) system

•

5. Thermosyphon Solar Air Heating Collectors (TSC) •

6. Thermal Storage Units (TSU) non-integrated floor,

ceiling, or wall elements or containers using

sensible or latent heat storage materials

o

7. Roof Pond Modules (RPM) o

8. Radiative Cooling Modules — (RCM) with selective

radiative control finishes, coating o

9. Ground Coupling Modules (GCM) o

10. Evaporative Cooling/Natural Ventilation Modules (EC/NVM) o

NOTES:

(1) Listed in order of judged current need for standard thermal test methods.

(2) Symbol • = high level of confidence in identifying type of test method (e.g.,

steady-state or transient) to be developed.

Symbol ° = lower level of confidence in identifying type of test method (e.g.,

steady-state or transient) to be developed due to either a lack of or a small number of commercially available components.

(3) If more components become commercially available without integral thermal

storage, then these components should be classified under DGFS.

7
2. 3. 2.1 Direct Gain Fenestration Systems (DGFS)

DGFS are the most commercially available passive solar components. They are manufactured or site-assembled products, usually of modular dimensions and

specific materials, and usually designed for vertical or near vertical installation in the south-facing walls of buildings. Figures la - Id illustrate

different DGFS components which are either multiple glazings or specific components used in conjunction with a south-facing glazing. For a space heating

function, a DGFS component: 1) allows a substantial fraction of solar irradiance incident on the fenestration to be transferred into the building, and

2) is a significant resistance (higher than for a single glazing) to heat loss

from the interior space to the outdoor environment, where the heat loss will

vary with indoor-to-outdoor air temperature difference and outdoor wind speed.

A DGFS component for space cooling purposes: 1) minimizes solar gain by reflection or opaque shading, and 2) is a significant resistance (higher than for a single glazing) to heat gain from the outdoor environment.

Since a DGFS component does not have appreciable integral thermal storage, its

thermal energy transfer occurs almost instantaneously, either directly by

transmission of short-wavelength solar radiation, or indirectly by absorption

and re-radiation as long-wavelength infrared radiation or by convection. The

convective transfer may be either free or forced. If forced convection is

used, small amounts of electrical power are used to operate a fan.

On figures la - Id, the distinctive passive solar attributes are identified for

each DGFS component illustrated. There is only a subtle distinction between a movable shade and movable insulation DGFS component (figures lb and lc). The

distinction is based on the physical difference in how the component resists

thermal transmission. A component is a shade if its primary resistances to

thermal transmission are accomplished by reflective surfaces and dead air

spaces which minimize radiation and convection heat transfer respectively. A

component is called insulation if its low conductance material is the primary

resistance to thermal transmission.

One concept for an air flow window is illustrated in figure Id. A different

concept utilizing a three pane aspirated window with forced convective flow

for heat exchange is discussed in reference [37],

2. 3. 2.

2

Collector/Storage Wall Modules (CSWM)

Intensive development activity has been observed for the passive solar

components called Collector/Storage Wall Modules (CSWM). A CSWM includes a glazing, storage medium, movable insulation (if provided) and the means to

control the energy transfer between the storage medium and the building space.

Figure 2 illustrates a CSWM assembly. CSWM are manufactured or site-assembled

products, usually of modular dimensions and specific materials, that are designed for vertical or near-vertical installation in the south-facing,

exterior walls of buildings. The primary purpose of the CSWM is to absorb and

store as thermal energy, a substantial fraction of the solar irradiance incident on exterior surface of the CSWM. At a later time the stored thermal

energy is radiated and convected into the adjacent building space. A lesser

8
i; FUNCTION: Space Heating

I

o Heat Gain

i) solar transmission

ii) fraction of absorbed solar is convected

and radiated to interior

o Heat Loss Resistance

i) sealed air space between glazings

ii) low conductance frame and/or thermal

break, weather stripping

NOTE: Must shade during cooling season

9
Figure lb. Indoor movable insulation (DGFS)

SOLAR RADIATION

FUNCTION: Space Heating

o Heat Gain (panels open)

i) solar transmission

ii) fraction of absorbed solar is convected

and radiated to interior

o Heat Loss Resistance (panels closed)

i) insulation in panels

ii) tight seal closure

iii) dead air space between glazing and closed

panels

NOTE: Shutter is a DGFS component only when

combined with a south-facing glazing

10
Figure lc. Indoor movable shade (DGFS)

SOLAR RADIATION

FUNCTION: Space Heating

o Heat Gain (shade rolled up)

i) solar transmission

ii) fraction of absorbed solar convected

and radiated to interior

o Heat Loss Resistance (shade rolled down)

i) air space between multilayer sheets

ii) air space between glazing & shade

when there is a tight seal around

shade perimeter

Space Cooling (shade rolled down)

i) resistance to solar gain by reflective

sheets

ii) resistance to convective heat gain by

air spaces between multilayer sheets

NOTE: Shade is a DGFS component only when combined

with a south-facing glazing

11
Figure Id. Air flow window (DGFS)

FUNCTION: Space Heating

o Heat Gain

i) solar transmission

ii) fraction of absorbed solar, by heat

absorbing glazing, that is convected

to air in thermocirculation channel

o Heat Loss Resistance

i) air space between outer double glazing

ii) low conductive frame and/or thermal break

and weather stripping

NOTE: Fan makes this a passive/hybrid

solar DGFS

12
Figure 2. Collector/storage wall module (CSWM)

SOLAR RADIATION

FUNCTION: Space Heating

o Heat gain - solar transmission through glazings

to heat mass storage; fraction of heat stored

is convected and radiated to interior

o Heat Loss Resistance

i) air space between storage and glazing

ii) control of operable dampers or louvers

on interior facing panel

iii) air space between multiple glazings

(if provided)

NOTE: Must shade during cooling season

13
fraction of the solar irradiance may be transferred immediately into the

building space, either directly as transmitted solar energy through transparent

sections of the storage wall, or indirectly as radiated and convected thermal

energy in a similar fashion to the DGFS. Storage of thermal energy occurs within the CSWM either as sensible energy storage in materials such as masonry

or water, or as latent energy storage in materials such as hydrated salts or paraffin waxes.

Other attributes of a CSWM include the conscious effort to reduce thermal energy

transfer between the building space and the outside environment due to air temperature difference and due to wind. This may be accomplished either by selection of the thermal properties and configuration of the materials comprising

the CSWM, or by utilizing movable insulation devices that are positioned to

limit thermal and/or solar energy transfer.

2. 3. 2. 3 Other Passive Solar Component Categories

Sunspace/Greenhouse Modules (S/GM) are a class of passive solar components

(figure 3) that perform passive solar functions similar to DGFS, but it has

been assumed in the interim classification that sunspace greenhouse modules

will include integral thermal storage as a standard feature. However,

responses to the survey and the commercially available components identified

in reference [17] do not satisfy this assumption regarding integral thermal

storage. If this continues to be the way sunspace/greenhouse modules are marketed, then the appropriate thermal performance testing would be the same as for DGFS. In addition, if sunspace/greenhouse modules require extensive site

assembly which results in significant variation in thermal performance from one module to another due to air leakage, then standard testing would not be useful

or recommended.

Passive Solar Water Heating Systems (PSWH) distinguish another class of passive

solar components. Figures 4a and 4b illustrate typical passive solar thermosyphon and batch water heating systems respectively. In the thermosyphon

system, the solar collector and thermal storage container are discrete components, while in the batch system, the solar collector and thermal storage con- tainer are integrated components. Examples of commercially available systems

of both types are identified in reference [17].

A number of commercially available Thermosyphon Solar Air Heating Collectors

(TSC) are identified in reference [17]. The TSC illustrated in figure 5 differs

from a DGFS air flow window in that there is no direct solar transmission

through a TSC since its absorber plate is opaque. A TSC, also differs from an active solar collector due to: 1) the natural convective energy transport, and

(2) the simpler controls associated with its operation. Although a TSC operates at a variable air flow rate through the collector, the absence of appreciable thermal mass suggests that steady-state boundary conditions may be

appropriate for standard testing of TSC components.

14
Figure 3. Sunspace/greenhouse module (S/GM)

glazing is utilized by:

i) natural or fan assist convective heating

into the living space, and/or

ii) storing absorbed solar in sunspace thermal mass for later use, and/or

iii) natural or fan assist convective heating

into remote storage for later use.

o Heat Loss Resistance - sunspace volume

and enclosure increases the thermal

resistance between the building southfacing wall and the outdoor environment

NOTE: Must be shaded or vented to outdoors

during cooling season

15
Figure 4a. Passive solar water heater - discrete component thermosyphon system (PSWH-DCT)

FUNCTION: Hot Water Service

o solar heated water in collectors circulated

by natural convective flow to an elevated

storage tank,

o freeze protection by drain down or auxiliary

heaters

NOTE: Not shown in simple illustration are typical control sensors, vent and

relief valves

16
Figure 4b. Passive solar water heater - integrated batch system (PSWH-IS)

INSULATED FRAME (TOR,

BOTTOM, BACK & SIDES)

RIPE CONNECTION (TYR

FOR INLET fc OUTLET)

SOLAR RADIATION

WATER STORAOE TANK WITH

HIGH SOLAR ABSORPTANCE

INNER SURFACES REFLECTIVE (TYR)

NIGHT TIME INSULATED COVER

DAYTIME POSITION

FUNCTION: Hot Water Service

o water in tank is heated by direct and

reflected solar irradiance

o insulated cover for non-collecting

conditions

o freeze protection by drain down or auxiliary heaters

17
Figure 5. Thermosyphon solar collector (TSC)

SOLAR RADIATION

FUNCTION: Space Heating

o Heat Gain - solar transmission through glazing

heats absorber panel; heated absorber plate

induces convective air flow; heated air flows

indoors through upper vents.

o Heat Loss Resistance

i) air space between absorber and glazing

ii) operable dampers on vents to prevent

reverse thermosyphoning at night

NOTE: During cooling season, must shade or vent assembly to outdoors

18
Thermal Storage Units (TSU) are a class of passive solar components that are usually elements of a larger passive solar system for space heating or cooling.

Figure 6 illustrates different types and applications of TSU. These components

differ from a CSWM in that: 1) a glazing is not a part of the component; and

2) the component location and orientation is not limited to a vertical south

facing wall. A TSU may contain either or both sensible and latent heat storage

materials, and may be used where heat transfer occurs through the component or occurs in and out of the same surface, as indicated in figure 6. The rate and

direction of heat transfer in charging and discharging TSU components may significantly affect thermal performance; therefore, for standard testing, the rate

and direction of thermal charging and discharging of a TSU must be

representative of expected conditions.

Other interim classes of passive solar components include Roof Pond Modules

(figure 7), Radiative Cooling Modules (figure 8), Ground Coupling Modules

(figure 9), and Evaporative Cooling/Natural Ventilation Modules (figure 10).

At present, for each of these component classes, it is not clear whether a sufficient number of components will be commercially manufactured to warrent

development of standard performance tests. Evaporative cooling and natural

ventilation components are combined as one class of components, since in

conventional HVAC systems evaporative cooling and ventilation techniques are often used together.

19
Figure 6. Thermal storage units (TSU)

RADIATIVE A CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER TO STORAGE

(c) WALL VERTICAL STORAGE

(If] FLOOR HORIZONTAL STORAGE (CEILING HONIZONAL

STORAGE OPPOSITE THAT SHOWN, WHERE REFLECTIVE BLINDS DIRECT SOLAR IRRADIATION ON TO CEILING)

FUNCTION: Space Heating or Cooling

o containers with sensible or latent thermal

storage materials absorb thermal energy

from solar or infrared radiation or con- vective sources and release thermal energy

by convection, and infrared radiation

o heat flow direction typically is:

i) through the storage units for wall

applications, and

ii) into and out of the same surface of

storage for ceiling or floor applications

20
Figure 7. Roof pond module (RPM)

SOUR RAtMATKM

a

FUNCTION: Space Heating

o Heat Gain - modular storage units absorb

solar irradiance; fraction of absorbed

solar in the ceiling is convected and

radiated to the living space below

o Heat Loss Resistance - movable insulation

on the roof

Space Cooling

o Heat Rejection - modular storage units

absorb heat convected and radiated from

the living space during the day (storage

insulated from solar radiation) ; movable

insulation removed at night and storage

units radiate to cool night sky

21
Figure 8. Radiative cooling module (RCM)

M0MHVE KEAT LOSS TV SKY

FUNCTION:

LOCATION:

OPERATION:

Space Cooling

Roof - horizontal or tilted for northern exposure

RCM absorbs heat from storage units or heat

exchanger below; heat absorbed by RCM radiated to atmosphere (particularly cool night

sky) ; transparent cover minimizes convective

heating of RCM radiator surface.

NOTES: 1] Direction of heat flow is through

the module.

2] Shaded from solar irradiance during

the day.

22
Figure 9. Ground coupling modular system (GCM)

OUTDOORS IN000RS

FUNCTION: Space Cooling - below grade earth is a heat

sink for air drawn from outdoors through

pipes; misting cabinet enhances air cooling

heat exchange; pipes pitched toward drywell

to remove condensate.

NOTES: 1] Illustration from reference [38]

2] Fan assist air handler makes this a passive/hybrid system

23
Figure 10a. Evaporative cooling module (EC/NVM)

EVAPORATIVE, RADIATIVE,

CONVECTIVE COOLING

FUNCTION: Space Cooling - water spray evaporatively

cools roof; cooled roof absorbs heat from

below by radiation, convection and/or a heat exchanger

NOTE: Pump and controls make this a passive/

hybrid system

24
AIK INTAKE

(WINDOWS

OR

LOUVERS)

FUNCTION:

Figure 10b. Natural ventilation module (EC/NVM)

Space Cooling - solar irradiance absorbed

by chimney induces natural convective air

flow through the building

NOTE: Concept illustration from information

in reference [39]
3. REVIEW OF EXISTING THERMAL PERFORMANCE TEST PROCEDURES FOR APPLICABILITY

IN TESTING PASSIVE SOLAR COMPONENTS

The purpose of this section is to provide an overview of existing standard and

non-standard laboratory and field thermal performance test procedures for their

potential application in testing passive solar components. Section 3.1 describes

related consensus test procedures developed by technical organizations including

ASHRAE and ASTM, voluntary test procedures of trade associations, new test procedures currently under development and experimental work documented in the

technical literature but not presently adopted as test standards.

Section 3.2 provides a brief discussion of recent activities in the field

testing of passive solar systems in test rooms in connection with the research

and development programs for passive solar applications and describes the potential application of these efforts for standard testing of passive solar

components.

3.1 LABORATORY-BASED TEST PROCEDURES

A review of existing laboratory-based test procedures for passive solar

applications has been made for a range of product characterizations varying

from measurement of thermophysical properties of materials to the determination

of overall thermal performance of systems and components such as building

envelope assemblies, solar collectors, solar domestic hot water systems and

thermal storage assemblies. The ASTM consensus standard test procedures were

identified from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards [18].

Table 2 includes a brief description of the applicable test article and the

thermal characteristics measured in each test procedure. The symbols used to

identify the thermal results in table 2 are described in table 3. Information

for identifying commercial testing laboratories that perform the thermal performance tests listed in table 2, is presented in Appendix C of this report.

Examination of the existing procedures suggested that for reporting purposes,

each test procedure could be distinguished according to test article description

and according to thermal property or result obtained. In general, the thermal

properties or results in the categories of heat and mass transfer and radiative

transfer are obtained from steady-state test conditions, while those in the

category of thermal storage are obtained from transient test conditions.

For each group of test articles listed in table 2, existing test procedures are assessed below for their applicability as standard thermal performance tests

of passive solar components. The following considerations were included in

the assessment:

(1) importance of the test result as a performance characteristic of a passive solar component,

(2) similarity between component installation in a test apparatus with a typical installation for an application of the component, and

26
(3) adequacy of the test conditions for characterizing thermal performance of

a passive component over a representative range of operation.

3.1.1 Materials Thermal Properties Measurements

The numerous test procedures in table 2 for materials heat and mass transfer

characteristics are distinguished by variations that must be considered for (1)

physical configuration differences of material assemblies, (2) influence of the

test sample orientation and installation on thermal performance (3) magnitude

of the thermal result (i.e. thermal conductivity ranging from insulators to

conductors), and (4) objectives of the test (absolute or comparative results).

These considerations also apply for developing new test procedures for passive

solar components.

Most of the materials thermophysical property test procedures listed in table 2 for heat and mass transfer and thermal storage characteristics, are not

directly applicable for testing passive solar components. The passive solar

components identified in section 2 are often non-homogeneous assemblies that

either have configurations significantly different from the materials test

specimens or if installed in the test apparatus as required by these procedures

might not yield results representative of typical field installations of the

passive solar components. However, property measurements for materials are useful to obtain necessary data for thermal modeling of passive solar components,

especially if thermophysical property data are not available in handbooks or

the available data show significant variation.

The test procedures listed in table 2 for materials under the category of

radiative transfer properties, such as ASHRAE 74-73 and ASTM E 424-Method B,

which measures solar-optical properties, and the UF-ASHRAE solar calorimeter

which measures shading coefficient, are judged to be potentially useful as the

basis for testing DGFS passive solar components. These tests, performed in the

field under natural sunlight, will be discussed further in section 4 of this

report.

3.1.2 Building Envelope Sections

The DGFS classification of passive solar components closely resembles the test

articles applicable for the test procedures listed in table 2 under building

envelope section test samples. All the procedures listed under this group of

test samples for both laboratory testing for heat and mass transfer characteristics and field testing for radiative thermal characteristics will be discussed in section 4 for their applicability in testing DGFS passive components.

Note that in table 2 for these test samples there are no procedures listed

under thermal storage characteristics because interest in the past has focused

on steady-state test results for test articles without significant integral

thermal storage.

3.1.3 Solar Collectors

The ASHRAE 93-77 and German Bundesverband Solarenergie (BSE) test procedures,

listed in table 2, have been developed for measuring solar collector efficiency

27
under steady-state conditions with constant-rate, forced-convection fluid flow.

However, it is apparent that these procedures could be used as the basis for

developing test procedures for solar collectors in passive solar applications

under steady-state boundary conditions with a thermosyphon (free convection)

variable rate fluid flow through the collector. One difference between these

procedures and the others previously identified in table 2, is that the tests

for solar collector efficiency provide a standard methodology to measure more

than one type of thermal characteristic such as heat loss (FrUl or Ql) and

solar-optical characteristics (FR

(xa) e or nQ

)» In the ASHRAE 93-77 procedure,

tests for heat loss and solar optical characteristics are performed outdoors

under natural environmental conditions, while in the BSE procedure heat loss is

measured indoors and solar optical efficiency is measured outdoors. Reference

[19] discusses a comparison of test results using both of these procedures. It

is possible that future refinement in solar collector test procedures will

result in increased testing indoors.

3.1.4 Solar Domestic Hot Water Systems

The ASHRAE Standard 95P is the procedure for indoor thermal performance testing

of solar domestic water heating systems, and includes conditions for testing

passive solar thermosyphon hot water systems. The requirements for testing a passive solar thermosyphon hot water system include the use of a solar simulator

to irradiate the solar collector and implementation of a time-dependent water

draw-rate from storage. It is judged that if any refinements are needed for

testing passive solar thermosyphon hot water systems, or if specific procedures

are needed for testing passive solar batch hot water systems, these procedures

could be incorporated as revisions to ASHRAE Standard 95.

3.1.5 Thermal Storage Assemblies

The ASHRAE 94-77 test procedure has been developed for testing non-solar

irradiated storage assemblies of water tanks, pebble beds and phase-change

materials under conditions of forced convection flow of the heat transfer fluid.

This test procedure is judged suitable for performance testing of underslab

thermal storage in passive solar applications provided the storage container is

thermally isolated from the building and ground. However, because many passive

solar components such as solar storage walls and combined solar fenestrationstorage assemblies receive thermal energy by direct solar irradiation, and discharge stored thermal energy by free convection and radiation, the ASHRAE 94-77

test procedure is deemed unsuitable for measurement of thermal performance of

these passive solar storage components.

3 .2 FIELD TEST METHODS FOR PASSIVE SOLAR SYSTEMS

As part of the research and development activities for passive solar heating

systems, extensive field-based testing programs have been conducted at several

national laboratories and at a number of universities. The majority of these

system tests have been performed with the interior temperature essentially

uncontrolled. The passive test room program initiated at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) [20], exemplifies much of the thermal testing performed

for passive solar systems to date. In these testing procedures, a number of

28
passive solar heating system configurations are tested in small outdoor test rooms or cells using the naturally occurring outdoor weather conditions and

with the test room air temperature allowed to vary to an equilibrium level such

that the net thermal energy gain from the passive system to the room air is

equal to the net thermal energy loss from the room air through the walls of

the test. cell.

These testing programs have yielded significant information on the operating

principles and the relative thermal performance of alternative system configurations in side-by-side testing arrangements. Frequently, the results of the

test room data for the more promising passive solar system configurations have

been generalized by developing analytical models or thermal networks for the

configuration and demonstrating that the thermal models predict the same test

room air temperatures as measured in test. Computer simulations are then performed, using the validated thermal models for other climatic regions and operating modes, to predict long-term thermal performance for larger passive systems

than those of the test rooms.

However, utilization of such test rooms with uncontrolled indoor air temperature

is not recommended for standard testing of passive solar components, because

of the high degree of thermal interaction that can occur between the test room

and passive test component. In the uncontrolled test rooms, the room air temperature is sensitive to such test room characteristics as insulation thickness,

surface area and thermal mass. Uncontrolled air temperature in the test room

tends to modify temperature-dependent heat transfer mechanisms such as free

convection or infrared radiative transfer that normally occur. It appears that

the more appropriate thermal boundary condition for standard testing of passive

solar components would be to establish fixed conditions of indoor air temperature and room surface temperature, and to accurately measure the rate of heat

transfer that occurs between the outside and the inside, through the passive

solar component. Although this procedure represents an idealization of the

actual thermal boundary conditions occurring in a building, the measured heat

transfer rates are supportive of energy calculations because the thermal energy

transfer through a passive solar component would displace an equal amount of

fossil energy, provided the building load is capable of using that energy.

Thermal energy transfer rate is judged to be a better measure of thermal

performance than air temperature in a test cell.

Recommendations in the remaining sections of this report reflect the philosophy

that calorimetric testing of passive solar components in controlled laboratory

conditions is the most appropriate method for testing these products. However,

significant efforts are required to develop the specific testing procedures and

facilities, and most important, the interpretation and the application of the

test results.

29
EXISTING

TEST

PROCEDURES

FOR

THERMAL

CHARACTERISTICS

OF

MATERIALS,

COMPONENTS,

AND

SYSTEMS

30
EXISTING

TEST

PROCEDURES

FOR

THERMAL

CHARACTERIZATION

OF

MATERIALS,

COMPONENTS,

AND

SYSTEMS

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TABLE 3

NOMENCLATURE

c c performance coefficient for heat storage determined in accordance

with ASHRAE Standard 94-77

Cd performance coefficient for heat removal determined in accordance

with ASHRAE Standard 94-77

C

P

specific heat (J kg

-

^ K

-

^)

e s fractional energy savings determined in accordance with ASHRAE

Standard 95P

FrUL slope of solar collector efficiency curve determined in accordance

with ASHRAE Standard 93-77

Fr( Tcx) e intercept of the solar collector efficiency curve determined in

accordance with ASHRAE Standard 93-77

k thermal conductivity, a property of a homogeneous material (Wm“l K

-

^)

L heat loss rate determined in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 94-77

(W°C _1

)

Q air leakage rate determined in accordance with ASTM Standard E 283

(nPs

-

!)

Ql daily system hot water load determined in accordance with ASHRAE

Standard 95P (kJ)

Qs daily net energy output from solar collector and storage elements of

the hot water system determined in accordance with ASHRAE Standard

95P (kJ)

q c heat transfer rate imposed on test sample determined in accordance

with ASTM Standard E 457 (W)

q 0 heat flux through evacuated insulations determined in accordance

with ASTM Standard C 745 (Wm“2)

R thermal resistance of a test article based on surface-to-surface

temperature diffetence across the sample (K m^ W“l)

sc shading coefficient for a fenestration component, determined in

accordance with the procedures in reference [28], the ratio of the sum of the solar transmission and fraction of absorbed solar

irradiance convected and radiated indoors to the sum for a double

strength 1/8” thick single glazing (dimensionless)

32
TABLE 3 (Continued)

NOMENCLATURE

Uo overall heat transmission coefficient of a test article based on air-to-air temperature difference across the sample (Wm“2 K”1

)

Os solar absorptance

“s/eth ratio of solar absorptance to total hemispherical emmittance

determined in accordance with ASTM Standard E 434

Ps solar reflectance

Ts solar transmittance

0 angle of incidence between the direct solar beam and the normal to

test article surface

Hn total normal emittance

no solar optical efficiency determined in accordance with the BSE

procedure described in reference [19]
4. THERMAL PERFORMANCE TESTING PROCEDURES FOR SELECTED PASSIVE SOLAR COMPONENTS

This section discusses the application of existing test methods and the

features of revised or new methods for thermal performance testing of two of

the passive solar components judged to be in the most advanced stages of

development. Section 4.1 discusses steady-state testing concepts recommended

for Direct Gain Fenestration Systems (DGFS), including windows, and window

insulating and shading devices. Transient testing concepts are discussed in

section 4.2 for Collector/Storage Wall Module (CSWM) types of passive components

having integral thermal storage used in conjunction with glazed fenestrations.

4.1 STEADY STATE TESTING FOR DIRECT GAIN FENESTRATION SYSTEMS

A comprehensive evaluation of the transfer of thermal energy through a DGFS

would consider the simultaneous effects of radiative transfer due to solar

irradiation of the exterior surface, heat transfer due to inside-to-outside air

temperature difference, and mass transfer (air leakage) due to inside-to-outside

pressure difference. Moisture transfer due to water vapor pressure differential

is not considered to be a significant thermal energy transfer mechanism in DGFS

products and will not be considered. ^ Current evaluation procedures assume that

radiative, heat, and mass transfer processes are parallel mechanisms, and that

each process can be considered separately and the results added. A primary area

of needed research is to determine the extent of interaction between the thermal

energy transfer mechanisms as they occur in passive solar applications and to

determine whether results from synergistic effects correspond to results obtained

from current evaluation procedures.

According to ASHRAE [21], the rate at which solar and thermal energy are transferred in a DGFS consists of three distinct contributions: (1) the

directly transmitted fraction of the external solar irradiance, (2) the inwardflowing fraction of thermal energy resulting from absorption of solar energy

in each glazing layer, and (3) the thermal energy transfer due to air temperature difference. The first two heat transfer contributions are due to solar

irradiation, and they are usually combined into a single characteristic called

the Shading Coefficient (SC).^ The third heat flow term, based on indoor-tooutdoor air temperature difference, is a characteristic called the Overall Heat

Transfer Coefficient (U Q ), which is known also as the Overall Thermal

Transmittance or the Overall Conductance.

The transfer of mass through a DGFS occurs primarily due to pressure difference

caused by wind, which results in movement of air through the unsealed cracks

^ The effects of moisture condensation on the long-term durability and the

potential degradation in thermal performance of DGFS are recognized but not

considered within the scope of this report.

^ ASHRAE defines Shading Coefficient to be the ratio of the solar heat gain

through the fenestration system to the solar heat gain through a reference

fenestration system, which is taken to be a single sheet of double-strength

clear plate glass.

34
in the product, although experiments show that temperature difference also has an effect on the air leakage rate. Based on the assumption that the heat and mass transfer characteristics are essentially independent, the thermal performance of a DGFS can be measured using current available standard test procedures

to measure (1) the overall heat transfer coefficient (UQ ), (2) the Shading

Coefficient (SC) and (3) the infiltration coefficient (Q). The validity of

such an assumption is addressed in the proposed research activities described

in section 5. A brief description of existing test procedures and test facilities is presented in the following section, followed by a discussion of the

application of these test procedures for DGFS products.

4.1.1 Measurement of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient UQ

Several test procedures are available for measurement of the overall heat

transfer coefficient UQ , each differing primarily in the construction of the

test apparatus and in the provisions for simulating wind at the outside surface

of the test article. Figures 11, 12 and 13, respectively, illustrate the test

apparatus configurations for the ASTM C236 Guarded Hot Box procedure [22], the

ASTM Calibrated Hot Box procedure^, and the AAMA 1502.6 procedure [23]. In each

of these procedures, the test sample is installed in an opening in the wall

between hot and cold environment chambers, each of which is maintained at constant temperatures, and the steady-state rate of heat transfer through the test

sample is measured. The overall heat transfer coefficient UQ is calculated as the ratio of the measured heat transfer rate per unit area to the temperature

difference between the air space on each side of the test sample.

A distinguishing feature between the guarded-hot-box and the calibrated-hot-box

procedures is the control of heat flow from the metering volume. In the guardedhot-box apparatus (figure 11), a temperature-controlled chamber surrounds five

sides of the metering chamber to minimize heat transfer between the metering

volume and the external environment. In a calibrated-hot-box apparatus (figures

12 and 13), a substantial thickness of insulation is used to minimize this heat

flow path, and the rate at which heat transfer occurs is measured by calibration.

The air flow adjacent to the test article is another distinguishing feature of

these test procedures. In the ASTM C236 procedure, air is circulated at a low

velocity on each side of the test article only to ensure uniform temperatures

in each chamber but not to promote forced convective heat transfer at the test

article surfaces. In the revision being considered for the ASTM Calibrated Hot

box procedure, forced convection heat transfer at the exterior surfaces is an optional feature that is implemented by using a fan to provide wind air motion

parallel to the test sample. The AAMA 1502.6 test procedure takes a different

approach in defining the outdoor conditions for testing aluminum frame windows

and sliding glass doors, and is based on the rationale described in reference

[24]. In this procedure, the simulated wind is directed perpendicular to the

sample exterior surface, and the air velocity for testing is determined in a calbration test on a flat glass panel to produce exterior surface heat transfer

coefficients equivalent to the ASHRAE winter design value for a 6.7 m/s (15 mph)

wind.

1 New procedure in draft form

35
Figure 11. General arrangement of equipment in guarded hot box apparatus

for the ASTM C236 standard thermal transmission test procedure

of building envelope assemblies [22]

36
Figure 12. Conceptual general arrangement of equipment in a calibrated hot

box apparatus from a draft of a proposed ASTM standard thermal

transmission test procedure for building envelope assemblies

37
Figure 13. General arrangement of equipment in calibrated thermal chamber

for AAMA 1502.6 thermal performance tests of insulating windows

and sliding glass doors [23]

38
Although the current ASTM C236 procedure is essentially a test to measure surface-to-surface thermal conductance, the proposed modifications to ASTM C236

and the new ASTM Calibrated Hot Box procedures being developed will provide measurements of air-to-air thermal conductance. However, because some window assemblies are not uniformly flat, reference [24] suggests the parallel air flow over

a window in the ASTM procedures could possibly affect the heat flow measurements

in a non-reproducible manner. Because of this, reference [24] states that the

measured U Q in the test may not be representative of what exists in actual service. Therefore, air flow perpendicular to the window being tested is preferred

by advocates of the AAMA 1502.6 procedure, who believe this is a more uniform

and realistic influence on the window thermal transmission, as well as a means

of establishing a consistent exterior surface boundary conditions.

On the other hand, earlier experimental work [25] suggested that for all

practical purposes, surface coefficients obtained for air flow parallel to a flat surface might be used without any correction for direction of wind.

Because of the differences identified above for the measurement of overall heat

transfer coefficient in DGFS products, it is recommended that experimental

efforts be undertaken to obtain a clearer understanding of the significance of

the differences in these tests and to identify the appropriate test procedures

for specific DGFS products. Discussion of the research and evaluation tasks

proposed for UQ measurements on DGFS projects is described in section 5.

4.1.2 Measurement of Shading Coefficient

Two alternate techniques to evaluate Shading Coefficient for a DGFS are possible:

the direct measurement method using a calorimeter; and the indirect calculation

method using measured solar optical properties for each glazing material along

with the calculation procedures described in the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals

[26].

4. 1.2.1 Calorimetric Method

Extensive experimental work under the sponsorship of ASHRAE and its predecessor

society was performed using an outdoor solar calorimeter to directly measure

Shading Coefficient for various fenestration systems including: single and

multiple glazings with both clear and heat-absorbing glass, glazings with

interior roller shades or draperies, and glazing with either exterior, interior

or between-glass shading devices [26-28]. The primary objective of these

experiments was to provide data on maximum solar heat gains through each fenestration at the summer design condition in order to calculate the required

capacity of the mechanical cooling system for the building.

The principal apparatus developed for direct measurement of Shading Coefficient

is the University of Florida (UF)-ASHRAE outdoor solar calorimeter [27] illustrated in figure 14. The window frame for this apparatus can accommodate

glazings, glass block and interior shading devices. The apparatus can be

rotated and tilted to measure directional effects of solar irradiation on solar

gain through a test fenestration. The geometry and coating on the interior

surfaces of the calorimeter have been designed to absorb most of the solar

energy transmitted through the glazing, and thereby minimize reflected energy.

39
Figure 14. UF-ASHRAE solar calorimeter [27]

Sloie

Simulated

Wall

Blackened Heal Absorbing Surfoce Cooled by Grid of Tubes

Water Temperature

Rise Meosured Here

CALORIMETER USED TO MEASURE SOLAR HEAT TRANSMITTED BY SHADED AND UNSHADED GLASS
Batt and blanket insulation covers the calorimeter shell to limit heat loss. A

water or water-glycol cooling loop with a freon-cooled heat exchanger and electric heaters are used to control the air temperature within the calorimeter.

The heat gain or loss from in the calorimeter as determined from the temperature rise of the water or water-glycol liquid and the liquid flow rate is a direct measure of the rate of solar energy transfer through the fenestration.

An externally mounted pyrheliometer is used to measure incident solar radiation.

Although the UF-ASHRAE Calorimeter appears to be suited for measurement of

Shading Coefficient for DGFS products, sample size limitations, uncertainties

in the transferability of measurements performed in Florida to other climatic

regions and the availability of this research apparatus for testing commercial

products, indicate that the calorimetric measurement of Shading Coefficient

may not be suitable for the anticipated testing needs of passive solar products.

Alternative procedures would be to measure the solar-optical properties of

each glazing layer and to use the theoretical equations of reference [26] to

perform a calculation of Shading Coefficient.

4. 1.2. 2 Solar-Optical Property Method

Standard testing procedures for measurement of the solar-optical properties of

each layer of fenestration are currently available as ASTM E424 [29] or ASHRAE

74-73 [30]. Shading Coefficient can be calculated using the technique described

by ASHRAE [26] for simple DGFS products consisting of multiple, homogeneous

layers of glass or plastic film, when the solar optical properties of each

layer are known and when the combined convective and radiative heat transfer

coefficient can be estimated at each surface. The ASTM E424-Method B and the

ASHRAE 74-73 procedures measure the solar-optical properties of translucent and

transparent sheets and composite assemblies using natural solar radiation as a source and a pyranometer or other solar sensor as a detector. The ASTM E424-

Method A procedure is a laboratory test method on small disk or sheet samples

for solar optical properties. A spectrophotometer and integrating sphere produce spectral data which is integrated over the solar spectrum to obtain the

desired solar-optical properties. The ASHRAE 74-73 test procedure describes the

measurement of solar transmittance and reflectance at various incident angles

and the measurement of the solar optical properties related to the diffuse com- ponent of solar irradiation. The ASTM E424-Method B test procedure describes

the measurement of solar transmittance at near normal incidence angles. For

testing some passive product assemblies, the additional data from the ASHRAE

74-73 procedure may be required to characterize product performance variation

with solar irradiance level and direction.

For testing DGFS products having non-uniform transparent surfaces, revisions to

the existing solar optical properties test procedures are required. For example,

applications of these test procedures to passive solar components having non- uniform surfaces would require movement of the solar sensor or the installation

of several sensors in order to obtain average values for the solar-optical

properties

.

Because of the variations in the procedures to measure or calculate shading

coefficient, it is obvious that choice of a procedure to use for any DGFS

41
product depends on the specific design of the particular product. Discussion

of several research and evaluation tasks to clarify shading coefficient testing

procedures for passive solar applications are described in section 5.

4.1.3 Measurement of Infiltration Coefficient Q

A number of different test procedures are currently available for field

measurement of infiltration in buildings; however, the currently available standard test procedure for laboratory measurement of air infiltration through windows and doors is ASTM E 283 [31]. Figure 15 illustrates the test apparatus

used to measure the rate of infiltration. In this test procedure, the test

specimen is subjected to a prescribed pressure difference and the volumetric

rate of air leakage is measured and corrected to standard conditions of pressure,

temperature and density. The air leakage Q is reported to be the volume of

air flowing per unit time through a closed and locked specimen either per unit

of specimen area or per unit of crack length.

A recent study of field-measured infiltration for windows showed that

significantly greater leakage rates were measured in field installations

than for manufacturer-certified ratings based on laboratory measurements [32].

This was apparently due to specific installation practices observed.

Because of this lack of correlation of results between laboratory and field

measurements using ASTM E283 , results from the laboratory tests may not be

useful for characterizing infiltration heat gain or heat loss performance of

DGFS components. However, the ASTM E283 procedure is recommended as a test

procedure applicable to DGFS that contain glazings because ASTM E283: (1) can

be performed in both a laboratory and in the field, which is desirable for

studying installation quality, component durability, etc., and (2) can be used

as a quality control test based on allowable air leakage rates.

The ASTM E283 procedure might be extended or used as the basis for a new procedure for testing DGFS movable insulation components. A special glazing

assembly with known air leakage rate would be tested with the movable insulation component in place to determine the affect of the component on reducing

the air leakage. However, before this approach can be considered as a viable

one, careful consideration must be given on how and where to introduce the

specified air leakage through the glazing assembly since this could have a strong influence on how effective a movable insulation component will be in

reducing air leakage. If such a procedure could be developed it would be only

useful as a qualitative one.

4.1.4 Recommended Interim Testing Program for DGFS Products

As described previously, a number of thermal performance test procedures

currently exist that can be applied to testing DGFS types of passive solar components. Based on the variations that exist in these test procedures, and the

lack of thermal data obtained from carefully controlled field measurement programs that correlate with thermal data from laboratory based test procedures,

definitive recommendations are not possible. If the primary objective of

testing passive solar components is to obtain performance data useful for

42
Figure 15. General arrangement of apparatus for ASTM E283 standard air leakage

test through exterior windows, curtain walls and doors [31]

43
calculation of building thermal load and for evaluation of seasonal energy

consumption, it is possible that separate measurements of overall heat transfer

coefficient UD at the winter-night design condition, infiltration rate Q at a single prescribed pressure-difference condition, and shading coefficient at the summer design condition, may not be sufficient for passive solar buildings having

large surface areas of DGFS type products installed in their south facade.

Despite these reservations, application of the current testing procedures to

DGFS products will provide useful information for product selection, for

preliminary system sizing and for future correlation with field measurements;

therefore, on an interim basis, the recommended type of thermal testing procedures for DGFS products is shown in table 4. The recommended test conditions

for application of wind in the testing is based on the fact that UQ for singleglazed windows is extremely sensitive to variations in the outdoor surface

conductance. Computer modelling of heat transfer through a high performance

multiple-glazed window with a heat-mirror film revealed a sensitivity in thermal

performance to the variations in outdoor surface conductance resulting from

variations in wind speed. Therefore it is recommended that UQ measurements be

performed (if possible) using one of the newer testing procedures in which wind

is imposed as an outdoor boundary condition. Furthermore, it is recommended

that data be obtained for both winter and summer design conditions and for each

relevant operating mode of the DGFS product. When the passive solar product

is a movable insulating or shading device, it is recommended that the product

be tested in tandem with a single sheet of fixed, double-strength, clear glazing,

either glass or acrylic. In such cases, infiltration testing will not produce

meaningful results and therefore is not required. However, manufacturers of

these devices might consider separate infiltration testing of their products

installed in tandem with conventional movable windows, to measure the potential

reduction in air infiltration rate with the product installed.

4.2 TRANSIENT TESTING FOR STORAGE WALL MODULES

Based on the review of existing test procedures, it is concluded that there are currently no acceptable methods of test directly suitable for thermal performance evaluation of passive solar components having integral thermal storage.

The primary reason for this is that most of the standard test methods for thermal performance require the existence of steady-state conditions. Due to the

dynamic variation in solar irradiance and ambient temperature, thermal energy

storage within a passive solar product will have a major effect on its thermal

performance. Thus, dynamic climatic boundary conditions are deemed essential

for evaluating the thermal performance of such products. Due to the need for

such boundary conditions and the type of storage components to be tested, the

ASHRAE 94-77 test procedure [7] does not apply. An effort is under way in ASTM

Committee C16.30 to develop laboratory-based dynamic test cycles in environmental chambers useful for characterizing the effects of "thermal mass" in building envelopes. However, these procedures are being developed primarily to

measure thermal energy transfer in opaque building envelope systems due to

dynamic temperature, humidity and wind conditions; therefore, these procedures

will not be appropriate for testing most passive solar components. The reason

for this is that in conventional building envelopes, absorption of solar

irradiation occurs at the outside surface of the envelope system and this effect

44
TABLE 4

INTERIM RECOMMENDED THERMAL TESTING FOR DGFS PRODUCTS

Thermal Characteristic

DGFS Overall Shading Coefficient^ Infiltration Rate

Product Type Conductance^

Multiple Glazed • • • Windows

Movable Insulation

Devices^

- Winter Day • • •4 - Winter Night • •4

Movable Shading

Devices^- - Winter Day • • •4 - Winter Night • •4 - Summer Day • •

Air Windows^ • • •4

1 Product installed in tandem with fixed single sheet of double-strength

glass or acrylic glazing.

o U

Q test with simulated wind condition 15 mph for winter, 7.5 mph for summer condition.

3 Based on air-mass 1.5 average winter or summer condition.

^ Considered optional, if installed with fixed glazing.

Testing recommended for each distinct operating mode at maximum air flow

rate.

45
can be evaluated by a "sol-air temperature" test condition. However, "sol-air

temperature" cycling in a hot box will not reproduce the thermal boundary con- ditions that passive solar components with a transparent exterior surface

experience in use, since solar energy absorption occurs at interior surfaces

in these components.

At present it is not clear what thermal test result can be obtained from a practical test procedure that best quantifies the thermal characteristics of a passive component with integral thermal storage. Such results might be

expressed as time constants, response coefficients, efficiency characteristics,

etc. In an effort to resolve this issue, three alternatives for testing passive components with integral thermal storage such as storage wall modules are discussed below.

4.2.1 Solar Simulation in an Environmental Chamber

A potential method of testing passive solar components having integral thermal

storage would be to use an array of lamps for solar simulation in an environmental test chamber. A concept for testing passive solar storage walls using solar

simulation in a cyclic test procedure was previously reported [33]. However,

for full-scale testing of passive products, only a few test facilities have the

capability to simulate the spectrum, irradiance levels and beam dimensions of

the sun, and the capability to dynamically vary the solar irradiance level and

ambient temperature [34] in a diurnal and seasonal fashion. Although solar

simulation testing in an environmental chamber would provide the maximum capability for performance testing of passive solar components in standard test procedures, this method needs more development to support current Department of

Energy passive solar programs and the solar industry.

Important features of a solar simulator and environmental chambers for testing

passive solar components with integral thermal storage would include the simulation of typical and extreme diurnal cycles of ambient temperatures and solar

irradiance for both winter and summer conditions; and the ability to orient the

test article as normally installed, such as in a vertical, horizontal or tilted

position, to assure that any f ree-convection processes that occur are simulated

in the laboratory test.

4.2.2 Thin-Film Resistance Heaters in an Environmental Chamber

A practical near-term alternative to dynamic solar simulation testing in an environmental chamber would involve the use of thin-film electric resistance

heaters to simulate the absorbed solar flux. Resistance heating techniques

have been used in the aerospace industry for many years for thermal testing of

satellites in vacuum chambers [35], and the technology appears to be readily

transferable to passive solar testing applications. In this concept, a transient solar-optical analysis is performed to estimate hourly values of solar

flux absorbed by each solar energy-absorbing surface. Thin-film heaters having

appropriate values of emittance are bonded to those surfaces, and the heaters

are energized in tests at power levels to match the diurnal absorbed solar flux.

Ambient temperature in the ambient chamber can be varied to match the selected

diurnal air temperature cycle. The air temperature in the calibrated or guarded

46
indoor metering box is set at room conditions and the net thermal energy

transferred into or out of the metering box is measured. A number of different

diurnal cycles of solar irradiance and ambient temperature are needed to characterize the required testing conditions for the heating season in each specific

climate considered for marketing. Figure 16 is a conceptual illustration of a passive component in an environmental test facility for such a test.

4.2.3 Outdoor Testing with a Calorimeter Metering Box

A third alternative to thermal performance testing involves installing the test

article in an insulating frame and exposing the interior surface to a constant

temperature metering chamber (calorimeter), while the exterior surface is

exposed to the natural outdoor environment of sun, wind and ambient temperature.

An important distinction is made between this procedure and other test methods

in which a passive solar system is installed in an a test room and the interior

temperature allowed to "float" [20]. Thermal test results obtained from these

procedures, while quite useful for validating thermal models or for a comparative rating of alternate products or design applications, may not provide all

the information for product evaluation necessary for commercialization, because

the resulting inside test temperatures are not representative of the inside

temperatures which occur in actual use.

The basic difficulties with outdoor testing in a calorimeter include the

following:

1. There are no independent test laboratories known to have such a facility,

2. Testing schedules and therefore costs can be significantly impacted by

the weather conditions,

3 . A method of correlating the measured thermal performance with the

climatic variables and system operating modes needs to be developed

in order to apply the test results from the particular microclimate

where measured to other locations and time of year.

The third issue is addressed in a paper [36] which describes analytical studies

of potential outdoor test procedures for a modular Trombe-wall type of passive

component

.

47
Figure 16. Conceptual general arrangement of an indoor test facility for

thermal performance testing of a passive component having direct

gain and integral thermal storage features

PASSIVE COMPONENT

THERMAL STORAGE

THIN FILM HEATER (TYP)

BAFFLE

INSULATING

TEST FRAME

INTERIOR GLAZING

COLD CHAMBER

LJ

7TS Wyi Jil

FAN. COOLING COILS. HEATERS

EXTERIOR GLAZING

BAFFLE

mm m

THIN FILM RESISTANCE HEATER BONDED IN PLACE

Plan View TO SIMULATE ABSORBED SOLAR HEAT FLUX

48
5. PROGRAM TO DEVELOP LABORATORY BASED THERMAL TEST PROCEDURES FOR PASSIVE

SOLAR COMPONENTS

This section outlines the basic approach and suggested research and evaluation

tasks to develop laboratory-based thermal test procedures for both Direct Gain

Fenestration Systems (DGFS) and Collector Storage Wall Module (CSWM) types of

passive solar components. When the suggested research and evaluation tasks for

a passive solar component are completed, a draft test procedure will be submitted to a national voluntary standards committee for review and consideration as a national consensus standard. A preliminary proposed schedule for the development of draft test procedures for the ten passive component classifications

described in section 2 is also outlined.

5.1 TEST PROCEDURE OBJECTIVES

The basic objective in developing standard test methods for passive solar

components is to characterize each product in such a way that its thermal

response for worst-case design conditions, as well as for normal or average

conditions, can be readily evaluated. This implies that thermal characteristics that exhibit significant variation either with the climatic variables of

ambient temperature, wind speed and direction, and solar irradiance, or with

the product design parameters such as operating mode, product size, orientation

and configuration, must be identified and considered in the test procedure.

The use of these performance data would assist purchasers of passive solar

components to choose between alternative products, would assist designers in

the sizing of the passive system and its backup auxiliary system, and would

assist the evaluation of the thermal performance of the building in terms of

estimated energy savings that accrue as a consequence of installation of the

particular product.

It is recommended that laboratory-based standard testing procedures be

developed that are both practical and economically feasible to perform, such

that accurate and repeatable test results can be obtained by different testing

laboratories utilizing the same procedures. The test procedures should neither

impede the development of new technology and the marketing of innovative components nor discriminate against one product or technology in favor of another

because of technical difficulties in applying the test method.

5.2 METHODOLOGY

The development of draft test methods that comply with the stated objectives

will require a combination of the following activities:

° product selection

° determination of the thermal characteristics that best quantify

performance of the component

° thermal model preparation and simulation

° field testing under controlled conditions

0 laboratory testing

draft test procedure development

49
The following section describes in general terms some of the requirements for

each of the above activities.

5.2.1 Selection of Products

Representative products for each classification should be procured from

manufacturers and prepared for testing in both laboratory and field facilities.

A number of different products should be tested for each of the component classifications to ensure that a single test procedure is suitable for each generic

grouping of components.

5.2.2 Thermal Model Preparation and Simulation

Detailed thermal models should be prepared for each of the passive solar

components undergoing test. Sufficient detail should be provided in each thermal model to permit instantaneous thermal energy balances to be made at all

surfaces for which temperatures are measured during test. Validation of each

thermal network model should be accomplished by comparison of predicted surface

temperatures and surface temperatures measured during testing. Validated thermal network models can be used to perform sensitivity analyses to assist in

identifying ambient conditions and operating modes that result in significant

variation in thermal performance.

5.2.3 Field Testing

Each representative passive solar component should be field tested under

controlled interior conditions to establish thermal performance under actual

environmental conditions for subsequent correlation with laboratory test

results. The field test facility should be a calibrated, highly-insulated and

leaktight, heat flow measuring calorimeter, in which interior air and surface

temperatures are maintained constant by the addition or removal of thermal

energy and in which infiltration air leakage can be excluded or included as desired. Separate measurements of solar irradiance transmitted directly

through transparent areas, and thermal energy transferred indirectly by conduction, convection and long wave radiation through the test article are desired.

Measurements should be performed on each test article for consecutive 30-day

periods during both the winter and the summer/fall seasons. Identical test

articles should be tested at field test stations in three to four different

locations with diverse climatic conditions, to establish a broad data base for

passive component thermal performance under different environmental conditions.

5.2.4 Laboratory Testing

Laboratory-based test procedures are currently available for thermal performance

measurements on building envelope assemblies such as windows, doors and wall

sections, although some controversy exists as to the suitability of thermal data

derived from these measurement procedures for energy calculations. It is desired

to determine whether current laboratory test methods to measure overall heat

transfer coefficient, shading coefficient and infiltration rate are sufficient

for the DGFS classification of passive solar component. In addition, since no

50
current laboratory-based testing procedure is suitable for CSWM thermal

performance measurements, it is necessary to develop such a procedure.

5. 2. 4.1 Direct Gain Fenestration System

A range of DGFS products should be tested which include fixed configurations,

such as multiple-glazed windows with reflective films, and variable configurations, such as movable-insulations installed in tandem with a reference glazing.

Preparation for testing would involve the installation of each test article in

a suitable insulating test frame and the installation of sensors and automatic

deployment devices for products having movable insulation.

The overall heat transfer coefficient is measured for each representative DGFS

product using commercial testing laboratory "hot box" facilities. Each of the

following test procedures should be used:

° ASTM C 236,

0 Modified ASTM C 236 (with parallel wind),

° AAMA 1502.6 (with normal wind).

Measurements should be performed for each operating mode (position of movable

insulation and summer/winter mode), for various combinations of simulated wind

speed, wind direction, and outdoor temperature, with indoor temperature fixed.

Moisture conditions in the test chambers should be controlled to prevent

condensation on surfaces of the test article.

The solar transmittance and the Shading Coefficient for several of the DGFS

components utilizing transparent insulation and/or heat-absorbing films should

be measured using both ASTM E 424 (method B) and ASHRAE Standard 74-73.

For correlation of these results with analytical procedures, it is desirable to

obtain samples of each of the solar films and to measure the solar-optical properties both spectrally and at various angles of incidence. These measurements

are required to develop the thermal models described in 5.2.2.

Air leakage is measured in both infiltration mode and exfiltration modes using

ASTM E 283.

5. 2. 4. 2 Collector/Storage Wall Modules

The CSWM products tested should be commercially available rather than

prototypical and should include different sensible energy storage media such as masonry and water and different latent energy storage media such as hydrated

salts or paraffin waxes. The CSWM products tested should also include a range

of other design features such as free-convection or forced-convection heat

exchange between the thermal storage element and the building space, and

movable insulation between thermal storage and ambient.

Since there are no standard methods currently available for thermal performance

testing of a CSWM in a laboratory, this section outlines several tasks required

to develop the two alternate testing procedures previously discussed.

51
(a) Facility Development for Dynamic Testing with Solar Simulation - Develop a test facility which has the capability to simultaneously impose timevariable solar flux, ambient dry-bulb temperature and wind environments,

on the exterior surface of a vertically oriented CSWM. The solar simulator

should have the capability to vary the solar radiant intensity and the

angle of incidence between the beam component and the test article, in

order to simulate both diurnal and seasonal irradiance levels and beam

incident angles. The spectral intensity of the solar beam received at the

test article should simulate an air-mass 1.5 spectrum at winter conditions

and should not result in a difference in the total absorbed flux of + 10

percent over the solar spectrum when compared with the spectral intensity

of natural solar energy at the air-mass 1.5 condition in winter. Long-wave

radiation exchange between the test article and the solar simulator optical

surfaces should be limited either by cooling of these surfaces or by lamp

placement geometry to reduce the view factor.

(b) Development for Dynamic Testing in an Environmental Chamber with Film

Resistance Heaters - Develop techniques for fabrication and installation

of thin film (i.e., nichrome foil) heaters on solar energy absorbing sur- faces found in passive solar components such as masonry, metal, glass and

plastic. Develop techniques for modifying the emittance of heaters

installed on solar irradiated surfaces to approximate the actual emittance

of the passive product surface.

Using the detailed thermal models described in 5.2.2, develop computer

programs to calculate absorbed solar flux at each surface. Develop analog

or microprocessor-based controls to automatically adjust the power dissipation of each individual heater circuit to simulate absorption of solar

energy.

For both procedures discussed above, the test articles should be installed in

a test frame that is designed to minimize heat transfer between the test frame

and the CSWM test article and between the hot and cold chambers. The interior

surface of the test article is exposed to a constant temperature volume of air

in a heat flow metering box (calorimeter) and the exterior surface is exposed

to the dynamically varying dry-bulb temperature and wind speed provided by the

chamber. Depending on the facility, solar irradiation is provided either by

the lamps or by film resistance heaters. Static pressure conditions within

the metering box should be maintained in all tests involving simulated winds

to assure that no air infiltration through the test article occurs due to

static or dynamic pressure differentials.

Measurements of directly transmitted solar energy (if appropriate) and thermal

energy transferred between the metering box and the outdoor chamber through the

SWM test article are made on a continuous basis.

A significant portion of the development of a laboratory-based test procedure

will be the identification of appropriate environmental sequences.

52
The following test conditions are suggested for study:

- a long sequence of test days using measured winter weather data

conditions for a particular location,

- a short sequence of test days using synthetic winter weather data based

on statistical analysis of measured weather conditions at a particular

location,

- a sequence of identical 24-hour cycles of synthetic weather data,

- a step-function change in either or both ambient temperature and solar

irradiance.

5.2.5 Draft Test Procedure Development

Reference [12] describes general guidelines in the development of a draft test

procedures that appear to be appropriate for passive solar components. Additional activities include utilizing the detailed computer models described in

5.2.2, the results of field testing described in 5.2.3, and the results of the

laboratory testing described in 5.2.4, to perform studies for each product to

determine the laboratory test procedures and test conditions that provide the

best correlation with the results of the field test measurements. Verify that

each test procedure developed as the test procedure for a class of passive com- ponents is applicable to all the components in that class, and if not, develop

the necessary modification to the corresponding draft test procedure.

The final development activity is to establish, for each test procedure, the

number of tests to be performed on a component to provide useful data in support

of building energy consumption calculations. Computer simulations of reference

residential buildings located in different climatic regions, each containing

various passive solar components, is suggested. In this study, seasonal building energy consumption would be evaluated as a function of the level of data

provided by the laboratory test results, where results from selected combinations of test conditions are compared. The difference in calculated energy

consumption should be used as a parameter to establish the level of testing

required to produce energy calculations consistent with the reported accuracy

of the calculation procedures selected by DoE for energy analysis of passive

solar systems.

The proposed DGFS and CSWM research and evaluation tasks described in this

section are believed to be necessary to develop draft standard test methods for

submittal to a consensus-based standards-writing organization. By performing

these tasks and following the consensus review path, it is believed that the

resulting test procedures will have wide acceptance and promote the development

of an industry to manufacture passive solar components.

Proposed research and evaluation tasks for the eight other passive component

classifications listed in table 1 have not been discussed. However, it is

appropriate that attention be directed as soon as possible toward development

of standard test procedures for thermosyphon solar collectors and domestic hot

53
water systems. For the remainder of the passive component classes in table 1,

development of standard test procedures should proceed cautiously until it is

established that these components will be further developed for commercialization. Based on the assumption that all the classes of passive components identified in table 1 will be commercialized, the outline in table 5 is an estimate

for a schedule to develop draft test procedures for passive solar components.

The schedule in table 5 represents a program that relies on the results from

the technical organizations and laboratories that are or will be performing

the necessary research and evaluation tasks that must precede development of

draft standard test procedures.

54
TABLE 5

PROPOSED TEST PROCEDURE DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR PASSIVE SOLAR COMPONENTS - PRELIMINARY

FY 81 FY 82 FY 83 FY 84 FY 85

Direct Gain Fenestration ' 7 Systems

Collector /Storage V Wall Modules

Sunspace/Greenhouse Modules V

DHW Systems V

Thermosyphon Collector V

Thermal Storage Units ' 7

Roof Pond Modules V

Radiative Cooling Modules V

Ground Coupling Modules V

Evaporative-Cooling/Natural V Ventilation Modules

V Denotes completion of Draft Standard Thermal Test Method.

55
6.

REFERENCES

1. "National Program for Solar Heating and Cooling of Buildings," Department

of Energy, DoE/CS-0007, July 1978.

2. "Interim Report: National Program Plan for Passive and Hybrid Solar

Heating and Cooling," Department of Energy, DoE/CS-0089, June 1979.

3. Waksman, D., Pielert, J.H., Dikkers, R.D., Streed, E.R., and Niessing, W.J.,

"Plan for the Development and Implementation of Standards for Solar Heating

and Cooling Applications," NBSIR 78-1143A, National Bureau of Standards,

June 1978.

4. "Methods of Testing to Determine Thermal Performance of Solar Collectors,"

ASHRAE Standard 93-77 , ASHRAE, New York, N.Y., 1977.

5. "Method of Testing Thermal Storage Devices Based on Thermal Performance,"

ASHRAE Standard 94-77 , ASHRAE, New York, N.Y., 1977.

6. "Method of Testing to Determine the Thermal Performance of Solar Domestic

Water Heating Systems," ASHRAE Proposed Standard 95-P, ASHRAE, New York,

N.Y., 1981.

7. Ducas, W., McCabe, M., and BeCorte, K., "Review of Thermal Performance

Test Procedures for Testing Passive/Hybrid Solar Components," Proceedings

of the 5th National Passive Solar Conference , October 1980.

8. "Program Area Plan - Performance Evaluation of Passive Hybrid Solar

Heating and Cooling Systems," SERl/PR-721-788 , October 1980.

9. "Marketable Products for Passive Solar Applications," PON DE-PN02-80CS

,

U.S. Department of Energy, Chicago Operations and Regional Office, Closing

Date February 7, 1980.

10. "Commercialization of New or Improved Passive Cooling Products," PON

DE-PN03-80CS30226 , U.S. Department of Energy, Closing Date July 21, 1980.

11. "Notice of Proposed Rule Making, Energy Performance Standards for New

Buildings," U.S. Department of Energy, November 1979.

12. Lankford, W.F., Schafft, H.A., "Draft Test Methods for Photovoltaic

Systems," NBSIR 80-2060, National Bureau of Standards, June 1980.

13. "Passive Solar Product Directory" prepared for DoE by NESEC, Draft, April

1980.

14. Selkowitz, S.E., "Thermal Performance of Insulating Window Systems,"

ASHRAE Transactions , Vol. 85, Part 2, June 1979.

56
15. "Windows for Energy Efficient Buildings ,” Vol. 1, No. 2, Lawrence Berkeley

Laboratory, University of California, January 1980.

16. Thermal Shutters and Shades , William A. Shurcliffe, Brick House Publishing

Co., Andover, MA, 1980.

17. Passive Solar Products Directory , Stephanie Gibson, Northeast Solar Energy

Center, October 1980.

18. 1978 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 18 , American Society for Testing

and Materials, Philadelphia, PA 19103.

19. Jenkins, J.P. and Hill, J.E., "A Comparison of Test Results for Flat Plate

Water Heating Solar Collectors Using the BSE and ASHRAE Procedures,"

Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, ASME Transactions Vol. 102,

February 1980.

20. Balcomb, J.D., McFarland, R.D., and Moore, S.W., "Passive Testing at Los

Alamos," Proceedings of the 2nd National Passive Solar Conference, March

1978.

21. Farber, E.A., Smith, W.A., Pennington, C.W., and Reed, J.C., "Theoretical

Analysis of Solar Heat Gain through Insulating Glass with Inside Shading,"

ASHRAE Journal, August 1963, pp. 79-90.

22. "Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductance and Transmittance of

Built-up Sections by Means of a Guarded Hot Box," ASTM C 236, American

Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA 19103.

23. "Voluntary Standards and Tests of Thermal Performance of Residential

Insulating Windows and Sliding Glass Doors,” AAMA 1502.6, Architectural

Aluminum Manufacturers Association, Chicago, IL 60601.

24. Rennekamp, S.J., "U-Value Testing of Windows Using a Modified

Guarded-Hot-Box Technique," ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 85, Part 1, 1979,

pp. 527-547.

25. Rowley, F.B., Eckley, W.A., "Surface Coefficients as Affected by Direction

of Wind," ASHVAE Transactions , Vol. 38, No. 914, 1932, pp. 33-46.

26. ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals 1977 , American Society of Heating,

Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, New York, N.Y. 10017.

27. Parmelee, G.V. and Aubele, W.W., "Heat Flow through Unshaded Glass," ASHVAE

Transactions , Vol. 56, No. 1399, 1950, pp. 371-398.

28. Pennington, C.W., Smith, W.A., Farber, E.A., and Reed, J.B., "Experimental

Analysis of Solar Heat Gain through Insulating Glass with Indoor Shading,"

ASHRAE Journal, February 1964, pp. 27-39.

57
29 . "Standard Methods of Tests for Solar Energy Transmittance and Reflectance

(Terrestrial) of Sheet Materials," ASTM E 424 , American Society for Testing

and Materials, Philadelphia, PA 19103.

30. "Method for Measuring Solar Optical Properties of Materials," ASHRAE

Standard 74-73 , American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air

Conditioning Engineers, New York, N.Y. 10017.

31. "Standard Test Method for Rate of Air Leakage through Exterior Windows,

Curtain Walls, and Doors," ASTM E 283 , American Society for Testing and

Materials, Philadelphia, PA 19103.

32. Weidt, J.L., Weidt, J., and Selkowitz, S., "Field Air Leakage of Newly

Installed Residential Windows," Proceedings of ASHRAE/DoE Conference on Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Buildings , Orlando, FL,

December 1979.

33. McCabe, M., McKinstry, M., and Wormser, P., "Method of Testing Passive

Solar Storage Walls to Determine Thermal Performance," Proceedings of

4th National Passive Solar Conference , 1979, pp. 736-738.

34. Streed, E., Waksman, D., Dawson, A., and Lunde, A., "Comparison of Solar

Simulator and Outdoor ASHRAE 93 Thermal Performance Tests," Proceedings

1980 American Section ISES Meeting , Phoenix, AR June 1980.

35. Caruso, P., Jr., Dan, C., Jr., Young, E., and Mengers, D., "Orbiting

Astronomical Observatory Thermal Test Program," AIAA/ASTM/IES 4th Spacecraft Conference , AAIA No. 69-995, Los Angeles, CA, September 1969.

36. Kennish, W.J., Ahmed, M. , McCabe, M., and McKinstry, M., "Determination of

Thermal Performance of Modular Passive Storage Walls," Proceedings of the

5th National Passive Solar Conference , October 1980, pp. 975-979.

37. Berlad, A.L., "Dynamic Interpane Systems for Multipane Solar Collector

Windows," Proceedings of ASHRAE/DoE Conference on Thermal Performance of

the Exterior Envelopes of Buildings , Orlando, FL, December, 1979.

38. Nordham, D.B., "A Design Procedure for Underground Air Cooling Pipes

Based on Computer Models," Proceedings of the 4th National Passive Solar

Conference , October 1979, pp. 525-529.

39. Ahmed, S.F., and Barnes, S.R., "Passive Ventilation of an Underground

Bath House By the Use of Solar Chimney," Proceedings of the 5th National

Passive Solar Conference , October 1980, pp. 752-756.

58
APPENDIX A

SAMPLE LETTER SENT TO MANUFACTURERS AND DISTRIBUTORS

OF PASSIVE SOLAR PRODUCTS

January 9, 1979

XYZ Solar Company

1 Main Street

Anytown, USA

Dear Sir:

The National Bureau of Standards is currently conducting a project to develop

standard test procedures for thermal performance rating of modular elements

used for passive solar heating and cooling. A part of this project is to

identify commercially available passive solar components, to classify them

according to their functional role, and to obtain information of their

anticipated thermal performance.

Your firm was identified in the September, 1978 issue of Solar Age as being

involved in the production or distribution of products used for passive solar

heating and cooling. To assist us in our project, we request that you send us any available information on your passive solar products. We are particularly

interested in technical descriptions of each product, recommended installation

and operating procedures, thermal performance data, and any other information

you believe to be pertinent to our project.

Thank you for your cooperation. If you have any questions about this request,

please call me at (301) 921-3871.

Yours truly,

Michael E. McCabe, P.E.

Mechanical Engineer

Building 226, Room B-104

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

A-l
APPENDIX A

LIST OF MANUFACTURERS AND DISTRIBUTORS OF PASSIVE

SOLAR PRODUCTS SENT SURVEY LETTER

January 9, 1979 Mailing

Advance Cooler Manufacturing Corp.

Rt. 146, Bradford Industrial Park

Clifton Park, N.Y. 12065

AETA Solar Incorporated

P.0. Box 452

Durham, N.C. 03824

American German Industries, Inc.

14611 North Scottsdale Rd.

Scottsdale, Ariz. 85260

Appropriate Technology Corp.

1798 Green St.

Brattleboro, Vt. 05301

Architectural Research Corporation

13030 Wayne Road

Livonia, MI 48105

ARC Systems

142 Cannon Street

Poughkeepsie, N.Y. 12601

Ark-tic-seal Systems Inc.

P .0. Box 428

Butler, Wis. 53007

Aztec Solar Company

P.0. Box 272

Maitland, FL 32751

Bio-Energy Systems Inc.

Box 87

Ellenville , N.Y. 12428

Brown Manufacturing Co.

P.0. Box 14546

Oklahoma City, Okla. 73114

Cementitious Products, Inc.

3136 North 28th Avenue

Phoenix, AZ 85017

Colorado Sunworks Corp.

P.0. Box 455

Boulder, Colo. 80306

Continental Solar Systems, Inc.

1901 Avenue of the Stars

Century City, CA 90067

Contemporary Systems, Inc.

CSI Solar Center

Route 12

Walpole, NH 03603

Creighton Solar Concepts

662 Whitehead Road

Lawrenceville, NJ 08648

Dalen Products, Inc.

201 Sherlake Drive

Knoxville, TN 37922

Day & Lachy, Inc.

P.0. Box 8327

Aspen, CO 81611

Egge Research

Box 394B R.F.D.

Kingston, NY 12401

Energy Factory

5622 E. Westover, Suite 105

Fresno, CA 93727

Entropy, Ltd.

5735 Arapahoe Avenue

Boulder, CO 80303

Federal Energy Corporation

5505 E. Evans

Denver, CO 80222

A2
Fred Rice Productions

P.0. Box 634

48780 Eisenhower Dr.

La Quinta, CA 92253

Metallized Products

2544 Terminal Drive South

St. Petersburg, FL 33712

Garden Way Laboratories

P.0. Box 66

Charlotte, Vt. 05445

Multi-Research Corp.

Highway 35

Keyport, NJ 07735

Gila River Products

510 S. 52nd Street

Tempe, AZ 85281

North Wind Power Company

Box 315

Warren, VT 05674

Green Mountain Homes

Royalton, Vt. 05068

One Design Inc.

Mountain Falls Route

Winchester, VA 22601

Habitat

123 Elm St.

Deerfield, Mass. 01373

Ozark Solar Energy Systems

406 Summit

Carl Junction, M0 64834

Housewarming Development Corp.

Box 8

1928 6th Street

Boulder, CO 80306

Passive Solar Variant Homes by Saveli

575 Birch Court

Suite A

Colton, Calif. 92324

Insulating Shade Co., Inc.

P.0. Box 282

Branford, Conn. 06405

Pawling Rubber Corp.

157 Maple Blvd.

Pawling, NY 12564

Kalwall Corp.

Solar Components Div.

P.0. Box 237

Manchester, N.H. 03105

Payne, Inc.

1933 Lincoln Drive

Annapolis, MD 20854

Koolshade Corp.

P.0. Box 210

Solana Beach, Calif. 92075

Kuss Corp.

Robert Mitchell Solar

Systems Design

Route 3

Box 239

Selkirk, NY 12158

1331 Broad Avenue

Findlay, OH 45840

Madico

Rainbow Energy Works

3765 17th St. No. B.

San Francisco, Calif. 94114

64 Industrial Parkway

Woburn, MA 01801

Martin Processing Inc.

R. L. Kuss & Company

1331 Broad Avenue

Findlay, OH 45840

Film Division

P.0. Box 5068

Martinsville, VA 24112

RM Products

5010 Cook St.

Denver, Colo. 80216

A-3
Rolscreen Co.

Pella, IA 50219

Sebra Solar Energy

500 N. Tucson Blvd.

Tucson, AZ 85716

Serrande Shutters

P.0. Box 1034

West Sacramento, CA 95691

Shutter Shield,

C.D. Davidson & Assoc.

1014 Baldwin Avenue

Pontiac, MI 48057

Skythem Processes & Engineering

2424 Wilshire Blvd.

Los Angeles, CA 90057

SOLEX Solar Energy

Systems, Inc.

Concord House

Suite 2B

Scarsdale, NY 10583

Solar Central

7213 Ridge Rd.

Mechanicsburg, OH 43044

Solar Energy Construction Co (SECO)

Box 718

Valley Forge, PA 19481

Solar Energy Products, Inc.

1208 N.Wo 8th Avenue

Gainesville, FL 32601

Solargencis, Inc.

9713 Lurline Avenue

Chatsworth, CA 91311

Solar Home Systems, Inc.

8732 Camelot

Chesterland, OH 44026

SolarKit of Florida, Inc.

1102 139th Avenue

Tampa, FL 33612

Solar Masters, Inc.

719 Haddon Avenue

Collingswood, NJ 08108

Solarnetics Corp.

1645 Pioneer Way

El Cajon, CA 92020

Raymond Auger

Solar Power West

709 Spruce Street

Aspen, CO 81611

Solar Sunstill, Inc.

15 Blueberry Ridge Road

Setauket, NY 11733

Solar Systems by Sun

Dance, Inc.

12929 N.W. 60th Avenue

Hialeah, FL 33014

Solartec Corp

8210 Engineer Road

San Diego, CA 92111

Solar Technology Corp.

2160 Clay St.

Denver, CO 80211

Solartherm, Inc.

110 Spring Street

Silver Spring, MD 20910

Solar West, Inc.

P.0. Box 892

Fresno, CA 93714

Solartran Corp.

P.0. Box 496

Escanaba, MI 49329

Solar Room Corp.

P.0. Box 1848

Taos, NM 87571

Southeastern Solar Systems, Inc.

2812 New Spring Rd.

Suite 150

Atlanta, GA 30339

A-4
Solar Access Inc.

320 Cedar Street

Santa Cruz, CA 95060

Solag

Rural Route 2

Roseville, IL 61473

Solar American, Inc.

2620 San Mateo, N.E.

Albuquerque, NM 87110

Solar American Company

106 Sherwood Drive

Williamsburg, VA 23185

Solar Energy Engineering

31 Maxwell Court

Santa Rosa, CA 95401

Solar Building Systems, Inc.

610 W. Broadway

Tempe, AZ 85282

Solar Dynamics of Arizona

1100 N. Lake Havasu Drive

Lake Havasu City, AZ 86403

Solardyne, Inc.

8736 Production Avenue

San Diego, CA 92126

Solar Energy Components, Inc.

212 Walsh Pool Road

Lionville, PA 19353

Solar Science Industries, Inc.

10762 Tucker Street

Beltsville, MD 20705

Suntek Research Associates

500 Tamal Vista Blvd.

Corte Madera, CA 94925

Sunverter Company, Inc.

Route 1 Box 269

Murphyboro, IL 62966

S.W. Energy Options

Route 8, Box 30-H

Silver City, NM 88061

Telluride Solarwords

Box 700

Telluride, CO 81435

Thermal Technology Corp.

P.0. Box 130

Snowmass, Colo. 81654

Therma-Roll Corp.

512 Orchard Street

Golden, Colo. 80408

Transparent Glass-Coating Company

1959 S. La Cienage Blvd.

Los Angeles, CA 90034

Transparent Shade Company

501 N. Figueroa Street

Los Angeles, CA 90012

Trol-A-Temp

740 Federal Avenue

Kenilworth, NJ 07013

U.S. Solar Pillow Corp.

2458 Highway 6 & 50

Grand Junction, CO 81501

U.S. Solar Pillow

P.0. Box 987

Tucumcari, NM 88401

Vita Green Farms

P.0. Box 878

Vista, CA 92083

Sun Spot Research

1070 S. Leyden Zomeworks Corp.

Denver, CO 80224 P.0. Box 712

Albuquerque, NM 87103

A-5
March 25, 1980 Mailing

AAI Corporation

P.0. Box 6767

Baltimore, MD 21204

AFG Industries

P.0. Box 929

Kingsport, TN 37662

American Klegecell Corporation

204 North Dooley Street

Grapevine, TX 76051

Approtech

770 Chestnut Street

San Jose, CA 95110

Century Fiberglass

P.0. Box 6069

Anaheim, CA 92806

CY-R0 Industries

697 Route 46

Clifton, NJ 07015

The Dampney Company

85 Paris Street

Everett, MA 02149

Dyrelite Corporation

63 David Street

New Bedford, MA 02747

E.I. Dupont Company

Flouropolymer Division

Plastics, Products and Resins

Department

Wilmington, DE 19898

Energy Distributions, Inc.

P.0. Box 353 Snug Harbor

Duxbury, MA 02332

ERGENIES

681 Lawlins Road

Wyckoff, NJ 07481

EXSUN

P .0 . Box 3745

Washington, DC 20007

FANJET Division of

Mueller Mist Irrigation Co.

Representative at:

6153 Crabtree Road

Columbia, SC 29206

Fiber-Rite Products, Inc.

P.0. Box 38095

Cleveland, OH 44138

Ford Motor Company

Glass Division

1 Parklane Blvd.

Suite 1000E

Dearborn, MI 48126

Four Seasons Solar Products

Corporation

672 Sunrise Highway

West Babylon, NY 11704

General Solar Corporation

51 Monroe Street

Rockville, MD 20850

The Graetz Group

922 24th Street, North West

Suite 520

Washington, DC 20037

Heldor Associates

300 Kuller Avenue

Clifton, NJ 07015

Helix Solar Systems

P.0. Box 2038

City of Industry, CA 91746

Holland Plastics

P.0. Box 248

Gilman, IA 50105

Isophenol Division

Robert Mitchell Solar

Systems Design

Route 3 , Box 239

Selkirk, NY 12158

A-6
Lasco Industries

3256 East Miraloma

Anaheim, CA 92806

Lof Brothers

Solar Applicance, Inc.

1615 17th Street

Denver, CO 80202

MacBall Industries, Inc.

1820 Embarcardero

Oakland, CA 95606

National Metallizing

A Saxon Company

P.0. Box 5202

Princeton, NJ 08540

OEM Products, Inc.

2701 Adamo Drive

Tampa, FL 33605

Park Energy Company

Star Route 9

Jackson, WY 83001

Perkasie Industries Corp.

50 East Spruce Street

Perkasie, PA 18944

PolyCell Industries, Inc.

P.0. Box 99

Marion, IA 52302

Practical Solar Systems

7221 South 180th Street

Kent, WA 98031

Sealed Air Corp.

14428 Best Avenue

Santa Fe Springs, CA 90670

SMC Energy Company

P .0 . Box 246

Omaha, NE 68102

Solar Aquasystems, Inc.

P.0. Box 88

Encinitas, CA 92024

J. Catalano & Sons, Inc.

301 Stagg Street

Brooklyn , NY 11206

Solar-En Corp.

3118 Route 10

Denbrooke Village

Denbrooke, NJ 07834

Solarflame Systems, Inc.

P.0. Box 99

Leroy, IL 61752

Solaron Corp.

720 South Colorado Blvd.

Denver, CO 80222

Solar-X Corp.

25 Needham Street

Newton, MA 02161

Solpub

Box 9209

College Station, TX 77840

Space Structures International

Corp.

155 Dupont Street

Plainview, NY 11803

Sun Craft

5001 East 59th Street

Kansas City, MO 64130

Sun-Wind- Home-Concepts

Division of TWR Enterprises

72 West Meadow Lane

Sandy, UT 84070

Texas Urethanes, Inc.

P.0. Box 9563

Austin, TX 78766

Thermics

8360A Industrial Avenue

Cotati, CA 94928

3-E Corp.

401 Kennedy Blvd.

Somerdale, NJ 08083

A7
Vegetable Factory, Inc.

100 Court Street

Copaigue, NY 11726

Weather Energy Systems, Inc.

39 Barlows Landing Road

Pocasset, MA 02559

April 24, 1980 Mailing

Sunf lake

P.0. Box 676

Ignacio, CO 81137

Victor Syzmanski, Inc.

105 Maple Avenue

Shrewsbury, MA 01545

Alpha Associates, Inc.

Two Amboy Avenue

Woodbridge, NJ 07095

One Design

Mountain Falls Rt.

Winchester, VA 22601

Heliothermics , Inc.

1070 Orion Street

Greenville, SC 20905

Texas Greenhouse

2717 St. Louis Avenue

Forth Worth, TX 76110

Pearl Mist

980 17th Avenue

Santa Cruz, CA 95062

Attn: Peter Reimuller

Bramen Company, Inc.

P .0 . Box 70

Salem, MA 01970

Roll-A-Way

10597 Oak Street, NE

St. Petersburg, FL 33702

C. D. Davidson & Associates, Inc.

1014 Baldwin Avenue

Pontiac, MI 48055

Turner Greenhouses

Highway 117 South

Goldsboro, NC 27530

Solar Energy Components, Inc.

212 Welsh Pool road

Lionville, PA 19353

American Thermal Technology, Inc.

P.0. Box 6392

Providence, RI 02940

Dayton Corporation

11 Beacon Street

Boston, MA 02108

Sunglo Greenhouses

4441 26th Avenue West

Seattle, WA 98199

Sturdi-Built Manufacturing Co.

11304 S.W. Boones Ferry Road

Portland, OR 97219

Edward Owen Engineering

Snow Show, PA 16874

Santa Barbara Greenhouses

390 Dawson Drive

Camarillo, CA 93010

Greenhouse Specialties Co.

9849 Kimber Lane

St. Louis, MO 63127

Everlite Aluminum Greenhouses, Inc.

14605 Lorain Avenue

Cleveland, OH 44111

Plastic View Transparent Shades, Inc.

P.0. Box 25

15468 Cabrito Road

Van Nuys, CA 91408

Insul Shutter, Inc.

Box 338

Silt, CO 81652

A8
Pease Company of Indiana

Ever-Strait Division-Rolling Shutters

2001 Troy Avenue

New Castle, IN 47362

Insulating Shade Company, Inc.

P.0. Box 406

Guilford, CT 06437

Shutters, Inc.

110 East 5th Street

Hastings, MN 55033

Sun Quilt Corporation

Box 374

Newport, NH 03773

Homesworth Corporation

34 Cumberland Street

Brunswick, ME 04011

Rohm and Haas Co.

Plastics Division

Independence Mall West

Philadelphia, PA 19105

A9

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B-8

See

page

B-9

for

footnotes
APPENDIX

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(Continued)

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APPENDIX C

COMMERCIAL FACILITIES FOR THERMAL PERFORMANCE TESTING

Table C.l summarizes the referenced test methods listed in table 2 of section 3

The published sources of information which can be used to locate testing labora

tories qualified to perform some of the tests are listed in the footnotes to

table C.l. The reader should be familiar with the related discussions in the

text to understand the limitations of the test method as applied to passive

solar products. These listings are for those laboratories that meet the qualification criteria for accreditation and demonstrate the capability to perform

the tests by virtue of their trained personnel, equipment and required docmentation. These are not certification programs.

One of the National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Programs (NVLAP) is for

thermal insulation; the list of test methods for which a laboratory may be

accredited includes some of the test methods discussed in this report as applicable to passive products. A cross-index for locating accredited laboratories

is given in the October 17, 1979 FEDERAL REGISTER. The NVLAP Thermal Insulation Program Plan also specifies that the listing of accredited laboratories

(and the test methods they are accredited for) will be updated annually each

October. The current requirements for laboratory qualifications criteria for

accreditation in the program can be found in the January 23, 1980 FEDERAL

REGISTER, which also discusses the development and philosophy of the program.

The listing in reference [B] is the result of a survey to locate laboratories

qualified to perform the ASHRAE 93-77 test on solar collectors, including labor

atories having the capability for performing the tests with a solar simulator.

The ASTM Directory of Standards Laboratories is more general than the

published lists just cited and does not itemize the individual test methods.

Rather the approach is to give a general category of tests which the laboratory

is qualified to perform. It does not mention every applicable test article,

nor every test possible; only direct query of each laboratory can supply such

information. Using the directory as a screening tool, the user should be able

to select one or more laboratories that provide the desired testing services.

For completeness, all the test methods reviewed in this paper, including those

for which there is no published list of laboratories capable of performing the

tests, are listed in table C.l.

C-l
TABLE C.l PUBLISHED SOURCES OF LABORATORIES QUALIFIED TO TEST IN ACCORDANCE WITH REFERENCED PROCEDURES

TEST METHOD IDENTIFICATION

METHOD APPARATUS

THERMAL

SAMPLE

TRANSMISSION

PUBLISHED

SOURCE

(see footnotes)

a

/

cj

ASTM C 177 Guarded Hot Plate Homogeneous Dielectrics A, C ASTM C 182 Guarded Calorimeter Insulation Firebrick C ASTM C 201 Guarded Calorimeter Refactories c ASTM C 202 Guarded Calorimeter Refactory Brick c ASTM C 335 Hot Pipe with Guarded Ends Pipe Insulation A, c ASTM C 408 Cylindrical Heated Bar Ceramics, Metals c ASTM C 518 Heat Flow Meter Insulation and Dielectrics A, c ASTM C 653 Guarded Hot Plate or Heat Insulation Batts and Flow Meter Blankets A, c ASTM C 687 Heat Flow Meter Loose Fill Insulation A, c ASTM C 691 Hot Pipe with Guarded Ends Non-Homogeneous Pipe

Insulation c ASTM C 745 Guarded Flat Plate, Boil off Evacuated Multi-Layer

Calorimeter Insulations c ASTM C 855 Guarded Hot Plate Roof Insulation c ASTM D1518 Guarded Hot Plate Fabrics, Layered Assemblies,

Batting c ASTM D2717 Thermal Conductivity Cell Liquids c with Platinum in-line Heater ASTM C 236 Guarded Hot Box Non-Homogeneous Building

Envelope Sections A, c AAMA 1502.6 Calibrated Thermal Chamber Windows and Sliding Glass

Doors ASTM E 283 Sealed Air Chamber Windows c

SOLAR OPTICAL AND THERMAL RADIATION

ASHRAE 74-73 Solar Sensor in Black Enclosure Solid Disc ASTM E 424 Spectrophotometer and Integrating

Sphere or Pyranometer in Black

Enclosure Behind Sample

Solid Sheet or Disc C

ASTM E 434 Solar Simulator and Vacuum

Chamber with Cold Shroud

Solid Sheet C

ASTM C 408 Portable Emissometer Coatings, Finishings C ASTM C 445 Heated Cavity Reflectometer Coatings, Finishings

THERMAL STORAGE

ASTM C 351 Drop Method of Mixtures

Calorimeter

Insulation C

ASTM D2766 Slug Calorimeter and Constant

Heat Source Liquids and Solids C

ASTM E 457 Slug Calorimeter and Constant

Heat Source

Solids, Large Samples C

SOLAR COLLECTORS, WATER HEATING SYSTEMS, AND THERMAL STORAGE ASSEMBLIES

b/ ASHRAE 93-77 Solar Collector B BSE (German) Solar Collector

ASHRAE 95-P DHW Package System

ASHRAE 94-77 Thermal Storage Assembly

a/

[A]

b / [B]

c

/

[C]

FEDERAL REGISTER, October 14, 1979, Vol. 44, No. 202, "National Voluntary Laboratory

Accreditation Program: Report of Accreditation Procedures”

NBSIR 78-1535, "Laboratories Technically Qualified to Test Solar Collectors in Accordance

with ASHRAE Standard 93-77: A Summary Report", (Nov. 78). ASTM Directory of Testing Laboratories, STP 333D, 04-333040-32, ASTM, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103.

C-2
NBS-114A (REV. 2-80

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET (See instructions)

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

1. PUBLICATION OR

REPORT NO.

NBSIR 81-2300

2. Performing Organ. Report NoJ 3. Publication Date

July 1981

PASSIVE/HYBRID SOLAR COMPONENTS: An Approach to Standard Thermal Test Methods

5. AUTHOR(S)

M.E. McCabe, W. Ducas, M. J. Orloski, and K. N. DeCorte

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS, see instructions)

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

7. Contract/Grant No.

8. Type of Report & Period Covered

9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City. State. ZIP)

Department of Energy, Office of Solar Applications

Washington, DC 20545

10. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

J Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

11. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here)

As part of a continuing program to develop standard test procedures to measure thermal

performance of solar heating and cooling equipment, NBS has developed a plan and methc

ology that will be utilized for passive/hybrid solar components. A survey of passive

solar products currently available or under development enabled the development of an interim classification system consisting of ten component classifications for purposes

of thermal testing. A survey of currently available thermal test procedures was performed to assess the applicability of these test methods for passive/hybrid solar

components. Existing test procedures that are useful for the Direct Gain Fenestratior

System classification are identified, and recommendations are made for evaluation of

these laboratory-based procedures by comparison with field-based testing of components

under controlled interior conditions. Recommendations are also made for the development of new test procedures for passive/hybrid components classifications for which

existing test methods are not applicable. A proposed program to develop testing

procedures for the Storage Wall Module classification is provided.

d12. KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by semicolons)

passive /hybrid components; solar energy; steady—state tests; thermal test procedures; transient thermal tests.

13. AVAILABILITY 14. NO. OF

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^2 Unlimited

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