LEAA Police

Equipment

Survey of 1972,

Volume Vil

Patrol Cars

Law Enforcement

Equipment

Technology

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF

COMMERCE

National Bureau of

Standards
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to the 449 police departments throughout the United States who contributed

their time and knowledge to make this report possible. Special thanks go to the police departments whose officers and administrators helped the survey team during the develop- mental and testing phases of the work. The support and assistance of the NBS Law

Enforcement Standards Laboratory, Jacob J. Diamond, Chief, and Lester D. Shubin, NILECJ,

project monitor and consultant, are also gratefully acknowledged.

We thank the many members of the Technical Analysis Division who provided support: William L. O'Neal for his help In computerizing the sample selection and for helping to design and program the interactive recordkeeping system; Jenny L. Eldreth and P. Clare Reiser for helping maintain the computerized recordkeeping system; Sandra J. Mumford for supervising the coding/editing of the questionnaires; Dr. June R. Cornog for her advice, support, and help

with Initial Interviews; Gail B. Hare for conducting pretest Interviews; Diana R. Beall for the many typings of the various versions of the questionnaires; Suellen Halpin, Mary L. Friend, Susan E. Bergsman and Dwight F. Doxey, for making follow-up telephone calls; Lorraine S. Freeman for her administrative support; Karen Jackson, a summer employee, for her help

with questionnaire coding and recordkeeping; Cassandra Streeter and Janice Davis, summer

employees, for their help with recordkeeping; and Mary Hawkins for typing the report. Michael R. Vogt receives special thanks for his help in carrying out the computerized edit and

tabulation of the data. We also gratefully acknowledge the help of Dr. Robert J. Cunitz in editing and reviewing the report.
Publication

Volume VII

Patrol Cars

OK STANDA^8

NBS Special LEAA Pollce iHLH;^?

Equipment

"^^^-^

Survey of 1972,

Jby

E. D. Bunten, P. A. Klaus

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

prepared by

Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory

Center for Consumer Product Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D C. 20234

prepared for National Institute of Law

Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

U.S. Department of Justice

Washington, D. C. 20531

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary

Dr. Sidney Harman, Under Secretary

Issued Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

June 1977 'National bureau of standards, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory.

LEAA police equipment survey of 1972. (NBS special publication ; 480-1^80-7)

"CODEN: XNBSAV."

CONTENTS; v. 1. Ku, R., Bunten, E., Klaus, P. The need for standards, priorities for police equipment. —v. 2. Mumford, S. et al. Communications equipment and supplies. —v. 3. Klaus, P. and Bunten,

E. Sirens and emergency warning lights, [etc.]

1. Police—Equipment and supplies—Collected works. L National

Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. II. Title. III. Series: United States. National Bureau of Standards. Special publication ; 480-1^80-7. QC100.U57 no. 480-1^80-7 [HV7936.E7] 602Ms [363.2'028] 74-28442

National Bureau of Standards

Special Publication 480-7

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 480-7. 97 pages CODENXNBSAV

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON:

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents,

U S Government Printmg Office, Washington, D C 20402

(Order by SO Catalog No. 013.10:480-7). Stock No. 003-003-01766-3 Price $2.40

(Add 25 percent additional for other than U S. mailing)
CONTENTS

Page

List of Tables v Foreword vii Executive Summary ix 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Project Background 1 1.2. Sample Design 2

1.3. Questionnaire Administration 4

1.4. Development and Design of the Patrol Cars DQ 5

1.5. Characteristics of Subsample Groups 5

2. Question by Question Discussion 7

2.1. Advice to the Reader 7

2.2. Discussion 8

2.2.1. Characteristics of Respondents 8

2.2.2. Need for Patrol Car Standards 10

2.2.3. Numbers and Types of Patrol Cars H

2.2.4. Use of Patrol Cars 14

2.2.5. Patrol Car Features and Options 21

2.2.6. Maintenance and Repairs 31

2.2.7. Safety Standards 36

2.2.8. Comments from Respondents 38

Appendix A. Patrol Cars Questionnaire

Appendix B. Raw Data Tables

III

LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1.2-1. Stratification categories 3 Table 1.2-2. Number of police departments by region and type 3 Table 1.2-3. Number of departments selected to receive the Detailed

Questionnaire: Patrol cars by region and department type 3

Table 1.3-1. Number of departments returning acceptable Detailed

Questionnaires: Patrol Cars 4

Table 1.5-1. Activities handled by at least one-third of the departments

by department type, and percent of total departments

having each activity 6

Table 1.5-2. Descriptive data by department type (means) 6

Table 1.5-3. Descriptive data by LEAA region (means) 7 Table i. Title of respondent to patrol cars DQ by city types

and township 9

Table ii. Number of years of law enforcement experience of respondents to the patrol cars DQ, by department type 9

Table 1. Aspects or systems of patrol cars said to need standards

most, by department type 10

Table 2A-1. Proportions of fuU size 4-door and intermediate size 4-door patrol cars, by department type 11 Table 2A-2. Average number of patrol cars per department type 11 Table 2A-3. Mean number of officers per patrol car, by department type 12 Table 2A-4. Estimated total population of patrol cars in the U.S.,

by department type 12 Table 2B-1. Percent of departments with use for a compact patrol car 13 Table 2B-2. Reasons why departments would use compact (or smaller)

patrol cars specially designed for police use 13 Table 2B-3. Reasons why departments would not use compact (or smaller)

patrol cars specially designed for police use 14 Table 3. Average daily patrol car use by department type 15 Table 4. Number of drivers per patrol car per day. by department type 15 Table 5. Length of officers' shifts, by department type 16 Table 6-1. Mileage and years of use as criteria for patrol car replacement, by department type 17 Table 6-2. Of those which used mileage in replacement decisions

(61% total, n=272) percentages replacing patrol cars

at each mileage level, by department type 17 Table 6-3. Of those which used age in replacement decisions (64%

total, n=286) percentages replacing patrol cars at each

age level, by department type 17 Table 7. Mean percentages of total driving time expended in each

speed/type category, by department type 18

Table 8A and Ratings given to patrol car control and handling and

B-1. patrol car braking at various speeds 19 Table 8A and Ratings of "excellent" given to control and handling

B-2. and to braking of patrol cars at various speeds, by

department type 19

V
Page

Table 9A and B. Time needed by officers to become accustomed to a new

patrol car, by all respondents 20

Table 10. Miles per gallon of gasoline per patrol car, by department type 20

Table llA-1. Percentages making each change in manufacturers' basic

models, by all respondents 21

Table llA-2. Percentages of all departments and ranges of percentages

within department types making each accessory/change 22

Table IIB. Problems in converting standard automobiles to patrol cars for pohce use, by all respondents 23

Table 12-1. Percentages of departments which specified each option

the last time they bought patrol cars 23

Table 12-2. Options specified by 60 percent or more of the

departments in each department type 24

Table 13-1. Amount paid for new patrol cars by responding departments 25

Table 13-2. Amount paid for new patrol cars, by department type 25

Table 14. Equipment routinely carried in patrol cars by 50 percent

or more of the departments in a particular department

type and percentage of total respondents carrying this equipment 27

Table 14A-1. Equipment items named as being associated with storage

problems, by all responding departments 28

Table 14A-2. Departments which had no storage problems, and departments

which had problems storing shotguns, by department type 28

Table 14A-3. Storage problems listed as being associated with storing

equipment items in the patrol cars 29

Table 15 and Features which departments said should be on all patrol

15A-1. cars; features chosen as the three most important to have

on all patrol cars, by all responding departments 30

Table 15 and Features chosen among the three most important by 25

15A-2. percent or more of departments, by department type 30

Table 16. Days of downtime per patrol car per month, by

department type ^1

Table 17. Causes of downtime in patrol cars, by department type 32

Table 18-1. The three areas of highest service/repair 33

Table 18-2. The three highest votes (percentages) within each

department type for cause of patrol car service/repair .... 33

Table 19-1. Departments indicating dangerous features of patrol

cars, by department type 35

Table 19-2. Patrol car features listed as dangerous 35

Table 19-3. Description of how the dangerous features were dangerous 36

Table 20-1. Percentages of departments which feh that separate safety

standards are needed for patrol cars, by department type 37

Table 20-2. Reasons supplied by the 349 departments which said safety

standards for patrol cars should be different than the

safety standards for cars used by the general public 37

Table 20-3. Reasons supplied by the 90 departments which said safety

standards for patrol cars should not be different from the

safety standards for cars used by the general public 38

Table iii. Departments supplying additional comments about their

patrol cars, by department type 39

VI
FOREWORD

The Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) furnishes technical support to the National Institute of Law

Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ) program to strengthen law enforcement and

criminal justice in the United States. LESL's function is to conduct research that will assist law enforcement and criminal justice agencies in the selection and procurement of quality equipment.

LESL is: (1) Subjecting existing equipment to laboratory testing and evaluation

and (2) conducting research leading to the development of several series of documents,

including national voluntary equipment standards, user guidelines, state-of-the-art surveys and other reports.

This document is a law enforcement equipment report developed by LESL under

the sponsorship of NILECJ. Additional reports as well as other documents are being

issued under the LESL program in the areas of protective equipment, communications

equipment, security systems, weapons, emergency equipment, investigative aids,

vehicles, and clothing.

Technical comments and suggestions concerning the subject matter of this report are invited from all interested parties. Comments should be addressed to the Law

Enforcement Standards Laboratory, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.

20234.

Jacob J. Diamond, Chief

Law Enforcement Standards

Laboratory

VII

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

I. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY

A. Background

° Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) was established in 1971 under the

sponsorship of the NILECJ Advanced Technology Division (ATD).

° NILECJ asked the Behavioral Sciences Group of the National Bureau of Standards to develop and carry out a procedure to get information from the users of law

enforcement equipment.

° "User" information would aid NILECJ in setting priorities for LESL programs

and would provide some detailed information in support of the research to develop

standards and guidelines. In addition, gathering information from the users would help to make police

agencies aware of LESL and ATD.

° A nationwide mail sample survey was selected as the best procedure to collect user information.

An Equipment Priorities Questionnaire (EPQ) and six detailed Questionnaires

(DQs) were developed and administered. A separate report was prepared for each of these seven questionnaires.

B. Design of Questionnaires

° Questionnaires were developed in conjunction with NILECJ, LESL, and

cooperating poUce departments. Questionnaires were pretested at various times with

approximately 45 police departments.

° The EPQ was designed to provide information about priority needs for standards

for various types of equipment.

° In addition, the EPQ asked for data about numbers of full- and part-time officers, activities performed in the department, budget, size of jurisdiction, etc.

° The six DQs (Alarms, Security and Surveillance Equipment; Communications

Equipment and Supplies; Handguns and Handgun Ammunition; Sirens and Emergency

Warning Lights; Body Armor and Confiscated Weapons; and Patrol Cars) were each

developed separately.

° The DQs asked about kinds and quantities of equipment in use, problems vnth

existing equipment, suggestions for improving equipment, needs for standards related to the equipment, etc. Although entitled Detailed Questionnaires, these questionnaires were designed to give an overview of the use of specific items of equipment.

C. Sample

° The population sampled was made up of all police departments listed in a computerized file and maintained by the LEAA Statistical Service.

° Courts, correctional institutions, forensic labs, special poUce agencies, etc., were

excluded.

° The sample was stratified by LEAA geographic region (10 regions) and by

department type (7 department types: state police; county police and sheriffs; city

departments with 1-9 officers; city departments with 10-49 officers; city departments

with 50 or more officers, excluding the 50 largest cities; the 50 largest U.S. cities by

population; and township departments).

IX

231-348 0 - 77 -2
° Overall, approximately 10 percent of the 12,836 departments in the population were selected as respondents (see table 1.2-2).

° The Equipment Priorities Questionnaire was sent to every sample department

(1,386). Each Detailed Questionnaire was sent to all states, to all of the 50 largest cities,

and to a randomly selected subsample of the main sample (about 530 departments

received each DQ).

° Thus, states and the 50 largest cities were asked to fill in all 7 questionnaires.

Each of the remaining 1,286 departments was asked to fiU in the EPQ and 2 of the DQs.

° The sample for the Patrol Car DQ consisted of 530 departments (see table 1.2-3).

D. Questionnaire Administration

° Stringent control of administration was required.

° Introductory letters were sent to heads of departments asking cooperation.

° On June 1, 1972, questionnaire packages were mailed.

° In July 1972, follow-up by self-return post card was begun.

° In August 1972, follow-up by telephone was begun. Departments which had not returned questionnaires were called. Also, calls were made to clear up ambiguities in the returned questionnaires. About 1,300 calls were made. About 70 percent of the

sample departments were called at least once.

° Each questionnaire was edited and coded by a specialized team to ensure

consistency; it was then keypunched and tabulated.

° Completed questionnaires were accepted for tabulation through January 7, 1973.

E. Rates of Return

° Eighty-three percent of the 1,386 departments returned usable EPQs.

° Eighty-five percent of the 530 departments returned usable Patrol Car DQs.

° Between 81 and 85 percent of the other DQ subsamples returned usable

questionnaires.

° Highest rates of return (over 90%) were from states, the 50 largest cities, and

cities with 50 or more officers.

° Lowest rates of return were from counties and townships (less than 75%).

F. Characteristics of Responding Departments

° The activities most commonly carried out by the respondents (to the EPQ) were

serving traffic and criminal warrants (88%), traffic safety and traffic control (87%), and

intradepartmental communications (87%).

° All of the responding 50 largest cities said they provided inhouse training and

criminal investigations. This compared to 68 percent and 86 percent, respectively, of all responding departments.

° Only 13 percent of all respondents had crime laboratories. Seventy-three percent

of the largest cities and 55 percent of the states had crime laboratories.

° About three-fifths of the departments in all department types were providing

emergency aid and rescue, ranging from 60 percent of the cities with 50 or more officers

to 67 percent of the counties.

° Overall, the reported equipment budgets represented somewhat over 10 percent

of the total budgets reported.

° Among department types, there was a wide range of total equipment

expenditures, from a mean of about $10,000 for cities with 1-9 officers to a mean of almost $2.7 million for the 50 largest cities.

° One of the 50 largest cities reported an equipment budget of $40 million.

° Overall, the 50 largest cities reported a mean of 2,491 fuU-time sworn officers. However, one of the 50 largest cities had 27 percent of all the full-time officers reported

by that department type and another had about 12 percent.

X
G. Presentation of Data

Data in this report are presented in two forms: text tables and full tables (app. B).

Text tables do not always present a complete breakdown of the data.

° All tables (text and full) present the data in unweighted form (i.e., numbers and

percentages of the responding departments from the sample for this questionnaire, not

figures that have been weighted to expand the data to the total population of police

departments in the U.S.).

° The sample selected for this questionnaire was not proportional to the total population of police departments. If decisions are to be made which require estimates of population figures, the appropriate extrapolation must be performed. (See app. B, p. B-1.)

II. SUMMARY OF RESULTS

A. Use of Patrol Cars

° More than four-fifths (84%) of patrol cars used by the responding departments were full-sized 4-door models.

° One-tenth (9%) were intermediate-sized 4-door models.

° Only 1 percent of patrol cars in use were compacts, but 29 percent of the

departments said they would have use for a compact designed for police use. Based on the responses, it was estimated that about 160,000 patrol cars were

being used by police departments in the United States in 1972.

° More than half (57%) of the responding departments reported that their patrol cars were being used 17-24 hours per day, about one-third said they were being used

9-16 hours, and only 11 percent said 8 hours or less.

° Four-fifths of large city departments were using patrol cars 17-24 hours a day, but

only 17 percent of counties and 6 percent of states were using their cars this long.

° Almost half (45%) of the responding departments reported that each patrol car had three different drivers per day, but two-thirds of state departments and half of counties had only one driver per car per day.

° State police averaged about 1.5 officers per patrol car compared to an average of 7.8 officers per car for the 50 largest cities.

° Most (69%) responding departments reported officer shifts of 8 hours, but almost

two-thirds of the states and about half of the counties reported officer shifts of more

than 8 hours.

° City police departments reported that most of their driving (84%) was at speeds

less than 51 mph, with many stops. State police said that about two-thirds (64%) of their

driving was at speeds of 50 mph or more.

° More than half of the responding departments rated both the control and handling

and the braking of their patrol cars as "excellent" at speeds under 30 mph but only 10

percent rated these characteristics as "excellent" at 70 mph or more, and more than

one-fourth rated these aspects "poor" at over 70 mph.

° Nine-tenths of departments said their patrol cars got less than 10 miles per gallon

of gasoline.

° More than half of the responding departments reported routinely carrying in their

patrol cars the following equipment items: chpboard (84%), fire extinguisher (83%),

flares (81%), first aid kit (79%), shotgun (73%), batons (67%), blankets (69%), extra ammunition (55%), and brief case (53%).

° State police commonly reported carrying riot equipment (77%) whereas other

departments did not (18-28%).

XI
B. Replacement of Patrol Cars

° About two-thirds of the departments which reported using mileage in determining

when to replace patrol cars did not replace cars until they had over 60,000 miles and

about one-third replaced them between 40-60,000 mUes.

° About two-fifths of the departments which reported using age of car in determining when to replace it, replaced their cars every 2 years. More than one-fourth

replaced cars every year and the remaining 31 percent used their cars 3 years or more

before replacement.

° Almost all responding departments (92%) reported that it took officers less than a week to get used to the controls and instruments in a new patrol car, but only three- fourths (74%) felt it was possible to become accustomed to the handUng and

performance in this time period.

° Virtually all (98%) departments reported that they installed a siren and mobile

radio when they bought new patrol cars. Three-fourths installed a public address

system, 69 percent flashing lights, 61 percent spothghts and more than half said they

installed gun racks, bubble lights and mounting racks.

° The problems most commonly indicated by departments in making changes in standard automobiles were that there was lack of room for poHce equipment, the car had to be modified to allow for installation of equipment (which adds to expense) and/or

that yearly design changes in cars caused problems.

Ninety percent or more of responding departments had specified the options of automatic transmission, 8-cylinder engine and power steering when they bought their

last patrol cars; more than 80 percent had specified power brakes, disc brakes and

heavy duty suspension; and about 60 percent had specified air conditioning.

° Almost three-fourths (72%) of the responding departments reported they pay

between $3,000 and $4,000 for a new patrol car (without trade-in).

° The features of patrol cars felt to be most important by the responding

departments were air conditioning, heavy duty suspension, built-in crash bars, barriers

between seats, and communications consoles.

C. Maintenance of Patrol Cars

° The majority of responding departments (62%) reported an average of less than 3

days of downtime per patrol car per month and 94 percent reported 5 days or less per

month.

° About half of the state police cited delays in getting parts as a cause of downtime

(compared to only one-fourth of the respondents as a whole).

° Large cities most often said that a shortage of mechanics was the main cause of their downtime.

° The brake system and engine were chosen by more than half of the responding

departments as the areas requiring the most service and repair.

D. Need for Standards

° The two systems or aspects of patrol cars most often chosen as needing standards were the braking system and the stability and control of the patrol car.

° More than three-fourths of the departments felt that separate safety standards

(different from those for civilian cars) were needed for patrol cars.

° Reasons most often given for favoring separate standards were that patrol cars are subjected to different kinds of use and/or more use than civilian cars and patrol cars are more often used in high speed situations.

° Almost half (48%) of the responding departments listed at least one patrol car

feature they felt to be dangerous to occupants.

XII
LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972

Volume VII: Patrol Cars

E. Bunten and P. Klaus

Institute for Applied Technology , National Bureau of Standards , Washington , D .C . 20234

The report outlines the methodology of and summarizes a portion of the data from the LEAA

Police Equipment Survey of 1972. One of a series of 7 reports resulting from this nationwide

mail survey of a stratified random sample of police departments, the present report summarizes

the answers of 449 police departments concerning their patrol cars: Purchasing practices, types

of options and accessories usually selected, types of equipment stored in the patrol car, typical patterns of use, and needs for standards for systems or aspects of patrol cars. The data are presented by aU responding departments and by seven department types. Key words: Patrol car; police; police vehicles; standards.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Project Background

During the past several years, law enforcement agencies in the United States have

become more aware of the importance of equipment in the performance of their duties. Much of their equipment had originally been designed for other uses and had to be

modified. Other equipment items had to be used as given. No standards existed against

which equipment performance could be measured nor were any standard test methods

or procedures available. It has been difficult for agencies to compare the performance of equipment items. Recognizing this problem, the Law Enforcement Assistance

Administration (LEAA) of the Department of Justice began a concentrated program in 1971, toward the improvement of law enforcement equipment.

As the first step in its program, LEAA in cooperation with the Department of Commerce established the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) at the

National Bureau of Standards (NBS). The broad goal of LESL is to prepare performance

standards which can be promulgated by LEAA as voluntary aids for the selection of equipment by law enforcement agencies. Additionally, LESL is developing standard test methods and procedures, so that the relative performance of similar items may be

evaluated by departments themselves.

In order to provide equipment user information for the program, the National

Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ) of LEAA in 1971 asked the

Behavioral Sciences Group of the Technical Analysis Division at NBS to gather

information from the users of law enforcement equipment about their specialized

equipment needs and problems. Although face-to-face interviews with a large sample of representatives from law enforcement agencies would have been desirable, time and

manpower constraints led to the development of a nationwide, mail sample survey

having two general objectives: (1) To assist NILECJ in the establishment of priorities for LESL's standards development activities; and (2) to obtain detailed information about

certain broad equipment categories in support of the research to develop standards and

guidelines in these areas. This report fulfills part of the second general objective and the associated survey

questionnaire (see app. A) will be referred to as the Patrol Car Detailed Questionnaire

(DQ). The remainder of the second objective is accomplished in the reports of the other

five DQs: Alarms, Security Equipment, Surveillance Equipment; Handguns and

1
Handgun Ammunition; Sirens and Emergency Warning Lights; Body Armor and

Confiscated Weapons; and Communications Equipment and Supplies. The first general

objective (above) is accomplished in the report on the Equipment Priorities Questionnaire (EPQ).

1 .2. Sample Design

Although the objective of ATD is to serve all types of lav^ enforcement agencies,

this particular study was purposely hmited to police departments as the largest single

group of law enforcement agencies with identifiable equipment needs. No attempt was made to survey correctional institutions, courts, forensic laboratories, or special police

agencies such as park police, harbor patrols, or university police. The computerized

directory of approximately 14,000 police agencies, compiled and maintained by LEAA's

Statistics Division, provided the population from which the sample was drawn. Care was

taken to exclude the double listings that existed for some agencies. (Details of the

selection process are given in app. B of the Equipment Priorities Questionnaire.)

The final list of 12,842 departments was cross-stratified by LEAA geographic

region and department type by the mutual agreement of NBS and NILECJ. The

assignment of states to regions and the seven departments types chosen for study are shown in table 1.2-1. The breakdown of the population of police departments by cross-strata is exhibited

in table 1.2-2. As can be seen from the table, there were no townships in regions 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10. Almost 63 percent of the departments were city police, 43 percent having

1-9 full-time officers. County departments comprised about 24 percent of the population.

By region, the smallest (region 10) contained only 3.4 percent of the police departments,

while region 5, the largest, had 22.5 percent. The variation in the number of departments in a cell (region/department type combination) was even greater than that across the strata, i.e., the number of departments in each cell ranged from 0 to 1,470.

The considerations discussed in the previous paragraph led to the sampling plan

discussed briefly below. AU of the state departments and the 50 largest city departments were included in the sample and were asked to complete all 6 DQs, i.e., they were sent

the entire package of 7 questionnaires. For the remaining cells the variation in cell size presented a problem: If the same fraction of the entire population was to be selected

from the members of each cell, a constant sampling fraction small enough to make the

total sample manageable would yield too few sample units in small cells. To solve this problem, a fixed sample of 30 police departments/cell was chosen, wherever possible,

resulting in a different sampling fraction for each cell. A fixed sample size of 30

departments/ceU was chosen to facilitate the equitable distribution of the 6 DQs. This

plan resulted in sending the Patrol Car DQ to 536 departments.

The departments were selected randomly within each cell, from the total cell population, each department (other than the states and 50 largest cities) receiving 2 DQs. Thus, in cells having 30 sample units, the Patrol Car DQ was mailed to 10

departments; cells having fewer sample units were allocated proportionally fewer Patrol

Car DQs. Table 1.2-3 presents the total sample for the Patrol Car DQ by region and

department type. Once the sample was selected, each sample unit was assigned a unique seven-digit identification number, coding region, type, and questionnaire

assignment.

LEAA Police Equipment Survey of 1972. Vol. 1: The Need (or Slandards-Priorities for Police Equipment.
Table 1.2-1. Stratification categories

Department types LF-vAA geographic region

State police 1 = Conn., Maine, Mass., N.H., R.I., Vi. County police and sheriffs 2 = N.J., N.Y.

City with 1-9 officers 3 = Del., Md., Pa., Va., W. Va., D.C.

City with 10-49 officers 4 = Ala., Fla., Ga., Ky., Miss., N.C., S.C., Tenn.

City with 50 or more officers 5 = 111., Ind., Mich., Ohio, Wis., Minn.

1 he 50 largest U.b. cities 6 = Ark., La., N. Mex., Okla., Tex. Township departments 7 = Iowa, Kans., Mo., Nebr.

8 = Colo., Mont., N. Dak., S. Dak., Utah, Wyo.

9 = Ariz., Calif., Nev., Hawaii

10 = Alaska, Idaho, Oreg., Wash.

^Does not include ihe 50 largest cities. By population. L'.S. 1970 census.

Table 1.2-2. Number of police departments by region and type

LEAA region

Department type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total

State 6 2 5 8 6 5 4 6 4 4 50 County 66 84 257 764 536 506 413 288 103 120 3,137

City (1-9 officers) 27 348 713 979 1,470 703 611 283 135 217 5,486

City (10-49 officers) 40 237 166 344 508 230 142 71 168 79 1,985

City (50-1- officers) 60 64 36 83 119 46 23 19 87 17 554

50 largest cities 1 4 5 8 10 8 3 1 8 2 50 Township 629 349 362 234 1,574

Total 829 1,088 1,544 2,186 2,883 1.498 1,196 668 505 439 12,836

Questionnaires were actually sent to 56 state police departments since there were 6 state departments which listed 2 police agencies without

reference to a common central agency. However, only one set of questionnaires was accepted from each of these six states as described in vol. I, app. 6. p. B-2.

Table 1.2-3. Number of departments selected to receive the Detailed Questionnaire : Patrol cars—by region and department type

LEAA geographic region

Department type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total

State

6 2 5 8 6 5 4 6 4 4 50 County 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100

City (1^9 officers) 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 99

City (10-49 officers) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100

City (50-t- officers) 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 6 10 5 89

50 largest cities 1 4 5 8 10 8 3 1 8 2 50 Township^ 10 10 10 10 40

Total 56 56 60 56 66 53 45 43 52 41 528

' Questionnaires were ac tually ^ent tn 56 slate piilice departments since there were 6 stale departments which listed 2 police agencies without

Reference to a common central agency. However, only one set of questionnaires was accepted from each of these six stales. Township departments exist only in regions 1, 2, 3, and 5.

3
1.3. Questionnaire Administration

From the beginning of the project, it was evident that stringent control would be

required in administering the questionnaires to ensure a high rate of response.

Computer-stored daily status records were input via a teletypewriter for each sample

department. In general, the following procedure was used:

(1) Each department in the sample was mailed a letter, signed by the director of

NILECJ, addressed to the head of the department. This letter introduced the survey

and requested cooperation.

(2) About 1 week later, the questionnaire packages were mailed.

(3) Departments not returning the questionnaires within a month were identified

by the computer and were sent a self-return post card requesting information as to the

status of the questionnaires. Departments not receiving the questionnaire package were

sent another; those not returning the post card were placed on a list for telephone

follow-up.

(4) About a month and a half later, departments with which no contact had been

made were called by telephone.

(5) Returned questionnaires were reviewed for completeness and either coded for keypunching or filed for telephone callback to supply missing data or to resolve

ambiguities.

Considerable effort was expended to ensure a high rate of response, and this effort was rewarded with an 85 percent response for the Patrol Car DQ, and between 80

percent and 85 percent for each of the other questionnaires. In the course of the survey more than 70 percent of the sample departments were contacted at least once by

telephone. More than 1,300 phone calls were made by the survey team. The distribution of respondents (departments which returned usable Patrol Car

DQs) is exhibited in table 1.3-1. The highest percentages of response were from the

states and larger cities (89-94%), while counties and townships had the poorest response

rates (under 70%).

Table 1.3-1. Number of departments returning acceptable

Detailed Questionnaires : Patrol cars

LEAA geographic region

Percent

total Departnient type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total sample

State' 6 2 5 8 6 5 3 6 3 3 47 94 County 5 7 6 8 8 5 8 9 10 7 73 73

City (1-9 officers) 7 10 7 9 9 7 9 8 9 9 84 85

City (10-49 officers) 9 8 7 9 10 8 9 10 10 9 89 89

City (50-1- officers) 9 8 10 9 8 10 7 5 8 5 79 89

50 largest cities 1 3 4 7 8 8 3 1 8 2 45 90 Townships^ 7 9 7 4 27 68

Total 44 47 46 50 53 43 39 39 48 35 444 84

Percent total sample 79 84 77 89 80 81 87 91 92 85 84

'Questionnaires were actually sent to 56 state police depart ments si nee there were 6 state departments w hich listec1 2 police agencies without

reference to a common central agency- However, only one set of qiueslionnaires v,'as accepted frorn each of these six states. Township departments exist only in regions 1, 2, 3. and 5.

4
1 .4. Development and Design of the Patrol Car DQ

The survey plan and questionnaire design (of all seven questionnaires) evolved

over a 12-month period. During this time, the survey team consulted at length with

NILECJ equipment experts, LESL program managers, and equipment manufacturers.

In addition, the officers and administrators of about 40 police departments served as consultants and/or as respondents for pretests of various versions of the questionnaires.

The Patrol Car DQ, in its final form, is reproduced in appendix A. This DQ asked

respondents to describe their general use of patrol cars, their purchasing practices, the

types of options and accessories they usually select, the types of equipment they store

in their patrol cars and their need for standards. The questionnaire was limited to general topics because: (1) It was not possible, considering the scope of the present

survey, to explore in a detailed manner aU of the complex components, accessories and

systems normally found in these vehicles, and (2) it was felt that the general data

gathered in the present effort would provide important direction for research in the

development of standards, the main objective of the survey.

1.5. Characteristics of Subsample Groups

The EPQ of the LEAA Police Equipment Survey requested data from each

department about population served, physical size of jurisdiction served, type of

jurisdiction, number of fuU- and part-time officers, approximate total, equipment, and

personnel budgets during 1971, and activities handled by the department.

Table 1.5-1 presents a partial tabulation, by department types, of the responses to a checklist of 30 typical poUce activities by the respondents to the EPQ. (The EPQ

respondents include, but are not limited to, the respondents to the Patrol Car DQ. See

sec. 1.2.). The activities most frequently checked by all departments were: (1) serve

traffic and criminal warrants (88%), (2) traffic safety and traffic control (87%), and (3) communications for own department (87%). The activity with the most consistent level across all department types was that of emergency aid and rescue, ranging from 60

percent (cities with 50+ officers) to 67 percent (counties).

Higher percentages of state and 50 largest city departments than of other

department types were handhng certain of the 30 activities. For example, all of the 50

largest city departments responding, and 98 percent of the responding state departments

said that their departments provided pohce training for their own department. These

compare to 68 percent for aU responding departments. AU of the responding 50 largest

cities said that they handled criminal investigation in their own departments. This

compares to 86 percent of the total sample of departments. Although only 13 percent of the departments overall had crime laboratories, 73 percent of the 50 largest cities and 55

percent of the states had them.

Counties appeared to be the only department type with significant responsibihties

for custody and detention for more than 1 week. Seventy-eight percent of those departments had custody/detention up to 1 year, as compared with 22 percent of aU

responding departments.

Tables 1.5-2 and 1.5-3 present summaries of descriptive data by department type

and LEAA region, respectively. As can be seen from the column for "Annual equipment

budget" (table 1.5-2), there was a wide range of expenditures among different

department types: from a mean of about $10,000 for cities (1-9) to almost $2.7 miUion for the 50 largest cities. Overall, equipment budgets represented somewhat over 10 percent

of the annual total budgets.

The mean number of part-time officers was based on those respondents having

part-time officers in their departments. Of the 45 responding from the 50 largest cities,

only 6 had part-time officers, including 1 city which had nearly 6,000. Thus, the mean

value of 1,115 for this department type is somewhat misleading. It should be noted that

5

231-348 0 - 77 -3
Table 1.5-1. Activities handled by at least one -third of the departments by department

type, and percent of total departments having each activity

Description of activity State County

City

(1-9)

City '

(10-49)

(in %)

City

(50-t-)

50

largest Township Total

Serve traffic and criminal v^arrants 70 89 84 89 94 87 93 88

Traffic safety and traffic control 92 56 94 96 96 98 94 87 Communications for ov^n department 94 86 76 95 94 96 70 87 Criminal investigation 66 86 71 95 97 100 79 86

Police training for own department 98 55 48 77 87 100 42 68 Custody/detention—less than 1 day 79 51 73 72 80 43 65

Breath-alcohol test 89 46 47 72 83 91 49 64 Emergency aid and rescue 62 67 62 63 60 67 62 63

Public building protection 40 63 60 58 44 68 54

Service function 48 55 60 60 42 48 Animal control (dogcatcher) 58 63 42 37 44 Highway patrol 96 38 48 36 88 43 Maintenance of police buildings 51 36 34 41 48 47 40 Custody/detention— 1 week or less 73 36 46 49 38 Communications for other agency 66 56 40 36 Serve civil process 88 32

Police training for other agency 77 . 42 84 24 Custody/detention—up to 1 year . 78 - 22 Underwater recovery 34 42 42 19 Bomb disposal 45 82 17 Polygraph 62 36 90 17 Vehicle inspection 55 , 17 Crime laboratory 55 73 13 Narcotics laboratory analysis 43 62 11 Harbor patrol . . 7 Lab analysis for blood alcohol 34 53 7 vjmer

Coroner 5 Test for driver's license 34 3 Custody/detention—more than 1 year 3

Table 1.5-2. Descriptive data by department type (means)

Number of Number of Annual Annual Department type Area Population fuU-time part-time Annual total equipment personnel

(mi') officers officers budget budget budget

50 largest 187 851,342 2,491 1,115 $43,268,865 $2,669,920 $34,712,818

State 62,580 3,936,410 889 18 16,377,358 2,304,339 12,020,572 County 1,518 130,254 60 25 1,089,919 58,539 859,984

City (50-f) 31 83,334 132 26 1,733,340 173,099 1,407,177

City (10-49) 12 15,849 22 9 257,927 24,362 206,187

Township 28 13,228 14 8 175,654 20,854 141,675

City (1-9) 9 5,038 8 5 82,381 9,764 60,061

6
Table 1.5-3. Descriptive data by LEAA region (means)

Number of Number of Annual Annual LEAA region Area Population full-time part-time Annual total equipment personnel

(mi') officers officers budget budget budget

1 750 158,112 96 18 41 360 1 5S *135 130 $ 979 911

2 648 240,781 365 97 148 172 S 965 546

3 1,096 245,733 216 7 3 412,567 435,153 2,879,293 4 3,691 340,996 151 11 2,318,382 248,600 1,767,292 5 2,652 448,174 288 8 4,916,607 431,478 3,879,374 6 5,738 271,386 160 17 2,193,823 160,363 1,709,910

7 2,379 112,094 84 9 1,220,385 121,001 983,696 8 6,346 83,023 54 9 728,549 77,081 568,463 9 4,218 372,094 281 46 5,743,553 728,801 4,528,692 10 3,580 104,877 69 9 1,253,894 82,198 1,011,604

the category part-time officers included officers described as auxiliary. volunteer

reserve, school-crossing guard, dispatcher, summer, special agent, traffic supervisor, posse, and cadet. All of these classifications were counted in the part-time officer category since it has different meanings for different departments.

Variations in these descriptive averages by LEAA region (table 1.5-3) were

considerably smaDer than variations by department type. Regions 1 and 8 had smaller

budgets than the others primarily because each had only 1 of the 50 largest cities.

2. QUESTION BY QUESTION DISCUSSION

2.1. Advice to the Reader

In reading section 2, certain points should be kept in mind:

(1) This report is not an evaluation of any of the equipment described or discussed

within it. It is a presentation of information and opinions of a stratified random sample

of police departments given in response to a specific set of questions. It does not, in any

way, reflect objective testing of any equipment by the National Bureau of Standards.

(2) The report reflects only what police departments were willing and able to say

in response to a specific set of questions. In most cases, no attempt was made to verify

the accuracy of the information given or the level of sophistication of the respondent.

(3) Each discussion begins with the presentation of the question that appeared in the questionnaire, and in most cases the choices supplied, if any, set off in bold face

type. However, the reader is cautioned to become famUiar with the questionnaire sent to sample departments (see app. A) and to evsduate the data in terms of the exact

questions asked.

(4) The text tables that appear in section 2 are almost never the complete tables

that were tabulated for that question. Data categories for text tables may have been /

collapsed from the full table, or certain categories of interest may have been singled out

for fuUer discussion. Appendix B contains the complete tables from which the text tables were extracted. Text tables have been numbered after the question number (e.g.,

the text tables for Question 6A would be numbered 6A-1, 6A-2, etc.). The tables in appendix B are also numbered the same as question number, in the same manner. In some cases, tables that appear in the appendix B will not have been discussed at all in the text.

(5) Data in the text of this report are usually presented by nearest whole percent

of the group under consideration. In appendix B, the data are usually presented by

number of respondents and percent. Because of statistical limitations imposed by the

7
sample sizes used in this study, the reader is cautioned to be wary of assigning

importance to percentage differences of less than 5 percent when percentages are based

on the total number of respondents, and to percentage differences of less than 10

percent when percentages are based on one of the subsample groups, (e.g., a particular

department type or region). No statistical tests of significance are reported.

(6) Data were always tabulated by each of the choices supplied, if any, in the

questionnaire. Any "other" choices written in by the respondents were also tabulated

and/or recorded verbatim. In most cases, the numbers of respondents giving a specific

"other" response do not reflect the numbers of respondents who might have marked

that choice if it had been one of those provided. Therefore, in most cases, this report

Usts or gives examples of "other" responses, but does not present numbers or percents

of departments giving that response. For those questions for which choices were not provided in the questionnaire, coding categories were developed after approximately

one-fourth of the questionnaires had been returned.

(7) The following convention has been adopted in the report to designate the four

city department types:

City with 1-9 officers=city (1-9) City with 10-49 officers=city (10-49)

City with 50 or more officers=city (50-1-)^ The 50 largest cities=50 largest^ In table headings this same convention has been used.

(8) Questions which asked departments to identify manufacturers of their

equipment were asked in this manner only to make the question clearer; not to evaluate

a manufacturer's product.

(9) In an attempt to make this report more readable, the main topics of the

questionnaire have been reordered in the report; the discussion of the findings does not foUow the order of the questions. To find the discussion of a particular question quickly,

consult the Contents or the List of Tables.

(10) When the subsample groups are discussed (e.g., "counties said..." or "cities

(1-9) said...") the reference is to the responding departments from one of the sample

strata. It is particularly important to note that when the text or tables refer to "all departments" or "all responding departments," the reference is to all responding

departments from the sample described in section 1.2. This sample was not proportional

to the total population of poUce departments, and although it is possible to do so, the

data in this report have not been weighted to allow direct extrapolation to the total population. (See app. B, p. B-1.)

2,2. Discussion

2.2.1. Characteristics of Respondents

a. Rank/Title of Respondents

AU of the questionnaires in the LEAA PoUce Equipment Survey were mailed to the chief (or highest officied) of the department with a request that the questionnaires be

directed to the person or persons within the department who were best qu2Jified to answer the questions.

In general, the Patrol Car DQ was filled by officers with high rank. In 63 percent

of the smallest city departments, the questionnaire was completed by the chief of the

department; in township departments, 52 percent were filled in by the chief; and in

cities (10-49), 49 percent of the patrol car questionnaires were filled in by the chief. As

Excluding the 50 largest U.S. cities. By population, 1970 U.S. Census.

8
the size of the city department type increased, the percentage of chiefs completing this questionnaire decreased. In the larger cities, greater percentages of respondents were

captains and lieutenants.

In county and state departments too, relatively high ranking officers filled in the

patrol car questionnaire: in 47 percent of the state departments the questionnaire was

completed by either a captain or a lieutenant; in 63 percent of the county departments

the form was answered by the sheriff or deputy sheriff. In about one-fourth of the state (23%) and 50 largest city (26%) departments the

questionnaire was completed by a person with some title that was not a police rank.

Usually these persons were fleet personnel or other civilians in charge of patrol car maintenance or purchase.

b. Number of Years of Law Enforcement Experience of Respondent

In general, the respondents to the patrol car questionnaire had been in law

enforcement work for several years when they answered the questionnaire. In 51

percent of the 449 responding departments the responding officer had more than 15 years of experience in law enforcement. Eighty-four percent of the total had 6 or more

years of experience. Only 5 percent of all respondents had less than 3 years of such

experience. (In the questionnaire, space was provided for the person who frUed in the

questionnaire and for two persons who may have helped fill in the questionnaire. Only

the information from the primary respondent was included in the tabulation.)

More than 48 percent of the respondents from every department type had more

than 10 years of experience in law enforcement. State departments and the two groups

of largest city departments had the highest percentages of respondents with lengthy

police service.

Table i- Title of respondent to patrol cars DQ by city types and township

Department type

(in %)

Rank/title of City City City 50 respondent (1-9) (10-49) (50-f) largest Township

Chief 63 49 22 4 52 Captain 2 4 29 15 7 Lieutenant 2 12 18 24 7 Sergeant 7 18 11 13 17 "Nonrank" title 13 4 6 26 3

Total 87 87 86 82 86

Table ii- Number of years of law enforcement experience of respondents to the patrol cars DQ , by department type

Department type

Number of years of law enforcement

experience State County

City

(1-9)

City

(10-49)

City (50+)

50

largest Township

More than 10 years 82 59 18 75 80 84 57 More than 20 years 42 19 18 30 43 45 16 More than 25 years 21 11 11 16 13 17 13

9
2.2.2. Need for Patrol Car Standards

1. What two general systems or aspects of the patrol cars used by

your department need standards most? (Mark X by 2 of the

Following)

Cooling system Stability and control

Braking system Collision capacity

Transmission system Ride and comfort

Suspension system Convenience of equipment & controls

Restraint system Engine

Other (specify)

Each department had a chance to "vote" twice in reply to this question. In the few

cases in which a department marked three choices, all three were counted because

there was no way to distinguish the first two. Across all respondents, braking system and stability and control were chosen by

about one-third of the departments (36% and 33% respectively). The other patrol car systems that were said to be in need of standards by at least 20 percent of all respondents were: engine (24%), convenience of equipment and controls (22%), and

coohng system (21%). These five most chosen systems/aspects are presented below by

department type. (See table 1.) The most interesting aspect of the department type breakdown was the relative consistency among the seven department types in the systems they selected as needing

standards most. This consistency was striking because, as will become apparent in the

following discussion, there was a great deal of difference in the ways the different

department types used their patrol cars and in the options and modifications they

required to transform a regular automobile into a patrol car.

Table 1. Aspects or systems of patrol cars said to need standards most, by department type

Department type

All City 50 City City

Aspect departments (10-49) State largest Township (1-9) (50-I-) County

Braking system 36 43 40 39 34 33 33 32

Stability and

control 33 29 38 35 41 33 28 35 Engine 24 28 26 9 21 29 24 25 Equipment/control convenience 22 27 17 15 31 32 13 17 Cooling system 21 18 32 24 10 21 14 28

10
2.2.3. Numbers and Types of Patrol Cars

2. A. How many of the following types of patrol cars do you now have

in your department?

Full size 2-door Intermediate size 4-door

Full size 4-door Station Wagon

Intermediate size 2-door Compact

In the questionnaire, examples were given of each of the size designations listed above. When respondents listed both marked and unmarked patrol cars, both were

counted. It is possible that some departments did not include unmarked cars in their answers. Since the question asked speciiically for numbers of patrol cars, most

departments were assumed to have excluded auxiliary police vehicles not used for patrol purposes. The great majority (84%) of all patrol cars currently in use by responding

departments were full size 4-door models. About 9 percent of the total were intermediate

size 4-door models, which were used relatively more by counties than any other

department type. Only 1 percent were compacts. (See table 2A-1.)

A total of 46,562 patrol cars was reported by the 449 responding departments—an

average of 104 patrol cars per department (excluding 4 departments which gave no

answer). This average is a misleading one, as will be shown below, since the 47 state department responses accounted for more than half (27,403) of the patrol cars reported

by the total respondents; and the 50 largest cities (46 departments) accounted for an

additional 31 percent (14,541) of the patrol cars reported. (See table 2A-2.)

Table 2A-1. Proportions of fiill size 4-door and intermediate size 4-door patrol cars , by department type

Department type

(in%)

City City City 50 Model State County (1-9) (10-49) (50-(-) largest Township

FuU size 4-cloor 88 53 80 83 72 81 84

Intermediate 4-door 3 35 7 7 18 15 10

Table 2A-2. Average number of patrol cars per department type

Total number Total number Mean number

Department type departments patrol cars patrol cars responding reported per department

State 47 27,403 583 County 72 1,579 23

City (1-9) 82 161 2 City (10-49) 90 460 5 City (50-1-) 83 2,379 29 50 largest 46 14,415 321 Township 29 129 4

11
Table 2A-3. Mean number of officers per patrol car, by department type

Mean number Mean number Mean number

Department type patrol cars officers of officers per department per department

per patrol car

State 583 889 1.5 County 23 60 2.6 City (1-9) 2 8 4.0

City (10-49) 5 22 4.4

\jity (oU+) 50 largest 321 2,492 7.8 Township 4 14 3.5

Data for average number of f uU-time sworn officers per department type were drawn

from the Equipment Priorities Questionnaire for the LEAA Police Equipment Survey.

Table 2A-4. Estimated total population of patrol cars in the U.S., by department type

Number Estimated Mean number departments number of patrol Department type patrol cars that type in cars in total per department population population

State 583 50 29,150

County 23 3,137 70,896

City (1-9) 2 5,486 10,897

City (10-49) 5 1,985 10,123

City (50-1-) 29 554 15,900 50 largest 321 50 16,055 Township 4 1,574 6,296

Estimated total U.S. patrol cars 159,327

The mean number of patrol cars within each department type varied generally with

the size of the department as indicated by numbers of full-time sworn officers* with one

exception: State police departments had many fewer officers per patrol car than any

other department type. (See table 2A-3.)

Using these averages, it appears that state police departments had approximately one patrol car for every 1.5 officers. In contrast, the 50 largest cities had approximately

1 patrol car for every 8 officers. The ratios for the other department types fall between

these two figures.

Using the figures discussed above, it was possible to estimate the total number of patrol cars that were in use during 1972. If the mean number of patrol cars reported by

each department type is multiplied by the total population of departments of that type,

the sum of these subtotals is an estimate of patrol cars in use by all departments in the

United States. (See table 2A-4.)

This estimate of approximately 160,000 patrol cars in use in the United States should probably be considered a minimum estimate. The calculations were based on the

total number of departments listed in LEAA's computer file. The LEAA Statistics Division has estimated that between 5 and 10 thousand more small, part-time

departments may exist that were not listed on the LEAA tape. (See table 2B-1.)

Data for average number of full-time sworn officers per department type were drawn from the Equipment Priorities Questionnaire of the LEAA

Police Equipment Survey.

12
Table 2B-1. Percent of departments with use for a compact patrol car

Use for compact designed for police use? No answer/

Department type Yes No don't know

39 59 2

City (1-9) 35 65 0

City (10-49) 31 68 1 50 largest 28 72 0 Townships 28 72 0

Counties 22 76 1 States 13 85 2

All department types 29 69 1

Table 2B-2. Reasons why departments would use compact

(or smaller) patrol cars specially designed for police use

Percent of the 132 departments

who said "yes" to the need for compact patrol cars

45 Economy

23 For special purpose use

17 Handling/maneuverability

12 Not need big engine/car 8 Refer to design, not size 6 Comment/caveat, not reason 6 Other

10 No answer

Respondents could give two reasons, percentages add to more than 100.

I

2B. Would it be of any use to your department to be able to buy

standard compact (or smaller) cars that were specifically designed

for police use?

Why, or Why Not?

Although compacts made up only 1 percent of patrol cars being used by

responding departments, more than one-quarter (29%) of the departments said they

would have use for a compact or smaller patrol car. State departments less often

expressed a need for compacts than did other department types.

2B. (If "Yes") Why?

Forty-five percent of the departments which said that compact patrol cars would

be useful for police work gave economy as their reason (e.g., they would cost less, get

better gas mileage, have cheaper maintenance, etc.) and 23 percent said that compacts

would be useful for special purposes (e.g., for detectives, for the chief's car, for stakeouts, etc.). (See table 2B-2.)

13

231-348 0 - 77 -4
2B. (If "No") Why not?

The majority of the 449 respondents (312 or 69%) said that they did not think it would be of any use to their departments to be able to buy standard compact or smaller

cars that were specially designed for police use. Most of the reasons for saying "no"

related to the belief that compacts would be generally too small for police needs: Too

small for officer comfort and/or convenience (20%), too small for prisoner and/or

passenger transport (16%), too small for necessary equipment (8%), and too small or too

light in general (11%). Another fairly large group of respondents said they thought

compacts would be unsuitable as patrol cars because they thought current models did

not perform as well (16%), were not as safe (8%), and were not as durable (8%) as larger

cars. Objections such as these might not necessarily be relevant if the car were, in fact,

specially designed to be a patrol car. (See table 2B-3.)

Table 2B-2. Reasons why departments would not use compact

(or smaller ) patrol cars specially designed for police use

Percent of the 312 departments

who said "no" to the need for compact patrol cars

20 Too small for officer comfort/convenience

16 Too small for passenger/prisoner transport

16 Roadability, stability, performance

12 Satisfied with present car

11 Too small/light in general

8 Too small for necessary equipment

8 Not suitable for all purpose use

8 Not as durable as larger car

8 Not as safe as larger car

8 Other

Respondents could give Itvo reasonn, percentagen add tu more than 100.

2.2.4. Use of Patrol Cars

3. On the average, about how many hours is one of your patrol cars in use during a typical day?

Under 4 hours

4-8 hours

9-16 hours

17-24 hours

There was great variation in the average number of hours of daily patrol car use among the seven department types. In general, city departments of medium size and

larger (10 or more officers) had the highest average daily use of patrol cars. (See table

3.) Only a few of the smallest and medium sized cities had patrol cars in use less than

9 hours per day, and about 80 percent of all large city departments (with 10 or more

officers) said their patrol cars were in use 17 or more hours per day.

State departments and counties reported lower average daily use of patrol cars than did cities. More than one-fourth of the state and county departments reported that, on the average, a patrol car in their departments was in use only 4-8 hours per day.

14
Table 3. Average daily patrol car use by department type

Average daily hours of patrol car use by percent of departments

Department 17-24 9-16 4-8 Under 4

type hours hours hours hours

50 largest 80 20 0 0

City (50+) 80 19 0 0

City (10-49) 79 18 3 0

City (1-9) 62 30 2 5 Township 52 34 14 0 County 17 47 29 7

State 6 68 26 0

The small percentage of state departments (6%) reporting patrol cars in use for more than 16 hours a day as compared to departments in the larger cities (80%) appears

to be directly related to the answers to Question 2A: State departments averaged about

1 patrol car to each 1.5 full-time sworn officers while the 50 largest cities had an

average of 1 patrol car for each 8 officers.

4. On the average, how many different officers drive one patrol car in a day?

One

Two

Three

More than three

Larger city departments tended to have more different drivers per patrol car per

day than did smaller city departments; and city departments, in general, reported more

drivers per car than either state or county departments. For example, 66 percent of the

state departments reported only one driver per car per day, while 93 percent of the 50

largest cities said that each patrol car had three or more different drivers each day. The

differences between the state and county departments and the city departments in this aspect of patrol car usage is again consistent with the general differences in patrol car

utilization reported in Questions 2A and 3. (See table 4.)

Table 4. Number of drivers per patrol car per day

,

by department type

Average number different drivers each day (by % of departments)

More than Department type One Two Three three

State 66 28 4 2 County 51 25 18 7 City (1-9) 12 20 45 23 Township 10 17 55 14 50 largest 4 2 52 41

City (50-I-) 1 10 64 27

City (10-49) 0 4 61 34

15
5. How long is an officer' s shift in your department?

Under 4 hours

4-8 hours

9-12 hours

Over 12 hours

Although most departments reported an officer's shift to be 4-8 hours, one-fourth

of the departments reported a shift of 9-12 hours. State police (64%) and county police

departments (53%) most often had officers working shifts of more than 8 hours. (See

table 5.) Comparing these responses to those for Question 3 ("About how many hours is one

of your patrol cars in use during a typical day?") it appears that most state departments were using a patrol car for one shift only and that city departments were using a patrol car for at least three shifts.

Table 5. Length of officers' shifts, by department type

Length of officer shift (by % of departments)

4-8 9-12 12-1- Department type hours hours hours

City (10-49) 91 9 0

City (50-I-) 86 14 0

50 largest 78 20 0 Townships 72 14 10

City (1-9) 61 34 4 County 46 31 22

State 36 62 2

6. What determines when your patrol cars are replaced?

Mileage? (If " yes," What mileage? ) Years of use? (If " yes," How many years? ) Other? (If " yes," Please specify.)

Departments were asked to indicate whether their patrol cars were replaced on the

basis of the number of miles on the car, the age of the car, or other factors. About half (51%) of the respondents said that patrol car replacement was based on only one of these three factors, and the other half selected some combination of the three. About

two-thirds (64%) selected the age of the car (alone, or in combination with other factors)

and almost two-thirds (61%) selected mileage (alone, or in combination) as a criterion for deciding when to replace the car. About one-third of the sample indicated other criteria

(in addition to, or instead of, mileage or age) such as: General condition of the car, budget/administrative policy, the fact that repair costs had become too high, or the fact

that the car had been in a major accident. (See table 6-1.) Almost all state police (94%) used mileage (alone, or in combination with other

factors) in determining when a car was to be replaced. Small city departments (less than

10 officers) most often reported that they considered the number of years the car had

been is use when making their decision. (See table 6-2.) Of those departments using mileage as one of the criteria for patrol car replacement, about two-thirds replaced the cars when they had over 60,000 miles and

about one-third replaced them when they had between 40,000-60,000 miles. Few departments replaced cars with less than 40,000 miles.

16
Table 6-1. Mileage and years of use as criteria for patrol car replacement , by department type

Mileage Years of use

(by % of departments)

Mileage in Years in combination Only combination Only

Department type with other mileage with other years

factors on car factors of use

State 94 36 47 6 50 largest 74 9 63 9 County 68 17 65 14

City (10-49) 58 27 62 32

City (50-1-) 55 18 58 27 Townships 52 10 62 24

City (1-9) 39 6 80 40

All department types 43 18 40 24

Table 6-2. Of those which used mileage in replacement

decisions (61% total, n=272) percentages replacing patrol cars at each mileage level, by department type

40,000- Over

Department type 60,000 miles 60,000 miles

City (50-t-) [n=46] 43 57

City (10-49) [n=52] 42 52

City (1-9) [n=32] 37 59

State [n=44] 36 64

50 largest [n=34] 26 71 Townships [n=15] 13 73 County [n=49] 12 84 AU departments 32 65

Table 6-3. Of those which used age in replacement decisions (64% total, n=286) percentages replacing patrol cars at each age

level, by department type

Number of years to replacement

3 years Department type 1 year 2 years or more

City (10-49) 54 39 7 Township 44 39 17

City (50-I-) 35 46 14

City (1-9) 24 39 37 50 largest 10 38 50

State 5 45 50 County 4 36 55 AU departments 27 40 31

Of those departments (64% of the respondents) which used the age of the car as one of the criteria for determining patrol car replacement, 40 percent replaced their cars every 2 years. States, counties and departments in the 50 largest cities more often

reported using their cars for 3 years before replacement than did other department

types. (See table 6-3.)

17
7. About what percent of all the miles driven by all the patrol cars

in use in your department is at each of the following speeds?

25-30 miles/hour with many stops 50-70 miles/hour

30-50 miles/hour with many stops Over 70 miles/hour

35-50 miles/hour with few stops Other (please specify)

This question was designed to elicit approximate percentages from each

department for each of the speed/type responses provided. Average percentages for each department type were calculated from these answers. Nine percent of the 449

respondents placed an "X" in one of the spaces rather than a percentage. Telephone

calls were made to about half of these "indefinite" respondents, and it was determined

from these calls that almost all of these respondents were indicating "100 percent" by

marking a single response. In the tables, these 41 responses were counted as "100

percent" to the choice marked. (See table 7.) The responses of the city departments to this question were very similar to one

another and were different from the responses of state, county and township

departments. The mean percentages for all 301 city departments showed that 84 percent

of the driving by city departments was at speeds less than 50 mph with many stops (59%

at 25-30 mph and 25% at 30-50 mph). Little driving was done by city departments at the

higher speeds (5% at 50-60 mph; 2% over 70 mph) or in areas where it was possible to travel without frequent stopping (8% at 35-50 mph with few stops). State departments reported most of their driving to be at high speeds and to have

few stops. State departments said that about 64 percent of all their driving was at speeds of 50 mph or more. The mean percentages compiled for county departments were more evenly distributed among the five speed ranges than those for any other

department type. About 35 percent of all county driving was said to be at speeds of 25- 50 mph with many stops; about 19 percent was 35-50 mph with few stops, and about 37

percent was at speeds of 50-70 mph. The mean percentages for township departments

showed that most of their driving occurred at speeds between 25 and 50 miles per hour

(89%). A small number of departments (n=15, 4%) reported other kinds of driving. Most

of these responses were "idling" or "less than 25 mph."

Table 7. Mean percentages of total driving time expended in each speed /type

category , by department type

Mean percentage of the total driving done in that department type

City City City 50 Speed/type (50-1-) (1-9) (10-49) largest Township County State

25-30 mph, many stops 63 59 59 54 23 13 4

30-50 mph, many stops 26 25 22 28 41 22 10 35-50 mph, few stops 6 6 8 8 25 19 22

50-70 mph 4 5 6 6 8 37 51 Over 70 mph 1 2 2 2 2 7 13

18
8A and B. Please tell us how well your patrol cars usually

perform with regard to (A) Control and Handling, and (B) Braking

at each of the following speeds.

Under 30 Miles per Hour

30 to 70 Miles per Hour

Over 70 Miles per Hour

The majority of departments rated both the control and handling and the braking

of their patrol cars satisfactory or better at all speeds. Both of these performance

characteristics were given lower ratings at higher speeds: More than half of the

departments rated both control and braking excellent at speeds under 30 mph while only

10 percent of departments rated these characteristics excellent at speeds over 70 mph

(and about one-fourth of the total respondents rated these characteristics poor at over 70

mph). (See table 8A and B-1.)

The majorities of departments within all seven department types also gave better

ratings to control and handling at lower speeds. State police and townships more often

gave ratings of excellent at lower speeds than did the other department types. (See table 8A and B-2.)

Overall, and within the seven department types, the ratings given for patrol car braking were similar to the ratings of control and handling. Only at speeds of over 70

mph was there a tendency for braking to be rated poor. This increase in poor ratings was contributed mostly by state departments; only 6 percent of the state departments

said patrol car control and handling was poor at speeds over 70 mph; but 26 percent of

state departments said braking was poor at those higher speeds. Note that state departments spend a greater proportion of their driving time at higher speeds than any

other department type (see preceding discussion of Question 7).

Table 8A and B-1. Ratings given to patrol car control and handling and patrol car braking at various speeds

Percent of all departments giving that rating

Excellent Satisfactory Poor

Speed Control Braking Control Braking Control Braking

Under 30 mph 55 59 42 38 0 1 30 70 mph 26 36 69 68 4 5 Over 70 mph 10 10 60 54 25 31

Table 8A and B-2. Ratings of "excellent" given to control and handling

and to braking of patrol cars at various speeds , by department type

Control and handling Braking

(by % of departments)

Under 30 30-70 70-1- Under 30 30-70 70-t- Department type mph mph mph mph mph mph

Township 72 41 17 69 34 10

State 70 47 11 77 43 6

City (50^-) 59 18 5 58 16 7

City (1-9) 55 28 10 65 29 9

City (10-49) 52 21 8 56 19 10 County 46 26 15 56 36 24

50 largest 46 17 7 43 14 4

19
9A. On the average, how long does it take an officer to become

accustomed to the controls and instruments of a new patrol car?

Less than a day

More than a day, less than a week

More than a week, less than a month

More than a month

9B. On the average, how long does it take an officer to become

accustomed to the handling and performance of a new patrol car?

Less than a day

More than a day, less than a week

More than a week, less than a month

More than a month

Almost all responding departments (92%) reported that it took less than a week to get used to the controls and instruments in a new patrol car. Fewer departments (74%)

felt that it was possible to become accustomed to the handling and performance in this time period. About one-fifth of the departments said it took more than a week to get

used to the handling and performance of a car, while only 7 percent felt it took this long

to become familiar with the instruments. (See table 9A and B.) Table 9A and B. Time needed by officers to become

accustomed to a new patrol car , by all respondents

Controls and Handling and Time instruments performance

(by % of departments)

Less than a day 41 20

1 day to 1 week 51 54

1 week to 1 month 7 20 More than 1 month 1 2

10. About how many miles per gallon of gas do your patrol cars

get?

Less than 8 miles/gallon

8-11 miles/gallon

12-15 miles/gallon

More than 15 miles/gallon

Ninety percent of the responding departments said their patrol cars got less than

12 miles/gallon of gasoline. Seven-tenths )f the departments got between 8 and 11

miles/gallon, cities and townships more often reported getting less than 8 miles to a

gallon (17%-37%) than did counties and states (6-7%). Almost all state departments

(94%) reported getting 8-11 miles/gallon. (See table 10.)

Table 10. Miles per gallon of gasoline per patrol car, by department type

Department type

(by %)

All

Miles/gallon

department

types

City (50+)50

largest

City

(10-49) Township

City

(1-9) County State

Less than 8 21 37 35 22 17 17 7 6

8-11 69 59 63 73 76 70 60 94

12-15 10 4 2 3 7 13 32 0 More than 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

20
2.2.5. Patrol Car Features and Options

llA. When your new patrol cars come from the manufacturer,

what changes or additions are made for your department (either

by you or your dealer)? (X Each Item That Applies)

(For the choices supplied, see table llA-1)

Police departments indicated that they, or their dealers, were making many

changes to the manufacturers' basic models in order to adapt them to patrol use. In

addition to the 12 more common changes listed in the questionnaire for check-off, 29

percent of the respondents listed at least one other item which did not appear on that

original list.

Table llA-1. Percentages making each change in manufacturers ' basic models , by all respondents

Percent of all Accessory/change departments'

[n=449]

Install siren 98

Install mobile radio 98

Install P. A. system 75

Install bar flashing lights 69

Install spotlights 61

Install gun racks 56

Install bubble lights 54

Install mounting racks 51

Install barrier between seats 43

Install trunk racks 38

Special engine changes 2 Remove chrome 0 Other 29

1 Percentages add lo more than 100 percent Bincf each deparlment could mark each choice that applied.

Townships and larger city departments (more than 10 officers) reported more

additions than did states, counties and cities (1-9). The most common changes made,

according to aU respondents, were installations of sirens (98%), mobile radios (98%),

P. A. systems (75%), and bar flashing lights (69%). Table llA-2 highlights the results of

this question.

Many other changes were specified by the departments. Because mention of these

items was scattered across respondents, the percentages are not presented. The general

categories of other additions/changes are listed below:

° SpecisJ tires

° Writing desk

° Seat covers/floor mats

° Interior trunk release

° Radar installation

° Remove door/window handles

° Disconnect interior lights

° Map/interior light

° Wiring

° Electronic device to compute speed from time and distance

21

231-348 O - 77 - 5
° Fuel changeover system

° Fire extinguisher mount

° Console/controls for lights/sirens

° Push bumpers

° Baton/flashlight holder

° Rear flashing lights

° GriUe Ughts

° Flashing headlights

° Painting/decals

Table llA-2. Percentages' of all departments and ranges of percentages

within department types making each accessory /change

AU Lowest department Highest department

Accessory /change departments type type

Siren 98 Township=93 City 1-9=100 Mobile radio 98 County=94 City 50-t-=99 P. A. system 75 City 1-9=60 50 largest=85 Bar flashing lights 69 State=47 City 10-49=87

Spotlights 61 State=23 Township=79

Gun racks 56 State=34 City 10-49=69 Bubble lights 54 City 10:49=43 50 largest=72

Mounting racks 51 State=17 City 10-49=67

Barrier between seats 43 State=17 50 largest=61

Trunk racks 38 State=26 Township=52

Special engine changes 2 State, County=0 Township=7 Remove chrome 0 Township=3

Other 29 County=17 State=60

Percentages (or lotal and for each deparlmenl type add to more than 100 percent

since each department could mark each item that applied.

IIB. What problems do you have making these changes to the

" Manufacturer' s regular model"? (For the items you marked in

Question 11 A.)

This question was left open-ended to allow respondents to write in any problems

they had had with converting standard automobiles into police patrol cars. Slightly more

than half (57%) of the departments listed some problems; the others wrote in "no

problems" (30%) or left the question blank (13%).

Codes were developed to handle the answers given by departments. The problems

most commonly encountered by departments while making changes in standard

automobiles are shown in table IIB.

12. Which of the following options were included the last time

your department bought patrol cars? (X Each Item That Applies)

(For choices supplied, see table 12-1.)

Of the 14 options listed for check-off, all but 3 (bulletproof glass, locking gas cap, and bucket seats) had been specified by at least one-third of the respondents when they

last bought patrol cars. Six of the 14 had been specified by more than 80 percent of the

22
Table IIB. Problems in convening standard automobiles to patrol cars for police use , by all respondents

Percent of all Problem departments'

(n=499]

Lack or room/appropriate place to install/mount 17 Must modify car/buy new equipment to install 13

Year-to-year design/model changes cause problems 11 Takes time/adds costs/depreciates vehicle 10 Lack of appropriate support to install/mount 6 Wiring problems 6 "Other" 5

Availability of mechanics 1

Slight problems, unspecified 6 None, no problems 30 No answer 13

Percentages, except for "No answer," "None, no problems." and "Slight problems," may represent double counting since each department could give two answers.

Table 12-1. Percentages of departments which specified each

option the last time they bought patrol cars

Percent of all Option departments

[n=449]

Automatic transmission 95

8-cylinder engine 94 Power steering 90 Power brakes 86

Disc brakes 84 Heavy duty suspension 83

Air conditioning 59

Tinted glass 52

Interior hood release 49

Light in trunk 45

Interior trunk release 37 Locking gas cap 10 Bucket seats 4

Bulletproof glass 0

Other 30 No answer 1

Percentages add to more than 100 percent since each department could mark each option that applied.

23
Table 12-2. Options specified by 60 percent or more of the departments in each department type

Department type

All 50 City City City

Option departments State largest (10-49) (S0+) (1-9) Township County

Automatic transmission 95 98

fi-cylmder engine 94 98 Power steering 90 91 Power brakes 86 96

Disc brakes 84 98 Heavy duty suspension 83 98

Air conditioning 59 81 Tinted glass 52 70

Interior hood release 49 81 Light in trunk 45 66

Interior trunk release 37 60

100 98 95 95 90 87

100 94 93 95 93 85

89 94 95 85 93 79 89 88 84 80 83 82 96 82 86 77 83 79

91 87 84 76 90 68

63 7167

63

responding departments. In addition, 30 percent of the departments listed at least one

"other" option that they had asked for the last time they bought patrol cars. As can be seen in table 12-2, state poUce had specified more options than the

other department types. The top six options on the list (automatic transmission,

8-cylinder engine, power steering, power brakes, disc brakes and heavy duty

suspension) were chosen by 80 percent or more of the departments in every department

type except counties and cities (1-9), where the lowest percentage observed was 68

percent.

Thirty percent of the 449 departments specified at least one other option in addition to those hsted on the questionnaire. Heavy duty battery, alternator or electrical system was volunteered by 8 percent of departments which listed other options, a

striking rate since the item was not originally Usted. Other options hsted were:

° Special tires/tire size

° Special cooHng system

° Heavy duty seats

° Special gauges or dials

° Special interior light

° Rear window defroster

° AM radio

° Special seat covers/upholstery

° Spotlight

° Power windows

° Special engine

° Floor mats/carpet

° Special traction device

° Special mirrors

° Special hand throttle

° Special suspension

° Heavy duty shock absorbers

° Fuel transfer kit

° Special gearing

° Split-bench front seat

24
13. About how much does a new patrol car cost without trade-in?

(Include costs for changes, specified by you, which the dealer

makes.)

Under $2500

$2500-2999

$3000-3499

$3500-3999

$4000-4499

$4500-4999

$ 5000 or more

About half (51%) of the respondents said new patrol cars for their departments

cost less than $3,500. The majority (72%) of all deoartments and the majority of departments in every department type said new patrol cars cost between $3,000 and

$3,999. (See table 13-1.) Departments with the smaller fleets of patrol cars (counties, townships, cities (1-9), and cities (10-49)) had higher percentages of departments paying more than $4,000 for

their patrol cars than did the larger cities and state departments. (See table 13-2.)

Table 13-1. Amount paid for new patrol cars by

responding departments

Price of new Percent of all patrol cars departments

Under $3,000 12 $3,000-3,499 39

$3,500-3,999 33

$4,000-5,000 13 Over $5,000 1

Table 13-2. Amount paid for new patrol cars , by department type

Price range

(by % of department type)

$4,000 $3,000- Under No

Department type or more 3,999 $3,000 answer

Township 24 62 13 0 County 23 55 13 8

City (1-9) 19 69 12 0

City (10-49) 16 73 10 2

State 9 91 0 0

City (50+) 5 83 12 2

50 largest 4 74 22 0

25
14. What equipment is normally carried in your patrol cars? (X

Each Item That Is Carried in Nearly Every Patrol Car)

(For choices supplied, see table 14.)

More than half of the departments routinely carried in their patrol cars the

following equipment items: clipboard, fire extinguisher, flares, first aid kit, shotgun,

batons, blankets, extra ammunition and brief case. Further, more than one-fourth (29%)

of the departments said they carried at least one item of equipment in addition to those

in the questionnaire. (See table 14.) State police departments carried more equipment items in their patrol cars than

other department types. State police more commonly carried riot equipment (77%) than

other department types (18-28%). Two-thirds, or more, of the 50 largest cities carried the

first 6 items listed in table 14, but less than half of them carried any of the other items.

A variety of items was carried by the responding departments in addition to the

items listed in the questionnaire:

"Other "equipment items

° Pry bar/wrecking bar

° Flashlight

° Measuring tape/wheel

° Oxygen/resuscitator

° Rope

° Dog equipment

° Rain gear/bad weather gear

° Axe

° Shovel

° Traffic cones/reflectors

° Lug wrench

° Snow chains

° Life ring/life jacket

° Jumper cables

° Broom

° Report forms/books

° Radar

° Equipment box

° Tow chain

° Water or gasoline container

° Portable barricades

° High visibility clothing

° Tear gas/gas mask

° Jack

° Spare tire

° Splint

° Tape recorder

° Rifle

26
Table 14. Equipment routinely carried in patrol cars by 50 percent or more of the departments

in a particular department type and percentage of total respondents carrying this equipment

Department type

AU City City City 50 Equipment item departments Township (1-9) County State (10-49) (50-t-) largest

Clipboard 84 97 95 86 85 83 72 70

Fire extinguisher 83 100 76 81 96 86 83 70

Flares 81 100 87 81 91 77 76 67

First aid kit 79 90 83 76 98 80 71 65 Shotgun 73 69 72 79 77 76 69 70 Batons 67 72 74 62 85 54 61 72 Blankets 64 72 54 65 77 73 64

Extra ammo 55 55 61 72 77 53

Brief case 53 69 56 62 53 Camera and film 32 55 Hand-held radio 30

Riot equipment 28 77

Fingerprint kit 19 Field detection kit 6 Other 29 57

14A. What problems have you had, if any, storing in the car the

equipment that is usually carried in your patrol cars? (Name the

Item of Equipment and Describe the " Problem" in the Spaces

Provided.)

More than one-third (39%, n=175) of all respondents listed at least one problem

associated with storing equipment items in their patrol cars. The answers given by these

departments were tabulated in three ways: (1) number of departments citing a specific

item of equipment as having a problem associated with it; (2) number of departments

citing a specific problem; and (3) a cross-tabulation of specific equipment item with a

specific problem. This third tabulation wiU not be discussed because the numbers in each equipment item/problem group are too small to draw any generalizations. (See

table 14A-1.)

The shotgun was the only item presenting equipment storage problems for a

significant percentage (16%) of the respondents. These respondents, however, had

differing storage problems; no one problem was cited by more than 2 percent of the

respondents. (See table 14A-2.)

The larger city department types (50 largest, 50+) most often reported problems

storing equipment; counties least often reported such problems. The shotgun was the

item of equipment most frequently listed as a storage problem by all department types

except townships (in which 14% listed first aid kits) and counties (in which no single

item was listed by many departments). Within department types, the shotgun was most

often mentioned as a storage problem by medium sized cities (10-49 officers, 50 or more

officers). (See table 14A-3.)

The storage problems listed by departments were coded into 11 general categories.

Most of the responses fell into three of the categories: no appropriate place to store, item gets dirty or damp, or not enough room to store in place desired.

27
Table 14A-1. Equipment items named as being associated

with storage problems , by all responding departments

Percent of all Equipment item departments'

(n=449)

Shotgun 16

First aid kit 7 Flares 6 Trunk items in general 6

Fire extinguisher 5 Communications equipment 4

Blankets 3 Storage box 2 Equipment in general 2 Batons 2 Camera and film 2 Clipboard 2 Hand-held radio Extra ammunition

Briefcase

Riot equipment

Oxygen tanks

Flashlight

Dog equipment in general

Spare tire/spare tire mounts

Siren

None/no problem 24 No answer 37

Percentages, except for "None" and "No answer," may represent double

counting since departments could list up to four equipment items/problems.

Table 14A-2. Departments which had no storage problems, and

departments which had problems storing shotguns , by department type

Have had no problems

in storing equipment Listed shotguns

Department type ("no problems," "no as an equipment

answer") storage problem

(in %)

County 75 4

City (1-9) 67 11

State 66 9 Township 66 7

City (10-49) 57 27

City (50+) 50 25

50 largest 48 15

28
Table 14A-3. Storage problems listed as being associated

with storing equipment items in the patrol cars

Percent of all Storage problem departments

'

[n=449]

No appropriate place to store (general) 18 Gets dirty or damp 16 Not enough room to store in place desired 14

Difficult to store/mount (general) 9 No appropriate place to store that is also accessible 6 Not enough support to install/mount 2

Year-to-year design/model changes 2 Problems with equipment, not storage 2 Threatens safety 1 Problem unspecified 1

None/no problems 24 No answer 37

Percentages, except for "None" and "No answer" may represent double counting

since each department could cite up to four equipment items/problems.

15. Which of the following features do you think should be on all of your patrol cars? (Check Each Item That Applies Regardless of

Whether You Know It Is Now Available or Not.)

(For choices supplied, see table 15 or 15A-1.)

15A. Which three of the above features (items checked in

Question 15) would be most important to have on all of your

patrol cars?

Twenty-three features were listed in the questionnaire for check-off. Of those, 17 were felt to be essential in all the patrol cars of more than half of the responding departments. The feature receiving the lowest percentage (noise soundproofing) was stiU felt to be essential to one-third of the departments. Since none of the features listed was

standard on current automobiles, these answers imply that current model cars probably

require many optional features and modifications in order to make them well suited for patrol use. A comparison of the answers to Questions 15 and 15A (see table 15 and 15A-1)

revealed that there were relatively large differences between patrol car features the

departments would like to have on aU of their cars and those they thought to be most

essential. Those features that were said to be among the three most important (Question

ISA) were not always the ones that received the highest percentages of votes (Question

15). For example, although 76 percent of the respondents said that interior map lights

should be on all their patrol cars, only 1 percent of them said that this was one of the

three most important features among the choices supplied. (See table 15 and 15A-1.)

The features felt to be among the three most important by 20 percent or more of the responding departments were: air conditioning, heavy duty suspension, built-in crash

bars, barriers between seats and communications consoles. (See table 15 and 15A-2.)

Among the department types, state police more often placed air conditioning and

additional headroom among the three most important features than did other department

types. The 50 largest cities and states placed greater importance on heavy duty

suspension than other department types.

29

231-348 O - 77 - 6
Table 15 and 15A-1. Features which departments said should be on all patrol cars ; features chosen as the three most important to have on all patrol cars, by all responding departments

Total saying it Total saying it should be on all is one of three Feature patrol cars most important

(Question 15)' (Question 15A)^

Heavy duty suspension 94 38

Interior trunk/hood release 85 7 Air conditioning 85 42

Tinted glass 83 3

Interior map light 76 1 More durable seat springs 72 7 Barrier between seats / 72 31

Central door lock 71 10

Better ventilated upholstery 71 7

Built-in crash bars ^/70 32 Communications console 69 24

Additional headroom 63 14

360° mirror 63 6

Built-in mounting brackets 62 7 Bumpers with push bars 58 6

Built-in shelves in trunk 56 6 Locking gas cap 50 2

Additional legroom 44 5 Larger glove compartment 40 2

Bullet-proof glass 38 10

r Old-out desk in tront 37 3 Bucket seats with console 37 8

Noise soundproofing 33 1

Other 22 12

^Percentages add to more than 100 percent since each department could mark each answer that applied. Percentages add to approximately 300 percent since each department was allowed three answers.

Table 15 and 15A-2. Features chosen among the three most important by 25 percent or more of departments , by department type

Department type

(in %)

Feature

All departments StateCity

(1-9)

City

(10-49)

50

largest County Township City

Air conditioning 42 62 43 42 41 40 38 35 Heavy duty suspension 38 51 39 30 61 33 38 30

Built-in crash bars 32 34 30 36 33 24 37

Barrier between seats 31 38 36 30 28 34 35 Communications console 24 29 31 24 29

Additional headroom 14 30

30
Twenty-two percent of the responding departments listed at least one other feature

that they said should be on every patrol car, and 12 percent of the total said that some

other feature was one of the three most important features. "Other " categories

° Power windows

° Special tires

° Special cooling system

° Disc brakes/power disc brakes

° Heavy duty electrical system

° Larger engine

° Special door locks

° Special bumpers

° Fuel transfer

° Special restraint system

° Heavy duty transmission

° Special built-in equipment

° Spotlight

° RoU bars in roof

° Rear window defroster/defogger

° Special storage

° Additional room/bigger door in rear

° Special suspension

° Special traction

° Front window vents

° Split bench front seat

2.2.6. Maintenance and Repairs

16. What is the average downtime per patrol car per month for

service and repair?

Less than 3 days per month 9-11 days per month

3-5 days per month 12-14 days per month

6-8 days per month More than 14 days per month

The majority of all departments (62%) said they had an average of less than 3 days

of downtime per patrol car per month, and 94 percent said they had 5 days or less. The

larger city departments (10 or more officers) appeared to be losing more patrol car time

to service and repair than the other department types, (see table 16.)

Table 16. Days of downtime per patrol car per month, by department type

Department type

(in %)

Days of downtime City City City 50

per month Township (1-9) County State (50-t-) (10-49) largest

Less than 3 79 76 75 72 53 51 37

3-5 14 23 18 28 39 43 48 More than 6 3 1408 4 13

31
17. Listed below are four factors that may be causes of patrol car " downtime." Look over the entire list, and then place an X by

the item that most often causes patrol car " downtime" in your

department.

Length of time to actually perform the service/repair.

Frequent need for service/repair.

Delay in getting parts.

Shortage of mechanics/repairmen (heavy workload in service

facility)

Other (specify)

The responses of the 449 responding departments were about evenly divided

among the four causes of patrol car downtime. Among department types, about half of the state police cited delays in getting parts compared to only about one-fourth of the

departments as a whole. The largest cities (50 largest, 50+ officers) most often said that

a shortage of mechanics was the main cause of their downtime while townships most

often reported time to actually perform service/repair. (See table 17.) The "other" responses to this question were varied, and no categories were

developed. Examples of these are "distance from service facility," "poor mechanics,"

"time for insurance claims," "car not heavy duty enough," etc.

Table 17- Causes of downtime in patrol cars, by department type

Department type

(in %)

All 50 City City City Cause departments largest (50+) County (1-9) (10-49) State Township

Shortage of mechanics/

repairmen 30 43 42 33 29 22 17 10 Delay in getting parts 26 26 22 26 21 22 49 21 Frequent need for service/ repair 24 22 25 17 27 34 21 10 Time to actually perform

service/repair 23 15 23 21 20 23 15 59

18. In what three areas does the majority of your patrol car

service/repairs occur. (Do not include oil changes and scheduled

tune-ups.)

Body work

Brake system

Standard transmission system

Automatic transmission system

Replacement of tires

Front end alignment

Service of air conditioner

Electrical system

Auxiliary (non-automotive)

electrical equipment

Rear end maintenance

Engine

Other (specify)

Two of the choices, engine (56%) and brake system (51%) were selected by more

than half of the respondents. Five more of the 11 choices were selected as high

service/repair areas by one-fourth or more of the responding departments. (See table 18-

1.) There were considerable differences among the seven department types in the areas they selected as having the highest requirements for service and repair. Table 18-2

32
Table 18-1. The three areas of highest service repair

Service/repair Percent of all departments

[n=449]

Engine 56 Brake system 51 Replacement of tires 45

rront pnH fllicrniTi^nl oo

Electrical system 29 Automatic transmission system 26 Body work 24

Auxiliary electrical equipment 9

Service of air conditioning 6 Rear end maintenance 2 Standard transmission 0

Other 6

Percentages add to approximately 300 percent since departments were

asked to select the three major areas.

Table 18-2. The three highest votes (percentages') within each department type for cause of patrol car service /repair

Department type

(in %)

AU City City City 50

Service/repair departments State County Township (1-9) (10-49) (50-^) largest

Engine 56 87 47 52 57 53 59 Brake system 51 40 41 59 63 74 Replace tires 45 62 66 62 59

Front alignment 38 62 55

Electrical system 29 43 Automatic transmission 26 43 Body work 24 39 59

Auxiliary electrical equipment 9

Service AC 6 Rear end maintenance 2 Standard transmission 0

Each department was allowed to give three answers to this question.

33
presents the three choices within each department type which received the highest

percentages of votes. These department type differences in service/repair experience may have been a resuh of the different kinds of driving done (Questions 3 and 7). For example, state departments which did 64 percent of their driving at speeds over 50 mph experienced a higher percentage (87%) of engine service/repair problems than did any of the other

department types. On the other hand, the data do not suggest why the smaller

departments had higher percentages of departments citing replacement of tires as a major service/repair area (townships, city (1-9), city (10-49) and counties; range=59-66%,

states, 50 largest, and city (50-I-); range=7-25%).

Other interesting trends in the data show that the larger cities had higher

percentages of departments saying that the brake system was an area of high concern:

City (10-49) = 59 percent; city (50+) - 63 percent; and the 50 largest - 74 percent. In

addition, the two largest city types had higher percentages of departments listing body

work, and over half of the counties and townships listed front end alignment as a problem area.

19. What features of your present patrol cars do you consider

dangerous to the occupants, and how are they dangerous? (Name

the Patrol Car Features and Describe the Danger in the Spaces

Provided Below.)

Codes were developed from the narrative answers the respondents gave to this question. These coded responses were then tabulated in three ways: (1) number of departments mentioning a particular system or aspect of the patrol car as dangerous, (2) number of departments describing a particular danger, and (3) a cross-tabulation of those departments mentioning a specific danger with respect to a specific system or aspect of the patrol car. Each department could list up to four dangerous

features/dangers, (see table 19-1.)

Almost half of the responding departments (48%) listed at least one patrol car

feature that they felt to be dangerous to the occupants. States and counties least often

listed dangerous features; larger cities (more than 10 officers) most often listed them.

Partially because of the open-ended nature of the question, respondents cited a wide variety of dangerous features. Thus, because of the large number of different

responses, the percentages for any one feature were uniformly low with the exception of brake system (32% of those listing any dangerous feature). (See table 19-2.)

Using the narrative answers, categories were developed to describe how the

features listed were felt to be dangerous. Only three of these categories approached 20

percent of the departments responding to this question: failure or lower performance at high speeds (22%); failure in general (22%), and potential cause of injury during collision (20%). Note, again, that slightly fewer than half of the responding departments did not answer this question and are not included in the tabulation.

The intent of developing these problem categories was for use in cross-tabulation

with the dangerous features. However, because only about half the respondents listed any dangerous features, and because there was such a wide variety of both features

cited and descriptions of how the features were dangerous, no discussion will be

presented of this cross-tabulation, which may be found in appendix B (table 19-3).

34
Table 19-1. Departments indicating dangerous features of

patrol cars, by department type

Percent of deparlmenl type

Department type

L<lslCU al ICoSl vlllC dangerous feature answer

50 largest 59 41

City (50+) 56 42

City (10-49) 54 46 Township 48 52

City (1-9) 43 57 County 38 62

State 36 64

All department types 48 52

Table 19-2. Patrol car features listed as dangerous

Dangerous feature

Percent of all departments

listing at least one

dangerous feature'

[n = 2I6]

Brake system 32

Suspension system (front and rear) 18 Body construction/strength 15

Restraint system 13

Auxiliary front seat equipment 13 Lack of barrier between the seats 11 Engine performance 9 Doors/door locks 9 Shotgun mount/holder/rack 7 Tires 6 Windshield/ windows 6 Lack of crash bars/roof support 6

Seats (front and rear) 5 Rear view mirror/corner post 5 Bumpers 4

Insufficient headroom/legroom 4

Design problem (general) 4 Exhaust system/ventilation 4

Light weight 3 Transmission system 2 Steering wheel/column 2

Spotlight 2 Radio mount/controls 2 Wiring 1 Miscellaneous 24

Percentages may repreHrnI double counting since each deparlment could

li&l up to four dangerous featureH/dangerB.

35
Table 19-3. Description of how the dangerous features were dangerous

Percent of all departments

describing at least one Problem danger'

[n=205]

Failure or lower performance

at high speeds 22

Failure in general 22

rotential cause of injury during

collision 20

Decreases control of vehicle 15

Insufficient for purpose 14

Prisoner transport more hazardous 13

Potential cause of injury (general) 13

Interferes with officer duty 13

Failure during collision 13

Stress or wear causes failure 10 Lack oi protection (general) 9 Not strong enough (general) 9 Decreases visibility 8

Not enough room (general) 5 Design problem (general) 5

Interfers with driver 4 Not heavy enough (general) 3 Not secured (general) 2 Other 14

Percentages may represent double counting since each department could

list up to four dangerous features/how dangerous.

2.2.7. Safety Standards

20. Do you think that separate safety standards are needed for

patrol cars? That is, do you think that the safety standards for

police vehicles need to be different than the safety standards for cars used by the general public?

Why, or Why Not?

More than three-quarters (78%) of the respondents said there should be safety

standards for patrol cars than those for the general public. Most departments within

each department type agreed that different safety standards were needed. (See table 20-

1.) Of those who said separate safety standards were needed, the reasons given for

this answer generally fell into three categories: 33 percent said that patrol cars, in

general, were subjected to different uses than civilian cars, 30 percent said that the reason for this belief was that patrol cars were used in high speed situations, and 26

percent said their reason was the fact that patrol cars get more use than a civilian car. There was some variation among the seven department types in the reasons they

gave for thinking that safety standards for patrol cars should be different than those for the general public. The 50 largest cities (12%) and townships (17%) more frequently

mentioned that they had many drivers for the same car than did the other department

types (0-5%). States (49%) and counties (49%) more often listed high speed use as a reason for separate standards than did other departments (14-36%). (See table 20-2.)

36
Table 20-1. Percentages of departments which felt thai separate safety standards are needed for patrol cars , by department type

Yes, separate No, separate Department type standards standards No answer

needed not needed

City (1-9) 84 12 4 Township 83 17 0

City (10-49) 81 18 1 State 79 21 0

City (50-1-) 76 22 2 50 largest 74 26 0 County 68 26 6

All department types 78 20 2

Table 20-2. Reasons supplied by the 349 departments which said safety standards for

n/j tT/^ 1 /^/ifc ^ hnij 1/1 rn> /iifjf> ffi n t t h /i n t h AUJCiy HUrliiUrUA JtJ' t-U'S used by the general public

If yes, why?

Percent of all departments saying

yes to Question 20

•[n=349]

Percentage range among

seven department types

Different use than civilian car 33 4127

(County) to (City 10-49)

High speed use 30 49

14

(States, County) to (City 50-I-)

More use than civilian car 26 42

14

(Township) to (County)

Mention specific aspect of system or

patrol car

18 38

8

(State) to (City 10-49, Township)

Greater risk, more exposure to accidents 15 26

4

(City 1-9) to (Township)

Many drivers for same car 4 170

(Township) to (State)

Variety of driving speeds 3 80

(Township) to (County, City 1-9)

Other No answer

38

Percentages add to more than 100 percent since each department could give two answers to

this question.

37

231-348 0 - 77 -7
Ninety departments (20% of all respondents) said that they did not think safety

standards for patrol cars should be different than those for the general public. By far the

most common reason for believing safety standards for patrol cars should not be

different was that departments felt safety standards should apply equally to all cars:

(e.g., "everyone is as important to his family as an officer is to his"; "safety standards

should apply equally to all vehicles and should provide the maximum amount of protection to all drivers and passengers"; "aU vehicles should have all safety features

technologically possible"). More than one-third of the departments who said standards

should not be different, however, gave no reason for that answer. Because of the small numbers of departments within the seven department types

who said no to this question, the table below will present percentages for the total only.

(See table 20-3.)

Table 20-3. Reasons supplied by the 90 departments which said

safety standards for patrol cars should not be different from the safety standards for cars used by the general public

Percent of departments which

said no to

If no, why not? Question 20

[n=90]

Safety standards should apply

equally to all cars 37 No need (genersJ) 9 Would cost too much 4 No high speed driving 3 Good driving eliminates need 3 Good maintenance eliminates need 2 Other 7 No answer 39

Percentages may add to more than 100 percent since each department

could give two answers to this question.

2.2.8. Comments from Respondents

A comments page was appended to the end of the questionnaire. As might be

expected at the end of a rather lengthy questionnaire, the response rate was low. The

comment page on the Patrol Car DQ drew responses from 69 of the 449 respondents

(15%). These comments were well thought out and, in general, revealed a high degree of concern by the respondents for their patrol vehicles. (See table iii.) No attempt was made actually to tabulate the comments. They have been retained

verbatim, and are available for research purposes (without the information that would

identify the particular department). These comments identified two areas of high concern to the departments: the need for, or possibility of, designing a police vehicle

specifically for police use; and the need for examination of the currently available

"police package" in terms of whether or not it is meeting poUce needs.

38
Exempletive responses follow: We recommend that a special police car be designed and not changed each

year. Checker cabs in the past proved successful along these lines. Cars

could be designed so new engines could be replaced as needed. Parts could

be replaced even if a car was 10 years old. Size of wheels would be standard,

year after year.

Police vehicles should be specially designed vehicles because they are intended for special uses. We are putting things rear end first. We are taking cars designed for the competitive civilian and commercial markets and its uses and trying to adapt them for our specialized uses.

...the engine, etc., transmission, and rear end of some model/make cars currently offered in the "Pohce Package" from our experience give

satisfactory service, but we have had generally poor experience with chassis

and suspension failure.

Manufacturers should attempt to include the bulk of accessory equipment

and electrical terminals for ease in hook-up as standard equipment in their

"police-package." Optional factory installed equipment should include:

console for radios and storage as well as central location for switches; roll bars and crash bars; frame mounted tow and push bars; and assorted

distinctive paint designs for patrol vehicles; compensation of power loss due

to antipollution devices; steel plates in back rests of front seat; partition of front and rear seat; electric door locks with provision for emergency manual

operation; anti-theft and booby trap devices; reinforced hood, trunk and door

panels; bulletproof glass.

Most companies are making police packages for their cars at this time, but

inspection of the finished product is poor. The automobiles produced for use by many departments are generally

satisfactory but fail to meet the demands of extended periods of idling or slow moving traffic.

There is a need for a police vehicle to be designed for high performance,

based on information and research of law enforcement agencies.

Table iii- Departments supplying additional comments

about their patrol cars, by department types

Percent of that department type Department type supplying a comment

State 15 County 8

City (1-9) 13

City (10-49) 17

City (50-H) 22 50 largest 15 Townships 17

39
i
APPENDIX A

NBS-889

May 1972

0MB 41-P72030

Approval Expires June 30, 1973

U.S. Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

DETAILED QUESTlOKNAI EE : PATROLCARS' |

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY

Sponsored By:

National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

U. S. Department of Justice

Directed and Conducted By:

Behavioral Sciences Group

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

Phone: 301-921-3558

NOTE: This questionnaire is included in this document as a supplement to the discussion in the text. It has no other

intended use.

A-1
INTRODUCTION

;

The patrolcar is generally one of the most important and

most expensive items of eqiaipment in a police department. In talking

with police departments, we harve been told of the performance, safety, and

coinfort shortcomings of their current patrolcars. The Law Enforcement

Standards Laboratory is beginning its work on writing performance standards

for patrolcars. This work can go on only if the Laboratory can find out

the needs of police departments throughout the country.

PURPOSE OF THIS QUESTIONNAIRE: The purpose of this "detailed" questionnaire

is to get answers from YOU, the user, about the patrolcars you are ciorrently

using; the modifications you make to your cxirrent cars; and the problems

you are having with them. Yoxir answers will be used to help police departments throughout the comtry solve their patrolcar problems.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Fill in the questionnaire completely. Even if you do not have

all the information you need "at yotir fingertips" , please inake

your best effort to supply every answer AS ACCURATELY AS POSSIBLE.

2. Answer all questions for YOUR OWN DEPARTMENT. Do not attempt

to supply information that might exist in some other department.

3. The results of this questionnaire will be at least partially

compiled by computer. It is important that you follow directions

and answer every question legibly and in the boxes and spaces

provided.

4. No individual department will be identified in the report of this

survey; the results will be p\±)lished in tabulated form.

5. Additional instructions for filling in your answers appear after

some questions. Follow the directions given.

6. Please PRINT all answers and comments CLEARLY.

7. When this questionnaire has been completely filled in; place it,

with the other questionnaires sent to yovoc department, in the

stamped, addressed envelope supplied. Return all of them to:

Technology Building, A- 110

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20034

8. . If you have any questions, write to the above address, or call

collect

E. Bxinten, or P. Klaus

Phone: 301-921-3558

9. Remember that it is only by getting YOUR answers to these questions

that it will be possible to begin solving the problems that police

have with their patrolcars.
SECTION I: STANDARDS FOR PATROLCARS

INSTRUCTION: This first question asks you to tell us which systems or aspects of your patrolcars are most important to you IN TERMS

OF NEEDS FOR STANDARDS.

By this, we mean: Consider a system or an aspect of the patrolcar

IMPORTANT (in terms of need for standards) if it is

* something that does not perform satisfactorily;

* something that needs improvement to really meet your needs;

* something that is excellent on some cars but only fair or poor on others.

Consider the system or aspect UNIMPORTANT (in terms of need' for

standards) if it is

* something that does meet your needs

* something that you consider generally unimportant in your

patrolcars.

1. What two general systems or aspects of the patrolcars used by your

department need standards most? (MARK X BY 2 OF THE FOLLOWING)

(10-20) *** Cooling system

Braking system

Transmission system

Suspension system

Restraint system (i.e., safety belts)

Stability and control

Collision capacity

Ride and comfort

Convenience of equipment and controls

Engine

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

*Numbers in parentheses are for computer use only.

A-3
SECTION II: CURRENT PATROLCAR USE

2. A. How many of each of the following types of patrolcars do you

now have in your department?

(21-25)

(26-30)

(31-35)

(36-40)

(41-45)

(46-50)

2.B,

(51)

(52-53)

NUMBER TYPE

Full Size 2 -door

Full Size 4-door

Intermediate Size

2-door

Intermediate Size

4-door

Station Wagon

Compact

(For example: Ford Custom,

Plymouth Fury, or Chevrolet

Impala .

)

(For example: Chevrolet

Chevelle, Plymouth Satellite, or Ford Torino)

(For example: Chevrolet Nova,

Ford Maverick, or Plymouth

Valiant)

Would it be of any use to your department to be able to buy

standard compact (or smaller) cars that were specially designed

for police use?

Yes No

Why, or Why not?

On the average , about how many hours is one of your patrolcars in use during a typical day?

(54-57) Under 4 hours

4-8 hours

9-16 hours

17-24 hours

A-4
4. On the average, how many different officers drive one patrolcar in a day?

(58-61) 1

2

3

More than 3

5. How long is an officer's shift in your department?

(52-65) ^Under 4 hours

^4-8 hours

^9-12 hours

Over 12 hours

(66)

(67-70)

(71)

(72-75)

(76)

What determines when your department's patrolcars are replaced:

6A. Mileage?

6B. Years of use?

6C. Other?

Yes _No (IF YES, MARK X BY ONE OF THE

FOLLOWING)

Under 20,000 miles

_20, 000-40, 000 miles

40,001-60,000 miles

Over 60,000 miles

Yes

1 year

_No (IF YES, MARK X BY ONE OF

THE FOLLOWING)

_2 years

3 years

Over 3 years

Yes No (IF YES, LIST BELOW WHAT ELSE

MIGHT DETERMINE WHEN YOUR

PATROLCARS ARE REPLACED)

(77-80)

A-5
7. About what percent of all the miles driven by all the patrolcars in use in your department is at each of the following speeds?

(10-12)

(13-15)

(16-18)

(19-21)

(22-24)

(25-27)

PERCENT COHDITIQM

25 - 30 jniles/hoxir with many stops

30 - 50 miles/hoxir with many stops

35 - 50 miles/hour with few stops

50 - 70 miles/hour

Over 70 miles/ho\ar

Other (Specify)

100% TOTAL

8.

(28-30)

(31-33)

9.

Please tell us how well your patrolcars usually perform with regard

to (A) Control and Handling, and (B) Braking at each of the following

speeds: (PUT ONE X ON EACH LINE)

A. CONTROL S HANDLING;

Under 30 miles/hour

30 - 70 miles/hour

Over 70 miles/hour

B. BRAKING ;

Under 30 miles/hotir

30 - 70 miles/hoiir

Over 70 miles/hour

Excellent

Performance is

Satisfactory

Excellent

Performance is

;

Satisfactory

Poor

Poor

On the average, how long does it take an officer to become accustomed

to (A) the controls and instruments and (B) the handling and performance

of a new patrolcar? (MARK ONE X IN COLUMN A, AND ONE X IN COLUMN B)

CONTROLS AND

INSTRUMENTS IN CAR

B.

HANDLING AND

PERFORMANCE OF CAR

(34-35)

(36-37)

(38-39)

Less Than a Day

More Than a Day, Less Than a Week

More Than a Week, Less Than a Month

(40-41) More Than a Month

A-6
10. About hov many miles per gallon of gas do your patrolcars get?

(MARK X BY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING)

(42-45) Less than 8 miles/gallon

8-11 miles/gallon

12 - 15 miles/gallon

More than 15 miles/gallon

11. A. When your new patrolcars come from the manufacturer, what changes

or additions are made for your department (either by you or by

your dealer)? (X EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES.)

(46-58) Install siren

Remove chrome

Special engine changes

Install spotlights

Install moiinting racks

Install bar flashing lights

Install bubble light

Install gun racks

Install trunk racks for portable equipment (flares, etc.)

Install public address system

Install barrier between front and back seats

Install mobile radio

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

11. B. What problems do you have making these changes to the "manufactxirer ' s regular model"? (For the items you marked in Question 11. A.)

(59-60)

A-7
12. Which of the following options were included the last time your

department bought patrolcars? (X. EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

(61-75) Power brakes

Automatic transmission

Bullet-proof glass

Light in trunk

Interior trunk release

Interior hood release

Locking gas cap

Eight-cylinder engine

Heavy duty suspension

Air conditioning

Bucket seats

Tinted glass

Power steering

Disc brakes

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

13. About how much does a new patrolcar cost without trade-in? (INCLUDE

COSTS FOR CHANGES, SPECIFIED BY YOU, V7HICH THE DEALER MAKES.)

(10-16) Under $2500 $4500-$4999

$2500-$2999 $5000 or more

$3000-$3499

$3500-$3999

$4000-$4499

A-8
14. What equipment is normally carried in your patrolcars? (X EACH

ITEJM THAT IS CARRIED IN NEARLY EVERY PATROLCAR)

(17-31) Hand-held radio

Shotgxm

Flares

First aid kit

Extra arnmunition

Batons

Camera and film

Clipboard

Briefcase

Fire extinguisher

Blankets

Fingerprint kits

Field detection kits (Narcotic, alcohol detection,

etc.

)

Riot equipment

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

14. A. What problems have you had, if any, storing in the car the

equipment that is usually carried in your patrolcars? (NAME

THE ITEM OF EQUIPMENT AND DESCRIBE THE "PROBLEM" IN THE SPACES

PROVIDED)

EQUIPMENT ITEM PROBLEM

(32-35)

(36-39)

(40-43)

(44-47)

a.

A-9
15. Which of the following featxires do you think should be on all

of your patrolcars? (CHECK EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES REGARDLESS OF

WHETHER YOU KNOW IT IS NOW AVAILABLE OR NOT)

(48-71) Air Conditioning

• Tinted glass

Additional headroom

Additional legroom

Bucket seats with console between for storage

Better ventilated upholstery

More durable springs in front seats

Fold-out desk in front seat

Communications console

Larger glove compartment

p Barrier between front and back seats

Built-in storage shelves in trunk

Noise soundproofing to silence droning of the

motor

Built-in mounting brackets for equipment

Bullet-proof glass

Interior map lamp

Built-in crash bars in hood and doors

Locking gas cap

Bumpers with vertical push bars

Mirrors allowing 360° observation

Trunk and hood releases from inside vehicle

Centrally located door lock control

Heavy Duty Suspension

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

15. A Which three of the above features (items checked in Question

would be most important to have in all of your patrolcars?

(72-73) (a)

(74-75) (b)

(76-77) ^<^)

A-10
SECTION III : SERVICE AND REPAIR

16. What is the average "downtime" per patrolcar per month for service

and repair? CX ONE OF THE FOLLOWING)

(10-15) Less than 3 days per month

3-5 days per month

6-8 days per month

9-11 days per month

12-14 days per month

More than 14 days per month

17. Listed below are four factors that may be causes of patrolcar

"downtime". Look over the entire list, and then place an X

by the item that most often causes patrolcar "downtime" in your

department.

MARK X BY

ONE CHOICE

(16-20) Length of time to actually perform the service/

repair

Frequent need for service/repair

Delay in getting parts

Shortage of mechanics/repairmen (heavy workload

in service facility)

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

A-11
18. In what THREE areas does the majority of your patrolcar service/

repairs occur. (Do not include oil changes and scheduled tune-ups.)

MARK X BY

3 CHOICES

(21-32) Body work

Brake system

Standard transmission system

Automatic transmission system

Replacement of tires

Front end alignment

Service of air conditioner

Electrical system

Auxiliary (non- automotive) electrical equipment

Rear end maintenance

Engine

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

SECTION IV: SAFETY

19. What features of your present patrolcars do you consider dangerous

to the occupants, and how are they dangerous? (NAME THE PATROLCAR

FEATURES AND DESCRIBE THE DANGER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED BELOW)

DANGEROUS FEATURE HOW IS IT DANGEROUS?

(33-34) CASE # 1

(35-36) CASE # 2

(37-38) CASE # 3

(39-40) CASE # 4

A-12
Do you think, that separate safety standards are needed for patrolcars

That is, do you think that the safety standards for police vehicles

need to be different than the safety standards for cars used by

the general public?

Yes No

Why, or Why not?

A-13
GENERAL COMMEJ^TS :
IDENTIFYING INFORMATION: (All identifying information will be kept

con fi denti al

)

Name of Department:

Address:

Name of person who answered this questionnaire:

Name

Title: Rank:

No. of years experience in law enforcement;

Telephone Number :

Others who helped: 1.

Name

Title: ^Rank

No. of years experience in law enforcement:

Telephone Niamber:

2.

Name

Title: Rank:

No. of years experience in law enforcement:

Telephone Nvimber:

A-15
i
APPENDIX B

Data Tables

B.l. Advice to the Reader

(a) The data presented in the following tables resulted from the responses of a

stratified random sample (see sec. 1.2) of police departments in response to a specific

set of questions (see app. A). These data do not, in any way, reflect objective testing of any of the equipment by the National Bureau of Standards. The reader is cautioned to become familiar with the questionnaire and to evaluate the data in terms of the exact questions asked.

(b) Tables have been numbered after the question number (e.g., the tables for Question 6A would be numbered 6A-1, 6A-2, etc.). The data are usually presented by

number of respondents and nearest whole percentage. Because of the statistical limitations imposed by the sample sizes used in this study, the reader is cautioned to be

wary of assigning importance to percentage differences of less than 5 percent when

percentages are based on all respondents, and to percentage differences of less than 10

percent when percentages are based on one of the subsample groups (e.g., a particular

department type or region). No statistical tests of significance are reported.

(c) These tables are based on the responding departments from the specific

sample selected for this questionnaire. This sample was not proportional to the total population of police departments, and although it is possible to do so, the data in these

tables have not been weighted to allow direct extrapolation to the total population.

(d) In order to extrapolate to the total population from the respondent data

presented in this report, use the following procedure: For each department type,

multiply the percentage of respondents of a particular department type giving the answer of interest (see B.2 Data Tables, app. B) by the total number of departments of that department type in the population (see table 1.2-2, sec. 1.2); add those seven

subtotals; and divide the total by the total number of poUce departments in the

population (table 1.2-2). The quotient of this division will be an estimate of the

percentage of all U.S. police departments that would choose the answer of interest.

B.2. Data Tables

B-1
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S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1977 O - 231 -M8

ANNOUNCEMENT OF NEW PUBLICATIONS ON

NATIONAL CRIME AND RELATED SUBJECTS

Superintendent of Documents,

Government Printing Office,

Washington, D.C. 20402

Dear Sir:

Please add my name to the announcement Ust of new pubhcations to be issued on the above subjects (including this NBS series): Name

Company

Address

City State Zip Code

(Notification key N-351)




U.S. OEPARTMEIMT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D C. 20234

OFFICIAL BUSINESS

Penalty for Private Use, $300

POSTAGE AND FEES PAID

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

COM-2 1 5

SPECIAL FOURTH-CLASS RATE BOOK