NBSIR 88-3800

Project Plan for Full Scale Smoke

Movement and Smoke Control

Tests

John H. Klote

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Fire Research

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

June 1988

Sponsored by:

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and

Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.

Atlanta, GA 30329

Bell Atlantic Telephone Company

Arlington, VA 22201

New Jersey Bell Telephone Company

Newark, NJ 07101

U.S. Fire Administration

Emmitsburg, MD 21727

U.S. Veterans Administration

Washington, DC 20420

US West Incorporated

Denver, CO 80202

75 Yssrs Stimulating America’s Progress

1913-1988

NBSIR 88-3800

PROJECT PLAN FOR FULL SCALE SMOKE

MOVEMENT AND SMOKE CONTROL

TESTS

John H. Klote

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Fire Research

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

June 1988

Sponsored by:

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and

Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.

Atlanta, GA 30329

Bell Atlantic Telephone Company

Arlington, VA 22201

New Jersey Bell Telephone Company

Newark, NJ 07101

U.S. Fire Administration

Emmitsburg, MD 21727

U.S. Veterans Administration

Washington, DC 20420

US West Incorporated

Denver, CO 80202

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, C. William Verity, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director
"
TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES iv

LIST OF TABLES v

Abstract 1

1 . INTRODUCTION 1

2. TEST BUILDING 2

3. MODIFY TEST BUILDING 3

4. SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEMS 4

4.1 Smoke Control System Types 4

4.2 Computer Analysis 6

4.3 Description of Fan Systems 9

5. CALIBRATE BUILDING LEAKAGE 10

5.1 Floors and Exterior Walls 10

5.2 Shaft Walls and Doors 12

5 . 3 Fan Requirements 12

6. INSTRUMENTATION 13

7. TEST SERIES 14

8. SUMMARY 16

9. REFERENCES 17

APPENDIX A COMPUTER OUTPUT FOR PLAZA HOTEL BUILDING

SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEM ANALYSIS 29

iii
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 . Plaza Hotel building basement floor plan 18

Figure 2. Plaza Hotel building first floor plan 19

Figure 3 . Plaza Hotel building second floor plan 20

Figure 4. Plaza Hotel building third floor plan 21

Figure 5. Plaza Hotel building typical floor plan

for floors four through seven 22

Figure 6. Conceptual smoke control systems with

the smoke zone being the fire floor 23

Figure 7. Conceptual smoke control systems with the

smoke zone being the fire floor and the floor above 24

Figure 8 . Effective flow network for estimating magnitude of

pressurization needed during calibration 25

Figure 9. Conceptual instrumentation

configuration for smoke control tests 26

Figure 10. Conceptual instrumentation

configuration for smoke movement tests 27

Figure 11. Schematic piping arrangement for

gas analysis equipment 28

iv
LIST OF TABLES

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Flow areas (ft2

) used for computer analysis 7

Conditions for the computer runs 7

Computer calculated pressure differences (in H2 0)

for the first smoke control approach 8

Fan Requirements 10

Estimated flows (cfm) to calibrate second floor exterior

leakage at various pressure differences 13

Test series description 15

v

PROJECT PLAN FOR FULL SCALE

SMOKE MOVEMENT AND SMOKE CONTROL TESTS

John H. Klote

Abstract

This report presents a project plan to test combinations of zoned smoke

control and stairwell pressurization systems under real fire conditions to

evaluate the appropriateness of current design methods of analysis for these

systems. The report describes the test building, smoke control systems,

calibration of building leakage areas, test instrumentation, and test series.

As the project progresses much will be learned from the initial stages of

work, and the need for some adjustments in the test series or other parts of

the project plan may become apparent.

Key words: air movement, fire tests, pressurization, smoke control,

stairwells

.

1 . INTRODUCTION

There have been no major fires in buildings with engineered smoke

control systems. With the exception of simple pressurized stairwells, no

engineered smoke control system has been tested under fire conditions. Some

new systems have been tested with non- fire generated smoke (chemical smoke

from smoke bombs) , however such tests are not conclusive because the resulting

smoke is cold. This project will test combinations of zoned smoke control and

stairwell pressurization systems under real fire conditions to determine if

the pressures recommended in the ASHRAE Smoke Control Manual (Klote and

Fothergill 1983) can prevent smoke infiltration at the boundaries of smoke

control systems. Smoke movement with and without smoke control will be

studied.

The project will be conducted in the Plaza Hotel building in Washington

DC. The work in this building will have a duration of three months, and this

work will consist of the following tasks:

1
• Modify test building

• Install smoke control systems

• Calibrate building leakage

• Install instrumentation

• Conduct tests

These tasks are described in this report. It should be noted that there

are some differences between this project plan and the general description of

the project in the research proposal. These differences are due to the

characteristics of the test building and due to a desire to make the most of

the project. These differences in no way reduce the level of effort of the

project or the total number of tests, and the differences are all described in

this report. It is anticipated that the Center for Fire Research will take

charge of the test Plaza Hotel building in late summer, and that the tests

will be conducted in the fall of 1988.

This report is a plan for the project, and as the project progresses

much will be learned from the initial stages of work. Based on this

information, the need for some adjustments in the test series or other parts

of the project plan may become apparent.

2. TEST BUILDING

The Plaza Hotel building is a masonry structure consisting of two wings,

one three stories and the other seven stories tall. The two wings were built

at different times, and it appears that the building was constructed some time

around the turn of the century. The wings are connected at only one location

on each floor as can be seen from the floor plans of figures 1 through 5. The

building has no central forced air HVAC system, but is heated by steam water

radiators and cooled by window air conditioners. Thus dedicated smoke control

systems will be designed and installed as described later.

The connections between the wings at each floor will be sealed off, and

the tests will be conducted in the seven story wing, using the shorter wing as

2
an instrumentation area. The second floor will be the fire floor and the

fires will be conducted in a room and in the corridor near the stairwell as

indicated by the fire hardening shown on figure 3.

The building is being used by the Capitol Police for office space and

will be available for our tests when construction of their new office space is

finished. The Plaza Hotel building is scheduled for demolition after the fire

tests are conducted. The building is located near the U.S. Capitol Building

in Washington DC. The Architect of the Capitol has obtained official approval

of the U.S. Senate Committee on Rules and Administration for NBS to use the

Plaza Hotel Building for this fire research project. The stipulations of this

approval are

:

• All activities of the project will be coordinated with

the Office of the Architect of the Capitol.

• The project will not interfere with the normal

functions of the Senate.

Further the Office of the Architect of the Capitol has agreed to

coordinate communications and requests for service with the many local fire

departments in the area.

3. MODIFY TEST BUILDING

The modifications of the test building consist of:

• Sealing the connection between the wings on each floor

• Caulking windows

• Patching various holes in walls, floors and partitions

• Fire hardening the burn room with calcium silicate board

• Fire hardening parts of the corridor with calcium silicate board

Figures 1 through 5 indicate locations of the connections to be sealed.

The sealing of the connections between the wings is done so that the four

3
story wing can be used for instrumentation and data collection in an

environment protected from the fire and smoke of the tests. The windows are

old with wood frames and appear to be very leaky. The windows will be caulked

in an attempt to get the overall building leakage closer to the range that

would be expected for a modern building. This expected range of leakage is

discussed later in this paper. The areas to be fire hardened are shown on

figure 3, further second floor windows will be fire hardened.

4. SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEMS

4.1 Smoke Control System Types

In the zoned smoke control concept, a building is divided into a number

of smoke control zones, each zone separated from the others by partitions,

floors, and doors that can be closed to inhibit the movement of smoke. In the

event of a fire, pressure differences produced by mechanical fans are used to

limit the smoke spread to the zone in which the fire initiated. The

concentration of smoke in this smoke zone goes unchecked and accordingly, in

zoned smoke control systems, it is intended that building occupants evacuate

the smoke zone as soon as possible after fire detection. The concepts of

stairwell pressurization and zoned smoke control are discussed in detail in

the ASHRAE Smoke Control Manual and in the Recommended Practice for Smoke

Control Systems (NFPA 92A 1988)

.

The test facility will be fitted with two smoke control systems: a zoned smoke

control system and a pressurized stairwell. The following three smoke control

systems will be tested:

1. zoned smoke control with the fire floor (second floor)

as the smoke control zone plus stairwell

pressurization,

2. zoned smoke control with the fire floor and the floor

above as the smoke control zone plus stairwell

pressurization (see figure 7),

4
3. zoned smoke control with the fire floor as the smoke

control zone and without stairwell pressurization.

For all these systems, pressurization air is supplied from the outside,

and exhaust air goes to the outside. The locations of the fans for zoned

smoke control are shown on figures 2 , 3,4 and 5 . The location of the

stairwell pressurization fan will be outside the building at grade level.

System 1 is illustrated conceptually in figure 6, and it will not use the

exhaust fan on the 3rd floor or the supply fan on the 4th floor. System 2 is

illustrated conceptually in figure 7, and it will not use the supply fan on

the third floor. System 3 is the same as system 1, except the stair

pressurization fan will not be operating. The fans that are not used for a

test will be sealed over to prevent leakage through them during that test.

A fourth system consisting of smoke control system 2 without stairwell

pressurization can be arranged, but this system is not included in the test

plan. The research proposal discussed tests of elevator pressurization

systems, these are not included because the elevator shaft in the Plaza Hotel

Building does not lend itself to elevator shaft pressurization. Such elevator

systems were recently the subject of a series of full scale fire tests in

Canada (Tamura and Klote 1987). With the limited number of tests possible in

the Plaza Hotel, it is believed that work should be concentrated on zoned

smoke control with and without stairwell pressurization.

The supply and exhaust rates of the zoned smoke control systems will be

based on six air changes per hour, which amounts to about 1880 cfm per floor.

Six air changes was selected as this is about the upper limit of the air flow

capacity that can be expected from an HVAC system. It is well known that

pressure fluctuations in pressurized stairwells can be a significant problem

when stairwell doors are opened and closed. There are many design approaches

for dealing with this fluctuation problem as discussed in the ASHRAE Smoke

Control Manual. The stairwell pressurization system used for this test series

will use the Canadian approach of having an exterior stairwell door open

throughout pressurization to reduce the adverse effects of doors opening and

5
closing. Based on experience, the stairwell will be pressurized by a fan

delivering up to 9000 cfm of supply air.

4.2 Computer Analysis

Because there will be a pressurized stairwell and a zoned smoke control

system in the test building, the performance of each system will be affected

by the operation of the other. The performance of the first smoke control

approach was analyzed using the computer program ASCOS (Klote 1982) . For the

ASCOS program, a building is represented by a network of spaces or nodes, each

at a specific pressure and temperature. The stairwells and other shafts are

modeled by a vertical series of spaces, one for each floor. Air flows through

leakage paths from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure.

These leakage paths are open doorways , gaps around closed doors , open windows

,

and cracks around closed windows . Leakage also occurs through construction

cracks in partitions, floors, exterior wall and roofs. Supply air can be

introduced into a shaft or other building space to simulate a pressurization

system, and exhaust air can be removed from any space. The input for ASCOS

consists of the network description, areas of leakage paths, outside

temperature, inside temperature, pressurization and exhaust air flow rates.

The program output consists of the steady flows through the network and the

corresponding pressures.

The analysis included two conditions of building leakage, which are

loose and average tightness. The two leakage conditions were studied to

obtain an idea of system performance because the actual leakage areas are not

known. However, it is believed that the actual flow areas will be found to be

in the range between the values selected for loose and average tightness. The

flow areas used for this analysis were based on experience and on the typical

leakages listed in appendix C of the ASHRAE Smoke Control Manual. These flow

rates are listed in table 1.

The computer analysis was conducted for temperatures of 70 °F indoors

and 40 °F outdoors. This outside temperature is felt to be appropriate in

that the smoke control systems will probably not encounter lower outside

6
Table 1. Flow areas (ft2

) used for computer analysis

Area Located Between

Building and outside at basement

Building and outside at 1 st floor

Building and outside at floors

2 through 7

Floors

Stairwell and building per floor

with stairwell doors closed

Stairwell and building per floor

with stairwell doors opened

Stairwell and outside at floors

1 through 7

Stairwell and outside at basement

Elevator shaft and building per floor

Elevator and outside at penthouse (Vent)

Loose Average

0.10 0.10

3.00 1.50

0.81 0.41

0.22 0.11

0.29 0.24

10.5 10.5

0.10 0.05

10.5 10.5

1.07 0.77

5.00 5.00

Table 2 . Conditions for the computer runs

Run Description of Conditions

1 Loose building leakage listed in table 1. All

stairwell doors closed except the exterior stairwell

door

2 Average building leakage listed in table 1. All

stairwell doors closed except the exterior stairwell

door

3 Loose building leakage listed in table 1. All

stairwell doors open except the second floor door.

4 Average building leakage listed in table 1. All

stairwell doors open except the second floor door.

5 Loose building leakage listed in table 1 except for

the flow area between the elevator shaft and the

building which is 0.20 ft2

. All stairwell doors open

except the second floor door.

7
Table 3. Computer calculated pressure differences (in H2 0)

for the first smoke control approach

Location Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Run 5

Stairwell to 2nd floor 0.153 0.274 0.102 0.233 0.208

1st floor to 2nd floor 0.100 0.260 0.101 0.233 0.206

3rd floor to 2nd floor 0.151 0.366 0.104 0.236 0.211

Elevator shaft to 2nd

floor 0.046 0.150 0.068 0.176 0.107

Note: The second floor is the smoke zone , and the first and

second floors are pressurized.

temperatures for daytime tests in the fall season in Washington DC. (Design

of a system for a normal building would have to consider both summer and

winter design temperatures as discussed in the ASHRAE Smoke Control Manual.)

A description of the building conditions for the computer runs is listed in

table 2 , and a summary of the computer generated data from these computer runs

is listed in table 3. Computer output is listed in appendix A for both

leakage conditions and for two conditions of open stairwell doors.

For a smoke control system in an unsprinklered building, NFPA 92A

suggests a minimum design pressure difference of 0.10 in H2 0 at the boundaries

of the smoke control system for a ceiling height of 9 feet. The floor to

ceiling height in the Plaza Hotel is 8 feet 7 inches. For purposes of these

tests, meeting the NFPA suggested level of pressurization will be considered

acceptable performance.

The computer analysis was conducted for all interior stairwell doors

closed and for all interior stairwell doors open except on the fire floor. It

is apparent from table 3, that the system performance is acceptable for the

boundaries of the second floor (smoke zone) to the stairwell, the first floor,

and the second floor. For the loose leakage condition (runs 1 and 3), the

8
pressure differences to the elevator shaft are not sufficient, if the second

floor elevator shaft walls are considered boundaries of the smoke control

zone. The definition of a smoke control boundary is not well established.

The supply and exhaust rates could be increased to increase the pressure

difference to the elevator shaft. However, increasing these flow rates would

mean that supply and exhaust would be more than six air changes, which many

people feel is the upper limit for zoned smoke control systems. Another

possibility would be a lower leakage area between the building and the

elevator. To evaluate this possibility, run 3 was conducted over again except

the flow area between the elevator and building was reduced to 0.20 ft2

. This

run is listed as run 5, and, the pressure difference in question was 0.107 in

H2 0 which is an acceptable value. Thus the performance of the first smoke

control approach can be considered acceptable provided that the leakage of the

elevator shaft can be modified in extreme cases. A limited number of computer

runs (not shown here) for the other smoke control approaches were conducted,

and the performance of these approaches is comparable to that of the first

approach

.

4.3 Description of Fan Systems

For zoned smoke control, the fans will have variable volumetric flow

capability with a maximum capacity of 2000 cfm and will be located on the 1st,

2nd, 3rd and 4th floors (figures 1-5). The fans will be connected by duct

through window openings to the outside. The static pressure across these fans

will equal the losses in the ducting plus the pressure difference between

outside and the floor where the fan is located. The duct systems have not

been designed, but the duct diameter probably will be 16 in with a pressure

loss of about 0.1 in H2 0 per 100 feet at maximum capacity. Allowing for

losses at fittings, inlets, outlets and the flow measuring equipment, the loss

of the duct system should not exceed 1.25 in H2 0. From appendix A run 4, the

maximum pressure difference to be expected from the building to the outside is

on the second floor and is about 0.25 in H2 0. Thus the fans for zoned smoke

control should be capable of meeting 2000 cfm at 1.5 in H2 0. For these

motors, electrical power can be supplied by 240 Volts AC wiring that currently

supplies window air conditioning units.

9
The fans used for zoned smoke control will also be used to calibrate the

building leakage areas as discussed later, and the minimum capacities of these

fans is also discussed later. Table 4 lists the requirements of fans.

Table 4. Fan Requirements

Temperature Minimum Maximum Static**

Rating Capacity Capacity Pressure

Fan Smoke Control Use (°F) (cfm) (cfm) (in H2 0)

1* 1st floor pressurization none 600 2000 1.50

2* 2nd floor exhaust 600 600 2000 1.50

3* 3rd floor exhaust none 600 2000 1.50

4* 3rd floor pressurization none 330 2000 1.50

5* 4th floor pressurization none 330 2000 1.50

6* Stairwell pressurization none 5000 9000 1.40

* Variable volume fans ** Static pressure is at maximum capacity

5. CALIBRATE BUILDING LEAKAGE

In order to evaluate the performance of the smoke control system and to

allow computer simulation of test results, the leakage paths throughout the

building need to be evaluated. A comprehensive series of tests will be

conducted to calibrate the leakage areas between floors, in exterior walls, in

stairwell walls, and in elevator shaft walls.

5.1 Floors and Exterior Walls

Fans 1 through 5 (table 4) will be used for calibration of leakage areas

of exterior walls and floors. The technique used is illustrated by the

example of evaluating the leakage area in the exterior walls of the third

floor and of the leakage area in the third floor. All leakage paths to the

10
stairwell, elevator shaft and other shafts are sealed. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th

floors are pressurized, and the supply flow rates are adjusted so that

pressure differences to the floors above and below are zero. Within the

limits of accuracy of this test, all of the air supplied to the third floor

flows through the exterior walls. The mass flow rate, m, of air to the third

floor and the pressure difference, APB03 , from the building to the outside are

measured. The leakage area, AB03 , between the building and the outside at the

third floor is calculated as

. = m

aB0 3 C ( 2 a AP

The value of the flow coefficient, CB03 , can be estimated based on

experience, and the density, p, of air in the third floor space is calculated

from the perfect gas law. Then the fan on the second floor is shut off, and

the supply rates of the other fans are adjusted so that the pressure

difference to the fourth floor is zero. The mass flow rate, m, of air to the

third floor; the pressure difference, APF3 , from the third floor to the second

floor; and the pressure difference, APB03 , from the building to the outside

are measured. Within the limits of accuracy of this test, all of the air

supplied to the third floor flows through the exterior walls and through the

third floor leakage paths. This can be expressed as

m ^B 0 3 AB 0 3 J 2 p APBOS + CF 3 AF 3 \ 2 p APF 3

The flow coefficients and density are evaluated as before, and the flow

area, AF3 , can be obtained form the above equation. The above example

evaluates the flow areas by measurements at one set of flow conditions. If

possible, several measurements will be conducted and the flow areas will be

evaluated statistically. Further, several measurements could give an

indication of the applicability of the constant flow coefficient assumption.

11
5.2 Shaft Walls and Doors

Direct measurement of the gap thickness around a door does not lead to

an accurate estimate of the flow area through the gaps because of the complex

nature of these flow paths. To overcome this limitation, the leakage of the

shaft walls and doors will be evaluated by the following technique . Any large

areas between the shaft and the outside will be closed over and sealed, and

all doors will be closed. The shaft will be pressurized, and using the method

described above the total leakage area of the shaft wall plus the flow area of

the gaps around doors will be determined. Then the gaps will be sealed, and

the shaft will be pressurized. This will establish a leakage area for the

shaft walls . The flow area of gaps around all the doors will be obtained by

subtracting the first area from the second. The gaps around each door will be

measured, and the resulting geometric area of the gaps will be used to

proportion the total flow area of the gaps among the doors

.

5 . 3 Fan Requirements

Fans 1 through 5 (table 4) will be used for leakage calibration, and the

calibration process will require a large range of flow rates. The effective

area concept (section 2.6 ASHRAE Smoke Control Manual) can be used to

estimate the flows needed for building calibration. The effective areas for

the calibration process of determining the flow area from the building to the

outside at the second floor were calculated, and the resulting flow network is

illustrated in figure 8. Using the flow equation (m = C A (2 p AP)*), the

flow rate of pressurization air to the first, second and third floors for

calibration can be estimated for any particular pressure difference. Table 5

lists calibration flows for both leakage conditions considered (table 1), and

the flows range from 330 to 3600 cfm. The flows above 2000 cfm can be

achieved by use of two fans, and fans must be capable of delivering a minimum

flow of 330 cfm.

12
Table 5. Estimated flows (cfm) to calibrate second floor exterior

leakage at various pressure differences

Loose Leakage Conditions

Pressure

Difference

(in H2 0) 0.10 0.20

Floor

Pressurized

Average Leakage Conditions

0.10 0.20

1

2

3

2600 3600

670 950

850 1200

1100 1800

330 470

420 600

6 . INSTRUMENTATION

Conceptual instrumentation layouts for tests with and without smoke

control are shown in figures 9 and 10. Instrumentation will consist of

thermocouples, gas analysis (02

, C02 and CO), differential pressure

transducers, smoke meters, a load cell, and a gas burner. The thermocouple

trees consist of five type K thermocouples located at intervals from the floor

to the ceiling, except for the fire floor where each tree will consist of six

thermocouples. About one hundred thermocouples will be made using

approximately two miles of thermocouple wire. The piping arrangement for the

gas analyzers is illustrated in figure 11. Smoke meters measure smoke

obscuration. The load cell is used to measure the weight loss from the solid

fuel fires.

Video cameras (not shown in figures 9 and 10) will be located on the

floors and in the stairwell. Further, a number of telltale sprinklers will be

installed on the fire floor, these will indicate the time at which real

sprinklers would be activated. Instruments and video cameras on the fire

floor and in the stairwell will be protected from heat damage.

13
Wires from the instruments and video cameras will be run to the

instrument area on the first floor of the four story wing of the building

(figure 2). In this area there will be a microcomputer, channel scanner, and

digital voltmeter for data acquisition. Video recording, processing, and

viewing equipment will be located in the instrument area. Further, the

continuous gas analyzers will be located in this area.

7. TEST SERIES

The test series consists of 24 tests with chemical smoke, solid fuel

fires, and gas burner fires. The chemical smoke will be produced by

commercial smoke bombs. It is planned that the solid fuel fires will be a

standard fire consisting primarily of polyethylene beads1 that CFR is

developing for the U.S. Navy. This fire will be extensively studied and

characterized, and is expected to be highly repeatable. This fire will be set

and allowed to go to burn-out. It will be used to study the interaction of

fire and the smoke control system with all the doors and windows in the

barriers of the smoke zone closed. The majority of the fires will be gas

burner fires because they are simple and lend themselves to analysis. The

solid fuel fires and gas burner fires will be in the range of 1 MW. A low

energy fire (200 KW) and a smoldering fire were included in the proposal for

this project. But, these fires are not included in this plan, because a high

energy fire is the most severe test of a smoke control system, and because of

the limited number of tests possible in this project.

The fires will be unsprinklered because the long drying out time between

sprinklered tests is prohibitive for a project of limited testing time. The

final test could be sprinklered without causing a drying problem, and such a

final sprinklered test was included in the research proposal. However, it is

currently felt that more can be learned about smoke control system operation

by another use of the final test.

x This is called a solid fuel fire because polyethylene is solid at room

temperature. However, polyethylene beads melt before ignition and the

resulting fire is similar to a liquid pool fire.

14
Table 6. Test series description

Test Fire Smoke Control Stairwell Doors on Floors 4 Burn Room

Test Type 1 Location2 System3 2 3 7 Window4

1 CS BR none C C C C

2 CS BR none 02 C C C

3 SF BR none C C C C

4 GB BR none C C C C

5 GB BR none 02 C C C

6 GB CORR none 02 C C C

7 GB CORR none 02 C 02 C

8 GB CORR none 02 C 02 C

9 GB CORR none 02 C CO C

105 GB CORR none 02 C CO C

11 CS BR 1 C C C C

12 CS BR 1 02 C C C

13 SF BR 1 C c C C

145 SF BR 1 C c C C

15 GB BR 1 C c C C

16 GB BR 1 02 c C c

17 GB CORR 1 02 c C c

18 GB CORR 1 02 c 02 c 19 GB BR 1 C c C CO

20 GB CORR 1 02 CO C c

21 GB BR 2 C c C 0

22 GB CORR 2 02 CO C c

23 GB BR 3 C c C c 24 GB CORR 3 02 c C c

1 CS is for chemical smoke test, SF is for solid fuel fire test, and GB is for

gas burner fire test. These test types are: described in the text.

2 BR is for burn room on second floor , and CORR is for corridor near stairwell

door on the second floor. These areas are fire hardened as illustrated in

figure 3.

3 Smoke control systems 1, 2, and 3 are described in the section entitled

'smoke control system types.'

4 C is for closed, 02 is for opened two inches in width, and CO is for

completely opened.

5 Repeat of earlier test to help establish a level of repeatability for the

test series.

15
Tests 1 through 10 study smoke movement without smoke control. These

tests should provide information about smoke flow in stairwells and will act

as a baseline for the smoke control tests. Tests 11 through 24 are tests of

the smoke control systems previously discussed. The tests will be conducted

under various conditions of opened and closed doors and windows as listed in

Table 6. Two repeat tests (table 6) are included in the series to help

establish a level of repeatability for the tests.

8. SUMMARY

Three smoke control systems will be simulated in the tests. The first

approach is with the smoke control zone consisting of the fire floor. The

second is with the smoke control zone consisting of the fire floor and the

floor above. Both of these approaches include a pressurized stairwell, and

approach three is the same as the first except without stairwell

pressurization. These systems were analyzed with the ASCOS computer program,

and their performance was acceptable for the range of leakage conditions

anticipated in this project plan.

Zoned smoke control will be accomplished by the use of fans located on

the floors to be pressurized or exhausted. These same fans will serve double

duty in that they will also be used for calibration of the leakage areas of

the floors, exterior walls and the elevator shaft. The stairwell

pressurization fan will be used for calibration of stairwell leakage. The

calibration technique is described in detail in this project plan. The fan

capabilities needed depend on both smoke control use and calibration use as

discussed.

16
9. REFERENCES

Klote, J. H. , 1982. A Computer Program for Analysis of Smoke Control Systems,

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U. S.), NBSIR 82-2512.

Klote, J.H. and Fothergill, J.W., 1983. Design of Smoke Control Systems for

Buildings, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning

Engineers, Atlanta, GA.

NFPA 92A, 1988. Recommended Practice for Smoke Control Systems, National Fire

Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, HA.

Tamura, G. T. and Klote, J. H. , Experimental Fire Tower Studies on Elevator

Pressurization Systems for Smoke Control, ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 93, Part

II, 1987, pp 2235-2257.

17
» • I

Figure 1. Plaza Hotel building basement floor plan

18
Figure 2. Plaza Hotel building first floor plan

19
\\\W Inelic & Ctree,s

\\\\\ -to t>e //'>"€

i • • • •

Figure 3. Plaza Hotel building second floor plan

20
f\/oie: 7X e Sfjb/a/^ a**/ & thirst*

'fci^S Cr fh •'* //oft* are noT*

fh fo ojors'afe + / fh^

Sf rn g /

i mu

r**- •* r- < *

i • i • «

Figure 4. Plaza Hotel building third floor plan

21
Figure

Uoic:

Floors

0*

Plaza Hotel building typical floor plan

for floors four through seven

22
Notes

:

1. The second floor is the smoke zone, and it

is exhausted at six air changes per hour.

2. The first and second floors are

pressurized at six air changes per hour.

3. The stairwell is pressurized by 9000 cfm,

and the exterior stairwell door remains

open throughout pressurization.

7th Floor

6th Floor

5th Floor

STAIRWELL

Supply

9000 cfm

4th Floor

Supply 1880 cfm

3rd Floor

Exhaust 1880 cfm

2nd Floor

Supply 1880 cfm

Ground Floor

Basement

Open

Exterior Door

Ground

Level

Figure 6. Conceptual smoke control systems with

the smoke zone being the fire floor

23
Notes

:

1. The second floor is the fire floor. The

smoke zone consists of the second and

third floors , and both floors are

exhausted at six air changes per hour.

2. The first and fourth floors are

pressurized at six air changes per hour.

3. The stairwell is pressurized by 9000 cfm,

and the exterior stairwell door remains

open throughout pressurization.

7th Floor

6th Floor

5th Floor

Supply 1880 cfm

4th Floor

Exhaust 1880 cfm

3rd Floor

Exhaust 1880 cfm

2nd Floor

Supply 1880 cfm

Ground Floor

Basement

STAIRWELL

Supply

9000 cfm

Open

Exterior Door

Ground

Level

Figure 7. Conceptual smoke control systems with the

smoke zone being the fire floor and the floor above

24
Notes

:

1 . The numbers in the diagram are areas in

feet squared for the loose building

leakage values (see table 1)

.

2 . The effective network is calculated by the

methods described in section 2.6 of the

ASHRAE Smoke Control Manual (Klote and

Fothergill 1983)

.

3 . The leakage areas between floors are not

shown in the effective network because the

pressure differences across these areas

are kept at zero as part of the

calibration process to determine the

leakage area between the second floor and

the outside.

4. Using the flow equation

(m = C A (2 p AP) %

), the flow rates (n^ , m2 and m3

) of pressurization air for

calibration can be estimated for any

particular pressure difference. —! 0.81

0.22 0.81

0.22 0.81

m3 0.22 0.81

W

m2 0.22 0.81 m3

m1 0.22 3.00 m2 w w

0.22 0.10 “l

Flow Network for Effective Flow Network for

Calibration Conditions Calibration Conditions

Figure 8 . Effective flow network for estimating magnitude of

pressurization needed during calibration
w

Floor

Note: Volumetric flow and temperature

instrumentation for the smoke control

system are not shown.

Symbols

$ Thermocouple tree

G Gas probe 02 and CO plus C02 on the fire floor

P | P Differential pressure probes across barrier

SM Smoke obscuration

Load cell

Gas burner

W Wind transducer

T Thermocouple

Figure 9. Conceptual instrumentation

configuration for smoke control tests

26
Floor

W

Symbols

$ Thermocouple tree

G Gas probe 02 and CO plus C02 on the fire floor

P | P Differential pressure probes across barrier

SM Smoke obscuration

Load cell

Gas burner

W Wind transducer

T Thermocouple

Figure 10. Conceptual instrumentation

configuration for smoke movement tests

27
Cylinders of

Calibration Gases

Note

:

The flow rates through the analyzers are required to be in the

range of 2 ft3 /hr. Flow rates through the entire piping system in

this range would result in long time lags. The above piping

arrangement with a pump flow rate of about 1 ft3 /min reduces lag

time considerably. Theoretically, the rotameter can be upstream

or downstream of the gas analyzer. Because of sensitivity to

outlet pressure, the rotameter is upstream of the 02 analyzer.

Figure 11. Schematic piping arrangement for

gas analysis equipment

28
APPENDIX A COMPUTER OUTPUT FOR PLAZA HOTEL BUILDING

SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Description of Computer Output

For the computer analyses of this appendix, the outside temperature is

40.0 °F, the inside temperature is 70.0 °F. The network consists of one

compartment per floor, a stairwell and an elevator shaft. The flow areas that

connect the spaces of this network are listed in table 1, and the conditions

of the runs are described in table 2. The flow coefficients for all the

leakage paths were selected at 0.65. The computer output consists of a description of the building network with the pressures at each space and the

steady flow rates between all the spaces that are connected by leakage paths.

A complete description of ASCOS including the output is provided in the ASHRAE

Smoke Control Manual, however the following limited description of the output

is provided as a convenience to the reader.

For each run, the output consists of data about the building spaces

(spaces other than shafts), followed by data about each shaft. On the top of

the page 31, the output for run 1 shows all the connections to compartment 1

of floor 1. (Because of a limitation of the ASCOS program, floor 1 of the

output is actually the basement of the building - floor 2 is actually the

first floor, and the others follow the same pattern.) A pressure difference

of 0.37 in H2 0 is listed from compartment 1 of floor 2 to compartment 1 of

floor 1. The leakage area of the connection is 0.220 ft2

, and the resulting

flow is 109.8 scfm (at 70° F and 1 atmosphere). Similar information is

provided for the connections from compartment 1 of floor 1 to the stairwell,

the elevator shaft, and the outside. Finally, the net of all these flows into

compartment 1 on floor 1 is listed at -0.3 scfm. The program is a steady flow

analysis, and this net flow is printed to show the level of convergence of the

computer generated solution and to give users confidence in the solution.

29
Similar data is provided for all the other floors of the building.

Compartment 1 of floor 2 is pressurized at 1880 cfm, and this is indicated by

the fixed flow listed in the output. The floor above is exhausted, and this

is indicated in the output as a fixed flow of -1880 cfm. These fixed flows

were part of the input data, and they are included in the output for the

convenience of the user.

Output for the stairwell has a similar pattern. The fixed flow of 9000

cfm for the top floor of the stairwell indicate that it is pressurized at the

top. The shaft flow coefficient allows the program to incorporate friction

loss in shafts and is part of the input data. The net flow for the entire

stairwell, reflecting the fact that ASCOS calculates mass from the steady flow

conservation of mass equation applied to the entire stairwell.

30
RUN 1 - PLAZA HOTEL - ALL DOORS CLOSED - LOOSE CONSTRUCTION

COMPART- FIXED DIFF FLOW

FLOOR MENT PRESSURE FLOW CONNECTION TO PRESSURE AREA FLOW

1 1 1.548 0 . FLOOR 2 COMPARTMENT 1 .037 .220 109.8

STAIRWELL .084 .290 219.2

ELEVATOR -.018 1.070 -371.6

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 .025 .100 42.3

NET -.3

2 1 1.446 1880. FLOOR 3 COMPARTMENT 1 - .100 .220 -181.5

FLOOR 1 COMPARTMENT 1 - .037 .220 -109.8

STAIRWELL .050 .290 168.8

ELEVATOR -.054 1.070 -650.6

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.020 3.000 -1107.2

NET -.4

3 1 1.208 - 1880. FLOOR 4 COMPARTMENT 1 .151 .220 223.0

FLOOR 2 COMPARTMENT 1 .100 .220 181.5

STAIRWELL .153 .290 295.3

ELEVATOR .046 1.070 596.6

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 .072 .810 583.2

NET -.3

4 1 1.221 1880. FLOOR 5 COMPARTMENT 1 -.094 .220 -176.2

FLOOR 3 COMPARTMENT 1 - .151 .220 -223.0

STAIRWELL .004 .290 49.0

ELEVATOR -.106 1.070 -905.9

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 - .087 .810 -624.3

NET -.4

5 1 .988 0 . FLOOR 6 COMPARTMENT 1 - .007 .220 -49.1

FLOOR 4 COMPARTMENT 1 .094 .220 176.2

STAIRWELL .102 .290 240.8

ELEVATOR - .011 1.070 -295.2

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 - .001 .810 -72.9

NET -.3

6 1 .843 0 . FLOOR 7 COMPARTMENT 1 - .003 .220 -31.5

FLOOR 5 COMPARTMENT 1 .007 .220 49.1

STAIRWELL .112 .290 253.0

ELEVATOR - .004 1.070 -176.2

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 - .002 .810 -94.7

NET - .

3

7 1 .701 0 . FLOOR 8 COMPARTMENT 1 - .001 .220 -19.5

FLOOR 6 COMPARTMENT 1 .003 .220 31.5

STAIRWELL .119 .290 260.2

ELEVATOR - .001 1.070 -93.8

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 - .007 .810 -178.8

NET -.31

31
RUN 1 - PLAZA HOTEL - ALL DOORS CLOSED - LOOSE CONSTRUCTION

COMPART

FIXED DIFF FLOW

FLOOR MENT PRESSURE FLOW CONNECTION TO PRESSURE AREA FLOW

8 1 .562 0. FLOOR 7 COMPARTMENT 1 .001 .220 19.5

STAIRWELL .123 .290 265.6

ELEVATOR -.000 1.070 -34.4

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 - .014 .810 -251.1

NET -.3

STAIRWELL

TEMPERATURE PROFILE 1

SHAFT FLOW COEFFICIENT 140000.

FLOOR PRESSURE

FIXED

FLOW CONNECTION TO

DIFF

PRESSURE

FLOW

AREA FLOW

1 1.632 0 . FLOOR 1 COMPARTMENT 1 - .084 .290 -219.2

2 1.496 0 . OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1

FLOOR 2 COMPARTMENT 1

- .059

-.050

10.500

.290

-6665.9

-168.8

3 1.360 0 . OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1

FLOOR 3 COMPARTMENT 1

-.070

-.153

.100

.290

-68.9

-295.3

4 1.225 0 . OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1

FLOOR 4 COMPARTMENT 1

-.081

-.004

.100

.290

-74.0

-49.0

5 1.090 0 . OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1

FLOOR 5 COMPARTMENT 1

-.092

-.102

.100

.290

-78.9

-240.8

6 .955 0 . OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1

FLOOR 6 COMPARTMENT 1

-.103

-.112

.100

.290

-83.5

-253.0

7 .820 0 . OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1FLOOR 7 COMPARTMENT 1

-.114

-.119

.100

.290

-88.0

-260.2

8 .686 9000.

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1

FLOOR 8 COMPARTMENT 1

-.126

-.123

.100

.290

-92.4

-265.6

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.138 .100 -96.7

-.4 NET

THE FOLLOWING UNITS ARE USED FOR OUTPUT

FLOW IN CFM AT 70 DEG F AND 1 ATM

PRESSURE IN INCHS H20

AREA IN FEET SQUARED

32
RUN 1 - PLAZA HOTEL - ALL DOORS CLOSED - LOOSE CONSTRUCTION

ELEVATOR

TEMPERATURE PROFILE 1

SHAFT FLOW COEFFICIENT 140000.

FLOOR PRESSURE

FIXED

FLOW CONNECTION TO

DIFF

PRESSURE

FLOW

AREA FLOW

1 1.530 0 . FLOOR 1 COMPARTMENT 1 .018 1.070 371.6

2 1.392 0 . FLOOR 2 COMPARTMENT 1 .054 1.070 650.6

3 1.253 0 . FLOOR 3 COMPARTMENT 1 - .046 1.070 -596.6

4 1.115 0 . FLOOR 4 COMPARTMENT 1 .106 1.070 905.9

5 .977 0 . FLOOR 5 COMPARTMENT 1 .011 1.070 295.2

6 .839 0 . FLOOR 6 COMPARTMENT 1 .004 1.070 176.2

7 .700 0 . FLOOR 7 COMPARTMENT 1 .001 1.070 93.8

8 .562 0 . FLOOR 8 COMPARTMENT 1 .000 1.070 34.3

9 .424 0 . OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 - .022 5.000 -1931.2

- .1

THE FOLLOWING UNITS ARE USED FOR OUTPUT

FLOW IN CFM AT 70 DEG F AND 1 ATM

PRESSURE IN INCHS H20

AREA IN FEET SQUARED

33
RUN 2 - PLAZA HOTEL - ALL DOORS CLOSED - AVERAGE CONSTRUCTION

COMPART- FIXED DIFF FLOW

FLOOR MENT PRESSURE FLOW CONNECTION TO PRESSURE AREA FLOW

1 1 1.552 0. FLOOR 2 COMPARTMENT 1 .085 .110 83.6

STAIRWELL .094 .240 191.5

ELEVATOR -.025 .770 -314.1

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 .021 .100 38.7

NET -.3

2 1 1.499 1880. FLOOR 3 COMPARTMENT 1 -.260 .110 -146.2

FLOOR 1 COMPARTMENT 1 -.085 .110 -83.6

STAIRWELL .012 .240 67.1

ELEVATOR -.110 .770 -664.4

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.073 1.500 -1053.0

NET -.0

3 1 1.100 - 1880. FLOOR 4 COMPARTMENT 1 .366 .110 173.5

FLOOR 2 COMPARTMENT 1 .260 .110 146.2

STAIRWELL .274 .240 327.7

ELEVATOR .150 .770 778.0

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 .179 .400 454.4

NET -.3

4 1 1.328 1880. FLOOR 5 COMPARTMENT 1 - .200 .110 -128.2

FLOOR 3 COMPARTMENT 1 -.366 .110 -173.5

STAIRWELL -.088 .240 -186.0

ELEVATOR -.216 .770 -932.3

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.195 .400 -460.4

NET -.3

5 1 .990 0. FLOOR 6 COMPARTMENT 1 -.008 .110 -26.3

FLOOR 4 COMPARTMENT 1 .200 .110 128.2

STAIRWELL .115 .240 211.8

ELEVATOR -.016 .770 -253.8

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.003 .400 -60.2

NET -.4

6 1 .844 0. FLOOR 7 COMPARTMENT 1 - .003 .110 -15.8

FLOOR 5 COMPARTMENT 1 .008 .110 26.3

STAIRWELL .126 .240 222.4

ELEVATOR - .008 .770 -175.6

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 - .003 .400 -57.7

NET - .

3

7 1 .703 0. FLOOR 8 COMPARTMENT 1 -.002 .110 -11.1

FLOOR 6 COMPARTMENT 1 .003 .110 15.8

STAIRWELL .133 .240 228.2

ELEVATOR -.005 .770 -138.4

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.008 .400 -94.6

NET -.2

34
RUN 2 - PLAZA HOTEL - ALL DOORS CLOSED - AVERAGE CONSTRUCTION

COMPART

FIXED DIFF FLOW

FLOOR MENT PRESSURE FLOW CONNECTION TO PRESSURE AREA FLOW

8 1 .563 0 . FLOOR 7 COMPARTMENT 1 .002 .110 11.1

STAIRWELL .138 .240 232.7

ELEVATOR - .003 .770 -117.0

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.015 .400 -127.1

NET -.3

STAIRWELL

TEMPERATURE PROFILE 1

SHAFT FLOW COEFFICIENT 140000.

FIXED DIFF FLOW

FLOOR PRESSURE FLOW CONNECTION TO PRESSURE AREA FLOW

1 1.646 0 . FLOOR 1 COMPARTMENT 1 -.094 .240 -191.5

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.073 10.500 -7392.4

2 1.510 0 . FLOOR 2 COMPARTMENT 1 - .012 .240 -67.1

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 - .084 .050 -37.8

3 1.375 0 . FLOOR 3 COMPARTMENT 1 - .274 .240 -327.7

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.095 .050 -40.2

4 1.240 0 . FLOOR 4 COMPARTMENT 1 .088 .240 186.0

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 - .107 .050 -42.6

5 1.105 0 . FLOOR 5 COMPARTMENT 1 - .115 .240 -211.8

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 - .118 .050 -44.8

6 .970 0 . FLOOR 6 COMPARTMENT 1 - .126 .240 -222.4

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 - .130 .050 -46.9

7 .836 0 . FLOOR 7 COMPARTMENT 1 - .133 .240 -228.2

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 - .141 .050 -49.0

8 .701 9000. FLOOR 8 COMPARTMENT 1 - .138 .240 -232.7

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.153 .050 -51.0

.0 NET

THE FOLLOWING UNITS ARE USED FOR OUTPUT

FLOW IN CFM AT 70 DEG F AND 1 ATM

PRESSURE IN INCHS H20

AREA IN FEET SQUARED

35
oo

o\

RUN 2 - PLAZA HOTEL - ALL DOORS CLOSED - AVERAGE CONSTRUCTION

ELEVATOR

TEMPERATURE PROFILE 1

SHAFT FLOW COEFFICIENT 140000.

FLOOR

1

2

3

4

5

6

FIXED DIFF FLOW

PRESSURE FLOW CONNECTION TO PRESSURE AREA FLOW

1.527 0 . FLOOR 1 COMPARTMENT 1 .025 .770 314.1

1.. 389 0 . FLOOR 2 COMPARTMENT 1 .110 .770 664 .

4

1.251 0 . FLOOR 3 COMPARTMENT 1 -.150 .770 -778.0

1.113 0 . FLOOR 4 COMPARTMENT 1 .216 .770 932.3

.974 0 . FLOOR 5 COMPARTMENT 1 .016 .770 253.8

.836 0 . FLOOR 6 COMPARTMENT 1 .008 .770 175.6

.698 0 . FLOOR 7 COMPARTMENT 1 .005 .770 138.4

.560 0 . FLOOR 8 COMPARTMENT 1 .003 .770 117.0

.421 0 . OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.019 5.000 -1817.6

.0 NET

THE FOLLOWING UNITS ARE USED FOR OUTPUT

FLOW IN CFM AT 70 DEG F AND 1 ATM

PRESSURE IN INCHS H20

AREA IN FEET SQUARED

36
RUN 3 - PLAZA HOTEL - DOORS OPENED - LOOSE CONSTRUCTION

COMPART- FIXED DIFF FLOW

FLOOR MENT PRESSURE FLOW CONNECTION TO PRESSURE AREA FLOW

1 1 1.593 0 . FLOOR 2 COMPARTMENT 1 .001 .220 20.8

STAIRWELL .000 10.500 513.3

ELEVATOR -.032 1.070 -497.5

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 - .020 .100 -37.0

NET - .

4

2 1 1.456 1880. FLOOR 3 COMPARTMENT 1 -.101 .220 -182.1

FLOOR 1 COMPARTMENT 1 -.001 .220 -20.8

STAIRWELL .000 10.500 176.0

ELEVATOR - .033 1.070 -507.6

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 - .030 3.000 -1345.9

NET -.4

3 1 1.217 - 1880. FLOOR 4 COMPARTMENT 1 .104 .220 184.8

FLOOR 2 COMPARTMENT 1 .101 .220 182.1

STAIRWELL .102 .290 241.4

ELEVATOR .068 1.070 725.6

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 .063 .810 545.9

NET -.1

4 1 1.182 1880. FLOOR 5 COMPARTMENT 1 - .000 .220 -17.8

FLOOR 3 COMPARTMENT 1 - .104 .220 -184.8

STAIRWELL - .000 10.500 -680.1

ELEVATOR -.036 1.070 -530.4

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 - .049 .810 -467.1

NET - .

2

5 1 1.043 0 . FLOOR 6 COMPARTMENT 1 .001 .220 20.2

FLOOR 4 COMPARTMENT 1 .000 .220 17.8

STAIRWELL .001 10.500 985.2

ELEVATOR - .035 1.070 -523.5

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 - .056 .810 -500.1

NET -.4

6 1 .906 0 . FLOOR 7 COMPARTMENT 1 .002 .220 25.6

FLOOR 5 COMPARTMENT 1 - .001 .220 -20.2

STAIRWELL .002 10.500 1068.1

ELEVATOR - .037 1.070 -533.2

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 - .066 .810 -540.3

NET -.1

7 1 .770 0 . FLOOR 8 COMPARTMENT 1 .003 .220 29.9

FLOOR 6 COMPARTMENT 1 - .002 .220 -25.6

STAIRWELL .002 10.500 1124.9

ELEVATOR -.039 1.070 -548.7

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 - .076 .810 -580.7

NET - .

1

37
RUN 3 - PLAZA HOTEL - DOORS OPENED - LOOSE CONSTRUCTION

COMPART

FIXED DIFF FLOW

FLOOR MENT PRESSURE FLOW CONNECTION TO PRESSURE AREA FLOW

8 1 .635 0. FLOOR 7 COMPARTMENT 1 - .003 .220 -29.9

STAIRWELL .002 10.500 1220.2

ELEVATOR -.042 1.070 -569.7

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.087 .810 -620.9

NET -.3

STAIRWELL

TEMPERATURE PROFILE 1

SHAFT FLOW COEFFICIENT 140000.

FIXED DIFF FLOW

FLOOR PRESSURE FLOW CONNECTION TO PRESSURE AREA FLOW

1 1.593 0 . FLOOR 1 COMPARTMENT 1 -.000 10.500 -513.3

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.020 10.500 -3917.3

2 1.456 0 . FLOOR 2 COMPARTMENT 1 .000 10.500 -176.0

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.030 .100 -44.9

3 1.319 0 . FLOOR 3 COMPARTMENT 1 -.102 .290 -241.4

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.039 .100 -51.4

4 1.182 0 . FLOOR 4 COMPARTMENT 1 .000 10.500 680.1

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.048 .100 -57.3

5 1.044 0 . FLOOR 5 COMPARTMENT 1 -.001 10.500 -985.2

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 - .057 .100 -62.5

6 .908 0 . FLOOR 6 COMPARTMENT 1 -.002 10.500 -1068.1

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.067 .100 -67.5

7 .772 0 . FLOOR 7 COMPARTMENT 1 -.002 10.500 -1124.9

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.077 .100 -72.5

8 .637 9000. FLOOR 8 COMPARTMENT 1 -.002 10.500 -1220.2

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.089 .100 -77.5

-.0 NET

THE FOLLOWING UNITS ARE USED FOR OUTPUT

FLOW IN CFM AT 70 DEG F AND 1 ATM

PRESSURE IN INCHS H20

AREA IN FEET SQUARED

38
RUN 3 - PLAZA HOTEL - DOORS OPENED - LOOSE CONSTRUCTION

ELEVATOR

TEMPERATURE PROFILE 1

SHAFT FLOW COEFFICIENT 140000.

FLOOR PRESSURE

FIXED

FLOW CONNECTION TO

DIFF

PRESSURE

FLOW

AREA FLOW

1 1.561 0 . FLOOR 1 COMPARTMENT 1 .032 1.070 497.5

2 1.423 0 . FLOOR 2 COMPARTMENT 1 .033 1.070 507.6

3 1.284 0 . FLOOR 3 COMPARTMENT 1 - .068 1.070 -725.6

4 1.146 0 . FLOOR 4 COMPARTMENT 1 .036 1.070 530.4

5 1.008 0 . FLOOR 5 COMPARTMENT 1' .035 1.070 523.5

6 .870 0 . FLOOR 6 COMPARTMENT 1 .037 1.070 533.2

7 .731 0 . FLOOR 7 COMPARTMENT 1 .039 1.070 548.7

8 .593 0 . FLOOR 8 COMPARTMENT 1 .042 1.070 569.7

9 .454 0 . OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.052 5.000 -2985.1

-.0 NET

THE FOLLOWING UNITS ARE USED FOR OUTPUT

FLOW IN CFM AT 70 DEG F AND 1 ATM

PRESSURE IN INCHS H20

AREA IN FEET SQUARED

39
RUN 4 - PLAZA HOTEL - DOORS OPENED - AVERAGE CONSTRUCTION

FLOOR

1

2

3

4

5

6

COMPART- FIXED

MENT PRESSURE FLOW

1 1.606 0.

1 1.469 1880.

1 1.097 -1880.

1 1.195 1880.

1 1.057 0.

1 .920 0.

1 .785 0.

CONNECTION TO

FLOOR 2 COMPARTMENT

STAIRWELL

ELEVATOR

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1

FLOOR 3 COMPARTMENT

FLOOR 1 COMPARTMENT

STAIRWELL

ELEVATOR

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1

FLOOR 4 COMPARTMENT

FLOOR 2 COMPARTMENT

STAIRWELL

ELEVATOR

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1

FLOOR 5 COMPARTMENT

FLOOR 3 COMPARTMENT

STAIRWELL

ELEVATOR

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1

FLOOR 6 COMPARTMENT

FLOOR 4 COMPARTMENT

STAIRWELL

ELEVATOR

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1

FLOOR 7 COMPARTMENT

FLOOR 5 COMPARTMENT

STAIRWELL

ELEVATOR

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1

FLOOR 8 COMPARTMENT

FLOOR 6 COMPARTMENT

STAIRWELL

ELEVATOR

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1

DIFF FLOW

PRESSURE AREA FLOW

1 .000 .110 7.3

.000 10.500 518.7

-.057 .770 -478.5

- .034 .100 -47.7

NET -.3

1 -.233 .110 -138.5

1 - .000 .110 -7.3

- .000 10.500 -448.8

-.057 .770 -481.2

- .042 1.500 -804.7

NET -.4

1 .236 .110 139.4

1 .233 .110 138.5

.233 .240 301.9

.176 .770 841.1

.183 .400 458.7

NET -.4

1 -.000 .110 -5.9

1 -.236 .110 -139.4

-.001 10.500 -981.3

-.061 .770 -494.4

-.062 .400 -259.3

NET -.4

1 .002 .110 12.8

1 .000 .110 5.9

.000 10.500 748.5

-.060 .770 -492.7

-.070 .400 -275.0

NET -.4

1 .003 .110 14.6

1 - .002 .110 -12.8

.000 10.500 793.1

-.062 .770 -500.9

-.080 .400 -294.3

NET -.4

1 .003 .110 16.3

1 -.003 .110 -14.6

.000 10.500 823.4

-.065 .770 -511.7

-.090 .400 -313.6

NET -.2

40
RUN 4 - PLAZA HOTEL - DOORS OPENED - AVERAGE CONSTRUCTION

COMPART

FIXED DIFF FLOW

FLOOR MENT PRESSURE FLOW CONNECTION TO PRESSURE AREA FLOW

8 1 .650 0 . FLOOR 7 COMPARTMENT 1 - .003 .110 -16.3

STAIRWELL .001 10.500 873.8

ELEVATOR -.068 .770 -525.0

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 - .102 .400 -332.6

NET -.0

STAIRWELL

TEMPERATURE PROFILE 1

SHAFT FLOW COEFFICIENT 140000.

FIXED DIFF FLOW

FLOOR PRESSURE FLOW CONNECTION TO PRESSURE; AREA FLOW

1 1.607 0 . FLOOR 1 COMPARTMENT 1 - .000 10.500 -518.7

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.034 .050 -24.0

2 1.468 0 . FLOOR 2 COMPARTMENT 1 .000 10.500 448.8

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.042 .050 -26.7

3 1.330 0 . FLOOR 3 COMPARTMENT 1 - .233 .240 -301.9

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 - .050 10.500 -6135.2

4 1.194 0 . FLOOR 4 COMPARTMENT 1 .001 10.500 981.3

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.061 .050 -32.1

5 1.057 0 . FLOOR 5 COMPARTMENT 1 - .000 10.500 -748.5

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 - .070 .050 -34.6

6 .921 0 . FLOOR 6 COMPARTMENT 1 -.000 10.500 -793.1

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.081 .050 -37.0

7 .786 0 . FLOOR 7 COMPARTMENT 1 -.000 10.500 -823.4

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 - .091 .050 -39.4

8 .651 9000. FLOOR 8 COMPARTMENT 1 - .001 10.500 -873.8

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.103 .050 -41.8

.0 NET

THE FOLLOWING UNITS ARE USED FOR OUTPUT

FLOW IN CFM AT 70 DEG F AND 1 ATM

PRESSURE IN INCHS H20

AREA IN FEET SQUARED

41
vO

00

-^1

RUN 4 - PLAZA HOTEL - DOORS OPENED - AVERAGE CONSTRUCTION

ELEVATOR

TEMPERATURE PROFILE 1

SHAFT FLOW COEFFICIENT 140000.

1

2

3

4

5

6

PRESSURE

FIXED

FLOW CONNECTION TO

DIFF

PRESSURE

FLOW

AREA FLOW

1.549 0 . FLOOR 1 COMPARTMENT 1 .057 .770 478.5

1.411 0 . FLOOR 2 COMPARTMENT 1 .057 .770 481.2

1.273 0 . FLOOR 3 COMPARTMENT 1 -.176 .770 -841.1

1.134 0 . FLOOR 4 COMPARTMENT 1 .061 .770 494.4

.996 0 . FLOOR 5 COMPARTMENT 1 .060 .770 492.7

.858 0 . FLOOR 6 COMPARTMENT 1 .062 .770 500.9

.720 0 . FLOOR 7 COMPARTMENT 1 .065 .770 511.7

.581 0 . FLOOR 8 COMPARTMENT 1 .068 .770 525.0

.443 0 . OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 - .041 5.000 -2643.6

-.3

THE FOLLOWING UNITS ARE USED FOR OUTPUT

FLOW IN CFM AT 70 DEG F AND 1 ATM

PRESSURE IN INCHS H20

AREA IN FEET SQUARED

42
RUN 5 - PLAZA HOTEL - WITH ELEVATOR LOBBY

COMPART- FIXED DIFF FLOW

FLOOR MENT PRESSURE FLOW CONNECTION TO PRESSURE: AREA FLOW

1 1 1.611 0 . FLOOR 2 COMPARTMENT 1 .002 .220 22.3

STAIRWELL .000 10.500 190.8

ELEVATOR - .097 .200 -162.6

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 - .038 .100 -50.8

NET -.4

2 1 1.474 1880. FLOOR 3 COMPARTMENT 1 -.206 .220 -260.1

FLOOR 1 COMPARTMENT 1 - .002 .220 -22.3

STAIRWELL .000 10.500 273.5

ELEVATOR - .099 .200 -163.9

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 - .048 3.000 -1707.6

NET - .

3

3 1 1.130 -1880. FLOOR 4 COMPARTMENT 1 .211 .220 263.1

FLOOR 2 COMPARTMENT 1 .206 .220 260.1

STAIRWELL .208 .290 344.4

ELEVATOR .107 .200 170.5

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 .150 .810 841.5

NET -.4

4 1 1.202 1880. FLOOR 5 COMPARTMENT 1 - .000 .220 -8.6

FLOOR 3 COMPARTMENT 1 - .211 .220 -263.1

STAIRWELL - .001 10.500 -886.6

ELEVATOR - .104 .200 -167.8

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 - .069 .810 -554.2

NET -.3

5 1 1.064 0 . FLOOR 6 COMPARTMENT 1 .002 .220 24.7

FLOOR 4 COMPARTMENT 1 .000 .220 8.6

STAIRWELL .000 10.500 719.3

ELEVATOR - .103 .200 -167.6

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.077 .810 -585.1

NET -.0

6 1 .927 0 . FLOOR 7 COMPARTMENT 1 .002 .220 28.6

FLOOR 5 COMPARTMENT 1 -.002 .220 -24.7

STAIRWELL .000 10.500 786.9

ELEVATOR - .105 .200 -169.1

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 - .087 .810 -621.9

NET - .

2

7 1 .792 0 . FLOOR 8 COMPARTMENT 1 .003 .220 31.9

FLOOR 6 COMPARTMENT 1 - .002 .220 -28.6

STAIRWELL .000 10.500 826.3

ELEVATOR - .108 .200 -171.1

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 - .097 .810 -659.0

NET - .

4

43
RUN 5 - PLAZA HOTEL - WITH ELEVATOR LOBBY

COMPART- FIXED DIFF FLOW

FLOOR MENT PRESSURE FLOW CONNECTION TO PRESSURE AREA FLOW

8 1 .657 0. FLOOR 7 COMPARTMENT 1

STAIRWELL

ELEVATOR

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1

-.003 .220 -31.9

.001 10.500 900.9

-.111 .200 -173.5

-.109 .810 -695.9

NET -.4

STAIRWELL

TEMPERATURE PROFILE 1

SHAFT FLOW COEFFICIENT 140000.

FIXED DIFF FLOW

FLOOR PRESSURE FLOW CONNECTION TO PRESSURE: AREA FLOW

1 1.611 0 . FLOOR 1 COMPARTMENT 1 .000 10.500 -190.8

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 - .038 10.500 -5339.2

2 1.474 0 . FLOOR 2 COMPARTMENT 1 .000 10.500 -273.5

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.048 .100 -57.0

3 1.337 0 . FLOOR 3 COMPARTMENT 1 -.208 .290 -344.4

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.058 .100 -62.6

4 1.201 0 . FLOOR 4 COMPARTMENT 1 .001 10.500 886.6

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 - .068 .100 -67.9

5 1.064 0 . FLOOR 5 COMPARTMENT 1 - .000 10.500 -719.3

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.078 .100 -72.6

6 .928 0 . FLOOR 6 COMPARTMENT 1 -.000 10.500 -786.9

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.088 .100 -77.1

7 .793 0 . FLOOR 7 COMPARTMENT 1 -.000 10.500 -826.3

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.098 .100 -81.7

8 .658 9000. FLOOR 8 COMPARTMENT 1 -.001 10.500 -900.9

OUTSIDE DIRECTION 1 -.110 .100 -86.3

.0

THE FOLLOWING UNITS ARE USED FOR OUTPUT

FLOW IN CFM AT 70 DEG F AND 1 ATM

PRESSURE IN INCHS H20

AREA IN FEET SQUARED

44
RUN 5 - PLAZA HOTEL - WITH ELEVATOR LOBBY

ELEVATOR

TEMPERATURE PROFILE 1

SHAFT FLOW COEFFICIENT 140000.

FLOOR PRESSURE

FIXED

FLOW CONNECTION TO

DIFF

PRESSURE

FLOW

AREA FLOW

1 1.513 0 . FLOOR 1 COMPARTMENT 1 .097 .200 162.6

2 1.375 0 . FLOOR 2 COMPARTMENT 1 .099 .200 163.9

3 1.237 0 . FLOOR 3 COMPARTMENT 1 -.107 .200 -170.5

4 1.099 0 . FLOOR 4 COMPARTMENT 1 .104 .200 167.8

5 .960 0 . FLOOR 5 COMPARTMENT 1 .103 .200 167.6

6 .822 0 . FLOOR 6 COMPARTMENT 1 .105 .200 169.1

7 .684 0 . FLOOR 7 COMPARTMENT 1 .108 .200 171.1

8 .546 0 . FLOOR 8 COMPARTMENT 1 .111 .200 173.5

9 .408 0 . OUTSIDE ]DIRECTION 1 - .006 5.000 -1005.4

- .3

THE FOLLOWING UNITS ARE USED FOR OUTPUT

FLOW IN CFM AT 70 DEG F AND 1 ATM

PRESSURE IN INCHS H20

AREA IN FEET SQUARED

45
NBS-1T4A (rev. 2 *80 ) U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. 1

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET (See instructions)

ll. PUBLICATION OR

REPORT NO.

2. Performing Organ. Report No. 3. Publication Date

j

NBSIR-88/3800 June 1988

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Project Plan for Full Scale Smoke Movement and Smoke Control Tests

5. AUTHOR(S)

John H. Klote

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS. see instructions)

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

GAITHERSBURG, MD 20899

7. Contract/Grant No.

8. Type of Report & Period Covered

9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City. State. ZIP)

American Society of Heating, New Jersey Beli Telephone Co.

Refrigerating, & Conditioning Newark, NJ 07l01

Engineers, Inc.

Atlanta GA 30329

U.S. West Inc.

Denver, CO 80202

Bell Atlantic Telephone Co.

Arlington, VA 22201

U.S. Fire Admin.

Emmitsburg, MD 21727

U.S. Veterans Admin.

Washington, DC 20420

Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

11.

ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here)

This report presents a project plan to test combinations of zoned smoke control

and stairwell pressurization systems under real fire conditions to evaluate the

appropriateness of current design methods of analysis for these systems. The

report describes the test building, smoke control systems, calibration of building

leakage areas, test instrumentation, and test series. As the project progresses

much will be learned from the initial stages of work, and the need for some

adjustments in the test series or other parts of the project plan may become

apparent

12.

KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by semicolons)

air movement; fire tests; pressurization; smoke control; stairwells

13.

AVAILABILITY

[yl Unlimited

| | For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

| | Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

20402.

jjX] Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161

14. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

51

15. Price

$13.95

USCOMM'OC ©043-P»0