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Manders, William F/Solld-state carbon 1 QC100 .1156 NO. 86-3380 1986 V19 C.1 NBS-P Solid-State 13 C NMR Determination of

the Syringyl/Guaiacyl Ratio in

Hardwood

William F. Manders

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Fire Research

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

May 1986

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

‘“'•ONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

QC

100

. U 5 6

86-3380

1986

C. 2

NBS

RESEARCH

INFORMATION CENTER

NBSIR 86-3380

SOLID-STATE 13 C NMR DETERMINATION OF

THE SYRINGYL/GUAIACYL RATIO IN

HARDWOOD

William F. Manders

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Fire Research

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

May 1986

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Ernest Ambler, Director

Solid-State NMR Determination of the

Syringyl/Guaiacyl Ratio in Hardwood

by William F. Manders

Center for Fire Research

National Bureau of Standards

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

Keywords

1 ^ C NMR, Solid-State NMR, Lignin, Softwood, Hardwood, Syringyl/Guaiacyl Ratio

Summary

13 The unprotonated aromatic regions of the solid-state C NMR spectra of

several hardwoods and softwoods are examined. Spectra are acquired with cross

polarization, magic-angle spinning, and delayed proton decoupling. The hardwood spectra are decomposed into syringyl and guaiacyl components with the aid

of a softwood spectrum, which is assumed to be the same as the guaiacyl

component of the hardwood spectrum. The molar ratio of syringylpropanoid

units to guaiacylpropanoid units (S/G) in hardwood is determined from the

intensities of their respective component spectra. Ratios for elm (0.45),

basswood (0.70), oak (0.70), maple (0.85), cherry (1.00), birch (1.00), and

poplar (1.20) are reported. These results were comparable to literature

values that were obtained by a combination of methoxyl and elemental analyses.

Nitrobenzene oxidation gave syringaldehyde/vanillin ratios that were approximately three times greater than the corresponding NMR S/G ratios.

-1 -
Introduction

A fundamental structural characteristic of hardwood lignin is the molar

ratio of syringylpropanoid (S) monomer units to guaiacylpropanoid (G) monomer

units, represented by S/G. The two commonly used methods for determining S/G

are the chroraotographic analysis of nitrobenzene-oxidation products (Creighton

et al. 1944), and a combination of methoxyl and elemental analyses on isolated

lignin (Sarkanen et al. 1967). The ranges of S/G for hardwoods that are

obtained from the two methods, namely, from 2.3 to 3.3 for the oxidative degradation method and from 0.3 to 1.5 for the methoxyl/elemental analysis, are

markedly different. Explaining the high ratios for the former, Sarkanen and

Hergert (1971) cited the more frequent involvement of G units in condensed

structures and, in turn, the resistance of condensed structures to nitrobenzene oxidation. In view of the above ranges, they suggested that the

nitrobenzene oxidation ratios were, as a rule of thumb, three times greater

than the actual S/G ratios in hardwood. Physical methods of analysis, for

1 3 example, IR (Sarkanen et al. 1967), UV (Sarkanen et al. 1967) and solution C

NMR (Obst and Ralph 1983), provide semiquantitative results although a quanti1

3

tative determination of S/G with solution C NMR spectra of milled wood

lignins was described recently (Landucci 1985). The S/G values in that study

are comparable to those obtained from the methoxyl/elemental method.

-2 -
Described here is a quantitative method for determining S/G in whole

hardwood with solid-state C NMR techniques including cross polarization (CP)

and magic-angle spinning (MAS) (Schaefer and Stejskal 1976; Yannoni 1982).

The potential of the solid-state NMR experiment is indicated by (1) the

broad range of chemical shifts for lignin (Liidemann and Nimz 1973),

(2) the quantitativeness of the CP/MAS wood spectra (Haw et al. 1984a), and

(3) the convenience and simplicity of whole-wood sampling. Seven genera of

hardwood are represented in order to test the universality of the method and

permit multiple comparisons with S/G values obtained by other techniques.

Experimental

Samples of the following woods were obtained from commercial lumber

stock: spruce ( Picea spp. ) , western red cedar ( Thuja plicata) , southern pine

( Pinus spp.), maple ( Acer spp.), yellow poplar ( Liriodendron tulipifera ), red

oak ( Quercus spp.), basswood ( Tilia spp.), and cherry ( Prunus spp.). The

white birch ( Betula papyrifera ) and american elm ( Ulmus americana ) samples

were taken directly from trunk wood. Samples were ground in a Wiley mill and

the wood meal (40 mesh) was extracted with benzene/ethanol (2:1) in a Soxhlet

apparatus for 8 hr and air dried. The extracted ground wood (320 mg) was

mixed with adamantane (10 mg), a secondary chemical shift reference

(6 = 29.50 ppm and 38.56 ppm), and pressed into pellets. Because of weak C-H

dipolar couplings, the adamantane signal survives the delay-decoupled

experiment.

1

3

The C NMR spectra were obtained at 15.08 MHz on a homebuilt spectrometer. Delay-decoupled spectra were acquired with 2 ms of cross polarization

1 13 with the H and C fields matched at 57 kHz, high-power proton decoupling

that was begun 45 us after the conclusion of cross polarization, and raagic-

-3-
angle spinning at 2300 Hz. 90,000 scans were averaged with a repetition rate

of 1.5 s. The signal-to-noise ratio was improved by exponential apodization,

which introduced 12-Hz line broadening. Baseline corrections and phasing were

carefully maintained in order to ensure reproducible intensity measurements of

the unprotonated aromatic region, which is measured from 115 to 163 ppm.

Phasing parameters were obtained from the delay-decoupled spectrum of

hexamethylbenzene

.

Results and Discussion

Analysis of Wood NMR Spectra

The chemical shift assignments in the CP/MAS 1J C NMR spectra of softwoods

(Fig. la) and hardwoods (Fig. lc) have been discussed previously (Kolodziejski

et al. 1982; Taylor et al. 1983; Haw et al. 1984; Haw et al. 1984a); the

distinguishable features of the wood spectrum are assigned as follows: from

60 to 110 ppm, cellulose and herai celluloses ; from 110 to 160 ppm and 56 ppm,

aromatic and methoxyl carbons, respectively, in lignin; and 20 ppm and

172 ppm, methyl and carboxylate carbons, respectively, in acetyl groups of

hemicelluloses . Delayed decoupling (Opella and Frey 1979) is employed in

order to select certain lignin resonances in the CP/MAS spectrum. With this

technique, the intensities due to carbons with one or two directly bonded

protons, which include the principal carbohydrate carbons, are reduced to an

insignificant fraction of their original intensity. Accordingly, resonances

due to methoxyl (56 ppm) and unprotonated aromatic (115-163 ppm; C-l , C-3 , and

C-4 in G; C-l, C-3, C-4, and C-5 in S) carbons appear in the delay-decoupled

softwood (Fig. lb) and hardwood (Fig. Id) spectra. The relative intensities

of the unprotonated aromatics are unaltered (Schmitt and Sheppard 1984), but

the usefulness of the methoxyl resonance is reduced by its nonquant 1 tat l ve

-4-
intensity (Schmitt and Sheppard 1984) and overlap with residual carbohydrate

signal. The unprotonated aromatic regions of the delay-decoupled spectra of

softwood (spruce, cedar, and pine) and hardwood (poplar, birch, cherry, maple,

oak, basswood, and elm) are shown in Figures 2 and 3, respectively.

lO ## Lignin high-resolution C NMR data (Ludemann and Nimz 1973, 1974), with

which most of the following assignments are made, include multiple chemical

shifts for many of the unprotonated aromatic carbons, owing to inter-unit

structural variations. This fine structure is generally not resolved in the

solid-state spectra. Unless specified, an assignment to a particular carbon

in either an S or G unit pertains to all structures of the unit.

Peaks in the softwood spectrum (Fig. 2) are assigned to unprotonated

aromatic carbons in G units; only trace amounts of p-hydroxyphenylpropanoid

(H) units (Westermark 1985) and S units (Obst and Landucci 1986) are reported

for softwoods. The absence of significant intensity from 160 to 162 ppm, a

region assigned to C-4 in H units (Ludemann and Nimz 1973, 1974; Nimz et al.

1981) is consistent with this assignment. The broad, structured peak centered

at 148 ppm is composed of resonances due to C-3 and C-4 (Liideraann and Nimz

1973); the peak at 134 ppm is assigned to C-l (Ludemann and Nimz 1973).

Slight differences in the structure of the downfield resonance distinguish the

three softwood spectra.

The hardwood spectrum (Fig. 3) comprises resonances due to unprotonated

aromatic carbons in either S or G units; the absence of significant intensity

from 160 to 162 ppm is consistent with reports (Sarkanen and Hergert 1971;

Nimz et al. 1981) of there being only trace amounts of H units in hardwoods.

The broad resonance at 136 ppm is assigned to C-l in G units and to C-l and

C-4 in S units (Ludemann and Nimz 1973). The sharp peak at 153.5 ppm is

assigned to C-3 and C-5 in S units which are O-alkylated at C-4 (Haw et al.

-5 -
1984). The upfield wing of the 153.5 ppm peak is assigned to C-3 and C-4 in G

units (Ludemann and Nimz 1973). C-3 and C-5 in S units that are not

O-alkylated at C-4 appear at 148 ppm (Haw et al. 1984) and also contribute

intensity to the wing, but the total number of S and G phenols in hardwood

lignin is small, about 15% (Nimz 1974). In addition, it is expected that S

phenols are the minority in view of the limited ability of the dimethoxysubstituted S unit to form condensed structures. In the cherry spectrum (Fig.

3c), the peak at 145 ppm and the intensity from 155-160 ppm are due to

condensed tannins (Newman et al. 1985). The possibility of removing these

impurities by means of additional extractive methods (Newman et al. 1985) was

not investigated.

Determination of S/G

Large differences in the magnitude of S/G are apparent in the delaydecoupled CP /MAS ^C NMR spectra of the hardwoods (Fig. 3). As S/G increases,

the peak at 153.5 ppm (C-3 and C-5 in S units) will increase in intensity

relative to its upfield wing (C-3 and C-4 in G units). Poplar (Fig. 3a)

clearly exhibits the greatest S/G, and elm (Fig. 3g) the smallest; the others

are placed intermediately but are not readily distinguishable.

In order to obtain S/G, the unprotonated aromatic region of the hardwood

spectrum is decomposed into individual spectra of the S and G components. The

decomposition is based upon two assumptions. The first is that the softwood

spectrum closely resembles the G component of the hardwood spectrum.

Consistent chemical shifts are evidenced by the nonexistence of a hardwood/

softwood distinction for the high-resolution G-unit chemical shifts (Luden&nn

and Nimz 1973). With respect to resonance intensities, structural studies

suggest that the abundances of G structural units are mostly unaffected by the

-6 -
incorporation of S units. This conclusion is based upon the abundances of

structural units that involve C-5 and therefore must contain a G unit. On a

per-G-unit basis, the respective numbers of 5-0-4 (diphenylether) and 8-5

(phenylcoumaran) structures found in hardwood (Niraz 1974) are comparable to

those in softwood (Adler 1977). Some minor intensity differences between the

softwood spectrum and the G component of the hardwood spectrum are expected

owing to the lower abundance of the exceptional 5-5 (biphenyl) structure in

hardwood (Nimz 1974; Adler 1977). The second assumption is the existence of a

G-resonance window from about 146 to 148 ppm in the hardwood spectrum. The

proximity of the chemical shift of C-3 and C-5 in unalkylated S units

(148 ppm) is presumed to be inconsequential in view of the low abundance for

this structure ( vide supra ).

The relative total intensities of the S and G components of the hardwood

spectrum are determined in the following manner. A hardwood spectrum is

paired with a softwood spectrum and the latter is linearly scaled by a factor

that renders it less intense than the G component of the hardwood spectrum.

This is indicated by positive intensity in the G-resonance window in the

difference spectrum (hardwood minus softwood). The softwood spectrum is then

scaled upward, and difference spectra generated, until some point in the

difference spectrum, presumably in the G-resonance window, has just begun to

go negative (illustrated in Fig. 4). When this occurs, the total intensity

and the spectrum of the S component are given by the difference spectrum

(exclusive of tannin resonances); the G-component total intensity is equal to

the total intensity of the softwood spectrum. Before S/G is calculated, the S

and G intensities are normalized to an equal number of unprotonated aromatic

carbons in their respective structures.

-7 -
Decompositions of the hardwood spectra in Figure 3 with the cedar

softwood spectrum (Fig. 2b) gave the S-component (difference) spectra shown in

Figure 5. Each spectrum consists of two peaks, except the cherry (Fig. 5c),

which also contains the previously identified tannin resonances. The chemical

shift of the upfield resonance in the S spectrum, which is assigned to C-l and

C-4, is 137 ppm; the position of the downfield peak (C-3 and C-5) was

unaffected by the decomposition. The intensities of the two resonances

provide evidence for the validity of the decomposition. Since each resonance

is assigned to two carbons in the S unit structure, equal intensities are

indicated. In the S spectra, the intensity of the peak at 137 ppm ranges from

0.85 to 0.96 times the intensity of the peak at 153.5 ppm.

With regard to the abundance of unalkylated S units in hardwood, it is

noted that only the elm S spectrum (Fig. 5g) exhibits significant intensity at

148 ppm. A simulation of the unalkylated component of the S spectrum (Fig.

6a) (cf. Haw and Schultz 1985) was constructed from the poplar S spectrum by

isolating a segment of the spectrum containing only the peak at 153.5 ppm,

shifting the segment 5 ppm upfield, and adding it to the remaining upfield

resonance. After scaling the total intensity of the unalkylated spectrum to a

certain percentage of the elm S spectrum intensity, it was subtracted from the

original elm spectrum and the decomposition was repeated. The resulting S

spectra are compared in Figure 6b. The intensity at 148 ppm is completely

removed when the subtracted unalkylated intensity is equal to about 6% of the

total S-unit intensity. More significant, the intensity of the G component

was not changed from the value obtained in the original decomposition.

Accordingly, S/G was also unaffected.

-8-
The values of S/G for the hardwood/softwood pairs are given in Table 1.

In each case the use of the cedar spectrum as the softwood spectrum resulted

in the greatest S/G; spruce and pine gave comparable values. Most were within

0.05 ratio units of their respective averages, and this interval was adopted

as the uncertainty in the average value of S/G. Averages ranged from 0.45,

for elm, to 1.20 for poplar. Published methoxyl/elemental results (Sarkanen

and Hergert 1971) for five of the hardwoods and nitrobenzene oxidation results

for the samples used in this study are included in Table 1. The solid-state

NMR S/G values are in close agreement with the methoxyl/elemental results;

the orders of S/G values, excluding the basswood entries, that were obtained

1 ^ by the two methods are the same. Hence the solid-state C NMR method

provides confirmation of the methoxyl/elemental method for determining S/G.

Nitrobenzene oxidation yielded syringaldehyde/vanillin (S/V) ratios that were

approximately three times greater than the corresponding NMR S/G values.

Interestingly, Sarkanen and Hergert (1971) suggested that the S/V ratios were,

as a rule of thumb, three times greater than the ratios of the corresponding

units in hardwoods (see Introduction).

Acknowledgments

The author is grateful to J.R. Obst for discussion of lignin structure

and composition, to D.L. VanderHart for discussion of the NMR experiment, to

D.M. Crawford for the nitrobenzene oxidation analyses, and to R.H. White for

providing several of the wood samples.

- 9 -
References

Adler, E. 1977. Lignin Chemistry - Past, Present and Future. Wood Sci.

Technol. _U, 169-218.

Creighton, R.H.J., R.D. Gibbs and H. Hibbert. 1944. Studies on Lignin and

Related Compounds. LXXV. Alkaline Nitrobenzene Oxidation of Plant

Materials and Application to Taxonomic Classification. J. Am. Chera. Soc.

J56 , 32-37.

Haw, J.F., G.E. Maciel, and C . J . Biermann. 1984. Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic

Resonance Study of the Rapid Steam Hydrolysis of Red Oak. Holzf orschung

38, 327-331.

Haw, J.F., G.E. Maciel, and H.A. Schroeder. 1984a. Carbon-13 Nuclear

Magnetic Resonance Spectrometric Study of Wood and Wood Pulping with Cross

Polarization and Magic-Angle Spinning. Anal. Chera. 56^ 1323-1329.

Haw, J.F. and T.P. Schultz. 1985. Carbon-13 CP/MAS NMR and FT-IR Study of

Low-Temperature Lignin Pyrolysis. Submitted for publication.

Kolodziejski, W., J.S. Frye, and G.E. Maciel. 1982. Carbon-13 Nuclear

Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry with Cross Polarization and Magic-Angle

Spinning for Analysis of Lodgepole Pine Wood. Anal. Chera. 54 , 1419 - 1424 .

Landucci, L.L. 1985. Quantitative ^C NMR Characterization of Lignin. 1. A

Methodology for High Precision. Holzf orschung 39, 355-359.

-10-
Ludemann, H.-D. and H. Nimz . 1973. Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Spectra of Lignins. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 52_, 1162-1169.

Ludemann, H.-D. and H. Nimz. 1974. ^C-Kernresonanzspektren von Ligninen,

Z. Buchen- und Fichten-Bjorkman-Lignin. Makromol. Chem. 175 , 2409-2422.

Newman, R.H., K.R. Morgan, and G.J. Leary. 1985. Characterization of Lignin

Structures in Whole Wood by Carbon-13 CP /MAS Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.

Int. Sym. Wood Pulp. Chem., Vancover, British Columbia, pp. 53-54.

Nimz, H. 1974. Beech Lignin - Proposal of a Constitutional Scheme. Angew.

Chem. internat. Edit. 13 , 313-321.

Nimz, H.H., D. Robert, 0. Faix and M. Nemr. 1981. Carbon-13 NMR Spectra of

Lignins, 8. Structural Differences Between Lignins of Hardwoods,

Softwoods, Grasses and Compression Wood. Holzf orschung 3_5, 16-26.

Obst, J.R. and J. Ralph. 1983. Characterization of Hardwood Lignin:

Investigation of Syringyl/Guaiacyl Composition by ^C Nuclear Magnetic

Resonance. Holzf orschung 37 , 297-302.

Obst, J.R. and L.L. Landucci. 1986. The Syringyl Content of Softwood Lignin.

J. Wood Chem. Tech., in press.

Opella, S . J . and M.H. Frey. 1979. Selection of Nonprotonated Carbon

Resonances in Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. J. Am. Chem. Soc.

101 , 5854-5856.

-11 -
Sarkanen, K.V., H.M. Chang and G.G. Allan. 1967. Species Variation in

Lignins III. Hardwood Lignins. Tappi 50 , 587-590.

Sarkanen, K.V. and H.L. Hergert. 1971. Classification and Distribution. In

"Lignins: Occurrence, Formation, Structure, and Reactions." Ed. by

K.V. Sarkanen and C.H. Ludwig, Wiley-Interscience , New York. Chapter 3,

pp. 63-79.

Schaefer, J. and E.O. Stejskal. 1976. Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

of Polymers Spinning at the Magic Angle. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98_, 1031-1032.

Schmitt, K.D. and E.W. Sheppard. 1984. Determination of Carbon Center Types

in Solid Fuel Materials by CP /MAS N.M.R. Fuel 63_, 1241-1244.

Taylor, M.G., Y. Deslandes, T. Bluhm, R.H. Marchessault , M. Vincendon, and J.

Saint-Germain. 1983. Solid State ^C NMR Characterization of Wood. Tappi

66^, 92-94.

Westermark, U. 1985. The Occurrence of p-Hydroxyphenylpropane Units in the

Middle-Lamella Lignin of Spruce ( Picea abies ). Wood Sci. Technol. 19 ,

223-232.

Yannoni, C.S. 1982. High-Resolution NMR in Solids: The CPMAS Experiment.

Acc. Chem. Res. 15 , 201-208.

-12-
Table 1

Hardwood Values of S/G Obtained by Solid-State 13 C NMR and Other Methods

Hardwood Spruce

-SoftwoodCedar PineArithmetic

Meana Methoxyl/

Elemental^

Nitrobenzene

Oxidation0

Elm 0.42 0.49 0.44 0.45 0.32 1.3

Basswood 0.67 0.77 0.63 0.70 0.92 2.0, 2.1

Oak 0.65 0.76 0.68 0.70 0.72 2.2, 2.4

Maple 0.79 0.88 0.81 0.85 0.79 3.0

Cherry^ 0.98 1.05 0.99 1.00 — 3.9, 4.2

Birch 0.98 1.05 0.99 1.00 0.92 2.9, 3.2

Poplar 1.16 1.23 1.16 1.20 — 3.6

aRounded to nearest pentad, uncertainty is ± 0.05.

^Sarkanen and Hergert (1971). For lignin thioglycolic acids.

c Syringaldehyde-vanillin molar ratio. Method in Obst and Landucci (1985).

Duplicate analyses were performed on some samples.

^Tannin resonances in this spectrum increase the uncertainty of S/G.

-13-
1 3 Figure 1. CP/MAS C NMR spectra of (a) cedar, a representative

softwood; (b) cedar with delayed decoupling; (c)

poplar, a representative hardwood; and (d) poplar with

delayed decoupling.

- 14 -
_l 1 I

I I

I I 1 I L

160 150 140 130 120 ppm

Figure 2. The unpijotonated aromatic region of the delay-decoupled

CP/MAS C NMR spectra of selected softwoods: (a)

spruce, (b) cedar and (c) pine. Total spectral

intensities are equivalent.

- 15 -
_1 I I I I I I I I L 160 150 140 130 120 ppm

Figure 3. The unprotonated aromatic region of the delay-decoupled

CP/MAS C NMR spectra of selected hardwoods: (a)

poplar, (b) birch, (c) cherry, (d) maple, (e) oak, (f)

basswood and (g) elm. The spectra are arranged from

top to bottom in order of decreasing S/G. The change

in the intensity of the sharp S-unit peak at 133.5 ppm

relative to its upfield wing, due to G units, can be

seen. Total spectral intensities are normalized to an equivalent total of monomeric units by utilizing the

average S/G values in Table 1.

- 16 -
1 I 1

I I I I I I I 160 150 140 130 120 ppm

Figure 4. Illustration of decomposition method for obtaining the

individual intensities of the S and G components. The

properly scaled softwood (cedar) spectrum (b) is

subtracted from the hardwood (poplar) spectrum (a) to

give its S component (c). (See text for details.)

- 17 -
_l I I I I

I I 1 I L

160 150 140 130 120 ppm

Figure 5. The S-component spectrum of the following hardwoods:

(a) poplar, (b) birch, (c) cherry, (d) maple, (e) oak,

(f) basswood and (g) elm. (See text for details.)

Total spectral intensities are equivalent.

- 18 -
_l I I I I I 1 I I L

160 150 140 130 120 ppm

Figure 6. The simulated unalkylated S spectrum is shown in (a).

Scaled versions of (a) representing the indicated

abundances were subtracted from Fig. 3g and its

decomposition with the cedar softwood spectrum was

repeated. The resulting S component spectra are

compared in (b).

- 19 -
NBS-114A (rev. 2 - 80 ) U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET (See instructions)

1. PUBLICATION OR

REPORT NO.

NBSIR-66/3380

2. Performing Organ. Report No. 3. Publication Date May 1986

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Solid-State NMR Determination of the Syringyl/Guaiacyl Ratio in Hardwood

5. AUTHOR(S)

6 . William F. MandersPERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS. see instructions) 7. Contract/Grant No. NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS _

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 8 Gaithersburg, MD 20899

9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City, State. ZIP

)

. Type of Report & Period Covered

10. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

gj Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

11. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bi bliography or literature survey, mention it here)

1 T The unprotonated aromatic regions of the solid-state C NMR spectra of several

hardwoods and softwoods are examined. Spectra are acquired with cross polarization, magic-angle spinning, and delayed proton decoupling. The hardwood spectra

are decomposed into syringyl and guaiacyl components with the aid of a softwood

spectrum, which is assumed to be the same as the guaiacyl component of the hardwood spectrum. The molar ratio of syringylpropanoid units to guaiacylpropanoid

units (S/G) in hardwood is determined from the intensities of their respective

component spectra. Radios for elm (0.45), basswood (0.70), oak (0.70), maple (0.85),

cherry (1.00), birch (1.00), and poplar (1.20) are reported. These results were comparable to literature values that were obtained by a combination of methoxyl and

elemental analyses. Nitrobenzene oxidation gave syringaldehyde/vanillin ratios that were approximately three times greater than the corresponding NMR S/G ratios.

12. KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key word-, b, semicolon » carbon 13; guaiacyl; hardwood; lignin; nuclear magnetic resonance;

softwood; syringyl

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