Filed 6/16/17

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

In re A.G. et al., a Person Coming Under 

the Juvenile Court Law.

SAN DIEGO COUNTY HEALTH AND 

HUMAN SERVICES AGENCY,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

A.J.,

Defendant and Appellant.

 D071620

 (Super. Ct. No. NJ15122ABC)

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Blaine K. 

Bowman, Judge. Affirmed in part; reversed in part.

Neale Bachmann Gold, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant 

and Appellant. 

Thomas E. Montgomery, County Counsel, John E. Philips, Chief Deputy County 

Counsel, Patrice Plattner-Grainger, Senior Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and 

Respondent. 
2

A.J. appeals from a 12-month review hearing at which the juvenile court returned 

his children to their mother's care. (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 366.21, subd. (f).)1 He 

contends the court erred when it found that he had been offered or provided reasonable 

services. We agree and reverse the reasonable services finding as to A.J. In all other 

respects, the findings and orders are affirmed.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A.J. and R.G. are the parents of three children, who are now ten, nine and seven

years old. In November 2011, A.J. was arrested and deported to Mexico after he 

assaulted R.G. R.G. obtained an order prohibiting A.J. from having contact with her and 

the children. 

After A.J. was deported, the San Diego County Health and Human Services 

Agency (Agency) investigated 13 child protective services referrals on behalf of the 

children. The referrals were largely related to R.G.'s alcohol use and failure to supervise 

the children. In February 2013, October 2013, and February 2014, the Agency 

substantiated allegations that R.G. was neglecting the children. In October 2015, the 

Agency detained the children in protective custody and initiated dependency proceedings 

after an "extremely intoxicated" R.G. was arrested and jailed on charges of grand theft. 

R.G. said she did not have contact information for A.J. The Agency conducted a 

due diligence search for father in California, but did not try to locate him in Mexico. In 

November 2015, the court sustained the dependency petitions, removed the children from 

 

1 Further unspecified statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.
3

parental custody, and ordered the Agency to offer or provide reunification services to 

R.G. 

On April 14, 2016, A.J. telephoned the social worker to ask about the children's 

welfare. He said R.G. had contacted him through Facebook and told him about the 

children's dependency proceedings. On April 18, A.J. told the social worker he wanted 

custody of the children. He had not seen them in approximately two years. The social 

worker sent a copy of the petition and other paperwork to A.J., who was living in 

Tijuana, B.C., Mexico. 

On June 9, A.J. told the social worker he wanted the children to be placed with 

him and was willing to participate in reunification services and "do whatever is needed to 

have contact with the children." The Agency submitted a request to the International 

Liaison to arrange a border visit with the children at the Mexican Consulate. The Agency 

asked the social services agency, Desarrollo Integral para la Familia (DIF), to conduct an 

evaluation of A.J.'s home and provide parenting education and domestic violence 

prevention classes to him. At the six-month review hearing on June 13, the court ordered 

the Agency to offer or provide reasonable services to the parents, and to prepare a case 

plan for A.J. by July 18. 

On July 19, A.J. told the social worker he wanted to have regular contact with the 

children as often as possible. He had had one visit with the children, with no concerns. 

The Agency submitted a request for ongoing visitation to the Mexican Consulate. 

However, A.J. withdrew his requests for a home evaluation and reunification services

after speaking to DIF. He decided not to ask for placement because he was unable to pay 
4

for the children's education in Mexico. A.J. believed it was in their best interests to stay 

in the United States to complete their education. The social worker advised A.J. to speak 

with his attorney before waiving reunification services. A.J. said he had not heard from 

his attorney and asked the social worker to contact his attorney and give her his telephone 

number, which the social worker did. 

After speaking with his attorney, A.J. asked the court to order the Agency to 

provide reunification services to him. He wanted to be able to care for the children if 

they did not reunify with their mother. On July 25, the court2 ordered the Agency to 

provide supervised visitation between A.J. and the children at the international border, 

and prepare a case plan for A.J. within 30 days. 

On August 19, the Agency submitted a case plan for A.J. to the court. The case 

plan required A.J. to attend individual or group counseling to address domestic violence, 

and participate in a parenting education program. 

On October 24, the Agency reported it had sent a referral to DIF to provide case 

plan services to A.J. DIF was unable to find a domestic violence group and had not yet 

referred A.J. to a parenting education program. The Agency was looking for alternate 

service providers to locate services for A.J. A visit between A.J. and the children was 

scheduled for November 10. 

In the Agency's court report dated October 24, the social worker wrote: "[A.J.] 

has been in contact with the Agency to ask about the children and for visitation. At this 

 

2 Prior to the 12-month review hearing, Commissioner Michael J. Imhoff presided 

over the children's dependency proceedings. 
5

time the father is not asking for reunification as he believes the children are better off 

here in the U.S. with the mother. The father lives in Tijuana, Mexico and that will make 

providing services more difficult and will take longer for him to engage and make 

progress in services. [A.J.] has had contact with the children during this report period but 

has not contacted the Agency for regular visits which calls into question his commitment 

to the children." On the next page of the report, the social worker stated, "The father is 

willing and able to participate in services. However, the Agency via DIF has been unable 

to provide services in the father's home town of Tijuana Mexico. At this time the father 

is requesting regular visits with the children at the border. The Agency will continue its 

efforts to provide the father with services." 

The 12-month review hearing was held on January 3, 2017.3 Without submitting 

an addendum report for November and December 2016, the Agency recommended that 

the court return the children to their mother's care under a plan of family maintenance 

services and provide discretionary services to the father. 

A.J. did not contest the placement recommendation, but said he did not receive 

any services and asked the court to find that the Agency did not offer or provide 

reasonable services to him. A.J. said he wanted custody of the children if they were 

removed from their mother's care. 

The Agency acknowledged it did not provide "gold-plated services" to father but 

argued the services were reasonable under the circumstances. The Agency was willing to 

 

3 The 12-month review hearing was heard by Judge Blaine K. Bowman. 
6

provide discretionary services to A.J. while the case continued under a family 

maintenance plan.

The court found that A.J. initially wanted to engage in services but then changed 

his mind and declined reunification services. The court said, "The bigger problem is that 

he was in Mexico . . . and unable to benefit from the services provided by the Agency 

here. And the reason the father was in Mexico is because he was deported to Mexico for 

domestic-violence related offenses. So through the father's own actions, he was deported, 

and then the Agency couldn't provide services to him. But the Agency made reasonable 

efforts to attempt to get the services provided by the Mexican officials through DIF, and 

then he showed up at DIF and said he didn't want the services." 

The court found by clear and convincing evidence that reasonable services were 

offered or provided to the parents. The court placed the children with their mother under 

a plan of family maintenance services and ordered the Agency to continue to provide 

visitation and discretionary services to A.J. 

DISCUSSION

A

Relevant Legal Principles and Standard of Review

Family reunification services play a critical role in dependency proceedings under 

federal and state law. (42 U.S.C. §§ 629, 629a(a)(7); Welf. & Inst. Code, § 361.5, subd. 

(a); In re Alanna A. (2005) 135 Cal.App.4th 555, 563 (Alanna A.).) At each review 

hearing, the court is required to determine the "extent of the agency's compliance with the 

case plan" in making reasonable efforts to return the child to a safe home. (Welf. & Inst. 
7

Code, § 366, subd. (a)(1)(B); see also 42 U.S.C. § 671(a)(15)(B).) Services "may include 

provision of a full array of social and health services to help the child and family and to 

prevent reabuse of children." (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 300.2; 42 U.S.C. § 629a(a)(7).) 

To support a finding that reasonable services were offered or provided to the 

parent, "the record should show that the supervising agency identified the problems 

leading to the loss of custody, offered services designed to remedy those problems, 

maintained reasonable contact with the parents during the course of the service plan, and 

made reasonable efforts to assist the parents in areas where compliance proved 

difficult . . . ." (In re Riva M. (1991) 235 Cal.App.3d 403, 414.) Reunification services 

should be tailored to the particular needs of the family. (David B. v. Superior Court

(2004) 123 Cal.App.4th 768, 793.) 

"The standard is not whether the services provided were the best that might be 

provided in an ideal world, but whether the services were reasonable under the 

circumstances." (In re Misako R. (1991) 2 Cal.App.4th 538, 547.) The "adequacy of 

reunification plans and the reasonableness of the [Agency's] efforts are judged according 

to the circumstances of each case." (Robin V. v. Superior Court (1995) 33 Cal.App.4th

1158, 1164.) If reasonable services are not provided or offered to the parent, the court is 

required to continue the case for the period of time permitted by statute. (See Welf. & 

Inst. Code, § 366.21, subds. (e) & (g)(1).) A finding of no reasonable services may also 

have consequences for the state in receiving federal funds pursuant to the Adoptions and 

Safe Families Act of 1997. (42 U.S.C. §§ 671(a)(15), 672(a)(1), (2)(A)(ii); 45 C.F.R. 

1356.21(b).) 
8

We review a reasonable services finding to determine if it is supported by 

substantial evidence. (In re Christina L. (1992) 3 Cal.App.4th 404, 414.) We consider

the evidence in the light most favorable to the prevailing party and indulge in all 

legitimate and reasonable inferences to uphold the court's ruling. (In re Misako R., supra,

2 Cal.App.4th at p. 545.) The burden is on the petitioner to show that the evidence is 

insufficient to support the juvenile court's findings. (In re L.Y.L. (2002) 101 Cal.App.4th

942, 947.) 

B

The Court's Reasonable Services Finding Is Not Supported by Substantial Evidence

The uncontroverted record shows that the Agency did not provide court-ordered 

reunification services to A.J. We conclude that the court erred when it found that under 

the circumstances, the Agency provided reasonable services to A.J.

The court's finding was based in part on A.J.'s statement he was withdrawing his 

request for reunification services. This statement does not constitute substantial evidence 

to support the finding that services were reasonable under the circumstances. On June 

13, Commissioner Imhoff ordered the Agency to provide reunification services to A.J. 

The Agency sent a referral to DIF. After meeting with DIF, A.J. decided it was in the 

children's best interests to stay in the United States. On July 19, he told the social worker

he did not need reunification services. The social worker warned A.J. not to relinquish 

his right to reunification services until he had consulted his attorney. At the next hearing,

on July 25, A.J. asked for reunification services and Commissioner Imhoff ordered the 

Agency to provide reunification services to him. Thus, any confusion about A.J.'s 
9

interest in receiving reunification services was cleared up within the week, and the 

Agency was required to offer or provide court-ordered reunification services to A.J. 

(§ 361.5, subd. (a) [the court shall order the social worker to provide child welfare 

services to the child and to the child's mother and statutorily presumed father].)

Further, statutory protections apply when a parent expresses a wish not to 

participate in reunification services. The court may bypass services if the parent has 

advised the court that he or she is not interested in receiving services or having the child 

returned to his or her custody and does not wish to receive services. The parent must be 

represented by counsel and must execute a waiver of services form. The court is required 

to advise the parent of any right to services and of the possible consequences of a waiver 

of services. The court is prohibited from accepting the waiver of services unless it finds 

on the record that the parent has knowingly and intelligently waived the right to services. 

(§ 361.5, subd. (b)(14).) Thus, as applicable here, a court may not rely on a parent's 

uninformed statement about not wishing to receive reunification services to curtail the

parent's right to such services.

The court's finding the Agency could not provide services to A.J. because he was 

responsible for his own deportation is legally indefensible. A.J.'s arrest and deportation 

to Mexico do not make the Agency's failure to provide court-ordered services to A.J.

reasonable under the circumstances. Just as there is no " 'Go to jail, lose your child' " rule 

in California (In re S.D. (2002) 99 Cal.App.4th 1068, 1077), there is no "Go to Mexico, 

lose your child" rule in California (§ 361.5, subd. (a)(3)(A)). The Legislature recognizes

there may be barriers to providing services to a person who has been arrested and 
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deported to his or her country of origin. (§ 361.5, subd. (a)(3)(A).) However, under the 

California dependency scheme, this circumstance may constitute reason to provide an 

extended period of reunification services to the parent. (Ibid.) It does not relieve the 

Agency from its obligation to provide reunification services to a deported parent. 

The Legislature acknowledges in some circumstances, court-ordered services 

may not be available to a parent who has been deported to his or her country of origin. 

(§ 361.5, subd. (a)(3)(B).)4 This is not the situation here. The Agency represented that it 

was looking for service providers and could provide discretionary services to A.J. in 

Mexico. The record shows that visitation services were available, but were not 

implemented on a regular basis. Parenting education programs were available through 

DIF, but DIF had not yet referred A.J. to a program. Thus, the court's finding the Agency 

could not provide services to A.J. because he was in Mexico is not supported by 

substantial evidence.

Finally, the Legislature provides that services for a deported parent include 

"[r]easonable efforts to assist parents who have been deported to contact child welfare 

authorities in their country of origin, to identify any available services that would 

substantially comply with case plan requirements, to document the parents' participation 

in this services, and to accept reports from local child welfare authorities as to the 

parents' living situation, progress and participation in services." (§ 361.5, subd. 

 

4 In those circumstances, the failure to provide services does not prohibit a court 

from terminating parental rights. (See § 366.26, subd. (c)(2)(A).) However, the court 

must consider the child's wishes to have continued contact with his or her parent when 

choosing a permanent plan for the child. (§ 361.5, subd. (a)(3)(B).) 
11

(e)(1)(E).) The record does not contain any evidence to show that during the review 

period, the Agency assisted A.J. in contacting DIF for service referrals or identified any 

available services that would substantially comply with case plan requirements. The 

record shows that A.J. was not offered, or provided with, the court-ordered services in his 

case plan during the review period. Accordingly, we conclude there is not substantial 

evidence to support the reasonable services finding.

C

A Harmless Error Analysis Does Not Apply

The Agency argues providing discretionary services to A.J. will be an adequate 

remedy for any failure to provide reasonable reunification services to him, and therefore 

error, if any, is harmless. (See, People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836 [miscarriage 

of justice occurs where it is reasonably probable a result more favorable to the appealing 

party would have been reached in the absence of error].) The Agency does not cite any 

case holding that a harmless error analysis applies to an erroneous reasonable services 

finding. The cases on which it relies do not support that proposition. (See, In re Celine 

R. (2003) 31 Cal.4th 45, 60 [harmless error analysis applies to failure to appoint separate 

counsel for siblings]; Adoption of A.B. (2016) 2 Cal.App.5th 912, 927 [ICWA notice

errors were harmless where Indian tribe had actual notice]; In re Michael G. (2012) 203 

Cal.App.4th 580, 591 [inadequate adoption assessment reviewed for prejudicial error].) 

We are not convinced a harmless error analysis applies to a reasonable services 

finding. In view of federal statutes requiring the provision of services to safely reunify 
12

families,5 the Legislature has created a statutory scheme with "precise and demanding 

substantive requirements" which in part "protect the legitimate interests of the parents." 

(Cynthia D. v. Superior Court (1993) 5 Cal.4th 242, 256.) Among those requirements is 

the provision of family reunification services to the child's mother and statutorily 

presumed father for a specified period of time. (§ 361.5, subd. (a).) The Legislature has 

mandated consequences for the failure to provide court-ordered reunification services to a 

parent. (See, e.g., §§ 366.21, subds. (e)(3), (g)(2), 366.22, subd. (a)(3), 366.26, subd. 

(c)(2).) There are no equivalent provisions for the failure to provide discretionary 

services to a parent. 

An erroneous reasonable services finding may have consequences for the parent if 

the child is removed again from the other parent's custody during the dependency 

proceedings (§ 361.5, subd (a)(1) [time limitations on services]), or if the parent is 

 

5 In enacting the federal Adoption and Safe Families Act, Congress "tied federal

funding of foster care and adoption assistance to each state's adoption of a plan regarding 

its foster care system." (In re D.C.D. (2014) 629 Pa. 325, 347; 42 U.S.C. § 671.) Absent 

a statutory exception, federal law requires state plans to provide that "reasonable efforts 

shall be made to preserve and reunify families." (42 U.S.C. § 671(a)(15)(B).) These 

efforts include the provision of reunification services. (42 U.S.C. §§ 629, 629a(a)(7).) 

To be eligible to receive federal foster care maintenance payments (42 U.S.C. 

§§ 671(a)(15), 672, 674), agencies must make reasonable efforts "to effect the safe 

reunification" of families. (45 C.F.R. 1356.21(b).) 

The Pennsylvania Supreme Court, interpreting federal law controlling state 

dependency plans, holds that the remedy for an agency's failure to provide services is for 

the court to conclude on the record that the agency has failed to make reasonable efforts. 

(In re D.C.D., supra, 629 Pa. at p. 347.) In this case, however, the record shows that the 

Agency made reasonable efforts to reunify the family as to the mother, which may satisfy

federal requirements for funding purposes. (See 42 U.S.C. § 671(a)(15) [reasonable 

efforts shall be made to preserve and reunify families and make it possible to a child to 

safely return to the child's home].)
13

involved in a future dependency proceeding (see, e.g., § 361.5, subd. (b)(10) [permitting 

court to bypass services where parent has not made reasonable efforts to remedy 

problems].) The remedy for the failure to provide court-ordered reunification services to 

a parent is to provide an additional period of reunification services to that parent and to 

make a finding on the record that reasonable services were not offered or provided to that

parent. 

DISPOSITION

The finding that A.J. was offered or provided reasonable services is reversed. In

all other respects, the findings and orders are affirmed.

O'ROURKE, J.

WE CONCUR:

NARES, Acting P. J.

DATO, J.