Hydraulic Research

in the United States

1962

United States Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

Miscellaneous Publication 245
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March 3, 1901, as- amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for making measurements consistent with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods

and instruments for testing materials, devices, and structures; advisory services to government agencies on scientific and technical problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic and applied research development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and various consultatici and information services. Research projects are also performed for other government agencies when the worli relates to and supplements the basic program of the Bureau or when the Bureau's unique competence is required

The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the inside of the back cover.

Publications

The results of the Bureau's research are published either in the Bureau's own series of publications or in th< journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three periodicals available from th< Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, published in four separate sections, presents complett

scientific and technical papers; the Technical News Bulletin presents summary and preliminary reports on wor

in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation Predictions provides data for determining the best frequencies to us

for radio communications throughout the world. There are also five series of nonperiodical publications: Mono

graphs, Applied Mathematics Series, Handbooks, Miscellaneous Publications, and Technical Notes. A complete listing of the Bureau's publications can be found in National Bureau of Standards Circular Publications of the National Bureau of Standards, 1901 to June 1947 ($1.25), and the Supplement to Nationa Bureau of Standards Circular 460, July 1947 to June 1957 ($1.50), and Miscellaneous Publication 240, July 195 to June 1960 (Includes Titles of Papers Published in Outside Journals 1950 to 1959) ($2.25); available from th Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C.
Hydraulic Research

in the United States

1962

(Including Contributions from Canadian Laboratories)

Edited by Helen K. Middleton

National Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication 245

Issued October 26, 1962

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. - Price $1.00

FOREWORD

The information contained in this publication was compiled from reports by

the various hydraulic and hydrologic laboratories in the United States and Canada. The cooperation of these agencies is greatly appreciated. The National Bureau of Standards cannot assume responsibility for the completeness of this

publication. We must depend upon reporting laboratories for the completeness of the coverage of their own programs, as well as upon new laboratories engaged in hydraulics to bring their activities to our attention.

Projects are numbered chronologically, and the number once assigned is repeated for identification purposes until a project is completed. Numbers

commencing with 4066 refer to projects which are reported for the first time. All projects are in active state, unless otherwise noted under (f). The National Bureau of Standards does not maintain a file of reports or detailed information regarding the research projects reported by other

organizations. Such information may be obtained from the correspondent listed

under (c) or immediately following the title of the organization reporting the work. It is of course understood that any laboratory submitting reports on its work will be willing to supply information to properly qualified inquirers.

A similar bulletin, "Hydraulic Research," compiled and published by the International Association for Hydraulic Research, contains information on hydraulic research being conducted in foreign countries. This bulletin is

edited by Professor H. J. Schoemaker, Director of the Hydraulic Laboratory at the Technical University of Delft, Netherlands, and Secretary of the International

Association for Hydraulic Research. Copies may be obtained from the Secretary

at $6.00 each (postage included).

A. V. Astin, Director

ill
CONTENTS

Page

Foreword iii List of contributing laboratories v Project reports 1 Subject index 188

Key to Projects

(a) Number and title of project (e) Description

(b) Project conducted for (f) Present status

(c) Correspondent (gj Results

(d) Nature of project (h) Publications

iv
LIST OF CONTRIBUTING LABORATORIES

ARKANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF 1 Agricultural Expt . Station, Fayetteville , Ark.

Prof. Kyle Engler, Head

Agricultural Engineering Dept.

ARKANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF 1 Civil Engineering Dept., Fayetteville, Ark.

Frof. J. R. Bissett, Acting Head

BALDWIN-LIMA-HAMILTON CORF. 1 Hydraulic Turbine Laboratory

2929-19th St., San Francisco 10, Calif.

Mr. R. M. Bacchl, Development Engineer

BEACH EROSION BOARD (see U. S. GOVERNMENT) BONNEVILLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY (see U. 3. Govt.,

U. S. Army Engineer District, Fortland)

BROOKLYN, FOLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF 1 333 Jay Street, Brooklyn 1, New York

Prof. Matthew W. Stewart, Civil Engineering

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 1 Engineering Division, Pasadena 4, Calif.

Frof. Milton S. Plesset, Applied Mechanics

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 2 Hydrodynamics Laboratory

Pasadena 4, Calif. CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 3 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources, Pasadena 4, Calif.

Dr. Vito A. Vanoni, Professor of Hydraulics

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 4 College of Agriculture, Davis, Calif.

Mr. Robert M. Hagan, Chairman

Department of Irrigation

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 5 Div. of Agricultural Sciences

Los Angeles 24, Calif.

Department of Irrigation and Soil Science

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 6 College of Engineering, Berkeley 4, Calif.

Prof. J. W. Johnson, Hydraulic Engineering

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 11 Dept. of Naval Architecture, Berkeley 4, Calif.

Prof. H. A. Schade, Chairman

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 12 Institute of Industrial Cooperation

Depart, of Engineering, Los Angeles 24, Calif.

Prof. J. Morley English, Director, Research

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN 12 Research Foundation for Cross-connection

Control, Los Angeles 7, Calif.

Dr. K. C. Reynolds, Supervisor

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN 12 Department of General Engineering

Los Angeles 7, Calif.

Professor Herbert H. Spencer CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 13 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Pittsburgh 13, Pa.

Dr. T. E. Stelson, Head

COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY 14 Hydraulics Laboratory

Civil Engineering Section, Fort Collins, Colo.

Dr. A. R. Chamberlin, Chief

COLORADO, UNIVERSITY OF 21 Engineering Experiment Sta., Boulder, Colo.

Mr. C. A. Hutchinson, Acting Director

CONNECTICUT, UNIVERSITY OF 22 School of Engineering, Box U-37, Storrs, Conn.

Prof. Ronald S. Brand

CORNELL UNIVERSITY 22 Engineering Dept., Ithaca, N. Y. Mr. 0. C. French, Head

CORNELL UNIVERSITY 22 School of Civil Engineering

Applied Hydraulic Lab., Ithaca, N. Y. Prof. Marvin Bogema, in Charge DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN (see U. S. Government)

DELAWARE, UNIVERSITY OF 23 Dept. of Civil Engineering

Fluid Mechanics Lab. Section, Newark, Del.

Dr. Kurt Frey, Directing Head

FLORIDA, UNIVERSITY OF 23 Engineering and Industrial Exp. Station

Coastal Engineering Lab., Gainesville, Fla. GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 24 Hydraulics Lab., School of Civil Engineering

Atlanta, Georgia

Frof. C. E . Kindsvater HARVARD UNIVERSITY 25 Div. of Engineering and Applied Fhysics

Cambridge, Mass.

Frof. Harold A. Thomas, Jr.

IDAHO, UNIVERSITY OF 25 Engineering Experiment Sta., Moscow, Idaho

Dean Allen S. Janssen, Director

ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION 26 Box 232, Urbana, Illinois

Mr. William C. Ackermann, Chief. ILLINOIS STATE WATERWAYS DIVISION 30 Dept. of Public Works and Buildings

201 West Monroe St., Springfield, 111. Mr. Thomas B. Casey, Chief Waterway Engr.

ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF 30 Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Urbana, 111.

Dr. Frank B. Lanham, Head

ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF 30 Civil Engineering Dept., Urbana, 111.

Dr. V. T. Chow, Prof. Hydraulic Engineering

ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF 31 Dept. of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics

214 Talbot Laboratory, Urbana, 111. Prof. T. J. Dolan, Head

IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH 32 State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa

Dr. Hunter Rouse, Director

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY 35 Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Ames, Iowa

Frof. Hobart Beresford, Head

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY 7 Iowa City, Iowa (see Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research) JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, THE 35 Applied Physics Lab., Silver Spring, Md. Mr. R. E. Gibson, Director

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, THE School of Engineering, Baltimore 18, Md.

Dr. John C. Geyer, Chairman

Dept. of Sanitary Engineering and Water Resources

KANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF Dept. of Engineering Mechanics, Lawrence, Kansas

Dr. Kenneth C. Deemer, Chairman

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY

Department of Civil Engineering

Fritz Engineering Lab., Bethlehem, Pa. Frof. W. J. Eney, Director and Head of Dept.

36

37

38

v
LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND A AND M COLLEGE

Agricultural Engineering Department

Baton Rouge 3, La.

Mr. Harold T. Barr, Head

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Dept. of Civil and Sanitary Engineering

Cambridge 39, Mass.

Dr. Arthur T. Ippen, Head, Hydrodynamics Lab. MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

Cambridge 39, Mass.

Prof. Ascher H. Shapiro, in Charge

Fluid Mechanics Division

MASSACHUSETTS, UNIVERSITY OF

School of Engineering, Amherst, Mass. Dean George A. Marston, Director

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Dept. of Civil Engineering, East Lansing, Mich.

Dr. Emmett M. Laursen, Associate Professor

MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Civil Engineering

320 W. Engineering Building

Ann Arbor, Michigan

Prof. E. F. Brater

39

39

43

45

45

46

OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY

Agricultural Engineering Dept. Prof. E. W. Schroeder, Head

54 Stillwater, Okla.

MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF Minneapolis, Minn, (see St. Hydraulic Laboratory)

.

Anthony Falls

MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF 47 Agricultural Experiment Station, St. Paul 1, Minn.

Prof. A. J. Schwantes, Head

MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES AND METALLURGY 47 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Rolla, Missouri

Dr. C. L. Wilson, Dean MONTANA STATE COI LEGE 48 Agricultural Experiment Sta., Bozeman, Mont.

Mr. Charles C. Bowman, Acting Head

Agricultural Engineering Dept.

NEBRASKA, UNIVERSITY OF 48 Hydrodynamics Laboratory

Dept. of Engineering Mechanics

Lincoln 8, Nebraska

Dr. T. Sarpkaya NEWFORT NEWS SHIPBUILDING AND DRY DOCK CO. 49 Hydraulic Laboratory

Newport News, Virginia

Mr. C. H. Hancock, Director

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 50 Dept. or Chemical Engineering, Bronx 53, N.Y. Prof. John Happei, Chairman

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 50 College of Engineering

Dept. of Meteorology and Oceanography

University Heights, New York 53, N.Y. NORTH CAROLINA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE 51 AND ENGINEERING University of North Carolina

Department of Engineering

Research, Raleigh, North Carolina

Prof. N. W. Connor, Director, Engrg. Research

NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY 51 Agricultural Engineering Dept., Fargo, No. Dak.

Mr. W. J. Promersberger, Chairman NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 52 The Technological Institute, Evanston, 111. Dean Harold B. Gotaas

NOTRE DAME, UNIVERSITY OF 53 School of Engineering, Notre Dame, Ind.

Dr. Norman R. Gay, Dean

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY 54 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Columbus 10, Ohio

Dr. Hamilton Gray, Head

OREGON STATE COLLEGE 54 Hydraulics Lab., Dept. of Civil Engineering

Corvallls, Oregon

Dr. Charles E. Behlke PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY 54 Ordnance Research Lab., University Park, Pa.

Dr. John C. Johnson, Director

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 55 Agricultural Expt. Sta., Lafayette, Ind. Mr. N. J. Wolk, Director

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 56 Dept. of Agronomy, Lafayette, Ind.

Dr. Dale Swartzendruber

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 57 Chemical Engineering Dept., Lafayette, Ind.

Dr. Edward M. Comings

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 58 Civil Engineering Dept., Lafayette, Ind. Prof. K. B. Woods, Head

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 59 School of Electrical Engineering, Lafayette, Ind.

Dr. T. F. Jones, Head

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 59 Jet Propulsion Center, Lafayette, Ind.

Dr. Maurice J. Zucrow, Director

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 60 School of Mechanical Engineering

Lafayette, Ind.

Dr. R. J. Grosh, Head

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 61 School of Mech. Engrg., Automatic Control Lab.

W. Lafayette, Ind.

Dr. Rufus Oldenburger, Head

ROCKY MOUNTAIN HYDRAULIC LABORATORY 61 Allenspark, Colo., Prof. C.J. Posey, Director

(Winter address: State Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa)

ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY 61 University of Minnesota

Miss. River at Third Ave., S.E. Minneapolis, Minn.

Dr. Lorenz Straub, Director

SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY 65 University of California, La Jolla, Calif.

The Director

SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITY 66 Hydraulics Laboratory, Dept. of Civil Engrg.

Dallas 22, Texas

Prof. I. W. Santry, Jr. SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE 66 Dept. of Mechanical Sciences

San Antonio 6, Texas

Dr. H. Norman Abramson, Director STANFORD UNIVERSITY 6? Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford, Calif.

Prof. Ray K. Linsley, Exec. Head

Hydraulic Laboratory

STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 68 Davidson Laboratory

711 Hudson St., Hoboken, New Jersey

Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director

ROBERT TAGGART INCORPORATED 73 400 Arlington Boulevard, Falls Church, Va.

Mr. Robert Taggart

TENNESSEE, UNIVERSITY OF ?3 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Knoxville 16, Tenn.

Dr. Harry H. Ambrose, Prof, of Hydraulics

vi
TEXAS A AND M COLLEGE

Dept. of Oceanography and Meteorology

College Station, Texas

Dr. Dale F. Leipper, Head

TEXAS, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Austin 12, Texas

Dr. Walter L. Moore, Directing Head

UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY

Engineering Expt. Station, Logan, Utah

Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director

WASHINGTON, UNIVERSITY OF

Fisheries Research Institute, Seattle 5, Wash.

Dr. William F. Royce, Director

WASHINGTON, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Seattle 5, Wash.

Prof. T. H. Campbell, Acting Dept. Head WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION (see U. S. Govt.)

WISCONSIN, UNIVERSITY OF Hydraulics Laboratory

Dept. of Civil Engineering

Madison, Wisconsin

Dr. Arno T. Lenz WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION

Woods Hole, Mass.

Dr. Paul M. Fye, Director WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

Alden Hydraulic Laboratory

Worcester 9, Mass.

Prof. L. J. Hooper, Director

U. S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation Research Division

CORN BELT BRANCH

108 Soils Bldg., St. Paul, Minn.

Dr. C. A. Van Doren, Branch Chief

74 LAKE STATES FOREST EXPT. STATION

St. Paul Campus, University of Minn.

St. Paul 1, Minn.

Dr. Murlyn B. Dlckerman, Director

75 NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION

102 Motors Avenue, Upper Darby, Penn.

Dr. Ralph W. Marquis, Director

76 NORTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION Box 740, Juneau, Alaska

Mr. Richard M. Hurd, Director

WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY 80 The R. L. Albrook Hydraulic Lab., Pullman, Wash.

Dr. E. Roy Tinney, Head

PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPT. STA.

P. 0. Box 4059, Portland 8, Oregon

Mr. R. W. Cowlin, Director

61 PACIFIC SOUTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPT. STA.

P. 0. Box 245, Berkeley 1, California

Dr. R. Keith Arnold, Director

82 ROCKY MOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPT. STA. 221 Forestry Bldg., Fort Collins, Colo.

Mr. Raymond Price, Director SOUTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION

P. 0. Box 2570, Asheville, N. C. 83 Mr. J. F. Pechanec, Director

SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION

2026 St. Charles Avenue, New Orleans 13, La. Mr. P. A. Briegleb, Director

84 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS

BEACH EROSION BOARD

5201 Little Falls Road, N.W. Washington 16, D. 84 The President

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, PORTLAND

Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory

628 Pittock Block, Portland 5, Oregon

The District Engineer

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, ST. PAUL

1217 U. S. Post Office and Customhouse

St. Paul 1, Minn. The District Engineer

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPT. STATION

P. 0. Box 631, Vicksburg, Miss. 86 The Director DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NORTHEAST BRANCH 89 Plant Industry Station, Beltsvllle, Md.

Mr. W. W. Pate, Branch Chief NORTHERN PLAINS BRANCH 92 323 South College Avenue, P.O. Box 758 Fort Collins, Colorado

Dr. C. E. Evans, Branch Chief NORTHWEST BRANCH 95 306 No. 5th St., Box 2724, Boise, Idaho

Dr. J. S. Robins, Branch Chief

SOUTHERN BRANCH

Univ. of Georgia, Box 1309, Athens, Ga.

Mr. Russell Woodburn, Branch Chief

CENTRAL STATES FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION

111 Old Federal Bldg., Columbus 15, Ohio

Mr. R. D. Lane, Director

96

SOUTHERN PLAINS BRANCH 100

220 Urban Bldg., 804 Byan St., Amarillo, Texas

Dr. J. R. Johnston, Branch Chief SOUTHWEST BRANCH 104 3730 Elizabeth St., Box 2326, Riverside, Calif.

Mr. W. W. Donnan, Chief

FOREST SERVICE

110

INTERMOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPT. STATION 111 Forest Service Bldg., Ogden, Utah

Dr. Reed W. Bailey, Director

BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS Hydraulics Branch, Washington 25, D.C.

Mr. Carl F. Izzard, Chief NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

National Hydraulics Laboratory

Washington c!b, D.C. WEATHER BUREAU Hydroiogic Services Division, Wash. 25, D.C. Mr. William E. Hiatt, Chief DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water Resources Div., Washington 25, D.C.

Dr. Luna B. Leopold, Chief Hydraulic Engineer

BUREAU OF MINES Morgantown Coal Research Center

Morgantown, W. Va.

Dr. L. L. Hirst, Research Director BUREAU OF RECLAMATION Division of Engineering Laboratories Denver Federal Center, Denver 2, Colo.

Mr. Grant Bloodgood

Asst. Commissioner and Chief Engineer DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN Washington 7, D. C. The Commanding Officer and Director

vii
U. S. NAVAL BOILER AND TURBINE LABORATORY

Naval Base, Philadelphia 12, Pa. The Director

U. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST STATION

3203 E. Foothill Boulevard

Pasadena 8, Calif.

The Commander OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH Fluid Dynamics Branch, Washington 25, D.C.

Mr. Ralph D. Cooper, Head

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY

Engineering Laboratory, Box 37, Norris, Tenn.

Mr. Rex A. Elder, Director

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY

Hydraulic Data Branch, Knoxvllle, Tenn.

Mr. James Smallshaw, Chief CANADIAN LABORATORIES

H. G. ACRES AND COMPANY, LTD. Niagara Falls, Canada

Mr. I. W. McCaig, Hydraulic Engineer

ALBERTA, UNIVERSITY OF Department of Civil Engineering

Edmonton, Canada

Prof. T. Blench, Head

BRITISH COLUMBIA, UNIVERSITY OF Hydraulic Lab., Vancouver 8, Canada

Prof. J. H. Muir, Head

Dept. of Civil Engineering

17 2 ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE

2500 Guyard Avenue Montreal 26, Canada

Prof. Raymond Boucher, Head

172 Division of Hydraulic Engineering

THE HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER COMMISSION

OF ONTARIO

620 University Avenue

174 Toronto 2, Canada

Mr. J. B. Bryce, Hydraulic Engineer

LaSALLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY

174 0250 St. Patrick Street

LaSalle, P. o., Canada

Mr. E. Parlset, Director

17 7 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

Division of Mechanical Engineering

Montreal Road, Ottawa 2, Canada

Dr. D. C. MacPhail, Director ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

17 9 Dept. of Engineering Science

Guelph, Canada

Prof. C. E. G. Downing, Head

17 9 QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY

Dept. of Civil Engineering

Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Dr. A. Brebner, Chairman

179 TORONTO, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

Toronto 5, Canada

Prof. G. Ross Lord, Head

viii
HYDRAULIC RESEARCH IN THE UNITED STATES

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS, Agricultural Experiment

Station.

(2255) GROUND WATER, RESOURCES AND RECHARGE, IN THE RICE GROWING AREA OF ARKANSAS.

(b) Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station

cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey

and U. S. Corps of Engineers.

(c) Prof. Kyle Engler, Head of Agricultural

Engineering Dept., University of Arkansas,

Fayetteville, Arkansas.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) The straight 26-inch sand-packed recharge

well has been tested for one year and results have not proved completely satisfactory. Main difficulties encountered

arise in duplicating test condition under

field situations. The sand packed well

seemed to filter out plugging material but redevelopment proved more difficult than in the gravel packed well. Separan AP-30 was tried but proved unsatisfactory for con- ditions as encountered in this test. A slow gravel filter has been constructed

and will be tested as a means of clarifying

recharge water during the winter and spring

of 1960-61.

(g) Project reports are in process of being

published.

(4066) HYDRAULICS OF FURROW IRRIGATION.

(b) Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. Billy B. Bryan, Dept. Agric. Engr.,

Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas.

(d) Experimental, field investigations; basic research.

(e) Investigations of fundamental hydraulic

criteria involved in flow of water in

irrigated furrows (shallow flow in small, open channels). Object is to develop e- quations for determining (1) rate of stream advance and recession; (2) depression

storage; (3) stream size-storage relationships . (g) The project has not developed to the point

where significant reports may be made.

(4067) SURFACE DRAINAGE IN BOTTOM LAND SOILS AND

TOPOGRAPHY.

(b) Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Asst. Prof. Warren Harris, Dept. Agric.

Engr., Univ. of Ark., Fayetteville, Ark.

(d) Experimental and field investigations;

applied research.

(e) The purpose of this study is to define the physical requirements for adequate drainage

of individual crop rows and of field-sized

areas in the bottom land soils and topography

of the Miss. River Delta. Shallow surface field ditches are the largest drainage

structures considered. Findings are based

on the assumption that larger drainage

structures must be of a size that will not restrict drainage for undue periods of time.

(g) Depressions and restricted outlets have been found to be the basic causes of inadequate

drainage in both individual rows and in shallow surface field ditches. Shallow

ditches can be designed and constructed so that with a nominal amount of maintenance,

they will form only minor obstructions to mechanized farming operations.

(h) "Row Drainage Studies in the Delta Area," by Warren Harris, Arkansas Farm Research, Vol.

IX, No. 6, Nov. - Dec. 1960. "Surface Field Ditch Studies," by Warren

Harris and James Jacks, to be published in Arkansas Farm Research, Vol. X, No. 6, Nov. - Dec. 1961.

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS, Civil Engineering Dept.

(4068) TURBULENT FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA.

(d)

(e)

(g)

University of Arkansas.

Prof. John C. Ward, Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Arkansas,

Fayetteville, Arkansas.

The project is an experimental verification

of a theoretical equation and is basic re- search that has definite practical implications . To experimentally verify a theoretical

equation that applies to both laminar

and turbulent flow and the corresponding

transition region between these two extremes

for fluid flow in porous media. The theoretical equation has been verified

by experimental data found in the literature. However, due to the somewhat limited

range of this experimental data, further

experimentation is being performed to verify the general application of the e- quation

THE BALDWIN-LIMA-HAMILTON CORPORATION, Hydraulic

Turbine Laboratory.

(4069)

(4070)

MODEL TESTING OF NEW BUCKETS FOR LOW RATIO

IMPULSE TURBINES. Laboratory project.

Mr. R. M. Bacchi, Development Engineer,

Pelton Division, Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton

Corporation, 2929 - 19th Street, San Francisco 10, California.

Experimental; applied research for design.

Several new bucket types were tested in horizontal shaft configuration with various

physical arrangements at a ratio of pitch

diameter to nominal Jet size of approximately 12. Completed

Results provide data for new design and modernization programs for existing designs. MODEL TESTING OF VERTICAL SHAFT, LOW RATIO

SIX NOZZLE IMPULSE TURBINES. Laboratory project.

Mr. R. M. Bacchi, Development Engineer

Pelton Division, Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton

Corp., 2929 - 19th Street, San Francisco

10, California.

Experimental; applied research for design.

Variety of wheels with different bucket

sizes and types were tested in vertical

shaft configuration at about 12 ratio with

various combinations of housings, ceiling

height and nozzle straightening vane styles.

Completed

Results provide data for new designs.

POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF BROOKLYN

(4071) DIFFUSION OF SUBMERGED JETS. Laboratory project.

Prof. Matthew W. Stewart, Assoc. Prof, of Civil Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, 333 Jay St., Brooklyn 1, N. Y.

(d) Applied research for masters thesis.

(e) Diffusion of a horizontal water Jet in a zero or low velocity body of water.

In planning stage

(g)

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Engineering

Division

1
(1548) SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN HYDRODYNAMICS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. Milton S. Plesset, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, California.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

e) Studies of cavitating and noncavitating

flow; dynamic behavior of cavitation bubbles; theoretical studies of cavitation damage.

(h) "On Cathodic Protection in Cavitation

Damage," by M. S. Plesset, J. of Basic

Engineering, Trans. ASME, Series D, Vol. 82,

808-820, December 1960. "Water Waves Generated by Thin Ships," by

Milton S. Plesset and T. Yao-tsu Wu, Jour,

of Ship Research, Vol. 4, No. 2, 25-36,

November 1960. "Growth of Vapor Bubbles in a Rapidly Heated

Liquid," by S. A. Zwlck, Physics of Fluids,

Vol. 3, No. 5, Sept. - Oct. 1960. "Theory of Gas Bubble Dynamics in Oscillating Pressure Fields," by Milton S. Plesset

and Din-Yu Hsleh, Phys. of Fluids, 3, No. 6, Nov. -Dec. 1960. "Theory of Rectified Diffusion of Mass Into

Gas Bubbles," by Din-Yu Hsleh and Milton S. Plesset, J. Acoust. Soc . Am., 33, 2, pp. 206-215, Feb. 1961. "Comments on the Theory of Rectified Diffusion," by Milton S. Plesset and Din-Yu

Hsieh, J. of the Acoust. Soc. of Am., Vol.

33, No. 3, pp. 359-360, March 1961.

"On the Propagation of Sound In a Liquid

Containing Gas Bubbles," by Din-Yu Hsieh and Milton S. Plesset, The Pysics of Fluids,

Vol. 4, No. 8, Aug. 1961. "Uniform Distributions of Sound Sources on the Surface of a Rigid Sphere and Some Applications," by Robert Hlckling, Calif.

Inst, of Tech. Eng. Div. Rep. No. 85-18,

Feb. 1961. "Theory of the Acoustic Absorption by a Gas Bubble In a Liquid," by Din-Yu Hieh and

Milton S. Plesset, Calif. Inst, of Tech. Eng.

Div. Rep. No. 85-19, Nov. 1961.

(337 7) THEORETICAL STUDIES IN HYDRODYNAMICS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. T. Y. Wu, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California.

d) Theoretical; basic research.

e) Studies of hydrodynamic flows with free surface phenomena; steady and unsteady

flows; hydrofoil problems; principle

of fish propulsion; flows through porous

media.

(h) "Swimming of a Waving Plate," by T. Y. Wu,

J. Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 10, pp. 321-344,

1961. Also, Calif. Inst, of Tech. Engrg.

Division Report No. 97-1, August 1960.

"A Wake Model for Free-Streamline Flow

Theory: Part I. Fully and Partially

Developed Wake Flows and Cavity Flows

Past an Oblique Flat Plate," by T. Y. Wu, Calif. Inst, of Tech. Eng. Division Report

No. 97-2, Sept. 1961.

"A Wake Model for Free-Streamline Flow

Theory: Part II. Perturbation Theory for Wake Flows and Cavity Flows Past A Slightly

Curved Plate," by T. Y. Wu and D. P. Wang,

Calif. Inst, of Tech. Eng. Division Report

No. 97-3, in press. "Unsteady Supercavitating Flows with

Various Cavity-Flow Models," by D. P. Wang

and T. Y. Wu, (in preparation).

(4072) CAVITATION DAMAGE.

b) The International Nickel Company, Inc.

c) Prof. Milton S. Plesset, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, Calif.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search . e) Laboratory studies of cavitation damage,

h) "New Techniques for Studying Resistance to Cavitation Damage," by Milton S. Plesset,

Research Seminar on Improved Materials for Critical Applications (presented by The International Nickel Company, Inc.)

Transcript of Presentations, April 1961. "New Technique for the Study of Cavitation

Erosion," by Milton S. Plesset (in press).

(4073) STUDIES IN VENTILATING FLOWS AND VENTILATION OF HYDROFOILS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. T. Y. Wu, Prof. A. J. Acosta, Dr. D.

K. Ai, Prof. H. Spencer and T. Kicenluk,

California Institute of Technology, Pasadena,

California.

(d) Project is both theoretical and experimental; basic unclassified research.

(e) Theoretical and experimental studies are being carried out to investigate the mechanism and scale effect associated with

the ventilating flow past submerged or surface-piercing bodies and lifting

surfaces. Two aspects of this phenomenon

are being considered: forced ventilation

in which an injected gas is responsible for

the generation and maintenance of a cavity

or free surface flow, and spontaneous ventilation in which a gas flow is created across

a gas-liquid interface into a region that

was originally occupied by liquid at lower pressure. The occurrence of the latter may

result In major changes in the lift force

on a hydrofoil support system, for example.

Various flow configurations are being con- sidered with special reference to the problem of scaling effects which may ap- pear in different types of these ventilated

flows

.

(g) Preliminary theoretical and experimental

results have been obtained for further

Investigations.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Hydrodynamics

Laboratory.

(2746) HYDRODYNAMICS OF SUBMERGED BODIES AND WATER

WAVES.

b) Bureau of Weapons, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Prof. A. J. Acosta, T. Y. Wu and T. Kicenluk,

Hydrodynamics Laboratory, California Inst,

of Technology, Pasadena, California.

d) Experimental and theoretical investigation.

e) Detailed investigations of the basic

hydrodynamic phenomena concerning the water

waves and the motion of submerged bodies,

including the various aspects of unsteady

flow, partial and supercavitating regime,

wakes and turbulent mixing. Several

problems under the current programs are

1) Supercavitating flow past a delta wing;

2) unsteady cavitating flow past a disc and an oscillating hydrofoil; (3) simulated

wave-riding dolphin; (4) the flow field measurement around a submerged hydrofoil;

(5) transient capillary waves.

(h) "simulated Wave-riding Dolphins," by B. Perry, A. J. Acosta, T. Kicenluk, Nature,

Vol. 192, No. 4798, pp 148-150, Oct. 14, 1961.

(3378) CAVITATION IN CASCADES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. A. J. Acosta, Hydrodynamics Lab.,

California Institute of Technology, Pasadena,

California.

d) Theoretical basic unclassified research.

e) Study of flow through a cascade of cavitating

circular arc hydrofoils. Linearized theory

is used to obtain lift and drag coefficients,

cavitation numbers and turning for the case

of infinitely long cavities. The work is extended to consider the partial cavitating

configurations

.

2
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, W. M. Keck

Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources.

(2748) RELATION BETWEEN TRANSPORT OF SEDIMENT AND

THE HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF STREAMS.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

(c) Prof. V. A. Vanoni and Prof. N. H. Brooks,

Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, Calif.

f) Completed January 1961.

h) "Stationary Waves and Antidunes in Alluvial

Channels," John F. Kennedy, Report KH-R-2,

Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, California,

January 1961. "Further Laboratory Studies of the Roughness

and Suspended Load of Alluvial Streams,"

John F. Kennedy, Report KH-R-3, Calif. Inst,

of Tech., Pasadena, Calif., April 1961.

"On the Relation between Fall Velocities

and Sieve Diameter Distributions of Sand Grains," John F. Kennedy and Robert C. Y. Koh, scheduled for publication in Journal of Geophysical Research, Dec, 1961.

(3668) FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS WITH VARYING

ROUGHNESS.

b) U. S. Geological Survey.

c) Prof. N. H. Brooks, Calif. Inst, of Tech.,

Pasadena, Calif.

6.) Thesis project, partly experimental.

e) In natural streams, the roughness pattern

(dunes, ripples, flat, etc.) is often not uniform across the bed at a given cross

section. To study this problem flume experiments were conducted with beds which

are rough gravel on one side of the centerline, and smooth wood on the other

side. The purpose was to analyze the velocity distribution, transverse momentum

exchange, and overall fluid resistance of such composite bed.

f) Completed June 1961.

h) "Exploratory Studies of Open-Channel Flow

over Boundaries of Laterally Varying

Roughness." R. Hugh Taylor, Report KH-R-4,

Calif. Inst, of Tech., July 1961.

(3669) FLUIDIZATION OF SAND BEDS BY UPWARD FLOW.

(b) U. S. Public Health Service (Research

Grant )

(c) Prof. N. H. Brooks, Calif. Inst, of Tech.,

Pasadena, California.

d) Experimental thesis project.

e) When a bed of sand is lifted and expanded

by an upward flow (the "quick" condition),

it is really not an expanded porous medium,

as previously described and analyzed by

other investigations, but actually it becomes a thick suspension. The particles

move freely, sometimes generating large

overturning eddies In the fluid. These

phenomena are being investigated in a one- foot square vertical luclte tank, 6-feet

high. Studies of large expansions integrate this work with the phenomenon known

as hindered settling in dilute suspensions.

(g) Detailed measurements of concentration at various depths in a fluidized bed of uniform particles Indicates that there is a considerable gradient of concentration from

bottom to top, apparently caused by

turbulent diffusion.

(3670) TURBULENCE AND PARTICLE ENTRAINMENT IN SETTLING TANKS.

(b) U. S. Public Health Service.

(c) Prof. Vito A. Vanoni, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, California.

Id) Experimental research.

(e) Flow in a settling tank is simulated by

introducing water with a low turbulence

level and uniform velocity into a flume

15 feet long with the bed covered by a thin layer of sediment. As the flow proceeds into the flume, a boundary layer develops and becomes progressively thicker.

By visual observation, the critical flow

conditions are determined at various

distances from the flume inlet, for which

grains will be entrained.

(g) Experiments are in progress, but no results

are yet available.

(3671) EVALUATION OF FORMULAS FOR THE TRANSPORT

RATE OF SEDIMENT BY ALLUVIAL STREAMS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. Vito A. Vanoni, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, Calif.

dl Analytical research using published data,

e) The sediment discharge calculated by

several well-known formulas Is compared

with actual measured sediment discharges

in natural streams. The results are presented as graphs of sediment discharge

against water discharge.

(h) "Lecture Notes on Sediment Transportation

and Channel Stability," Vito A. Vanoni, Norman H. Brooks, and John F. Kennedy,

Report KH-R-1, Calif. Inst, of Tech.,

January 1961.

(4074) ENERGY DISSIPATOR FOR SEWAGE FLOWING INTO AN OCEAN OUTFALL.

(b) Holmes and Narver-Montgomery (Consulting

Engineers for City of San Diego Sewerage

Project)

(c) Prof. N. H. Brooks, Calif. Inst, of Tech.,

Pasadena, California.

d) Hydraulic model investigation.

e) A drop structure for sewage effluent is required between the sewage treatment plant

(el. 95 feet above sea level) and ocean

outfall. Since discharge goes into a closed ocean outfall pipe 2.3 miles long,

air entrainment must be minimized over full range of operation (flow, 60-600 cfs and head drop, 90-10 feet). Recommended so- lution will include a large vortex with

vertical axis.

(4075) MECHANICS OF FLOW IN SAND-BED CHANNELS AT VERY LOW RATES OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Prof. V. A. Vanoni or N. H. Brooks, Calif.

Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, California.

d) Experimental and theoretical research.

e) Investigations will be on several detailed

problems in transport of sediment in streams flowing at low velocity and low transport

rate. Under these conditions, it has been

observed that dunes form and cause a sub- stantial increase in the hydraulic roughness of a stream. When dunes remain

during a receding flow, the critical shear

stress and critical velocity for re- initiation of movement of sediment are different from the case where motion of the grains is initiated by flow over a flat bed.

(f) Initiated end of 1961.

(4076) PRECISION TILTING FLUME.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Prof. Vito A. Vanoni and Prof. Norman H. Brooks, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena,

California.

d) Development of facilities.

e) The flume which is to be 130 feet long, 3.5 feet wide, and 1.75 feet deep will be mounted on a rigid supporting structure carried on jacks. Water will be circulated

by pumps with variable speed drives for controlling the flow rate. The slope of the flume can be adjusted continuously

without interrupting an experiment, up to

a maximum of 2 percent. The flume system

will be able to produce programmed unsteady

flow and will be equipped with convenient

recording equipment for observing such

flows. It is designed as a general

i

3
purpose facility for studies of open

channel flow problems such as sediment

transportation, boundary layers, and wave propagation in shear flow,

(g) Preliminary designs have been completed

and preparation of final designs and working drawings is under way. Completion

scheduled for December, 1962.

UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA, College of Agriculture,

Department of Irrigation.

(21) THE MECHANICS OF WATER DROPLET AND SPRAY

FORMATION FROM SPRINKLER NOZZLES.

b] California Agricultural Experiment Station.

c) Dr. J. R. Davis, Dept. of Irrigation, Univ.

of California, Davis, California.

(d) Experimental theoretical and laboratory

investigation

.

(e) Investigations to evaluate the causes of wave formation of the jet, to evaluate the nature of the wave system, and to determine

the relation between turbulence in the nozzle and the formation of discontinuous

water drops.

(g) Results include the development of the electric needle technique for describing

the frequency, amplitude and wave length

of the wave system. The distance from the nozzle to the point at which the jet begins

to break up has been related to Weber

number and Reynold's number. For smooth

nozzles, Weber number appears to be the only parameter.

(23) HYDROLOGY OF IRRIGATION SUPPLIES IN CALIFORNIA.

b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

c) Prof. R. H. Burgy and Mr. D. C. Lewis, Dept.

of Irrigation, Univ. of Calif., Davis,

California.

(d) Experimental and field investigation;

applied research.

(e) Evaluation of the hydrologic effects of various watershed management practices is under study on several upland drainages.

Diamond drilling equipment was used to install piezometers and access tubes in two mountain watersheds for evaluation of the groundwater component of water yield by

radioactive tracer techniques. Lysimeters

and meteorological equipment installed in an adjacent area provide continuous measurements of evapotranspiration and potential

evapotranspiration

.

(h) "Interception Losses from Small Trees,"

by H. D. Paul and R. H. Burgy, Dept. of Irrigation, Univ. of California, Davis,

California. Mimeo. 20 pages, Oct. 1961.

(25) PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL INFILTRATION RATES.

h) California Agricultural Experiment Station,

c) Doctors L. D. Doneen, D. W. Henderson,

J. W. Biggar and G. R. Dutt, Univ. of Calif.,

Davis, Calif.

(d) Theoretical and basic laboratory studies and field applied research.

(e) Viater management practices for various soils have been continued in the laboratory and field. In addition, emphasis has been placed

on the chemical nature of the water by

establishing 60 ring inf iltrometers with

growing crops.

(g) The concentration and the type of mineral

constituents in the waters influence the permeability of soils, particularly when

changing from one quality to another, which

had a marked influence on infiltration and hydraulic conductivity.

(h) "Lower San Joaquin Valley Water Quality

Investigations," by L. D. Doneen, California

State Dept. of Water Resources Bui. 89, Appendix C, pp. 1-154, 1960.

(1819) DRAINAGE IN RELATION TO IRRIGATION.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. J. N. Luthin and Mr. R. V. Worstell,

Univ. of Calif., Davis, California.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) The voltage analyzer was used to study the falling water table in tile drainage. The results of the study were compared to the work of E. C. Chllds and Kirkham and Gaskell

as well as experimental data obtained by

Luthin and Worstell. Particular attention

was paid to the effect of assuming a constant drainable porosity on the falling water

table. It was shown that this assumption

leads to an Incorrect position of the water

table but does not have a significant effect

on its shape. The results of the study are

in press. During the past year a tank study was con- ducted on the effect of the slope of a tile line on its ability to carry fine

sand that has entered the cracks. Under

the conditions of the experiment it was found that at a slope of 0.2 percent the sediment was transported out of the pipe and did not accumulate. It is planned to continue this experiment next year and to make a more complete investigation of the flow through clay and concrete tile. The construction of a large drainage tank

(50 feet long, 10 feet high, and 3 feet

wide) has been completed. Initially, it

Is planned to study the effect of size and spacings of perforations in buried pipe on the flow into the pipe. A comparison will

be made between pipe that Is not covered

with gravel or fiber glass material and

pipe that is covered with fiber glass

material

.

The possibility of using sound as a method

of measuring the soil moisture content of soil is being investigated. The velocity

of sound through porous media is affected

by the loading of the media. It seems quite likely, therefore, that variations

in soil moisture will cause variations in sound velocity because soil moisture

suction is equivalent in normal loading of the soil. In connection with our drainage and leaching studies, it was decided to try to develop a method of measuring the soil salinity in place without the necessity

of taking soil samples. For this purpose

the four-electrode probe was used. Ex- tensive laboratory testing Indicated that

the proposed method has promise and it is currently being tried in the field at Tranquillity, California.

A method of measuring the soil hydraulic

conductivity In the absence of a water

table Is being developed. During the past year an equation was developed that ap- proximately describes the problem. Tests

of the equation were run on a sector tank. These tests showed that the assumptions

used in deriving the equation are reasonable

and indicate promise for the method. A great deal more information is needed about

the effect of soil moisture and soil texture on the effective capillary pressure. This information is needed for the use of the equation,

(h) "Predicted and Experimental Water Table

Drawdown During Tile Drainage," by W. Brutsaert, G. S. Taylor and J. N. Luthin,

Hilgardia 1961 (in press). "Ponded Water Flow Through Layered Soils,"

by G. S. Taylor, R. V. Worstell and J. N. Luthin, Trans. VTI Int. Cong. Soil Sci.

in press)

.

The Non-Steady Water Table in Drained

Land," by J. N. Luthin, Jour. Geophys. Res. 65:4221-22, 1960. "Proposed Method of Measuring Soil Hydraulic

Conductivity in Situ," by J. N. Luthin, Nature (in press).

4
(3866) HYDRAULICS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS.

b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

c) Dr. J. R. Davis, Department of Irrigation,

University of California, Davis, Calif.

(d) Experimental; laboratory and field

investigation.

(e) Rational approaches to defining the flow of water in vegetative channels, dimensional

analyses and model studies of rate of water

advance in borders. Evaluations of criteria

for design of tail water return systems, measurement of flow in small irrigation

streams, and evaluation of irrigation ef- ficiency concepts.

(g) A method of determining flow rates in ir- rigation furrows with simple, inexpensive

equipment was found to be fairly accurate

but additional refinements are necessary. The flume studies of flow through vegetation

is underway and preliminary analyses of data have been made for alfalfa and clover.

(h) "Concepts on Design of Border Irrigation

Systems," by John R. Davis, Proc . of the ARS-SCS Research Application Workshop on Hydraulics of Surface Irrigation, Feb.

9-10, 1960, ARS 41-43, Oct. 1960. "Estimating Rate of Advance for Irrigation

Furrows," by John R. Davis, Froc. of the ARS-SCS Research Application Workshop on Hydraulics of Surface Irrigation, Feb. 9-10,

1960, ARS 41-43, Oct. 1960. Pages 67-86. "Estimating Rate of Advance for Irrigation

Furrows," by John R. Davis, Trans. ASAE

4:52-54, 57, 1961.

(4086) MISCIBLE AND IMMISCIBLE FLUID DIS- PLACEMENTS IN RELATION TO SOLUTE MOVEMENT

IN SOIL AND OTHER F0R0US MATERIAL.

bj California Agricultural Experiment Station,

c) Doctors J. W. Biggar and D. R. Nielsen,

Dept. of Irrigation, Univ. of California,

Davis, California.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied.

(e) The simultaneous transport of fluids and solutes through porous media is under

investigation. The mixing and spreading

of the fluids in the medium, the interaction of the fluids with each other and

the medium have been studied. The work

will help define the nature of the porous

structure of materials, and the coupling

between velocity and diffusion in the dispersion process. Leaching phenomena,

disposal of industrial and radioactive

wastes, and the movement of pesticides in soil water depend upon the dispersion

process

(g) Mathematical models proposed to date are inadequate to describe miscible displacement in soils and other porous materials. Coupling between velocity and diffusion has been observed.

(h) "Diffusion Effects in Miscible Displacement Occurring in Saturated and Unsaturated Porous Materials," by J. W. Biggar, and D. R. Nielsen, Jour. Geophys.

Res. 55:2867-2895, I960. "Miscible Displacement in Soils: I. Experimental Information," by D. R. Nielsen,

and J. V.'. Biggar, Soil Sci. Soc . Amer.

Proc. 25:1-5, 1961. "Miscible Displacement in Porous Materials,"

by J. Biggar, and D. R. Nielsen, Jour. Soil Sci. 12:188-197, 1961. "Measuring Movements of Soil Amendments

Made Possible by New Technique," by D. R. IFielsen, and J. Biggar, California

Agric. 15(4): 7, 1961.

(4087) DYNAMIC PROJECT PLANNING.

\>) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

c) Dr. V. H. Scott, Department of Irrigation,

University of California, Davis, California.

d) Developmental design.

e) This study is to develop an approach to the

engineering aspects of project planning

particularly adaptable for such areas where

(1) water requirements whether for irrigation

or other uses are supplied through pumping

from wells, and (2) where problems of in- creased cost of pumping due to lowering the water wells, deterioration of water quality,

and/or reduction in yield of wells due to depletion of available ground water supply

occur. To meet these problems, a technique

of project planning is developed involving

flexibility, adaptability to changes in time,

utilization of all of the available water

supply, and additional data as it becomes

available during the early years of operation

of the initial stages of a project. Such a project planning approach would be useful to water development planners working under

conditions of crude hydrologic data, unpredictable future water requirements, and limited availability of funds.

(g) Detailed analysis has shown that dynamic

project planning is a satisfactory engineering technique when applied to situations

where development of water facilities is undertaken for presently unused water

supplies in areas with a ground water

deficiency. The projects that result from

applying such a technique have sound engineering basis and would be more economical

than conventionally designed one-stage

projects

(h) "Dynamic Project Planning Through Integrating

Multi-Stage Ground Water Development and Controlled Irrigation Water Use," Salim W. Macksoud, Doctor of Engineering Thesis,

January 1962.

(4088) IRR0TATI0NAL FLOW OVER A VERTICAL, SHARP- CRESTED WEIR.

b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

c) Prof. Theodor S. Strelkoff, Acting As- sistant Professor, Dept. of Irrigation,

Univ. of California, Davis, California.

(d) Theoretical, basic research, in part for doctoral dissertation.

(e) Part of a general study of rapidly varied

flow in open channels by methods of po- tential flow theory, the weir investigation

considers the two-dimensional flow in the complex potential W-plane to result from

an assumed distribution of vorticity in an auxiliary plane derived from the W-plane by

conformal transformation. The resulting

non-linear integral equation is solved by

trial for the nappe profile and discharge

coefficient. The treatment involves no approximations or linearizations.

(g) Approximate nappe profiles and discharge

coefficients obtained for weirs of head- to-height ratio, h/w = 0.14, 1.15, 2.11,

4.36, 10.30.

(h) "Irrotatlonal Flow Over Weirs," by Theodor

S. Strelkoff, A Fh.D. Dissertation, Dept.

of Mechanics and Hydraulics, Graduate

College of the State University of Iowa.

41 pages. June 1962.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Division of Agricultural

Sciences, Department of Irrigation and Soil Science.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Professor A. F. Pillsbury, Department of Irrigation and Soil Science, University of California, Los Angeles 24, California.

(27) HYDROLOGY OF WATER SUPPLIES IN CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project cooperative with Facific

Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Sta .

,

USFS, and with College of Engrg., Univ. of Calif. Los Angeles; coordinated with work

of Dept. of Irrigation, Univ. of Calif.,

Davis, California.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) Work now concerned with: (1) Subsurface

5
movement of moisture; (2) surface treatments affecting infiltration of precipitation; and (3) detention of precipitation

by surface litter and effect upon infiltration.

(g) Wettability of a soil is related to the liquid-solid contact i-ngle. Techniques

were developed by which it is possible to determine the contact angle of sands and other soils. Wettability affects water

entry rates, particularly with a dry soil;

it affects capillary rise, and evaporation

when the soil surface is not saturated. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is not affected by contact angle. Wetting agents

decrease contact angle and capillary force. In situations of high contact angle the

net effect of wetting agents is to improve water entry into soil. Leachate from sev- eral types of chaparral and coniferous

forest litter was found to make soils less wettable. Certain litters, because of poor wettability, exert a thatch effect - tend to shed precipitation.

Certain aqueous resinous spray solutions

have been evaluated in the laboratory as

a means of modifying and partially con- trolling water entry into soil. They can stabilize surface aggregation, thus affecting slaking, raindrop impact dispersion,

and erosion. Field evaluation awaits rainfall. Litter detention, as a process in- creasing water Intake into soil, has been

further evaluated, but data are not yet

complete

(h) "Wetting Agents," J. Letey, R. E. Pelishek,

and J. F. Osborn. Calif. Agric . v. 15, no.

10, pp. 8-9. 1961.

(1058) SOIL PHYSICAL CONDITIONS IN RELATION TO IRRIGATION.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Dept.

of Soils and Plant Nutrition, Univ. of Calif., Riverside, Calif.

d) Continuing laboratory and field studies.

e) Work concerned with following wetting

front downward with neutron moisture probe

when soil is being wet from the top has been completed and published. Use of density probe now being evaluated.

(g) "Infiltration Measurement With the Neutron Moisture Probe, "J. Letey, E. Hsia, R. E. Pelishek, and J. F. Osborn, Soil Science

91: 77-83, 1961.

(1303) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF IRRIGATION DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with College

of Engrg., Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles 24, California.

d) Basic and applied research.

e) Graduate student now working with model

low pressure pipe system to study hydraulic transients occurring with automatic

operation.

(f) Viork being summarized.

(2504) DYNAMICS OF SOIL WATER FLOW TOWARDS AND

INTO SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE FACILITIES.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with

College of Engrg., Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles 24, California.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) Present work concerns (1) Reliability of spot techniques for determination of hydraulic conductivity; (2) relation of water

table recession to theory, (3) drainage

simulation in shallow soils; relating

water table height to drain discharge; (4) drainage simulation in layered soils; and

(5) criteria for factors contributing to excessive soil-water.

(h) Several manuscripts in preparation. Will

be reported next year.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, College of Engineering,

Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects, except

when otherwise Indicated, should be addressed to Prof. J. W. Johnson, Dept. of Engineering, Hydraulic

Laboratory, Hesse Hall, University of California,

Berkeley 4, California.

(40) FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF GAS-SOLIDS MIXTURES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. C. L. Tien, Asst. Prof, of Mech. Engrg,

Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

(d) Theoretical and experimental (basic and applied research).

(e) The pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics of gas-solids mixtures have been

Investigated by adding glass powders and

lead powders of 30 microns and 200 microns In size to air streams flowing turbulently up a vertical tube. The solids-to-gas gravimetric

loading ratios ranged from zero to approximately ten. Heat was transferred to the air- solids mixtures from the uniformly heated

tube wall. The air rate was kept constant at Reynolds numbers of 15,000 and 30,000. Ana- lytical studies have been made but were not quite successful.

(g) Experimental results showed that the pressure gradients far down the tube approached a constant value, which was a monotonlcally

increasing function of the loading ratio.

Significant effect of the particle size on the pressure gradients was observed. The

thermal entrance length increased with a de- crease in the particle size and an increase

in the loading ratio. The asymptotic Nusselt number decreased to a minimum and then in- creased as the loading ratio was increased. The decrease in Nusselt number was much

larger for lead particles than for glass

particles

(h) "Comparison of the Heat Transfer Characteristics of Air-Glass and Air-Lead Mixtures in Turbulent Pipe Flow," by V. Quan, M.S. Thesis

in Mechanical Engineering, Univ. of Calif.

Library, Berkeley, California.

"Heat Transfer Characteristics of Air-Solids

Flow in the Thermal Entrance Region of a Vertical Pipe," by W. F. Schmidt, M.S. Thesis

in Mechanical Engineering, University of California Library, Berkeley, California.

(529) SAND SOURCES RESEARCH.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Department of the Army,

Washington, D. C. (c) Mr. Parker D. Trask, Dept. of Mineral Tech. and Hydraulic Research Laboratory, Univ. of California, Berkeley, California.

(d) Experimental; theoretical and field

observations

(e) Purpose of this project is to study origin

and movement of sand on beaches in vicinity

of San Francisco and along the coast north

of the Russian River. The project consists

of periodic measurements of beach profiles,

and mechanical, mineralogical and radioactl\e

analyses of samples of sand. The project

thus supplies basic data on the regimen of Northern California Beaches and gives information on the pattern of movement of sand on the beaches. Such information is desirable

for effective measures for harbor control

and beach erosion.

(g) Beaches in vicinity of San Francisco advance

and retreat 50 to 100 from one season to another. Grain size of beaches in northern

California ranges from 200 to 1000 microns. The drift is variable.

(h) "Beaches near San Francisco, California,

1957-1958," by P. D. Trask and D. T. Snow,

Univ. of Calif. Inst. Engineering Research,

Series 14, Issue 23, 90 pages, October 1961.

(1554) SEA WATER CONVERSION RESEARCH.

G
b) State of California.

c) Prof. Everett D. Howe, Director Sea Water Conversion Laboratory, University of Calif.,

1301 South 46th Street, Richmond, California.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, field investigation and pilot plant; basic research, ap- plied research, design, and operation.

(e) The purpose of this project Is to discover

whether there is available any method for

the large-scale, low-cost demineralization

of sea water. The project includes a number

of investigations, of which the following

have been active during 1960-61: (1) Multiple effect rotating evaporator; (2) evapo- ration by immiscible fluid heat transfer;

(3) vacuum flash distillation (low temperature difference method); (4) solar distillation; (5) electrodlalysis tests; (6) freeze-separation; (7) ion exchange; (8) biological studies; (9) capillary control of vapor transfer gaps; (10) reverse osmosis

pilot plant; (11) thermodynamic and economic

analysis; (12) experimental heat transfer

studies; (13) properties of sea water; and

(14) fundamental studies of corrosion

processes. Investigations are being carried

on both at Berkeley and at Los Angeles.

(g) Detailed results may be obtained from the progress reports and publications listed

under (h) below. This project has been

active since 1951-52 and previous summaries

have listed all reports prior to July 1960.

(h) The following reports and publications have been issued during the period since July

1960 and summarize the work to date: UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES:*

"Sea Water Demineralization by Means of a Semipermeable Membrane," by S. Loeb and S. Sourirajan, Report No. 60-60, July 1960.

"The System Water-Sodium Chloride at Elevated

Temperatures and Pressures," by S. Sourirajan

and G. C. Kennedy, Report No. 60-7 7, August

1960. "Saline Water Demineralization—A Review and Bibliography," by J. V/. McCutchan, Sept.

1961. UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA AT BERKELEY:**

"Berkeley Progress Report for the Year Ending

June 30, 1961," Institute of Engineering

Research Series 75, Issue 24, August 1961. "Heat of Concentration and Boiling Point

Elevation of Sea Water," by K. J. Nabavian

and L. A. Bromley, A.C.S. Advances in Chem. Series 27, pp. 21-26, 1960. "Saline Water Conversion by Multiple Effect

Rotating Evaporator," by R. L. Clark and

L. A. Bromley, Chemical Engineering Progress,

Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 64-70, January 1961. "Optimization and Cost Analysis of Light Water Moderated Reactors for Process Heat,"

by L. M. Grossman et al, Institute of Engineering Research Series 164, Issue 1, Oct. 1960. "Electrodlalysis Process May Solve Sea Water Demineralization Problem," by P. M. Rapier,

Engineering and Mining Journal, Dec. 1960. Requests for copies should be directed to: Institute of Industrial Cooperation, Dept. of Engineering, Univ. of California, Los Angeles,

California.

Requests for copies should be directed to: Sea Water Conversion Laboratory, Univ. of Calif., 1301 South 46th St., Richmond, Calif.

(1823) THE MECHANICS OP BOTTOM SEDIMENT MOVEMENT

WITH OSCILLATORY WAVES.

(b) Beach Erosion Board.

id) Experimental, basic research.

(e) To obtain experimental Information on the criteria for initial and general movement

of bottom sediment by wave action. Prototype

conditions of the relative motion of water

and bed were simulated by use of an oscillating plate in still water.

(g) A theoretical solution has been found for

the turbulent boundary layer flow along an oscillating surface and was empirically

checked for the smooth bottom. A solution

has been found for the rough wall, but must

be checked for various different types of roughness. The theoretical solution does

not permit the determination of the bottom

shear and may be unsatisfactory for this

reason. It is Intended to determine the dynamic lift and drag on the Individual

grain as a function of the local Reynolds

Number obtained from the theoretical ve- locity profile.

(2062) STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS FOR SHEAR IN SAND-CLAY-WATER MIXTURES.

(b) Land Locomotion Laboratory, Detroit

Arsenal, Ordnance Corp., U. S. Army.

(c) Dr. Parker D. Trask, Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley,

California.

d) Experimental; basic research.

e) Stress-strain measurements are procured

by means of plungers of given diameters,

which are pressed into the sediment

mixtures at a constant strain rate during

which the stress is recorded by a system

of strain gauges attached to a proving

ring that is deformed as the plunger enters

the sediment. The stress-strain relations

are computed in terms of M. G. Bekker's

coefficients and related to the composition

of the mixtures.

f) Completed December 31, 1960.

g) The strength parameters proved to be related to the variables studied, namely

water content, clay type, clay-clastic

ratio and median diameter. Clay type is probably most important in determining

strength which Increases with Increasing

base exchange capacity of the clay, with

decreasing grain size of admixed material,

with increasing clay-sand ratio and de- creasing water content. Tests on one illitlc prototype soil showed that mineralogically identical soils may possess

different strengths.

(h) "Effect of Grain Size on Strength of Mixtures of Clay, Sand, and Water," by

P. D. Trask, Bull. Geol. Soc . Amer., Vol.

70, 1959, p. 569-580. "Effect of Clay Content on Strength of Sediments," by P. D. Trask, and J. E. H. Close, Coastal Engineering, Vol. 6, (1958)

p. 827-843. "Pressure-Sinkage Tests on Mixtures of Kaolin and Illite with Clastic Silt," by

P. D. Trask and H. Klehn, Univ. of Calif.,

Inst, of Eng. Res. Report, Series 116, Issue 4, Sept. 1958, 13 p., 39 fig.

"Pressure-Sinkage Tests on Mixtures of Clay and Clay with Sand of Varying Grain

Size," by P. D. Trask and H. Klehn, Univ.

of Calif., Inst, of Eng. Res. Report,

Series 116, Issue 5, Jan. 1959, 16 p.,

28 fig.

"Geologic Causes of Strength in Soils,"

by P. D. Trask and R. E. Skjel, Univ. of Calif., Inst, of Eng. Res. Report, Series

77, Issue 7, March 1958, 43 p., 9 fig.

"Pressure-Sinkage Tests on Different Types

of Soils," by P. D. Trask and R. E. Skjei,

Univ. of Calif., Inst, of Eng. Res. Report,

Series 116, Issue 1, May 1958, 13 p.,

17 fig.

"Pressure-Sinkage Tests on Two Montmorillonite Soils," by P . D. Trask and

R. E. Skjei, Univ. of Calif., Inst, of Eng. Res. Report, Series 116, Issue 2, May 1958, 7 p. , 10 fig.

"Pressure-Sinkage Tests on Mixtures of Montmorillonite and Clastic Silt," by

P. D. Trask, and R. E. Skjei, Univ. of Calif., Inst, of Eng. Res. Report, Series

116, Issue 3, July 1358, 25 p., 15 fig.

"Pressure-Sinkage Tests on a Natural Clay

Soil from Sonoma Slough, California," by

P. D. Trask and D. T. Snow, Univ. of Calif.,

Inst. Eng. Res. Report, Series 116, Issue

6, Dec. 1960, 34 p., 43 fig.

7
(2261) WAVE REFRACTION RESEARCH. (2753) HYDRAULIC BREAKWATER.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Dept. of Army, Wash.

D. C.

d) Experimental basic research.

e) Laboratory studies are being made of the refraction and some (diffraction and re- flection) phenomena of water waves. Special

attention is being given to the "Mach stem" phenomenon

(g) In shallow water the velocity of a water gravity wave depends upon the depth of water

as well as upon the length of the wave. When it travels in shoaling water it bends. This refraction changes the wave height and direction. Powerful graphical and analytical

tools are available for use by the engineers;

however, there is an almost complete lack

of evidence as to their accuracy. The purpose of this contract has been to per- form laboratory experiments to check the validity of the techniques used in practice.

The first series of tests were performed in

a ripple tank; these showed that the tech- niques were fairly reliable from a practical

standpoint. A series of tests were made in a model basin 150 feet by 64 feet by 2 1/2 feet deep. The results of these tests have been published. Tests have been conducted

on the formation of secondary wave crests

as periodic waves pass into shoal water, and

the results have been found to compare favorably with theory. Studies have been

made of the non-reflecting characteristics

of waves incident to a steep slope, large

plane angle shore, and the results presented

in a report. Additional studies have been

made of the "Mach stem" phenomenon in the presence of a curved, and a wavy vertical

impervious wall, and in the presence of a sloped pervious wall. Studies are being

made of the refraction and short-crested

wind generated waves in the laboratory.

(h) "Higher Approximations to Nonlinear Water

Waves and the Limiting Height of Cnoidal,

Solitary, and Stokes' Waves," by E. V. Laitone, Univ. of Calif., IER, Tech. Rept

89-6, March 1961.

(2265) FORCES ON ACCELERATED CYLINDERS.

It) Laboratory project.

(c) Frof. A. D. K. Laird, 109 Mechanics Bldg.,

Univ. of California, Berkeley 4, Calif.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Measurement of drag coefficients and flow configurations about cylinders during ac- celerated motion in fluids as related to wave forces as cylinders.

(h) "Water Eddy Forces on Oscillating Cylinders," A. D. K. Laird, C. A. Johnson, and

R. W. Walker, Journal Hydraulics Div., Proc. ASCE, Vol. 86, HY 9, Nov. 1960. "Eddy Forces on Rigid Cylinders," A. D. K. Laird, Journal Waterways and Harbors Div., Proc. ASCE. (in press).

(2505) EFFECT OF SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION IN STREAM

CHANNELS.

It) University project,

id) Experimental; basic research,

(e) Alluvial flows in channels with artificially secured banks are studied systematically for their tendency to meander as ex- pressed by the development of alternate

bars. It is the aim of this study to de- velop criteria for stability.

f) Experimental work concluded.

g) The important parameters seem to be the Froude's number, the depth-width ratio

and the size and uniformity of the bed sediment. The uneven distribution of friction between banks and bed is of prime

importance

(h) "A Study on Meandering and other Bed

Patterns in Straight Alluvial Channels,"

Hsieh W. Shen, Fh.D. Thesis, University of California, Berkeley 4, Calif. Jan. 1361.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Determination by model tests of the mechanisms by which hydraulic breakwaters dampen

water gravity waves.

f) Completed.

g) Three dimensional tests in a model basin

show that the effect of wave refraction due

to the currents generated by the hydraulic

breakwater is of primary importance. For certain conditions the area in the lee of the breakwater can be made to be almost free

of waves, while for other conditions the waves behind the breakwater will be higher

than if there were no hydraulic breakwater

in operation. A series of model sizes have

been used and a definite scale effect ob- served. Tests have been completed in con- nection with the measurement of the currents generated by the jets and then the effect of the currents on the waves, the purpose being

to find out in which portion of the mechanism the scale effect occurs. It was found

that the scale effect occurred in the orifice The results have been published. Tests have been completed on the effect of hydraulic

breakwaters on wind generated waves, and it was found that the short period components

of such a wave system were damped, allowing

the long period wave components to get past

the breakwater.

(h) "Attenuation of Wind Waves by a Hydraulic

Breakwater," by John A. Williams and R. L. Wiegel, Univ. of Calif., IER, Tech. Rept.

104-12, December 1961.

(2755) DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS TO TRACE SEDIMENTS USING RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS.

(t) Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army.

(c) Prof. H. A. Einstein, Univ. of California,

Berkeley 4, Calif.

(d) Experimental; theoretical, and field.

(e) Radioactive materials were sought which

could be permanently attached to sediment

grains from the sand to the clay sizes. Instrumentation was developed by which

tagged sediments could be observed In prototype water courses, particularly in the San Francisco Bay.

ff) Completed.

(g) Scandium-46 and gold-198 were found to

be the best suited materials. Instru- mentation for field detection of radioactivity was developed. Four field tests

In San Francisco Bay were completed and analyzed. These tests show that clayey

sediments are transported in salt water in general suspension and are deposited in stable form from water flowing at less than

two feet per second average velocities.

(h) "Third Annual Progress Report on the Silt

Transport Studies Utilizing Radioisotopes."

"An Underwater Scintillation Detector for Gamma Emitters," 25 pp. "Methods for Tracing Estuarial Sediment

Transport Frocesses," 57 pp.

(3020) BOUNDARY LAYER FRICTION IN THE DOLPHIN.

(b) Laboratory Project.

(d) Experimental; basic.

(e) Purpose is to elicit whether there is an anomaly in skin friction of dolphins.

f) Completed.

g) Observations of four large groups of dolphins suggest that they are able to swim at a sustained speed of 14 to 18 knots. The blackfish are able to maintain about

22 knots and one killer whale seemed able

to swim somewhat faster. This implies that

the apparent coefficient of surface friction

remains approximately constant for dolphins

from 6 to 22 feet long, as is the case for rigid bodies; but on the basis of probable

muscle power, it is only 1/8 the value for rigid bodies.

8
(h) "Sustained Swimming Speed of Dolphins,"

Carl L. Johannessen and J. A. Harder,

Science, v 132, no. 3439, pp. 1550-1551,

Nov. 25, 1960.

(3022) FLOATING BREAKWATER.

b) U. S. Navy Civil Engineering Laboratory.

d) Analytical and experimental; applied

research.

(e) Analytical and experimental studies of new concepts of floating breakwaters.

f) Completed.

g) Several new concepts have been Investigated. One of these systems consisted of a series of long plastic tubes (slightly

buoyant) connected side by side and filled

with water. The effectiveness of the system was remarkable for wave lengths of the order of one-half the tube length, or less. Additional work has been done with

large plastic bags filled with water with

the same results. Small scale laboratory

studies have been completed, Including the measurement of forces in the mooring lines.

Medium scale tests in San Francisco Bay

have been completed.

(h) "Floating Breakwater Survey: Final Report,"

by R. L. V/iegel, H. W. Shen, and J. D. Cumming, Univ. of Calif., IER, Tech. Rept.

140-6, June 1961.

(3382) FLUME STUDY ON THE TRANSPORT OF ESTUARIAL SEDIMENT.

b) Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army.

c) Prof. H. A. Einstein, Univ. of Calif.,

Berkeley, California.

6.) Experimental

e) Motion of estuarial sediments in saline water is studied under controlled lab- oratory conditions. Both flumes and settling vessels are used. The viscosity,

settling, and composition of sediment- water mixtures are also studied to understand the relationships between the properties of the sediment and its be- havior in flowing salt water.

(h) Final report in preparation.

v 3384) SAND MOVEMENT BY WIND.

(b) Beach Erosion Board and National Science

Foundation.

d) Experimental.

e) To develop a trap and auxiliary equipment

for field measurements of the rate of sand movement by wind action. Some field

experiments also have been conducted. A reconnaissance of the coastal dunes of California has been completed to appraise

the conditions under which dunes occur.

(h) "A General Reconnaissance of Coastal Dunes

of California," by Ronald P. Zeller. Lab. Report

(3385) ELECTRIC FLOOD MODEL.

(b) U. S. Corps Engineers, Kansas City Dist.

(d) Experimental; design and development.

(e) Using analog model techniques a simulator

for the Kansas River and its tributaries

is being developed. Purpose is to provide

a rapid and convenient means of estimating

the effects of reservoir operation and rainfall distribution on flood stages. All pertinent hydraulic variables will be under operator's control, and a flood

routing procedure completed each 1/60

second.

(h) "Analog Models for Flood Control Systems,"

J. A. Harder, to appear in ASCE Hydraulics

Journal, Dec. 1961 or Jan. 1962.

(3386) SUBSURFACE SALINITY,

(bj Laboratory project.

(d) Analytical and experimental; basic research.

(e) This investigation is concerned with the

dynamics of the fresh-salt water interface

in flow through porous media. Effects of non-steady flows and dispersion will be considered

(g) Experimental measurements in a parallel

plate model are being made for drainage of underlying saline water in Irrigated land.

(h) "On the Tensor Form of Dispersion in Porous

Media," by J. Bear, Journal of Geophysical

Research, vol. 66, pp. 1185-1197, 1961. "Some Experiments in Dispersion," by J. Bear, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 66, pp. 2455-2467, 1961.

(3672) WALNUT CREEK STABILIZATION.

(b) North Walnut Creek Emergency Flood Control

District

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Model tests of structures to distribute

evenly the flow through a compound bend

with strong curvatures.

f) Concluded.

g) A satisfactory performance was achieved by

observing the eroding effect of the flow and providing the unstable sections with

rip-rap protection.

(h) "Model Study of North Walnut Creek Channel,"

by G. Kalkanis, I.E.R. Series No. 167, Issue

1.

(3673) JET PUMP FOR SEDIMENT.

(b) Pacific Coast Engineering Co.

(dj Experimental; for design.

(e) The use of a jet pump as a booster pump at the end of the ladder of a suction dredge

is studied.

(f) Initial design study completed. Investigation continuing on sand erosion effects.

(g) Erosion rates have been substantially re- duced by design modifications without

sacrificing sand pumping performance.

(3674) INVESTIGATIONS OF BOUNDARY LAYERS ALONG FLUID INTERFACES.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To investigate the possibility of reducing

friction by artificially increasing the stability of the flow.

(g) An extensive survey of the literature on the subject has been completed. Experimental

studies have been made of the instability

of the air-water interface with the air

moving over the water and with an air-water

temperature difference. Measurements of the pressure and velocity fluctuations in the air flow above the waves have been made.

In order to permit the simultaneous measurement of several variables in a form that will facilitate their correlation, a digital data

recording system is bing developed. It records 8 channels with a precision of 10 bits on magnetic tape in a format compatible

with the IBM 704 and at rates up to 7,500

samples per second.

(3675) CLAY TRANSPORT.

b) National Science Foundation,

d) Experimental and theoretical; basic

research.

(e) A continuation and generalization of (3382)to various types of clays. The effect of flocculation and concentration

of clay on flows, and the deposition and scour of these sediments are studied

systematically

(3676) ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUND WATER.

b) Laboratory project,

d) Analytical and experimental; basic

research

(e) This Investigation is concerned with the unsteady flow of water from recharge

areas into homogeneous and non-homogeneous

1

<

1

9
aquifers.

(g) Solutions of the general infiltration

equation have been obtained for selected

boundary conditions. Experimental

measurements in a translucent model have been made of unsteady flows from recharge

areas percolating to impermeable sub- surface layers. A report is in preparation.

(3677) ANNULAR NOZZLE GROUND EFFECT MACHINE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. R. L. Wiegel, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, California.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Airborne vehicles supported by annular jets have a lift considerably In excess of that

due to the jet momentum when operating in

a region close to the ground. The dynamic

lift, bending moment, wave resistance, base pressures, and intake pressures are being

measured for such a vehicle operating over both calm water and water with surface gravity waves present.

(3678) OCEAN SEWER OUTFALLS.

(bj U. S. Public Health Service,

(dj Basic research.

(e) This study is concerned with the various

phenomena involved in the diffusion of sewage at the discharge end of an ocean

sewer outfall.

(g) Phases investigated to date have involved

mixing resulting from jet action and surface wind waves. The effects of wind

and waves on surface dispersion have been

studied in a laboratory wind-wave flume. Measurements of the shape of the dispersion

plume have been obtained under various wind

and wave conditions, and the influence of some of the wave characteristics on the eddy diffusion coefficient has been noted.

(h) "Jet Discharge into a Fluid with a Density

Gradient," by W. E. Hart, M.S. Thesis, Univ.

of California, 1961.

(3679) ANALYSIS OF VJATERSHEDS AS NONLINEAR SYSTEMS.

(b) Water Resources Center, University of Calif., Berkeley, California.

(c) Prof. J. Amorocho, Univ. of Calif., Davis,

Calif., and Prof. G. T. Orlob, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, California.

(d) Theoretical and experimental investigation

of the behavior of catchments as nonlinear

systems

(e) The investigation is summarized as follows;

(1) Study of the application of methods of nonlinear analysis to the determination of the impulse response functions in hydrologic

systems. (2) Laboratory investigation of the behavior of small catchments with

regard to the nonlinearity of their response

to inflow under various conditions. (3) Development of approximate procedures for the establishment of nonlinear inflowoutflow relationships for small catchments.

(g) Experiments completed to date on laboratory

catchments under simulated rain reveal large

departures from the conditions of linearity

and invariance implicit in the "unit

hydrograph" concept, and suggest that similar behavior can be expected in natural

watersheds. A new approach in the analysis

of flood episodes in small watersheds is suggested and approximate procedures ap- plicable to floods due to uniformly distributed storms have been developed.

(h) "Analysis of Hydrologic Units as Nonlinear

Systems," J. Amorocho, Hydraulic Laboratory

and Sanitary Engineering Research Lab., -- Water Resources Center Contribution—Univ.

of California, Berkeley.

(4077) NEARSHORE SEDIMENT MOVEMENT.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(dj Experimental (laboratory and field).

(e) The objective of this investigation is to determine the overall sand balance for selected localities and to explain changes

quantitatively. Special consideration is given to sediment conditions at the mouths

of large sediment-carrying rivers, subma- rine canyon heads, and major headlands.

(4078) BEACH BACKGROUND RADIOACTIVITY.

b) Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D. C.

c) Prof. Parker D. Trask, Dept. of Mineral

Technology and Hydraulic Research Lab.,

Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, California.

(d) Field observations and theoretical con- siderations . (e) Purpose of project is to measure variations

in background radioactivity of beaches in vicinity of San Francisco with the object

of determining the normal background, its

seasonal variations and variation in radioactivity from place to place at any

one time . (g) The work has been in progress for only a few months. In addition to establishing

normal background radiation, the variations

In radiation from Thorium and Uranium

minerals from place to place and from time

to time on the different beaches give

promise of yielding information on patterns

of sand movement.

(407 9) WAVE FORCES ON BREAKWATERS.

bj Laboratory project.

d) Experimental; basic research; for doctor's

thesis

(e) Experimental investigation of the wave forces that act on the individual capstones

in an idealized rubble-mound breakwater.

The magnitude of the wave forces and their

distribution with depth was determined, as well as the kinematic conditions causing

the forces,

fj Completed.

g) The most dangerous forces from the stand- point of breakwater failure occur under the

toe of an advancing breaker or when water

is flowing out of the breakwater.

(h) "Wave Forces on Breakwaters," Gunnar

Sigurdsson, Ph. D. Thesis, August 1961.

(4080) FLOW THROUGH ANISOTROPIC POROUS MEDIA,

(bj Laboratory project.

(dj Analytical and experimental; basic research.

(e) This study is concerned with the directional permeabilities in layered anisotropic

porous media. Analytic results are being

compared with measurements on an electric

analog

(g) Directional permeabilities as functions of orientation, spacing, and size of layers

have been evaluated. A report is in preparation

(4081) RECHARGE OF WASTES IN UNDERGROUND

FORMATIONS.

(bj Livermore Radiation Lab., Livermore, Calif.

(dj Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) This study is designed to evaluate the hydraulics of fluid flow from an underground

cavity fed by a recharge well into sur- rounding aquifers. Results are expected to assist in field studies of disposal of industrial wastes, brines, and radioactive

materials

(4082) CAVITATION IN A VENTURI.

bj Laboratory project.

c) Prof. H. W. Iversen, Dept. of Mech. Engrg.,

University of Calif., Berkeley, California.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic research.

(e) Macroscopic nature of cavitation formation

and collapse with inter-relationships of

10
head losses on collapse and with liquids of different vaporization properties,

(g) Tests with water over a 60 degree F - 200 degree P range of temperature are es- sentially completed.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Department of Naval Architecture

(3C26) SHIF RESISTANCE IN UNIFORM WAVES AS A FUNCTION OF BLOCK COEFFICIENT AND WAVE

STEEPNESS

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy

(c) Mr. 0. J. Sibul, Room 224, Bldg. T-3, Univ.

of Calif. Berkeley, California.

d) Experimental.

e) A series of experiments were performed to study the effect of width (beam) and the block coefficient of the ship on the added

resistance in uniform waves. The following

block coefficients were used for Series

60 5-foot models: 0.60; 0.70; 0.80 and

a model of DE 1006 with a block coefficient

of 0.49. All of the models were towed in waves 3.75; 5.00; 6.25 and 7.50 feet long

at seven different wave steepnesses between

0.0146 and 0.0684.

(h) "Ship Resistance and Motions in Uniform

Waves as a Function of Block Coefficient,"

by 0. J. Sibul, Univ. of Calif., IER Series

61, Issue 19, June 1961.

(3029) REPRODUCTION OF RECORDED OCEAN WAVES IN A SHIP MODEL TOWING TANK.

(b) National Science Foundation and Univ. of California.

(c) Mr. 0. J. Sibul, Room 224, Bldg. T-3,

University of California, Berkeley, Calif.

d) Basic and applied research; design.

e) The work undertaken under this program was

the design and construction of a power and control system for the existing wave generator, such that a recorded ocean wave

in a desired scale could be reproduced in the towing tank. The system utilizes a magnetic tape input to servomechanism

which makes the wave-generator follow a prescribed time-distance curve.

(3685) SHIP SLAMMING LOADS AND HULL RESPONSES.

(b) National Academy of Sciences - National

Research Council, Committee on Ship

Structural Design.

(c) Prof. H. A. Schade, Room 224, Bldg. T-3,

Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) The project involves structural as well as hydrodynamic problems. Only the latter are described here. (1) It will be attempted

to determine the virtual mass distribution

along the length of a vibrating beam

in water (forced vibration as well as impact

loading) . (2) A model of an element of ship bottom structure will be dropped on a free water surface. Strains, accelerations

and pressures will be measured.

(3686) NON-LINEAR COUPLED SHIP MOTIONS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the Navy.

(c) Prof. John R. Faulling, Jr., Room 224,

Bldg. T-3, Univ. of California, Berkeley,

California.

(d) Theoretical with some experimental verification . (e) It has been shown that at certain fre- quencies of heave or pitch motion of a

ship, a rolling motion of large amplitude may arise. This is explained in terms of instabilities of solutions of the equations

of motion which include certain non-linear

coupling terms.

(g) The relationships between natural fre- quencies in pitch and roll or heave and

roll which lead to unstable rolling motion

have been obtained theoretically and verified

experimentally. Analog computational

techniques have been used in investigating

the effect of damping.

(h) "Instability of Ship Motions in Longitudinal

Waves Resulting from Nonlinear Coupling,"

by C. S. Hsu, Univ. of Calif. IER Series

173, Issue 1, May, 1961.

"On a Restricted Class of Coupled Hill's

Equations and Some Applications," by C. S. Hsu, Univ. of California, IER Series 173, Issue 2, June, 1961. "The Analysis of the Nonlinear Static

Coupling Terms in Heave, Pitch, and Roll

for Several Hull Forms," by William Kinney, IER Series 173, Issue 4, October, 1961.

"On the Unstable Rolling Motions of Ships

Resulting From Nonlinear Coupling with

Pitch Including the Effect of Damping in Roll," by William Kinney, IER Series 173, Issue 3, October 1961.

(3687) PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS, ADDED-MASS, AND

DAMPING COEFFICIENTS FOR CYLINDERS OSCIL- LATING IN A FREE SURFACE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Professors J. V. Wehausen and J. R. Paulling, Room 224, Bldg. T-3, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

(d) Theoretical and experimental basic re- search . (e) A linearized theory is developed for the pressure distributions, added-mass and damping coefficients for horizontal

cylinders oscillating vertically with small amplitude while semi-immersed in the free surface of a fluid of uniform depth. Calculated values are compared with values

measured in experiments.

(g) The measured values and values based on the sample calculations show similar

distinctive behavior.

(4083) DYNAMIC INTERACTION BETWEEN SHIPS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. J. R. Paulling, Room 224, Bldg. T-3,

Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, California.

d) Theoretical and experimental.

e) The linearized equations of motion for two ships operating on parallel courses are formulated. Coefficients appearing in these equations are being evaluated by

captive model techniques. Analog and digital means of solving the equations are being studied.

(g) Static yaw and rudder angles of the two ships have been calculated using data

obtained in experiments by other investigators .

(4084) SHIPS OF MINIMUM RESISTANCE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. J. V. Wehausen, Room 221, Bldg. T-3,

Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, California.

d) Theoretical applied research.

e) The usual minimum problem for ship wave resistance fixed the profile and volume

and minimizes Michell's Integral among

some given class of functions describing

the whole ship. Since the theory assumes irrotational flow of an inviscid fluid, it does not take account of the effects of viscosity, e.g., the possibility of a separated boundary layer for certain forms

nor of the necessity of fitting a propeller

astern. Here one tries to take account of this by fixing the afterbody as one known

to be satisfactory, and then allowing only

the forebody to vary among a given class of

11
(h)

(4085)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(h)

functions

"Ships of Minimum Wave Resistance, " by J.

V. Wehausen, G. Reiehert, and J. R. Gauthey.

University of Calif. IER Series 82, Issue

21, October 1961. EFFECT UPON WAVE RESISTANCE OF THE INITIAL

ACCELERATION OF SHIP MODELS. Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Prof. J. V. Wehausen, Room 221, Bldg. T-3,

University of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

Theoretical applied research.

An asymptotic expansion for large t is obtained for the wave resistance of a thin

ship started from rest and accelerated to

a final velocity c In a time t . The

result indicates an oscillation about the limiting value (Michell's Integral) which

is damped like (t - tn)-l. The period T

is given by gT/c0 = 81T. A computation is carried through for a simple ship form. "Effect of the Initial Acceleration upon the Wave Resistance of Ship Models," by J. V. Wehausen, Univ. of Calif. IER Series 82, Issue 22, December 1961.

(3683)

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Institute of Industrial

Cooperation, Department of Engineering.

(3680) OPTIMIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Water Resources Center, Univ. of California.

(c) Prof. Warren A. Hall, Univ. of California,

Los Angeles 24, California.

(d) Theoretical; basic.

(e) Mathematical techniques are being developed

for optimization of water resource development, including rational cost allocation

using dynamic programming.

(g) An overall model has been developed.

Optimum design of aqueducts and corres- ponding cost allocation for planning and design purposes has been analyzed.

(h) "Optimum Irrigation Practice Under Conditions of Short Supply," by W. A. Hall and

N. Buras, Trans, of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Vol, 4, No. 1, 1961.

"The Dynamic Programming Approach to Water

Resources Development," by W. A. Hall and

N. Buras, Journal of Geophysics Research,

Vol. 66, No. 2, 1961. "Aqueduct Capacity Determination Under an Optimum Benefit Policy," W. A. Hall, Proc

of the American Society of Civil Engineers,

Vol. 87, // IR3, Sept., 1961.

"A Method for Allocating Costs of a Water

Supply Canal," W. A. Hall, submitted for publication, Journal A.S.C.E., 1960.

"An Analysis of Reservoir Capacity Requirements for Conjunctive Use of Surface and Ground Water Storage," N. Buras and W. A. Hall, Proc. of the International Assoc. for Hydrology, Athens, Greece, 1961.

(3681) HYDRAULICS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION.

(b) Agricultural Experiment Station, Univ. of Calif., Davis, California.

(c) Prof. W. A. Hall, Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles 24, Calif.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and design

(e) An investigation in the hydraulic characteristics of surface irrigation with particular reference to design of surface irri- gation systems.

(g) The unsuitability of Manning's equation for shallow, very rough flows has been demonstrated. The general time-distance

relationships for border flows have been derived for an advancing stream (unsteady)

Application of these results to system de- sign has been made.

(h) "Performance Parameters of Irrigation

Systems," W. A. Hall, Transactions of

(g)

(h)

American Society of Agricultural Engineers,

Vol. 3, No. 1, 1960. FOUNDATIONS AND EARTH STRUCTURES IN EARTHQUAKES.

Laboratory project.

Prof. J. Morley English, Vice -Chairman - Research, Department of Engineering, Univ.

of Calif., Los Angeles 24, California.

Field investigation; applied research. Continued study of response of earth

structures, foundations, and waterfront

structures to earthquake. A field

investigation of structures of this type

was carried out after the 1960 earth- quakes in Chile.

Significant damage to a variety of foun- dation quay walls, and earth structures was observed in Chile after the May 1960 earthquake. Bridge piers rotated, sea walls

failed, and landslides were common. Poor

soil foundation remarkably aggravated the damage to structures. Earthquake-induced

liquefaction of loose sandy soil was dramatically present.

"Soil, Foundation, and Earth Structure Behavior in the Chilean Earthquakes of May

1960," C. M. Duke and D. J. Leeds, presented

to the Seismological Society of America,

Annual Meeting, San Diego, April, 1961, and requested for publication in the Bulletin

of the Society.

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, Research Foun- dation for Cross-Connection Control. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. K..-G. Reynolds, Supervisor,

Research Foundation for Cross-Connection Control,

University of Southern California, Los Angeles 7, California.

(49)

81

(e)

(g)

RESEARCH FOUNDATION FOR CROSS-CONNECTION

CONTROL. Laboratory project.

Experimental research and field investigations; basic research. To determine by proper research the relative value and protection afforded by vari- ous backflow prevention devices.

Establishment of standardized laboratory

and field test procedures and minimum

specification requirements for backflow

prevention equipment and continuous e- valuation and improvement of such pro- cedures and specifications.

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, Dept. of General

Engineering, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Prof. Herbert H. Spencer, Dept. of General Engineering, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory,

University of Southern California, Los Angeles 7, California.

(4089) STABILITY OF HYDRAULIC JUMP,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research for master's

project

(e) Design and construction of special flume

to study stability of hydraulic jump as a function of Froude Number.

(4090) WIND PRESSURE ON ROOFS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research for baccalaureate project.

(e) Experimental study of wind pressure distribution on various contemporary shapes of roofs

12
(4091) MAGNETOHYDRCSTATICS

(b) Laboratory Froject.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; "basic research.

(e) Study of the pressure distribution in liquids

under the action of electro-magnetically

induced body forces.

(f) Analysis and preliminary experiments

completed.

(h) Report available on loan.

(4092) INCOMPRESSIBLE TWO-DIMENSIONAL SOURCE FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Study of pressure distribution and forces

generated

ffl Completed.

(gj The analysis of this problem by the methods

of Classical Hydraulics is not confirmed,

(h) Report available on loan.

CARNEGIE INSTITUTE 01 Civil Engineering.

TECHNOLOGY, Department of

Inquiries concerning the following projects except

when otherwise indicated should be addressed to

Dr. T. E. Stelson, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh 13,

Pennsylvania.

(1834) AIR-WATER PLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Analytical and experimental.

(e) Study of air-binding in pipelines. Par- ticular attention is given to the mechanism and relationships causing separation

of air into pockets, re-entrainment of air

at a turbulent interface and energy losses

associated with the phenomenon.

(g) Experimental studies of 2 and 6 in. diameter pipes have been completed for a variety of flow conditions.

(2064) VIRTUAL MASS

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Analytical and experimental.

(e) Determination of the inertia drag on bodies moving in fluids in rotational

motion and under varying conditions of translational motion.

(2275) PLOW OP LIQUID-SOLID MIXTURES.

(3203) 00

(32C5)

Laboratory project.

Analytical and experimental

Study of the movement of granular material

carried in a fluid through closed conduits. Measurements of velocities, energy losses,

concentrations and segregated conditions

are made

PRESSURE SURGES IN CLOSED CONDUITS. Laboratory project - National Science

Foundation Fellowship.

Analytical and experimental

Determination of pipe geometry on the reflection and transmission of pressure

surges in closed conduits. FLOW Or PIPES.

:i rUID-S0LID MIXTURES II! INCLINED

lb} Laboratory project.

Id) Analytical and experimental.

(e) Study of tne-special problems that develop

when liquid-solid mixtures are carried in

inclined pipes.

(33C0) MECHANICS OP NON-NEWTONIAN FLOWS.

Co) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. G. 3ugliarello, Dept of Civil Engrg.,

Carnegie Inst, of Tech., Pittsburgh 13,

Pennsylvania.

d) Analytical and experimental.

e) Study of energy relationships, velocities

and flow structure in non-newtonian flows.

(3689) PHASE SEPARATION EFFECTS IN THE FLOW OF

BLOOD.

b) National Institutes of Health.

c) Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Carnegie Inst, of Tech., Pittsburgh 13,

Pennsylvania.

Analytical and experimental.

Study of the magnitude of the phase

separation effect in the flow of blood

for vessels of different sizes and con- figurations, both under steady and pulsating flow conditions.

(3690) FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OP FOAMS.

(bl National Institutes of Health.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

(e) Study of the flow chacteristics of foams in closed conductors and open channels of varying geometry.

(3691) WAVE PROPAGATION IN SOLID-LIQUID MIXTURES.

(b) Laboratory projects.

(c) Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Carnegie Inst, of Tech., Pittsburgh 13, Fa. Experimental and analytical

Study of the celerity and intensity of pressure waves in solid-liquid mixtures of different characteristics flowing in pipes.

(3692) SEPARATION FLOW OF SOLID-LIQUID MIXTURES.

(b) Allegheny County Sanitary Authority.

id) Experimental and analytical.

(e) In the separation or divergence of flowing

liquid-solid mixtures unbalanced concen- trations frequently occur in the different

channels. Methods are being developed to predict and control the unbalance.

(4093) VIBRATORY MOTIONS OF FLOATING BODIES.

(4094)

(4095)

(b

(40S6)

Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Experimental and analytical.

Development of theory for determining wave pattern and virtual mass and damping in the three-dimensional flow field around a shallow

ship

MOLECULAR DIFFUSION STUDIES BY RANDOM WALK

METHODS

Laboratory project.

Dr. G. Bugliarello, Civil Engineering Dept.,

Carnegie Inst, of Tech., Pittsburgh 13, Pa. Analytical

Development of computer programs for the study of molecular diffusion in a laminar

shear flow using random walk methods. HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID FLOWS.

of Civil Engrg.

,

Pittsburgh 13, Pa.

Laboratory project.

Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept,

Carnegie Inst, of Tech. Experimental

Study of laminar and turbulent flow of various liquids between concentric cylinders,

under pressures up to 15,000 psi. FLOW OF SOLID-LIQUID MIXTURES AT BIFURCATIONS. Laboratory project.

Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Carnegie Inst, of Tech., Pittsburgh 13, Pa. Experimental

Study of the effect of bifurcations on the concentration of solid-liquid mixture in the laminar and turbulent flow range in closed conduits.

13
COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY, Hydraulics Laboratory,

Civil Engineering Section.

(55) SNOW SURVEY.

(t>) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station,

Soil Conservation Service, several Rocky

Mountain States.

(c) Mr. Jack N. Washichek, Snow-Survey leader,

Agric. Engineering Section, Colo. State Univ.,

Fort Collins, Colo.

d) Applied.

e) Snow course measurements are taken and forecasts of annual runoff are made for all

the drainage basins of the state.

(g) Forecasts are made approximately April 1 for

the forthcoming spring and summer.

(821) GROUND WATER FLUCTUATIONS AND THEIR RELATION

TO PUMPING.

b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

c) Mr. M. M. Skinner, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) An extensive observation well network is being established capable of providing

reliable information on the fluctuation of the ground-water table in each of the several ground-water basins in Colorado.

Periodic measurements of ground-water table elevations are being made at each of the selected observation wells. Procedures are being developed for processing, cataloging,

analyzing the resultant data by machine

methods

.

(g) Due to an unusually large amount of rainfall during the summer months (1961) in eastern Colorado, the water tables in that area are generally up 2 to 3 feet over the 1960 fall measurements.

(2514) ALLUVIAL CHANNEL HYDRAULICS

b) U. S. Geological Survey.

c) Dr. D. B. Simons, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Theoretical, experimental and laboratory

research, basic research.

(e) This is a study of the mechanics of flow in alluvial channels.

(g) Five different bed materials ranging in size from 0.19 mm to 0.93 mm have been studied.

The forms of bed roughness ranging from

ripples to antidunes have been described

and related to sediment discharge and resistance to flow. The effects of large

concentrations of fine sediment (clay) and temperature on sediment discharge and form

of bed roughness has also been investigated.

(h) "Flume Studies Using Median Sand (0.95 mm),"

by D. B. Simons and E. V. Richardson, U. S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1498A,

1961. "Sonic Depth Sounder for Laboratory and Field Use," by E. V. Richardson, D. B. Simons

and G. J. Posakony, U. 3. Geological Survey

Circular No. 450, 1961.

"The Variable Depth-Discharge Relation in Alluvial Channels," by D. B. Simons, E. V. Richardson and VI. L. Haushild, U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 424D,

1961.

"The Significance of Fall Velocity and Fall Diameter of Bed Material," by W. L. Haushild,

D. B. Simons and E. V. Richardson, U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 424D,

1961. "Qualitative Effects of Temperature on Flow

in Alluvial Channels," by D. W. Hubbell and

K. Al-Shaikh All, U. S. Geological Survey

Professional Faper 424D, 1961. "Forms of Bed Roughness in Alluvial Channels,"

by D. B. Simons and E. V. Richardson,

Hydraulics Division Journal, A3CE, May 1961. "Sediment Transport in Alluvial Channels,"

by A. A. Bishop, Ph. D. Dissertation, Colo. State Univ., July 1961.

(2760) METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station

and U. S. Weather Bureau.

(c) Mr. Lewis 0. Grant, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Meteorological observations are being

obtained to establish long-time records of climatological elements and to support current experiment station research which

is weather dependent. The elements ob- served are : Maximum and minimum temperature

and wet and dry bulb temperatures every two

hours; soil temperatures at 3, 6, 12, 24,

36, and 72 inches; wind direction and velocity at 15 inches and 65 feet above

ground; barometric pressure; evaporation

from a free water surface; surface water

temperature; precipitation; cloud cover; dew and frost.

(g) Complete meteorological observations have been made throughout the year. Since April

1961 complete observations have been made

at two sites in connection with a change

in location of approximately 400 feet to the NNW. Record monthly precipitation

was observed in March, and the accumulative

precipitation through 15 November of 27.90 inches exceeds the 70 year record annual precipitation of 27.57 inches at Fort

Collins.

(2770) SHEAR STRESS AT A LIQUID-SOLID INTERFACE BY

ELECTROKINETIC POTENTIAL.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Dr. J. E. Cermak, Civil Engineering Section,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental research; basic research,

doctoral thesis.

(e) The primary objective is the determination or temporal fluctuations in shear stress at the fluid-solid interface in a pipe and jet flow. Fluctuation frequencies and relative ampli- tudes at different points along the pipe

have been measured for a range of Reynolds

numbers. The effect upon shear stress fluctuations of (1) pipe entrance disturbances, (2) disturbances in turbulent

flow, (3) a periodic growth and decay of the laminar sublayer (as postulated by Einstein)

will be investigated.

(h) "Electrokinetic-Potential Fluctuations

Produced by Turbulence at a Solid-Liquid

Interface," by Gilbert J. Binder, Ph.D. Thesis, 1961.

(2902) DEVELOPMENT IMPROVEMENT OF WATER MEASURING

DEVICES. Cooperative project with Colorado Agricultural

Experiment Station and Agricultural Research

Service. See U. S. Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, page 92.

(3034) DISTRIBUTION AND CONCENTRATION OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE IN STREAMS BY FLUVIAL SEDIMENT.

(b) U. S. Geological Survey, for Reactor Develop- ment Branch of the Atomic Energy Commission.

(c) Mr. D. W. Hubbell, Civil Engineering Section, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Theoretical, experimental and laboratory

research, field investigation; basic research,

applied research.

(e) Natural streams provide a convenient and effective medium for the disposal of low- level radioactive wastes. When radionuclides

are introduced in streams they may become

fixed on sediment particles. As a result, waste disposal depends, in part, on the transport and dispersion of the sediment.

Project activity includes field and labora- tory studies on the application and development of transport and dispersion theory for bed and suspended load. In addition, some phases of the dispersion of liquid con- taminants are being studied.
(g) An experiment in which polyethylene particles

were released from a point source at the water surface of an 8 foot wide alluvial

channel having small dunes was performed to provide data on lateral diffusion. One field

experiment and two laboratory flume experi- ments have been conducted on the dispersion

of contaminated bed load particles. In the experiments sand labelled with radioactive

isotopes has been released on the channel

bottom, then traced with underwater radiation- detection equipment.

(h) "Uptake and Transport of Radionuclides by

Stream Sediments," by V/. W. Sayre, H. P. Guy and A. R. Chamberlain, in preparation as a

U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper.

(3035) THE CONSEQUENCES OF MODEL RESTRAINT ON RESULTS OF SEAWORTHINESS TESTS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Navy Department,

Washington 7, D. C.

(c) Mr. E. F. Schulz, Civil Engineering Section,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental measurements are being made

of forces and moments acting on a completely

restrained model being towed on different

headings in a regular wave train.

fl Completed.

g) A five-foot model tanker was equipped with

a six component force balance and fitted

to a towing carriage. The model was towed

at different speeds on different headings

in a regular wave train. The variation of the oscillatory forces and moments re- sulting from the waves acting on the model

were obtained,

(h) "Restrained Model Tests in Head Seas," by

E. F. Schulz, prepared for David Taylor

Model Basin, CER59EFS7, March 1959. "Forces and Moments on a Restrained Model

in Regular Waves," by E. F. Schulz, in preparation for David Taylor Model Basin,

December 1961.

(3037) ATMOSFHERIC SURFACE LAYER PHENOMENON

(b) National Science Foundation, Washington

25, D. C.

(c) Dr. J. E. Cermak. Civil Engineering Section,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental research; basic research,

doctoral thesis.

(e) Measurements of mean velocities and mean

temperatures together with turbulence in- tensities and correlations have been made

over a smooth, plane, heated or unheated

surface

(g) Heating of the turbulent boundary layer at low Reynolds numbers has been found to produce the following effects: (1) Increase

the coefficient of drag; (2) increase the eddy viscosity; (3) increase the correlation

between vertical and horizontal velocity

fluctuations

(h) "Separation Flov; Downstream of a Plate Set Normal to a Plane Boundary," by H. S. Nagabhushanaiah, Ph. D. Thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Colo. State Univ., 1961.

(3395) FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF A SUBMERGED AND

NONSUBMERGED THREE-DIMENSIONAL JET IMPINGING UPON A NORMAL PLANE.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Mr. George L. Smith, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Theoretical, experimental; basic research,

doctoral thesis.

(e) This is an analytical and experimental study

of an axisymmetrical flov; impinging normally

on a smooth and rough flat boundary. The

impinging jet can be divided into four

zones: zone of establishment, zone of established flow in the vertical direction,

deflection zone and zone of radial flow. Measurements of velocity profiles and turbulent intensities have been completed

in the zone of radial flow for the case of

the smooth boundary. A device for direct

wall shear stress measurement has been

designed, constructed and tested. The

shear meter with static sensitivity of 10~6

lb. per sq. in. provides acceptable consistent data; however, its dynamic accuracy

is poor because of the effect of vibration.

(g) The turbulent intensities in the radial,

vertical and circumferential directions have been measured. The local energy expressed

by q^/Uz is a minimum at the point of maximum velocity TTm . The measured turbulent

shear Uv has been measured, and its extrapolation to the boundary is found to approximate the friction coefficient obtained by

shear meter. The friction coefficient in the divergent flow was found to be much

larger than the coefficient for the case

of the two-dimensional jet.

(3398) WIND TUNNEL MODELING OF ATMOSPHERIC

DIFFUSION.

(b) National Institute of Health, Public Health

Service, U. S. Dept. of Health, Education

and Welfare, Washington, D. C.

(c) Dr. J. E. Cermak, Civil Engineering Section,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental research; basic research,

doctoral thesis.

(e) The objective of this project is to de- termine the influence of geometrical factors

(land surface roughness, topography,

structures), and thermal and aerodynamical

factors (turbulence intensity and scale) upon atmospheric diffusion of heat and mass.

"Laws of modeling" or "similitude parameters"

are sought by obtaining detailed data under

various conditions in the wind tunnel and by comparing them with similar data now existing for the atmospheric prototype.

(h) "Diffusion from a Point Source Within a Turbulent Boundary Layer," by Mr. Kersi

Davar, Ph. D. Thesis, 1961.

(3399) ANALYSIS OF PRECIPITATION DATA IN THE UPPER

COLORADO RIVER BASIN.

b) State of Colorado.

c) Dr. Richard A. Schleusener, Civil Engrg.

Section, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins,

Colorado.

(d.) Theoretical; basic and applied research.

(f) Completed.

(g) A sample of daily precipitation and temperature data from 30 weather observing

locations in and near the Upper Colorado

River Basin have analyzed by computer

techniques. Frequency of precipitation at multiple time intervals for each location

are presented. Major storms with an average recurrence interval of less than

once per year have been found to contribute

significantly to runoff from the Upper

Colorado River Basin. Moisture sources for

the basin are primarily from the Gulf of Mexico in summer, and from the Pacific Ocean during other seasons.

(h) "Analysis of Precipitation Data in the Upper Colorado River Basin," by Richard A. Schleusener and Loren W. Crow, Civil Engrg.

Report CER61RAS52, October 1961.

(3400) HYDRAULICS OF SUB-CRITICAL FLOW IN SMALL, ROUGH CHANNELS.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station

and Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture

(c) Mr. Norman A. Evans, Agricultural Engrg.

Section, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins,

Colorado

d) Theoretical, laboratory experiment.

e) Tilting flume with rough channels formed

in natural soil and stabilized with chemical

spray. Channel shape and roughness is varied

(g) Method of characterizing surface roughness

was developed. An empirical analysis of

15
flow In the laminar range produced a formula

for predicting flow resistance, criteria for determining the transition between laminar

and turbulent flow, and criteria for the boundary roughness necessary to affect

laminar flow,

(h) "The Influence of a Rough Boundary on Laminar Flow," by C. W. Huntley, M.S. thesis,

Colorado State University, 1961. "Hydraulics of Subcritical Plow in Small,

Rough Channels," by E. G. Kruse, USDA-ARS

41-43, October 1960.

(3401) DRAINAGE OF IRRIGATED LANDS.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station and Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture.

(c) Mr. Norman A. Evans, Agricultural Engrg. Sec,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

d) Theoretical and applied.

e) An empirical equation for predicting water

yield from tile drain systems in Northeastern

Colorado was developed by correlation analysis on field data. Theoretical and labora- tory studies of drainage properties of soils

have developed a promising method for re- lating the significant flow properties

(permeability, capillary pressure, saturation)

for flow above the water table.

(g) Gas permeability as a function of capillary

pressure and saturation can be used to pre- dict liquid permeability as a function of capillary pressure or of saturation.

(h) "Hydraulic Characteristics of Porous Media,"

by R. H. Brooks and A. T. Corey, AE39ATC16,

November 1961.

(3693) CONSOLIDATION OF SOILS.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Dr. I. S. Dunn, Civil Engineering Section,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Theoretical, experimental and laboratory

research; basic research, doctoral thesis.

(e) The study consists of a mathematical analysis

of the effect of viscoplastic resistance on the rate of pore pressure decrease and of an experimental program to verify the mathematical results and to investigate the effect of varied load increments on the time-consolidation relationship. The mathematical analysis will be carried out by adding viscoplastic resistance terms to the basic differential equation of consolidation developed by Terzaghi and solving

the resulting equation either by standard

methods or by analysis of a theoretical

model. The solution of this system along

with the laboratory consolidation curves

will be used to produce the relationships

between plastic resistance and related

variables such as speed of deformation and percent of deformation.

(f) Completed.

(3695) CHARACTERISTICS AND FORMATION OF HAIL.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Dr. Richard A. Schleusener, Assoc. Research

Engineer, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins,

Colorado

.

(e) Basic information on hailfalls and precipitation is being obtained from a special

network of cooperative observers and specialized instrumentation. Data on hail

intensity, amounts, and structure of individual stones are being obtained to relate

to the environment in which the storms form

to obtain a better understanding of the hail

formation process.

(g) (1) Hail is favored in a broad-scale synoptic

environment in which a 500 millibar "relative

velocity maxima" moves through the latitude

of hail occurrence. (2) Movement of precipitation cells which contain hail tends to be clockwise from the 500 millibar wind direction

with a speed approximately that of the 500 millibar wind. (3) Information is available

on frequency, duration, density and diurnal

variation of hail. (4) The total quantity of ice that falls as hail, as well as the estimated impact energy per unit area from hail, appears to be closely related to crop damage,

(h) "Hall Genesis Areas in and Near Northeastern

Colorado," by Richard A. Schleusener and Thomas J. Henderson, Atmospheric Science

Tech. Paper 21, Colorado State University,

October 1961.

(3696) STUDY OF CLOUDS AND SNOWFALL IN THE ROCKY

MOUNTAINS, AND CHANGES RESULTING FROM THE

" ADDITION OF ARTIFICIAL ICE NUCLEI.

(b) National Science Foundation, Rocky Mountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station, and

the Climax Molybdenum Company.

(c) Mr. Lewis 0. Grant Civil Engineering Sec,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Field investigation; basic research, ap- plied research.

(e) Various physical factors important in "Cold Cloud" orographic precipitation processes

are being investigated under winter-time

conditions in the high mountains of Colorado. This includes observations of airflow over

the mountains, the characteristics of the "cold" orographic clouds rising over the mountains, the availability of suitable ice nuclei, the characteristics of individual

snow particles falling from these clouds, snow water freezing characteristics, snow- fall amounts, and the changes in these conditions when artificial ice nuclei are supplied

.

(g) Field equipment and procedures for use at high elevations in the Colorado Rockies have been developed. Observations of the daily

accumulation of snowfall, atmospheric ice nuclei, and various other cloud and snow characteristics have been made over a large area for seeded and unseeded days during

two winter seasons. Significant increases

in ice nuclei have occurred in the area of the observation network, on a number of the "seeded" days. Snowfall has been greater on the seeded days. The sample size is to be increased before determination of the sta- tistical significance of this apparent

increase in snowfall.

(h) "Snowfall and Snowfall Accumulation near

Climax, Colorado," by Lewis 0. Grant and Richard A. Schleusener, to be published in

the Proceedings of the April 1960 Western

Snow Conference.

"Progress Report on Cloud Seeding In Central

Colorado," by Lewis 0. Grant, to be published

in the Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting

of the Colorado River Forecast Committee.

(3697) MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC OZONE WITH THE

DOBSON SPECTROPHOTOMETER

.

(b) Air Force Cambridge Research Center, L. G. Hanscom Field, Bedford, Massachusetts.

(c) Mr. Lewis 0. Grant, Civil Engineering

Section, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins,

Colo.

d) Basic research.

e) Measurements of the total amount and the vertical distribution of ozone with height

are being made with the Dobson Spectrophotometer. Daily amounts of total ozone are being related to atmospheric circulation

patterns

.

(g) Observations of total ozone and the vertical

distribution with height have been made on

a regular basis for days when sky conditions have been clear.

(h) Obsevational data is being supplied to the

U. 3. Vieather Bureau for publication.

(3700) UNSTEADY FLOW IN STORM DRAINS, GENERAL AMD ANALYTICAL STUDY.

b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

c) Dr. V. M. Yevdjevich, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

16
(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) The project consisted of an analytical study

of unsteady free surface flow in a storm

drain, considering the study as the initial

step for a "basic research program in

developing new methods for storm flood

routing in drains, using a digital computer.

f) Completed.

g) The basic partial differential equations, and especially their initial and boundary conditions, for unsteady free surface flow are discussed and analyzed as the basis for the experimental hydraulic and numerical digital

computer investigations.

(h) "Unsteady Free Surface Flow in a Storm Drain,

General and Analytical Study," by Vujica M. Yevdjevich, Colorado State Univ. Engineering

Research Report CER61VMY38, June 1961.

(3701) CURB OPENINGS.

b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

c) Mr. S. S. Karaki, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) Laboratory data on prototype-size highway

sections were taken to determine the ef- ficiency of curb opening drains on highway

pavements. The Bureau of Public Roads is using the data to compile design curves for highway engineers.

f) Completed.

h) "Depressed Curb Opening Inlets - Supercritical Flow - Experimental Data," by S. S. Karaki, prepared for U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Public Roads, June 1961.

(3703) MODEL-PROTOTYPE RELATIONSHIPS FOR FLOW AND

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN ALLUVIAL CHANNELS.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Dr. D. B. Simons, Civil Engineering Section,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Theoretical, experimental and laboratory

research; applied research.

(e) Flume studies have been made to investigate

variation in stage-discharge and sediment

transport and deposition in the vicinity of several types of control structures using

different sediments. Attempts have been

made to correlate model prototype relations

with regard to sediment size.

f) Completed.

g) The results illustrate the effect of size

of bed material and form of bed roughness

on control structures for alluvial streams.

A non- silting structure with a fairly stable

stage -discharge relation for a large range

of sediment and water discharge has been

developed. This work was done by Dr. J. D. Lawson, University of Melbourne, Australia.

(h) "Flow Characteristics of Low Weir Structures

in Alluvial Streams," by J. D. Lawson, Colo. State University Engineering Research Report

in preparation.

(3704) SEALING OF CANALS AND RESERVOIRS WITH

COLORADO CLAYS.

bl State of Colorado.

c) R. D. Dirmeyer, Jr., Civil Engineering Sec,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Laboratory research, field investigation;

applied research, development.

(e) The purposes of this project are: (l) To inventory the clay deposits in or close to major irrigated areas in Colorado. This

inventory is to Include both field and laboratory evaluations of the clays. (2) To develop methods of utilizing the locallyavailable clays in sealing leaky canals and reservoirs in Colorado.

(g) Results to November 1361 include: (l) Laboratory testing of over 200 clay samples from

99 deposits in Colorado has been completed;

(2) field evaluations of approximately 96 Installations of Colorado clay in canals

and reservoirs have been completed.

(h) "Sealing Rocky Ditches with Clay," by R. D.

Dirmeyer, Jr., M. M. Skinner, and R. T. Shen,

Colorado State University Circular, 16 pp., December 1961.

(3705) ANALYTICAL STUDY OF LOCAL SCOUR.

b) The U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

c) Dr. V. M. Yevdjevich, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Theoretical, experimental laboratory research; basic research, doctoral thesis.

(e) A study has been made of the scour around

bridge piers and abutments using theoretical

or laboratory experiments.

f) Completed.

g) By using dimensional analysis the maximum

scour depth around the abutments is found

to be an exponential of time, and the constants of the function are determined from experimental laboratory data in relation to dimensionless parameters in a more accurate way than it was done in previous works. The

theoretical approach to the mechanics of scour around bridge piers and abutments Is analyzed

(3707) WHITE SANDS WIND TUNNEL.

(b) White Sands Missile Range, White Sands, New

Mexico.

(c) Mr. E. J. Plate, Civil Engineering Section,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

d) Laboratory research; design.

e) A low-speed wind tunnel was designed for use

In calibrating and standardizing wind

measuring instruments. The test section will be 4 x 4 x 4 feet in size and will have an air speed range from 1/2 to 70 mph. The

variation in air speed for a given setting

will not vary by more than plus or minus

one percent in space or time excepting

within the boundary layers formed on the walls. Turbulence levels will not exceed

0.2 percent at any air speed.

f) Completed.

g) The wind tunnel has been designed, constructed, and installed.

(3708) INVESTIGATIONS TO DEVELOP WIND TUNNEL TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING ATMOSPHERIC

GASEOUS DIFFUSION IN MODEL VEGETATIVE

SURFACES.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture.

(c) Mr. E. J. Plate, Civil Engineering Section,

Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Laboratory research; basic research, applied

research for thesis (doctoral)

(e) Diffusion of a gas (ammonia) into and out

of a model vegetated plane area contributing

part of a wind tunnel test section floor is to be studied. Using a test section 80 ft long and 6 x 6 ft in cross-section the turbulent boundary layer in which diffusion

occurs will be several time thicker than the vegetation height. Using the basic equations

of fluid mechanics, an attempt will be made

to establish ' criterion for application of the model data to prototype conditions.

The criterion developed will be checked

using field data being obtained at Cornell

University by the Agricultural Research

Service

(g) A study of diffusion from a line source into

a boundary layer over a flat, smooth plate

has been completed. Results show that the diffusion pattern can be separated into

different zones, according to distances from

the source in which different similarity

laws are valid for the diffusion process.

(h) "Diffusion from a Line Source in a Turbulent

Boundary Layer," by Michael Poreh, Ph.D. Dissertation, October 1961.

(3 709) CONSTRUCTION OF MICROMETEOROLOGICAL WIND

TUNNEL.

(b) U. S. Signal Corps.

17
(c)

(g)

(3710)

(h)

(4097)

(g)

(h)

[4098)

(c)

Mr. E. J. Plate, Civil Engineering Section,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colorado.

Laboratory research; design

A wind tunnel is being designed and con- structed which will permit control of air

speed (1 - 150 mph), air temperature (32 - 200 degrees F) and relative humidity (5 - 95 percent). The 6x6 foot square by 80 foot long test section will have provisions

for heating and/or cooling about 30 feet of the floor. The facility is being designed

to permit detailed study of turbulence and turbulent diffusion under various thermal

conditions

.

Design is completed. Construction is well

on its way. HYDROLOGIC ASPECTS OF THE UPPER COLORADO

RIVER BASIN. Upper Colorado River States.

Dr. V. M. Yevdjevich, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

Theoretical; applied research.

By using the distributions of the first

serial correlation coefficient of several

stations, and distribution of ranges, the patterns in the sequence of annual river

flows of the Upper Colorado River Basins

are studied.

Completed.

The sequence of annual effective precipitations on the Upper Colorado River Basin

is very close to random. A depletion model

by man-made changes Is derived. The sequence

of annual river flows is close to random,

except that the non-homogeneity in data and the water carryover from one water year to another create a dependence of successive

values of river flows.

"Some General Aspects of Fluctuations of Annual Runoff in the Upper Colorado River

Basin," by Vujica M. Yevdjevich, Colorado

State University Engineering Research

Report CER61VMY54, October 1961. SILT EJECTOR MODEL FOR LINK CANALS. Tipton and Kalmbach, Denver, Colorado.

Mr. S. S. Karaki, Civil Engineering Section,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

Laboratory research; applied research.

A network of large canals is being con- structed in West Pakistan to divert waters

of the Indus River and its tributaries to cultivated lands for irrigation. In order

to maintain canals in regime it is necessary

to remove sediment from the canals. The width of the canals ranges from 200 to 300 feet. Normal sediment ejectors are considered unsatisfactory for the new canals,

hence new devices for sediment ejection are being investigated.

No conclusive results available to date,

however, it appears that a curve in the canal to create secondary flow around the bend and utilizing the distribution of boundary shear on the bed may be an ef- fective and economical means of transporting

sediment to the inside of the curve. There

the sediment which forms a shoal can be removed hydraulically

.

"Model study of the Sediment Ejector for

the Trimmu-Sidhnai Link Canal," by S. S. Karaki, Interim Report, prepared for Tipton

and Kalmbach, Inc., Denver, Colorado,

November 1961. HIGH LEVEL TURBULENCE.

U. S. Navy Weather Research Facility, Bldg.

R-48, Naval Air Station, Norfolk, Va. Dr. Elmar Reiter, Civil Engineering Section,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo. Field investigation; basic research. By means of stereo-photography of highlevel clouds a study will be made of wavelengths of disturbances in the jet-stream

region, which might account for clear-air

turbulence

.

(g) Cameras have been calibrated and reduction

procedures programmed for electronic

computer

.

(h) "Die Feinstruktut der Strahlstroeme, " by

E. R. Reiter, Civil Engineering Department,

Colo. State Univ., Atmospheric Sciences

Tech. Paper No. 22, CER61ERR61

.

(4099) WAKE CHARACTERISTICS FOR BODIES OF REVO- LUTION.

(b) Dept. of Navy, David Taylor Model Basin,

Washington 7, D. C.

(c) Dr. J. E. Cermak, Civil Engineering Section,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental research; basic research,

doctoral thesis.

(e) A study will be made of the relations

between axially symmetrical bodies and the wakes produced by them for varying mean velocities and turbulence levels of the mean flow, both with and without momentum

addition by means of a jet directed down- stream from the body. Basic data will be obtained for establishing similarity criteria for turbulent and mean flow charac- teristics at large distances downstream from

the body.

(4100) PATTERNS IN SEQUENCE OF ANNUAL RIVER FLOWS. National Science Foundation.

Dr. V. M. Yevdjevich, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado. Theoretical; basic research. The series of annual river runoff and the series of annual effective precipitations are analyzed by using the probability distribution of ranges and runs. The effect of the selection of beginning of a water year and

of inconsistency and non-homogeneity in annual flow data on statistical parameters

of above series also will be studied.

This research project was in its initial

stage in October 1961. It is a continuation

of the research, carried out on the same subject and sponsored by the U. S. National Bureau of Standards (1958 - 1959), and the

U. S. Geological Survey (1959 - 1960).

14101 ) UNSTEADY FLOW IN A LONG STORM DRAIN.

(g)

(a)

(e)

4102)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

Dr. V. M. Yevdjevich, Civil Engineering Sec., Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

Theoretical, experimental and laboratory

research; basic and applied research.

A long model conduit is being designed for hydraulic experiments of unsteady free surface flow in a storm drain. The model

studies furnish the hydraulic boundary

conditions for flood wave studies on a digital computer. The second group of experiments is simulation of storm flood waves through the conduit. The flood

routing of the same waves by numerical

integration of differential equations on a digital computer will enable comparison of numerical and hydraulic experimental flood routing. The purpose of the project is the development of methods for computing flood movement through storm drains by the use of a digital computer. WIND FORECASTING TECHNIQUES.

Federal Aviation Agency, Federal Aviation

Facilities Center, Atlantic City, Mew

Jersey, Attn: RD-140.

Dr. Elrnar Reiter, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado. Theoretical, experimental; basic and applied

research

.

Automatic forecasting techniques for highlevel winds which can be used by an auto- matic air traffic control system shall be devised and tested.

18
(4103) ACCURACY OF SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS.

(b) Wild Heerburgg Investment Company, Main

and Covert Streets, Port Washington, N. Y.

(c) Mr. Milton E. Bender, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental and laboratory research; applied research.

(e) The purpose of this study was to determine

the accuracy of theodolites. Particular

attention was paid to systematic errors. The data have been collected but not yet

analyzed.

(4104) SILT EXCLUDER FOR THE GUALANDAY HEADWORKS.

(bj Tipton and Kalmbach, Inc., Denver, Colorado.

(c) Mr. S. S. Karaki, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Laboratory research; applied research.

(e) A model study was made of a silt excluder at the headwords of the Gualanday Canal on the Coello River. The Coello River is located

in Columbia, South America. The Gualanday

Canal has experienced considerable sediment

problems and maintenance of the Canal has proved to be difficult and expensive. A different type of sediment excluder at the headworks was studied.

(f) Completed.

(g) The sediment excluder developed for the Gualanday headworks consisted of two tunnel

sluices with a skimming weir to divert

clear water flow Into the Canal. Although

developed for a particular installation,

it could have application to other sites.

(h) "Desilting Structure at the Gualanday Canal

Headworks Coello Project, Columbia, South

America," by S. S. Karaki, prepared for Tipton and Kalmbach, Inc., April 1961.

(4105) GENESIS AREAS FOR HAILSTORMS IN THE HIGH

PLAINS.

(b) Crop-Hail Insurance Actuarial Association,

Chicago, Illinois.

(c) Dr. Richard A. Schleusener, Assoc. Research

Engineer, Civil Engineering Section, Colo.

State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

A) Field investigation; applied research,

e) The position and movement of precipitation

cells has been tracked by a 3.2 cm radar set located at New Raymer, Colorado, from 15 May to 15 August 1961. The cells that produced hail were identified from con- current data from a special surface network. The location of genesis of these precipitation cells was related to terrain features

and low-level wind flow.

(g) It appears that regions of hail genesis can

be identified from a "lift factor" computed

from terrain differences and low-level wind

flow. The "lift factor" gives a measure of the distance that a parcel of air would be lifted over terrain by the 8,000 foot wind.

(h) "Hail Genesis Areas in and near Northeastern

Colorado," by Richard A. Schleusener and Thomas J. Henderson, Atmospheric Science

Technical Paper 21, Colorado State University,

October 1961.

(4106) GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT.

(b) Colorado Experiment Station and Colorado

Department of Natural Resources.

(c) Mr. M. W. Bittinger, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Theoretical, field investigation; applied

research

(e) The project consists of field studies to determine ground water reservoir characteristics. Management programs will later

be applied to determine optimum operation

techniques

(4107) ESTIMATING FLOOD FLOWS.

(b) U. S. Agricultural Research Service and the State of Colorado.

(c) Dr. V. M. Yevdjevich, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

d) Basic research; doctoral.

e) Pearson type III curves are being fitted to flood hydrographs of small watersheds using

three parameters: flood peak Q, flood

volume V, and time lag to from the flood

beginning to flood peak. The parameters

0, V, and tp are related to several variables of small watersheds, including precipitation characteristics and probability of specific rainfall intensities. Multiple

regression analysis is used to determine

the significant variables.

(4108) WATERSHED HYDROLOGY.

b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

c) Mr. E. F. Schulz, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental, field investigation; applied

research

(e) The small watershed provides an opportunity

to study the rainfall-runoff cylce in the absence of some of the complexities involved

in studying larger watersheds. Some generalizations of the hydrologic characteristics

of small watersheds are being developed and

the region in Colorado where these generalizations are valid will be defined.

(g) Project was initiated in 1061.

(4109) METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING DENVER

AIR POLLUTION.

(b) Yetter Foundation, administered by DenverU. S. National Bank.

(c) Professor of Atmospheric Science, Dr. Herbert

Riehl, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

d) Field, applied, basic.

e) Denver pollution has been steadily growing

but has not yet attained extreme proportions.

It. will be a novel feature of this investigation that the causes and history of pollution periods will be measured and analyzed

with view toward providing the basis for a sound city ordinance, before the situaton

has become very severe. With instrumentation furnished by the Taft Center of Sanitary Engineering, National

Institute of Health, five stations recording

detailed wind and temperature fluctuations

have been set up in the Denver area. With

collaboration of the U. 3. Weather Bureau,

the U. S. Air Force, and private industry

six additional stations take records, so that

a total of 11 stations is operating during

pollution periods. The air sampling is carried out in conjunction with the project

by the City of Denver; eo_uii.ment also has been furnished by the Taft Center,

(g) The first day of observations was on 15 December 1961.

(4110) TURBULENT AIR MOTION IK THE HIGH ROCKIES IK RELATION TO THE WATER YEILD OF UPPER WATER

SHEDS

b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

c) Dr. Herbert Riehl, Professor of Atmospheric

Science, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins,

Colorado.

d) Field, basic and applied.

e) The structure of the turbulent wind eddies,

which produce the exchange of momentum

between atmosphere and ground in the high

mountains, is completely unknown. Yet tnese eddies have sufficient force for tne most

part to blow the snow away from the mountain

slopes above timberllne. This snow in part

drifts into hi^h-altitude basins where it accumulates in de^-th augmenting the summer water supply; in part it drifts on slopes where it readily evaporates. Kuca interest

has been shown in the possibility of channeling the drift so that a substantially

higher fraction goes into the basins.

Technologically this a^i-ears to be feasible. But any construction is dependent on

19
knowledge of the turbulence spectrum, es- pecially on the first, day following snowfall.

In order to determine this spectrum, a first

installation containing electronic wind and temperature measuring instruments is being

installed on Ouandary Peak (14,250 feet) in the central Colorado Rockies. It will be maintained there during the 1961-62 winter.

Other sites will be chosen in subsequent

years. The measurements will yield detailed

information on the structure of turbulence,

when very fast air currents interact with

major topographic features.

(4111) THE ROLE OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS IN THE GENERAL CIRCULATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE.

(b) U. S. Navy Numerical Weather Prediction

Facility, Monterey, California.

(c) Dr. Herbert Rlehl, Professor of Atmospheric

Science, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins,

Colorado

.

(d) Basic.

(e) The Rocky Mountains are a solitary obstacle

in the path of the westerly winds which

cannot be circumvented like the Himalayas.

A large fraction of the exchange of angular momentum between air and ground -- estimated

as high as 50 percent — takes place in the small mountain region. The processes are direct surface stress from interaction

between the high-velocity currents of the upper air and the high mountains, and a torque produced due to the pressure differential between eastern and western mountain slopes. The purpose of the project

is (a) to determine the actual atmosphereground momentum exchange and its variation

in time; (b) to determine the effect of this

exchange on weather in and to the lee of the mountains; (c) to determine the importance

of the momentum exchange on large-scale

weather conditions around the hemisphere;

and (d) to find an improved model of the surface stress term for numerical pre- diction purposes.

(4112) THE DISCHARGE OF MAJOR WESTERN RIVERS IN RELATION TO THE GENERAL CIRCULATION OF THE ATMOSFHERE

.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Herbert Riehl, Frofessor of Atmospheric

Science and Dr. V. M. Yevdjevich, Professor

of Civil Engineering, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Basic research.

(e) The discharge of major western rivers

(Colorado, Columbia, Sacramento, Rio Grande) has fluctuations with the order of magnitude of the mean annual discharge itself. These fluctuations are brought about mainly

by variations In winter precipitation yield

and by variable evaporation. Heavy precipitation may result from seasonal conditions

favorable for the recurrence of cyclones

over headwater areas; the occurrence of occasional very heavy storms may also be random. On the other hand, high evaporation, requiring weeks of abnormally dry

and warm conditions, must be a manifestation

of general circulation anomalies of longer

duration. The objective of the study is

(1) to separate the 'systematic' and

'random' components of the precipitation,

and (2) to determine the controls for the systematic anomalies of precipitation and evaporation. Suc'.i controls may be deviations of air-sea heat exchange from average

in the tropical Pacific, deviations of the Asiatic monsoon circulation from the mean, and departures of strength and location

of t^ie Siberian v;inter cold pool from

normal

.

(c)

(g)

Dr. Herbert Riehl, Prof, of Atmospheric

Science, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins,

Colorado

.

Basic'. Part of the project deals with hurricanes,

another part with general characteristics

of weather in the tropics. Hurricane

investigation is concerned (1) with the energy cycle of the mature storm, especially

the role played by air-sea interaction in maintaining the center; (2) with the balance

of forces in these storms and the nature

and importance of frictional forces in a fully turbulent vortex; (3) with the formative stage of hurricanes; and (4) with

the ocean-air heat exchange and recovery of ocean temperatures subsequent to hurricane

passage

.

Other studies are concerned with the variability of radiative emission from the at- mosphere as a function of height; with the thermal modification of air passing over

the tropical ocean under various types of general weather conditions; and with the interaction between tropical disturbances

of less than hurricane intensity with their

environment at large using line integral

approache s

.

Air in the surface layer approaches hurricane centers at much greater Inflow angles

(up to 45 degrees) than previously thought.

As a result, the whole absorption of heat from the ocean, which maintains the core, and the transfer of angular momentum to the ocean, take place in a very short time; this leads to a new examination of transfer processes at the Interface and the meaning

of the roughness parameter at very high

wind speeds. The balance of forces com- putation has shown that large frictional

forces are active throughout the depth of

the vortex; the hypothesis is being tested

that these are due to vertical rather than lateral turbulence.

On radiation, results of over 100 soundings

made with the Suomi-Kuhn radiometer show that the long wave emission in the trade wind belt falls far short of that estimated

previously in theoretical calculations,

and that a heat source due to this type of radiation exists above 30,000-feet altitude.

"On the Balance of Forces in Hurricanes,"

by William M. Gray, Atmospheric Science

Reports, Colorado State University. To be published in the Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society.

(4114) GRAVEL FILTER FOR TILE DRAINS. Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. Norman A. Evans, Agr. Engineering Sec,

Colo. State Univ., Port Collins, Colorado.

Applied, experimental.

A sand box model is used in which gravel

filters may be tested with any aquifer

material of interest. Very fine sand of uniform size is now being used. Gravels

of non-uniform size distribution similar to "pit-run" material are being tested.

A tentative criteria for gravel based on ratio of mean particle size of aquifer to mean particle size of gravel and standard deviation of gravel particle sizes has been

developed

.

"Criteria for Gravel Filter Design," by

A. R. Puazi, M.S. Thesis, Colorado State University Library, 1061.

(h)

(s)

(h)

WEATHER PATTERNS AMD CIRCULATION 0? THE TROPICS.(4113)

(b) U. 3. '/Jeather Bureau.

(4115) EVAPORATION FROM F0R0US MEDIA. Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. Arthur T. Corey, Agri. Engineering

Section, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

d) Theoretical, experimental.

e) Effect of surface characteristics on evaporation from porous media at or near saturation are studied in controlled

environment chamber.
(g) A 50 percent reduction in evaporation

from saturated media is possible if pores in the surface 1/2 inch are larger

than the largest pores of the media.

(h) "Influence of Inorganic Watershed Cover

on Moisture Exchange Across the Soil-Air

Interface," Progress Report, AE34ATC13,

1961.

6116) KREMASTA SPILLWAY MODEL.

(d)

(e)

Engineering Consultants, Inc., Denver, Colo.

Mr. S. S. Karaki, Civil Engineering Section,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

Laboratory research; applied research.

The Kremasta Dam is located in Greece. Due

to geologic conditions at the dam site it is necessary to construct an earth-fill dam

with a side-channel spillway. The model

study of the spillway is being conducted to study the spillway approach channel, super- critical chute, flip bucket design and tail water fluctuation at the power plant. SUPERCRITICAL FLOW. Experiment Station, Colorado State Univ.

Dr. V. M. Yevdjevich, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

Theoretical, laboratory research; basic

research, doctoral.

This project is planned to be carried out in three stages: (1) Review of the literature

with the assessment of the actual status of knowledge in the field of supercritical

flows in steep flumes; (2) design of facilities and experiments to be carried out in hydraulic laboratory; and (3) analysis of the experimental results. The project started October 1961. HAIL CLOUDS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT

National Science Foundation.

Dr. Richard A. Schleusener, Assoc. Research

Engineer, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins,

Colorado

Field investigation; basic research.

The occurrence of hailstorms is being

related to the synoptic environment,

using conventional meteorological data, and to the local environment, using radar, and stereo camera pairs to examine the structure of clouds and precipitation

region

Analysis of data is now being accomplished.

"Characteristics of Hailstorms in the Colorado State University Network, 1960-

61," by Richard A. Schleusener and Lewis

0. Grant, Proceedings of the Ninth Weather

Radar Conference, pp. 140-145, October 1961.

UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO, Department of Civil Engineering .

(3405) AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE

MECHANICS OF AIR ENTRAINMENT.

(bj National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. Warren DeLapp, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado,

(d} Basic research.

(e) An experimental investigation of the mechanics of air entrainment into a liquid

by agitation of trie liquid. The agitator

consisted of a series of lattice grids that oscillated vertically in a column of the liquid. The turbulence of the liquid was varied by adjusting the stroke, speed and spacing of the grids. Fluid x-jroperties were varied by using different liquids at different temperatures. The relationship of the mean air content with varying turbulence and fluid properties was determined

experimentally and the results analyzed by use of dimensional analysis. An equation

expressing the mean air content as a function

of the viscosity, surface tension, and density of the liquid and the turbulence

characteristics was evaluated.

In addition photographic studies of the entrainment process were analyzed and a motion picture of the phenomena was produced. Studies were also made of air content and distribution when the liquid

surface was at less than atmospheric

pressure

(g) Results to date have established the relation as described in (e). Photographic

studies established a general relationship

between bubble size and distribution and significant fluid properties. Results

under reduced pressure show no variation in either mean air content or distribution from

results obtained under atmospheric pressure.

(h) "Air Entrainment in Turbulent Liquids," by

J. E. Flack, J. Kveisengen and J. Nath,

SCIENCE, Vol. 134, pp. 392-393, August 11, 1961. "Mechanics of Air Entrainment in Turbulent

Fluids," by J. Kveisengen, unpublished

M. S. thesis, University of Colorado,

August 1961. "Whitewater," by J. E. Flack, H. Bjornestad,

A. Brinchmann-Hansen and J. Kveisengen,

published in January 1961 issue of COLORADO

ENGINEER, University of Colorado, Boulder,

Colorado

(3713) ANALYSIS OF THE CRITICAL FLOW METER FOR MEASURING MASS FLOW RATES OF COMPRESSIBLE

FLUIDS.

The Martin Company, Denver, Colorado.

Mr. B. T. Arnberg, Mechanical Engineering

Department, Univ. of Colo., Boulder, Colo.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) The advantages and limitations of the critical flow meter for measuring and con- trolling compressible flow rates were re- viewed. Operating parameters for measuring

and correlating flow data were established.

Design parameters and meter performance

data were studied. A comparison was ob- tained between water, subsonic air, and critical air flow discharge coefficients.

f) First phase of experimental work completed.

g) The inlet stagnation pressure and temperature are preferred to static properties, and

the throat Reynolds number is preferred to the inlet Reynolds number for the corre- lation of critical flow data. The elimination of the pressure differential measurement required in variable head meters

simplifies the instrumentation required for measuring and controlling compressible flow

rates, and also greatly increases the flow range attainable. The large pressure drop

required to maintain sonic velocity at the throat is the other main limitation. Dissipative and vena contracta effects control

the discharge coefficient versus Reynolds

number characteristic for nozzles of varying designs. The divergent section

downstream of the nozzle throat, and the throat boundary layer thickness seem to control the effect of back pressure on the critical discharge coefficient, and the unchoking characteristics of the nozzle.

The method was shown to be reproducible to better tham 0.1 percent. Critical discharge

coefficients were within 0.3 percent of sub-sonic and water discharge coefficients

at a Reynolds number of 5 x 10

(h) "Review of Critical Flowmeters for Gas Flow Measurements," by B. T. Arnberg,

Transactions of the ASME, Journal of Basic

Engineering, No. 61-WA-181.

(3716) A TWO-YEAR RESEARCH FR0GRAM ON PAST AND PROBABLE FUTURE VARIATIONS IN STREAM FLOW

IN THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER.

b) State of Colorado, Office of the Governor.

c) Dr. Morris Garnsey, Bureau of Economic

Research and High Altitude Observatory,

21
(d)

(e)

ill

(h)

Department of Economics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.

Project is theoretical and is classified

as basic and applied research.

The project is an investigation of the optimum form of information regarding the seasonal and year to year availability of water in a specific watershed, the Upper

Colorado River basin. The program involves

three aspects: (1) A thorough statistical

analysis, utilizing the latest statistical

techniques, of the historical records of streamflow and precipitation. A result

would be an accurate as possible expression

of the probability of occurrence of various

levels of precipitation and runoff, together

with statistical methods of forecasting, if possible, future runoff amounts. A study

of the usefulness of this form of statistical information in optimal basin operation

procedures has been made. (2) A broader

study embracing correlations between

streamflow and meteorological elements in an effort to learn more about hydrometeorological phenomena and to determine to what

extent better hydrometeorological knowledge

can be relied upon to predict stream flow.

(3) A basic research effort into specific

aspects of the general circulation of the upper atmosphere, including the finding of possible relations between hemispheric at- mospheric circulation patterns and specific

meteorological and climatological phenomena

in the basin.

Completed

.

Results can be ascertained from titles of publications below.

"Past and Probable Future Variations in Stream Flow in the Upper Colorado River,"

in five volumes. Part I. "Summary and Conclusions," by Morris E. Garnsey, Bureau

of Economic Research, University of Colo.,

October, 1961. Part II. "A Study of the Statistical Predictability of Stream Runoff

in the Upper Colorado River Basin," by

Paul Julian, High Altitude Observatory,

University of Colorado, October, 1961. Part III. "Some General Aspects of Fluctuations of Annual Runoff in the Upper Colo. River basin," by V. M. Yevdjevich, Civil

Engineering Section, Colorado State Univ.,

Fort Collins, Colorado, October, 1961. Part IV. "Probability Analysis Applied to the Development of a Synthetic Hydrology

for the Colorado River," by M. R. Brittan, Bureau of Economic Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, October, 1961. Fart V. "Analysis of Frecipitation Data in the Upper Colorado River basin," by R. A. Schleusener and L. V.1 . Crow, Civil Engrg.

Section, Colorado State University, Port Collins, Colorado, October, 1361.

UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, School of Engineering.

(3717) PRESSURE WAVES RADIATED BY A COLLAPSING

CAVITY.

(b)

(c)

(d)

David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the Navy.

Frofessor R. S. Brand, Box U-37, Univ. of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.

Theoretical; basic research.

The velocity and pressure fields sur- rounding a collapsing spherical cavity

are being computed numerically, with par- ticular attention being given to the spherical shock wave which originates at the point of collapse and moves outward.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Agricultural Engineering Depart- ment .

(g)

(g)

(h)

(4120)

(t>

(g)

SIS UFON DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND FRACTICES. Laboratory project.

Prof. R. D. Black, Agricultural Engineering

Dept. Riley-Robb Hall, Cornell University,

Ithaca, New York. Experimental j applied. The influence of soil structure management upon surface runoff and tile flow is being

studied on two natural drainage class soils. Continuous records of surface and tile flow

are being obtained as well as soil moisture

information at regular intervals. Poor soil structure management has resulted

in significantly more surface runoff. Most

of the data are in process of analysis.

(4119) INFILTRATION OF WATER UNDER PRESSURE. Laboratorv project.

Prof. Gilbert Levine, Agricultural Engrg.

Department, Riley-Robb Hall, Cornell Univ.,

Ithaca, New York. Experimental; applied (for doctoral thesis).

One dimensional flow through columns of porous media and two dimensional flow in a Hele-Shaw model has been studied to determine

the feasibility of determining the hydraulic

conductivity as saturation in an unsaturated

soil. Hydraulic conductivity at saturation could

be calculated with satisfactory accuracy

where a steep wetting front advance was reasonably approximated during the infiltration process. A digital computer so- lution for the one dimensional flow case was developed.

"Infiltration of Water Under Pressure From

A Piezometer Cavity Into A Homogeneous

Soil," by Ido Seginer, Ph. D. Thesis,

Cornell University, 1961 (available on loan). UTILIZATION AND DESIGN IMPROVEMENTS FOR IRRIGATION SYSTEMS. Laboratory project.

Prof. Gilbert Levine, Agricultural Engrg.

Dept., Riley-Robb Hall, Cornell University,

Ithaca, New York. Experimental j applied. The influence of moisture stress upon the yield and quality of a number of vegetable

crops has been studied upon experimental

plots. Associated soil moisture and meteorological measurements are being used

to determine moisture extraction patterns

and consumptive use data for use in irri- gation systems design and operation. Data in process of analysis.

(2521) AM INVESTIGATION OF DRAINAGE PROBLEMS UNDER

NEW YORK STATE CONDITIONS WITH SPECIAL EMPHACORNELL UNIVERSITY, School of Civil Engineering.

(2285) nuADRANT EDGE ORIFICE STUDIES. Laboratory project.

Prof. Marvin Bogema, School of Civil Engrg.,

Applied Hydraulic Laboratory, Cornell Univ.,

Ithaca, New York. Experimental

.

Study of the quadrant edge orifice for discharge measurements at low Reynolds numbers. Effect of upstream velocity distribution on meter coefficient.

"Variation of the Coefficient of Discharge

of Cuadrant Edge Orifice Installed Downstrean

of a Well Rounded Entry," by Bradford H

.

Spring, M.S. Thesis, Cornell University,

June 1961.

"r.uadrant Edge Orifice Performance — Effect

of Upstream Velocity Distribution," by M. Bogema, B. Spring and M. V. Ramarnoorthy, ASME Paper No. 61-WA-28.

(3719) SHARP EDGE ORIFICE STUDIES.

b) Laboratory.

c) Prof. Marvin Bogema, School of Civil Engrg.,

(h)

22
Applied Hydraulic Laboratory, Cornell Univ.,

Ithaca, New York,

dj Experimental; M.S. Thesis,

e) Study of sharp-edge orifice in 2-inch pipe

with Beta ratios 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.7 in the range of Reynolds number from 400 to 8000.

(h) "The Sharp Edged Orifice — Operation at Reynolds Numbers less than 10,000," by M. Sivakumar, M.S. Thesis, Cornell University,

June 1961.

(4121) TWO-DIMENSIONAL CHANNEL FLOW.

i>) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. J. A. Liggett, Civil Engineering, Cornell

Univ., Ithaca, New York.

(d) Theoretical; basic and applied research

(Ph.D. Thesis)

(e) A study of the equation of two-dimensional,

free surface flow is being studied with

such effects as frictional resistance and vertical curvature included. Numerical

methods using high speed computer are also

being studied.

(4122) OPEN CHANNEL FROFILES,

(bl Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. J. A. Liggett, Civil Engineering, Cornell

Univ., Ithaca, New York.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) The equations of steady channel flow are solved by iteration as integral equations.

Procedures and examples are given for both

hand calculation and calculation by digital

computer.

(C) Completed.

(h) "General Solution for Open Channel Profiles,"

by J. A. Liggett, Journal of the Hydraulics

Division A.S.C.E., November 1961.

in series and apparatus. (2) Plates and vanes and composite models for flow about objects creating drag or drag and lift.

(3) Several methods of boundary layer

control in conjunction with items (1) and/or

(2) including guide vane systems without

and with jet stream formations of different

kind; baffles, and groins. (4) Towed models

having various degrees of freedom and pro- ducing drag or drag and lift. Methods of tracing flows along and exterior

to boundaries on the surface and submerged

are used and combined with the study of the deformation of the surface level. The scope Includes the transition from rest to constarfc velocity of different magnitudes and also

the study of effects of disturbances in- cluding rotary motions of the approaching

flow as compared to the undisturbed oncoming

flow for various model arrangements.

(f) Models completed at the presently planned

scope; work active.

(g) The studies of the mechanics of fluid flow

have been considerably Improved as compared

to those possible with known facilities of the same type. This appears to be of substantial significance in education and development and, particularly, in compre- hensive research when an improved understanding of intricate flow phenomena and mastering of such phenomena is desirable and

is approachable with free surface flow tank experiment ati on

(h) Sufficient data of the new flow tank and in comprehensive research have not been taken

yet for publication.

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, The Engineering and Industrial

Experiment Station, Coastal Engineering Laboratory.

1

UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory

Section, Dept. of Civil Engineering.

(3720) PROBLEMS OF FREE SURFACE FLOW.

f

t>

J Laboratory project, flow tank.

(c) Dr. Kurt Frey, Department of Civil Engrg.,

University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware.

(d) Experimental; model testing done as a senior student project.

(e) The redistribution zones upstream of the

test section of the flow tank were studied

with two models for achieving satisfactory

flow for all principal conditions of operation of the facility.

(f) Completed. Model tests mainly done by P. Shelton.

(g) A suitable combination of guide vane systems, screens, and nozzle arrangement has been

determined experimentally for the intricate

case of flow. The application of the results

to the flow tank has resulted In the fully

satisfactory flow distribution for the whole

range of operations of interest. This refers

particularly to the range of flow of 2,000

to 4,000 gpm; flow cross sections at 10 foot long test region at 66 by (6 to 16 ) inches of width and depths respectively.

(4123) STUDIES ON MECHANICS OF FLUID FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project for flow tank (3720) in part done in wind tunnel also.

(c) Dr. Kurt Frey, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Delaware,

Newark, Delaware.

(d) Experimental. Educational purpose in general

and for senior students projects; prelimi- nary studies of tentative research /work,

development.

(e) The following topics may be listed. (1) Composite models of configurations of elbows

and diffusers including sudden enlargements

of two and three dimensions for single and multiple jets; arrangements of such devices

Inquiries concerning projects Nos. 3051, 3412, 3413,

4127, 4128, 4129 and 4130 should be addressed to

Dr. Per Bruun, Head, Coastal Engineering Laboratory,

University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.

(3051) BASIC STUDY OF THE RELATION BETWEEN WIND

AND WATER BEHAVIOR IN COASTAL WATER

( b ) National Science Foundation.

Id) Field and laboratory study; basic research.

(e) A combined field and laboratory research program analyzing the transfer of energy

from wind to water and the effect of sloping offshore profiles as compared with

bodies of water with constant depth; study

of the combined setup by waves and wind for different standard profiles. Observations

will be made on two platforms in the Gulf

of Mexico and laboratory experiments will

be carried out in the wave tank of the Coastal Engineering Laboratory.

(f) Field and laboratory tests have been

completed

(h) Reports and papers in progress.

(3412) FLOOD TIDE STUDY,

(b) Laboratory project.

(dl Field Investigation; applied research.

(e) Topography of coastal areas in Florida in

relation to potential flooding and statistical analysis of extreme high tides.

(h) Publication by the University of Florida in print

(3413) INLET STUDIES.

fbl Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Study of the stability of coastal inlets.

(3722) HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF SARASOTA BAY. City of Sarasota and Arvida Realty Corp.

City of Sarasota, Sarasota, Fla. Experimental; applied research.

To study effect of fills in Sarasota Bay on

23
(g)

the stability of New Pass and Big Sarasota

Pass

.

Field investigation and model tests completed.

(3723) EMERALD BEACH PROJECT, PASCO COUNTY.

(b) Trustees of Emerald Beach Project.

(c) Mr. C. C. Edwards, P. 0. Box 308, Port Richey,

Florida.

Id) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Coastal engineering recommendations for planning of fill project.

(f) Completed.

(3724) ANALYSIS OF BEACH PROFILES AT JUPITER ISLAND.

(b) Mr. Alton A. Register.

(c) Mr. Alton A. Register

(dj Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Recommendations for the establishment of a sea wall line.

(f) Completed.

(4124) MODEL STUDY OF EAST HORSENECK BEACH INLET.

(b) Duffill Associates, Consulting Engineers,

Boston, Mass.

(c) Duffill Associates, Consulting Engineers,

Boston, Mass.

(d) Experimental; applied research,

(ej Study of wave action in Inlet.

(f) Completed.

(4125) HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF SAN NICOLAS HARBOR,

ARUBA, N.W.I.

(b) Lago Oil and Transport Co., Ltd., Aruba,

N.W.I.

(c) Lago Oil and Transport Co., Ltd., Aruba, N.W.I.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To investigate wave action and recommend im- provements for the harbor.

(4126) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT MULLET KEY.

(b) Pinellas County Park Board, Clearwater, Fla.

(c) Pinellas County Park Board, Clearwater, Fla.

(dj Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Recommendations for protection from beach erosion

.

(4127) FLUORESCENT TRACING 0? SEDIMENT IN COASTAL

AREAS.

(b) Department of Health, Education and Welfare.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied

research

.

(e) Tracing of sand drift on beach and offshore

bottom by means of injected fluorescent

material

.

(4128) FLUX OF WAVE ENERGY PERPENDICULAR TO THE DIRECTION OF WAVE PROPAGATION.

(bl National Science Foundation,

(dj Basic research.

(e) Experiments to determine flux of wave energy perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation

.

(g) In planning stage.

(4120) INFLUENCE OF SEA LEVEL RISE ON EROSION.

(b) State Government.

(d) Basic field research.

(e) To determine the influence of short-term

as well as long-term fluctuation of sea level

on erosion and shoreline movements.

(h) Publication in progress.

(4130) EROSION STUDY OF SAND SHORES IN FLORIDA.

(b) State Government,

(dj Applied research.

(e) To chec!: present status of erosion.

GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Hydraulics Laboratory

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Prof. C. E. Kindsvater, Hydraulics

Laboratory, School of Civil Engineering, Georgia

Institute of Tech., Atlanta, Ga., except as otherwise

indicated

.

(291) FLOW OF WATER OVER HIGHWAY EMBANKMENTS

.

8

(e)

Laboratory project.

Experimental; partly sponsored by U. S. Geological Survey.

Experimental data were obtained on the discharge characteristics of an embankmentshaped weir. Emphasis has been placed on free discharge over smooth- surfaced em- bankments. Data have been obtained on the Influence of embankment height and tailwater

submergence. Detailed velocity surveys have been made to define the boundary layer

between the upstream edge of the upstream

shoulder and the crown. Tests were made

on a l:9-scale model in a 3-foot wide flume. Completed.

It has been established that the discharge

characteristics of an embankment can be related to the theoretical equation of discharge for a broad-crested weir by means

of the discharge-displacement boundary- layer

thickness. Data and procedures for computing

the thickness of the boundary-layer at the control section have been determined as a means of generalizing the discharge e- quation for various shapes, sizes and roughness of embankments.

(1331) THE DIFFUSION OF FOREIGN PARTICLES IN A FLUID.

(b) Laboratory project; sponsored by the National

Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engrg.,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta,

Georgia.

(d) Experimental; basic research for doctoral

dissertation

.

(e) The diffusion of macroscopic foreign

particles was studied in a diffusion column

in order to determine the difference in diffusion of the foreign particles and the

fluid. The diffusion mechanism was created

by a pattern of pulsing jets. The amplitude

and frequency of the pulse of the jets was controlled. The foreign particles were ion-exchange resin beads to which were attached radioactive cesium molecules.

Particle concentration within the column was determined by gamma-ray radiation count. Fluid-diffusion characteristics were de- termined by the diffusion of dye

.

(h) Dissertation in preparation.

(1584) FLOW OF WATER OVER WEIRS AND SPILLWAYS.

(b) Water Resources Division, Surface Water

Branch, U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Library search, re-analysis and correlation

of published data, plus original research

as required.

(e) A comprehensive study of the discharge

characteristics of practical forms of weirs

and spillways, including the preparation of bibliography and the collection and analysis

of experimental data from all known sources. Objectives include the publication, in generalized form, of available experimental

data.

(2529) UNIFORM FLOW IN 0FEN CHANNELS.

(b) Water Resources Division, Surface Water

Branch, U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Reanalysis and correlation of existing data; original experimental research and analysis;

theoretical study of turbulence energy

transfer and diffusion mechanisms.

(e) A fundamental investigation of the mechanics

24
of uniform flow in open channels, with

particular emphasis on the influence of channel shape on velocity distributions and wall shear-stress distributions. Experimental

work is being conducted on simple and com- pound cross sections in a variable slope

90-foot long flume,

(h) "Resistance Coefficients and Velocity Distribution Smooth Rectangular Channel, " by H. T. Tracy and C. M. Lester, Geological Survey

Water-Supply Paper 1592-A, 1961.

3052) DEZ RIVER DAM SPILLWAYS.

b) Resources and Development Corporation.

c) Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engrg.,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 13,

Georgia.

d) Experimental; design.

e) Two circular shaft spillways are being

investigated. The effects of short radius

and long radius bends are studied. The

hydraulic performance of an inclined shaft spillway is compared with a vertical shaft. The study represents a continuation of previous work.

(f) Completed.

3414) INFLUENCE OF FREE-SURFACE DISTURBANCES ON PIEZOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering,

Ge Tgia Institute of Technolgy, Atlanta 13, Georgia.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; research for master's thesis; partly supported by U. S. Geological Survey.

(e) Observations on laboratory flume (see proj

2529) revealed a discrepancy between depth measurements and piezometric-head measurements for flow conditions involvng disturbed

free surface. The phenomenon appears to be analogous to pressure or density variations

in unsteady, compressible-fluid flows.

(h) "Piezometric Measurement of Depth in Open

Channels," by W. W. Emmett, master's thesis.

3725) SECONDARY MOTION IN ENCLOSED CONDUITS AND

OPEN CHANNELS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. F. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 13, Georgia.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; research for Ph.D. thesis.

(e) A fundamental study of secondary motion in turbulent flows. Secondary motions are often superimposed upon flows in enclosed

conduits and open channels. The mode of origin, development and decay is being

studied to delineate the influence on the general motion pattern in straight, non- circular conduits and channels. The present

phase concerns turbulent flow in a non- circular enclosed conduit.

4131) FLOW OVER GATED SPILLWAYS.

b) Laboratory project; Georgia Power Company.

c) Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 13,

Georgia.

d) Experimental, applied research.

e) Studies are to be made to evaluate discharge

characteristics of gated spillways under

various operating conditions in a 1:40 scale model

4132) WATER HAMMER IN A PIPELINE CONTAINING CENTRIFUGAL PUMFS.

(b) Laboratory project, initiated by and equip- ment supplied by the Georgia Iron Works,

Augusta, Georgia.

(c) Dr. ii. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engrg.,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 13,

Georgia.

(d) Experimental research for two Master's

theses.

(e) An experimental study was conducted with a laboratory pipeline, which contained three centrifugal pumps in series and a valve at the upstream end. Pressure-time records

were obtained at three locations for two different flow conditions. The first condition was the establishment of flow following

rapid opening of the valve. The second condition was the flow produced by oscillating the valve.

(f) Total experiment work and one thesis (first

condition) completed.

(g) It was found that, for the first condition,

three major implosions occurred in the pipeline, at the upstream pump, the middle

pump, and the downstream pump, consistently

in that order. Each implosion was traceable

to the decay of a large vapor pocket.

(h) "a Laboratory Investigation of Water Hammer Associated with the Establishment of Flow

in a Pipeline Containing Centrifugal Pumps,"

by C. S. Martin, M.S. thesis, Georgia Inst,

of Technology, May 1961, 45 pp.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Division of Engineering and Applied Physics.

(4133) SYSTEMS ANALYSIS ON ECONOMICS AND TECHNOLOGY

OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ENGINEERING.

(b) Department of Health, Education and Welfare

(c) Dr. Robert P. Burden, 223 Fierce Hall,

Harvard University, Cambridge 38, Mass.

(d) Theoretical investigation involving the application of systems analysis techniques

to the development of new methodology that may be applied to any large river basin

in investigation of the many alternative

technical possibilities for treating and controlling waste water sources, for regulating stream flows and for controlling

natural purification as an aid in preparation of comprehensive plans for abating

pollution and preserving a desirable

quality of water in the major river basins

of the United States. Alternatively stated,

the goal is the application of operations

research together with appropriate largescale computer programs to testing the validity and utility of new methods for designing and operating comprehensive water

resource systems with emphasis on problems

of water quality management.

Applied research on methodology of design

and operation of water resource systems.

UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO, Engineering Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1895, 3056, 3057, and 3416 should be addressed to Prof. C. C. Warnick,

College of Engineering, and for Projects Nos. 1862,

2786, 3416, and 3418 should be addressed to Prof.

G. L. Corey, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

(1859) INVESTIGATION OF METHODS OF CONTROLLING AND EVALUATING CANAL SEEPAGE.

(b) Laboratory project; in cooperation with

U. 3. Bureau of Reclamation.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; basic

and operational with master's thesis.

(e) Different types of canal linings are being

studied and various ways of evaluating

performance are being considered, especially

ideas for measuring canal seepage from both lined and unlined canals,

(g) New sealants are being investigated in experimental sections of irrigation canals. Techniques for measuring seepage are being

compared in simultaneous testing in by-pass

sections of canal.

25
(h) "An Investigation of the Use of an Air Permeameter to Measure the In Situ Hydraulic

Conductivity of Sandy Soils/' by T. L. Anderson, M. S. Thesis, University of Idaho,

1961.

(1862) DETERMINATION OF ANNUAL RUNOFF FROM WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project; being carried on under

Agricultural Experiment Station.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) A study of the hydrological factors affecting

the Moscow Mountain Watershed as it applied

to the total water use in the area.

(g) Measurement data on a small watershed is continuing to be collected.

(2786) FARM IRRIGATION EFFICIENCIES.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with the Bureau of Reclamation under the Agricultural

Experiment Station.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied

research

.

(e) To evaluate irrigation efficiencies on actual farms to aid in planning of a water

use on irrigation projects. To consider

efficiency from aspect of farm operations

and not just consumptive use of crops.

(g) Basic field data have been collected for

4 years. Final results will be published

after one more years record.

(h) "Irrigation Efficiency Studies," by Carrol

Tyler and G. L. Corey, Idaho Agricultural

Research Frogress Report No. 55, May 1961.

(3056) TELEMETERING HYDROLOGIC DATA FROM MOUNTAIN

LOCATIONS.

(b) Laboratory project; In cooperation with

federal agencies and power companies.

(d) Laboratory and field investigation; basic

and applied operational research.

(e) A complete system for reporting six or more hydrologic data is being studied and basic parameters of snow melt are being

studied for conversion into time delay

circuits for transmission by radio.

(g) Frototype unit is being tested on Moscow

Mountain; elements of measurement trans- ducers are being studied both in the field and In the laboratory. License for station

has been approved.

(h) "Automatic Measurement of Hydrologic Parameters at Remote Locations," by L. M. Maxwell,

C. C. Warnick, L. A. Beattie, and G. G. Hespelt, Proceedings of the Western Snow

Conference, Santa Fe, New Mexico, April

1960.

(3057) CONSERVATION OF WATER FOR RANGE STOCK.

(b) Laboratory project; in cooperation with Bureau of Land Management and ranchers.

(d) Field investigation; applied operational

research

.

(e) Experimental stock watering ponds in desert

areas will be lined and evaporation control measures supplied to see if extension of such water supply can be developed economically.

(g) Several ponds lined and unllned are being

studied and enonomolecular films are being

experimented with to find net water savings. The hydrology of small ponds is also being

investigated

.

(h) Progress report to be available on limited

basis

.

(3416) STUDY OF METHODS FOR AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENT

OF SNOW VJATER CONTENT.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with

Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) A study is being made of basic methods of measuring snow water content for use in telemetering data from remote mountain

locations

.

(g) Five different methods are being investigated in field experiments at mountain

locations. Data are being obtained manually

and correlated with conventional tube snow measurements

.

(h) "Measurement of Snow Water Equivalent Using

Infrared Radiation," by H. Singh, M.S. thesis, University of Idaho, 1961.

(3417) INFILTRATION AS AFFECTED BY FURROW PARAMETERS AND SOIL VARIABILITY.

(b) Laboratory project; under investigation In Agricultural Experiment Station.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) To determine the effect of various furrow

geometric parameters and soil conditions on infiltration patterns by analogy methods.

(g) Flow patterns from square, round and triangular shaped furrows in uniform soils have been investigated.

(h) "Electric Analog Studies on Unsaturated Flow from Irrigation Furrows," by G. L. Corey and

D. W. Fitzsimmons. Paper presented at Pacific Northwest Section Meeting of American Society of Agricultural Engineers,

Boise, Idaho, October 21, 1961.

(3418) AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF SURFACE IRRIGATION

WATER.

(b) Laboratory project, under investigation

in Agricultural Experiment Station.

(d) Experimental field investigation; applied

research.

(e) To develop sensing elements which will

electrically trip automatic headgates after

a field has become irrigated.

(g) Several elements have been field tested.

No element has been developed thus far that

is sufficiently sensitive to high soil moisture levels.

(4134) MEASUREMENT OF TURBULENCE IN PIPE FLOW DOWNSTREAM FROM GRIDS.

(b) Laboratory project; National Science

Foundation Grant.

(c) G. Q. Martin, Chemical Engineering Dept.,

University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

d) Experimental; basic research.

e) To measure turbulence in pipes to determine

its effects on mass transfer from solids.

(g) Grids were found to have very little

effect on turbulence in pipes.

(h) "Measurement of Turbulence Downstream of Grids in Pipes," by C. R. Skillern, M.S. thesis, University of Idaho, 1962.

ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION.

A list of publications is available upon request;

write to Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232,

Urbana, Illinois.

(552) SEDIMENTATION OF ILLINOIS RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with

Agricultural Research Service, Soil Conser- vation Service, and University of Illinois

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. R. L. Corinth, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) For design of water-supply reservoirs, measurements of sediment accumulation in lakes in Illinois. Sediment samples are analyzed and complete surveys of watershed

soil type, slopes, land use, and conser- vation practices are made.

(g) Results show correlation between rate of sedimentation and land use on watershed; results show six factors in explaining

sediment deposition: age o? lake, capacityinflow ratio, watershed gross erosion, a watershed shape factor, the density of 26
(h)

(h)

(g)

(h)

(g)

non-Incised channels, and a watershed slope factor. "Relation Between Reservoir Sediment Deposition and Selected Watershed Variables,"

presented at the 1961 ASCE Hydraulics Div. Conference

EVAPORATION IN ILLINOIS. Laboratory project.

Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

Field investigation; applied research. Measurements are made of evaporation at four stations in northern, central, and southern Illinois. Evaporimeters con- structed and installed adjacent to pans for year-round records. Measurements published in Climatological

Data, Illinois Section. "Lake Evaporation

in Illinois," State Water Survey Technical

Letter No. 5, 1960. ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUND- WATER. Laboratory project.

Mr. Robert H. Harmeson, Peoria Laboratory,

Illinois State Water Survey, Box 717,

Peoria, Illinois.

Experimental; basic research.

Model studies of different pit types and variations in relationship between ground- water gradients and artificial recharge.

Pilot plant pit operation by Water Survey

relinquished; laboratory analysis in progress

"Artificial Ground-Water Recharge at Peoria,

Illinois," by Max Suter and Robert H, Harmeson, Bulletin 48, 1960, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. GROUND-WATER INVESTIGATION IN PEORIA,

ILLINOIS, DISTRICT. Laboratory project.

Mr. Robert H. Harmeson, Peoria Laboratory,

Illinois State Water Survey, Box 717,

Peoria, Illinois.

Field investigation; applied research.

Continuing evaluation of ground-water

resources of the district. Ground-water

levels and temperatures are monitored in wells in key locations. Effects of artificial recharge are evaluated. Analyses for changes in composition of ground- water used to trace movement of contaminants

as a result of artificial recharge.

Ground-water conditions substantially

improved in past ten years and consistently

since the use of four recharge pits was initiated in 1956. One pit in North Field

is operated the year-round with nearly

complete recovery of the recharged water. Recharge in Central Field arbitrarily

limited to cool surface water seasons. Central Field recharge has been reduced

because of improved ground-water conditions. GROUND-WATER INVESTIGATION IN EAST ST. LOUIS AREA. Laboratory project.

Mr. R. J. Schicht, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

Field investigation; applied research. To evaluate the potential yield of the

sand and gravel deposits beneath the American Bottoms (East St. Louis area).

Ground water levels are measured in more than 200 observation wells, 9 of which are equipped with recording gages. Ground- water pumpage, Mississippi River stages,

rainfall, and quality of ground-water data

are continuously collected. Maps are being prepared showing the distribution and areal extent of the hydraulic properties,

the thickness of the aquifer, and watertable contours. Computations are being

made to determine the amount of recharge

(h)

(1092)

(b)

(c)

(1335)

(b)

(c)

(g)

(h)

(1865)

(b)

(c)

(4)

(e)

from precipitation and from induced in- filtration of river water, and the amount

of subsurface flow from valley walls into

the American Bottoms. A geohydrologlc

model will be devised to simulate the complex aquifer system.

Summary of basic data on ground-water levels and ground-water pumpage in preparation. HYDROLOIC CYCLE EVALUATION. Laboratory project; cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.

Mr. H. F. Smith, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

Field investigation; applied research. Data from rain gage networks (gathered

under another project) together with

information from 3 stream gaging stations

and 5 ground water-level recorders were collected for use in analyzing storm rainfall-runoff relationships on small watersheds and effect of runoff on water

table

Completed.

"Hydrologic Budgets for Three Small Watersheds in Illinois," by R. J. Schicht and

W. C. Walton, State Water Survey Report

of Investigation 40, 1961. GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN THE CHICAGO

AREA. Laboratory project, in cooperation with

Illinois State Geological Survey.

Mr. H. F. Smith, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

Field investigation; applied research. Study of variations of natural resources. Investigation of artesian well field with

wells 1200 to 2200 feet deep, locally

heavily pumped. Study of ground water level recession, interferences, transmissibilities,

effect of additional demands. Results show the ground water resources in Chicago region are developed from four water-yielding units: glacial drift aquifers,

shallow dolomite aquifers, Cambrian-Ordovician

Aquifer, and Mt . Simon Aquifer. The CambrianOrdovician has been the most highly developed

source of large ground-water supplies.

Pumpage in deep wells increased from 78.3 mgd in 1958 to 91.7 mgd in 1960. Future ground-water supplies should be taken from

the shallow aquifers wherever possible.

"Water Level Decline and Pumpage During

1959 in Deep Wells in the Chicago Region,

Illinois," by W. C. Walton, R. T. Sasman, and

R. R. Russell, Circular 79, 1960. "Water Level Decline and Pumpage During 1960

in Deep Wells in the Chicago Region, 111.,"

by R. T. Sasman, T. A. Prickett, and R. R. Russell, Circular 83, 1961. "Yields of Deep Sandstone Wells in Northern

Illinois," by W. C. Walton and Sandor

Csallany, Report of Investigation 43, in press

HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF DROP -INLET SPILLWAY

STRUCTURES FOR SMALL RESERVOIRS. Laboratory project, in cooperation with

Agricultural Research Service, Soil Conser- vation Service, and Illinois Agricultural

Experiment Station.

Mr. H. W. Humphreys, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. Experimental; generalized applied research

for development and design.

To determine the most desirable proportions

and shapes of drop-inlet spillway structures

that have unique flow characteristics and

to develop anti-vortex devices. To provide

the necessary information on flow relations

and discharge coefficients so that these structures may be economically designed.

Initial phases of study concerned with

hydraulics of square risers with free discharge. Effect of lip or crest shape and

27
(g)

(h)

(2532)

ft!

(d)

(e)

anti-vortex devices being studied. Second

phase to include the complete spillway.

Experimental apparatus constructed and tests

are being conducted on the complete spillway

Information is being obtained on discharges, vortex effect on discharge, pressures, a flat plate anti-vortex device, and flow

conditions.

Hydraulics of various types of flow possible

in square risers are well defined as well

as some of the effect of non-square crest

shape. Model tests were performed on a drop-inlet spillway to determine whether

or not a metal grating deck placed above the inlet can control vortices. The results

of the tests show that gratings do not prevent or control strong vortices.

"Hood Inlet for Closed Conduit Spillways,"

by Fred W. Blaisdell, a discussion by Harold

V.'. Humphreys, proceedings, ASCE, Paper

Mo. 2478, Vol. 86, No. Hy5, May 1960; discussion published in Journal of the Hydraulic Division, Proceedings, ASCE Vol.

87, No. Hyl, January 1961. EVAPORATION RETARDATION. Laboratory project.

Mr. V/. J. Roberts, Illinois State VJater Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. Field investigation; applied research,

design.

Monomolecular chemical films to retard

evaporation from water supply lakes and ponds in Illinois. Laboratory studies

continuing on smaller containers.

Reactivated for summer tests. Extensive field testing program arranged

during summer of 1961 to test application

techniques using soluable packages of chemicals. Results appear favorable and tests will be continued through another

summer season.

(2533) MOISTURE INFLOW STUDY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. G. seiaonin, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Computation of atmospheric moisture inflow

of Illinois and subsequent correlation with

precipitation. Moisture and wind data

obtained from RACB data.

(f) Inactive.

(2534) DENSE RAIN GAGE NETWORK PROJECTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. G. E. Stout, Illinois State V Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

fd) Field investigation; applied rese

(e) Data from 'our rain gage networks

sisting of 50 gages in 4GG square

10 gages in 100 square miles, 54 550 square miles, and 11 gages in miles. Studies include: (1) Rai

variability, (2) frequency of poi areal mean rainfall, (3) area-dep

tions, (4) variation of point rai distance; (5) areal representativ

point rainfall; and (5) reliabili

areal mean rainfall estimates.

ater Survey, arch

con- miles, gages in 10 square

nfall

nt and

th relanfall with

eness of ty of

(2535) FILTERING THROUGH COARSE MATERIALS Laboratory project.

Mr. Robert H. Harmeson, Peoria Laboratory,

Illinois State Water Survey, Box 717,

Peoria, Illinois.

Experimental; basic research.

Small, coarse media (1/4 - to 3/4-inch)

filters are operated at rates comparable

to those achieved in field practice.

Purpose Is to study the effects of coarse media on physical, chemical, and bacteriological properties of recharged water and

to evaluate the function of coarse media

in protecting aquifer materials.

(g) Results of former field tests of various

sizes of materials are reported in State Water Survey Bulletin 48.

(2788) METEOROLOGY OF FLOOD-PRODUCING STORMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. Applied research. Investigation of meteorological conditions

associated with flood-producing storms in

Illinois to obtain basic data for reliable

definition of time and space distribution of such storms and for calculation of probable

maximum rainfall

(g) Continuing project; analysis of storm area- depth relations, orientation of storms, seasonal and geographic distribution, synoptic

weather types, topographic influences. De- velopment of area-depth frequency relations

underway

(3421) PILOT DRAINAGE BASIN STUDIES IN NAPERVILLE

AREA.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. W. C. Walton, Illinois State Water Survey

Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

d) Field Investigation; applied research.

e) All factors of the hydrologic cycle (especially

precipitation, temperature, stream flow, soil moisture, changes in surface and subsurface

storage, and evaporation) to be measured and examined to obtain quantitative knowledge of the movement and storage of ground water under

natural conditions in the 22-square mile basin

The annual rate of recharge to, and evapo- transpiration from, the ground-water reservoir

to be determined. Stream discharge hydrograph

to be separated into its two components,

surface runoff and ground-water runoff. Gravity yields of glacial deposits and under- lying dolomite aquifer to be estimated.

[3058) HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SEVERE RAINSTORMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) Field surveys and detailed analyses of severe rainstorms in Illinois. Analyses based upon

radar, synoptic weather, and field survey data

and include area-depth-duration relations,

antecedent rainfall evaluation, isohyetal maps

for peak periods of storin.

g) Analyses completed on 16 storms since 1951.

h) Report of Investigation 42, in press.

(3059) THERMAL LOADINGS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SURFACE WATERS.

(bl Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Robert H. Harmeson, Peoria Laboratory,

Illinois State Water Survey, Box 717, Peoria,

Illinois

Field investigation; applied research.

A study of heat loads applied to fresh water bodies in Illinois to determine relationships

between temperature and/or heat loadings, water usage, stream assets, and stream re- covery capabilities.

(3419) PRECIPITATION DROUGHT CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 252, Urbana, Illinois.

(A) Applied research.

(e) Investigation of precipitation drought frequency in Illinois, distribution in space and time

of dry periods, relative severity of these periods, meteorological conditions favorable

for drought in Illinois, correlation of pre- cipitation drought with other meteorological

factors such as thunderstorm frequency and atmospheric moisture distribution, and associ28
(g)

ation of precipitation drought with low stream flow.

(3420) FREQUENCY AND DURATION OF LOW FLOWS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. John B. Stall, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(&) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Analysis of the severity, frequency, and duration of low flows in Illinois streams. Study of the suitability of various theoretical distributions in explaining the occurrence

of these low flow events. A partial series

developed for low flow events; this series

suitable for low flows from 1 month to 60 months in duration.

(g) Gumbel's Extreme Value Law found satisfactory

for explaining the occurrence of independent

low-flow periods from 1 month to 60 months

duration for recurrence intervals from 2 years

to 45 years at 20 stream gaging stations in Illinois, varying in drainage area from 550 square miles to 1310 square miles.

(h) "A Partial Duration Series for Low Flow

Analyses," by John B. Stall and James C. Neill,

Jour. Geophys. Res., December 1961.

(3731) HYDROLOGY OF DOLOMITE AQUIFERS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with 111. State Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. W. C. Walton, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Evaluation of water yielding potential of dolomite aquifer in Illinois from pumping

test and specific capacity data is in progress. Statistical analysis of well production data

is being made to determine geological controls

on aquifer productivity.

Frequency graphs were used to determine the role of individual units of a dolomite aquifer

in DuPage County, Illinois, as contributors

of ground water. The practical sustained

yield of the dolomite aquifer was estimated

based largely on case histories of heavy

ground-water development,

(h) Report in preparation.

(3732) TRANSPIRATION RETARDATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Laboratory and field Investigation.

(e) Monomolecular film-forming fatty alcohols are introduced to roots of plants causing the plants to transpire less water than control

plants.

(g) Extensive field tests being analyzed.

(h) "Reduction of Transpiration," by W. J. Roberts,

Jour. Geophys. Res., Vol. 66, No. 10, October

1961.

(3733) EVALUATING WELLS AND AQUIFERS WITH ANALYTICAL

METHODS

(bl Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. C. Walton, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

!d) Field investigation; applied research,

e) Case histories of ground-water development

are being studied to determine if it is possible to evaluate wells and aquifers with

analytical expressions by devising approximate

methods of analysis based on idealized models

of aquifer situations. Geohydrologic boundaries are assumed to be straight-line demarcations and are given mathematical expression

by means of the image-well theory. The hydraulic properties of the aquifer and overlying

confining beds are considered mathematically

by using ground-water formulas. Records of past pumpage and water levels and a digital

computer are used to establish the validity

of this mechanism to describe the response of aquifers to pumping,

(g) Case histories of ground-water development

have been used to evaluate the practical sus- tained yields of three aquifers in central

Illinois.

(h) "Evaluating Wells and Aquifers by Analytical

Methods," by W. C. Walton and W. H. Walker,

Jour. Geophys. Res., Vol. 66, No. 1, October

1961. "Ground-Water Development in Three Areas of Central Illinois," by W. H. Walker and W. C. Walton, State Water Survey Report of Investigation 41, 1961.

(3734) INDUSTRIAL WATER USE IN ILLINOIS.

(f)

(4135)

(4137)

[4139)

Si

Laboratory project.

Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

Field Investigation; applied research.

Determine withdrawal of water by industries

in Illinois, with delineation according to kinds of industry, location by area, and

sources of supply.

Reactivated. CORROSION PREVENTION BY CaCOj.

Laboratory project.

Mr. T. E. Larson or H. W. Humphreys, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois,

Experimental

To determine chemical requirements and veloc- ity requirements to provide protective coat- ing in water pipes.

(4136) SEVERE STORM SINGULARITY STUDY.

b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. S. A. Changnon, Jr., Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

Applied research.

Investigation of the tendency of severe weather events to occur on preferred dates,

the causes of observed tendencies, and the application of the results in defining the probability distribution of severe storms. Elements under study include severe rainstorms, thunderstorms, hailstorms, and tor- nadoes . DIURNAL DISTRIBUTION OF PRECIPITATION AND

RELATED WEATHER ELEMENTS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. S. A. Changnon, Jr., Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

d) Applied research.

e) Investigation of the diurnal distribution of various weather elements on a monthly, seasonal, annual, and geographic basis. Elements

under study include rainfall, sleet, hail,

tornadoes, thunderstorms, freezing rain, and

fog. Results will have many applications in planning outdoor events dependent upon

weather conditions, and should provide valuable Information on precipitation mechanisms

in the atmosphere which produce severe rainstorms and other severe weather events.

(4138) EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN ILLINOIS. Laboratory project.

Mr. D. M. A. Jones, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

Applied research.

Evaluation of methods for calculating evapo- transpiration and assessment of evapotransplration in northeastern Illinois. PRECIPITATION PATTERNS OVER AND AROUND LOWER

LAKE MICHIGAN. Laboratory project.

Mr. G. E. Stout, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

Applied research.

Radar film records are being studied to de- termine the influence of Lake Michigan on precipitation processes. Pilot studies are underway to develop a radar echo climatology

29
for an area within a radius of 100 miles of Chicago

determined laterally from the tile lines,

(f) Discontinued March 1961.

ILLINOIS STATE WATERWAYS DIVISION, Springfield.

(1863) EROSION CONTROL, ILLINOIS SHORE OF LAKE

MICHIGAN.

(b) State of Illinois.

(c) Mr. Thomas B. Casey, Chief Waterway Engr.,

Div. of Waterways, Dept. of Fublic Works

and Buildings, 201 West Monroe Street,

Springfield, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To obtain and correlate basic data on the several forces and factors involved in erosion processes along the Illinois Shore

of Lake Michigan to the end that future

efforts toward the prevention of erosion

might be founded upon a more definite and factual basis with a consequent greater

degree of assurance that the works will

serve the intended purposes.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Soil and Water Conservation

Engineering Lab., Department of Agricultural Engrg.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Prof. B. A. Jones, 100 Agricultural

Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.

(2316) RUNOFF FROM SMALL AGRICULTURAL AREAS IN ILLINOIS.

(b) Laboratory project cooperative with ARS,

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; basic

research

(e) To determine frequencies of peak rates and total amounts of runoff from agricultural

watersheds of 25 to 1,500 acres; to determine maximum rates of runoff from agricultural watersheds in different soil asso- ciation areas in Illinois; to compare runoff from agricultural watersheds under ac- cepted soil conservation practices with

watersheds cultivated without soil conservation prrctices. Watersheds of 45.5, 63, 82, and 390 acres near Monticello, Illinois

are covered with a rain gage network, and runoff is measured at weirs and spillway

structures by water level recorders. Max- imum stage recorders are installed at field structures on 8 watersheds in Champaign,

Flatt, Vermillion, and Ford Counties on watersheds ranging in size from 45 to 1,400

acres. Model studies and field calibrations

are made on the field structures.

(h) "Water Losses Through Surface Runoff in Central Illinois," by B. A. Jones, Jr. and R. L. McFall, Illinois Research 3-1,

(Winter 196l) pp. 8-9. "Discussion predicting Storm Runoff on Small Experimental Watersheds," by R. L. McFall and

B. A. Jones, Jr., Proceedings ASCE 87 No. HY 2 (March 1961) pp. 196-198.

(2317) A STUDY OF DRAINAGE CF SOME ILLINOIS SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project cooperative with ARS,

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) To determine on different soil types the effect of tile spacing and depth on (1) water table as measured by drawdown wells,

(2) on crop yields; to verify present tile

depth and spacing formulas for soil types

investigated; and to compare physical labo- ratory measurements with field measurements.

The rate of water table drawdown is measured

in wells perpendicular to tile lines. Field

permeability and laboratory permeability

measurements are made as well as physical

analysis of the soil type. Crop yields are

(2789) LABORATORY MODEL STUDIES OF CONSERVATION

AND DRAINAGE STRUCTURES.

b| Laboratory project.

d) Experimental investigation in the laboratory;

applied and basic research,

(e) To investigate the performance of soil and water conservation structures by means of hydraulic model studies, to study water flow

patterns Into surface drains and to determine

the cause of failures and remedial measures

of certain conservation structures under

flood conditions,

(h) "The Turbulent Velocity Distribution in Smooth

Tubes," by L. F. Huggins, M. S. Thesis, Univ.

of Illinois, Jan. 1962 (available on loan).

"A Micro-Differential Pressure Transducer,"

by L. F. Huggins, in press. Agricultural

Engineering.

"Comparison of Theoretical, Laboratory and Field Discharge Ratings of a Drop Inlet for

a Small Farm Pond," by J. A. Replogle, L. F. Huggins, and R. D. Black, Paper 61-703,

presented at the Winter Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers,

Dec. 1961, (available from the Executive

Secretary ASAE, St. Joseph, Mich.).

(3424) A STUDY OF RAINFALL ENERGY AND SOIL EROSION.

(b) Laboratory project cooperative with ARS,

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

d) Experimental; basic research.

e) Natural rainstorms are photographed with a raindrop camera so that the number of raindrops, their size and size distribution, and

the kinetic energy of a rainstorm may be calculated. Physical measurements will be made of the soil to determine the effect of the kinetic energy of the rainstorm on soil loss. The nature and properties of rainstorms that occur in this area of Illinois

will also be studied.

(h) "New Design of the Wheel-Type Runoff Sampler1,' by J. A. Replogle, submitted for publication

in Agricultural Engineering.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Civil Engineering Department.

Inquiries concerning all projects should be addressed

to Dr. V. T. Chow, Frof . of Hydraulic Engineering,

University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, unless

otherwise indicated.

(564) HYDROLOGY OF URBAN AREAS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with 111. state Water Survey.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investi- gation; applied research and design.

(e) Rainfall-runoff study of an urban watershed,

having an effective drainage area of 4.45

square miles and a population density of 14 persons per acre. Runoff is measured by a U. S. G. 3. stream gage and precipitation by

a network of fourteen rain gages strategically

located in and out of the watershed. New type

of evaporimeter are being developed and check results are being made.

(1591) DETERMINATION OF WATERWAY AREAS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Illinois

Div. of Highways and Bureau of Public Roads.

(d) Analytical and field investigation; applied

research and design.

(e) To determine the discharge of water which

will reach openings of highway drainage

structures, such as bridges and culverts and

to provide a simple tut scientific procedure

for use of engineers in establishing the economical and adequate size of opening.

(g) Seven preliminary reports and two field

reports have been prepared. A j^aper entitled

30
(h)

(2319)

(g)

(h)

(3060)

(g)

(h)

(3425)

00

(c)

(d)

"Hydrologlc Design of Culverts" was presented

by V. T. Chow at 1961 ASCE Hydraulics Dlv. Convention at Urbana, 111. on August 16, 1961. Final report in process of publication.

FREQUENCY STUDY OF HYDROLOGIC DATA. Departmental study.

Basic and applied research. Application of statistical methods and probability laws to the analysis of hydrologic

data.

A new concept of rainfall intensity frequency

is developed and being applied to rainfall

data at Urbana and Chicago, Illinois.

See previous issues of this publication. OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FILTER DRAINS. Association of American Railroads.

Prof. J. C. Guillou, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

Experimental; applied research.

Investigation of characteristics of flow

through granular filters and perforated

drain pipe. Laboratory Investigations have included tests of coated and uncoated drain

pipes, and permeability and filter loss studies using concrete sand as the filter

material. Current laboratory investigation

is toward determination of operation character- istics with compaction as prime variable.

Little sorting of filter material occurs at pipe perforations. Filter stability is caused by migration of fines toward the perforation. These particles "bind" the filter and create stability. "Second Progress Report on Performance of Filter Materials," by J. C. Guillou and R. F. Lanyon, Report ER-12, AAR Research Center,

Chicago, Illinois, May 1961.

with the average observations.

(4140) MODEL STUDY OF HYDROGRAPH CONCEPTS.

LOCKPORT SLUICEGATE STUDY. Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater

Chicago

Prof. J. C. Guillou, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

Experimental, applied research,

(e) A 1:20 scale model has been constructed and

tested. The subject sluicegates will be used for supplemental control of storm water re- leases from the Chicago Drainage Canal. Three turbine pits in the existing powerhouse

at Lockport have been modified to receive

triple sluicegates. The model data are being

used to develop operational rating data for

the gates under various headwater and tail- water conditions,

(h) Report in preparation.

(3736) NON-LINEAR APPROACH TO THE INSTANTANEOUS UNIT HYDROGRAPH THEORY.

(b) Graduate project, doctoral thesis for Mr. K. F. Singh.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for doctoral

thesis

(e) To investigate the linearity of the theory of instantaneous unit hydrograph. A mathematical

model for the instantaneous unit hydrograph

Is to be developed and solved by electronic

computers. Application of the mathematical

model will be made to observed hydrographs.

(3737) HYDRODYNAMICS OF FREE-SURFACE EFFECT.

(b} Departmental study.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) To evaluate the free-surface effect of flow in open channels.

(g) A preliminary study is being made to check

the variation in roughness coefficient in circular conduits when the flow is partially

full. In this study Prandtl's assumption of constant shearing stress is changed to an as- sumption of variable shearing stress depending

on hydraulic radius. The computed variation

in roughness coefficient agrees in general

(b)

IS!

(4141)

(b)

Graduate project by G. A. Umemoto and W. H. Huang.

Experimental, basic research.

A model watershed of a size of 4 feet by

8 feet with sprinkler system to simulate

rainfall is being constructed to verify theo- retical concept of unit hydrographs. MODEL STUDY OF SEEPAGE FLOW. Graduate project by John Replogle and Robert

McFall. Experimental, basic research.

A Hele-Shaw model of 1 ft. by 3 ft. in size, made of plexiglas, is being constructed to verify theories of seepage flow through earth

dams and around pumping wells and underdrain.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic

Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Project No. 2083 should be ad- dressed to W. M. Lansford, 219 Talbot Laboratory,

University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, and for Projects Nos. 2320, 2536, 2537 to Professor J. M. Robertson, 125 Talbot Laboratory, University of 111., Urbana, Illinois.

(2083)

[2536)

(b)

(d)

(f)

(2537)

(b)d

(e J

(h)

(3427)

(b)

It]

VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN AN OPEN CHANNEL

HAVING A TRIANGULAR CROSS-SECTION. Laboratory project.

Basic research.

Data being obtained from a channel artificially roughened.

Investigation reactivated, additional data

being taken. STUDY OF HOMOLOGOUS TURBULENCE. Laboratory project, formerly National Science

Foundation.

Basic research.

The nature of turbulence (its production and dissipation) is being studied in the simplest

possible shear flow. This flow is produced

in plane Couette flow where the shear is constant and the turbulence homogeneous but

not isotropic. Mean flow studies essentially

complete

Inactive

WATER EXIT HYDROBALLISTICS

Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Basic research; experimental.

Information on water exit behavior of el- lipsoidal bodies of fineness ratios 4 and 8 is being obtained photographically. Water Is principal test liquid but glycerine and 100 percent brine solutions have also been used. Investigation essentially completed. Some angle-exit experiments not completely analyzed.

Effects are found to be small, velocity first increases and then decreases as body exits.

Significant amounts of water are carried out with the body.

"The Kinematics of Buoyant-Body Water Exit,"

by M. S. Clark and J. M. Robertson, Fluid and Solid Mechanics, Vol. 1, Plenum Press, Inc., New York, New York, Proceedings of the 7th Midwestern Conference on Fluid Mechanics held

at Michigan State University, September, 1961. STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE 2AR ROUGH SURFACE: Bureau of Ships Fundamental :!ydromechanics

Research Program.

Basic research; experimental.

Information on mean-flow and turbulence structure near roughnesses being studied in an 8-inch "natural roughness" pipe and in 3-inch sand-roughened pi^e . Basic question

31
is how roughness produces turbulence.

(4142) TURBULENT BOUNDARY-LAYER PLOW TOWARDS A NORMAL STEP.

b) Graduate project.

c) Professor J. M. Robertson, 125 Talbot Lab.,

University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

dl Basic Research.

e) An analytical and experimental study is being

made of upstream separation, i.e., the real fluid behavior (separation, mixing, reattachment) in front of a normal step projecting

inward from a plate along which fluid is flowing with a turbulent boundary layer. Air

is fluid medium being used,

(f) Investigation in process.

(4143) HEMODYNAMICS SIMILITUDE STUDY OP AN ARTERIAL

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.

(b) State of Illinois, Department of Public

Welfare, Galesburg State Research Hospital,

Galesburg, Illinois.

(c) Prof. M. E. Clark, 123 Talbot Laboratory,

University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Basic research; experimental.

(e) The Flow of blood in the Circle of Willis

the arterial distribution system for the brain

is to be studied utilizing larger-sized models

of both the prototype fluid and conduit system. Present goal is to fabricate a model which will

simulate in as many ways as possible the prototype and its flow.

IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH, State Univ. of Iowa.

(66) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, RALSTON CREEK WATERSHED.

(b) Cooperative with Department of Agriculture,

U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Prof. J. W. Howe, Department of Mechanics

and Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Field investigation; applied research, and

M. S. theses.

(e) Study being made of relation between rainfall and runoff over a small area. Discharge from a 3- square -:iile area measured

by U. S. G. S.; rainfall records at five

automatic recording stations collected by

Soil Conservation Service. Continuous

records since 1924 of precipitation, runoff,

groundwater levels, and vegetal cover.

(g) Yearly records available for examination at Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research.

(h) Reports prepared annually since 1924 available in files at the Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research. Summary of 33-year

record published as Bulletin 16 of the Iowa Highway Research Board in 1961; available upon request from Iowa Highway Commission,

Ames, Iowa.

(67) COOPERATIVE SURFACE-WATER INVESTIGATIONS IN

IOWA.

b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.

c) Mr. V. R. Bennion, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic

Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Field investigation; collection of basic

stream-flov; data.

(e) Stream-flov; and sediment measuring stations

maintained throughout the State of Iowa cooperatively on a continuous basis. Records

collected by standard methods of U. S. G. S.

(g) Records of stream-flow and sediment discharge

computed yearly.

(h) Records contained in Water-supply Papers

available through offices of the Geological

Survey.

(63) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, RAPID CREEK WATERSHED.

b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.

c) Mr. V. R. Bennion, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic

32

Research, Iowa City, Iowa,

dl Field investigation; applied research,

e) Study being made of relation between rainfall and runoff over a small area. Discharge from

a 25-square-mile area measured and flood

runoff on main subbasins determined by U. S. Geological Survey; rainfall records at four automatic recording stations collected by

U. S. Weather Bureau. Continuous records

since 1941 of precipitation, runoff, and ground-water levels,

(g) Rainfall records published in Weather Bureau

Cllmatological Bulletins and surface runoff

and ground-water levels published in Geological

Survey Water-supply Papers.

(73) MEASUREMENT OF TURBULENCE IN FLOWING WATER.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and ap- plied research.

(e) Instruments, primarily electrical In operation,

are being developed to measure the character- istics of turbulent flow under a wide range of laboratory and field conditions. Both sensing

and computing elements are Involved.

(g) Both hot-wire and thermistor techniques are being used, with the latter proving better

for long-term stability where its slow response

Is not a serious limitation. Commercial

pressure cells connected to Pitot tubes have

also proved to be useful.

(h) "A Transistorized Constant-Temperature Hotwire Anemometer and Linearizing Circuit,"

by John R. Glover, M. S. thesis, State Univ.

of Iowa, August 1961. (Available on loan.)

(7 9) CAVITATION.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic

Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

and graduate theses.

(e) Basic information is sought on cavitation

for systematically varied boundary conditions. Studies of cavitation behind disks

and plates is being continued.

(81) MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research and David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the Navy

(c) Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

d) Applied research.

e) Pressure and velocity distributions on a series of 30 bodies of revolution, in axial,

transverse, and rotational motion are being

analyzed

f) Phase described in (e) completed.

g) Computer program for obtaining flow patterns

developed. Report near completion.

(h) "Fotential Flow About a Family of Bodies of Revolution," by L. Landweber and Matilde

Macagno. Final report on Contract N600

(167) 55727 (x) to the David Taylor Model Basin

December 1961.

(1875) CHARACTERISTICS CP STABLE EDDIES.

(b) Laboratory project, partially supported by

Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy and U. 3. Army Research Office (Durham).

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research.

(e) Distributions of velocity, pressure, and turbulence are being investigated throughout

the vicinity of separation zones produced by

abrupt changes In flow section, to the end

of establishing the primary eddy characteristics as functions of the boundary geometry.
(g)

(h)

(2091)

(c)

SI

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(c)

(a)

(e)

Studies are being conducted on flow in the wake of a circular disk and in axi symmetric

conduit expansions.

"Energy Transformation in Zones of Separation," by Hunter Rouse, IAHR Convention,

Dubrovnik, 1961. RESEARCH ON SHIP THEORY. Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy and Society of Naval

Architects and Marine Engineers.

Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

To determine the laws governing the forces,

moments, and motions of ships in smooth and disturbed seas, in order to furnish design

data to the naval architect. Work is under way on the following problems: (1) Wave damping of a series of rolling (Ursell)

cylinders. (2) resolution of viscous and wave drag by means of measurements in the wake of a ship. (3) effect of a free surface on separation. (4) treatment of vibration

of spheroids and shiplike forms on the basis

of a unified theory of hydroelasticlty

(5) mechanism of lift on bodies of revolution

and (6) image of a source In a prolate

spheroid.

"Kinetic Energy of a Liquid Surrounding a Prolate Spheroid Vibrating at Its Free Surface," by Enzo Macagno and Matilde

Macagno, Journal of Ship Research, Vol. 4, No. 4, March 1951. "Drag Coefficients of Flat Plates Oscillating

Normally to Their Planes," by M. Ridjanovic,

submitted for publication by Schiff stechnik.

"Separation of Viscous from Wave Drag of Ship

Forms," by Jin V.'u, submitted for publication

to Journal of Shio Research.

"Ship Motions (Katchka Korablia)," by

31agoveshchensky, published by Dover Publications, Inc., 1961. ANALYSIS OF FLOW FATTERNS FOR SHARP -CRESTED WEIRS

Laboratory project, partially supported by

National Science Foundation.

Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic

Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Analytical; basic research for doctor's

degree

Determination of streamline configuration

through use of digital computer for various

relative heights of weir.

Approximate solutions now at hand, but final

refinements still to be accomplished. INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS. Cooperative with U. 3. Geological Survey,

Dept. of the Interior.

Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iov:a Institute of Hydraulic

Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental; basic research for doctoral

dissertation.

Primary purpose is to determine the effect

of different concentrations of roughness

elements cn open-channel resistance. Tests

have been conducted in- two flumes, 30 feet and 65 feet, in both the subcritical and

supercritical regimes using a cubical roughness element varying systematically from zero

to unity concentration. The correlation

between free-surface instability, increased

channel resistance, and the presence of roll waves has also been studied. "Flow in Artificially Roughened Channels,"

H. J. Koloseus, and Jacob Davidian, U. 3. Geological Survey Professional Paper 424-3,

PE . 225-326

"Surface Resistance as a Function of the

(2541)

(b)

(g)

(2791)

(b)

(2792)

(b)

(c)

(s)

(2795)

(b

Concentration and Size

by J. A. Roberson, Ph.

of Iowa, August 1961.

"The Role of the Proud

of Roughness Elements,"

D. thesis, State Univ.

(Available on loan.)

; Number in OPen-Channel

Resistance," by Hunter Rouse, H. J. Koloseus,

(g

(h)

(3068)

it]

(g)

(h)

(3074)

(b)

(c)

(d)

and Jacob Davidian, Ninth Convention of International Association for Hydraulic

Research, Seminar B, pp. 12-13, Dubrovnik,

Sept. 4-7, 1961. DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENTS FOR USE IN ANALYZING APERIODIC SIGNALS. Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental; applied research.

The purpose is to improve the analysis of turbulent velocity and pressure fluctuations.

The control principles used in analog com- puters are being utilized to obtain better

accuracy, more dependability, and for a- dapting to automatic data reduction by machines. MIXING IN STRATIFIED FLOW. Cooperative with the U. S. Army Research

Office (Durham)

"Interfacial Mixing in Stratified Flow," Enzo Oscar Macagno and Hunter Rouse, Journal

of Engineering Mechanics Division, ASCE, Vol. 87, No. EM5, October 1961. THE DECAY OF TURBULENCE IN A ZERO-MOMENTUM

WAKE. Cooperative with the Office of Naval Research

Department of the Navy.

Dr. Fhilip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Primarily experimental; basic research. Powered models of a strut-mounted propeller

and a merchant vessel are driven in a towing basin, and the wake is investigated

with a Pitot rake and a hot-wire anemometer. Fluctuations in the elevation of the free surface have been found to play an important

role, so that it has been necessary to measure local pressures as well as stagnation pressures in the wake. PREDICTION OF RUNOFF FRECUENCY FROM PRECIPI- TATION AND INFILTRATION FREQUENCIES.

Laboratory project.

Prof. J. W. Howe, Department of Mechanics and Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa

City, Iowa. Statistical

Exploration of possibility of estimating

frequencies of rare floods based on combination of observed frequencies of precipitation and infiltration.

First phase completed; continuing.

Good correlation for a small, a medium, and

a large watershed found in first phase.

Results to be incorporated In thesis by

Srinivasan Mukundan. DETERMINATION OF DYNAMIC FORCES OH FLASH

BOARDS. Laboratory project.

Prof. J. W. Howe, Department of Mechanics

and Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental; for M. S. thesis. Measurement by dynamometer of moment exerted

by water flowing over flashboard.

A parameter involving turning moment on flashboard related to head- and tail-water

levels for typical 0-G spillway crest. Experimental work completed. Results being

incorporated in thesis by Alberto Lizarralde. WAKE OF ZERO MOMENTUM FLUX. Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

Dr. Eduard Naudascher, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental; basic research.

33
(e) Distribution of velocity, mean and turbulent,

and of pressure is being measured in the field of flow past a bluff, axisymmetric

body with a centrally located jet for the particular condition of zero momentum flux.

(3428) MECHANICS OF BANK SEEPAGE IN NATURAL STREAMS

DURING FLOOD FLOWS.

(b} Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa

City, Iowa.

(d) Field investigation; basic research for

Ph. D. thesis.

(e) Observations taken on transverse profile of ground-water levels during rise and recession

of hydrographs. Sections on Missouri,

Des Moines, Boone, Iowa, and English Rivers,

Clear Creek and Rapid Creek. Permeability

tests made by pumping wells.

(g) Early results indicate substantial flow into

banks during period of rise, thus showing

a negative groundwater contribution to the flow in this period.

(3429) JET WITH TRANSVERSE PRESSURE GRADIENT.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic

Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search.

(e) In order to better understand the effect of jet mixing on an annular jet, the diffusion

of a two-dimensional Jet directed against a flat plate in the presence of a transverse pressure gradient has been studied.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(3431) SEDIMENT SORTING.

(b) Partially supported by National Science

Foundation

(c) Dr. Lucien M. Brush, Jr., Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To determine the effect of various particlesize distributions with the same means but different standard deviations on (1) totalload and suspended-load transportation, (2) bed configuration, and (3) size distribution

of the total load.

(3432) ACCELERATED MOTION OF A SPHERE FALLING IN AN OSCILLATING FLUID.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Lucien M. Brush, Jr., Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research

and Ph. D. dissertation.

(e) To determine accelerated motion of a sphere

falling in an oscillating fluid.

(3738) SEDIMENT DIFFUSION.

(b) Laboratory project partially supported by a grant from Gulf Research and Development Co.

(c) Dr. Lucien M. Brush, Jr., Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; Ph. D. dissertation.

(e) To determine the sediment-diffusion characteristics for small concentrations of particles

In a submerged Jet of water. "Exploratory Study of Sediment Diffusion,"

by Lucien M. Brush, Jr., Trans. Amer. Geophys.

Union, in press.

(3739) EDUCATIONAL FILMS ON THE MECHANICS OF FLUIDS.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic

Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(e) Six 20-mlnute sound films in color are planned to cover following material: (l) An introduction to the subject, stressing its great breadth of coverage, the necessarily

(h)

(g)

(3740

(E

(h

(3741

(h

[4144

(g

(4145

(b

close tie between theory and experiment, the role of the scale model In engineering

analysis and design, and methods of flow measurement in laboratory and field. (2) The source and significance of the funda- mental principles of continuity, momentum,

and energy, and their application to typical

problems in many professional fields. (3) Gravitational phenomena, including Jets, nappes, channel transitions, waves, surges, and effects of density stratification. (4) Effects of viscosity, examples of laminar

flow, characteristics of fluid turbulence,

and problems of surface resistance. (5) Profile drag and lift, and their application

to propulsion and fluid machinery. (6) Com- pressibility effects - water hammer, subma- rine signaling, gravity-wave and sound-wave

analogies, and supersonic drag.

First film of series, "Introduction to the Study of Fluid Motion, " now available from Bureau of Audio-Visual Instruction, Extension

Division, State University of Iowa, Iowa

City, Iowa. Second film, "Fundamental Principles of Flow," in preparation. HYDRODYNAMICS OF FLUIDS UNDER CONDITIONS OF RAPID ACCELERATION.

Rock Island Arsenal, U. S. Army.

Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Theoretical and experimental; basic research. Analytical techniques which are applicable

to systems involving rapid acceleration of fluids through constructions or of solids

through fluids. Results will be expressed

as lumped-constant parameters similar to those used for steady-flow phenomena.

The dimenslonless drag coefficient of a disk

was found to increase with acceleration, as was expected. Systematic experiments on orifices are underway, utilizing a blow-down

apparatus which was perfected during the year. "Pressure Wave Analysis for Variable Length

of a Fluid Column," E. 0. Macagno and Matllde Macagno, IAHR Convention, Dubrovnlk, 1961. MODEL TESTS OF ROCK SAUSAGES. Graduate project.

Prof. Posey, Engrg. Bldg., Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental; applied, for M. S. thesis. Tests of model rock-sausage embankment

protection to determine maximum safe heads. Completed.

With properly installed protection, maximum

obtainable head of 17 times sausage diameter

would not cause failure. Installation de- fects that could result in failure were identified.

"Erosion Tests of a Protected Embankment

Section," by Ki-Shun Chu, M. S. thesis, State University of Iowa, June 1961. (Available on loan.) OUTLET CHANNEL ENLARGEMENT TO INCREASE

DISCHARGE. Graduate project.

Prof. C. J. Posey, Engineering Building,

Iowa City, Iowa. Theoretical

Scope of studies by Chuan Chung Chang (M. S. thesis, February 1957) on economy of outlet enlargement will be extended with the aid

of a digital computer. Most economical transition found so far consists of a simple horizontal section.

Empirical expressions have been formulated

to give increase in discharge for a given

amount of deepening. INTERFACIAL EFFECTS IN FLUID WITH DENSITY

STRATIFICATION. Cooperative with the U. S. Army Research

34
(4146

It

\i

(4147

(4148

(4149

C

K

(g)

Office (Durham).

Dr. Enzo 0. Macagno, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental; basic research and graduate

thesis

Instability of two-layered flow and subse- quent mixing. Effect of thickness of interlayer on instability. Effect of stratification on turbulence propagation. Role of lnterfaclal shear in stable stratified flow. EFFECT OF GATE LIP SHAPE UPON DOWNPULL. Laboratory project.

Dr. Eduard Naudascher, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental; applied, for M. S. thesis. Pressure distribution under high-pressure

gates is being measured for various lip

shapes. Coefficients are to be established

for the analysis of vertical forces acting upon the gate

RESISTANCE OF CYLINDRICAL PIERS IN SUPER- CRITICAL FLOW. Laboratory project.

Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic

Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental, M. S. thesis.

Drag is studied as function of Froude number,

relative depth, and relative spacing of piers

MEAN-FLOW AND TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF

RIVER BENDS. Supported by the National Science Foundation.

Dr. Luclen M. Brush, Jr., Iowa Institute

of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental; basic research.

To determine the mean-flow and turbulence

characteristics of flow In a model river bend. Pressure, velocity, and shear stress measurements are to be made in the curved channel

for smooth, rough, and movable beds. DRAG OF SUPERCAVTTATING BODIES OF REVOLUTION. Bureau of Ships, Office of Naval Research.

Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Theoretical; applied research. Method of computing pressure distributions

on supercavltating bodies of revolution being

developed. Existing data on pressure distribution being analyzed for drag.

Computer program for a proposed method of computing pressure distributions is being

evaluated.

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agricultural

Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should be addressed to Dr. H. F. Johnson, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames,

Iowa.

(2330)

!S1

(e)

(g)

DEPTH, SPACING AND HYDRAULICS OF TILE DRAINS. Laboratory project.

Theoretical and field investigation; basic

and applied research; master's and doctor's

thesis.

Analytical and experimental approach is being

studied to determine depth and spacing of tiled drains by analyzing soil characteristics and geometry of systems. Work is cooperative with Dr. Kirkham, Soil Physics

Department of Agronomy. Studies of the relationship of hydrologic and applied

hydraulic problems of field tile systems

being made

A study of similitude of unsteady flow

through porous media was relatively sucessful

and indicated that further investigations

would be profitable,

(h) "Models of Unsteady State Flow In Porous Media Applied to Soil Drainage," James T. Ligon, Ph. D. thesis, Iowa State University,

November 1961. (Available on loan).

"Operational Characteristics of the Laterals Near the Edge of a Tile Drainage System,"

by B. L. Grover, J. T. Ligon, and D. Kirkham,

Jl. Geophysical Research 65:3733-3738. 1960.

(2331) SURFACE RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS.

(e)

(2333)

(g)

[2334)

(b)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(4150)

IS)

(e)

Laboratory project.

Theoretical; applied research; doctoral

thesis

A study designed to obtain frequencies of runoff for different soils, moisture conditions and cover is in progress. The ele- ments of point rainfall intensity, infiltration rates, and the unit hydrograph are being integrated in such a form that most

of the work involved in finding the frequencies of flow can be done with an electronic

computer

Study in progress. "Interrelationships of Watershed Characteristics," by D. M. Gray, Jl . Geophysical

Research 66:1215-1223. 1961. "Synthetic Unit Hydrographs for Small Watersheds," by D. M. Gray, Proc . ASCE Vol. 87, No. HY4, July, 1961. IMPROVEMENT OF SURFACE DRAINS WITH TILE BLIND INLETS. Laboratory project.

Field investigation; design.

Field study is being continued to determine

the effect of different tile backfill ma- terial on the flow of water into the tile

drains

Results indicate that the soil placed over

the filter material around a tile is very

dominant in controlling the movement of ponded water into the tile. RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS. Laboratory project, cooperative with ARS, USDA. Field investigation; applied research design. Measurements of rainfall and surface runoff being made on seven agricultural watersheds. Bulletin summarizing ten years of record

being written. COMPARISON OF SYNTHETIC UNIT GRAPH METHODS. Laboratory project, Master's Thesis.

Experimental, applied research; master's

thesis

Three synthetic unit graph methods developed

for application to small watersheds are being compared with actual unit graphs from given watersheds. The effect of duration

of storm, and distribution of rainfall with

time on the storm hydrograph is being

studied.

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, Applied Physics Lab.

(2335)

(e)

(g)

APPLICATION OF SWITCHING TECHNIQUES TO HYDRAULIC CONTROL SYSTEMS. Bureau of Weapons, Department of the Navy.

Theoretical and experimental; applied de- velopment and design.

Study the dynamic qualities of an acceler- ation switching hydraulic servomechanism

while operating in a closed loop under the presence of various loads and environmental

conditions on the transfer valve, actuator

and feedback transducer. The operation of a broad bandpass servo- mechanism driving a low resonant frequency

linkage has resulted in radial design

35
compromises to prevent instability. Ex- tension of acceleration switching techniques

without any mechanical modifications has permitted closed loop operation with band- passes equal to or exceeding the linkage

characteristics

(3207) ACCELERATION SWITCHING HYDRAULIC SERVO- MECHANISMS UNDER EXTREME ENVIRONMENTAL

CONDITIONS.

b) Bureau of Weapons, Department of the Navy,

d) Experimental; applied development and design.

(e) Extend to regions of extreme high temperature a servomechanism capable of high per- formance and horsepower (up to 10 H.P.). The servo valve, actuator and feedback

transducer must operate under environmental

extremes while the electronic circuitry is maintained in a protected area.

(g) Tests have been conducted on hydraulic servo components under steady state temperature

conditions of 700 degrees F ambient and

500 degrees F oil temperature. Thermal

shock temperature tests have been conducted

on servo packages to 400 degrees F to study

transient temperatures.

(h) "Hydraulic (Acceleration Switching) Servo Dynamic Performance Under Extreme High

Temperature Environment," APL/JHU CF-2737,

by W. Seamone and K. Duning.

"APL/JHU High Temperature Test Laboratory,"

APL/JHU CF-2837, by M. Shandor

(3435) HYDRAULIC SUPPLY LINE CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Bureau of Weapons, Department of the Navy.

Id] Theoretical; experimental,

(e) High performance hydraulic servomechanisms

can excite the pressure and return lines

into pressure oscillation. Establishment

of the physical relationship which could

cause pressure oscillation as well as per- formance deterioration in the servo valve performance is being investigated.

f) Continuing low priority research study.

g) The switching activity of an acceleration

switching hydraulic servomechanism was noted

to create pressure oscillation under specified conditions in length of supply lines.

Analysis and experiments have shown that pressure oscillations occur when the acoustic

frequency of the hydraulic fluid column is in specific relationship to that of the switching frequency. Where line length

changes cannot be used, methods of detuning

the supply lines by volume chamber or acoustic filter is developed.

(h) "A Study of the Influence of the Dynamic

Properties of the Inlet Fluid of the Sta- bility Characteristics of an Acceleration

Switching Hydraulic Servo," APL/JHU CF-2818,

by W. D. Mark, G. A. Levine and W. Seamone. "Application of Acoustical Filter Theory to Hydraulic Supply Lines," APL/JHU CF-2831,

by Sheldon B. Cousin.

(3436) ADAPTIVE ELECTRO HYDRAULIC SERVOMECHANISMS.

(b) Bureau of Weapons, Department of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) Techniques have been developed for designing

linear servomechanisms with a limit cycle

instability about a relay type non-linearity.

The closed loop characteristics of this

servomechanism becomes Invariant to any pure gain changes occurring in the linear elements. This servomechanism, categorized as a self- oscillatlng control servomechanism, ap- peared to be an evolutionary improvement over

the acceleration switching hydraulic servo- mechanism.

(g) A self-oscillating rate servomechanism has been operated with the loop closed around

the valve spool position. Predictable self- oscillation frequency was achieved and dynamic performance bandpass was Independent

of hydraulic supply pressure between 500

and 2000 psi. The bandpass of both servo- mechanisms exceeded 60 cycles per second

with the latter operating a complex me- chanical load system,

(h) "Investigation of a Non-linear Electro Hydraulic Power Servomechanism Operating in the Self-Oscillating Control Mode," APL/JHU

BBC-5-799 or University of Maryland, Dept.

of Mechanical Engineering Thesis, M.S., by

G. A. Levine.

"A Self-Oscillating Adaptive Hydraulic Servo!,' APL/JHU CF-2901, by C. H. Sprague

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, Department of Sanitary

Engineering and Water Resources, School of Engrg.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. John C. Geyer, Chairman, Dept.

of Sanitary Engineering and Water Resources, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 18, Maryland.

(856) HYDROLOGY OF STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN URBAN

AREAS.

(b) Baltimore City, Baltimore County, Maryland

State Roads Commission, and the U. S. Bureau

of Public Roads.

(d) Field investigation; basic research and design.

(e) Study of rainfall and runoff relationships

as affected by various drainage area parameters. At present, runoff from 6 urban

areas ranging in size from 10 to 150 acres

are gaged, 5 by stage instruments and 2 by

Parshall Flumes. Three recording systems

which simultaneously record rainfall and runoff from 12 inlet areas provide good

opportunity for detailed study. About 10 years of rainfall records now exist for a network of 12 recording gages covering an area of 50 square miles.

(g) A study of the Baltimore rainfall data for

the period 1894-1955 shows: (1) The critical storm in the Baltimore area is the summer

type cloud burst. About two-thirds of the storms - greater than 2 year frequency occur

in the months of July and August. Winter

storms are not Important for design purposes.

(2) The maximum average rainfall rate

(for durations up to 60 minutes) generally

occurs at the beginning of the storm. (3) Rainfall intensities (during 15, 30, and 60 minute durations) for frequencies greater

than 2 years are not uniform. Difference

between maximum intensity and average intensity over the duration range from 30 percent (for the 15 mile duration) to 75 percent (for the 60 minute duration). In- tensities greater than those indicated by

rainfall frequency curves occur during more

than half the period of the 15, 30 and 60 minute durations studied. Consequently the design storm assumed in the Rational Method

is unrealistic. (4) Gagings made by this

project and by the Corps of Engineers indi- cate that where a check on the Rational

Method is possible, the Rational Method

produces inconsistent results. Further

analyses are continuing.

(h) "Progress Report on the Storm Drainage

Research Project, June 1961," by John C. Schaake, Department of Sanitary Engineering

and Water Resources, The Johns Hopkins Univ.,

Baltimore 18, Md. A limited number of copies are available on request.

(3437) RESIDENTIAL WATER USE RESEARCH PROJECT.

b) Federal Housing Administration,

d) Field Investigation; applied research and

design.

(e) This project is directed toward obtaining

data on maximum hourly demands in residential areas having varying populations.

It also Is directed toward obtaining information on the effect of lawn sprinkling and

other large water uses on maximum demands.

36
The purpose of the project is to obtain a rational design criteria for water distribution systems.

(g) Peak demands in residential areas can be described mathematically based upon sta- tistical evaluation of field data. Peak

demands can be determined by segregating

residential water use into (1) domestic

or short duration uses and (2) lawn sprinkling or long duration uses. The average con- sumption and the rate of sprinkling per residence increases according to size of lot. The probability of occurrence of sprinkling

demands varies with the season and climate

and the time of day; while the probability

of occurrence of domestic use varies with

the number of persons per home and the time

of day. The characteristics of the total

demand on a distribution system serving

residential areas have been tentatively

established. Correlation of residential

demands with sewage flows, and seasonal and climactic factors is the subject of con- tinuing investigation. The data on water demands of commercial establishments as- sociated with residential areas shows that peak commercial uses frequently are not imposed on sprinkling demands and conse- quently are situated favorably on the hydrograph of peak daily demands

(h) "Progress Reports Nos. 1 and 2 on the Residential Water Use Research Project," John

C. Geyer, Jerome B. Wolff and F. P. L

Linaweaver, Jr., October 1960. "Peak Demands in Residential Areas," Jerome

B. Wolff, Journal AWWA , 53: 1251 Oct. 1961.

(3438) RESIDENTIAL SEWERAGE RESEARCH PROJECT.

(b) Federal Housing Administration.

(dj Field Investigation; operation and design.

(e) Examination of adequacy and utility of residential sewerage system design criteria.

Determination of the effects of parameters

of design, construction, loading, and natural phenomena on operation of sewerage

systems. Research includes analysis and study of representative sewerage systems

throughout the country.

(g) Sewage flow records presently being compiled

from four representative residential areas. The minimum duration of flow study in each

area is ons year. Operation and maintenance

investigation will provide correlations of cause and frequency of sewer stoppages with

sewer slope, length of lateral behind

stoppage, size of pipe, type of Joint material, frequency of cleaning; and maintenance

and operating costs of lift stations. The results of sewer stoppages in Springfield,

Missouri, are presently being analyzed.

(h) Residential Sewerage Research Project

Frogress Reports 1, 2, 3, 4.

cavitating and non-cavitating flows. In the absence of cavitation, vortices have been

found to be unstable and to break down into vortex loop and to rapidly degenerate into

turbulence

(h) "Vibration Problems in Hydraulic Structures,"

by Frank Campbell; discussion by David W. Appel and Charles L. Sanford in Jour, of Hyd. Division, ASCE, No. HY-6, Nov., 1961.

"A Study of Vortices Along Surfaces of Separation," by Charles L. Sanford, M.S. Thesis, The University of Kansas, Lawrence,

June, 1961.

(3742) DIVERSION OF FLOW WITH SUCTION APPLIED TO SLOTS BENEATH A SHALLOW STREAM HAVING A FREE SURFACE.

(b) Kimberly-Clark Corporation and the Dept. of Engineering Mechanics.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research; also master's thesis.

(e) Experimental verification of a momentum

analysis for the drainage into an Inclined

slot with resistance imposed by a moving

screen is sought.

(s) Approximations used in the momentum analysis

were found to result in a maximum departure

of 25 percent from experimental results. Drainage was found to be almost directly

proportional to the width of slot and to be greater for inclined and skewed slots. The optimum angle of Inclination was found to be approximately 25 degrees.

(h) "A Study of Flow Into Inclined and Skewed

Slots," by A. T. Hjelmfelt, M.S. Thesis, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, June,

1961.

(3743) STUDY OF THE MECHANICS OF DIVIDED FLOW.

(b) National Science Foundation.

id) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) In part, a basic study of the mechanism of instability of flow at branches and investigation of the characteristics of the re- sulting surges. Also an analytical solution

for the mean flow into an inclined slot in

a plain boundary of a semi-infinite flow is sought

(g) Instability has been observed in both two- and three-dimensional flows through symmetrical laterals in ducts and pipes for both

equal and unequal division of flow. The temporal variation of discharge may be in phase or 180 degrees out of phase in the two laterals. The variation is closely associated with changes in configuration of the eddy zone in the closed extension of the main pipe or duct . Detailed study of change

in the eddy zone in a duct using air is in progress

(3744) A STUDY OF WAVE EROSION ON UNPROTECTED

DIKES.

"-V-7ERSITY OF KANSAS, Dept. of Engrg. Mechanics.

Inquiries concerning projects Nos. 3081, 3742, 3743,

3744, 4151 and 4152, should be addressed to Dr. David W. Appel, and projects Nos. 3745, and 4153

|:should be addressed to Dr. Y. S. Yu, Dept. of Engrg.

'•Mechanics, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.

(3081) DIFFUSION OF A JET FORMED AT AN ABRUPT

ENLARGEMENT IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW.

(b) Tennessee Valley Authority, Norrls, Tenn.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Further observations of vortices generated

along surfaces of separation at abrupt ex- pansions are being made. The effect of vibration of the lip of the expansion and of externally generated pressure variations on the rate of vortex shedding in both cavitating and non-cavitating flows is under

investigation.

(g) The frequency of generation of vortices at abrupt expansions has been measured for

b) Kansas Forestry, Fish and Game Commission,

d; Experimental and field investigation; basic

research

(e) Information to serve as a guide toward a practical solution of wave erosion in waterfowl refuges is sought. The following

aspects are being studied: (1) VJave height

length and speed are being observed in a pool of uniform shallow depth of about 2 feet, with a fetch of 2.5 miles; and (2) model tests at 1/4 scale are being made of wave action on dikes composed of clay.

After the operation of the model has been

verified, tests will be run on embankments

of various shapes with and without simulated

plants and other protective devices.

f) Terminated.

g) Tests with a 1/4 scale model showed good

qualitative reproduction of erosion of clay

embankments In the field. Continuous paving

and dumped reject bricks (simulated at model

scale) were tested with embankment slopes

of 2:1 and 3:1. Paved slopes required
addition of a short riprap blanket at the toe for satisfactory protection. Brick

riprap was found to be stable only on the flatter of the two slopes tested. Limited observations of waves in a uniform

shallow pool with fetch of 2.5 miles agreed

with predictions based on the study made by

the Beach Erosion Board (Tech. Memo. 72) of shallow-water waves. This reference shows that the greatest mean wave height occurs

for a wind speed below 30 mph with a pool

depth of 2 feet,

(h) "A Study of the Control of Water at Cheyenne Bottoms Waterfowl Refuge," by David W. Appel,

Jacob 0. Jones and Yun-Sheng Yu, Report to the Kansas Forestry, Fish and Game Com- mission, September 1961.

(3745) BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AN OVERLAND FLOW.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Data from experiments made by the Los Angeles District, Corps of Engineers, on the controlled surface runoff due to steady rainfall on an impervious plane surface are analyzed. The objective is to provide an improved method for estimating overland flow

In the drainage of airfields and expressways.

(g) Assuming quasi-uniform flow, one-dimensional

method of analysis was adopted to compute

the surface runoff and depth hydrographs due

to steady rainfall. Evaporation and infiltration were neglected. Agreement between

the computed hydrographs and the measured

ones substantiates the validity of the method of analysis. The observed peak in runoff hydrograph immediately after rain

stopped can also be estimated from the analysis

(4151) SEPARATION OF FLOW AT INTERIOR CORNERS.

(b) Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Neenah, Wis.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) The geometric characteristics of two-dimensional zones of separation at interior corners between two plane boundaries are being investigated. Experiments will span

the range from viscous to fully turbulent

flows and with various thicknesses of boundary layers ahead of the point of separation.

(4152) ROUGHNESS OF TURBULENT JETS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental, basic research and M.S. thesis

project

(e) The surface configuration of jets formed of fully developed turbulent flow discharging

from pipes will be studied.

(4153) INTERACTION OF A FIXED, VERTICAL WALL WITH

A TRAIN OF SURFACE WAVES IN SHALLOW WATER.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for M.S. thesis,

(e) Suppression of surface waves by a fixed,

vertical wall in shallow water will be investigated as a possible breakwater.

Formal solution of the boundary-value problem

based on the assumptions of classical hydrodynamics is sought to determine the re- flection and the transmission coefficients.

Experiments will be made to compare with

theory.

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects and re- quests for reprints and technical reports should be addressed to Prof. J. B. Herbich, Chairman, Hydraulics Dlv., Fritz Engineering Laboratory, Lehigh

University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.

(1602) PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN CONDUIT BENDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; undergraduate special problem.

(e) Study of a rectangular bend with a central dividing wall, by means of electricalanalogy has been completed.

(f) Inactive.

\ (1603) BUTTERFLY VALVE STUDY.

(b) CDC Controls Services, Inc., Hatboro, Pa.

(d) Experimental; applied research,

(f) Completed.

(2339) BUCKET-TYPE ENERGY DISSIPATOR CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Ganett, Fleming, Corddry and Carpenter, Inc., 600 North Second St., Harrisburg, Pa.

d) Experimental; for general design.

e) Suspended.

(2543) STUDY OF CONDUIT EXIT PORTALS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; master's of science thesis.

(f) General pressure-distribution study completed.

(g) Tests of square and circular conduit with

free-jet, horizontal apron, and three different wall flares, have been completed.

(3084) STUDY ON IMPROVING DESIGN OF A HOPPER

DREDGE PUMP.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dlst.,

Marine Division, Philadelphia, Corps of Engineers

d) Applied and Basic Research.

e) The Immediate purpose of the study is to improve design of a hopper dredge centrigugal pump for pumping silt-clay water mixtures The long-term objective is to determine the effect of Bingham Body-type of fluid on pumping characteristics. The project has been divided into four phases: (1) Model

test of existing dredge pump; (2) recom- mendations for design changes of the dredge

pump; (3) model investigation of the modifled design of the dredge pump; and (4) analysis of the investigation and final

recommendations. Phase 1 involved Instal- lation in the hydraulic laboratory of a 1:8 scale model of the dredge pump now used on the U.S. Corps of Engineers dredge ESSAYONS. Water as well as sllt-clay-water mixtures

(Bingham Body-type of fluid) were pumped and complete characteristics of the pump ob- tained for capacity of 0 to 1200 gallons per minute, speed of 1150 to 1900 revolutions

per minute, and liquid concentrations of 1000 and 1380 grams per liter. Phases 2 and

3 Involve modifications in the shape of vane and changes in the exit vane angle of the impeller. Experimental tests indicate con- siderable Improvement in pump efficiency.

f) Phases 1, 2 and 3 completed; 4 - active.

g) Considerable improvement in pump efficiency

has been achieved.

(h) "Effect of Impeller Design Changes on Characteristics of a Model Dredge Pump," by

John B. Herbich and H. R. Vallentine.

Project Report No. 33, Fritz Engineering

Laboratory, Lehigh University, September

1961, Fritz Lab. Report No. 277-PR 33. (Copies available only with sponsor's per- | mission)

"Discussion on Latest Dredging Practice,"

John B. Herbich, Proc . ASCE, Journal of Waterways and Harbors Division, Paper 2914, 1961 (copies available).

(3085) STUDY SCALE EFFECT BETWEEN MODEL AND PROTOTYPE SPILLWAYS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dj Graduate students' project.

(e) A 1:100 scale two-dimensional model built

of Chief Joseph Dam. Prototype crest pressures compared with the data obtained

38
(h)

on the model.

if) Completed.

(g) Very good correlation obtained between the model and prototype. INVESTIGATION OF DESIGN CRITERIA OF SPUR

DIKES. Modjeski and Masters, Consulting Engineers,

Harrisburg, Pa., Lehigh University Inst, of Research.

(d) Analytical and experimental.

(e) The project has been divided into four phases:

Literature survey; analytical study; experimental study in a fixed-bed model to de- termine the desired lengths and shapes of spur dikes to provide uniform velocity

distribution in the waterway between bridge

abutments; (d) experimental study in a movable-bed model to verify findings in part.

A spur dike has been defined as a projection

extending upstream from the bridge abutments.

If) Phases completed; phase active,

(g) Preliminary investigation Indicates that a properly designed spur dike can produce a fairly uniform velocity distribution between

the abutments.

"Control of Bridge Scour by Spur Dikes," by

John B. Herbich and H. R. Vallentlne, Project

Report No. 32, Fritz Engineering Laboratory,

Lehigh University, December 1961., Fritz Lab. Report No. 280.32. (in press.)

"Scour Control at Skew Bridge Abutments by Use of Spur Dikes," by M. S. Patel and John

B. Herbich, December 1961, Fritz Lab. Report

No. 280-M-30. (Copies available.)

11) STUDY OF SCALE EFFECT BETWEEN MODEL AND PROTOTYPE 270 DEGREE BENDS FOR FLOW OF SILT-CLAY-WATER MIXTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) M. S. Thesis.

(e) Four-, six-, and eight-inch diameter 90 degree elbows assembled to form 270 degree

bends. Head loss measurements obtained for various flows and concentrations of sllt- clay-water mixtures. Prediction equations

have been investigated. No evidence of appreciable scale effect

observed

SUGGESTED DESIGN CHANGES FOR A CENTRIFUGAL

PUMP IMPELLER HANDLING DREDGED MUD.

(b) Research report requirement of master's

degree.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) Design changes in centrifugal pump Impeller

for handling mud are suggested on basis of past research and theoretical considerations.

(f) Completed.

[3746) ANALYSIS OF FLOW PATTERN IN VOLUTE OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP.

(b) Research report requirement of master's

degree

(d) Experimental

(e) High-speed movies of flow taken through a transparent plexlglas volute casing were analyzed. Velocity distribution as well as distribution of the exit angle between the impeller vanes as fluid leaves the impeller

were determined.

[3747) FRICTION HEAD LOSSES IN CIRCULAR PIPES FOR A BIMGHAM-BODY FLUID.

(t>) Laboratory project.

'(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) The object of the study is the determination

of the pipe flow characteristics of slurries

of various concentrations. The slurries do

not behave as fluids of constant viscosity

so that it is not possible to use conventional

methods for prediction of head losses in pipes conveying them. Tests are being con- ducted in 6-inch, 3-inch, and 2-inch pipelines

with velocities from less than 1 fps to over

30 fps.

(4154) DREDGE PUMP DESIGN.

(b) National Bulk Carriers, Inc.

(d) Experimental.

(e) The objective of the investigation is to obtain the efficiency and head-capacity

curves, to check the effect of the reduced

vane exit angle, and to determine the ef- ficiency of a model dredge pump while

pumping silt-clay-water mixture of specific

gravity equal to 1.17. The experimental

tests were carried out on a 1/8 model pump

of the National Bulk Carriers Hopper Dredge,

S. S. Zulia.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(4155) WAVE RUN-UP ON COMPOSITE BEACHES.

(d) Graduate students' project. Experimental,

applied research for design.

(e) The main object of the study is to verify

existing equations for determining the height

of wave run-up and obtain the limits of ap- plication of the equation for long beach

berms

The study is conducted in a 67 ft. -long, 2 ft. -wide and 2 ft. -deep wave channel e- qulpped with pendulum-type wave generator

and efficient absorbers.

(4156) MULTIPLE DREDGE PUMP SYSTEMS.

(b) National Bulk Carriers, Inc.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) The study is conducted to determine the ef- fect on total production of dredge pumps with separate discharges and a combined

discharge. The investigation is divided

into two parts: (a) One pair of pumps is handling a mixture of water and solids, the other is pumping only water. It is required

to determine what percentage of its normal

output will the dredge pump passing the mixture attain. (b) If one of a pair of dredge pumps, both handling water-solids

mixtures, is revolving slower than the other

one, how does the total discharge compare

to the total if the discharges were not combined?

LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND A AND M COLLEGE,

Agricultural Engineering Department.

(4157)

ID

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

FURROW IRRIGATION IN SUGAR CANE. Laboratory project

Mr. James E. Wlmberly, Agri. Engr. Dept.,

Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La. Experimental; applied research, master's

thesis

A study of the infiltration characteristics

and size of furrow stream for different soil types in the sugar cane area. From one year's results, rate of advance e- quation and infiltration equations for dif- ferent size furrow streams on three different

soil types have been developed.

"Design of Furrow Irrigation System in Sugar

Cane," by James E. Wimberly, Agricultural

Engineering Department, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, Louisiana, unpublished

Master's Thesis.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of Civil Engineering, Hydrodynamics Laboratory.

Requests for reprints and Technical Reports should

be addressed to Dr. Arthur T. Ippen, Professor of Hydraulics, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Mass. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.

39
(307) MECHANICS OP STRATIFIED PLOW.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; graduate

research.

(e) A general study of the characteristics of flows in which vertical density gradients

are present. Density differences may be due

to temperature, chemical composition or solids in suspension. The topic currently

under Investigation is the forced mixing of

a stratified body of water.

(g) Circulation and mixing is induced in a two layer stratified reservoir by means of air

bubbles introduced from a manifold. An evaluation of the mixing efficiency versus

air flow rate is made by comparing the change in potential energy of the reservoir

with the energy input at the manifold.

(h) "Forced Circulation in Vertically Stratified

Fluids by Air Injection," S.M. Thesis, F. T. Gay and Z. Hagedorn, Jr., January 1962.

(1609) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE FORMATION OF LITTORAL CURRENTS.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers

(c) Prof. P. S. Eagleson, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

d) Experimental; basic research.

e) Quantitative study of the mechanics of the formation of longshore currents along

straight beaches.

(g) Current experiments are studying the energy

budget in a shoaling wave up to and beyond

the breaker in order to define the energy

input to a littoral current system.

(2546) CHARACTERISTICS OP FLOW WITH DILUTE FIBER

SUSPENSIONS.

(b) Technical Association of Pulp and Paper

Industries

(c) Prof. A. T. Ippen and Prof. J. W. Daily,

Mass. Inst, of Tech; Cambridge 39, Mass.

d) Experimental and analytical; basic research.

e) Basic Investigation of hydrodynamics of dilute suspensions.

(g) Previous investigations of the hydrodynamics

of flowing paper fiber suspensions emphasized the dual role of fiber interlocking

and turbulence in the transfer of momentum

and shear with such suspensions. The present

studies are investigating the role of the suspended medium in modifying the turbulence

structure in the absence of particle en- tanglement and interlocking. Near neutrally

buoyant rigid particles are being used. Energy dissipation, velocity profiles and turbulence characteristics are being studied

experimentally and analytically.

(h) "Concentration Effects of Rigid Particle

Suspensions on Turbulent Shear Flow, " by

T. K. Chu, Civil Engineer Degree Thesis,

August 1961. "Basic Data for Dilute Fiber Suspensions in Uniform Flow with Shear," J. W. Daily and

G. Bugliarello, TAPPI Vol. 44 No. 7, July

1961. "Rheological Models and Laminar Shear Flow

of Fiber Suspensions," by G. Bugliarello and

J. W. Daily, TAPPI Vol. 44, No. 12, Dec. 1961.

(2548) TURBULENT DIFFUSION IN STRATIFIED FLUIDS.

b) U. S. Public Health Service.

c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Prof. D. R. P. Harleman,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

(doctoral thesis).

(e) An investigation of various turbulent diffusion processes for application to salinity

intrusion and waste disposal in partially or well mixed tidal estuaries.

(g) The experimental equipment is a 32-foot

channel in which turbulence is generated

mechanically by means of a stack of expanded

aluminum sheets oscillating vertically with

amplitudes up to one-half inch and fre- quencies up to four cycles per second. Concentrations are measured and recorded at various stations by means of probes sensitive to the changes in conductivity. The turbulence level Is specified in terms of the measured rate of energy dissipation

within the liquid. The effects of gravity

convection due to density differences be- tween the diffusant and receiving fluids

are separated from turbulent diffusion ef- fects by a series of control tests with zero density difference. Experiments were made

to determine the longitudinal distribution

of salinity in a uniform estuary with fresh water inflow at one end and a constant ocean salinity maintained at the other end. Salinity distributions are determined for various fresh water Inflow rates and tur- bulence levels in the flume. The one-dimensional salinity distribution is found to be correlated with a stratification

parameter expressing the ratio of energy dissipation to the gain in potential energy

of the flow in the estuary. Present studies

are concerned with the two-dimensional

salinity distributions and the relationship

of the vertical salinity gradients to the vertical velocity distributions. The re- versal of the bottom velocities which is characteristic of estuaries is also shown

to be related to the stratification parameter

described above,

(h) "One dimensional Analysis of Salinity

Intrusion In Estuaries," by A. T. Ippen and

D. R. F. Harleman, Tech. Bull. No. 5, Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, June 1961. "Turbulent diffusion in a Vertical Column

of liquid," by F. Malouf, S. M. Thesis,

1961.

(2801) INTERACTION OF WAVES WITH FLOATING BODIES.

b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

e) Analytical and experimental investigation of interaction of surface waves with basic

shapes. Purpose of the study is to develop

a feasible prototype floating or moored

breakwater structure.

(g) Two problems are currently under Investigation (1) A study of the effect of a gradual decrease of depth on a train of shallow water surface waves. Reflection and transmission coefficients are being measured

for various wave lengths and depths. Results are compared with existing theories.

Energy losses due to separation at corners

of the sloped bottom are believed to be responsible for differences between theory

and experiment. (2) A new type of sub- merged breakwater consisting of an array of open tubes with their axes parallel to the direction of wave propagation is being

tested. Randomness of position and tube length and total force on the array are being investigated in relation to the trans- mission coefficient of the breakwater.

(2802) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF WAKE MECHANICS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, David Taylor Model

Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. J. W. Daily, Prof. P. S. Eagleson,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental; basic research (doctoral

theses)

(e) A study of the effect of trailing edge

geometry on the characteristics of the wake

of a thin flat plate with particular emphasis on transverse plate vibrations. Tests

are carried out In a 7-1/2" x 9" water tunnel test section capable of speeds to 40 ft/sec.

(g) Measurements of the turbulent structure of

40
the early wake behind a stationary thin flat plate have been made in water for various

trailing edge geometries and chord lengths. The transfer of energy between plate and fluid is being investigated under conditions

in which the fluid motion induces vibrations

of the plate,

(h) "A Total Head Tube for the Broad-Band

Measurement of Turbulent Velocity Fluctuations in Water," by P . S. Eagleson and

F. E. Perkins, Proceedings Ninth Congress

IAHR, Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, September 1961.

"An Investigation of the Early Wake Behind

Submerged Flat Plates as Influenced by

Trailing Edge Configuration," E. J. Petersen

Jr. and G. D. Sylvester, SM and Naval

Engineer Thesis, MIT, 1961.

"The Structure of the Early Wake of Stationary, Flat Plates, as Influenced by Chord

Length and Trailing Edge Geometry," by R. A. Grace, S.M. Thesis, MIT Course I, 1961. "Turbulence in the Early Wake of a Fixed

Flat Plate," by P. S. Eagleson, C. I. Hural

and F. E. Perkins, Hydrodyn. Lab. Tech. Report No. 46, February 1961.

(3089) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF EROSION IN CURVED

CHANNELS.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, Soil and Water Conservation and Research Div., U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

(c) Professors A. T. Ippen and P. A. Drinker,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental; basic research (doctoral

thesis)

(e) Investigation of boundary shear stress distribution and magnitude in curved, open channels to determine location and extent

of protection required in natural streams.

f) Inactive.

g) An investigation was conducted on the distribution and magnitudes of boundary

shear stresses arising from subcritical

flows through curved trapezoidal channels.

The test series was designed to determine

the effects in the shear patterns of variation in discharge, bend geometry, boundary

roughness, and upstream channel alinement. Two flumes of different bend radius and base width were used, each consisting of a single

circular curve of 60 degrees central angle,

with straight upstream and downstream tangent

sections. The greatest part of the test program dealt with flows In smooth channels.

For a Froude number range of 0.32 to 0.55, the stream geometries varied as follows: ratio of width to depth 7 < w/yo^l2; ratio

of width to centerline radius, 0.29<w/rc <0.80. In addition two tests were con- ducted in a rough surfaced channel at stream geometries corresponding to runs in the smooth channel series, and a series of tests

was conducted, simulating the flows through

U- and S-kind stream patterns. Local boundary shear stresses viere measured with round

surface Pitot tubes; a modified Pitot tube was developed and calibrated for use on the rough test surface.

As the next phase of this study, it is pro- posed that the effects of bed deformation on the shear pattern, and the propagation of scour areas be investigated, through the introduction of erodible bed material as an experimental variable,

(h) "Boundary Shear Stresses in Curved Trapezoidal Channels," by P. A. Drinker, Ph.D. Thesis, MIT, September 1961. "Boundary Shear Stresses in Curved Trapezoidal Channels," by A. T. Ippen, P. A. Drinker, 0. H. Shemdin, and W. R. Jobin, MIT Hydrodynamics Laboratory Technical

Report -Mo. 47, January 1962.

(3443) COMPUTER STUDY OF POWER PLANT TRANSIENTS.

b) Missouri River Division, Corps of Engineers.

c) Prof. A. T. In-en, Prof. F. S. Eagleson,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 33, Mass.

(d) Theoretical, field measurements; applied

research.

(e) Development of a comprehensive digital com- puter program for the solution and investigation of the complete transient problem in hydropower Installations.

(g) The problem of load rejection has been

programmed for the IBM 709 computer. The

problem of load acceptance and surge tank

stability is being formulated. Assistance

has been furnished the Corps of Engineers

in the planning and conduct of a compre- hensive field test of Garrison Power Plant. This test involved measurement of all pertinent mechanical, electrical and hydraulic variables under conditions of acceptance, rejection and oscillation of load.

(3444) EFFECTS OF BASIN GEOMETRY AND VISCOUS

DAMPING IN THE AMPLITUDE OF RESONANT OSCILLATIONS IN HARBORS.

b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

(doctoral thesis).

(e) Investigation of the response of a harbor

to waves Incident on the harbor opening.

(g) Initial experimental phase dealt with a circular harbor having a small entrance gap

and communicating with the main wave basin

by means of an entrance channel. The characteristics of the response of this

harbor in the vicinity of the lowest sym- metrical resonant mode of oscillation were

studied. Present study is concerned with

question of modelling a prototype system in the laboratory with respect to the correct periods of resonant oscillations. An ex- perimental program was Initiated based on a non-dissipative model system consisting of a small rectangular harbor directly connected

to a larger wave basin. The extremely

important aspect of coupling was evident in this system which therefore masked the true nature of resonance and showed how difficult

it is to adequately describe a prototype

system by a simple model. Results indicate

that only for very large values of the ratio

of wave basin width to harbor width was the model system able to describe the wave periods which excite modes of oscillation in the harbor. Experimental extensions of this are in progress to determine how wave absorbers and filters introduced into the main wave basin

effect the resonant characteristics of the small harbor.

(3445) CHARACTERISTICS OF CROSS WAVES.

b) Office of Naval Research.

c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Prof. L. Howard (Math.), Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; (doctoral

thesis)

(e) An investigation of the stability of two- dimensional standing waves which lead to the development of three-dimensional cross (or edge) waves.

(f) Inactive.

(g) The phenomenon of cross waves occurs when a wave generator is operated at high fre- quencies. Standing cross waves having crests perpendicular to the wave generator may then

be observed.

A theory of cross waves in a closed tank has been developed. The amplitudes of the various modes of the free surface as functions

of the width to length ratio and the amount by which the critical wave amplitude is exceeded by the driving amplitude can be calculated. Experimental measurements have essentially verified the theory.

(h) "Non-linear Standing Waves in a Rectangular

Tank due to Forced Oscillation," by J. D. Lin and L. N. Howard, MIT Hydrodynamics Lab.

41
(d)

[e)

(g)

(h)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(3749)

(b)

(c)

(g)

Tech Report No. 44, October 1960. EFFECT OF PARTICLES ON TURBULENCE AND

RESISTANCE IN FREE SURFACE FLOW. Laboratory project.

Prof. A. T. Ippen, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass. Theoretical and experimental (doctoral

thesis)

An investigation of the effect of neutrally

buoyant particle suspensions on the re- sistance coefficient and shape of the ve- locity profile. Measurements of the intensity and spectrum of the velocity

fluctuations in the direction of mean flow

are made to study changes in the turbulence

structure

The purpose of the first phase is to e- liminate the buoyant weight of the particles

as a suspension parameter and to develop a phenomenological model to describe the observed effects. The change in shape of the velocity profiles

was found to be similar to that obtained in studies with silt and sand suspensions. The turbulence intensity was found to increase

with increasing concentration. The results

for one particular particle size are correlated against concentration.

It was concluded that the buoyant weight of the suspended particles has no primary ef- fect on the flow characteristics.

"The Dynamics of Open Channel Flow with

Suspensions of Neutrally Buoyant Particles,"

by A. T. Ippen and C. Elata, Hydrodyn. Lab. Tech. Report No. 45, January 1961. DISPERSION IN POROUS MEDIA.

U. S. Public Health Service.

Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Mass. Inst, of Tech. Cambridge 39, Mass. Theoretical and experimental; basic research

(doctoral thesis)

Investigation of the mechanism of dispersion

in porous media. Experimental program

includes a study of saline water intrusion

in coastal aquifers.

Longitudinal dispersion in steady and quasisteady flow has been investigated. Sands

and glass beads are being used in the ex- perimental equipment. The hodograph so- lution for the stationary intruded saline

wedge in an idealized confined coastal

aquifer has been experimentally verified. Present phase is concerned with the dispersion zone of the wedge when tidal oscillations are introduced at the ocean. RESISTANCE OF ENCLOSED ROTATING DISKS. Office of Ordnance Research, U. S. Dept. of the Army.

Prof. J. W. Daily, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass. Experimental and analytical; basic research.

Effect of superposed through-flows on bounda- ry layers, secondary motions and surface re- sistance of enclosed rotating disks. An exploratory study to survey the main

features of the flow phenomena using flow visualization techniques as well as quantitative measurements is to be followed

by detailed studies in the significant range

of variables. WAVE FORCES ON SUBMERGED, MOORED OBJECTS.

(g)

(g) Two shapes, an ellipsoid of revolution and

a sphere, have been tested at various depths

of submergence. Objects are moored by a simple cable system so that the motion, is that of an inverted pendulum. The controlling parameter is the ratio of the natural

frequency of the moored object to the frequency of the surface wave motion.

Conditions leading to resonance must be avoided if mooring forces are to be small.

(h) "The Dynamics of a Submerged, Moored Sphere

in Oscillatory Waves," by Donald R. F. Harleman and W. C. Shapiro, Proc . 7th Con- ference on Coastal Engineering, The Hague,

1961. "Dynamic Behavior of Buoyant, Moored Sphere

Subject to Wave Forces," by K. S. Chang,

S. B. Thesis, M. I. T. , June 1961.

(3751) ANALYSIS OF TIDAL MOTION IN ESTUARIES. Laboratory project.

Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass. Theoretical; basic research. Formulation of mathematical models for the analysis of the dynamic behavior of tidal

estuaries. For a particular estuary in which the tidal amplitudes are known it Is desired to predict tidal velocities and rates of energy dissipation. These quantities are necessary for the analysis of salinity intrusion phenomena. Two estuaries have been studied; the Bay of Fundy and the Delaware. In each case com- puted tidal velocities are in close agree- ment with observed values. Method does not depend on segmentation of the estuary hence analytical tidal velocity expressions can be determined which are applicable over the entire length. The analysis of energy dissipation rates has been completed.

"Tidal Energy Dissipation in the Delaware

Estuary," by D. A. Goulls, S. M. Thesis,

January 1962. EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE FORMATION OF LONGSHORE CURRENTS. Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Prof. P. S. Eagleson, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass. Experimental; basic research. Quantitative study of the mechanics of the formation of longshore currents. Current experiments are studying the strength

of littoral currents generated on a straight,

plane Impermeable beach as a function of Incident wave characteristics, beach roughness and beach slope. INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM FOR THE ANALYSIS OF RANDOM PROCESSES IN FLUIDS. National Science Foundation.

Prof. A. T. Ippen, Prof. J. W. Daily, Prof.

P. S. Eagleson.

Basic research facility.

Design and assembly of analog computer for

the calculation of correlation and spectrum

functions for random variables.

A system consisting of recorders, filters,

time delays, phase shifters, multipliers,

integraters and x-y plotters has been de- signed and is being purchased. Application

is to the analysis of random variables in problems of turbulence, hydro-elastic vi- brations and water waves.

(h)

(4158)

(g)

(4159)

Laboratory project. (4160)

^c; Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

Jd) Theoretical and experimental; basic research. (b

l e) Investigation of the dynamic behavior and mooring forces on a submerged, buoyant body

whose motion is induced by a train of (d oscillatory surface waves. The objective is ( e to develop a method of predicting amplitudes

of motion and mooring forces.

MOTION OF SUBMERGED BODIES BELOW A FREE

SURFACE. Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Prof. A. T. Ippen and Prof. J. F. Kennedy,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass. Experimental; basic research.

An Investigation of the interaction of a free surface and the turbulent wake gener- ated by a moving body. The characteristics

42
of the free surface behind the moving body

and the decay of the wake turbulence are of particular interest.

(f) Measurements of velocity profiles downstream from a turbulent Jet beneath a free surface have been made. These indicate that

the free surface has little if any effect on the velocity distribution upstream from the location where the jet intersects the free

surface. Apparatus and experimental

techniques are now being developed to per- form experiments with circular discs towed

at various depths below the free surface.

(4161) MECHANICS OP DUNES AND ANTI DUNES IN ALLUVIAL

CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. John F. Kennedy, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical research.

(e) An investigation of the stability of the sand bed-fluid interface of flow over an erodible bed.

(g) Linearized potential flow theory and empirical sediment transport relations are being used to Investigate the conditions

under which the various bed features form, and the characteristics of the bed features.

It has been shown that for certain sediment

properties and flow conditions, the interface is unstable, and that above a certain

critical Froude number antidunes will form

while dunes occur at lower Froude numbers.

(h) "Stationary Waves and Antidunes in Alluvial

Channels," by John F. Kennedy. Report No. KH-R-2, W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics

and Resources, California Institute of Tech.,

Pasadena, California.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of Mechanical Engineering.

(2807) THE HYDRAULIC ANALOGY APPLIED TO COMPRESSIBLE

FLOW IN THE PARTIAL ADMISSION TURBINE.

(b) Office of Naval Research and United States Naval Underwater Ordnance Station.

(c) Prof. Robert W. Mann, Room 3-459A, Mass.

Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Massachusetts.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research

for master's and doctoral theses.

(e) A study of time-varying two-dimensional

compressible flow with the goal of design

recommendations for partial admission turbine

blading, although the results are generally

applicable to time-varying two-dimensional

geometries

(g) A one-dimensional time-varying analysis of initially supersonic compressible flow through the partial admission turbine has correlated well with analogous water height measurements on a large scale dynamic water

table representative of the turbine gas geometry and test conditions. Techniques

for photostereo mapping of the two-dimensional

water surface have been developed. Two- dimensional data is consistent with previous

one-dimensional channel centerline capacitive water height measurement, but illustrate the complexity of the two-dimensional flow. A two-dimensional model has been postulated.

Attempts to predict turbine efficiency from

the one-dimensional studies have not been

fruitful.

(h) "Analysis and Experiment on Unsteady Gas Flows Using the Hydraulic Analogy," by M. Suo, S. M. Thesis, Department of Mechanical

Engineering, M. I. T., Cambridge, Mass.,

Jan. 1960. "Unsteady Flow Inefficiencies in PartialAdmission Turbines," by R. A. Lucheta, S.B. Thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering,

M. I. T., June 1961.

"The Hydraulic Analogy Applied to Nonsteady,

Two-Dimensional Flow In the Partial-Admission

Turbine," by H. K. Heen and R. W. Mann,

Journal of Basic Engineering, Trans, of the ASME, September 1961, pp. 408-422.

(3092) JET-PIPE CONTROL VALVES.

(b) U. S. Air Force and Kearfott, Division of General Precision, Inc.

(c) Prof. J. L. Shearer, Prof. S. Y. Lee, Dept.

of Mech. Engineering, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

d) Applied research, thesis investigation.

e) An analytical and experimental study of the steady-state and dynamic characteristics of pneumatic, hot-gas and hydraulic Jet-pipe

control devices. An investigation of the effects of turbulent diffusion of the fluid

Jets of Jet-type devices and an associated

investigation of the limitations of using

potential flow solutions to predict the characteristics of Jet-type devices are Included In the overall study. Emphasis is on better understanding the fundamental

behavior of Jet-type devices.

(g) Experimental work conducted to date has produced useful Information concerning the steady-state characteristics of conventional

hydraulic and pneumatic Jet-pipe valves. Optimum design conditions have been es- tablished based on certain criteria of merit.

(h) "Basic Characteristics of a Pneumatic JetPipe Valve," by K. N. Reid, 1960 Northeast

Electronics Research and Engineering Meeting

Record, Boston, Mass., November 1960.

"An Experimental Study of the Design Parameters of Hydraulic Jet-Pipe Valves,"

by A. C. Curtiss, Thesis (S.M.), Dept. of Mech. Engr., Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge,

Mass., June 1961. "Steady-State Flow Induced Forces in a Hydraulic Jet-Pipe Valve," by J. C. Tamulis,

Thesis (S.M.), Dept. of Mech. Engr., Mass.

Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass., Aug. 1961.

(3447) REACTION-JET SERVOMOTOR.

b) U. S. Air Force.

c) Prof. S.-Y. Lee, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

d) Analytical and experimental.

e) Study the feasibility of using dynamic

type fluid motor in servo applications where

hot gas is used as a medium.

(s) (!) Steady-state torque-speed characteristics, (2) dynamic response, (3) per- formance of position-control servo systems

using the reaction-Jet motor, and (4) hot gas applications.

(3448) FLOW THROUGH CONTROL VALVE ORIFICES.

(b) U. S. Air Force, Chandler-Evans Corp., and Hamilton Standard (Div. of United Aircraft).

(c) Prof. J. L. Shearer, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

dl Applied research.

e) Experimental Investigation of the characteristics of flow through fixed area and variable area orifices with emphasis on resistance to fluid flow and the factors

that lead to being able to predict the resistance characteristics over a wide range

of Reynolds Numbers.

(g) Actual size and large scale models have been studied for hydraulic and pneumatic flows with special emphasis on low Reynold Number

flows. Small amounts of rounding of the entrance corners have a very great effect

on discharge coefficients at low and intermediate Reynolds Numbers with hydraulic

flow. Pneumatic flows have demonstrated

bi-stable flow conditions accompanied by

hysteresis. A basic investigation is underway of the causes of bistable flows which

occur in flapper-nozzle valves. Unsteady

flow In poppet valves is also being investigated experimentally.

(h) "Discharge Coefficients and Steady-State

Flow Forces for Hydraulic Poppet Valves,"

by J. A. Stone, Trans. ASME, Vol. 82, Series

43
D, No. 1, March 1960, pp. 144-154.

"Two-Dimensional Transonic Gas Jets," by

R. E. Norwood, Sc.D. Thesis, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, M. I. T., Cambridge,

Mass., June 1961. "Discharge Coefficients for Plow Through

Small Orifices," by D. J. Tapparo, S.B. Thesis, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,

M. I. T., June 1961.

(3452) INTERACTIONS AMONG BURNING FUEL DROPLETS AND

THEIR EFFECTS ON COMBUSTION STABILITY AND ROUGHNESS

(b) U. S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research.

(c) Prof. T. Y. Toong, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for doctoral, master's and bachelor's

theses

(e) Theoretical and experimental investigations

of interactions among burning fuel droplets

in a steady and oscillating air stream. The main objective is to further an understanding of the general problem of combustion

instability.

(g) Theoretical and experimental studies of the interactions between two burning fuel cylinders were carried out. Measured results of burning rate and flame position

agree well with the predicted ones.

(h) "A Theoretical Study of Interactions Between

Two Parallel Burning Fuel Plates," by T. Y. Toong, Combustion and Flame, vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 221-227, 1961. "Theoretical and Experimental Study of Interactions Between Two Burning Fuel Cylinders," by T. N. Chen, Sc.D. Thesis, M.E. Dept., M.I.T., May, 1961.

(3456) FLAME PROPAGATION AND STABILIZATION IN BOUNDARY LAYERS.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) prof. T. Y. Toong, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for doctoral and master's theses.

(e) Basic study of mechanisms of flame propa- gation and stabilization in a laminar boundary layer adjacent to a heated plate.

(g) Variation of propagation speed of a two- dimensional laminar flame in a heated bounda- ry layer was measured by a particle-track

method. Measurements substantiate the burning-velocity profile postulated in the study of mechanism of flame stabilization.

(h) "Determination of the Velocity Field Across

a Two-Dimensional Flame by a Particle-Track

Method," by Jon R. Kelly, S.M. Thesis, M.E. Dept., M.I.T., May, 1961.

(34 57) JET MIXING WITH CHEMICAL REACTION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. T. Y. Toong, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for doctoral and master's theses.

(e) Theoretical and experimental investigations

of the effects of chemical reaction on transport of mass, momentum and energy.

(g) Propagation of kernels ignited at a short distance downstream of the initial contact

point between two concentric gas streams of different composition, temperature and ve- locity were studied by the use of high-speed

streak photography. Rapid, successive oc- currences of these propagating kernels at different circumferential positions in the mixing zone result in a stable flame.

(h) "An Experimental Study of Ignition and Combustion in a Jet Mixing Zone," by W. M. Rohrer, Jr., S.M. Thesis, M. E. Dept., M.I.T.,

August 1961.

(3758) FILM BOILING IN FORCED CONVECTION IN HORI- ZONTAL AND VERTICAL TUBES.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Prof. W. M. Rohsenow, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental and analytical study of heat transfer to film boiling of Freon-12.

(e) A stainless steel tube and an electrically

heated glass (Corning Glass Co.) tube of the

same size are in parallel and may be run alternately. Heat flux and temperatures are taken In the steel tube, then the flow

regime is observed at the same conditions in

the glass tube. Effect of liquid subcooling

is being investigated.

(g) Results have been obtained for the horizontal tube with the liquid at the saturation

temperature. The flow is stratified with no bubbles in the liquid. A vapor film

surrounds the liquid. Agreement exists be- tween calculated and measured axial temperature distributions along the top and bottom

of the tube

(3760) PROPULSION THROUGH CHANGES OF BODY SHAPE.

b) Departmental research.

c) Prof. A. H. Shapiro, Mechanical Engineering

Dept., M.I.T., Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical research for doctoral thesis.

(e) The object is to understand the propulsion

mechanism of a flexible, oscillating plate

in a flowing stream.

(g) Experiments underway.

(4162) VALVE STABILITY STUDY.

(b) Hamilton Standard Div., and United Aircraft

Corp.

(c) Prof. S. Y. Lee, Mech. Engineering Dept.,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

d) Basic and applied research.

e) Experimental and theoretical study of sta- bility of control valves of simple configurations; e.g. poppet-type valve and spooltype valve.

(g) Experimental apparatus was developed to measure the dynamic relationship between

valve displacement, flow rate, pressure drop and flow forces. It is hoped that deeper

insight of the stability of a control valve

can be gained by this study.

(h) "Transient Forces on Hydraulic Seating Type

Valves," by F. T. Murray, Thesis (S.N.) Dept. of Mech. Engr., Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. Sept. 1961.

(4163) A STUDY OF THE STABILITY OF INCOMPRESSIBLE PARALLEL LAMINAR FLOW.

(b) National Science Foundation, Grant No.

G 10861.

(c) Asst. Prof. E. F. Kurtz, Jr. Room 3-356

M. I. T. Cambridge, Mass.

(d) A theoretical study in which numerical

techniques were used; doctoral thesis.

(e) The study was performed on an IBM 709 Data Processing System located at the Computation Center of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The mathematical formulation of the problem Is first described, leading to the Orr-Sommerfeld Equation and boundary

conditions. In the derivation it is as- sumed that the flow is incompressible and parallel. The problem is of the eigenvalue

type. The solution on a digital computer

is obtained by performing a transformation

on the mathematical formulation; the differential equations comprising the mathematical

formulation are converted into an algebraic

model of the differential system. A method

is described for reducing the truncation

error of the algebraic model so that highly

accurate solutions may be obtained at relatively small computing cost. The basic

method used to obtain solutions is essentially one of searching by trial for roots of

the secular relation. This secular relation

is the determinant of the coefficient matrix

44
(h)

(4154)

IS

of the algebraic model. Completed

Results are presented for two laminar flows,

the Blaslus solution for the laminar bounda- ry layer of an incompressible flow on a flat

plate, and the laminar free-convection

boundary layer on a vertical heated flat

plate. These results consist of eigenvalues

of wave velocity, wave number, and Reynolds

number, and eigenfunctions for stable,

neutrally stable, and unstable disturbances.

The results for the Blasius flow agree well with the already available theoretical and experimental results for this flow, con- firming that the computer program functions

properly. The only results presently available for the free-convection boundary layer,

consisting of a single experimental observation, are found to be consistent with the results reported here. Some further results

are also presented, showing the physical

nature of the disturbances, and some information about the spectrum of the Orr- Sommerfeld Equation.

"A Study of the Stability of Laminar Parallel

Flows," by Edward Fulton Kurtz, Jr. Doctoral

Thesis, Massachusetts Inst, of Tech., June

1961. BOILING AND TWO-PHASE FLOW. Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Mr. P. Griffith, Mech. Engineering Dept.,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass. Investigation of boiling and two-phase flow. To investigate what is the mechanism of bubble agglonevation, the mechanism of bubble

departure at various "g" in boiling (i.e. what is the effect of liquid dynamics), and

the mechanism of bubble formation in an initially subcooled boiling system.

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS, School of Engineering.

(2561) HYDROLOGY STUDIES IN WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS.

(b) Cooperative with the U.S. Soil Conservation

Service, U.S. Weather Bureau and U.S. Geological Survey. Student assistance has been financed by faculty research grants.

(c) Prof. George R. Higgins, Engineering Research

Institute, Univ. of Mass., Amherst, Mass.

(d) Experimental-field and laboratory; for de- sign of watershed yield, flood peak reduction,

and general information

(e) Mass curve studies for reservoir and watershed yield have been completed for selected

drainage areas in western Massachusetts.

An extension of these data combined with an expansion of some field work with regard to runoff characteristics of small drainage

areas is planned.

(f) Temporarily suspended.

(3766) AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE STABILITY OF STANDING (TRAFPED RING) VORTICES IN TWO- DIMENSIONAL INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project financed by faculty re- search grant and department funds.

(c) Dr. Charles E. Carver, Jr., Assoc. Prof, of Fluid Mechanics, Dept. of Civil Eng., Univ.

of Mass., Amherst, Mass.

(&) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Using a Hele-Shaw table, a vortex is formed

in a cusp and the tendency of the vortex to remain in the cusp is studied for various

free stream velocities past the cusp as well

as for various suction rates applied within

the cusp in accordance with a theory of Rlngleb.

(4165) EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF TWO-PHASE FLOW.

and chairman, Dept. of Chemical Engineering,

Univ. of Mass., Amherst, Mass.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) Effect of surface tension of pressure drop

and slip for two-phase flow; variation in phase ratios along a pipe.

(4166) AGITATION CHARACTERISTICS IN LIQUID-LIQUID

SYSTEMS. Laboratory project.

Dr. E. E. Lindsey, Associate Dean of Engrg.,

and Chairman, Dept. of Chemical Engineering,

Univ. of Mass., Amherst, Mass.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis

(e) Characteristics of agitation are determined

from particle size of dispersions produced;

particle sizes measured by light scattering

techniques

(4167) PRESSURE DROP ACROSS FITTINGS.

(e)

Laboratory project.

Dr. E. E. Lindsey, Associate Dean of Engrg.

and Chairman, Dept. of Chemical Engineering,

Univ. of Mass., Amherst, Mass. Experimental; senior student honors project,

Dr. K. Cashin, supervisor. Pressure drop is measured for a number of different pipe fittings placed in series and

at different spacings; effect of approach

conditions Investigated.

Laboratory project

Senior student honors project, Dr. E. E. Lindsey supervisor, Associate Dean of Engrg.

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engrg.

(2125) SMALL AGRICULTURAL WATERSHED HYDROLOGY.

(b) Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. E. H. Kidder, Agricultural Engrg. Dept.

Michigan State University, East Lansing,

Mich.

fdl Field investigation; for design.

(e) Samples of runoff water are collected at periodic intervals and more frequent inter- vals during flood flow to determine the concentration of sediment being transported.

Runoff gaging stations serviced by USGS. Dense network of 22 recording raingages for

25 square mile area in two watersheds.

(g) Sediment content of runoff is low.

(2126) SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE.

(b) Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. E. H. Kidder, Agricultural Engineering

Dept., Mich. State Univ., East Lansing, Mich.

(d) Experimental; field Investigation, applied

research.

(e) To study the effect of bedding, bedding and

moling, bedding and tile, and tile drainage

on crop yields in a submarginal farming area. Crop yields in a grain-grain hay-hay rotatica

are measured in increments away from the drainage feature

(g) Two rod tile lateral spacing has given the highest crop yields. A 60-foot tile spacing

ranks second.

(2127) AN INVESTIGATION OF THE STABILITY AND DURABILITY OF SUBSURFACE DRAINS PLACED IN MUCK.

(b) Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. E. H. Kidder, Agricultural Engineering

Dept., Mich. State Univ., East Lansing, Mich.

(d) Experimental; field investigation; applied

research.

(e) Four lateral underdrains were placed in muck

(ph 6.5). Concrete and clay tile in one- and two-foot lengths, perforated steel pipe

in eight-foot lengths, and perforated fiber

pipe in six-foot lengths were installed in 1952. Elevations of the ground surface and

the underdrains are taken annually. Quality

of the material is checked at four-year

intervals

45
b

c

(a)

(e)

(S)

(h)

b

c

(d)

(e)

(g) The soil surface subsided 0.8 to 0.9 feet (3768) the first year, with little subsidence since. The underdrains settled 0.3 feet the first

year, negligible since. Concrete drain tile

from three manufacturers deteriorated by acid

action. Considerable rusting was noted on galvanized steel. Hay blinding material was

in excellent condition.

(3102) WATER REQUIREMENTS OF PLANTS.

(b) Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. E. H. Kidder, Agricultural Engineering

Dept., Mich. State Univ., East Lansing, Mich.

(d) Experimental, field investigation; applied

research

(e) Four areas are protected against natural

rainfall during the cropping season. Precision irrigation Is practiced to maintain four levels of available water in the

soil. Meteorological, evapotranspiration

and evaporation data are also collected.

(g) The highest level of available water (range

between 70 and 100$ in the surface foot)

gives the highest yield of potatoes. Con- sumptive use peak rate of 0.18 inches per

day.

(3104) SPRINKLER IRRIGATION FOR FROST PROTECTION OF

PLANTS.

(b) Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. E. H. Kidder, Agricultural Engineering

Dept., Mich. State Univ., East Lansing, Mich.

(d) Experimental, laboratory and field investigation; applied research.

(e) To determine the application rates and

repeat frequency of water application to give effective protection to plants against

frost damage

(g) Application rates of 0.1 inch per hour

repeat frequency of 12 to 20 seconds have protected truck crops against minimum

temperature of 19 degrees F.

(3105) SHEAR AND PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON DUNE- SHAPED BOUNDARIES.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. E. M. Laursen, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Mich. State Univ., East Lansing, Mich.

(d} Experimental; basic research.

(e) Since the bed of an alluvial stream commonly

consists of dunes and ripples, the distribution of shear and pressure over these roughness elements is of interest In regard

to both sediment transportation and re- sistance to flow. A 44-foot Lucite conduit

with schematic triangular dunes and air as the fluid is being used in the experimental

investigation

(3767) SYNTHESIS OF SEDIMENT-TRANSPORTING CHARACTERISTICS OF STREAMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. E. M. Laursen, Dept of Civil Engineering,

Mich. State Univ., East Lansing, Mich.

(d) Analytical; applied research, for M. S. thesis

(e) The assumption is made in this Investigation

that the variability of sediment load for a given discharge of a natural stream can be explained by a temporary change in the bed material of the stream due to the addition (h) of fine material during surface runoff. Field data of the U.S.G.S. at several lo- cations is being used to test this hypothesis. (4168)

(fl Completed.

(g) Variability of bed material, of water

temperature, and of stream characteristics (b are more than sufficient to explain the (c variability of the sediment load of the natural streams investigated.

(h) "Synthesis of Sediment Transporting (d) Characteristics of Alluvial Channels," by

G. A. Zernall, M. S. Thesis, Mich. State (e) University.

SPILLWAY PROFILES FOR DESIGNATED UNDERPRESSURE. Laboratory project.

Dr. E. M. Laursen, Dept. of Civil Engineering

Mich. State Univ., East Lansing, Mich.

Analytical; applied research, for Ph.D. Thesis

The idea of a constant underpressure

spillway shape has been tested and found

promising. An analytical method of de- termining the required profile is being

sought

An experimental comparison of a standard and

an underpressure spillway indicated that

the underpressure profile has merit.

"Design of Spillways for Underpressure," by

J. R. Adams, M. S. Thesis, Michigan State University.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Department of Civil Engrg.

(3769) WAVE REFRACTION IN A TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL.

(d)

(e)

Laboratory project.

Prof. E. F. Brater, Prof, of Hydraulic

Engineering, Dept. of Civil Engrg., College

of Engrg., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for doctoral thesis.

Investigation of the refraction of waves which enter a trapezoidal channel from

deeper water. Experimental work completed.

Analysis of data is near completion.

;3770) ROLL WAVES.

b} Laboratory project.

c) Prof. E. F. Brater, Prof, of Hydraulic

Engrg., Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search for doctoral thesis.

(e) Investigation of the characteristics of a wave generated by a disturbance at the entrance to a channel.

(3771) WATER HAMMER. Laboratory project.

Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics,

Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg.,

Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search for doctoral thesis.

Investigation of friction effects on water hammer attenuation, by introducing friction

losses in the differential equations,

solving them by different methods using a high speed computer. Experimental study of water hammer under conditions of high

friction.

Project completed.

A theoretical analysis of water hammer with

fluid friction is developed from the basic

partial differential equations. These

equations are solved directly by the method

of characteristics, with the aid of a digital computer. Examples have been worked

and are presented, together with their

experimental verification.

"A Study of Waterhammer Including Effect of Hydraulic Losses," Industry Program, Univ.

of Mich. 1961. UNSTEADY GRAVITY FLOW OF LIQUIDS THROUGH

POROUS MEDIA. Laboratory project.

Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics,

Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg.,

Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search for doctoral thesis.

Study of flow through porous media, for cases of free surface flow with upstream

46
free surface varying with time.

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, Agricultural Experiment

Station.

(1929) DRAIN TILE JUNCTION LOSSES. Cooperative with St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. See page 61.

(2350)

13

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(2576)

(d)

(e)

(3470)

(d)

(e)

DRAINAGE OF AGRICULTURAL LAND BY PUMPING. Laboratory project.

Prof. Curtis L. Larson, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of Minnesota,

St. Paul 1, Minnesota.

Theoretical and field investigations;

applied research.

The project has three phases: (l) The

development of basic relations for planning pump drainage systems, (2) the study

of rates of drainage, and (3) the study

of factors affecting the efficiency. Tests of a propeller pump with various

rates of cycling and with various suction

conditions have been completed and a report is being prepared. "Factor in Drainage Pumping Efficiency,"

by C . L. Larson and D. M. Manbeck, The

Journal of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 42(6): 296-7, 305, June

1961. CONSTRUCTION, DEVELOPMENT, AND PUMPING OF SHALLOW WELLS FOR IRRIGATION. Field project.

Prof. Evan R. Allred, Dept. of Agricultural

Engineering, Univ. of Minn., St. Paul 1, Minn.

Field investigation; applied research and development

The objectives of the project are: (1) To study and develop inexpensive methods

for construction of shallow irrigation

wells, (2) determine hydraulic permeability

and characteristics of various aquifers,

and (3) to survey and determine extent and availability of shallow ground water sources for irrigation in Minnesota. HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OF IRRIGATION BOOMSPRINKLERS . Field and laboratory project.

Prof. Evan R. Allred, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of Minn., St. Paul 1, Minn.

Frimarily field investigation; applied research. The objective of the project is to determine the effect of wind velocity, nozzle

arrangement, rotation speed and operating

pressure on the distribution from irrigation boom- sprinklers

MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES AND METALLURGY, Dept. of Civil Engineering.

(319) WEIR STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Frof. E. W. Carlton, Civil Engrg. Dept.,

Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy,

Rolla, Missouri.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis.

(e) Tests on rectangular weirs were made to determine effect of velocity of approach

on the relation between crest depth and critical depth of an imaginary open channel

having same dimensions as the weir opening.

(g) Study produced a simple, accurate and quick

solution for plotting of M function. Re- lationship between the M function, and the

'2578)

(3772

(h

(3773

\l

(d

(e

(h

(3774

\l

(d

critical depth Is logarithmic. This

greatly simplifies determination of crltlca

flow where the critical depth Is known or vice versa. A relationship exists between

M function of channels of same shape but different dimensions. The velocity of ap- proach does not affect the relationship

between physical depth and crest depth. CORRELATION OF WEIR CREST DEPTH AND WEIR

FLOW CHARACTERISTICS. Laboratory project.

Prof. Clifford D. Muir, Civil Engineering

Dept., Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy, Rolla, Missouri.

Experimental

Tests on several cipolettl weirs were made

in order to determine the effect of weir

thickness, H/P ratio, and Froude 1 s Number

on the ratio of crest depths to the critical

depth of an imaginary open channel having

the same dimensions as the weir flow section. Suspended

This study indicated a definite relationship

between the crest depth to critical depth

ratio and the Froude Number of the imaginary

channel. However, the ratio tended to become constant at either high or low Froude Numbers. The H/P ratio had no noticeable effect on this relationship. A continuation of this study indicates

probable superiority of crest depth flow relationships, when weirs having a narrow width with respect to head are being used. CULVERT INLETS WITH SKIMMING HOODS. Laboratory project.

Prof. C. D. Muir, Assoc. Prof, of Civil

Engineering, Missouri School of Mines,

Rolla, Missouri.

Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis

Model tests are being conducted on culvert

inlets with several types of skimming hoods

in order to study their efficiency and possible application to sanitary lagoons.

Suspended. Tests Indicated that a box-type hood coupled

with a reentrant pipe can be adopted to use with small sanitary lagoons.

"Hood Inlet, Possible use as an Overflow for

a Sanitary Lagoon," Richard I. Boe, Master's

Thesis, Missouri School of Mines, 1961. (Available on loan). PIPE FRICTION WHEN PUMPING FLUID-SOLID

MIXTURES. Laboratory project.

Prof. C. D. Muir, Assoc. Prof, of Civil

Engineering, Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy, Rolla, Missouri.

Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis

Tests were run pumping various mixtures of water and sand through a 3/4 inch pipe in order to study friction factors when solid

transport was part of the flow. Suspended

Tests indicate a relationship exists between

friction factor and solids percentage at all

flow conditions. Also there appears to be a critical percentage of sand above which the mixture can no longer be pumped as a slurry. "Effects of Solids on Friction Factor in a Sand-Water Mixture," by Frank J. Capek, Master's Thesis, Missouri School of Mines,

1961. (Available on loan). CULVERT INLET STUDIES. Laboratory project.

Prof. C. D. Muir, Assoc. Prof, of Civil

Engineering, Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy, Rolla, Missouri.

Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis

47
(e) Model tests for a culvert were conducted to study culvert efficiency at partial flow and

the formation of critical depth at the Inlet. These tests were limited to a circular inlet.

f) Suspended.

g) Results of study indicated a need for culvert entrance configuration study.

(3775) VERTICAL WATER JET IMPACTING UPON A STILLING

BASIN.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. V. A. C. Gevecker, Civil Engineering

Department, Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy, Rolla, Missouri.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis

(e) Tests being conducted on the terminal

effect of a 3/8 inch water jet on a cy- lindrical stilling basin to determine side and bottom pressures, velocities and energy dissipated.

(4169) INVESTIGATION OF VERTICAL INTERNAL

SPILLWAYS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. C. D. Muir, Assoc. Prof, of Civil

Engineering, Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy, Rolla, Missouri.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis.

(e) A scale model rockfill dam containing a vertical internal spillway was studied to determine factors affecting stage-discharge

relationships

(g) A correlation was found to exist between

discharge through the dam and height of spillway, rock size, and head.

(h) "Investigation of Vertical Internal Spillways," by Paul R. Munger, Master's Thesis,

Missouri School of Mines, 1961. (Available

on loan )

MONTANA STATE COLLEGE, Agricultural Experiment

Station

(3109) IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF IRRIGATION APPLICATION BY BORDER IRRIGATION.

(b) Agricultural Engineering Department,

Agricultural Experiment Station; U. S. Bureau of Reclamation cooperating.

(c) Prof. Charles C. Bowman, Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, Montana State College, Bozeman, Montana.

(d) Experimental and basic research.

(e) Laboratory studies of basic principles

which govern the flow of water at a shallow depth over rough ground under

various densities of crop growth. Supplemented by field experiments and tests.

(g) Annual reports of progress have been made

to the Director and to the Bureau of Reclamation.

(h) "More Efficient Application of Irrigation

Water," by Charles C. Bowman. (Recently

submitted for publication in the Journal of American Society of Agricultural Engineers)

(3472) INTERCEPTION AND ITS EFFECT ON PRECIPITATION

DISPOSAL.

(b) Agricultural Engineering Department, Mont. Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Charles C. Bowman, Montana State College, Bozeman, Montana.

d) Basic research in field of hydrology.

e) Development of instrumentation to measure

transpiration and evaporation under coniferous canopies on mountain watersheds.

(g) Positive results have been achieved in instrumentation.

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA, Hydrodynamics Laboratory,

Dept. of Engineering Mechanics.

(37 76) VORTEX FORMATION AND DRAG IN UNSTEADY FLOW PAST BLUFF BODIES.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Prof. T. Sarpkaya, Dept. of Engineering

Mechanics, Bancroft Hall 219, University

of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebraska.

(d) Experimental and theoretical study of drag

and Inertia in unsteady flow. Basic re- search for master's and Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Primary objects of the research are: To determine the growth and motion of vortices

behind two dimensional bluff bodies

subjected to unsteady flow; to determine

the basic characteristics of the corre- sponding resistance; and to correlate a particular vortex configuration with the instantaneous resistance.

(g) The forces predicted on the basis of the moving and growing singularities are comparable in magnitude to forces which are observed

(37 78) REFLECTION, TRANSMISSION, AND ATTENUATION

OF PULSE WAVES IN BIFURCATING ELASTIC

CONDUITS.

(b) Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical

School, University of Nebraska. Laboratory

project

(c) Mr. Randolph M. Clark, Bancroft Hall 219,

University of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebr.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research for master's thesis.

(e) The purpose of the project: To determine

the effect of the dynamic modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio of the conduit wall on the characteristics of elastic wave propagation; the rate of damping of the elastic wave pressure; the transmission and reflection coefficients;

and to correlate the results obtained from

this research with the propagation of pulse waves in arterial system.

(g) Dynamic elastic characteristics of the tube wall are of primary importance in studying

the propagation of pulse waves in highly

deformable systems.

(h) "Propagation of Surges in Highly Deformable

Systems," by T. Sarpkaya, Fluid and Solid

Mechanics Vol. 1, Plenum Press, 1961.

(3780) MECHANISM OF TURBULENCE GENERATION IN PULSATING VISCOUS FLOW.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, Univ.

of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebraska.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic research;

for master's thesis.

(e) To understand the mechanism of generation of turbulence in pulsating viscous flow

superposed on the steady and initially

laminar flow.

(g) When the amplitude ratio of the pulsating

pressure gradient to steady one is not large, the maximum dissipation occurs at the wall. However, with the increase of the amplitude

ratio the position of the maximum dissipation moves into the flowing fluid and its distance varies with time.

(3782) INDUCED MASS OF CONFINED FLUIDS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219,

University of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebr.

(d) Theoretical basic research; for master's

thesis

(e) When a confined fluid is suddenly accelerated through an opening, initial acceleration is determined by the induced mass of the fluid system. This mass has been

determined by the induced mass of the fluid

system. This mass has been determined

through the application of the SchwartzChristoffel transformation and electrical

48
analogy.

(V) Completed.

(g) The effect of the Induced mass is most pronounced particularly for short conduits.

If it Is ignored initial accelerations

turn out to be unrealistlcally large.

(h) "Unsteady Flow of Fluids in Closed Systems,"

T. Sarpkaya, submitted to ASCE, EM Division

for publication, October 1961.

(4170) VIRTUAL MASS OF PARTLY SUBMERGED BODIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, Univ.

of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebr.

d) Experimental and theoretical basic research.

e) Study of the added mass of various objects

partly submerged in a liquid.

(4171) TRANSITION CURVES OF CONSTANT PRESSURE.

(b) Laboratory investigation.

(c) Mr. Clarence J. Garrison, Hydrodynamics

Lab., Bancroft Hall, University of Nebraska,

Lincoln 8, Nebraska.

d) Basic theoretical research.

e) The purpose of the project: To determine

the form of the curved boundaries of transition curves along which the pressure

is an arbitrarily assigned constant through

the use of the Helmholtz-Kirchhoff theory

for free streamlines.

(g) Several transition curves of constant pressure

have been evaluated and used to determine the induced mass of reservoir-conduit systems,

(see 3782)

NEWPORT NEWS SHIPBUILDING AND DRY DOCK COMPANY.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. C. H. Hancock, Hydraulic Lab.,

Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company,

Newport News, Virginia.

(123) HYDRAULIC TURBINE TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project,

dj Experimental; for design data,

e) Scale model turbines, using either Francis

or propeller type runners, are tested for power and efficiency at various speeds.

(124) METER CALIBRATION TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project,

(dj Experimental

(e) To establish calibration curve for determining

correction for various rates of flow. Meters

are tested at various rates of flow by

weighing tank method. Time is recorded

electronically by decade counters.

(896) VANE MOMENT TESTS ON ADJUSTABLE BLADE

RUNNERS

(bj Laboratory project.

(dj Experimental; for design data.

(e) Tests are to determine vane moments at various gate openings, blade positions and

speeds. The turbine load is applied by an electric dynamometer and speed is measured

with a decade counter. The blades are held

in position by an amplidyne control system

on a spider rod through the shaft . The

blade moments are obtained from a proving

ring by means of electric strain gages.

(SOI) SHIP MODEL RESISTANCE TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dj Experimental; for design data.

(e) Scale ship models are towed to determine

effective horsepower, bare hull, required by

the ship. Because of their small size, several models may be towed in a short period of time thus allowing much preliminary

work to be done on the choice of lines.

Final lines are checked by David Taylor Model Basin. To eliminate a large portion of this

preliminary testing, a schedule of systematic

models was arranged in which the beam-draft

ratio, the displacement-length ratio, and

the prismatic coefficient are varied over a wide range. Towing this set of models is continuing and when completed will provide

design data for a standard offset series

covering a wide range.

(1132) HYDRAULIC PUMP TESTS.

(bj Laboratory project.

(dj Experimental; for design data.

(e) Scale model pumps, centrifugal and propeller types, are tested at constant

speeds for head developed, power consumption, and efficiency at various rates of discharge.

Cavitation tests are sometimes conducted by

lowering the suction head to a point where

the developed head and efficiency break

down. Blade moments are measured by

Installing electric resistance strain gages

on the pump blade stem. Shear strains are transmitted from the pump via a slip ring.

(1133) CAVITATION TESTS OF HYDRAULIC TURBINE

MODELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dj Experimental; for design data.

(e) Scale model turbines are tested on cavitation stand to determine sigma at which

cavitation starts. By the use of a plexiglas throat ring and a Strobolux light

synchronized with the shaft rotation, visual

observations are made to determine the location on the blade where cavitation

starts. Tests were run to determine runaway

speeds at low sigma values.

(2582) AIR TESTS ON HYDRAULIC TURBINE MODEL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dj Experimental; for design data.

(e) Plexiglas hydraulic turbine model is tested with air. Smoke and tufts are used in the flow visualization studies. Velocity and pressure distribution studies are made using a sensitive differential manometer. The gate moments obtained from the pressure distribution will be checked with a strain

gage dynamomet e r

(f) Suspended.

(3111) PUMP -TURBINE TESTS.

(bj Laboratory project.

(dj Experimental; for design data.

(e) Pump-turbine models are tested either as a pump or turbine on this test stand. Cavitation as well as performance tests on pump, turbine or pump-turbine models can be made

on this facility. Provision has been made

to perform vane moment tests on adjustable

blade turbine runners at the same time as performance tests.

(3783) AIR CONTENT CAVITATION OF TURBINES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dj Experimental; applied research.

(e) Study of cavitation of hydraulic turbines as affected by the air quantity contained in the tunnel.

(3784) PITOT TUBE CALIBRATION.

(b) Laboratory project,

(dj Experimental.

(e) Calibration of a small 3-hole cylindrical

search tube to determine accuracy as affected by blockage, pipe wall, angularity, discharge and fabrication.

(g) Results within 1/2 percent can be attained

for velocity. The angle can be determined

to within 0.1 degree.

49
(3785) VELOCITY PROFILE IN TURBINE MODEL.

(t>) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research and development . (e) Determination of velocity distribution

through a two-dimensional turbine affected

by entrance angle, hub configuration, and distributor height.

(g)

(3786) FLOW STRAIGHTENERS

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied

research

(e) Testing of different shapes for the straightening of flow in short pipes.

(3787) ADDED MASS OF TURBINES.

[4172)

IS!

(e)

Laboratory project.

Experimental and theoretical; applied

research.

Determination of the effects of added mass

of a propeller on the efficiency and blade moment step-up formulas from model to prototype

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Department of Chemical Engrg.

(2583) EFFECT OF PARTICLE CONCENTRATION ON PRESSURE

DROP AND SEDIMENTATION VELOCITY IN DILUTE BEDS OF PARTICLES.

(b) Grants from Texas Company and American

Chemical Society; laboratory project.

(c) Professor J. Happel, Dept. of Chemical

Engineering, New York University, Univ.

Heights, New York, 53, New York.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for doctoral

thesis

(e) The slow translational motion of dilute beds

of particles settling through viscous fluids

subjected to the influence of cylindrical

boundaries is being studied. This will

ultimately enable a theoretical prediction

of the effect of particle concentration on pressure drop and sedimentation velocity in beds of particles.

(34 74) HEAT TRANSFER AND CHEMICAL REACTION RELATIVE

TO BEDS OF SPHERICAL PARTICLES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. J. Happel, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, New York University, University Heights, New York, 53, New York.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for doctoral

thesis

(e) Analytical solution is developed by assuming

a model where fluid is flowing between two concentric spheres which are maintained at different temperatures. The partial differential equations applicable are solved by

assuming power series solutions in temperature and in spherical co-ordinate . The results will be compared to existing data on heat and mass transfer in packed and fluid- Ized beds.

(3788) BOUNDARY LAYER MASS TRANSFER WITH HETERO- GENEOUS CATALYSIS.

(b) Grants from American Chemical Society and National Science Foundation; Laboratory

project

(c) Prof. J. Happel, Dept. of Chemical Engrg., New York University, University Heights, New York 53, New York.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for doctoral

thesis

(e) This work includes a study of the rate of gas-solid catalytic reactions in multiparticle systems. Using boundary layer

theory in conjunction with a model consisting

of a solid sphere Inside a free-surface

spherical cell, the relationship between

(d)

(e)

4173

(d)

(e)

(4174)

(d)

(e)

rates of diffusion and rates of surface- catalyzed reactions is developed.

Theoretical results for chemically dilute

systems correlate existing mass transfer

data reasonably well. It was found that molar convective transport to or from the surface affects the mass transfer rate and may give appreciably different results than

those obtained from film theory or the dilute solution equation. A simple criterion is set up to determine when the dilute solution

correlations can be used. PRESSURE LOSS IN ORIFICE BAFFLED HEAT

EXCHANGERS. Laboratory project.

Prof. Robert 0. Parker, Department of Chemical Engineering, New York University, New York 53, New York. Experimental; basic research for master's

degree

Project to determine pressure loss on the shell side of orifice baffled, shell and tube heat exchangers. Three exchangers are used in this experiment. All are exactly

alike except for the fact that one has no clearance between the tube and tube hole, one has no clearance between the baffle and

the ID of shell, and one has clearances at both points. This study will determine the effect of each flow stream, and the effect

of their interaction. DETERMINATION OF THE STOKE • S DRAG ON A PARTICLE FALLING IN AXISYMMETRIC FLOW IN A BOUNDED MEDIUM. Laboratory project.

Prof. H. Brenner, Dept. of Chemical Engrg., New York University, New York 53, New York. Theoretical; basic research for master's

degree

The purpose is to determine the effect of the walls of a container on the Stoke '

s

drag of a particle falling in axisymmetric

flow in a fluid. The shape of the containei

is beaker-like.

THE PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL DUE TO A PARTICLE SETTLING IN A VISCOUS FLUID. Laboratory project.

Prof. H. Brenner, Dept. of Chemical Engrg., New York University, New York 53, New York. Experimental; basic research for master's

degree

Experiments are designed to verify certain

theoretical relationships pertaining to the dynamics of a particle in a viscous fluid. Pressure differentials due to spheres

settling at low Reynolds numbers in a cylinder containing a viscous fluid will be measured and correlated with particle drag

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Department of Meteorology and Oceanography.

(2356) SHIP MOTIONS PROJECT.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navj

(c) Prof. Willard J. Pierson Jr., Prof, of Meteorology, New York Univ., University

Heights, New York 53, New York.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) Studies of the theory of a stationary

Gaussian process as applied to the motions

of ships In waves; experimental and theo- retical determination of co-spectra and quadrature spectra.

(g) Theoretical studies of cross spectra and bi-quadratic spectra, and theoretical pape: on wave theory and ship motion theory.

(h) "Estimation of the Transfer Function of a Quadratic System," by L. J. Tick, 1961.

(To appear in Technometrlc s .

)

50
(Z357) WAVE PROJECT.

b) Bureau of Ships, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Prof. Willard J. Flerson, Jr., Prof, of Meteorology, New York Univ., University

Heights, New York 53, New York.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; and basic

and applied research.

(e) Attempts to solve various probabilistic

problems in connection with stationary

Gaussian noise.

(g) Work is continuing on the Joint density of amplitude and half period and on improved

zero and ordinate crossing techniques.

(h) "A Study of Ocean Wave Amplitudes in Terms

of the Theory of Runs and a Markov Chain

Process," by M. D. Sawhney, (Unpublished

manuscript to appear as a technical report .

)

(3120) OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH ATMOSPHERE INTER- ACTION AND WAVE PROJECT.

ENGINEERING OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA,

Department of Engineering Research.

(1636) RAINFALL, INTENSITY, DURATION, FREQUENCY, CURVES FOR NORTH CAROLINA.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. Charles Smallwood, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, North Carolina State College,

Raleigh, North Carolina.

(d) The collection and analysis of data per- taining to intensity, duration and fre- quency of rainfall in North Carolina.

(e) Project is concerned at the present time

with the collection of pertinent rainfall

data from a large number of stations

throughout North Carolina.

(g) Since work is continuing, no conclusive

results are available at this time.

(b) Geophysics Branch, Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Prof. Gerhard Neumann, Prof, of Oceanography

and Prof. Willard J. Plerson, Prof, of Meteorology, New York University, New York

53, New York.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) Study of wave generation and propagation in deep water; nonlinear properties of capillary and gravity waves in both Eulerian

and Lagrangian form. Observations of temperature, humidity, and wind over the sea surface. Albedo measurements. Wind stress over the water surface . The prediction of large scale oceanic circulations. Theoretical and observational studies of turbulence in water.

(g) Models of random seas in Lagrangian form

have been developed that look promising.

Field work will be augmented by the acquisition of a T-boat and additional

scientific equipment for it.

(h) "The Average Horizontal Wind Driven Mass Transport of the Atlantic for February as Obtained by Numerical Methods," by D. M. Garner, G. Neumann, and W. J. Pierson, Jr.,

(In press, 1961.)

"On the Effect of Bottom Topography on Ocean Currents," by G. Neumann, Deutsche

Hydr. Ztschr., vol. 13, Heft 3, pp. 132-141,

1960.

"On the Albedo of the Sea Surface," by G. Neumann and R. Hollman, Symposium on Radiant

Energy in the Sea, Helsinik, Aug. 4-5, 1961. Edited by N. C. Jerlow, Printed by the Nat. Geogr. Inst., Paris, 1961. "Power Spectrum Analyses of Turbulent

Surface Winds Over Water Under Inversion

Conditions," by J. Pandolfo, Tech. Report,

prepared for ONR under contract Nonr 285(03)

July 1961. "Models of Random Seas Based on the Lagrangian Equations of Motion," by W. J. Pierson, Tech. Report, prepared for ONR

under contract Nonr 285(03), April 1961. "Known and Unknown Properties of the Frequency Spectrum of a Wind Generated Sea,"

by W. J. Pierson and G. Neumann, Paper

prepared for the Wave Spectrum Conference at Easton, Maryland, May 1-4, 1961. "Non-Linear Probability Models of Ocean

Waves," by L. J. Tick, NAS NRC Conference on Ocean Wave Spectra, Easton, Maryland, May

1-4, 1961. (Also supported under (2356) and (2357) .

)

"A Non-Linear Random Model of Gravity Waves

I: Finite Depth Case," by L. J. Tick,

(Unpublished manuscript.)

"A Non-Linear Random Model of Gravity Waves

III: Construction of a Realization," by

L. J. Tick and G. Radin, 1960 (Unpublished

manuscript .

)

OP.TH CAROLINA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND

NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY, Agricultural Engrg.

Dept.

(3121) PREFABRICATED DITCH LININGS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Harold Holmen, Assistant Agricultural

Engineer, Agricultural Engineering Dept.,

North Dakota State University, Fargo, N. Dak.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) The work involves field testing of 4 to

10 mil polyethylene linings by measuring

seepage losses in Irrigation ditches where

these linings have been installed. Some of the linings are buried and some are on the surface of the ditch.

(g) Six and ten mil buried linings were in excellent condition after one year of service. Surface linings become damaged

quite readily.

(h) "Controlling Seepage Losses in Irrigation

Ditches," by Harold Holmen and E. C. Stegman,

North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station Farm Research, Vol. 21, Mo. 12, pp. 9-12,

July-Aug. 1961, Reprint No. 550. "Investigation of Seepage Losses in Small Irrigation Canals at the Carrington

Irrigation Branch Station," by E. C. Stegman,

unpublished M. S. Thesis, North Dakota State University, January 1961.

(3475) SURFACE DRAINAGE.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Harold Holmen, Assistant Agricultural

Engineer, Agricultural Engineering Dept.,

North Dakota State University, Fargo, N. Dak.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) Soil accumulation in field ditches re- sulting from wind erosion was measured. Snow accumulation in open drains was studied.

(g) To prevent snow accumulation in open drains,

they should be constructed In the direction

of the prevailing winds which blow during

winter months. Outlets, especially culverts

and bridges detained drainage in the spring

because snow and debris tended to accumulate

at these places.

(4175) WATER INTAKE RATES AND PHYSIOCHEMICAL

PROPERTIES OF IRRIGABLE SOILS.

(b) Joint laboratory project between Department

of Agricultural Engineering and Department

of Soils.

(c) Mr. Harold Holmen, Assistant Agricultural

Engineer, Agricultural Engineering Dept.,

North Dakota State University, Fargo, N. Dak.

(d) Experimental, basic research, and Master's

thesis

(e) Intake rates of irrigated soils are being

measured by the inf low-outflow method, the double ring inf iltrometer , and by the Purdue sprinkling inf iltrometer . The change

in intake rates caused by land leveling,

tillage practices, seasonal change, and compaction from haying machinery and tillage

51
implements is being studied. The physical

and chemical properties and the moisture

profile of the soil are being measured

before, during, and after irrigations.

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, The Technological Institute.

(2586) DISPERSION OF FLUID IN POROUS MEDIA.

(d)

(e)

(h)

Laboratory project; Pure Oil Company.

Prof. John A. Logan, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.

Theoretical experimental; Masters Thesis

project of Robert F. H. Owston.

A study of the mechanics of dispersion of fluid flowing in a trapezoidally confined porous medium. Where a wide included angle

is employed the results for a trapezoidal

analysis should approximate to those for the radial case, and by reducing the angle until

a parallel sided condition be obtained, with

the previously investigated straight column

problem.

Completed

Two-dimensional flow patterns through a porous medium such as employed in this

experiment are apparently microscopically

governed. Macroscopic analysis of such phenomena leads to a situation where the physical limitations of the apparatus are such that the results have little consistency and may be considered to bear only a very generalized relationship to the actual phenomena

"Dispersion of Two-Dimensional Fluid Flow Through a Porous Media," by Robt . F. H. Owston, Civil Engineering Dept., Northwestern

University, M. Sc. Thesis, December 1961.

(3476) FLOOD WAVE ROUTING.

(b) Northwestern Technological Institute.

(c) Prof. W. S. Hamilton, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Northwestern University, Evanston, 111.

(d) Theoretical and analytical for doctoral and masters theses.

(e) The purpose is to calculate the movement of flood waves in prismatic and natural

channels. Finite difference equations based

on (a) method of characteristics and (b) basic equations of momentum and continuity

are to be programmed separately for solution

on a digital computer.

(g) It has been found best to use difference

equations along characteristics near the upstream and downstream boundaries and a backward difference method based directly

on momentum and continuity equations and a rectangular grid for the region not near the boundaries. Program written and verified for IBM 650.

(h) Theses in preparation.

(347 7) THE EFFECT OF JET MIXING ON SEDIMENTATION

EFFICIENCY.

(b) Northwestern University, Technological Inst.

(c) Prof. Robert Kersten, Chairman Dept. of Civil Engineering, Arizona State University,

Tempe, Arizona.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) The study is concerned with the effect of mixing, caused by a two-dimensional jet, on

the percentage of particles removed in a rectangular sedimentation basin. Liquid

flow, transporting solid particles, Is introduced through a slot at the entrance

of a long channel. Slot opening and ele- vation can be varied. The amount of solid

particle removal, as well as the distribution

of particles on the bottom Is measured.

(f) Completed.

(g) The amount of material removed is very

sensitive to inlet conditions, In particular

the ratio of the settling velocity to the

jet velocity and the elevation of the jet above the floor. A high jet Increases the

(h

(3789

(b

(c

(3790

(3791

(f (3792

(37 93

e

(d

(e

(3796)

removal. The removal is insensitive to the distribution of eddy diffuslvity.

Calculations by relaxation techniques give

results in good agreement with experiment.

"The Effect of Jet Mixing on Sedimentation

Removal Efficiency," by R. D. Kersten, Ph.D. Thesis, Northwestern University, Evanston,

Illinois, June 1961. THE HYDROMECHANICS OF A HIGH VELOCITY GAS JET PENETRATING A LIQUID SURFACE. Laboratory project; Bureau of Ships, Dept.

of the Navy.

Prof. Thomas P. Anderson, Gas Dynamics

Laboratory, Northwestern University,

Evanston, Illinois.

Theoretical and experimental.

The cavity formed by a gas jet impinging on

a liquid jet is being studied and particularly with regard to stability and sputtering phenomena. Both axi symmetrical and rectangular Jets are being considered.

The size and shape of the cavities resulting

from axisymmetric and rectangular jets have been measured and correlated. The stability

of the cavity and the onset of sputtering

have been found to be particularly sensitive

to liquid surface wave interactions. TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A SUBMERGED

LIOUID JET. Laboratory project.

Prof. S. G. Bankoff and Dr. J. E. Sunderland, The Technological Institute, Northwestern

Univ., Evanston, Illinois.

Basic experimental research; doctoral thesis. Using the recently developed Hubbard-Ling

hot-film anemometer, the time-average ve- locity profiles and the correlation coef- ficients will be measured for a submerged,

round, free liquid jet.

ZERO-GRAVITY, TWO-PHASE FLUID MECHANICS. Laboratory project.

Prof. S. G. Bankoff, Technological Inst.,

Northwestern Univ., Evanston, Illinois.

Basic experimental research; doctoral thesis

The development of the two-phase boundary

layer In the flow of a liquid past a porous

plate through which a second immiscible

liquid is injected is studied. Electrical

resistance probes are used for determination

of the position of the region boundaries.

This simulates zero-gravity boiling heat transfer from a flat plate.

Inactive

RESPONSE OF A BOILING CHANNEL TO INPUT FLUCTUATIONS. Laboratory project.

Prof. S. G. Bankoff, The Technological Inst, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois

Basic theoretical research; doctoral thesis

A recently presented variable-density,

single-fluid model for two-phase flow In pipes and channels under steady-state

conditions is adapted to the study of the response of a channel to fluctuations of input power or flow. VOID FRACTION PROFILES IN TWO-PHASE MERCURY- GAS FLOW. Argonne National Laboratory.

Prof. S. G. Bankoff, The Technological Inst, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois,

Experimental basic research; doctoral

thesis

Measurement of isothermal steady-state void

fraction profiles in concurrent flow of mercury and air by means of electrical

resistance probe.

AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE MECHANISM OF FREEZE DRYING.

52
(g)

(3797)

(b) Quartermaster Corps, U.S. Army.

(c) Dr. J. E. Sunderland, Technological Inst.,

Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

on M.S. & Ph.D. level.

(e) This is a study of heat and mass transfer

problems encountered with freeze drying. One problem is to determine the conditions

for the flow through the dried substance to

be due to a concentration gradient, or else

a total pressure gradient. In other words,

is the flow of vapor due to diffusion, or hydrodynamic type flow. In addition, the emissivity and thermal conductivity of meat

have been measured.

Several progress reports are available and may be obtained from the correspondent. HEAT CONDUCTION AND CONVECTION PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH MELTING.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. J. E. Sunderland, Technological Inst.,

Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.

(d) Theoretical; basic research; Ph.D. thesis.

(e) A study is being carried out to determine

the velocity and temperature distribution

in the melted layer of a melting body.

(g) The velocity and temperature distribution

have been determined for conditions in which

the free surface Is exposed to a slow force

or when a uniform body force exists throughout the melted layer.

(37 98) BOUNDARY LAYER TURBULENCE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. George G. Lamb, The Technological Inst.,

Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) To develop model based on origin of turbulence

in boundary layers that may be extended to permit quantitative understanding of momentum

transfer and velocity profiles in turbulent

boundary layers.

(g) A model based upon a critical time ratio

involving molecular properties and flow

parameters shows promise towards understanding

and predicting transport properties in turbulent flow in circular pipes and in general turbulent boundary layer flow.

(3799) FORCES ON SUBMERGED BODIES IN UNSTEADY

MOTION.

(b) Northwestern Technological Institute.

(c) Professor W. S. Hamilton, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Northwestern University,

Evanston, Illinois.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; for doctoral

thesis.

(e) The purpose is to evaluate forces acting on accelerating submerged bodies in a fluid

and apply the results to the motion of the snow and dust particles in the atmospheric

boundary layer. The theoretical investigations will include the determination of the forces acting on arbitrarily accelerating

plates and spheres by using boundary layer

theory. Experiments will be conducted for

an accelerating sphere in a quiet fluid and data will be correlated,

(g) The forces acting on an arbitrarily ac- celerating infinitely long plate have been

determined theoretically.

(3801) THE DETERMINATION OP FORM DRAG AND SKIN FRICTION FACTORS IN THE FLOW OF GASES THROUGH EXPANDED FIXED BEDS OF SPHERICAL PARTICLES.

(bl Doctoral Dissertation (C.A. Wentz)

(c) Prof. George Thodos, Dept. of Chemical Engrg.,

Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Expanded fixed beds have been prepared by

attaching phenolic spheres (d = 1.25 inches)

with rigid fine wires in order to produce a composite structure having different void

fractions. A test sphere is located In the

(f)

(4176)

(h)

center of this structure. This sphere is provided with means for obtaining the static pressure distribution a:-ound the spherical

surface. With this experimental information, the form drag can be accounted for and when

subtracted from the total drag, the shear drag is obtained.

Inactive. COMBUSTION DELAY TIME AND FLAMEHOLDER FLUID

DYNAMICS. Laboratory project.

Mr. George G. Lamb, The Technological Inst.,

Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.

Theoretical and experimental; basic research. To develop theoretical understanding of chemical kinetics of combustion reactions

Involving high energies of activation and

reaction, combined with fluid dynamic

transport phenomena.

"Chemical and Physical Kinetics of Combustion

of Fuels in Internal Combustion Engines,"

by G. G. Lamb and D. P. Lamb, Division of Petroleum Chemistry Amer. Chem. Soc

Preprints, 6:3:B-73-83, (8/61).

UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME, Dept. of Civil Engineering.

(3803) POTENTIAL ANALOG SIMULATION OF DEFORMABLE HYDRODYNAMIC BOUNDARIES.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. A. G. Strandhagen, Dept. of Engineering

Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre

Dame, Indiana.

(d) Project is both experimental and theoretical, and Is of a basic research type. Two master's degree candidates and one doctoral

candidate are active in this investigation.

(e) Two-dimensional conducting sheet is used to simulate the flow around submerged bodies

moving below a free surface. Flow past

cavitating hydrofoils, flat-plate hydrofoils, and shaped hydrofoils are under investigation

(g) Experimental or analog results are in agree- ment with analytical results for flow around

a flat plate and also for a vortex below a free surface. The solution to a cavitating

hydrofoil is under investigation.

(h) "Analog Studies of Free Surface Problems,"

by A. G. Strandhagen and A. Welsh, Fifth

Midwestern Conference on Fluid Mechanics,

1961.

(4177) BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HYDRAULICS OF OPEN CHANNELS.

(b) Research work submitted for a grant from the National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. S. Kolupalla, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Notre Dame, Indiana.

d) Bibliographical research.

e) Work was initiated as a continuation of the "Bibliography of Hydrometry, " published by

the University of Notre Dame in 1961. Chapters: basic principles; uniform flow; gradually varied flow; rapidly varied flow; unsteady flow.

(f) Discontinued.

(4178) DEVICES AND METHODS OF VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS

AT SEA.

(b) Research work submitted for a grant from the

U. S. Navy.

(c) Dr. S. Kolupalla, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Notre Dame, Indiana.

(d) Historical and bibliographical survey.

(e) Description of all principles and instruments

accompanied by original illustrations, based

on existing literature in many languages.

(f) Discontinued.

(4179) RIVER HYDROLOGY, SURVEY AND SELECTED

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(b) Research work submitted for a grant from the
(c) National Science Foundation.

Dr. S. Kolupaila, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Notre Dame, Indiana.

Bibliographical research.

Historical and bibliographical survey. Contents: historical development of river

hydrology; river morphology; runoff; floods; winter regime; river hydraulics; sediment

transportation; river crossings; runoff

regulation; geographical distribution;

runoff variations; river investigations.

(2828)

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engrg.

(3030)

(b)

(c)

(h)

(3031)

(b)

(c)

ii\

(g)

TRANSIENT FLOW THROUGH POROUS INCOMPRESSIBLE

MEDIA WITH VARIOUS BOUNDARY CONDITIONS. Experimental part was supported by the National Research Council of Canada.

Dr. B. S. Browzln, Ohio State University,

2036 Neil Avenue, Columbus 10, Ohio.

Experimental and theoretical; basic research. Experimental part concerning earth dams and earth massives on impervious foundations

completed. The theoretical part of the research completed for the case of rapid

drawdown in homogeneous dams. The theo- retical research of cases of gradual drawdown, of non-homogeneous dams, of tailwater

condition, and the drawdown in canals is progressing.

An approximate function relating, by

dimensionless parameters, the shape and

the position of free surface of flow

through the earth dam, following rapid

reservoir drawdown, to the geometry of the dam was obtained theoretically and confirmed

by experiments.

"Nonsteady-State Flow in Homogeneous Earth

Dams after Rapid Drawdown, " Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Soil

Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 1961, Vol. II, p. 551-554. THE VARIATION OF HYDR0L0GIC FACTORS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON RIVER REGIMES IN THE GREAT LAKES-ST. LAWRENCE DRAINAGE AREA. Partially sponsored by the 0SU Experiment

Station

Dr. B. S. Browzin, Ohio State University,

2036 Neil Avenue, Columbus 10, Ohio.

Basic research. Research is based on long range flow and meteorologic record. Flow and precipitation

data on U.S. and Canada stations were statistically investigated in order to obtain river regime characteristics. Other

climatic, geologic and botanic data, will

be included, depending on availability.

Classified discharges and precipitation

for long range gaging and meteorologic

stations are calculated. Characteristic

parameters for river classification of the area are obtained.

OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY, Agricultural Engineering

Department

(2365) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES ON SMALL GRASS-COVERED

WATERSHEDS.

(b) Agricultural Experiment Station cooperative

with Agricultural Research Service.

(c) Prof. F. R. Crow, Okla. State Univ., Dept.

of Agricultural Engrg., Stillwater, Okla.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Measurements are being made to provide

hydrologlc data on total watershed runoff

and peak rates of runoff from three small grass-covered watersheds (17 to 206 acres)

in north central Oklahoma. Highway culverts,

modified by the addition of weir sills, are being used as runoff measuring devices,

(g) Intensive model tests of culverts equipped

(g)

(h)

[3804)

(b)

(c)

(g)

with weir sills completed. Ten year data

on precipitation and runoff completed.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MONOMOLECULAR FILMS

FOR REDUCING EVAPORATION FROM RESERVOIRS. Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

Prof. F. R. Crow, Oklahoma State Univ.,

Dept. of Agricultural Engineering,

Stillwater, Oklahoma. Experimental; applied research.

Studies are being made on plastic lined

experimental evaporation reservoirs to develop methods of application and determination of effectiveness of hexadecanol and - octadecanol films for reducing evaporation.

Evaporation reductions of 25 to 40% have

been obtained using a slurry method of applying film to experimental pond. Curves

have been developed relating wind speed and required film application rate. "Reducing Reservoir Evaporation," by F. R. Crow, Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 42, No. 5, May 1961. THE HYDRAULICS OF CONSERVATION CHANNELS. Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept.

of Agriculture in cooperation with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. W. 0. Ree, Agr. Research Service, Soil and Water Conservation Research Div. Southern Plains Branch, Stillwater, Okla. Experimental; applied research.

Vegetation lined waterways of the kind used

to convey short duration flood flows from

small watersheds are constructed full size on the grounds of an outdoor hydraulic

laboratory. Flow tests are made on these experimental channels to determine the protective ability of various grasses

and to evaluate the flow friction factors

under different conditions of growth.

Perennial for the temporary protection of newly constructed earth waterways are both

considered in these studies. Temporary

liners of various fibers including jute, paper, and glass are also tested. Manning's n values have been determined for various grass species. The physical

characteristics of the vegetation and the flow character both influence the flow

retardance factor so special design diagrams

have been prepared to aid in solving flow

problems under these conditions.

OREGON STATE COLLEGE, Hydraulics Laboratory.

(3805) OPEN CHANNEL JUNCTIONS FOR SUPERCRITICAL

FLOW.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of Public

Roads.

Prof. C. E. Behlke, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.

Theoretical and experimental; applied

research

Wave effects resulting from the Junction

of two supercritical, open channel flows

are being studied to determine the magnitude

and the location of the wave pile up on the channel walls. Only rectangular channels

are presently being considered. Trapezoidal channels will be considered later.

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, Ordnance Research

Laboratory, College of Engineering and Architecture,

University Park, Pennsylvania, Dr. John C. Johnson,

Director. Work done under Dr. G. F. Wislicenus,

Director of the Garfield Thomas Water Tunnel.

(2832) MEASUREMENT OF FORCES ON A MODEL IN A WATER TUNNEL.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

5 4
of Naval Weapons,

(c) Messrs. G. B. Gurney and T. E. Peirce,

Ordnance Research Laboratory, University

Park, Pennsylvania.

d) Experimental; developmental.

e) The problem concerns the measurement of forces on models in a water tunnel over a velocity range up to 80 feet per second, pressure ranges of 3 to 60 pounds per square inch absolute

(g) Two four component (lift, axial force,

pitching and rolling moment) balances for use in water tunnels utilizing strain gaged

pre-tensioned flexure beams as the force sensing devices have been in successful

operation for three years. Development of

a Planar Motion Mechanism is now underway.

The Planar Motion Mechanism will be capable

of imparting pure pitching and heaving

motions to models to permit the experimental

determination of all the hydrodynamic sta- bility coefficients required in the equations

of motion for a submerged body with four

(4)degrees of freedom. These equations

include the static, damping and acceleration

derivatives. Measurements of unsteady forces

on propulsors have recently been made.

(3143) REDUCTION OF SKIN FRICTION DRAG.

(b) Joint program of investigation with the General Electric Company, the United States Rubber Company and the Northrop Corporation

sponsored by the Bureau of Naval Weapons.

(c) Dr. John Lumley and Mr. John McMahon,

Ordnance Research Laboratory, University

Park, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental, basic research; theoretical

and applied research.

(e) Investigations into the application of boundary layer control through suction and compliant surfaces for underwater bodies.

(g) Successful probe (.005 inch resolution,

5 KC response) and associated electronic

gear developed.

(3486) TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS IN WATER.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

of Naval Weapons.

(c) Dr. John Lumley, Ordnance Research Lab.,

University Park, Pennsylvania.

d) Experimental.

e) Using a constant temperature probe, some turbulent flows at high Reynolds numbers will

be Investigated with particular attention to homogeneous grid-produced turbulence and turbulent dispersion in a shear flow.

(g) Measurements have been taken in a small water tunnel settling section determining

the effect of various screens and honeycombs

on turbulence.

(3487) FLOW DISTORTION FEEDING INTO A PROPELLER.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

of Naval Weapons.

(c) Mr. J. J. Eisenhuth, Ordnance Research Lab.,

University Park, Pennsylvania.

d) Theoretical and experimental.

e) This is a study of the interaction effects

between control surfaces and a propeller

when the surfaces are located in front of the propeller and feed a distorted flow into

it. The primary goal is to determine how

effectively the propeller cancels the forces

produced by the control surfaces.

(3488) FLOW OVER A BODY OF REVOLUTION WITH STABILIZING SURFACES.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

of Naval Weapons.

(c) Mr. E. J. Rodgers, Ordnance Research Lab.,

University Park, Pennsylvania.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) This study is directed toward the understanding of the flow conditions around a body of revolution with stabilizing fins

under conditions of pitch and/or yaw. The eventual goal is to be ?ble to predict more precisely the hydrodynamic coefficients

of such a body by virtue of a better

understanding of the flow conditions.

(3807) INVESTIGATION OF THE CAVITATION CHARACTER- ISTICS OF A FEW SIMPLE LIQUIDS.

b} Laboratory project sponsored by NASA.

c) Mr. A. F. Lehman, Ordnance Research Lab.,

University Park, Pennsylvania.

d) Experimental, analytical; basic research.

e) To investigate experimentally the cavitation

characteristics of a few simple (as regards

to vapor pressure and handling) liquids

under conditions occuring In space and aircraft pumping machinery, and analyze

the results so that a reliable basis for theory applicable to these conditions can

be formulated.

(g) A small high speed water tunnel having test section velocities of 300 feet per second, pressures to 500 pounds per square inch,

temperatures to 250 degrees Fahrenheit has been designed, constructed and will be in operation by January 1962.

(4180) UNSTEADY FLOW INVESTIGATIONS AROUND AN ELLIPSOID OF REVOLUTION.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by Bureau of Naval Weapons.

(c) Mr. Maurice Sevik, Ordnance Research Lab.,

University Park, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental and theoretical study of unsteady forces acting on an ellipsoid of revolution over a range of Reynolds numbers

and body attack angles. Instantaneous

values of forces and moments have been

measured for Reynolds numbers up to 10 7 in a water tunnel with body attack angles

of zero, 5 and 10 degrees. Further measurements are planned with the ellipsoid per- forming small oscillations in a direction

normal to the main flow.

(4181) DETERMINATION OF EFFECT OF TUNNEL BOUNDARIES

ON THE FORCES ACTING ON A MODEL.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by Bureau of Naval Weapons.

(c) Mr. Thomas Peirce, Ordnance Research Lab.,

University Park, Pennsylvania.

d) Theoretical and experimental.

e) Investigation of the errors introduced by

the physical boundaries of tunnel walls

on the measured forces on large models. The investigation covers both the axially

symmetric case and when the models are at low angles of attack. Establishing the means for correcting these errors is also

a part of this investigation.

(g) For the axially symmetric case the installation of a tunnel liner has produced satisfactory results.

(h) "Elimination of Water-Tunnel Interaction

with a Coaxial Test Body by a Flow-Correcting

Liner and Application to the Test of an Albacore Model," by A. F. Lehman, J. H. Light, and T. E. Peirce, July 25, 1958, ORL Report NOrd 16597-39.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Agricultural Experiment Station.

(2596) THE USE OF A RAINFALL SIMULATOR FOR SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT STUDIES.

(b) Soil and Water Conservation Research Div.,

Agricultural Research Service, USDA and Purdue University.

(c) Mr. L. Donald Meyer, Agricultural Engineer,

ARS-USDA, Agricultural Engineering Building,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) The rainfall simulator is used on runoff

plots for comparison of treatments which

55
(h)

affect erosion and infiltration. Research

includes studies of tillage methods, crop residue management, slope, soil type, crop rotations, and intensity histograms.

"Use of the Rainulator for Runoff Plot Research," by L. Donald Meyer, Soil Sci.

Soc. Am. Proc. 24 (4):319-322. 1960.

"Soil and Water Conservation Research with

the Rainulator," by L. D. Meyer and J. V. Mannering. Seventh Int. Soil Sci. Soc. Congress Proc. August 1960. "Minimum Tillage for Corn: Its Effect on Infiltration and Erosion," by L. D. Meyer

and J. V. Mannering, Agricultural Engineering

42 (2): 72-75, February 1960. "Effects of Different Methods of Cornstalk

Residue Management on Runoff and Erosion as Evaluated by Simulated Rainfall," by J. V. Mannering and L. D. Meyer, Soil Sci. Soc.

Am. Proc. 25 (6). November 1961.

(2597) THE EFFECTS OF TILLAGE ON RUNOFF AND EROSION.

(bj Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. E. J. Monke, Agricultural Engineering

Department, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Runoff is measured from 15 watersheds in five

different tillage systems. These systems

involve two surface soil treatments and three subsoil treatments, including subsoil

fertilization and vertical mulching.

Hydrologlc analyses of these small watersheds are used to evaluate the effects of tillage on soil moisture, crop growth and

yield, and runoff.

(2835) PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF WATER TABLE IN SANDY SOIL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. E. J. Monke, Agricultural Engineering

Department, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The water table In a sandy field is con- trolled from an adjacent supply ditch in which the water level is kept high. Depths

to the water table are continuously measured

during the growing season at various distances

from the ditch and correlated with crop yield

data.

(2837) TREATMENT OF SURFACE WATERS FOR DOMESTIC USE

ON THE FARM.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. E. J. Monke, Agricultural Engineering

Department, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana.

(d) Field investigation; applied and basic

research

(e) The treatment of pond water by use of slow

sand and dlatomaceous earth filters is being

evaluated. Improved designs are under

investigation.

(3490) INVESTIGATION OF FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN DRAIN TILE AND THE RELATIONSHIP OF THESE

FLOW CHARACTERISTICS TO SEDIMENTATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. E. J. Monke, Agricultural Engineering

Department, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Flow of water through a partially filled

transparent drain is being observed on steep

slopes. Three regimes of flow below a hydraulic jump which is made to occur on these slopes are being studied to determine

their effect on the design of circular

drains.

(h) "The Transition From Part-Full to Full Flow

in Steep Circular Drains," by W. D. Lembke,

Ph.D. Thesis, Purdue University Library,

1961.

(3808)

(b)

(c)

(g)

(h)

(4182)

(b)

(c)

(4183)

(b

DEVELOPMENT AND REFINEMENT OF METHODS FOR ESTIMATING FIELD RUNOFF AND SOIL LOSS. Soil and Water Conservation Research Div.,

USDA, and Purdue University.

Mr. Walter H. Wischmeier, ARS-SWC, Agric.

Engineering Dept., Purdue Univ., Lafayette,

Indiana.

Experimental; development.

The relationships of numerous rainstorm

characteristics, topographic features, soil characteristics and surface conditions to field runoff and soil erosion are being

evaluated from plot data obtained under

natural rainfall. Basic plot and small watershed data on an individual storm basis

have been assembled in an ARS central runoff

and soil-loss data laboratory at Purdue

Univ., from 23 states. The data represent

results of cooperative research studies over

the past 32 years at 45 locations.

A rainfall-erosion index has been derived

which evaluates numerically the capacity of specific combinations of rainstorm character- istics to erode soil from farm fields.

About 200 station rainfall records in the contiguous United States were analyzed to obtain probability values of the erosion

index by geographic areas. Iso-erodent maps were prepared from these data. Locality

rainfall patterns were also analyzed with

respect to the expected distribution of erosive rainstorms within the year. Results

were summarized as erosion-Index curves for specified geographic areas. A soil-loss

prediction procedure was developed which

provides guide lines for conservation farm

planning. Derivation of information needed

for localized evaluations of the factors in the soil-loss equation is continuing.

"Distribution of Rainfall Erosion Potential

in the United States," by W. H. Wischmeier, ASAE paper No. 61-228, 1961. THE MECHANICS OF EROSION BY RAINFALL AND

SHEET RUNOFF.

Soil and Water Conservation Research Div.,

Agricultural Research Service, USDA and Purdue University.

Mr. L, Donald Meyer, Agricultural Engineer,

ARS-USDA, Agricultural Engineering Building,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

Experimental; basic research.

The splash and runoff of simulated soil

particles from an area 0.6 meters wide by

3.0 meters long will be investigated.

Variables during the initial phases include

particle size, inclination of slope, rate of sheet runoff, and simulated rainfall. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE OF BLOUNT SILT LOAM. Laboratory project.

Dr. E. J. Monke, Agricultural Engineering

Department, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana.

Field investigation; applied research.

Various spacings between parallel subsurface drains are under investigation to determine

their effectiveness in water removal and crop response. Continuous records of tile

discharge are being made and crop yields are determined at harvest time.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agronomy.

(4184) DYNAMICS OF WATER FLOW IN TILE-DRAINED LAND.

(d)

(e)

Laboratory project.

Dr. Dale Swartzendruber , Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. Experimental; basic research for a Master's

thesis

An important aspect of flow in tile drainage

systems is the movement of water through

56
Si

water- saturated porous media. Boiled, (c) deionized water, with and without 0.1%

phenol, was passed through liquid-saturated

quartz sands in laboratory permeameters.

The hydraulic conductivity of the sand was

calculated, and observed as a function of the volume of liquid passed through the sand. After flow was terminated, the number of bacteria in successive sections of the permeameters was determined by plate count methods

(f) Completed.

(g) With boiled, deionized water at room temperature, the hydraulic conductivity of the sand decreased several orders of magnitude as flow continued. The conductivity decrease

could be essentially eliminated either by

phenol in the water, or by low temperature

(1.5 degrees C.). The conductivity decrease was in all cases strikingly related to the number of bacteria found in the sand.

(h) "Flow-Associated Reduction in the Hydraulic

Conductivity of Quartz Sand," by R. P. Gupta

and D. Swartzendruber, Soil Sci. Soc . Amer. Proc. 26, No. 1, Jan. -Feb., 1962 (In press).

(4185) ANALYSIS OF THE DYNAMICS OF MOISTURE FLOW IN SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Dale Swartzendruber, Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied.

(e) The effect of relatively open subsoil channels

(as occur in vertical mulching) on the in- filtration of water into soil was studied

both by means of a mathematical solution in elliptic integrals, and by a small-scale

laboratory sand model. A second study

considered the validity of Darcy's law for (d porous media containing clay, using data

available in the literature. (e (g) The mathematical solution Indicated that the relatively open subsoil channel appreciably

increases the infiltration rate only if the channel (1) penetrates through a nearly (g

impermeable layer at the soil surface, or

(2) penetrates deeply enough to closely ap- proach a very highly permeable substratum (h such as gravel. The model studies also showed the channels to be effective when

water moves into a soil at very low moisture

content. From the second study, it was found (3810 for the data of four independent Investigators

that Darcy's law did not hold. A modified,

two-parameter flow equation was proposed,

which was found to fit the data; and the re- sulting parameters were found to behave con- sistently. The modified behavior is accounted (d for on the basis of non-Newtonian flow

behavior. (e

(h) "Water Movement into Soil from Idealized

Vertical Mulch Channels," by D. Swartzendruber,

Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 24, No. 3, Pages

152-156, 1960. "Modification of Darcy's Law for the Flow of (g Water in Soils," by D. Swartzendruber, Soil

Science 93, No. 1, Jan. 1962 (In press).

(4186) MECHANISMS OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY DECREASE

IN WATER-SATURATED SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project and Purdue Research

Foundation.

(c) Dr. Dale Swartzendruber, Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.

(d) Experimental; basic research for Ph.D. thesis.

(e) An experimental study of factors responsible

for reducing the hydraulic conductivity of water-saturated porous media, with special

emphasis upon entrapped gases (particularly

air) and bacteria. The content of entrapped

gases will be evaluated by a compression

technique

(4187) VISCOUS FLOW OF WATER IN CLAY SYSTEMS. (d

(b) Laboratory project. (e

Dr. P. F. Low, Prof. Agronomy Dept., Purdue

University, Lafayette, Indiana.

Experimental; for doctoral thesis.

Darcy's equation has been experimentally

verified for relatively high rates of flow. However, there is some question regarding

its validity for low rates of flow. Attention will be focused on the viscosity

variable in the equation. Recent evidence

obtained in this laboratory indicates that water in the vicinity of clay mineral

surfaces has a structure different from that

of normal water. Since viscosity is a structure-sensitive property of a fluid, it is likely that the viscosity of the water in

the clay system is different from that of normal water.

It is the purpose of this Investigation to ascertain whether or not there is a threshold gradient below which water flow

will not occur in a clay-water system. In addition, it is the purpose of this experi- ment to determine if a non-linearity between

Q and i exists for low values of i. Preliminary results only.

"Viscosity of Water in Clay Systems," by

Philip F. Low, Proc. of Eighth National

Conference of Clays and Clay Minerals, pp. 170-182, 1960.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Chemical Engineering Department.

(3809) SHEAR TRANSFER FROM MOVING GAS TO VISCOUS

LIQUIDS.

(4188

(g

[4189

e

Department project.

Prof. W. H. Tucker, Chemical and Metallurgical Building, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. Experimental; design and applied research, master's and doctoral theses. Measurement of friction factors and surface velocities and their effects on mass transfer within liquids of different surface tensions

The surface tension of a liquid has been found to greatly influence the degree of contact between a moving gas and the liquid.

"Residence-Time Studies in a Con-current Wetted-wall Column," by L. Subbaiyan, M.S. Thesis, Purdue Univ., January 1962. THE EFFECTS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS ON HEAT, MASS, AND MOMENTUM TRANSFER. National Science Foundation.

Mr. J. E. Myers, School of Chemical Engrg.,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

Experimental and theoretical; basic research

for Ph.D. theses. Experimental measurements were made of effects of solid geometry and fluid properties

on form drag, skin friction, and heat transfer coefficients in flow of water over circular fins in a pipe. Two doctoral theses completed; work con- tinuing. SAMPLING OF HETEROGENEOUS FLUIDS IN FLOW. American Petroleum Institute.

Mr. J. H. Rushton, School of Chemical

Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana.

Experimental and theoretical basic research. Find basic relations between the distribution of gas in liquid caused by mixers in tanks of different sizes. One M.S. and one Ph.D. project being completed

BATCH AND CONTINUOUS THICKENING OF SLURRIES. Laboratory project.

Prof. Paul T. Shannon, School of Chemical

Engrg., Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for Ph.D. thesis.

A theoretical analysis of batch and continuous

57
thickening is presented based on the as- sumption that the settling rate of the solids relative to the slurry is a function

only of the local solids concentration

("ideal" behavior). Equations are derived

for the propagation of concentration changes

in terms of the solids flux. They relate

batch and continuous thickening. Utilizing

the flux plot obtained from Initial batch

settling rate data, a method is presented

for predicting the complete batch settling

curves and the steady and unsteady state behavior of slurries in a continuous thickener. This approach offers a logical and con- sistent explanation of many previously un- explained phenomena.

(g) Batch settling data for CaCO* slurries were obtained for concentrations from 10 to 190 g.p.l. and for several weight of solids per unit area. Gamma-ray absorption was used to determine the variation of solids concentration with height and time. The flux plot

determined from initial batch settling rates

was doubly concave and independent of the weight of solids per unit area. The experimental batch results and published

data on continuous thickening showed complete

qualitative and close quantitative agreement

with the theory. Deviations from "ideal"

behavior in both batch and continuous

thickening were attributed principally to the effect of varying weight of solids per unit

area. A reappraisal of the concept of thickening in compression is presented.

(h) E. M. Tory, Ph.D. Thesis, Purdue University,

June, 1961.

(4190) BATCH SEDIMENTATION OF RIGID SPHERES IN WATER.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. Paul T. Shannon, School of Chemical

Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for M.S. thesis.

(e) As part of a continuing study of the solidsfluid mechanics of multiparticle systems,

batch settling tests on closely sized,

uniform, spherical glass beads in water were performed over the entire range of solids

concentration. This work was done to provide

a test of the theory previously developed,

particularly the basic assumption that the solids settling velocity relative to the slurry is a function only of the local solids

concentration. Also, in order to Isolate the effects of variable fluid and solid properties in batch and continuous thickening, one must know the behavior of uniform rigid

spheres in a newtonian fluid.

(g) The solids flux as a function of concen- tration determined from Initial batch

settling rates was found to be doubly

concave. The batch settling curves were found to have many of the properties previously attributed to the compressibility of the

solids. Complete batch settling curves theoretically predicted using the flux plot

based in initial rates agreed very well with

the experimental results. The slight deviations were attributed to non-uniform initial

concentrations and particle size segregation

at low concentrations.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Civil Engineering.

(2839) HYDRAULICS OP RIVER FLOW UNDER ARCH BRIDGES.

(b) State Highway Department of Indiana and Bureau of Public Roads.

(c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, Hydraulic Laboratory,

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Indiana.

d) Experimental; for design and master's theses.

e) The purpose of the research is to study

systematically the hydraulic efficiency of

waterways under arch bridges, to provide a criterion for determining the proper clear

span of arch bridges so as to compensate for

the loss of efficiency at high flows, and to provide a method for computing the backwater

upstream of arch bridges.

(g) Preliminary small scale model Investigation

has been completed. Large scale testing of two and three dimensional semi-circular

models in both smooth and rough boundaries

Including a number of skewed and eccentric

ones has been completed. The large scale tests were conducted in a tilting flume

5 ft. wide and 64 ft. long.

(h) "Roughness Spacing in Rigid Open Channels,"

by W. W. Sayre and M. L. Albertson,

discussion by P. F. Biery and J. W. Delleur,

Journal of the Hydraulics Division Vol. 87,

HY5, A.S.C.E., September 1961.

(2840) MECHANISM OF TURBULENCE IN FREE SURFACE

FLOW.

(b) National Science Foundation, Purdue Research

Foundation.

(c) Dr. J. W. Delleur and Dr. G. H. Toebes,

Hydraulic Laboratory, School of Civil Engrg.,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Theoretical and experimental: for Ph.D. theses

(e) Analytical and experimental investigation of

the mechanism of turbulence in free surface

flow. The analytical part of the project

will investigate important flow characteristics such as the spectrum of turbulence,

correlation of velocities in the turbulent

field, degree of isotropy, and the various

velocity functions in submerged jet and open channel flow. The experimental portion of the program will make tests coincident with

theoretical studies. Several instrument

revisions, the construction of water filtering circuits and of a small towing

facility is being undertaken.

(g) Precision test flume designed. The flume has variable longitudinal slope and changeable cross section. The cross section may be rectangular or trapezoidal with

different side slopes. Hot wire anemometer

in progress.

(h) "Mechanism of Turbulence in Free Surface

Flow," by J. W. Delleur, Progress Report

No. 1, July 1961.

(2841) STUDY OF RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS FOR HIGHWAY DRAINAGE DESIGN IN INDIANA.

(b) State Highway Department of Indiana.

(c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, Hydraulic Laboratory,

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Analysis and statistical investigation for

Ph.D. thesis.

(e) The purpose of the research is to study the hydrology of watersheds less than 200 square miles throughout the State of Indiana, to improve the existing methods for estimating

the runoff from small watersheds, and to improve the present methods of design of highway drainage structures servicing small watersheds. A statistical analysis by means

of the extreme values method has been

completed. Graphical relations which permit

derivation of peak flow as function of five geomorphological parameters of the watershed

have been prepared.

(g) Runoff and rainfall data are being collected, and runoff statistical and geomorphological

analysis has been completed.

(h) "Study of Runoff from Small Watersheds for Highway Drainage Design in Indiana," I. P. Wu and J. W. Delleur, Progress Report No. 1, May 1961.

(3146) HYDROMECHANICS OF FLUID COLLECTOR SYSTEM IN POROUS MEDIA.

b) Purdue Research Foundation.

c) Dr. G. H. Toebes, Hydraulic Laboratory,

58
School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Theoretical, and experimental; for Ph.D. thesis

(e) Analytical and experimental Investigations

of the gravity flow field around horizontal

collector wells.

(f) Completed.

(g) The exact solution for gravity flow towards

a sink strip was derived. Slow convergence

of relaxation methods, utilizing a digital

computer necessitated the use of an hydraulic

model equipped with an electric free surface

probe. Results permitted the formulation of

a discharge formula as well as a number of design recommendations. A novel method for increasing the well yield, called "vacuum

pumping", has been given.

(h) "Gravity Flow Towards Horizontal Collector

Wells," A. L. Simon, Ph.D. Thesis, Purdue

University, January 1962. GEOHYDRAULICS. Laboratory project. Messrs. J. W. Delleur and A. L. Simon,

Hydraulic Laboratory, School of Civil Engrg.,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

Theoretical; basic research. Geohydraulic theory is being developed as a science based on Fluid Mechanics and Hydrogeology . Quantitative analyses are developed. A bibliography includes principal works of European scientists and others. Inactive

(d)

(e)

(4192)

(to)

(c)

(g)

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Indiana.

Analytical and experimental research for

Ph.D. thesis.

A 5 x 30 foot styrofoam meander-flood plain

model Is built with adjustable slope, side walls and channel dimensions. Flow

visualization equipment and a directional

Prandtl tube are in use. Both stage-discharge relations as well as Internal flow

field characteristics are being investigated. The literature concerning meander mechanisms

has been reviewed. Several experimental

stage-discharge relations are available. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF EAGLE CREEK RESERVOIR SPILLWAY. Dodson, Kinney and Linblom, consultants to the Indianapolis Flood Control District.

Dr. G. H. Toebes, Hydraulic Laboratory,

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Indiana.

Experimental, design.

The overflow spillway for Eagle Creek

reservoir near Indianapolis, with a design

discharge of 160,000 cfs is situated only

700 feet from a major Interstate Highway.

The road will at larger flow act as a broad

crested weir giving rise to an unusually

flat tailwater rating curve. Tests have led to several modifications of the original design.

NUMERICAL METHODS IN ANALYSIS OF HYDRO- MECHANICS PROBLEM. Engineering Experiment Station, Purdue Univ.

Dr. G. H. Toebes, Hydraulic Laboratory,

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Indiana.

Analytical and applied research for Ph.D. thesis

The purpose of the research is to make

available to the hydraulic engineers the mathematical tools which are normally

beyond his competence. The techniques of solving numerically flood routing problems

Is in progress. The emphasis will be on methods making use of electric desk

calculators, digital and analog computers.

Preliminary computer programs have been

completed. TRANSIENT DEVELOPMENT OF THE FREE SURFACE

IN A HOMOGENEOUS EARTH DAM. Purdue Research Foundation.

Dr. M. E. Harr, School of Civil Engineering,

Department of Soil Mechanics, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Indiana.

Theoretical for Ph.D. thesis.

The study is aimed at the development of a rational treatment of the "rapid drawdown"

condition for the analysis of earth and rockflll dams. Completed. SEEPAGE INTO SHEETED EXCAVATION.

Dr. M. E. Harr, School of Civil Engineering,

Department of Soil Mechanics, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Indiana.

Theoretical.

The closed form solution of the problem for

the factor of safety with respect to heaving of the base of sheeted excavation

and the quantity of seepage

Completed.

"Seepage Into Sheeted Excavation," Journal

of Soil Mechanics and Foundations, A.S.C.E.,

October 1961. MEANDER-FLOOD PLAIN MODEL. Purdue Research Foundation.

Dr. G. H. Toebes, Hydraulic Laboratory,

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Electrical Engineering.

(3494)

(e)

(g)

(h)

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE FEASIBILITY OF A MAGNETICALLY CONTROLLED POPPET VALVE HY- DRAULIC SERVOMECHANISM. Laboratory project

Prof. J. E. Gibson, School of Electrical

Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana.

Experimental and analytical; basic research

for Master's Thesis.

This project Includes the design, analysis,

and experimental testing of a method of controlling a hydraulic - mechanical energy converter by means of a time varying

pressure source and two electro-magnetic

poppet valves. Method has proved feasible to a limited

degree

"An Investigation of an Electromagnetically

Controlled Poppet Valve for use in Pulse Length Modulated Hydraulic Automatic Control

Systems," by David E. Boddy, M.S. Thesis,

Purdue University, 109 p., August 1960.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Jet Propulsion Center.

(2374) THE MECHANISM OF TWO-PHASE FLOW OF ANNULAR

LIQUIDS IN A VERTICAL TUBE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. M. J. Zucrow, Jet Propulsion Center,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

for masters degrees.

(e) This problem is concerned with the analytical and experimental study of the mechanism

of the downward flow of a liquid film on the inside wall of a vertical circular tube with co-current gas flow in the core of the

tube. Systematic experiments are being

conducted for determining the effect of the rates of air flow and liquid flow upon the velocities of the interfacial waves on the surface of the liquid film. In addition

attempts are being made to measure the starting length required to establish

characteristic interfacial waves on the surface of the liquid film.

(h) "Investigation of Annular Two-Phase Flow,

59
and Heat Transfer to and From Gases with

Large Temperature Differences," by C. P. Warner and J. M. Murphy, Final Report 61-1 Contract Nonr 1100(14) March 1961.

"An Investigation of the Mean Liquid Film

Thickness and the Characteristics of the Interfacial Surface in Annular, Two-Phase

Flow," by D. Charvonia, ASME Preprint

61-WA-243, Nov. 1961.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Mechanical Engineering.

(3812) TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOW ALONG A CORNER.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. J. B. Jones, Professor of Mech. Engrg.,

Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental basic research for a doctoral

thesis.

(e) The investigation is concerned with the phenomenon known as secondary flow for steady,

incompressible, turbulent flow along a corner. Since the problem is concerned with three- dimensional boundary layer flow, an analytic

approach is not feasible. The research will

consist of constructing a flow model to explain the nature of the secondary flow and then to verify the model by taking velocity

and turbulence measurements. It is hoped that

by examining the turbulence structure of a developing turbulent boundary layer, some explanation might be deduced regarding the growth and driving mechanism of the secondary

flow.

(g) Results to date verify Prandtl's hypothesis

regarding directional turbulence characteristics along curved isotachs in the vicinity

of the corner bisector.

(h) "A Preliminary Study of Turbulence Characteristics of Flow Along a Corner," by F. B. Gessner and J. B. Jones - to be published in the Journal of Basic Engineering.

(3814) BOUNDARY LAYER MEASUREMENTS USING TRANSVERSE

CYLINDRICAL PITOT PROBES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. J. B. Jones, Prof, of Mechanical

Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana.

d) Experimental; for Master's thesis.

e) The purpose of the study was to determine

error involved in using transverse cylindrical total pressure probes to measure

Incompressible boundary layer profiles.

A method utilizing the location of the point

of minimum dynamic pressure to establish

correct velocity profiles was developed.

(f) Completed.

(4193) FLOW IN A PIPE FOLLOWING AN ABRUPT INCREASE

IN SURFACE ROUGHNESS.

bl Laboratory project.

c) Dr. J. B. Jones, Prof, of Mechanical Engrg.,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental basic research for doctoral

thesis

(e) Measurements of velocity, turbulence

Intensity, and Reynolds stress distributions

following a sudden increase in surface roughness of a pipe are reported. The wall

shear stress increases abruptly to its final

value and the pressure gradient is very

nearly constant throughout the transition

region. Reynolds stresses throughout much

of the transition region reach values ex- ceeding those in fully-developed flow in the rough pipe. The need for knowledge of shear stress distributions for use in the calculation of velocity distributions Is pointed

out. A flow model Is suggested.

f) Completed.

g) Paper submitted to ASME.

(4194) TURBULENT FLOW IN THE INLET REGION OF A

SMOOTH PIPE.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. J. B. Jones, Prof, of Mechanical Engrg.,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental basic research for doctoral

thesis

(e) This work reports measurements of mean

velocities, turbulence (Reynolds) stresses

in the inlet region of a smooth pipe. Data

are presented for the first forty diameters

of pipe length. Fully-developed flow Is not attained in this length for a Reynolds

number (based on pipe diameter and mean

velocity) of 388,000, but the wall shear stress and the static pressure gradient

attain their fully-developed values within

the first fifteen diameters. Velocity

profiles at successive sections in the inlet region are not similar as assumed in some published calculation methods. Longitudinal convection of turbulence energy is appreciable; except very near the pipe

entrance, radial convection is negligible.

(f) Completed.

(g) Paper submitted to ASME.

(4195) A STUDY OF WAVE PHENOMENA IN A SMALL SHOCK

TUBE.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. E. J. Wellman, Associate Prof, of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University,

Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental and analytical research for master's thesis.

(e) The performance of a small shock tube constructed for instructional purposes is being analyzed under various operating

conditions. Optimum values of the parameters which may be readily adjusted are being sought . In the experimental work two pressure transducers are being used to measure pressures and determine wave ve- locities.

(4196) INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW OVER A FORWARD FACING

STEP.

(b) Engineering Experiment Station, Purdue

University.

(c) Dr. R. W. Fox, Asst. Prof, of Mech. Engrg.,

Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental basic research for master's

thesis

(e) The purpose of this Investigation is to gain

additional information on the flow over a forward facing step. The specific aspects

of this problem being considered are: (1) The variation of the wall static pressure

preceding, following, and along the face of the step; (2) the flow pattern (streamline

pattern and the shape of the separation

region) over the step; (3) the shape of the velocity profile as separation Is approached; and (4) the drag coefficient of the step.

Step heights of 1, 3 and 6 Inches, In a channel 16 Inches In width, are being

investigated for various free-stream ve- locities.

(g) Previous investigation with step heights of 0.25 and 0.50 inches showed that: (l) The

wall static pressure coefficient was a function of distance from the step and

step height and was independent of the free- stream velocity and upstream boundary-layer

thickness over the range of

1.2 x 104 ^

Ul

, Sl. 6 5.7 x 104

; and (2) the drag coefficient was a fairly

strong function of the ratio of step height

to boundary-layer displacement thickness and

a weak function of boundary-layer Reynolds

number.

(h) "Boundary Layer Flow Over a Forward Facing

Step," by William J. Rivers III, Master's

Thesis, January, 1961 (available on loan).

SO
FURDUE UNIVERSITY, Automatic Control Laboratory,

School of Mechanical Engineering.

(4197) DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF HYDRAULIC LINES.

(d)

(e)

(h)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Dr. Rufus Oldenburger, School of Mechanical

Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana.

Experimental and theoretical; basic research

for masters and doctors theses. The work on hydraulic lines is being done to establish simple mathematical relations for describing hydraulic phenomena associated

with flow of liquids in pipes. The usual

partial differential equations of flow

through pipes are replaced by ordinary differential equations involving hyperbolic

operators. These operators are replaced by

simple, yet accurate, algebraic approximations.

Frequency response runs are being made to check the validity of these approximations.

The theory is being extended to flow through

bends. Previous experimental work on the subject was done by Oldenburger and associates at the Appalachia Power House of the Tennessee Valley Authority and by John

Sanders and associates at the Lewis Research

Center of the NASA. "Results for Flow in Cylindrical Pipes," by

R. E. Goodson and R. Oldenburger, submitted

for publication.

ROCKY MOUNTAIN HYDRAULIC LABORATORY.

(3496) TESTS OF RIPRAP SCOUR PROTECTION.

(h)

Standard Oil Company of Texas.

Prof. C. J. Posey, Rocky Mountain Hydr. Lab.,

Allenspark, Colorado.

Experimental; design development.

Protection of offshore structures. Completed

Model-prototype similitude for unusual type

of erosion achieved by the use of Gilsonite.

"Erosion Protection of Production Structures,'

by C. J. Posey and J. H. Sybert, Ninth Convention, International Association for Hydraulic Research, Dubrovnik, 1961.

(4198) TESTS OF EROSION-PROOFING FOR CHUTES. Laboratory Project.

Prof. C. J. Posey, Rocky Mountain Hydr. Lab.,

Allenspark, Colorado. Experimental; design development. To find reliable low-cost erosion protection

for steep channels in erodible materials.

Active experimentation during summers. Sixteen-mm film shows results of preliminary

experiments.

ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY, UNIVERSITY

OF MINNESOTA. Inquiries concerning Projects 2144, 2603, 3153, 3156,

3161, 3164, 3497, 3499, 3502, 3503, 3504, 3819, 3820,

3821, 3822, 3824, 4199 to 4206, inclusive and 4208 to

4211 inclusive should be addressed to Dr. Lorenz G. Straub, Director, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab.,

Mississippi River at Third Avenue S.E., Minneapolis

14, Minnesota.

Inquiries concerning Projects 111, 1168, and 2386,

which are conducted in cooperation with the Agricultural Research Service, should be addressed to

Mr. Fred W. Blaisdell, Hydraulic Engineer, Soil and

Water Conservation Research Division, Agricultural

Research Service, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab.,

Minneapolis 14, Minnesota.

Inquiries concerning Project No. 194, which is conducted in cooperation with the Corps of Engineers

and the U. S. Geological Survey, should be addressed

to Engineer in Charge, Mr. Byrnon Colby, Federal

Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project, St. Anthony

Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Mississippi River at Third Avenue, Minneapolis 14, Minnesota.

(Ill) CLOSED CONDUIT SPILLWAY.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture, in cooperation with the Minnesota Agricultural Expt . Station and the

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research

for development and design.

(e) A two-sided drop inlet having a width equal

to the pipe diameter and a variable length

is currently being tested. The anti-vortex

device consists of a horizontal plate

supported above the crest of the drop inlet

by end piers. The characteristics, per- formance, losses, and pressures in the drop

inlet and on the anti-vortex plate are being

determined for various combinations of drop

inlet length, and height and overhang of the anti-vortex plate. Water is used as the model fluid to determine the performance

characteristics, and head-discharge re- lationships during flows of water-air

mixtures. For full flow, air is used as the model fluid to determine the various energy

loss coefficients and the pressure coefficients.

(g) The theory of closed conduit spillways has been developed, verified, and published.

Results of tests on many forms of the closed

conduit spillway entrance have been

published. Pipe culverts laid on steep

slopes may flow completely full even though

the outlet discharges freely. Generalized

methods for analysis and reporting of the results have been developed. The use of air as the model fluid has been verified by

comparing test results with those obtained

using water as the model fluid. The drop

inlet with the horizontal anti-vortex device

causes the spillway to act as a self- regulating siphon when the headpool level approximates the anti-vortex plate elevation. The height of the anti-vortex plate above the drop Inlet crest and the overhang of the anti-vortex plate determine the effectiveness

of the plate as an anti-vortex device.

(1168)

(b)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(1929)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

A STUDY OF CANTILEVERED OUTLETS. Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture, in cooperation with the Minnesota Agricultural Expt. Station and

the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

Experimental; generalized applied research

for design.

Pipe outlet conduits for small spillways

are frequently cantilevered beyond the toe

of the earth dam. Attempts will be made to determine quantitatively the size of the scour hole to be expected under various

field conditions.

Suspended. DRAIN TILE JUNCTION LOSSES. Minnesota Agricultural Expt. Station in cooperation with the Agricultural Research

Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture and the

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

Prof. Philip W. Manson, University of Minnesota, St. Paul Campus, St. Paul, Minn.

Experimental; generalized applied research

for design. The Junction losses in drain tile flowing

full are determined for laterals of different

sizes entering mains of different sizes at various angles. Additional tests have been

made with the crowns (or inverts) of both

main and lateral in the same plane

Completed. Tests have been completed on sharp edge

junctions entering the main at angles

varying in 15 degree increments from 15 degrees to 165 degrees. Both the lateral

and the main are completely full. The tests

61
cover all possible combinations of discharge

In the lateral and In the main. Laterals

having areas 1/1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/7, and 1/16

that of the main have been tested. A color

motion picture film entitled "Energy Losses

at Converging Pipe Junctions" has been

completed and Is available. The 16 mm film

Is 800 feet long,

(h) "Loss of Energy at Sharp-Edged Pipe

Junctions" by Fred W. Blaisdell and Philip

W. Manson. Submitted for publication.

(2386) GENERALIZED DESIGN OP TRANSITIONS FOR SUPERCRITICAL VELOCITIES.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture, in cooperation with the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station

and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research

for development and design.

(e) Studies will be made to develop a transition

and to determine the rules for its design.

The transition will be used to change the flow cross section from circular to rectangular when the velocities are super- critical.

(f) Suspended.

(2144) EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF HYDROFOILS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the

Navy.

d) Experimental and analytical; basic research.

e) Investigation of the force characteristics

and the air entrainment rates of an artificially ventilated hydrofoil of finite span

in the vicinity of a free surface.

(g) A semi-empirical expression has been derived

to satisfactorily predict the air entrainment

rates for artificially ventilated cavities in the reentrant jet region. The air entrainment was found to depend on velocity, drag

coefficient, cavitation number based on vapor pressure, cavitation pressure, and aspect ratio. The presence of the free surface had little effect on lift and drag

forces, and experimental values agreed

roughly with available theory. Cavity

characteristics were appreciably influenced

by the free surface and tip effects of the finite span foils.

(h) "Experimental Studies of Artificial Cavities

on Submerged Hydrofoils of Finite Span,"

by J. M. Wetzel and F. R. Schiebe, Univ. of Minn., St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Memo No. M-89, Minneapolis, Minnesota,

Nov., 1960. "Ventilated Cavities on Submerged Hydrofoils

of Finite Span," by F. R. Schiebe and J. M Wetzel, Univ. of Minn., St. Anthony Falls

Hydraulic Laboratory Memo No. M-91,

Minneapolis, Minn., July 1961.

(2603) WATER TUNNEL AIR CONTENT STUDIES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Analytical and experimental applied research.

(e) Establishment of procedures for accoustically measuring the size and number of small gas bubbles existing in water.

f) Reactivated.

g) Refinements underway on previous pilot

studies

(3153) FLOW ABOUT BODIES AT SMALL CAVITATION

NUMBERS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

d) Experimental and analytical; basic research.

e) The major interest is now In unsteady

supercavitating flow. Both material and ventilated cavitation is under study.

Unsteady flows of various types are under

study experimentally in the free-jet water

tunnel: (1) Variation of cavity pressure

by adding air at variable rate; (2)

variation of body angle of attack; (3) variation of free-stream velocity; and (4) variation of ambient pressure. Theoretical

work on unsteady flows of symmetrical

bodies is also underway.

(g) For results of recently completed work on ventilated cavities and cavity noise, see the publications listed below. The current work Indicates that for many purposes the unsteady effect is almost negligible; that

is, the cavitation number-cavity lengthcavity drag relation is nearly the same as for steady flow.

(h) "Pulsation of Ventilated Cavities," by

C. S. Song, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Laboratory Tech. Paper No. 32, Series B, February 1 961

"Experimental Studies of Cavitation Noise

in a Free-Jet Tunnel," by C. S. Song, and

E. Silberman, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Laboratory, Tech. Paper No. 33, Series B, July 1961.

(3156) WANAPUM SPILLWAY STUDIES.

(b) Harza Engineering Company, Chicago; Public

Utility District of Grant County, Ephrata,

Washington.

d) Experimental; design and operation.

e) A 1:144 scale partial comprehensive model for Wanapum Power Project on Columbia River to arrive at optimum alinement of the earth

fill dam and optimum exterior geometry for fish passing facilities.

f) Completed.

g) Satisfactory geometry for the fish passing

facilities arrived at and riprap protection

sufficient to protect against scour was determined.

(3161) HYDRAULICS OF SEWER DROPSHAFTS.

(b) City of St. Paul, Minnesota,

(dj Experimental; applied.

(e) Investigate relative merits of sewer drop structures for discharges up to 1000 cfs and drops up to about 100 feet.

f) Completed.

g) Impact type energy dissipator developed to stabilize flow and eliminate air from lower

interceptor line.

(3164) SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and analytical; Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Prediction and measurements of ultimate

depths of scour around known shape and size

of pier.

(3497) WANAPUM FISH FACILITIES STUDIES.

(b) Harza Engineering Company, Chicago; Public

Utility District of Grant County, Ephrata,

Washington.

d) Experimental; design and operation.

e) Two 1:36 scale models of right bank

attraction water flow system and orifice

and weir fish entrances for design verification and comparison of effectiveness of orifice versus weir entrances.

(f) Completed.

(3499) STUDIES OF HYDROFOIL CONFIGURATIONS IN REGULAR WAVES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the Navy.

d) Experimental.

e) Experimental investigation of the longitudinal motions (heave and pitch) of various

hydrofoil configurations for regular head

and following seas to verify existing

linear and non-linear theory.

(g) In general, satisfactory agreement has been

obtained between theory and experiment for tandem hydrofoil configurations utilizing

combinations of dihedral and flat foils. For small wave amplitudes, linearized theory

!

62
proved to be adequate . Non-linear theoryindicated a steady-downward component of heave and pitch that was of considerable

magnitude in following seas . Experimental

measurement for these components were in

general greater than predicted by theory,

(h) "Experimental and Analytical Studies of the Longitudinal Motions of a Tandem Dihedral

Hydrofoil Craft in Regular Waves," by J. M. Wetzel, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Technical Paper No. 30, Series B, April 1960.

(3502) MANGLA SPILLWAY STUDIES

(b) Harza Engineering Company, Chicago; Binnie,

Deacon, and Gourley, London; Government of Pakistan.

d) Experimental; design and operation.

e) Two 1:300 scale models of two stage stilling

basin energy dissipator. A comprehensive

model and a section model consisting of half

the control structure and basin for study

of all important hydraulic features. A 1:108 scale section model consisting of two control structure gates, a study of pressures

on gate and gate calibration. Typical

dimensions of earth fill dam spillway include a drop in water level of 330 feet and a de- sign discharge of 1,100,000 cfs.

(3503) ARKANSAS RIVER DEVELOPMENT SEDIMENT STUDIES.

(bl U. S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) To investigate the feasibility of con- structing an armor layer on the bed of a stream to stabilize the bed and prevent

degradation.

r) Completed.

g) Results suggest that the armor material will

stabilize the bed under certain conditions.

(3504) EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF UNSTEADY LIFT AND DRAG FORCES ON DIHEDRAL HYDROFOILS IN WAVES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the Navy.

d) Experimental; basic research.

e) General investigation of the forces on dihedral, surface-piercing hydrofoils in regular waves. A study was also made of the forces on a hydrofoil placed in the wake of another, as would be the case of a tandem

configuration

f) Completed.

g) Lift and drag measurements were made on a restrained surface-piercing dihedral hydrofoil in regular head and following seas. The oscillatory lift was predicted with fair

success using linearized theory. The experimental forces were observed to contain

harmonic distortion, and comparison of the second harmonic component obtained from nonlinear quasi-steady theory indicated that the calculated values were too low. Tests with

a restrained tandem dihedral configuration

in smooth water indicated that the per- formance rates of the aft foil could be considerably increased for a particular

separation of the foils. The optimum sepa- ration increased with increasing velocity.

(h) "Lift and Drag of Surface-Piercing Dihedral

Hydrofoils in Regular Waves," by J. M. Wetzel and F. R. Schiebe, University of Minnesota, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab.,

Project Report No. 64, September 1960.

(3819) DESIGN STUDIES FOR SOUTH SASKATCHEWAN RIVER

PROJECT.

(b) Canada Department of Agriculture, Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration, Regina,

Saskatchewan.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) Experimental studies of the preliminary design of components of the diversion tunnel

system and spillway system of South

Saskatchewan River Project.

(g) Tests of the diversion system showed good

agreement between computed and measured

head-discharge curves. Other tests indi- cated that the design of all aspects of the diversion and spillway system were sound, but that some saving could be effected in

the design of the temporary tunnel stilling

basins

(3820) MODEL STUDIES OF CHUTE NO. 2 AT ST. ANTHONY

FALLS.

(b} Northern States Power Company, Minneapolis.

(d) Experimental; applied.

(e) Experimental study of various methods for reduction of bed scour below existing Chute

No. 2.

f) Completed.

g) A stilling basin of the SAF type was developed and tested; erosion was materially

reduced. An alternate design which was tested and which indicated acceptable scour characteristics consisted of a horizontal

section of chute located at the water

surface; this structure was fitted with

terminal blocks similar to conventional

stilling basins.

(3821) STRUT INTERFERENCE EFFECT ON HYDROFOIL

SYSTEMS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) Investigation of the interference effects of supporting struts on the lift drag of typical

hydrofoil configurations.

f) Completed.

g) Pressure distribution measurements made in

a towing tank were used to evaluate lift

and drag near Junctions. Selected models

under a variety of conditions were tested.

(h) "Interference Effects of a Strut on the Lift and Drag of a Hydrofoil" by John F. Ripken, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab.,

Univ. of Minn., Project Report No. 65,

August 1961.

(3822) FLOW OVER VIBRATING PLATES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Studies on a water tunnel with one wall

externally excited into forced vibration to determine the effect of wall vibration on the boundary layer.

(3824) SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS OF AIR ENTRAINED

FLOW IN STEEP CHANNELS.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Analytical and experimental investigation of the air concentration, velocity distribution, and surface roughness of water flow in steep open channels, Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Experimental investigation was carried out on the SAF high velocity channel for slopes up to 53 degrees. Velocities were measured

by means of a pitot tube on high speed

photography. Air concentration was measured

by the SAF concentration meter. The surface elevation was measured by a device which measures the average time the surface is above a given elevation.

(f) Experimental work completed.

(4199) GEOMETRY OF AIR CAVITIES IN A BOUNDARY LAYER.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Experiments will be performed to observe the geometry of the air cavity formed downstream

of wedges attached to the boundary. Air wiU. be introduced through ports on the downstrean

edge of the wedge and the geometry of the cavity and air demand will be observed in relation to wedge length and thickness.

The objective is to examine reduction of drag due to presence of air in the boundary

63
layer

on file at the University of Minn, library.

(4200) INVESTIGATION OF THE FORCES AND INTERFERENCE EFFECT OF TANDEM FLAT HYDROFOILS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(dj Experimental basic research.

(e) Investigation of the lift and drag forces

on the aft foil of a tandem hydrofoil con- figuration to determine the effect of the downwash and wave pattern from the forward

foil.

(g) Results not yet available.

(4201) GURI HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT MODEL STUDIES.

(b) Harza Engineering Company, Chicago, Corp.

Venezolano de Guayana.

d) Experimental, design and operation.

e) Preliminary study for the design of the Guri Hydroelectric development on the Caroni

River, Venezuela using a 1:394 comprehensive

model and a 1:197 spillway section model.

(4202) MICRO BUBBLE STUDIES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(dj Analytical and experimental applied research.

(e) Measurement of micro bubble structure of laboratory and natural waters to determine

ambient bubble conditions before and after exposure of water to dynamic disturbances.

(4203) HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF AN OVERFALL FOUNDED ON PERMEABLE SOILS.

bj Laboratory project.

d) Theoretical and experimental, for Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Stability of the hydraulic overfall founded

on limited depth of permeable soils, under

the influence of infiltering flow underneath

the structure, and also in the presence of adverse surface flow conditions was studied.

Magnitude and direction of the exit velocity

is taken as the criteria for determining the stability. Experimental work necessary to support theoretical results was also conducted.

(g) By employing the Schwartz-Chrlstoffel trans- formation the influence of the infiltering

flow in causing uplift pressures on the base

of the structure and also the exit velocity

pattern at the downstream bed level was

studied. Assuming the surface flow,

immediately downstream of the overfall as causing a standing wave, the additional

effect of this flow on the exit velocity

pattern was evaluated. Experimental data

were also obtained confirming the theoretical

solution of the problem.

(4204) PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION UNDER HYDRAULIC

STRUCTURES ON PERMEABLE FOUNDATIONS.

(b) Project conducted for thesis study for the degree of Master of Science.

d) Experimental research.

e) The variations in pressure distribution under

structures on permeable foundations and

subject to a hydraulic head with different

thicknesses of the permeable medium and the geometry of the boundary of the medium, were studied on electrical analogy.

(f) Complete.

(4205) STUDY OF SEEPAGE INTO SUB-SURFACE DRAINS BY

THE HYDRAULIC AND ELECTRIC ANALOG METHODS.

(bl Laboratory project,

(dj Experimental; master's thesis.

( e J To investigate use of hydraulic analog for study of seepage to sub-surface drains and compare results obtained by hydraulic and electric analogs.

f) Completed.

h) "Study of Seepage Into Sub-Surface Drains

by the Hydraulic and Electric Analog Methods,"

by V/arren 0,. Dahlin, Master's thesis, 1961,

(4206) AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE VARIATION OF VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION WITH TIME

IN A DECAYING VORTEX.

(b) M. Sc. thesis study.

(4207) A STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF ENTRAINED GAS NUCLEI ON THE CAVITATION NOISE SPECTRUM IN

A SIX INCH WATER TUNNEL.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. F. R. Schiebe, Associate Scientist, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory,

Minneapolis, Minnesota.

(d) Experimental, basic research, Master's

thesis.

(e) In this study the noise spectrum of cavitation is being studied close to Incipient

conditions. The free air content of the tunnel water is varied through the range

two parts per million to 200 parts per million by volume and the effect noted on

sound spectrum taken by hydrophones mounted

in the immediate vicinity of the cavitation

and on the tunnel wall.

(g) Significant differences in the sound spectrums are noted as the air content of the water is increased.

(4208) INVESTIGATION OF THE PROPERTIES OF SEDIMENT WAVES IN OPEN CHANNELS.

d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

e) To investigate the formation of sediment

ripples and dunes in open channels, with

particular reference to the relation between

the sediment waves physical characteristics,

those of the bed material and of fluid flow.

(f) Relation between sediment wave length and flow properties analyzed theoretically and confirmed using published experimental data.

(4209) THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA ON THE HYDRAULIC AND ELECTROOSMOTIC PERMEABILITY

OF UNIFORM VERY FINE SANDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dj Experimental and theoretical; Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Accurately sized, narrow range, angular

quartz particles and spherical glass beads

were tightly placed in a permeameter with

reversible silver-silver chloride electrodes

at the ends of the test section. Streaming

potential, streaming current, electrical

resistivity of low conductivity liquid, and filter velocity were precisely measured.

Studies include: (1) Flow retardation from return electroosmosis; (2) analysis of electroosmotic permeability factors with

respect to particle characteristics and hydraulic permeability, and (3) comparisons

of streaming current and filter velocity at varying Reynolds numbers.

(g) It has been found that the streaming current- potentlal varies linearly with hydraulic

gradient to a slightly higher Reynolds

number than the filter velocity. Lack of complete deaeration causes a larger re- duction in the filter velocity than the

streaming. When "boiling" action takes place

anomalous relations between the filter ve- locity and streaming current occur.

(4210) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A FREE OVERFALL SPILLWAY.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Theoretical and experimental for Master's

Thesis.

(e) The longitudinal and vertical pressure distribution and surface profile was calculated for bucket type spillways.

Experiments were performed on a similar

spillway to verify the calculations and to study departure from the theoretical.

Comparisons were made with existing prototype

spillways.

C4
f) Completed.

g) Experiments show good agreement with the calculations and supply data for pressure distribution and water surface profiles.

(h) "Hydraulic Characteristics of a Free Overfall Spillway," by Antonio L. Rosquette, a thesis submitted to the Faculty of the University of Minnesota in partial ful- fillment of the requirements of a MS(CE)

degree

(4211) THE CRITICAL SHEAR STRESS IN ALLUVIAL

WATERCOURSES

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Analytical for Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Critical shear stress is defined as the shear stress at the bed when a given

probability exists that the equilibrium of

soil particles of the bed will be upset. An equation for particle equilibrium

depending on the lift/shear stress ratio

is written and solved for certain conditions. Writing the equilibrium equation

involved a rather extensive secondary

investigation of velocity distribution near

a rough bed; the Karman-Prandtl law proved

inadequate for this purpose.

f) Completed.

g) A formula for critical shear stress in clear water flow over a horlzonatl bed is presented. This involves the buoyant

specific weight of the bed particles, the angle of repose of the material, the ef- fective grain size of the particles and the equivalent sand grain roughness size. The effect of other factors such as the presence of ripples, longitudinal and transverse curvature, and suspended

sediment on the formula is also presented.

(h) "A Treatise on the Critical Shear in

Alluvial Watercourses," by Bent A. Christensen, a thesis submitted to the faculty of the University of Minnesota in partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree.

INTER-AGENCY SEDIMENTATION PROJECT IN COOPERATION

WITH ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY.

(194) A STUDY OF METHODS USED IN MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT LOADS IN STREAMS.

(b) Subcommittee on Sedimentation, Inter-Agency

Committee on Water Resources, Personnel of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and the

U. S. Geological Survey are actively engaged

on the project.

(c) Engineer in Charge, Mr. Byrnon C. Colby,

Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project,

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory,

Hennepin Island and Third Avenue S. E., Minneapolis 14, Minnesota.

(d) Experimental; applied research and development . (e) Drawings and specifications are available

to facilitate the manufacture of suspendedsediment and bed-material samplers, particlesize analyzers and associated laboratory

equipment. Approved designs for the measurement of suspended sediment include a single-stage sampler, 4-, 22- and 62-pound

samplers, and electrically-operated samplers

weighing 100 and 300 pounds. For the measurement of bed material there are a piston type hand-operated sampler, a 30- pound hand-line sampler, and a 100-pound

sampler for cable suspension. Additional

apparatus include a sediment sample splitter,

a bottom-withdrawal sedimentation tube for

size analyses, and a visual-accumulation

sedimentation tube with recording equipment

for particle size analyses of sands. The primary objective of the current program is the development of an instrument to auto- matically record suspended- sediment con- centrations in flowing streams. Tests have been conducted on intermittent pumping type

samplers, turbidimeters, and electronic,

ultrasonic, nuclear and pressure sensing

devices.

(g) Report No. 13, "The Single-stage Sampler

for Suspended Sediment" is in the final

stages of reproduction by the Government Printing Office. Tests on pumping type

samplers are being expanded by cooperating

agencies. The sediment wheel recording

device was transferred to the Agricultural

Research Installation near Oxford, Miss.,

for intermittent operation on an ephemeral

type stream. An experimental model of a bottle wheel sampler was installed by the

U. S. Geological Survey at Bixler Run, near

Loysville, Pennsylvania. A progress report

is being prepared on three types of intermittent pumping samplers. The nuclear

sediment density probe was modified and improved by the Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division of the Agricultural

Research Service at Beltsville, Md., and

the probe was calibrated by the Sedimentation Laboratory of the Agricultural

Research Service at University, Mississippi.

Under certain conditions a turbidity meter utilizing the diffusion of light as a measure of solids in suspension can be calibrated to determine both sediment con- centration and the size distribution of sediment finer than 100 microns. Appropriate test procedures and methods of compu- tation are being investigated. Exploratory

and calibration tests on the electronic

sensing instrument are yielding results

consistent with those obtained by microscopic procedures. The ultrasonic device

has been modified. A report titled "Ultrasonic Measurement of Size Distribution and Concentration of Suspended Sediments" by

Gordon Flammer is scheduled for publication

by the U. S. Geological Survey under

"Contributions to General Geology, 1961, No. 1141."

(h) "Investigations of Differential Pressure

Gages for Measuring Suspended-Sediment

Concentrations," Report P, 46 pages, June

1961.

SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY, University of California.

(3825) GENERATION AND PROPAGATION OF INTERNAL

WAVES.

i>) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Charles Cox, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California.

d) Experimental and theoretical basic research.

e) Observations of temperature fluctuations as functions of depth from surface to bottom

of the sea are made at an array of auto- matically recording stations. Analysis in terms of internal waves of various modes

within a spectrum of frequencies at each station permits estimation of pattern of radiation of internal waves. Theoretical

studies suggest the importance of conversion

of tidal energy into internal motions by

interaction with a rough sea bottom. Experimental investigation of this process will

permit estimation of the flow of energy be- tween wave modes and its ultimate fate.

(g) Theoretical results suggest that a moderate

fraction of tidal energy can be converted

into internal motions in one tidal cycle.

(4212) DIRECTIONAL RECORDING OF OCEAN WAVES.

b) IGY and post-IGY.

c) Dr. Walter H. Munk, Scripps Inst, of Oceanography, La Jolla, California.

(d) This is a combined theoretical and field

investigation, to be classified as basic research.

(e) The use of array methods to obtain the directional frequency spectra of ocean swell.

f) Completed.

g) The time, distance, and direction of distant

65
storms has been estimated from the analyses

of wave records obtained on an array of bottom pressure recorders,

(h) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal

Society, In press.

(4213) LONG-PERIOD WAVES OVER CALIFORNIA'S CONTINENTAL BORDERLAND.

b) Office of Naval Research Dept. of the Navy.

c) Dr. Walter H. Munk, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif.

d) Theoretical and field investigation.

e) The recording of waves in the frequency

transfer 0.2 to 60 cycles per hour.

f) Completed.

g) The background spectra indicate the presence

of both free and trapped modes, with resonances associated with the dimensions

of the continental shelf. The data of tsunamis in this frequency range indicate a damping time of 12 hours roughly independent

of frequency.

(h) Journal of Marine Research.

(4214) GENERAL STUDY OF LOW-FREQUENCY GRAVITY WAVES

IN THE SEA.

SEWERS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. I. W. Santry, Jr., Prof, of Civil

Engrg., Dept. of Civil Engrg., Southern

Methodist Univ., Dallas 22, Texas.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research for undergraduate thesis.

(e) The project will use a theoretical approach to the development of means of action

occurring in open channel flow junctions

from which measurement methods will be derived for evaluation by experimentation

on models. The junction pipe will be varied

in size with relationship to the main pipe

from 1/4 to full size. The angles of the wye will be varied from 22-1/2 degrees to

90 degrees. Also, the position of the pipe crowns and hydraulic gradients will be varied as well as flow depths. It is hoped

that the results will yield information which will be useful in design of prototypes.

SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, Department of Mechanical Sciences.

(b) Office of Naval Research and National Science

Foundation.

(c) Dr. W. G. Van Dorn, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, La Jolla, California.

(d) Theoretical, laboratory and field studies of mechanisms of generation, propagation, and dissipation of low-frequency gravity waves, with special attention to impulsively

generated waves, such as those produced by

earthquakes and large explosions.

(e) Project currently operates three long-period

wave stations at Wake, Johnston, and Canton

Islands. These stations continuously monitor

surface waves in the range two minutes to four hours period, microbarometric air pressure in the same period range, wind speed and direction, and subsurface water temperature at depths of 600 and 800 feet. These

records are analyzed for relationships

existing between any of the above variables,

and the presence of low-frequency waves from

earthquakes and hurricanes.

A laboratory study is currently being made of the runup and reflection characteristics of very low steepness waves from beaches of very small slope, with view to understanding

the large wave enhancements observed for tsunamis, as well as the shift in spectral energy believed to occur upon reflection.

This study will be carried out in a specially

constructed plexiglas wave channel of about

100 ft. long, 2 ft. wide, and 6 in. deep.

Long waves will be generated by slightly

tipping any or all sections of the channel

by cam rollers, and measuring the wave properties with sensitive pressure transducers beneath the channel.

(g) It has been discovered that centered wave systems in the open sea, such as those resulting from earthquakes or large ex- plosions are well described by linear theory

if the variable depth of water is taken into account. This theory has then been used to compute the nature of the source motion of

a tsunami in general agreement with independent evidence.

(h) "Some Characteristics of Low Frequency

Gravity Waves in the Sea Produced by Nuclear

Explosions," by W. G. Van Dorn, Journal

Geophysical Research, Vol. 66 No. 11, November 1961. "The Source Motion of the Tsunami of March

9, 1957, as Deduced From Wave Measurements

at Wake Island," by W. G. Van Dorn, Annals

of IUGG, in press.

SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITY, Hydraulics Laboratory.

(4 215) CHARACTERISTICS OF WYE JUNCTIONS IN STORM

(3826) HYDRODYNAMICS OF SHIP SLAMMING.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB technical supervision).

(c) Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Department of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research

Inst., 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio 6, Texas

d) Theoretical; applied research.

e) Study of pressure distribution on bodies of arbitrary cross-section entering a plane water surface

(h) "Hydrodynamic Theories of Ship Slamming - Review and Extension," by W. H. Chu and

H. N. Abramson, Jour, of Ship Research,

Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 9-21, March 1961. Three additional Southwest Research Inst, technical reports.

(3828) STUDIES IN HYDROELASTICITY.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB technical supervision)

(c) Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Dept. of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research

Inst., 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio 6, Texas

d) Experimental, theoretical; applied research.

e) Present work Includes the design, con- struction, and testing of flexible hydrofoil

models to obtain data on unsteady hydrodynamic lift and moment for a variety of operating conditions.

(4216) STUDIES OF FUEL SLOSHING.

(b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Marshall Space Flight Center.

(c) Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Dept. of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research

Inst., 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio 6, Texas.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research

(e) Studies of forces and moments in missile

fuel tanks resulting from sloshing motions

of fuel.

(h) "Dynamic Loads Resulting From Fuel Motion

in Missile Tanks," by Thomas B. Epperson,

Robinson Brown and H. Norman Abramson,

Advances in Ballistic Missile and Space

Technology, 2, pp. 313-327, Pergamon Press, New York, 1961. "Sloshing of Liquids in Cylindrical Tanks of Elliptic Cross-Section," by Wen-Hwa Chu, ARS Journal, 30, pp. 360-363, April 1960. "Some Comparisons of Sloshing Behavior in Cylindrical Tanks with Flat and Conical

Bottoms," by H. Norman Abramson and Guido

E. Ransleben, Jr., ARS Journal, 31, pp. 542-544, April 1961.

66
(4217)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e) 00

(4218)

"A Note on Wall Fressure Distributions

During Sloshing in Rigid Tanks," by H. Norman

Abramson and Guido E. Ransleben, Jr., ARS Journal, 31, pp. 545-547, April 1961. "Simulation of Fuel Sloshing Characteristics

in Missile Tanks by Use of Small Models," by

H. Norman Abramson and Guido E. Ransleben,

Jr., ARS Journal, 30, pp. 603-612, July 1960. "Representation of Fuel Sloshing in Cylindrical Tanks by an Equivalent Mechanical

Model," by H. Norman Abramson, Wen-Hwa Chu

and Guido E. Ransleben, Jr., ARS Journal,

31, November 1961. "Free Surface Condition for Sloshing Results From Pitching and Some Corrections," by Wen- Hwa Chu, ARS Journal, 30, pp. 1093-1094,

November 1960. "Amazing Motions of Liquid Propellants , " by

H. Norman Abramson, Astronautics, 6, 3, pp. 35-37, March 1961. "Liquid Dynamic Behavior in Rocket Propellant

Tanks," by H. Norman Abramson, Proceedings

of the Symposium on Structural Dynamics of High Speed Flight, Office of Naval Research,

Washington, D. C, 1961. LIQUID DYNAMIC 3EHAVT0R IN ROCKET TANKS. National Aeronautics and Space Administration,

Washington, D. C. Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Department of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research

Inst., 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio 6, Texas

Theoretical and experimental; applied

research

Studies of liquid dynamic behavior in

elastic tanks. "Discussion of Production of Rotation in a Confined Liquid Through Translational Motion

of the Boundaries," by Guido E. Ransleben,

Jr. and H. Norman Abramson, Journal of Applied Mechanics, 27, p. 365, June 1960.

"Some Studies of Liquid Rotation and Vortexlng in Rocket Propellant Tanks," by

H. Norman Abramson, Wen-Hwa Chu, Luis R. Garza and Guido E. Ransleben, Jr., NASA Technical Note (1961).

LIQUID MOTION IN SPHERICAL TANKS. Laboratory project

Mr. Wen-Hwa Chu, Senior Research Engineer,

Department of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest

Research Institute, 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio 6, Texas. Theoretical; applied research. Analysis of liquid motion in spherical tank

of arbitrary depth and development of equivalent mechanical analogy.

STANFORD UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering.

(1946) SYNTHESIS OF HYDROGRAPHS FOR SMALL AREAS.

(b^ National Science Foundation.

(c) Prof. Ray K. Linsley, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Stanford University, Stanford, California.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic

and applied research; Ph.D. thesis.

(e) An attempt to develop a universal method

for estimating the runoff hydrographs from

small areas.

(f) A simplified theory for non-equilibrium

conditions has been compared with experimental results taken under controlled

laboratory conditions. A statistical analysis of data from several typical basins has been started. A mathematical analysis of the non-equilibrium flow in a simple channel

with lateral inflow has been completed.

The later work is being extended to more complex conditions via digital computing

methods. Statistical and computer methods

are being explored to develop a basis for reliable estimates of runoff frequency,

(h) "Computation of a Synthetic Streamflow

Record on a Digital Computer," by Ray K. Linsley and Norman H. Crawford, Publication

No. 51, International Assoc. of Scientific

Hydrology, pp. 526-538, 1960.

(2151) MODEL STUDY OF PETERS DAM CHUTE SPILLWAY.

(g)

(g)

(3166)

(b)

icj

(d)

(e)

(3508)

(b)

Laboratory project.

Prof. John K. Vennard, Dept. of Civil Engrg.

Stanford University.

Experimental; engineer thesis.

Comparison of spillway performance and design predictions.

Experimental work completed; thesis being

written.

(2614) PIPE FRICTION IN UNSTEADY FLOW. Laboratory project.

Prof. John K. Vennard, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Stanford University.

Experimental and analytical; Ph.D. thesis.

Comparison of friction processes for steady

and unsteady states. Experimental work completed and analyzed;

thesis being written.

(2863) FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA.

[h) National Science Foundation.

,c) Prof. Byrne Perry, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Stanford Univ. , Stanford, Calif.

Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

[e) New analytical methods are being developed

for unsteady seepage flow with a free surface, e.g., the seepage through an earth

dam. The effect of non-rectilinear

boundaries is also being considered,

gl Theoretical work in progress,

h) "Free Surface Flow in Homogeneous Porous

Medium," J. Hydraulic Div., Proc. ASCE, Vol. 87, No. HY4, Part 1, July 1961, pp 181-220. "Boundary Effects on Seepage from Channels,"

by Hubert J. Morel-Seytoux, Tech. Rept.

No. 7, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford

University, 1961. HYDRODYNAMICS OF FLOW INTO CURB INLETS.

U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

c) Prof. John K. Vennard and Prof. Byrne Perry,

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford Univ.,

Stanford, California.

d) Experimental and analytical; Ph.D. thesis.

e) A hydrodynamic theory has been developed for predicting the flow from a smooth, unde- pressed gutter into a curb opening inlet

which Intercepts 100$ of the flow. Experimental confirmation is given.

f) Completed.

h) "Hydrodynamics of Flow into Curb-Opening

Inlets," by Richard J. Wasley, J. Engg.

Mechanics Div., Proc. ASCE, Vol. 87, No. EM 4, Part 1, Aug. 1961, pp 1-18. "Uniform Flow in a Shallow, Triangular Open

Channel," J. Hydraulics Div., Proc. ASCE, Vol. 87, No. HY 5, September 1961, pp 149-

170.

[3507) STUDY OF INFILTRATION.

U. S. Public Health Service.

Prof. Joseph B. Franzini, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford,

California.

Theoretical investigation; laboratory and field studies; basic research; Ph.D. theses. An attempt is being made to develop relations

between soil parameters and infiltration

capacities. Investigation is being extended

to unsteady unsaturated flow through soils

as experienced in capillary rise, drainage,

and infiltration situations. EVAPORATION SUPPRESSION.

U. S. Public Health Service.

Prof. Joseph B. Franzini, Dept. of Civil

c7
Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford,

California.

d) Laboratory and field investigations.

e) Field studies with Class A evaporation pans

have been employed to evaluate the evapo- ration reuction capabilities and biological

attrition resistances of various monomolecular films. In a full scale program at a

40 acre lake methods of application of the film are being investigated together with

the effect of the film on biota.

(g) Full scale field tests using hexadecanol on

a 40 acre lake during the summer of 1960 gave an evaporation reduction of 18 percent.

(h) "Progress Report on Evaporation Suppression

Research," by Joseph B. Franzini, WATER AND

SEWAGE WORKS, Vol. 108, Part I, pp. 167-172,

May 1961; Part II, pp. 221-225, June 1961.

(4219) SUPERCAVTTATING HYDROFOIL THEORY.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department.

(c) Prof. Byrne Perry, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Stanford Univ. , Stanford, Calif.

d) Theoretical, basic research.

e) The forces on supercavitating hydrofoils

having large curvature are being studied.

STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Davidson Laboratory.

(2154) INVESTIGATION OF SHIP MOTIONS AND HIGH

SPEED SHIP FORMS.

b) ONR and BuShips, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Prof. Earl M. Uram, Davidson Laboratory,

Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J. d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

e) The development of a calculation method for predicting ship motions in a seaway. Investigation of hydrodynamic and motion

characteristics of high speed ship forms for supercritical operation in search of con- siderable improvement of seakeeping qualities

and powering requirements.

(g) Parametric studies utilizing analog and digital computers of the stability, powering,

and design characteristics of a semisubmerged craft similar In nature to a shallow-running submarine incorporating a surface piercing hydrofoil system to provide

inherent heave, pitch and roll stability.

Towing tank tests of a model of the craft

are scheduled. An analytical study to determine the optimum drag configurations

for such semi-submerged vehicles is also

in progress. Calculations to determine ship

motions in quartering seas are planned.

(2155) SEAKEEPING QUALITIES OF SHIPS AT ALL HEADINGS TO WAVES.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy,

(DTMB Technical Supervision).

(c) Mr. P. G. Spens, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

e) To investigate the coupled responses of ship

models at all headings to waves in order to assist in the prediction of sea-keeping

qualities and to evaluate means of reducing

or controlling ship motions so as to increase sea speeds. A self-propelled and rudder-controlled ship model is being tested

at various headings to both regular and irregular long-crested waves. Coupled motion

responses are being measured and parallel

analytic studies are being made of equations

of motion for ships with six degrees of freedom. Stability and control are also

being studied.

(g) Measurements have been made of wave-induced

lateral forces and yawing moments on a Series 60 block 0.60 model in oblique waves

(h) Report in preparation.

(2390) CONTROLLED FINS FOR REDUCING SHIP PITCHING.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB Technical Supervision).

(c) Mr. P. G. Spens, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Experimental and analytical; applied

research.

(e) To determine the most desirable action of controllable fins at the bow or stern of a ship to reduce pitching in regular and irregular head seas

(f) Completed.

(g) Model tests have been made with servo- controlled oscillating stern fins, with

and without fixed bow fins, in regular and irregular waves. It appears that the reduction in extreme pitching motions in irregular waves is of the same order as

the pitch reduction in regular waves. For

a Mariner class ship, oscillating stern fins give a pitch reduction of 2 degrees

(double amplitude) for an oscillating fin force of about plus or minus 250 tons.

(h) Report in preparation.

(2393) MOTIONS AND BENDING MOMENTS OF SHIPS IN WAVES.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB Technical Supervision).

(c) Mr. John Dalzell, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, New Jersey.

d) Experimental and analytical; applied research.

e) Measurements of motions and external

bending moments and shear of a jointed

model of a high-speed naval vessel underway

in irregular head waves of various degrees

of severity in a towing tank. Results

have been analyzed by cross-spectral

techniques to determine frequency response

functions, and are expected to indicate

degree of applicability of superposition

theory to ship response in extreme seas.

(2616) THE BLADE-FREQUENCY FORCE GENERATED BY A PROPELLER ON A BODY OF REVOLUTION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director, and Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamic Division,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Tech., 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. d) Theoretical; applied research.

e) The purpose is to evaluate the importance

of the pulsating near field of the propeller

in generating vibratory forces on ships and to determine the attenuation of these forces with tip clearance and number of blades. Case of axial propeller in water

has been evaluated. Case of offset propeller near an infinitely long cylinder

has also been analyzed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(2865) EFFECT OF SPEED AND FULLNESS ON HULL

BENDING MOMENTS IN WAVES.

(b) American Bureau of Shipping.

(c) Mr. John Dalzell, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, New Jersey.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine to what extent, if any, different longitudinal strength standards

should be adopted for ships of different

fullness and service speed. The hull midship bending moment of two models with

block coefficients of 0.68 and 0.80 were measured in oblique regular seas.

(f) Completed.

(g) Over the range of fullness covered, only

moderate differences in vertical and lateral midship bending moments were found. The

8
observed differences did not consistently

favor either end of the fullness range

over the full design speed range,

(h) "Effect of Fullness on Hull Bending Moments

in Oblique Waves," by J. F. Dalzell and R. B. Zubaly, Davidson Laboratory Report 833,

May 1961.

(2866) AN ANALYTIC STUDY OF THE PRESSURE FIELD NEAR COUNTER-ROTATING PROPELLERS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department.

(c) Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director, and Dr. S. Tsalconas, Head of Fluid Dynamics Division,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, New Jersey.

d) Theoretical; applied research.

e) To compare the characteristics of counter- rotating propellers with those of a single

propeller with regard to the magnitude of

the oscillatory pressures produced at nearby

points in the field. The study is divided

into two parts. In the first, the pressure

signal is calculated according to publication

entitled "The Pressure Field Near a Ship

Propeller," by J. P. Breslin, Jour. Ship

Research, Vol. 1, No. 4, March 1958, by

superposition of the Individual propeller

fields as though they were independent. In the second, an approximate treatment of the blade interaction is considered by the method given in "Aerodynamic Interference Between Moving Blade Rows," by Nelson Kemp

and W. R. Sears, Jour, of Aer. Sc., Vol. 20, No. 9, September 1953.

f) Completed.

g) Expressions for the vibratory pressure field

produced by the counter-rotating propeller

system are developed in terms of the first and second blade harmonics of the individual

propellers. It is found that the pressure

signal due to counter-rotating propellers

can be obtained from the summation of the pressure fields of the two components as though the two propellers operate as separate units, since their mutual interference has been found to contribute little

to the total vibratory pressure signal in the near field. This study indicates that the counter-rotating propeller system has vibratory characteristics much superior to an equivalent single propeller having the number of blades of one of its components,

delivering the same thrust at the same RPM

of optimum conditions. The counter-rotating

configuration, however, when operating in an acoustic field under open-water conditions,

is noisier than the corresponding equivalent

single propeller.

(h) Davidson Laboratory Report No. 858, Sept.

1961.

(3171) ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE THRUST DEDUCTION

OF A SINGLE-SCREW THIN SHIP.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department

(c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics

Division and W. Jacobs, Senior Research

Engineer, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens

Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N.J.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) An analytical study for the evaluation of the potential part of thrust deduction for thin ships similar to Haskind's type, with

varying coefficients of vertical and horizontal fullness, is undertaken In order

to reveal the functional dependence on the geometry of the propeller-hull configuration

and propeller performance characteristics.

(f) Completed.

(g) Expressions have been evolved for the thrust

deduction of a thin ship due to propeller

and free surface effects when the center of the propeller is located (1) at the maximum

submergence at the stern, and (2) at any arbitrary position. It has been found that

while finning both sections and waterplane

of conventional ships lowers the thrust

deduction, the section coefficient is more effective than the waterplane coefficient.

Furthermore axial displacement of the propeller is more effective in mitigating

the drag augmentation than is vertical

displacement. The free surface effect is an important contributor In most cases of practical interest. Furthermore the analysis strengthens the belief that the frictional part of the thrust deduction is

of equal weight with the potential,

(h) Davidson Laboratory Report No. 816, being

published in the International Shipbuilding

Progress

(3174) UNSTEADY LIFT AND MOMENT ON FULLY CAVITATING HYDROFOILS AT ZERO CAVITATION

NUMBER.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. M. Martin, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens

Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, New Jersey.

d) Theoretical; basic research.

e) Analytical studies of the forces and moments acting on a thin, supercavitating

hydrofoil performing arbitrary oscillations

is pursued on the basis of the acceleration

potential method.

f) Completed.

g) Expressions for the lift and moment coef- ficients of a thin, super-cavltating plate

performing arbitrary oscillations are developed in terms of the coefficients of

a power series describing the chordwlse

amplitude distribution. General expressions

are applied to the case of a foil moving

through a stationary sinusoidal vertical

gust and to that of a rigid foil performing

heaving and rotational oscillations.

Comparison is made with Sear's results for

a fully wetted foil in a sinusoidal gust and Parkin's in the case of pure heaving

motion. General conclusions as to the effect of the various parameters have been

drawn

(h) Davidson Laboratory Report No. 821, March

1961.

(3176) THEORY OF LATERAL MOTIONS OF SHIPS IN WAVES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department.

(c) Dr. Pung Nien Hu, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

St., Hoboken, New Jersey.

d) Theoretical; basic research.

e) Analytical study of the lateral motions of surface ships with three degrees of freedom

in oblique waves. The virtual mass, damping and dynamic coupling of a surface

ship in oscillatory motion, as well as the hydrodynamic excitation forces and moments

due to oblique waves have been evaluated.

The free surface influence on the hydrodynamic forces have been Included in the above . Further work on determining

lateral ship motions is continuing.

(g) "Lateral Force and Moment on Ships in Oblique Waves," DL Report 831, by Pung

Nien Hu.

(3509) THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS OF THE VIBRATORY THRUST PRODUCED BY A SHIP PROPELLER OPERATING IN THE WAKE OF A HULL.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department.

(c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics

Div. and Winnifred R. Jacobs, Senior

Research Engineer, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J.

d) Theoretical; applied research.

e) Computational work is carried out to test

the validity of the theory developed by

59
Ritger and Breslin, "On the Quasi-steady and

Unsteady Thrust and Torque of a Propeller

In a Ship Wake". Comparison is made with

the experimental results.

f) Completed.

g) Comparison of results of the theoretical

calculations with experimental results

indicate that the unsteady flow theory

underestimates considerably the model

vibratory thrust and torque whereas the calculations based on the assumptions of quasi-steady flow agree within 8 to 10$

with the expressions.

(h) Davidson Laboratory LR-827, February 1961.

(3511) STUDIES OP THE SOUND PRESSURE FIELD GENERATED BY A MARINE PROPELLER OPERATING

IN A WAKE.

b) United Aircraft Corporation, Research Dept.

c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics

Division, Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director of Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech.

711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

d) Theoretical; applied research.

e) The sound pressure field of a rotating

propeller in rectilinear motion is obtained

by replacing the normal pressure distribution

over the propeller by a distribution of acoustic pressure doublets acting at the propeller disc. The strength of this

acoustic doublet distribution is obtained

from unsteady aerodynamic theory in conjunction with Burrill's correction

factors

fj Completed.

g) General expressions for the sound pressure contributed by the thrust and torque have been derived in terms of the harmonic

constituent of the unsteady inflow velocity

field. Corresponding expression of the pressure signal for the hydrodynamic field, near acoustic field and far acoustic field

have been deduced from the general formulae. Closed-form expressions for the near and far-acoustic fields have been developed in terms of complete elliptic integrals.

Computations for the far acoustic field

indicate that the pressure signal attributed

to the variable loading is more persistent

in the field than is so in the uniform

inflow case,

(h) Davidson Laboratory Report No. 832, Feb.

1961.

(3512) BLADE FREQUENCY PRESSURE NEAR AN OPERATING

MARINE PROPELLER IN A WAKE.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department

(c) Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director and Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics Division,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech.,

711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

d) Theoretical; applied research.

e) The purpose is to provide more realistic

information than is at present available

on the exciting forces generated by the transient flow produced by a marine

propeller operating in the vicinity of a hull and its appendages. This information

is essential for a study of the vibration

of the hull as a whole as well as the hydroelastic behavior of plating and control

surfaces. The linearized pressure is determined as the solution of a Dirichlet

problem within the frame of Karman and Sear's non-stationary airfoil theory.

f) Completed.

g) General expressions for the vibratory

pressure signal generated by the propeller

have been derived in terms of LipschitzHankel functions, and the propeller loading

function which has been obtained by means

of non- stationary airfoil theory. The results indicate that the non-uniformity of the incoming flow accounts for 10 to 4,0% of the total pressure signal.

(h) Davidson Lab. Report No. 857, Nov. 1961.

(3514) THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

OF FLUTTER OF FULLY-WETTED HYDROFOILS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Office of Naval Research, Navy Department.

(c) Mr. Charles J. Henry, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson Street,

Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic

research.

(e) Previous flutter investigations have shown disagreement between experimental results

and theoretical predictions of the critical

flutter speed of hydrofoils (see Henry,

Dugundji, Ashley: "Aero-elastic Insta- bilities of Lifting Surfaces in High

Density Media", Journal of Ship Research,

Vol. 2, No. 4, March 1959). Experiments

were carried out at several combinations of the parameters involved and the results were compared with theoretical predictions.

f) Completed.

g) The theoretical procedures commonly used

by aeroelasticians were applied to predict

the flutter speed of a rigid hydrofoil that had two degrees of freedom. The results,

compared with corresponding experimental

measurements, indicated a discrepancy

between theoretical and experimental flutter

speed at low density ratios; the predicted

assymptotic behavior of flutter speed

occurred, but at a lower density ratio.

In addition, the accuracy of the circulation

terms is more doubtful than that of the added mass and linear terms in the theory.

(h) "Hydrofoil Flutter Phenomenon and Airfoil

Flutter Theory," by Charles J. Henry,

Davidson Laboratory Report 856, Sept. 1961.

(3516) INVESTIGATION OF HULL BENDING MOMENTS IN WAVES OF EXTREME STEEPNESS.

b) Ship Structure Committee.

c) Mr. John Dalzell, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) Model tests were carried out to determine

midship bending moments in very steep waves. Objective is to determine if an upper limit

of wave bending moments exists. Six models

were tested over a moderate range of speeds

in waves of various lengths and several heights

(g) Bending moment is found to be linear in waves of small and moderate steepness.

Nonlinearity in bending moment appears with

very high waves and its nature varies with

wave length and model.

(3517) SHIPS OF MINIMUM WAVE RESISTANCE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Milton Martin and Mr. James White,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech.,

711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

e) To evaluate the agreement between computed

and measured wave resistance of ship models

of minimum wave resistance at high Froude

numbers as determined from Weinblum's tables,

in which the lines are modified to compensate for the boundary layer displacement

thickness. The results of these tests will

be compared with those of equivalent Taylor

series models and a destroyer and with thinship computations.

f) Completed.

g) The results indicate the possibility of obtaining about 10% reduction in overall resistance over the Taylor Series model and about Q% over the destroyer at high Froude

numbers, at the expense of poorer per- formance at low Froude numbers.

(h) Davidson Laboratory Report No. 845, May 1961.

(3518) THE EFFECT OF HIGH SPEED ON LATERAL SHIP STABILITY.

70
(3830)

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department

(c) Dr. Pung Nien Hu, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Conduct theoretical study of the effect of high speed on surface ship stability and maneuverability, including determination of lateral stability derivatives, stability

indices and variations, and steady-state (f) turning diameters.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Forward Speed Effect on Lateral Stability (3832)

Derivatives," DL Report 829, by Pung Nien

Hu.

(3829) DEVELOPMENT OF SONIC WAVE PROBE FOR USE ON [c| SHIPS.

(b) Hydromechanics Laboratory, David Taylor (d) Model Basin. (e) (c) Mr. P. G. Spens, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N.J.

(d) Experimental j development. (f)

(e) Determine the feasibility of using a sonic (g) probe in conjunction with an accelerometer

to measure the waves encountered by a moving ship when the system is mounted at the bow. The influence of the wave field

projected by the ship must be determined.

The effect of tilting the sonic probe and accelerometer on the recorded wave motion

must be studied,

ff) Completed.

(g) In tests from a pier, a Bendix sonic

altimeter showed some promise as a wave- measuring device. No further work is to be done as U. S. Hydrographic Office have Initiated a much more elaborate project

elsewhere

RADIATION OF A MARINE PROPELLER PRESSURE

WAVE FROM ELASTIC PLATE AND CYLINDER.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, (3833)

Navy Department.

(c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics Div. and C. Y. Chen, Research Engineer, (b Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. (c (dl Theoretical; applied research.

(e) The purpose is to evaluate the sound pressure field radiated from the pulsating (d boundary of an elastic plate and cylinder (e when these are subjected to vibratory

pressures generated by a marine propeller.

This study will determine the extent of the contribution of the elastic boundary in amplifying the sound level generated by a propeller.

(g) A formal solution for the case of an elastic

cylinder has been obtained in the transform

plane. Expressions for the velocity

potential for the scattered and reduced

waves with the corresponding pressure signals

have been developed. Limiting cases for the far-acoustic field and near-hydrodynamic

field are being considered.

(3831) CORRELATION OF THEORETICAL RESULTS WITH EXPERIMENTS ON VIBRATORY THRUST AND PRESSURE.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department. (b

(c) Miss Winnifred R. Jacobs, Senior Research

Engineer, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst. (c of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. (d) Applied research.

(e) Experimental vibratory thrust and pressure results for various single-screw ship forms (d obtained at National Physics Laboratory,

Hamburgische Schiffbau-Versuchsanstalt (e Gesellschaft, Netherlands Ship Model Basin

and David Taylor Model Basin are to be correlated with theoretical results obtained

on the basis of the work done in the following "A Theory for the Quasi-steady

(4220

[4221

and Unsteady Thrust and Torque of a Propeller in a Ship Wake," by P. Ritger and

J. P. Breslin, and "Marine Propeller

Pressure Field Due to Loading and Thickness

Effects," by J. P. Breslin and S. Tsakonas.

If the correlation is close, charts will be constructed for use by naval architects in determining the pressure field and thrust

fluctuations for proposed single-screw ship

configurations

Discontinued due to lack of the required

data from the European Laboratories. FORMULATION OF EQUATIONS FOR SUBMARINE TRAJECTORIES WITH SIX DEGREES OF FREEDOM. David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

Mr. James White, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson St.,

Hoboken, N. J. Theoretical; applied research. Equations of a very general nature are being formulated to study the transient

and steady state turning motion of deeply

submerged submarines.

Completed. Preliminary report in preparation.

Partial differential equations for the motion of a deeply submerged submarine with

six degrees of freedom are being written in accordance with the SNAME, "Nomenclature for Treating the Motion of a Submerged Body

Through a Fluid". The hydrodynamlc forces

and moments will be expressed in terms of third order Taylor series expansions which

contain all of the cross-coupling terms. Particular emphasis is being placed on the terms expressing roll instability due to yaw and pitch. The thrust exerted on the submarine is to be expressed as a function

of speed of advance and propeller R.P.M.

The effects of the interaction of bow

planes on stern planes, the effect of propeller R.P.M. on stern plane effectivenes

and the effect or changes in ballast are also included. EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY OF FLUTTER

OF SUBMERGED HYDROFOILS.

David Taylor Model Basin, Office of Naval Research, Navy Dept.

Mr. Charles J. Henry, Research Engineer,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech.,

Hoboken, N. J. Experimental and theoretical; basic research. To determine experimentally the conditions

for flutter of submerged hydrofoils and to provide correlation of theory and experiment. ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION OF COURSE STABILITY AND STEERING QUALITIES OF SHIPS. David Taylor Model Basin.

Miss Winnifred R. Jacobs, Senior Research

Engineer, Davidson Lab., Stevens Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. Theoretical; applied research. Data available on 8 Taylor Series models are being reanalyzed in order to develop a rational method for estimating the course stability and steering qualities of ships. UNSTEADY FORCES AND MOTIONS ON A HYDROFOIL

MOVING UNDER AN IRREGULAR SEA. Office of Naval Research, Fluid Mechanics

Branch, Dept. of the Navy.

Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics Div. and Mr. Charles Henry, Research Engineer,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. Theoretical and experimental; applied

research. To determine by model tests and basic

analytical studies the unsteady forces acting on a fixed, non-cavitating, finiteaspect-ratio hydrofoil and the motions of

a single hydrofoil (elastically supported) when submerged and moving under an irregular

71
seaway.

(g) This project is in the formative stage.

(4222) APPLICATION OF LIFTING SURFACE THEORY TO

MARINE PROPELLERS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Dept.

(c) Dr. J. Shioiri, visiting scientist from

Tokyo University, and Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head

of Fluid Dynamics Division, Davidson Lab., Stevens Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

d) Theoretical; applied research.

e) To adapt the existing lifting-surface theory

of aerodynamics to the marine propeller

case and to study the resulting surface integral equation for various chordwise and spanwise loading distributions. The purpose

of this study is to evaluate the blade

loading more realistically in terms of the geometric characteristics of the propeller and

the inflow conditions, since the loading is immediately related to vibratory thrust and

torque, to ship vibration and to underwater

sound generators.

(g) The surface integral equation has been

derived and the case of a propeller with

low-pitch angle is being studied.

(4223) MARINE PROPELLER NOISE DUE TO BLADE

THICKNESS.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department.

(c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamic

Division and Miss W. R. Jacobs, Senior

Research Engineer, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) To investigate theoretically the effect of the propeller blade thickness on the pressure

signal for the acoustic and hydrodynamic

field cases.

(4224) INFLUENCE OF AFTERBODY SHAPE ON ANGULAR

HARMONIC CONTENT OF THE WAKE OF SINGLE SCREW

SHIPS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director, Davidson Lab., Stevens Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

d) Theoretical; applied research.

e) Analyses of existing wakes of 20 foot models

to determine the variation of 3rd, 4th and

5th blade angular harmonic coefficients with

hull shape. Theoretical analysis of potential wake of thin ship forms having

U- and V-shaped stern sections.

(4225) INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE PIERCING STRUTS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Mr. John Dalzell, Chief of Ship Hydrodynamics Div., Davidson Lab., Stevens Inst,

of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) To determine the drag and side force on vertical surface piercing struts as a function of thickness, depth of submersion,

angle of yaw and leading edge radius; and

to segregate the various drag components

Including spray drag, profile drag, induced

drag and tip drag.

(4226) INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE-PIERCING FULLY VENTILATED DIHEDRAL HYDROFOILS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the

Navy.

(c) Mr. P. Ward Brown, Chief of High Speed Craft

Division, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens

Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, New Jersey.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied

research

(e) A continuing investigation aimed at providing basic design information on three-dimensional hydrofoils operating near

a water surface, under conditions of either

fully ventilated flow or fully cavitated

flow. To date the forces and moments on a series of surface piercing dihedral

hydrofoils have been measured and the dynamics of systems employing such foils

has been studied, including the problem

of a hydrofoil impacting on the water

surface and the stability of hydrofoil

craft

(g) Analytical expressions for the forces and moments on surface piercing fully ventilated

dihedral hydrofoils have been obtained and confirmed experimentally. A theory covering

the impact phenomena of hydrofoils, and particularly applicable to seaplanes, has also been evolved and confirmed by

experiment. A parametric study of the effect of system geometry on hydrofoil

system dynamic stability has been completed.

In order to check the stability theory a simple experimental free oscillation

technique has been developed and has been

used to obtain direct verification of the theoretical expressions for the stability

derivatives. Forthcoming reports will

present the findings of the stability

investigation and will extend the data on forces and moments to include the effect of sweep and taper.

(h) "Force and Moment Characteristics of a Surface-Piercing Fully Ventilated Dihedral

Hydrofoil," by Gerard Fridsma, Davidson

Lab. Report 795, October 1960.

(4227) SMOOTH WATER BEHAVIOR OF SURFACE -PIERCING HYDROFOIL VESSEL.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Fluid Dynamics

Branch, Navy Dept.

(c) Mr. A. Strumpf, Head Underwater Weapons

Div., Davidson Lab., Stevens Inst, of Tech.,

711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

(e) An experimental and theoretical study is being made of the smooth water operation of

a 110-ton craft supported by a tandem set of surface-piercing hydrofoils. The aim

of the study is to develop equations of motion and obtain the hydrodynamic data necessary to permit the behavior of the hydrofoil boat to be predicted in the case

of coupled six degree of freedom motions.

Previous work has been restricted mainly to the study of the pure pitching and heaving

motions of various types of hydrofoil

systems.

In the experimental phase of the present

study, the rotating arm facility is being

used to measure three orthogonal forces

and three moments acting on each foil under

a variety of combinations of depth, pitch

angle, sideslip angle, roll angle, turning

angular velocity, Froude number, and control

surface angles. The results will yield

realistic hydrodynamic data that can be used

both in structural and motion analyses of the system. The steady turning performance of the vehicle will be predicted theoretically and compared with the experimental results. General dynamic stability criteria will be formulated and used to predict the stability

of the vehicle. Various types of motions of the hydrofoil boat will be Investigated

theoretically, making use of theoretical

and experimental force and moment data in the predictions.

(g) The experimental results show that the lift

developed by the rear foil is reduced ap- preciably by the pressure of the forward

foil. The rear foil also ventilates under

design conditions.

(h) Progress Reports may be obtained through

Correspondent

72
(4228) FLUTTER OF HYDROFOILS ON FLEXIBLE STRUCTURES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Charles J. Henry, Research Engineer,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech.,

Hoboken, N. J.

d) Theoretical; basic research.

e) The variation of flutter speed and frequency will be found for a hydrofoil

connected to a free-free beam. The effects

of including varying numbers of modes for beam and foil will be investigated. In addition, the effect of beam parameters will

be studied. The beam-foil system will, in the final analysis, represent as close as possible a ship-rudder system.

(4229) THE BOUNDARY LAYER UNDER PROGRESSIVE AND STANDING WAVES.

b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Dr. S. J. Lukasik, Chief, Fluid Physics

Division, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field

investigations; basic research.

(e) The purpose of this work is to study energy

loss processes in shallow water waves. Theoretically, this is of interest because

unsteady viscous flows have received relatively little attention, particularly the case of an oscillatory flow with no mean

flow. Analytical and numerical solutions

of the non-linear Navier-Stokes equations

are under investigation. Laboratory measurements in the Stevens shallow water wave channel have been made of the wave attenuation coefficient of a progressive wave, the bottom shear stress under a progressive wave, and the time decay of standing waves. Field measurements of the bottom pressure and bottom velocity in 40 foot depths have been

made off Block Island, R.I. These field measurements provide the possibility of determining the applicability of the laboratory measurements and the theoretical

studies to the geophysical problem of the energy loss by ocean waves in shallow

coastal waters.

(g) It has been established by the laboratory

experiments that there is an attenuation of shallow water waves that is in order-ofmagnitude agreement with theoretical

predictions. An analytical and numerical

solution of the non-linear viscous problem

has been obtained valid for short periods

of time after start-up of a progressive

wave. The field measurements of pressure

and fluid velocity outside the bottom

boundary layer show agreement with the predictions based on the potential flow statistical analysis of ocean waves.

(h) "Attenuation of Shallow Water Waves," by

C. E. Grosch and S. J. Lukasik, Bulletin Am. Phys. Soc. II 6 210(A) (1961). "Measurement of Shallow Water Wave Shear

Stress," by S. J. Lukasik and G. W. Zepko,

Bulletin Am. Phys. Soc. II 6 211(A) (1961).

(4230) MEASUREMENT SMALL SURFACE WAVE AMPLITUDES.

(b) Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology.

(c) Dr. 3. J. Lukasik, Chief, Fluid Physics Div., and Dr. K. D. Larsen, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Instrumentation.

(e) The device measures the height of surface water waves of amplitude of the order of 0.001 inch. A styrofoam float is mounted

on a light aluminum rod which in turn is fastened at right angles to the shaft of a rotary differential transformer. Surface

elevation or depression causes a small angular displacement of the Schaevitz which

is read out on a Sanborn Recorder. Calibration is accomplished by placing the float

in the water with the Schaevitz in a null position and raising or lowering the transformer by a micrometer head.

f) Completed.

g) Equipment has been successfully used for wave decay studies in the Davidson Lab. Wave Channel.

(h) Publication in preparation.

(4231) PREDICTION OF TRAJECTORIES OF AN UNDERWATER

MISSILE.

b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Mr. Howard Dugoff, Research Engineer,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech.,

711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

d) Theoretical investigation; applied research.

e) The purpose of the project is to determine

whether present knowledge of the forms of the equations of motion for underwater

missiles and the numerical values used

therein are accurate and complete enough to allow reliable trajectory predictions to be made. To this end, attempts are made to predict the motions of the Basic Finner

Missile which have been measured previously

in model scale studies. Both experimentally

and theoretically derived force and moment

data are utilized in the predictions. The

IBM 1620 computer at Stevens Is employed to obtain numerical solutions of the non- linear motion equations. In addition, exact or approximate analytic solutions are obtained whenever possible.

(g) Predictions have been made corresponding to

one and two dimensional trajectories (in

both horizontal and vertical planes)

encompassing laminar, turbulent, and transitional flows. In all cases the pre- dicted motions are consistent with the previously measured trajectories.

(h) Monthly progress reports have been sub- mitted to the Bureau of Naval Weapons.

ROBERT TAGGART INCORPORATED.

(3836) ACOUSTIC EXCITATION OF FLAT PLATES IN A TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Robert Taggart, Robert Taggart Inc., 400 Arlington Blvd., Falls Church, Va.

dj Experimental; basic and applied research.

e) Tests were conducted in a quiet gravity

flow water tunnel with a thin, square, flexible, flat plate mounted flush with one wall. Hydrophone measurements were made

of the pressure fluctuations in the turbulent boundary layer which were correlated with the boundary characteristics.

Vibrations of the plate were measured by an accelerometer mounted on a diagonal . The maximum velocity range was from 5 to 15 feet per second.

f) Completed.

g) It Is shown experimentally that pressure fluctuations from a turbulent boundary

layer cause vibrations of a flexible flat plate at many natural modes. These fluctuations are related to the plate

vibration amplitudes.

(h) "An Experimental Study of Acoustic

Excitation of Flat Plates by Unsteady Flow,

Report RT-1101, 20 July 1961.

UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE, Hydraulic Laboratory,

Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the projects listed below

should be addressed to Dr. Harry H. Ambrose, Dept.

of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Tenn., Knoxville 16, Tennessee

(2159) DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS FOR TAINTOR GATES ON

73
SPILLWAYS.

(f) Suspended indefinitely.

(2619) BOUNDARY-ROUGHNESS EFFECTS UPON TURBULENT

FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Extended study of specific effects of certain characteristics of roughnesselement geometry upon turbulent flow over rough surfaces.

(f) Expansion of facility has been completed.

Project will be reactivated in 1962.

(g) Measurement of resistance characteristics

and of velocity distributions have been made

for 35 patterns of artificial roughness.

(3839) CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOW THROUGH A BOTTOM

GRID.

(b) Laboratory project,

id) Experimental; for master's thesis,

(e) The effects of approach velocity, depth of flow, bottom slope, and grid conformation

on the discharge through the bottom of a rectangular open channel were investigated.

f) Completed.

g) The results show the abrupt change in characteristic from partial to full diversion

for three typical grid conformations.

Discharge coefficients are referred to two- dimensional flow through the corresponding

grid in a very large tank.

(h) "Characteristics of Flow through BottomGrid Intakes" by G. Cisneros, 1961, M.S. Thesis, University of Tennessee, available

on inter-library loan.

(3840) BOUNDARY PRESSURES ON CONDUIT ENTRANCES OF OPTIMUM DESIGN.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for master's thesis.

(e) Measurements of piezometric-head distribution

were made on model conduit entrances in order

to determine the extent of cavitation

potentiality for three types of design.

f) Completed.

g) Results were consistent with those predicted

by electrical analogy or relaxation tech- niques (done elsewhere) and emphasize the inertial effect of the diverted flow in relation to the shape of the opening in the plane boundary.

(h) "An Experimental Determination of Pressure Distribution for Bellmouth Entrances of Optimum Design," by J. B. Marius, 1961, Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee,

available on inter-library loan.

(3841) EXPANDING FLOW ON A SLOPING APRON.

(f) Discontinued.

(4232) MAXIMUM/MEAN VELOCITY CORRELATION FOR ROUGH

PIPES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Analytical; for master's thesis.

(e) An analysis was made of data from Project

2619 and selected data from Nikuradse to determine if a general correlation could be made of the maximum-to-mean velocity ratio

(pipe factor) with mean-flow characteristics

for artificially roughened pipes.

f) Completed.

g) An approximate general equation was determined for the pipe factor as a function of the Von Karman number only.

Certain discrepancies appear in the Nikuradse data.

(h) "Correlation of Pipe Factor with Mean-Flow

Characteristics for Turbulent Flow of Water

in Artificially Roughened Pipes," by Chao- Yu Wu, 1961, Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, available on inter-library loan.

TEXAS A AND M COLLEGE, Department of Oceanography

and Meteorology, cooperative with Texas A and M Research Foundation, Dr. Archie M. Kahan, Exec. Director

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Prof. R. 0. Reid, Texas A and M College, College Station, Texas.

(2868) INVESTIGATION OF STORM SURGES ALONG THE

SOUTH SHORE OF NEW ENGLAND.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Corps of Engineers, U.

S. Army, Contract DA-49-055-civ . eng. -56-4.

(d) Numerical analysis; applied research.

(e) Numerical and graphical procedures have been employed In the evaluation of tides and storm surge behavior in branching estuaries.

f) Initiated Oct. 1955; completed 1961.

g) A numerical procedure for computation of water level changes in coastal bays and estuaries due to moving storm systems has been developed and tested for several different occurrences of hurricane surges for Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. In the final program of computation, allowance has been

made for the inclusion of astronomical tide

with the storm surge so as to allow for possible interaction effects. Two different

methods of evaluation of astronomical tide

have been investigated.

(h) Summary report in preparation.

(3519) DEEP-SEA MOORING OF SHIPS IN WAVES AND

CURRENTS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, U. S. Dept. of the Navy, Contract No. Nonr-2119(02)

d) Theoretical; basic research.

e) To determine the mooring line tensions

arising from hydro-dynamic forces of waves

and currents acting on a ship and mooring

cable (s) in deep water.

(g) The problem of steady state configuration

of a deep-sea cable for a general distribution of current has been investigated and pertinent tables have been developed for facilitating the computation for a wide

variety of mooring line situations. The more general problem of transient state of the mooring line is presently under investigation. Methods are being developed to allow an evaluation of dynamic tension and deflections relative to a reference steady

configuration for given input conditions at the upper end of the mooring line.

(h) "Characteristics of Deep-Sea Anchor Cables

In Strong Ocean Currents," by B. W. Wilson,

Tech. Report No. 204-3, Texas A and M Research Foundation, February, 1961, 81 pp. "Characteristics of Deep-Sea Anchor Cables

in Strong Ocean Currents - Tables of Values,"

by B. W. Wilson, Tech. Report No. 204-3A, Texas A and M College Research Foundation,

March 1961, 266 pp. (3520) FORECASTING OF OCEAN WAVES GENERATED BY

MOVABLE VARIABLE WIND SYSTEMS IN DEEP AND SHALLOW WATER.

(b) Engineering Foundation, New York; SaconyMobll Oil Co., Dallas; Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston; Office of Naval

Research, U. S. Navy, Contract N7 onr 48702

(Project No. NR 083-036).

(d) Theoretical and empirical; basic and applied

research.

(e) To verify a moving fetch variable-wind

graphical forecasting procedure by direct

comparison of results with wave observations

at one or more offshore stations. Thence

to investigate the possibility of extending

the method to rapid forecasting of wave conditions in near-shore environments where water depth, friction and refraction are complicating factors in wave generation.

f) Initiated Feb. 1959; completed 1961.

g) Analysis is being made of the sea conditions

induced by hurricane "Audrey" of June, 1957.

74
Complete synoptic maps for the Gulf of Mexico area have been prepared, showing the surface pressure patterns wind distributions

and circulations at intervals of 3 hours

from June 25 to June 28. From these space- time wind-fields for five different lines of approach to the Louisiana coastline have been

obtained. The original graphical wave forecast method for dealing with moving wind

systems over deep water has been adapted to

a high speed digital procedure which can be processed on an IBM 704 or 709 computer.

Application to the hurricane "Audrey"

windflelds is proceeding and the method is being further adapted to shallow water.

A re-analysis of basic observational wave data has been undertaken to improve wave forecasting accuracy if possible,

(h) "Deep Water Wave Generation by Moving Wind

Systems," by B. W. Wilson, Journ. Waterways

and Harbors Dlv., Proc . ASCE, (2821): 113-

141, 1961.

(4233) THE EXCHANGE CHARACTERISTICS AND SALINITY

REGIME OF SHALLOW WATER BAY SYSTEMS.

(b) National Science Foundation, Grant NSFG19780.

d) Analysis methodology; applied research.

e) The object is to develop a numerical model

which can reproduce the temporal changes in the gross features of the salinity distribution

in a shallow bay in response to changes in control factors and to determine changes in the variance spectrum of the detailed

features as related to the spectral statistics

of the control factors.

UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 2162, 2396, 2397,

2629, 2874, 3524, 4234 and 4235, should be addressed

to Dr. Walter L. Moore, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

Univ. of Texas, Austin 12, Texas.

(2161) CHARACTERISTICS OF A HYDRAULIC JUMP AT AN ABRUPT CHANGE IN BOTTOM ELEVATION.

Southwest area. Two stream flow stations

and a rain gage net are in operation.

Studies of the correlation between runoff,

rainfall, and the characteristics of the drainage basin are being made by various

proposed methods to serve as a base for comparison with the data as It is collected

from the stream.

(g) Careful estimates of the peak discharges at the gaging station were made by various

proposed methods based on measurable

characteristics of the basin. These results

will be of interest to compare with observed

peak discharges in later years when the record is long enough to be significant.

(h) "Peak Discharge Predictions for Waller

Creek at 23rd Street at Austin, Texas," by

William H. S. Diehl, M. S. Thesis, 1959.

(2396) RESISTANCE OF PIERS IN FREE SURFACE FLOW,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental (thesis)

(e) An investigation is being made of the drag

resistance of piers as a function of shape,

relative submergence, spacing, and Froude

numbers. The pier resistance is being

correlated with the head loss for flow in a channel

(g) A phase of the investigation has been

completed for Froude numbers less than 0.5 with cylindrical piers at various sub- mergence and spacing. An investigation of the resistance of H section piers at various

orientations and longitudinal spacings has been completed. Another phase has been

completed which demonstrates that the ve- locity gradient along a cylindrical pier

affects the drag coefficient. The local drag coefficient decreases along the pier

in the direction toward the end of the pier where the velocity is high. The reduction in drag coefficient is related to a dimensionless measure of the velocity gradient along

the cylinder.

(2397) EFFECT OF UPSTREAM DEVELOPMENT ON THE RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS IN THE

SOUTHWEST.

(b) University of Texas Research Institute and Bureau of Engineering Research.

(c) Dr. Carl W. Morgan, Assoc. Prof, of Civil

Engineering, Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas.

d) Experimental

e) Experimental determinations are made of the flow characteristics at two-dimensional

channel drops and rises. The velocity

distribution and surface profile will be determined throughout the length of the jump for various relative changes in bottom

elevation. The longitudinal location of the Jump in relation to the change in bottom

elevation will be varied over a broad range

In distinction to previous related investigations in which relative location of the Jump was held constant.

(g) Results for the abrupt drop are complete and have been published. For a given entering

Froude number lying between 2 and 8 three types of Jump may form, the type and its

longitudinal location depending only on the relative downstream depth. The velocities

near the bottom below the drop are always

less than the mean velocity in the downstream

channel for the Jump type of maximum height.

Experimental measurements have been made on

the related investigation for an abrupt rise and report is being prepared.

(2162) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, WALLER CREEK WATERSHED.

(b) Cooperative with U. 3. Geological Survey.

(d) Field Investigation; applied research.

(e) Measurements of rainfall and runoff for a

4 square mile and a 2 square mile portion of the Waller Creek watershed are being made to provide basic information for estimating

runoff from small urban watersheds in the

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Field investigation (thesis).

(e) For a selected watershed rainfall and runoff relations before the period of upstream development are being analyzed. The relations obtained for this period will

be applied to the rainfall records after the upstream development and the predicted

runoff compared with the actual runoff.

(g) Sources of data have been located. The available information tabulated, and a method of evaluating the runoff devised that appears to be reasonable. Multiple

correlation diagrams have been developed

which may be used with storm rainfall records

to predict the annual runoff of the selected watershed for the period before upstream

development

(2629) A MECHANICAL TURBULENCE INDICATOR FOR LIQUIDS.

(b) Bureau of Engineering Research, Univ. of Texas

d) Experimental instrument development.

e) There is need for a relatively simple

device to give a quantitative measure of the degree of turbulence in a flowing fluid. Electrical instruments commonly measure the root mean square of the turbulent fluctu- ations as an indication of the. intensity.

The instrument being developed measured the maximum turbulent fluctuation as an indication of the intensity. The instrument is similar to a 1/2-inch diameter Prandtl velocity tube except that it has two stagnation openings; the conventional one which gives the mean stagnation head and an additional one which leads through a

75
sensitive check valve and accumulator ele- ments are located in the tube less than

3/8 of an inch from the stagnation opening

to minimize inertia effects,

(g) The instrument has been built and calibrated. Measurements have been made to evaluate the operation of the instrument in the turbulent

field of a hydraulic jump. A report is being

prepared describing the instrument, the calibration technique and the results in the hydraulic jump.

f2874) AN INVESTIGATION OF THE SCOUR RESISTANCE OF COHESIVE SEDIMENTS.

(b) Bureau of Engineering Research, Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas.

d) Analytical and experimental (laboratory).

e) Exploratory tests have been made with two different schemes, one with radially

outward flow between a circular disk and the soil sample, and one with a submerged

vertical circular jet impinging on a horizontal soil surface. With the first scheme

it was not possible to obtain the necessary

precision of measurement at low scour rates,

but with the second scheme satisfactory

measurements were obtained. A correlation

based on dimensional analysis gave consistent

results in evaluating the relative scour resistance of several materials. Apparatus

is being fabricated for a new test which is expected to permit direct evaluation of the shear stress at the soil surface. In this

test a cylindrical soil sample is submerged

in a transparent concentric cylinder which

can be rotated at a controlled speed to generate a shear stress on the soil surface. An attempt will be made to relate the scour resistance to other measurable soil properties, and finally to interpret the results

in relation to field observations.

(g) The apparatus to determine shear stress at the soil surface has been constructed and calibrated, and preliminary tests have been

conducted on a soil sample.

(h) "Experiments on the Scour Resistance of Cohesive Sediments," by Walter L. Moore and" Frank D. Masch, Jr., paper presented before

Symposium on Sedimentation, American

Geophysical Union, Washington, D. C, April

18, 1961.

(3522) LONG TIME FLUCTUATIONS IN STREAM RUNOFF.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Carl W. Morgan, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Texas, Austin 12, Texas.

d) Analytical and field study.

e) Values of runoff from selected drainage

areas in the lower Mississippi River Basin

and in basins of the rivers emptying

directly into the Gulf of Mexico were

studied. Variations in the runoff values

for each stream were considered and these trends compared with solar variations.

The relative sunspot numbers were used as the measure of solar variations and were correlated with the mean annual runoff. Further correlations are being made with

different "lag" periods between solar activity and surface runoff.

(g) The gradual shifting of the centers of runoff excess and deficiency is consistent

rather than random and appears to represent

a gradual cyclic change in the runoff pattern.

It appears that the locations of the centers

of runoff deficiency are following roughly

the same path that It did some 22 to 24 years previously. Correlation coefficients

of plus 0.2 to plus 0.5 are obtained for selected rivers in Mississippi, Alabama,

Georgia, and Arkansas when sunspot numbers

in the 11-year sunspot cycle are correlated

with runoff. Texas streams do not give

significant correlation with the 11-year

sunspot cycle but give better correlation

if runoff is compared with the double

sunspot cycle in which sunspot numbers are

assumed as negative in alternate cycles.

(3524) GROUND WATER FLOW AND SEEPAGE IN NON- HOMOGENEOUS, NON-ISOTROPIC SEDIMENTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical, basic.

(e) A relaxation solution for the Laplace

equation has been developed which is applicable across a boundary between two regions of different permeabilities. It is believed that the method can be expanded

to apply to any specified non-homogeneous

and non-lsotroplc condition. It is intended

that the solution be set up for computation

on an electronic computer and that selected numerical solutions be checked against those from an electrolytic tank.

(4234) EVAPORATION REDUCTION BY CONTROL OF ADVECTED ENERGY.

(b) Partial sponsorship by the Lower Colorado

River Authority of Texas.

(d) A masters thesis Involving theoretical and field investigation.

(e) A study will be made of temperature variation

in a reservoir and of the in-flow and out- flow of the reservoir to explore the possibility of reducing the evaporation by

control of the advected energy. An effort

will be made to estimate the effect of making releases from water near the surface.

(4235) TWO-PHASE FLOW IN CONDUITS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental master's thesis.

(e) It is apparent that for a two-phase flow

system with a liquid and gas, many different types of flow are possible. This

investigation will explore the use of sound measurements to detect the type of flow present, in a metal pipe. Various types

of flow will be established in parallel

lines; one of steel and one of a transparent

material to permit visual observation of the flow. Records will be made of the sound pattern from a sound pickup on the wall of the pipe, the pressure variations at a wall piezometer, and the pressure drop in the pipe. If a sonic identification of the flow type can be made, it will be helpful in solving operation problems with pipe lines

and process plants as well as providing a means for determining the frequency of occurrence of the varidus flow types.

(

UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY, Engineering Experimental

Station

(3183) DYNAMICS OF FLOW IN STEEP, ROUGH, OPEN CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory and field project.

(c) Dr. Dean F. Peterson, Dean of Engineering,

Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, field Investigation; basic research for doctoral theses.

(e) A basic study of relationships involved in flow in steep, rough channels where the roughness is relatively an appreciable part

of the depth, and where channels are sufficiently steep or steeper than a slope such that supercritical flow can occur in connection with contractions caused by the roughnesses. The work is basic, however,

it will have application to steep mountain

streams and to hydraulic structures.

The objective of the work is to relate descriptive parameters describing the size and configuration of the bed roughness to slope, depth and discharge of channels of this class. Studies began using simple bar

and cube roughness elements and have progressed through the use of beds formed

by giving natural gravel elements of various

76
(g)

(h)

(c)

(g)

(h)

size , gradation ana intensity to the bed. Field studies will be made at several sites

of the detailed statistical nature of the bed configuration. Flow measurements and

slope will also be made at the same sites. An attempt will be made to relate field

results to flume studies.

Flow regimes have been classified into three major regimes and several sub-regimes.

Studies using bar and cube roughness ele- ments have been completed and criteria

delineating the various regimes have been

established. Flow equations have been

developed. Three sizes of graded gravel

elements, having maximum sizes 4", 3" and

2" and three values of intensity in the ratio of 1, 4, 8 were tested under flume

conditions. Some 500 runs let to good

correlations of the form

for tranquil and tumbling regimes and to v = c 2 for rapid flow. In these equations a0 , a]_, &2 are roughness size parameters for the graded beds, 1 is a spacing parameter, D is a piezometric depth connected to the mean

bed level of roughness, and f is a functional

relationship experimentally determined.

"Two-dimensional Flow in Steep, Rough

Channels," Abbas H. Al-Khafaji. Thesis

presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Utah State University, 1961. "Flume Studies of Flow in Steep, Rough

Channels with Natural Roughness Elements,"

by Najib S. Kharrufa. Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Utah

State University, 1962. "Roughness Spacing in Rigid Open Channels,"

by William W. Sayre and M. L. Albertson.

Discussion by Dean F. Feterson. Publication

pending. Journal of Hydraulics Division.

Proceedings of American Society of Civil

Engineers.

(3185) HYDRAULICS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION.

(3186)

(3525)

Laboratory research.

Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering

Experiment Station, Utah State University,

Logan, Utah. Experimental, theoretical; basic research. Hydrodynamic and field study of movement of water over a porous surface when intake

varies with time. Free surface and the rate

of advance are defined

Differential equations have been obtained

defining the free surface and the rate of advance . Solutions have been compared with

field measurement of the rate of advance. The results are within ten percent of field

observations. High speed computers to obtain typical solutions will be used. A companion study is based upon utilizing

empirical relationships as a foundation for subsequent development of rate of advance

functions. The results compare well with

measured values.

"The Intake Rate as Related to the Advance

of Water in Surface Irrigation," by J. E. Christiansen, A. A. Bishop and Yu-Si Fok. Presented at the 1953 winter meetings of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers,

Chicago, Illinois.

"Mathematical Relationships Expressing the Hydraulics of Surface Irrigation," V. E. Hansen. Proceedings of the ARS-SCS Workshop

of Hydraulics of Surface Irrigation, ARS

41-43, U3DA, October 1960.

"The Importance of Hydraulics of Surface

Irrigation," by V. E. Hansen, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Division. Proceedings

of American Society of Civil Engineers, Sept.

1958.

(3527)

(g)

(3528)

"Average Depth of Absorbed Water in Surface

Irrigation," F. W. Kiefer, Jr., Civil

Engineering Dept., Utah State University,

Logan, Utah, 1959. (Mimeographed) GROUND WATER MOVEMENT IN A NON-HOMOGENEOUS

,

ANISOTROPIC MEDIA. Laboratory project.

Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering

Experiment Station, Utah State University,

Logan, Utah. Experimental, theoretical; basic research.

A variable resistance network has been

developed wherein problems of non- homogeneous anisotropic flow can be evaluated. This network has been used to establish the procedure, validity and accuracy of solutions which can be expected

from this approach. Boundary conditions necessary for unique solutions and the method of application of boundary conditions

have been studied.

Completed.

"The Development of an Electrical Analog for Non-Homogeneous Anisotropic Soils," by K. R. Craig, Civil and Irrigation Engineering

Department, Utah State University, 1958. "Conductivity Variation in Anisotropic and Non-Homogeneous Conducting Media Defined

by Stream Function and Potential Function

Relationships Using A Variable Resistance

Electrical Analog," by David W. Hendricks,

Civil and Irrigation Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 1960. MEASUREMENT OF FLOW FROM HORIZONTAL PIPE BY

THE COORDINATE METHOD. Laboratory project.

Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering

Experiment Station, Utah State University,

Logan, Utah. Experimental; theoretical; applied research.

The error involved in the conventional

method of measurement is shown to be large. The coefficient has been defined and parameters developed so that more accurate measurements can be obtained in a quick, easy method of water measurement. Completed

A bulletin outlining field procedure to be followed with the method is now being prepared . DEVELOPMENT OF LOW COST WATER LEVEL

RECORDER. Laboratory project.

Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering

Experiment Station, Utah State University,

Logan, Utah. Experimental, development.

In general, the available instrumentation

for measuring fluctuation In water level

is costly. Most equipment is designed for

a wide range of application. However, many

areas require only a limited fluctuation in water level. This is particularly true in irrigation practice. Objective of the project is to develop a low-cost recorder

which will fit these needs and thereby

permit a more extensive use.

A water level recorder has been developed

which does meet the requirements and is now being modified and adapted for commercial

production

THE EFFECT OF SEDIMENT PROPERTIES ON THE ATTENUATION OF AN ULTRASONIC PLANE WAVE. National Science Foundation.

Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Civil and Irrigation

Engineering Department, Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah. Theoretical and experimental; basic research. Some theoretical and experimental work has been performed on the attenuation of an ultrasonic plane wave passing through a

77
sediment suspension. However, prior work is still very limited in scope, particularly- over certain loss regions. This study is using a standard pulse technique to investigate a wide range of sediments both natural

and manufactured over the various loss ranges. Of primary concern is the effect of the various sediment properties on the attenuation

(g) Natural sediments have been completed and an

M. J. thesis is currently being prepared

giving the results. Manufactured sediments

of known properties are now being tested and

a Ph.D. dissertation will result from this

study.

(3529) DEVELOPMENT OP LOW COST IRRIGATION WATER

METER

(b) Cooperative with Irrigation Dept., Univ.

of California, Davis, California.

(c) Mr. Jerry E. Christiansen, Professor of Civil and Irrigation Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental j applied research-development.

(e) Tests on the use of a domestic type water

meter as a by-pass meter for irrigation

service were conducted on three types of primary head producing divisions for use with water meter.

(f ) Experimental work completed.

(g) Results indicate that a small domestic type

of water meter can be employed as a by-pass meter for measuring large flows in pipe lines

with a fair degree of accuracy.

(h) Manuscript in preparation.

(3530) WATER REQUIREMENTS OF WILDLIFE AREAS.

(b) Utah State Fish and Game Dept., Salt Lake

City, Utah.

(c) Mr. Jerald E. Christiansen, Professor Civil

and Irrigation Engineering, Utah State Univ.

Logan, Utah.

d) Field investigations; applied research.

e) Large areas of marshy lands adjacent to Great Salt Lake have been developed and improved by the State Fish and Game Dept.,

and the Federal Wildlife Service, as Migratory Bird Refuges. Available streams flow from several of the major streams flowing into these areas where the water is impounded behind dikes to create habitat

suitable for nesting, feeding and resting of water fowl. Millions of ducks and geese utilize this area each year during their

migratory flights.

(g) The basic purpose of the study is to determine the quantities of water necessary

for this area in order to maintain them In

a productive state.

(h) Several progress reports have been written.

(3842) DEVELOPMENT OF PREFABRICATED IRRIGATION

STRUCTURES.

b) United States Steel Corporation.

c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering

Experiment Station, Utah State University,

Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental; and applied research and design

(e) This project has been conducted to develop

a low-cost prefabricated irrigation structure

that can be easily installed by unskilled

workmen, and can be adapted to many sizes

and shapes of ditches. It is versatile in that it can be used as a division box,

turnout, check, drop, gate, etc. Measuring

devices are being developed to add to Its many uses. Sizes, shapes, thickness or material to be fabricated, and fastening

devices were studied. Effects of frost

and ditchbank stresses are also evaluated.

(f) Completed.

(g) The results will benefit farmers, ranchers

and gardners throughout the nation in that

it answers a need for a prefabricated water

control structure.

Design and field testing is complete.

Preparations are now being completed to mass produce and market the components.

(3843) A SHAPE AND FRICTION FACTOR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SMOOTH, RECTANGULAR, AND CIRCULAR

CHANNELS.

bl Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Associate Professor,

Civil and Irrigation Engineering Dept.,

Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for master's

thesis

(e) This study has been made to determine a shape factor relationship so that the friction factors (Moody curves) for circular

pipes can be used with rectangular shaped channels. To accomplish this, head loss data has been taken, through a wide range of Reynold's numbers, from a number of rectangu- lar channels varying from approximately a square to a channel approximately 3/8 inches

by 4 inches.

Only one material was used in constructing

the channels and the narrow dimension of the channel was held constant. Friction factor values for circular pipe

have often been used for shapes other than

circular; and for shapes that are not too far from a circle. The error isn't ap- preciable; however, for channels that are far removed from a circle.

f) Completed.

g) It is anticipated that this study will result

in more realistic friction factors for rectangular channels.

(3844) THE REMOVAL OF HIGH TURBIDITY WITH RAPID

SAND FILTERS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. Elliot Rich, Civil and Irrigation

Engineering Department, Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research

for a master's thesis.

(e) A study of the efficiency of rapid sand filtration was conducted under conditions of varying initial turbidity and application

rate. The turbidity ranged from 50 to 400 parts per million and the flow rate from

.25 to 5.5 gal/mln/ft2 of filter area. The

same sand 0.505 mm mean diameter, was used

In all the tests; and its depth was held

constant at 30 inches. The filter was constructed from a plastic tube, 3-1/2

inches in diameter to minimize wall effects,

and was equipped with an overflow so a constant head of 44 inches would be maintained above the sand.

(f) Completed.

(g) The results of this experiment indicates

that rapid sand filtration could be used

as a means of pretreatlng water if initial

turbidity is under 200 parts per million

and flow rate is maintained below 4 gallons

per minute per square foot. To obtain a finished product with a turbidity under 10 parts per million or initial turbidities

greater than 200 parts per million multiple

filtration should be used with the effluent from one filter being fed directly to the next filter.

(h) "The Removal of high Turbidity with the Rapid Sand Filter," Murray L. Corry, M.S. Thesis, Civil Engineering Department, Utah

State University, Logan, Utah, 1961.

(3845) WATERSHED MODEL STUDIES.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture.

(c) Prof. Jay M. Bagley, Civil and Irrigation

Engineering, Utah State University, Logar., Utah.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis

(e) The purpose is to establish techniques and

78
model-prototype laws so that watersheds can

be Intensively studied in a laboratory. For this study, a small watershed is being

modeled in size, shape, and topography

encompassing provisions for varying the permeability of the model's surface. Water

to represent precipitation in various patterns

will be applied over the model watershed.

By the nature of the proposed study, the dominant factors influencing the characteristic shape of the run-off hydrography are:

ll Watershed shape; (2) rainfall intensity;

3) rainfall duration; and (4) time element

being a function of a composition roughness

factor. The study is divided into two phases. In the first phase, the object is to simulate

the run-off hydrography using a physical

model with an impervious surface. Thus, it is known that the simulated hydrograph will

be distorted volumetrically . The second phase has the same objective as the first,

except refining the simulation by removing

the distortion of run-off volume. The second phase has the added objective of an investigation of the relationship between infiltration and run-off.

(g) A better understanding of the parameters

influencing the rainfall-run-off relationship of arid southwestern watershed are being

obtained. Ultimately, this will result in better design of structures built to contain,

convey, or bridge the run-off water of this

area.

(3846) CONSTRUCTION OF AN INTERSTATE HIGHWAY ACROSS

THE SALT FLATS NEAR WENDOVER, UTAH.

b) Utah State Road Commission.

c) Prof. Jerry E. Christiansen, Civil and Irrigation Engineering, Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah.

(d) Field investigation for design and develop- ment of Interstate highway.

(e) The design and construction of an interstate

highway across the salt flats near Wendover,

Utah, poses a number of problems that require

solutions. This is one of the few places

in the world where a highway must be built over a salt bed. The maintenance of the present highway and railway that traverses

these salt flats has been difficult. It is hoped that a better understanding of the problem, based on extensive field and laboratory investigations of materials on which the highway will be built, will result

in a design that will be relatively free of maintenance problems. The objective,

therefore, is to fully determine the characteristics of the salt bed and the underlying soil materials to considerable

depth. The work completed to date has been

concerned primarily with the permeability of the sub-soil materials to the flow of water. Surprisingly, it has been found there are very permeable strata underlying the salt. These are of considerable concern because of the movement of partially saturated solutions

through these permeable zones which tends to dissolve and remove salt, resulting in uneven settlement of the roadway.

(g) A sound and economic design depends upon a complete knowledge of the materials involved.

Investigations should be of definite practical

value in determining the basic requirements

for the design and construction of the multlmillion dollar highway, which will be built within the next few years. Economies

in design should result from the studies

being undertaken.

(h) Several progress reports have been written.

(4236) METHODS FOR PREDICTING MEAN ANNUAL WATER

YIELDS IN UTAH.

(b) Utah Water and Power Board and Utah State Engineer

(c) Prof. Jay M. Bagley, Civil and Irrigation

Engineering Dept., Utah State University,

Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This work was undertaken to develop methods

of obtaining economical and reasonably

accurate determinations of watershed yield

where stream gaging records are not available. Certain relatively easily obtained

parameters characterizing the physical and climatic factors have been correlated with water yield for a number of watersheds having

good records of stream flow.

(f) Completed.

(g) Regression equations have been developed for estimating water yield from physical characteristics of basins in various regions of Utah. Based on the developments of this

study, a water yield map for the entire

state of Utah is being prepared. The map, equations and graphs should aid materially

in broadening the coverage of hydrologic

information needed for first stage planning

of a long range state-wide nature.

(h) "A Method for Predicting Surface Run-Off frcm Watersheds with Limited Hydrographlc Data,"

by Roland W. Jeppson, Master's Thesis, Utah

State University, 1960. "Methods for Predicting Mean Annual Water

Yields in Utah," by Jay M. Bagley, Roland W. Jeppson, Yin Auyeung, Cleve H. Milligan.

(Manuscript in preparation.)

(4237) EFFECT OF VARIOUS IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES ON SOIL AERATION, SOIL STRUCTURE AND CROP RESPONSE.

(b) Utah Agricultural Experiment Station (State

Funded Project #591).

(c) Prof. Jack Keller, Utah Agricultural Expt

Station, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

(d) Laboratory, experimental and field investigations; applied research.

(e) Where saturating rainfalls are infrequent

It appears likely that land productivity is closely related to the effects of irrigation

on soil aeration and structure. With present

day irrigation technology, the design

engineer and irrigator have some degree of control over both soil aeration and structure; however, the extent of control

and effects on crop response have not been determined

This project proposes to develop criteria

(useful in the design and management of irrigation systems) based on crop responses

as affected by soil aeration and structure.

A review of literature shows that bulk

structural tests such as capillary rise,

moisture release, modulus of rupture and

various permeability measurements have given

indexes that can be related to crop response.

In order to establish limits for the proposed field investigations, it is the intent that the first phase of the project

be a laboratory study of simulated field

irrigation techniques,

(g) This project is still in the beginning

processes of an extensive review of literature and preparations for the initial labora- tory set-up.

(4238) OPEN CHANNEL FLOW OVER SINGLE REGULAR LARGE ROUGHNESS ELEMENTS.

bl Laboratory project.

cj Dr. Dean F. Peterson, Dean of Engineering,

Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental, basic research for master's

and doctor's degrees.

(e) A detailed study was made of the configuration of free surface gravity flow over and around a cubical, hemispherical and semi-disc elements of relatively large size in proportion to depth. Piezometric measure- ments were made at a number of points on the surface of the elements. Drag forces and,

where applicable, drag coefficients were computed

f) Completed.

g) Drag forces were related to flow velocity

79
and relative submergence. In some cases

flow was accelerated beyond supercritical

in the neighborhood of the element resulting

in localized hydraulic Jumps downstream.

At high velocities, the element was encased

in an air bubble formed by the impact streams around the element. Detailed maps

and photos of water surface disturbances and wake patterns were made showing progress of these changing conditions of depth and ap- proach velocity,

(h) "Pressure Distribution and Flow patterns

Around a Cube in Open Channel Flow," by

Abdelbagl Omer Attieh, Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the degree of Master of Science, Utah State University, 1961. "Effect of Single Large Roughness Elements

in Open Channel Flow," by Ambadas G. Mirajgaoker, Thesis presented in partial

fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Utah State University, 1961.

(4239) MECHANICS OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

b) Laboratory.

c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering

Experiment Station, Utah State University,

Logan, Utah.

d) Theoretical; basic research.

e) An analysis of water movement from the soil,

through the plant and into the atmosphere

is made using basic hydraulic properties of flow. The mechanism of water transmission

within the plant is given particular

attention

f) Completed.

h) "Mechanics of Evapotranspiration, " by David

W. Hendricks and Vaughn E. Hansen. Publication pending. Journal and Transactions of American Society of Civil

Engineers, 1962.

(4240) THE INFLUENCE OF PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS ON THE WATER AVAILABLE FOR DOWNWARD

MOVEMENT INTO THE SOIL.

(b) Western Soil and Water Research Project

with 12 western states collaborating through

U.S.D.A. and State Agricultural Experiment

Stations

(c) Mr. C. H. Milligan, Head Civil and Irrigation

Department, Utah State University, Logan,

Utah.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research. One M.S. degree candidate is working on the project at present.

(e) The purpose of the project is to delineate

the characteristics of precipitation

including intensity, drop size, terminal

velocity, angle of attack, etc. which affect

interception and infiltration of the pre- cipitation, and to find functional relationships which relate these characteristics to Infiltration and interception.

(g) Project active but just getting underway.

(4241) IMPROVEMENT OF STREAMFLOW FORECASTING,

b} Laboratory project.

c) Mr. C. H. Milligan, Head, Civil and Irrigation Dept., Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field; applied

research

(e) The purpose of the project is to develop

procedures for utilization of antecedent

precipitation, temperature, soil moisture,

runoff, and snow survey data in the pre- diction of streamflow for the coming

irrigation season. The procedure is largely statistical and is programmed for high speed computer solutions.

Trigonometric series are used to represent

trends in antecedent rainfall, temperature,

soil moisture, and streamflow. The Fourier coefficients along with total water content of the snow cover on a given

prediction date are correlated with runoff

by months. Regression coefficients

determined from data from the past are utilized in equations to complete the predicted values.

(g) Results are promising but a longer record

is needed to test the validity of the procedures

(h) "The Use of Fourier Series in Streamflow

Forecasting," by C . H. Milligan, Proceedings Western Snow Conference, 1956.

WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY, The R. L. Albrook

Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. E. Roy Tinney, Head, The R. L. Albrook Hydraulic Laboratory, Division of Industrial Research, Washington State University, Pullman,

Washington

(1689) STUDY OF FLUID FLOW IN PIPE NETWORKS.

(b) Personnel responsible for the design and/or

operation of water and gas distribution

systems

d) Analyses by analogue and digital computers.

e) Flow distributions have been made with the Mcllroy Analyzer for over 50 cities, several

gas systems, an air system, a generator

cooling system, and several other unique

systems. Losses throughout the system are obtained. Engineers use the analogue to design system pumps, tanks, and piping

additions or revisions.

(2631) ROCKY REACH HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

fb) Chelan County Public Utility District No. 1.

(dj Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:75 scale model, 109 feet long by 40 feet

wide, of the Rocky Reach Hydroelectric

Development and 7500 feet of the Columbia

River has been constructed to study (1) river flow characteristics during prototype

construction stages and (2) the operation of the completed development. Studies have

been completed on the cofferdam layouts and tests on the operation of the spillway are now in progress. A 1:44.9 scale model of two spillway bays has been constructed and installed in a glass-sided flume to de- termine specifically the design of the energy dissipation scheme which consists of baffles on the apron and nappe deflectors

on the ogee spillway. A 1:45 scale model of four bays of the truncated spillway was built and tested to determine causes of and remedial measures for apron erosion created

by the diverted river flow. A 1:45 scale model of seven bays of the spillway has been built and is being tested to determine

the limits of a nonuniform spillway gate

operation which might be detrimental to the baffle system. Tests were also made on this

model to determine whether any damaging

spillway gate vibrations would result from

large vortices which appear upstream from

the gates.

(g) Erosion that occurred during diversion stages was caused by gravel which was forced over

the diversion slots from upstream. This

gravel was entrained in the flow on the apron and eventually eroded sizeable holes

in the apron.

(h) Status reports to the client. Final reports

in preparation. Technical Report No. 9, Washington State Institute of Technology,

entitled "Hydraulic Model Studies for Rocky

Reach Hydroelectric Power Project — Fish

Passage Facilities" has been published.

(2879) HYDRAULICS OF LEVEL IRRIGATION.

(b) Laboratory project cooperative with the Department of Agricultural Engineering,

Washington State University.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

80
(e) Analysis is being developed to define rate

of advance and recession of the water front

on a level irrigation border taking into account the infiltration. A tilting flume

75 feet long, 3 feet wide and 2 feet deep

has been erected. A mechanical apparatus to simulate infiltration is being installed.

(g) Theoretical and experimental results agree well

(h) "Water Surface Configuration and Velocity of Advance in Hydraulic Laboratory Tests."

(3192) ADVANCE OF A SHALLOW LIQUID FRONT DOWN A DRY CHANNEL.

(b) National Science Foundation Grant.

id) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) Mathematical equations are being analyzed.

Experiments will be conducted in a tilting

flume to supplement and verify the theoretical approach. A glass-lined tilting

flume has been completed and tests with oil

are underway

(g) Theoretical analysis is confirmed by results

from "Hydraulics of Level Irrigation" de- scribed above

(h) "The Terminal Shape of a Shallow Liquid

Front" presented at Phoenix convention

A.S.C.E., April 1961, and published in Journal of Hydraulics Division, A.S.C.E.

(3534) WELLS HYDRO-COMBINE.

(b) Bechtel Corporation,

(dj Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:23.3 scale model of a section of the spillway-powerunit hydro-combine structure

has been built and is under test. These

tests are for the purpose of evaluating

various hydraulic characteristics of an unusual design for hydro-electric developments, specifically spillway capacity,

downstream river bed erosion, fish passage, structural vibration, subatmospheric

pressure regions, and the effect of spillway

flow on the turbine operation. A model

turbine and dynamometer has been installed

to measure any differences in power output

with and without spillway flow. Pressure

cells are being used for dynamic pressure measurements which in turn will be analyzed to study impressed vibrations.

(3848) CALIBRATION OF FLOW METERING FLUMES.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, Boise, Idaho.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Metering flumes are being placed on several

streams within an experimental watershed in southern Idaho. Desirable shapes, location

of head measuring taps, orientation and elevation of invert of these flumes are being investigated by hydraulic model. The

effect of flow rate, upstream and downstream

topography, and sediment deposition will be considered. A 1:30 scale model and an auxiliary model at a scale of 1:9 have been

built, upon which the design was investigated and subsequent revisions recommended.

Calibration of one metering device has been

completed by use of the models and the actual flume is now under construction. Tests on other metering flumes will be started during the year.

(h) Status reports to client.

(3849) NOMCIRCULAR CONDUITS.

(b) Laboratory project supported in part by

Nat. Acad. Sciences grant to Dr. Jamil

Malaika.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

e) The effect of cross-sectional shape on friction loss in the fully turbulent regions

is being investigated by studying the flow

in circular, square, elliptical, rectangular,

and rhombic conduits. All experimental

tests are now completed and data are being

analyzed and processed for a report.

(4242) ROUND BUTTE.

(b) Portland General Electric Company.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:42 model of a tunnel spillway has been

built and tested. Features studied during

these tests were the entrance conditions

from the pool through an ogee spillway into

the 21-foot tunnel, a vertical bend in the tunnel and the 1,400-foot, horizontal length

of the tunnel and a flip bucket at the downstream end of the tunnel.

(g) The tunnel spillway passed the design

discharge without completely filling the 21-foot diameter conduit. Minor modifications to the flip bucket and transition

between the ogee spillway and the circular

conduit were necessary before the spillway

operated satisfactorily at all discharges.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Round Butte Tunnel Spillway," Washington State Inst, of Technology Bulletin No. 256.

(4243) UMPQUA RIVER ESTUARY MODEL.

(b) U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare

d) Experimental.

e) A distorted model of the Umpqua River

Estuary including the confluence of the Umpqua and Smith Rivers is under con- struction. The vertical scale of this

model is 1:100 and the horizontal scale Is 1:3000. A mechanical six-component tide

computer with a plunger type generator

produces the tides in a tank simulating

the Pacific Ocean. Factors to be considered

during the study include river flow, tides,

and salinity. The purposes of the model

are to (1) determine whether a model of this

size will be adequate to investigate

pollution problems and (2) study a particular

pollution question on the Umpqua River.

(4244) SULTAN DAM NO. 1.

(b) R. W. Beck and Associates.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:50 scale model of the Sultan Dam No. 1 is being tested to evaluate the various

schemes for construction of this thin arch

dam and spillway. Included in this study is

a scheme for building the dam in two stages

so that two spillways are required.

(4245) HYDRODYNAMIC INVESTIGATION,

b) Laboratory project.

d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

(e) Tests are being made on nappe deflectors to obtain design data and permit selection of this type of energy dissipator prior to experimental testing in connection with a specific application. This type of energy dissipator has been used on Rocky Reach and Noxon Rapids dams and is being considered

for use at Chungju dam.

(h) Paper will be prepared when all the tests

are completed and the data has been analyzed.

(4246) ROUND BUTTE TRIFURCATION MODEL.

(b) Portland General Electric Company.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:23.7 scale model of a power penstock

trifurcation is under construction. Tests

will determine whether the proposed design

will be subject to undue structural vibrations. The total dynamic head loss through the trifurcation will also be determined.

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Fisheries Research Inst.

(3535) EFFECTS OF LOGGING ON PRODUCTIVITY OF PINK

SALMON STREAMS IN ALASKA.

81
(b) Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Fish

and Wildlife Service, Juneau, Alaska, is contracting agency. Co-operating agency is Alaska Forest Research Center, U. S. Forest

Service, Juneau, Alaska.

(c) Prof. Donald E. Bevan, Research Associate

Professor, Fisheries Research Institute,

University of Washington, Seattle 5, Wash.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field

Investigation; basic and applied research,

including master's and doctoral thesis

research.

(e) To Identify environmental factors causing

mortality of pink salmon embryos; (2) to gain a more complete understanding of interrelationships among spawning behavior,

physical and biological attributes of the stream and spawning bed, and mortality of embryos; (3) to determine how the quality

of the spawning bed environment as It pertains to growth, development, and mortality of embryos is affected by logging; and (4) to determine criteria for the improvement of natural spawning areas to Increase production of Juvenile salmon. Included among active routine studies are hydrological conditions, intragravel water

quality, spawning bed quality, and channel

debris evaluation. Included among active

basic studies are composition and source of suspended sediment and bed load, relationship between gravel composition and permeability, exchange between surface and intragravel water, and sources of intragravel

water.

(g) Methods have been developed for routine

field measurement of dissolved oxygen content

of Intragravel water, gravel composition,

and mortality of salmon embryos.

Gravel shift has been identified as an important natural cause of embryonic

mortality. A theoretical model of factors

controlling interchange between stream and intragravel water has been proposed and tested qualitatively.

(h) "A Method of Estimating Mortality of Pink

Salmon Eggs and Larvae," by William J. McNeil. Contribution No. 119, 28 pp. manuscript, (in press).

"New Methods for Sampling Bottom Fauna and Perlphyton In Salmon Spawning Gravels," by Warren Harry Ahnell, Master's Thesis, Univ.

of Washington, Seattle, 83 pp, 1961. "Fluid Flow in the Open-Surfaced Porous Bed,"

by Walter G. Vaux, Master's Thesis, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 85 pp., plus

appendixes, 1961. "Frequency of Digging Movements of Female Pink Salmon Before and After Egg Deposition,"

by William L. Sheridan, Contribution No. 68,

Animal Behavior, Vol. 8, No. 3-4, pp. 228-

230, 1960. "Temperature Relationships in a Pink Salmon Stream in Alaska," by William L. Sheridan,

Contribution No. 76, Ecology, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 91 - 98, 1961. "Relation of Stream Temperatures to Timing

of Pink Salmon Escapements in Southeast

Alaska," by William L. Sheridan, Contribution

No. 93, Submitted to MacMillan Lectureship

Series, University of British Columbia,

23 pp. manuscript, (in press).

(4247) IMPROVEMENT OF SALMON SPAWNING AREAS ON INDIAN CREEK AND HARRIS RIVER, ALASKA.

(b) U. S. Forest Service, Juneau, Alaska, Bureau

of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Juneau, Alaska.

(c) Prof. Donald E. Bevan, Research Associate

Professor, Fisheries Research Inst., Univ.

of Washington, Seattle 5, Washington.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigation basic and applied research, including

thesis research.

(e) Artificial spawning areas have been

constructed on the Indian Creek and Harris

River on Prince of Wales Island within the Tongass National Forest, Alaska. The project

is to test the general hydraulic considerations associated with the design of improved pink salmon spawning areas in natural streams. Objectives of the research program are to test the design of artificial

improvements to salmon spawning grounds. The problem is to determine if we can provide, at reasonable cost, small areas of stable permeable gravel in which low water

flow of stream will be concentrated. The evaluation of artificially constructed

channels will provide information of the detailed requirements of spawning fish as well as the requirements of eggs and larvae. Further Information will be obtained on movement of bed material as no stream flow

regulation Is provided.

g) Data currently being analyzed.

h) "Hydraulic Design and Construction Details

of Salmon Spawning Channel Improvement

Areas on Indian Creek and Harris River," by

R. E. Nece, Circular No. 145, Fisheries

Research Institute, 8 pp. Mimeo, July 1961.

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Charles W. Harris

Hydraulics Laboratory.

(3852) A STUDY OF THE USE OF GUIDE VANES IN A 90 DEGREE UNSYMMETRICAL MITERED BEND.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. H. S. Strausser, 201 More Hall, Univ.

of Washington, Seattle 5, Washington.

(d) Experimental and theoretical Investigation

for M. S. thesis.

(e) To study the geometry of guide vanes necessary to produce uniform velocity

distribution downstream from a 90 degree

mltered bend where entrance and exit areas

are different. Open channel approach;

conduit discharge.

f) Completed.

g) A configuration of a fixed geometry of guide

vane with variable angle of incidence was found which would produce quite uniform

velocity distributions in the exit conduit

downstream from bend.

(h) Unpublished M.S. Thesis available on loan from correspondent, H. S. Strausser.

(3853) FLOW THROUGH AN ARRAY OF CYLINDERS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. Ronald E. Nece, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Washington, Seattle 5, Washington.

d) Experimental; basic research.

e) Hydrodynamic forces are to be determined on

one of a row of circular cylinders. Cylinder

spacing and orientation of the single row

with respect to a uniform approach flow are

to be varied.

(g) Proximity effects upon drag coefficients have been determined for two cylinder row orientations for the case of laminar boundary layers on the cylinders.

(h) One M.S. Thesis completed (available on loan)

(4248) BYPASS ENTRANCE STUDY, DOWNSTREAM MIGRANT SEPARATION FACILITIES, MAYFIELD FISH FACILITIES.

(b) Department of Public Utilities, Major

Projects Division, City of Tacoma, Wash.

(c) Prof. H. S. Strausser, Prof. R. E. Nece,

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Wash.,

Seattle 5, Washington.

(d) Experimental investigation; design verification and/or correction.

(e) A two-dimensional model study of an unsymmetrical 90 degree mltered, vaned elbow in a vertical plane and with a freesurface approach flow was conducted to produce a vane configuration yielding a uniform velocity distribution over the entire flow depth at the elbow Inlet.

f) Completed.

g) A suitable, simple guide vane arrangement was

82
found which yielded satisfactory velocity

profiles, for the single bend geometry

studied, over a range of approach flow

depths.

(h) One M. S. thesis completed (available on

loan) . Report to sponsoring agency; contact

this agency for copy of report.

(4249) A COMPARISON OF MITERED AND STREAMLINED PIPE

TEES.

(b) Alaskan Copper and Brass Company.

(c) Mr. W. Rosen, Sr., 3223 Sixth Avenue South,

Seattle, Washington or Prof. G. R. Thiers,

Univ. of Washington, Civil Engineering Dept.,

Seattle, Washington.

(d) Field Investigation; operation.

(e) Determination of loss coefficients for 2-lnch

welded "Tee" pipe fittings; (1) mltered, (2) streamlined.

(f) Completed.

(g) (1) CL = 1.6, (2) CL

= 0.8.

(4250) CALIBRATION OF TOTALIZING FLOW METER.

(b) Kenson Engineering Co., 10602 N. E. 26th,

Bellevue, Washington.

(c) Prof. G. R. Thiers, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle 5, Washington.

(d) Field investigation; operation.

(e) Calibration of totalizing flow meter for

2-inch pipe. (Screw propeller-proximity

pick-up counts revolutions of propeller).

f) Completed.

g) Total volume passing through meter found

proportional to number of turns of propeller.

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, Hydraulics Laboratory.

(149) THE EFFECT OF SUBMERGENCE ON FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. J. R. Villemonte, Hydraulics Lab.,

Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wisconsin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research for M.S. degree.

(e) The effects of submergence on discharge of large circular thin-plate weirs and orifices

and broad-crested weirs are being studied.

(g) General correlation equations have been

developed for all thin-plate weirs, Parshall

Flumes, and one type of Ogee spillway.

(956) ENERGY LOSS IN LIQUID FLOW IN PIPES AND

FITTINGS UNDER HIGH PRESSURE.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Ladish Company, Cudahy, Wisconsin, and the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation.

(c) Prof. J. R. Villemonte, Hydraulics Lab.,

Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison 6, V/isconsin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research and design for B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. theses

(e) Energy loss measurements in straight pipes

and fittings have been completed on sizes

1/4 inch to 2 inches. Pressure range 0-2500 psi, temperature range 60 to 120 degrees F. Reynolds number range 50 to 150,000.

(fi Suspended.

(g) If viscosity, density, and temperature

relations are known, the standard pipe

friction theory applies at high pressures. The fitting loss constants for laminar flow

are about 3 times those for turbulent flow

when Np = 2000. The loss gradually reduces

to zero at Nr = 150.

(1181) VORTEX FLOW FROM HORIZONTAL THIN-PLATE

ORIFICES.

(b) V/isconsin Alumni Research Foundation and

J. C. Stevens, Consulting Engineer, Portland,

Oregon.

(c) Prof. J. R. Villemonte, Hydraulics Lab.,

Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wisconsin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) The effects of vortlcity on orifice discharge were studied over a wide range of vortlcity, head, and orifice size.

(g) A new parameter, the vortex number, was developed as the ratio of lnertial and centrifugal forces. A general correlation

procedure was also developed for estimating

discharge rates through orifices with

varying degrees of vortlcity.

(3539) THE EFFECT OF BOUNDARY ROUGHNESS AND CONFIGURATION ON TURBULENCE LEVEL AND VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION.

b) Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation.

c) Prof. J. R. Villemonte, Hydraulics Lab.,

Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wisconsin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) New instrumentation has been developed to measure turbulence levels In pipes and ducts. The effects of boundary roughnesses on the decay of extra turbulence caused by a variety of boundary configurations Is being

studied.

(3540) MODEL STUDIES OF PUMP INLET STRUCTURES.

(b) Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation in cooperation with the Government of West

Bengal, India.

(c) Prof. J. R. Villemonte, Hydraulics Lab.,

University of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wis.

d) Experimental; design for M.S. thesis.

e) A 1/16-scale model of the inlet structure for one of four axial flow pumps at the Uttarbhag Pumping Station (Sonarpur, India)

has been made. Studies of inlet flow patterns and pressure coefficients for a wide variety of flow situations are being

made for the purpose of reducing the cavitation threshold.

(3541) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CIRCULAR SEDIMENTATION BASINS.

(b) National Institutes of Health, Washington,

D. C.

(c) Prof. G. A. Rohlich and Prof. J. R. Villemonte,

Hydraulics Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wisconsin.

(d) Experimental; basic research and design for

M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) A versatile, transparent, 6-foot diameter

cylindrical basin has been constructed which

will permit model studies at depth to diameter ratios of 0.67 to 0.083. Flow patterns and dispersion characteristics will

be observed over a wide range of overflow

rates. New instrumentation for measuring

small velocities and dispersion functions

are being developed.

(3854) REACTION JET INLET FOR OIL-WATER SEPARATORS.

b) The American Petroleum Inst.

c) Prof. G. A. Rohlich and Prof. J. R. Villemonte, Hydraulics Laboratory, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wisconsin.

(d) Experimental; basic research and design for master's and doctoral theses.

(e) A transparent basin 5 feet wide, 10 feet long

and 3 feet deep has been constructed. Investigations will be made using various

sizes and spaclngs of the Stengel reaction

Jets at the entrance to the basin to determine the effects of Jet inflow on the hydraulic characteristics.

(4251) A STUDY OF CHANNEL THALWEG PROFILES ABOVE AND BELOW GULLY CONTROL STRUCTURES.

(b) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural

Research Service.

(c) Dr. Arno T. Lenz, Chairman, Dept. of Civil

i

63
(d)

(e)

(4252)

\t)

(d)

(e)

(g)

Engineering, University of Wisconsin,

Madison 6, Wisconsin,

Field investigations and analytical studies. Part will be used for doctoral thesis.

Field surveys of 80 gully control structures

in Southwestern Wisconsin have been

completed. The data from these surveys are being analyzed in an attempt to develop

procedures for estimating quantitatively

the dynamic changes in channel profiles

which occur when a gully control or sediment

detention structure is built. FLOW OF A DENSITY STRATIFIED FLUID. Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation.

Prof. P. L. Monkmeyer, Hydraulics Laboratory,

University of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wis. Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for Ph.D. thesis.

Characteristics of compressible and incompressible density stratified fluids, both

viscid and inviscid, steady and unsteady, are being investigated. Research on internal

gravity waves is included. A flume for studying density stratified fluids is planned.

Linearized equations for steady, ideal,

compressible, stratified flow in atmospheres

with various density distributions have been developed

WOODS HOLE 0CEAN0GRAPHIC INSTITUTION.

(4253) MODEL EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATIONS. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

Mr. Alan J. Faller, Woods Hole Oceanographic

Institution, Woods Hole, Mass. Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

Creation of experimental models and analogues to obtain more fundamental understanding of the circulation of fluids in rotating systems with particular application

to geophysical fluid circulations.

An experimental analogy with hurricane spiral bands in which banded structures in a vortex

system were obtained in a laboratory

circulation. An analogy was drawn between

the spiral bands observed in the experiments

and the cloud bands observed in hurricane

systems, and it was proposed that the instability of the boundary-layer flow which

was the source of the banded structure in the experiments was the mechanism for the banded cloud patterns of hurricanes as well.

(g)

(f) (3857)

GO

d)

(f) (3859)

(f)

Experimental; for design.

Evaluation of the percentage break up of the flow between accepts and rejects In a cyclone type separator were determined.

The flow pattern in various sections of the machine were studied in detail. Test in progress. METER CALIBRATION. General Controls Co., Foster Div . , Warwick,

Rhode Island. Experimental, for design.

Laboratory calibration of various meters

from 2" to 24" diameter. Tests in progress. METER CALIBRATION. B-I-F Industries Inc., Providence, R. I. Experimental; for design.

Calibration of open flow nozzles and venturl meters up to 48" in diameter. Tests in progress.

(3860) SMITH MOUNTAIN HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Ebasco Services, Inc., New York, N. Y.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1/60 scale model of a section of the Roanoke River was duplicated including the proposed arch dam, spillways, and chutes,

powerhouse and penstocks. Studies included

spillway performance, energy dissipation in river below spillway chutes, powerhouse,

penstock and tailrace flow conditions. The second stage of the river diversion was modeled and tested. Finally pumping tests

on the pump-turbine units were' also duplicated to study tailrace flows under

these conditions.

(f) Tests completed.

(3861) SMITH MOUNTAIN HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Sollitt Construction Co., South Bend, Ind.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1/60 scale model of the river bed at the construction site was constructed. The model included various structures necessary

for stream diversion during the first phase

of construction. Details studied on the model included upstream and downstream

cofferdams, retaining walls, bed excavation

and location of construction bridge piers.

(f) Tests completed.

(4254) PLUG TYPE VALVES.

WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Alden Hydraulic

Laboratory

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Professor Leslie J. Hooper, Director,

Alden Hydraulic Laboratory, Worcester Polytechnic

Institute, Worcester 9, Mass.

(1963) METER CALIBRATION.

(bl Foxboro, Company, Foxboro, Mass.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) Calibration of various sizes of 1" to 36" diameter magnetic flow tubes.

(f) Tests in progress.

(3544) SWING CHECK VALVES.

(b) Atwood and Morrill Co., Salem, Mass.

Id) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests including determination of pressure

drop, pressure surge, and disc orientation

were conducted on a 10" valve.

(f) Tests completed.

(3545) HYDRAULIC CYCLONE.

(b) Bird Machine Co., South Walpole, Mass.

(b) Rockwell Manufacturing Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.

(dl Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests were performed to determine pressure

drop for a range of flows on 3 valves (8", 16" and 36" dia) . In addition a measurement

of torque required to open and close at each

of the flows was made

(f) Tests completed.

(4255) METER CALIBRATION.

(b) Penn Meter Company, Philadelphia, Pa.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Calibration of open flow nozzles and flow

tubes from 2" to 48" in diameter.

(f) Tests in progress.

(4256) METER CALIBRATION.

(b) Narda Ultrasonics Corp, Syosset, N. Y.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Calibration of 14" diameter ultrasonic flow

meter.

(f) Tests completed.

(4257) LEESVILLE HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Ebasco Services, Inc., New York, N. Y.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1/50 scale model of a section of the

84
Roanoke River including the gravity dam,

4 gated spillway section and 2 unit power- house along with the tailrace and stilling

basin was constructed to study flow

characteristics of the completed development . In addition the model was arranged

so that the diversion scheme could also be reproduced and operated,

(f) Tests completed.

(4258) CALIMA HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT

(b) Tippetts, Abbett, McCarthy, Stratton.

id) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1/40 scale model of the spillway system

on the Calima river in Columbia including

a section of the reservoir and upstream

face of the dam and incorporating the gloryhole spillway were constructed in an ele- vated steel tank. The river bed from the top of the dam to well below the spillway

tunnel exit was modeled in concrete on the basin floor. Transparent plastic transitions

and tunnel sections were used to model the tunnel between the spillway and the outlet. Spillway performance and flow in the tunnels

and at the outlet were studied during the test program.

(f) Tests in progress.

(4259) CAMPBELL ESTATE HARBOR.

(b) Tippetts, Abbett, McCarthy, Stratton.

id) Experimental ; for design.

(e) A 1/50 scale model of a section of ocean

and coastline adjacent to the site were modeled along with an entrance channel and

the harbor basin itself. A pneumatically

operated wave generator was provided to produce a variety of wave conditions at the entrance channel. Studies involved testing

a number of different designs aimed at minimizing the wave action in the basin and

in the channel,

(f) Tests completed.

(4260) VELOCITY PROFILE EFFECTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A number of different pressure differential

type flow meters were tested using a variety

of conditions upstream thus studying and measuring the velocity profile upstream and

in the meter. The effect of these velocity

profiles on the discharge coefficient was determined.

(f) Completed.

(g) The results of the study are reported in a paper submitted to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers for consideration on

15 December 1961.

(h) "Velocity Profile Effects on the Discharge

Coefficient of Pressure Differential Meters,"

by Mr. A. G. Ferron.

(4261) METER CALIBRATION.

(b) Gulton Industries Inc., Metuchen, N.J.

id) Experimental; for design.

(e) Calibration of 16" diameter ultrasonic

flowmeter.

(f) Tests completed.

(4262) METER CALIBRATION.

(b) Potter Aeronautical Corporation, Union, New Jersey.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Calibration of various sizes from 6" to

16" turbine type flow meters.

(f) Tests completed.

85
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division. CORN BELT BRANCH, University of Minnesota, St. Paul,

Minn., Dr. C. A. Van Doren, Branch Chief.

(1723) THE HYDRAULICS OP CONSERVATION STRUCTURES.

See St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory

Projects Nos. Ill, 1168, 1929, and 2386.

See also U. S. Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, Soil and Water Conservation Research Div., Southern

Plains Branch, Project No. 4335, and Illinois

State Water Survey Division Project No. 1865.

(b) Cooperative with the Minnesota Agricultural

Experiment Station, the St. Anthony Falls

Hydraulic Laboratory, and the Illinois State Water Survey.

(c) Mr. Fred W. Blaisdell, Hydraulic Engineer,

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory,

3rd Ave. S. E., at Mississippi River,

Minneapolis, Minnesota.

(d) Experimental; applied research for development and design.

(e) Research dealing with the design, con- struction, and testing of structures for conserving and controlling soil and water

are carried out. Studies during the past year have been concerned with the two-way

drop inlet for closed conduit spillways. The width of this drop inlet is equal to the barrel diameter. Its length varies. Water flows only over the two sides. The

end walls support a horizontal plate over

the drop inlet which acts as an anti-vortex

device. The overhang of the plate supports

a trash guard. Tests are conducted using

both water and air as the model fluid to determine the performance, loss coefficients,

and pressure coefficients for the drop inlet.

Cooperation with and co-ordination of the tests at the Stillwater, Oklahoma, Outdoor

Hydraulic Laboratory and the Illinois State Water Survey is maintained.

(g) If the anti-vortex plate is too low,

undesirable orifice flow will control the discharge. If the anti-vortex plate is too

high, harmful vortices will form under the plate. Rules for determining acceptable

plate heights have been determined. The overhang of the plate must be greater than

a certain minimum to insure satisfactory

performance . The action of the two-way

drop inlet is that of a self -regulating

siphon. The tests using air agree with the results obtained from the water tests and

are much easier to perform. Air is used as the model fluid only for the condition of full conduit flow.

(4263) A STUDY OF CHANNEL THALWEG PROFILES ABOVE

AND BELOW GULLY CONTROL STRUCTURES.

See University of Wisconsin Civil Engineering

Project No. (4251)

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Department of Civil Engineering, University

of Wisconsin, and the Wisconsin Agricultural

Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. D. A. Woolhiser, Hydraulic Engineer,

3230 University Avenue, Madison 5, Wisconsin.

(d) Field investigations and analytical studies. Part will be used for doctoral thesis.

(e) Field surveys of 80 gully control structures,

built in the 1930' s, in southwestern

Wisconsin have been completed. The data from

these surveys are being analyzed in an attempt to develop procedures for estimating

quantitatively the dynamic changes In channel profiles which occur when a gully control or sediment detention structure is built.

(g) No set pattern of aggradation or degradation

in the channel below gully-control structures

has yet been established but there is a tendency for initial channel scour to revert

toward aggradation. Changes which do occur

are related to conditions at the site such

as tributary contributions of coarse sediment

vegetative encroachment, exposure of rock

controls and interference by farming

operations. Analyses of data are continuing.

(4264) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES ON AGRICULTURAL

WATERSHEDS IN WISCONSIN.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station

and the Wisconsin Valley Improvement Co.

(c) Mr. K. E. Saxton, Hydraulic Engineer, 3230 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin.

d) Field investigation and office analysis.

e) Various records of runoff, ground water,

precipitation and climatic factors, soil moisture, land use, and agricultural

conditions' and practices are maintained for

22 agricultural watersheds ranging in size from 2.7 to 11,000 acres in the vicinity of Lacrosse, Fennimore, Colby and at other

locations in Wisconsin. Analyses are made

to evaluate the factors affecting flood

flows, hydrograph characteristics, and the yield of stream flow.

(h) "Predicting Storm Runoff on Small Experimental Watersheds," by N. E. Minshall,

Jour, of the Hydraulics Div., Proc. Am. Soc. Civil Engineers, Vol. 86, No. HY 8, Aug.

1960. "Effect of Cover and Soils on Runoff," by

N, E. Minshall, Jour. Soil and Water Conservation. (_n press)

(4265) PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCING RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS ON THE UNGLACIATED ALLEGHENY PLATEAU.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Ohio

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. L. L. Harrold, Investigations Leader,

Agricultural Research Service, Coshocton,

Ohio.

d) Field investigation and office analysis.

e) To develop methods of characterizing

watershed precipitation related to runoff

rates and volumes and to evaluate "normalcy"

of sample periods.

(g) Records of dense network of rain gages are being analyzed to determine network

specifications for characterizing rainfall

for runoff rates and volumes. Shielded and tilted catchment surfaces of rain gages have been installed in the field along with

wind recording apparatus for studying the effect of wind on the rain gage catch and how the latter evaluates the rainfall on sloping land surfaces of a single aspect.

(h) "The Influence of Land Use and Treatment on the Hydrology of Small Watersheds at Coshocton, Ohio," by L. L. Harrold, D. L. Brakensiek, J. L. McGuinness, C. R. Amerman,

and F. R. Dreibelbis, USDA Tech. B. 1256,

December 1961.

(4266) SURFACE RUNOFF AND INTERFLOW STUDIES IN THE UNGLACIATED ALLEGHENY PLATEAU.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. L. L. Harrold, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, ARS, Coshocton, Ohio.

d) Field investigation and office analysis.

e) To evaluate the factors affecting the volume of storm surface runoff and interflow

from various combinations of upland watershed

soil, cover, and treatment, and to study the basic factors affecting the hydrograph of these flows under various soil-cover

combinations

(g) Work is continuing on these studies. Storm flow totals from all unit source watersheds

along with specific watershed and climatic

parameters have been assembled for all the major storm runoff periods of record. Computer analysis of these data is being

made to test for parameter significance.

6 5
(4267) STUDIES OF RUNOFF FROM COMPLEX WATERSHEDS

IN THE UNGLACIATED ALLEGHENY PLATEAU. (g)

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. L. L. Harrold, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, ARS, Coshocton, Ohio.

(d) Field investigation and office analysis.

(e) To determine how flows from incremental

areas combine to produce hydrographs of stream flow on larger complex watersheds;

determine the effects of climate and watershed characteristics on rates and amounts of runoff; and develop methods for predicting the magnitude and frequency of flows from ungaged watersheds.

(g) Work is continuing on these studies. (h) Preliminary analysis showed that the summation of flow from incremental areas accounted for, at the best, only 70 percent

of the storm flow measured for the larger

complex watershed. Base flow was at a minimum.

Interflow studies are being made to evaluate

the magnitude and timing of this quick

return flow as a factor in flood stream flow. Geologic Investigations of aquifers con- tributing to stream flow are included in the study of the effects of watershed

characteristics and management of stream

flow. Their effect is an important factor, (4270

as runoff volumes increase rapidly with

watershed size up to areas of 1,000 acres.

(h) "Evaluation of the Hydrologic Effect of a (b Watershed Plantation," by L. L. Harrold,

Proc. Soc. of Amer. Foresters, Wash. D. C. 1960.

"The Influence of Land Use and Treatment on the Hydrology of Small Watersheds at Coshocton, Ohio," by L. L. Harrold, D. L. Brakenslek, J. L. McGuinness, C. R. Amerman,

and F. R. Drelbelbls, USDA Tech. Bui. 1256,

December 1961. "Hydrologic Relationships for Watershed

Studies in Ohio," by L. L. Harrold, Soil

Conservation, S.C.S. Vol. 26, No. 9, April

1961.

(4268) STUDIES IN SUBSURFACE HYDROLOGY IN THE UNGLACIATED ALLEGHENY PLATEAU. (g

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. L. L. Harrold, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, ARS, Coshocton, Ohio. (h

(d) Field investigation and office analysis.

(e) To evaluate ground-water and interflow

contributions to stream discharge of agriculture watersheds and the recharge to aquifers under various watershed and climatic (4271

conditions

(g) Work is continuing on geologic mapping for (b identifying and evaluating aquifer flow to stream discharge. Catchment areas of these contributing aquifers is being mapped.

Studies of Interflow have been started on (c the upland watersheds to help account for

that storm flow at the complex watershed

runoff gages not measured as upland surface (d runoff

(h) "Hydrologic Nature of Streamflow on Small (e Agricultural Watersheds, " by J. L. McGuinness,

L. L. Harrold, and C. R. Amerman, Proc. Am. Soc. C.E., Vol. 87, HY-1, January 1961.

(4269) MOISTURE REGIMES OF SOILS IN THE UNGLACIATED

ALLEGHENY PLATEAU. (g

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station. (h (c) Mr. L. L. Harrold, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, ARS, Coshocton, Ohio.

(d) Field investigation and office analysis.

(e) To maintain the soil moisture inventory of agricultural watersheds; to evaluate the effect thereon of soil, land use, and climate; (4273

to develop methods of estimating soil moisture quantities under various land use (b and climatic conditions; and to determine

the Influence of frozen soil and frost

structure on water movement. Nuclear soil-moisture eouipment is now

providing good data on soil moisture down

to 90-inch depths. They show material

variations in moisture within a small watershed. Presently, methods of evaluating

watershed soil moisture are being studied.

Effect of vegetation of different rooting

depths on soil moisture is being evaluated. Deep-rooted crops extract moisture to depths

unaffected by shallow-rooted crops. In dry

seasons, the former consumes more water than

the latter, resulting in less percolation to ground water reservoirs. Lysimeters, 8 feet deep and 1/500 acre area of undisturbed

soil record weight changes and percolation.

"Evaluation of Agricultural Hydrology by

Monolith Lysimeters," by L. L. Harrold and

F. R. Drelbelbls, USDA Tech. Bui. 1179,

August 1958. "Soil Moisture Measurements with the Neutron Method Supplement Weighing Lysimeters," by

J. L. McGuinness, F. R. Drelbelbls, and L. L. Harrold. Proc. SSSA, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 339-342. September 1961. "Comparison of the Soil Moisture Regimen in Lysimeters with that on Adjacent Watersheds,"

by F. R. Drelbelbls, U.S.D.A. ARS-47, 1961. CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOW IN IRRIGATION

FURROWS.

Soil and Water Conservation Research Dlv.,

Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture, in cooperation with the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. John F. Thornton, Agricultural Engineer,

204 Agricultural Engineering Building,

Columbia, Missouri.

Experimental and field investigations, both

basic and applied. The purpose of the investigation is to determine the effects of rate of water

application, intake rate, slope, shape and roughness on the advance rates under furrow

irrigation. Develop engineering techniques

that will provide maximum effective control

and management of irrigation water. The work is continuing on the basic hydraulic

aspects of flow in irrigation furrows to contribute to better understanding of furrow

Irrigation and the ultimate achievement of more efficient use of water. "Summary of Hydraulics of Furrow Irrigation

Studies in Missouri" by John F. Thornton.

Proc. ARS-SCS Workshop on Hydraulics of Surface Irrigation, pp. 63-66, October 1960. PLASTIC-LINED MOLE DRAIN STUDIES.

Soil and Water Conservation Research Div.,

Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture, in cooperation with the Ohio

Experiment Station.

Mr. James L. Fouss, Agricultural Engineer,

Agricultural Engineering Dept., Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

Experimental and field investigations, both

basic and applied.

The purpose of these investigations is to improve plastic mole drainage techniques and

test the effectiveness of other surface drainage systems. Tile, mole and other sub-surface drainage systems are developed

and their effectiveness determined.

The work is continuing on Improving plastic

mole drainage techniques and the effectiveness of other surface drainage systems.

"Flastlc-Lined Mole Drains," by James L. Fouss. For presentation at the 1961 Winter

Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois,

December 12-15, 1961. SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE.

Soil and Water Conservation Research Div.,

Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture, in cooperation with the

87
Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Lee Hermsmeier, Agricultural Engineer,

North Central Soil Conservation Field

Station, Morris, Minnesota.

(d) Experimental and field investigations, both

basic and applied.

(e) The purpose of these Investigations is to develop engineering techniques that will

provide maximum effective control and management of water. Techniques are developed for managing surface water flow

through land forming and surface drainage

systems. Tile, mole and other subsurface

drainage systems are developed and their

effectiveness determined.

(g) Work is continuing on land forming and the development of improved surface drainage

systems, the effectiveness of field

diversions, improved plastic mole drainage

techniques and effectiveness of other

subsurface drainage systems.

(h) "Land Forming—A New Water Management

Practice," by Lee F. Hermsmeier and Curtis

L. Larson. Minnesota Farm and Home Science,

Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 8-9, October 1959.

(4274) DEVELOPMENT AND REFINEMENT OF METHODS FOR PREDICTING FIELD RUNOFF AND SOIL LOSS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with various

State Agricultural Experiment Stations

throughout the U. S.

(c) Mr. W. H. Wischmeier, Analytical Statistician, ARS Runoff and Erosion Data Laboratory,

Agricultural Engineering Dept., Purdue

University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Data analyses, applied research.

(e) The purpose of the work is to develop

improved techniques for determining the optimum soil and water conservation practices

for any specific farm field and to provide

the research data needed for localized

applications of the techniques in farm

planning. Basic runoff, soil loss and related data assembled at the laboratory

from 45 research locations in 23 states are analyzed to determine effects of rainstorm

characteristics, soil, topography, cover, management practices and various factor

interactions on soil and water losses from

farm fields. The relationships and evaluations are combined into equations for estimating erosion losses from specific

fields under numerous feasible farming plans

and conservation practices. The various

alternative systems which would control

erosion can then be evaluated economically

to determine the optimum system,

(g) Efforts toward greater accuracy in empirical

soil-loss equations was continued with

special emphases on effects of soil properties,

rainstorm characteristics and factor interactions. An iso-erodent map was developed

from Weather Bureau rainfall intensity data. The map shows the rainfall-erosion index

value for any location in the 37 states east

of the Rockies. Graphs depicting the monthly

distribution of erosive rainfall In various

climatic areas were completed. Work on derivation of an empirical runoff equation

was begun.

'h) "A Universal Soil-Loss Estimating Equation

to Guide Conservation Farm Planning," by

W. H. Wischmeier and D. D. Smith, Tran.

7th Congress of International Soil Sci. Soc .

,

Vol. 1, paper VI. 2, 1961. "Rainfall Erosion," by D. D. Smith and W. H. Wischmeier, Vol. 14 of Advances in Agronomy,

Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1961. "Distribution of Rainfall Erosion Potential

in the U. S.," by W. H . Wischmeier, 1961.

(in press) Mimeo copy avail, as paper

#61-228, Amer. Soc. Agr. Engineer.

"Storms and Conservation Practices," W. H. Wischmeier, 1961. (in press) Mimeo copies

avail, from Soil Cons. Soc. of Amer., Des Moines 14, Iowa.

(4275) THE MECHANICS OF EROSION BY RAINFALL AND

RUNOFF.

(b) Agricultural Research Service cooperating

with the Minnesota, Indiana and Iowa Agricultural Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. W. H. Wischmeier, Analytical Statistician,

Agricultural Engineering Dept., Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental; laboratory investigations,

basic research.

(e) The purpose of these studies is to obtain

fundamental information on the mechanics

of rainfall, runoff and erosion. C. K. Mutchler at Morris, Minnesota is investigating raindrop splash patterns as affectedby various degrees of soil softness, surface irregularity and surface detention. L. D. Meyer at Lafayette, Indiana is investigating

the mechanics of soil particle movement

under thin films of water. Primary and interaction effects of particle size, slope, and velocity and depth of flow will be studied. W. C. Moldenhauer at Ames, Iowa is investigating the effects of rainfall on the surface conditions, erodibility and physical

characteristics of various soils. Crusting,

soil movement and particle-size sorting will

be studied.

(4276) IMPROVED PRACTICES FOR CONTROL OF RUNOFF AND EROSION.

(b) Agricultural Research Service cooperating

with Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. J. V. Mannering, Soil Scientist,

Agronomy Dept., Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana.

(d) Experimental; field investigations, applied

research.

(e) The purpose of these studies is to determine

the effects of soil properties, slope

characteristics, type and extent of canopy

cover, quantity and management of crop residues, seedbed and tillage practices, and various factor Interactions on infiltration

and erosion. Replicated tests are conducted

on selected plots on Purdue-owned and privately-owned farms in Indiana and adjoining states under simulated rainfall.

Soil samples and runoff samples are analyzed

in the laboratory.

(g) Studies during the past year included (1) erosion-control evaluation of several minimum-tillage practices for corn, (2) effect of various quantities of applied

straw mulch on runoff and erosion, (3) effect of rotation meadows on runoff and erosion from successive years of corn following the meadow, and (4) residual

erosion-control effectiveness of meadows on erodibility of fallow soils.

(h) "Soil and Water Conservation Research with

the Rainulator," by L. D. Meyer and J. V. Mannering, Trans. 7th Congress of Inter- national Soil Science Society, Vol. 1, Paper

VI. 7, 1961. "Minimum Tillage for Corn: Its Effect on Infiltration and Erosion," by L. D. Meyer

and J. V. Mannering, Ag. Engineering 42 (2) 72-75, 86, 87, 1960.

"The Effects of Different Methods of Cornstalk Residue Management on Runoff and Erosion," by J. V. Mannering and L. D. Meyer,

Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc . 25 (6), NovemberDecember 1961. "The Effects of Various Rates of Mulch

Applied to a Fallow Soil on Infiltration and Erosion," by J. V. Mannering and L. D. Meyer,

Agronomy Abstracts, 1961.

(4277) SOIL ERODIBILITY.

(b) Agricultural Research Service cooperating

with Agricultural Experiment Stations in Indiana, Minnesota and South Dakota.

(c) Mr. W. H. Wischmeier, Analytical Statistician, Agricultural Engineering Dept.,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental; laboratory and field

88
investigations, basic and applied,

(e) The purpose of this study is to identify and

evaluate the soil properties and profile

characteristics which influence erodibillty

of the soil and to combine these in a multiple regression equation. The equation

would serve to evaluate the soil-erodibility

factor of soils for use in the universal

erosion equation. Infiltration and soil- loss measurements will be made on a broad

range of soils under identical simulated

rainstorms applied with the Indiana and Minnesota Rainulators.

(4278) RAINFALL ENERGY AND SOIL EROSION RELATIONSHIPS.

(b) Agricultural Research Service cooperating

with Illinois Agricultural Experiment

Station.

(c) Mr. L. C. Johnson, Soil Scientist, 276 Davenport Hall, University of Illinois,

Urbana, Illinois.

d) Experimental; field investigation.

e) The purposes of this study are (1) to obtain

an experimental check on the computed

rainfall intensity-kinetic energy relationship, and (2) to study the physical phenomena

and changes associated with the infiltration

of natural rain into soils. Three

replications of fallow and continuous corn

are under both hydrological and meteorological measurements.

(4279) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES IN IOWA.

(b) Agricultural Research Service cooperating

with Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. W. C. Moldenhauer, Soil Scientist,

225 Agronomy Bldg., Iowa State University,

Ames, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; field investigations, applied

research

(e) To evaluate soil and crop management

practices in relation to water management

and erosion control on the major Iowa soils. Runoff, soil loss and related data are being

taken on 65 fractional-acre plots under

natural rainfall

(g) Consistent good management of abundant crop residues proved very effective in reducing

runoff and erosion from these silt loams. Contour surface planting on 12% slope reduced

erosion losses more than 50% on an annual

basis, but Its effectiveness decreased with

Increased storm erosivity. Contour listing

was more effective than contour surface planting and did not lose its effectiveness

under the most severe early summer thunderstorms

(h) "Soil and Water Losses and Infiltration

Rates on Ida Silt Loam as Influenced by

Cropping Systems, Tillage Practices and Rainfall Characteristics," by W. C. Moldenhauer and V/. H. Wischmeier, Soil Sci.

Soc. Amer. Proc. 24: 409-413, 1960.

(4280) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES ON THE SLOPING LANDS OF WISCONSIN.

(b) Agricultural Research Service cooperating

with Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment

Station.

(c) Mr. 0. E. Hays, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box

872, LaCrosse, Wisconsin.

(d) Experimental; field investigations, applied

research.

(e) Tne purpose of these studies is to obtain

information on the effects of the basic

factors (climatic, topographic, soil, cover

and management) on runoff and soil loss. Hydrological and meteorological measurements

are made on 66 fractional-acre plots and two

small watersheds to evaluate the following

with respect to runoff and erosion: (1) chemical treatments and interseeding methods

for pasture renovation, (2) practices

required to control erosion in corn following corn on steep slopes, (3) strip

cropping, (4) different types of seedbed

for corn and small grain, (5) keeping corn clean with the use of weedicides, and (6) effect of degree of land slope.

(g) On corn after hay, wheeltrack planting and seedbed preparation with a field cultivator

each reduced runoff by 50$ and soil loss by

about 75$. Corn stover mulch in corn following corn gave excellent control of runoff and erosion of 16% slope, Fayette

soil. Interseeding legumes in wide-row

corn established meadows which produced

yields comparable to those established in small grain and greatly reduced total ro- tation soil loss.

(h) "New Tillage Methods Reduce Erosion and Runoff," by 0. E. Hays, Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 16: 172-175, 1961. "Methods of Controlling Erosion and Runoff

in Continuous Corn on Steeply Sloping Land,"

by R. E. Taylor and 0. E. Hays, Agronomy

Abstracts 1961, page 41.

(4281) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES ON THE MIDWEST

CLAYPANS.

(b) Agricultural Research Service cooperating

with Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. J. F. Thornton, Agricultural Engineering

Dept., University of Missouri, Columbia,

Missouri

(d) Experimental; field investigation, applied

research.

(e) To evaluate effects of soil treatments,

tillage practices and supplemental irrigation

on runoff and erosion from about 10 million

acres of Midwest Claypans. Runoff, soil loss and concomitant variables are measured

on a series of fractional-acre plots and small watersheds under natural rainfall.

(g) Fertilization adequate to produce high crop yields and large quantities of plant residues greatly reduced the formerly serious

soil and water losses from sloping claypan

soils. Seedbed preparation by subtillage,

which left shredded cornstalks on or near

the surface, significantly reduced erosion

losses even from very high intensity storms.

(h) "Runoff and Erosion Losses from Mexico Silt Loam in Relation to Fertilization and Other

Management Practices," by F. D. Whitaker,

V. C. Jamison and J. F. Thornton, Soil Sci.

Soc. Amer. Proc. 25: 401-403, 1961.

(4282) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES IN MINNESOTA AND EASTERN SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) Agricultural Research Service cooperating

with State Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. C. K. Mutchler, Agricultural Engineer,

North Central Soil Conservation Field

Station, Morris, Minnesota.

(d) Experimental; field investigations, applied

research.

(e) The purpose of these studies is to characterize runoff and erosion on the Barnes silty clay loam and Poinsett soils. Measurements are obtained under both natural

rain and simulated rainfall on fractionalacre field plots. Numerous vegetative covers and crop sequences common to the area are being investigated with respect to their

effects on runoff and erosion. Soil and water losses from thaw and snow melt will

also be measured.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and V/ater Conservation

Research Division. NORTHEAST BRANCH, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville,

Maryland, Mr. W. W. Pate Branch Chief.

(3089) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF EROSION IN CURVED

CHANNELS. Cooperative with Mass. Inst, of Tech. See

89
page 41.

(3867) IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE FACILITIES.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with

Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. J. Nick Jones, Agricultural Engineer,

Agricultural Engineering Dept., Virginia

Polytechnic Inst., Blacksburg, Virginia.

d) Field investigations.

e) The irrigation study seeks to determine the effect of selected irrigation procedures on quality and yield of tobacco on Cecil soils

of the Piedmont plateau. Landforming to permit use of machinery, facilitate

irrigation, and provide for disposal of surface water, are major objectives of the drainage studies. Both meteorological and hydrological measurements are made. Landforming studies were conducted on Coastal Plains soils in eastern Virginia,

and on Piedmont Valley soils.

(f) The irrigation studies were initiated in 1961 and first records will be taken in

1962. Landforming studies for disposal of excess water in the Coastal Plains are essentially completed.

(g) Landforming studies in the Coastal Plains

during one of the wettest crop seasons on record showed that, on soils formed to a slope of 0.15 percent, runoff water may be disposed of in well-graded channels between

ridged crop rows for at least 600 feet without causing decreased crop yields. Data from another location indicated that row

lengths might be as much as 1200 feet.

(h) "Control of Surface Water by Landforming,"

by T. W. Edminster, ISSS Proceedings,

(In Press)

(4283) A STUDY OF FLOOD FLOWS AND THEIR EFFECTS

ON STREAM CHANNELS.

(b) Cooperative project with Soil Conservation

Service and Cornell University.

(c) Mr. R. P. Apmann, Hydraulic Engineer, 21 South Grove Street, East Aurora, N. Y.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) To determine the important streamflow

qualities which materially affect the intensity of attack upon the stream channel periphery material and the variation

throughout the flow boundary of forces de- structive to the channel periphery material.

Investigations are conducted on selected

natural reaches of Buffalo Creek and tributaries in the vicinity of East Aurora, New York and on the Pequest River in Warren

County, New Jersey.

(4284) DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR CHANNEL STABILIZATION.

j) Cooperative project with Soil Conservation

Service and Cornell University,

(c) Mr. R. P. Apmann, Hydraulic Engineer, 21 South Grove Street, East Aurora, New York.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) To develop economical methods for streambank

stabilization through observation and measurement of the effectiveness of various

vegetal and structural measures over a range in streamflow conditions and for various channel geometry. Principal investigations are conducted on Buffalo Creek and tributaries in the vicinity of East Aurora, New York.

(4285) CHANNEL HYDRAULICS AND FLOOD ROUTING IN STEEP MOUNTAIN STREAMS.

(b) Cooperative project with the Vermont

Agricultural Experiment Station, Vermont Water Conservation Board, and Soil Conser- vation Service

(c) Mr. M. L. Johnson, Hydraulic Engineer, Route 2, Danville, Vermont.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) Studies on a 1.5-mile reach of the Sleepers

River channel involving determination of: travel speed of controlled waves of different volumes; profiles of natural and controlled waves of different volumes; practical field methods of measuring the friction slope of mountain channels; com- parisons between results obtained with flood

routing formulas and observed flood wave

data; and the relationship between channel efficiency, flow duration curves, and watershed morphology.

(4286) INFLUENCE OF SNOW AND FROZEN SOIL ON RUNOFF.

(b) Cooperative project with the Vermont

Agricultural Experiment Station, Vermont

Water Conservation Board, and Soil Con- servation Service.

(c) Mr. M. L. Johnson, Hydraulic Engineer, Route

2, Danville, Vermont.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) This study on the 43-square mile Sleepers

River watershed is concerned with the factors influencing the accumulation and melting of snow; the relationship of frozen

soil to runoff; and the development of methods for predicting runoff associated with snow melt. Data are collected and analyzed

from snow courses, precipitation gages, temperature records, heat budgets, soil moisture and frost measurements and snow melt in conjunction with streamflow records

at nine stations in the subdivided watershed.

(4287) PRECIPITATION PATTERNS AND CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Cooperative project with the Vermont

Agricultural Experiment Station, Vermont Water Conservation Board, and Soil Conser- vation Service.

(c) Mr. E. T. Engman, Hydraulic Engineer, Route

2, Danville, Vermont.

(d) Experimental field investigations.

(e) The purpose of this study is to develop a method for calculating average precipitation

on the 43-square mile Sleepers River

watershed and Its subdivisions in relation

to elevation, storm source and direction;

to study the behavior of summer convective

storms in the northeast; and to provide

Information on rainfall depth-area-duration

in relation to point rainfall in this part

of the northeast.

(4288) INFLUENCE OF SOIL AND LAND USE ON STREAMFLOW FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS.

(b) Cooperative project with the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, Vermont Water Conservation Board, and Soil Conser- vation Service.

(c) Mr. G. H. Comer, Hydraulic Engineer, Route

2, Danville, Vermont.

(d) Experimental field investigations.

(e) Investigations of the influence of land use, climatic factors, and physical characteristics such as soils, geology, and topography upon runoff rates and water yields from

the 43-square mile Sleepers River watershed

and its Important subdivisions to derive

relationships for predicting the hydrologic

performance of ungaged watersheds in the other parts of the physiographic area.

(4289) SUBSURFACE CONTRIBUTIONS TO STREAMFLOW IN SLEEPERS RIVER WATERSHED.

(b) Cooperative project with the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, Vermont Water Conservation Board, and Soil

Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. G. H. Comer, Hydraulic Engineer, Route

2, Danville, Vermont.

(d) Experimental field investigations.

(e) Development of procedures for separating

streamflow into components of surface runoff

and contributions from underlying aquifers

In the Sleepers River Watershed with con- sideration of the effects of vegetation and

90
evapo-transplratlon on water yields.

[4290) GROUNDWATER ACCRETION AND MOVEMENT IN RELATION TO WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS.

(c)

(4291)

(c)

(g)

(4292)

Cb)

(c)

(e)

(4293)

(t>)

(c)

(d)

Cooperative project with the Vermont

Agricultural Experiment Station, Vermont

V/ater Conservation Board, and Soil Conser- vation Service

Mr. E. T. Engman, Hydraulic Engineer, Route

2, Danville, Vermont. Experimental field investigations.

To develop information on ground water accretion and movement as affected by land

use, soils, geology, and topography; and to develop methods for predicting ground water accretion and movement in relation to the physical, hydraulic, and meteorological

characteristics of the 43-square mile

Sleepers River watershed. INFLUENCE OF LAND USE ON THE HYDROLOGY OF AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN VIRGINIA. Cooperative project with the Virginia

Agricultural Expt . Sta., Virginia Polytechnic

Inst., and the Soil Conservation Service.

Mr. J. B. Burford, Hydraulic Engineer,

Agricultural Engineering Department,

Virginia Folytechnic Inst., Blacksburg, Va. Experimental field investigations.

To provide additional knowledge concerning

the disposition of precipitation in agricultural watersheds, and to develop pro- cedures based upon watershed characteristics,

climatic factors, and various land use practices for the prediction of flood peaks

and seasonal and annual water yields In three physiographic areas. Hydrologic,

geologic, soils, plant cover and cultural

data are being obtained on 4 unit source watersheds varying In size from 3.5 to 19.3 acres in the Appalachian Valleys and Ridges

and on 10 complex watersheds from 182 to 3,054 acres in the Appalachian Valleys

and Ridges, Blue Ridge Mountains, and the Piedmont Plateau. The instrumentation for the 10 complex watersheds was completed recently. Hydrologic

data on all watersheds are being tabulated,

summarized, and analyzed as the data are being

accumulated. A comparison of two outstanding

events emphasizes the Importance of the re- lationship of land use and cover conditions

to flood peak discharges. The one-year frequency storm of June 1942 produced a 7 percent greater flood peak discharge from a straight-row cultivated unit source watershed

than the 100-year frequency storm of August

1960 produced from the same area under strip

cropped conditions. HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF CHISELING SHALLOW

SHALE SOIL IN WEST VIRGINIA APPALACHIAN VALLEYS AND RIDGES. Cooperative with West Virginia Agricultural

Experiment Station and the Soil Conservation

Service

Mr. V. 0. Shanholtz, Hydraulic Engineer,

409 Grant Avenue, Morgantown, West Virginia.

Field investigations.

The purpose of this study is to determine

the effect of chiseling shallow shale subsoil upon rainfall -runoff relationships

on small watersheds. Measurements for calibration of four 10-acre watersheds have been underway since the spring of 1958. Two of the watersheds will be treated

following the calibration period. MECHANICS OF EROSION. Laboratory project, cooperative with New

Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. R. S. Palmer, Agricultural Engineer,

University of New Hampshire, Agricultural

Engineering Dept., Durham, New Hampshire.

Field and laboratory studies, both basic

and applied, for development and design,

(e) The purpose of these investigations is:

(1) To determine the Impact forces or various size water drops in relation to the nature of the soil surface, depth of water

layer, and soil type; and, (2) to Investigate soil and water problems involved in gully formation and to develop more effective control measures.

(g) A laboratory apparatus has been designed for producing raindrops of varying sizes and frequencies. Gully development along river terraces in New England is confined to a period of about one week during the spring

thaw. Gully development apparently is most serious with a combination of shallow

frost penetration and heavy runoff from

snow melt. Installing dikes along the terrace edge appears to be an effective

control measure.

(h) "Gully Development on a New Hampshire Farm,"

by R. S. Palmer, New Hampshire progress

Report, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 10-12, 1961.

"An Apparatus for Forming V/ater Drops,"

by R. S. Palmer, USDA Production Research

Report, (In Press). "Water Drops for Simulating Rainfall," by

R. S. Palmer, New Hampshire Experiment

Station Frogress Report, (In Press).

"Gully Control in the Connecticut River

Valley," by R. S. Palmer, Agricultural

Engineering, (In Press).

"Water Jet Break-Up from Stainless Steel Tubes," by R. S. Palmer, Agricultural

Engineering, (in Press)

(4294) ERODIBILITY OF SOILS IN THE NORTHEAST.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(h)

(4295)

no

(c)

Ki

(g)

line

of

Laboratory project, cooperative with Ms Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. Eliot Epstein, Soil Scientist, Univ.

Maine, Orono, Maine.

Laboratory and field Investigations both- basic and applied for development and design. The purpose of these investigations is to obtain fundamental information on the erodlbility of Northeast soils and to de- termine the interrelations of climate, cover (including rock fragments), runoff, and soil loss

Removal of rocks that interfere with sorting

of potatoes by mechanical harvesters re- sulted in increased runoff and soil erosion

and decreased crop yields during the first year of the study. Installations were completed on a laboratory rainfall simulator

where basic studies on soil erodibility are being initiated.

"Soil Moisture Survey of Some Representative

Main Soil Types," by E. Epstein, W. J. Grant, and J. S. Hardesty, USDA ARS-57, (In Press). TILLAGE PRACTICES AND DIVERSION TERRACES

FOR WATER AND EROSION CONTROL. Laboratory project, cooperative with the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, and the Soil Conservation Service

Mr. George R. Free, Soil Scientist, Bailey

Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Field investigations.

The purpose of these investigations is to determine the inter-relation of tillage,

topography, climate, runoff and soil loss, and to evaluate the effectiveness of diversion terraces for controlling surface and subsurface flow. Work is continuing on the effectiveness of conventional, mulch and minimum tillage for corn on runoff and erosion from slopes of different steepness and length and on the effect of diversion terraces on surface soil moisture during critical crop growth stages for several sloping soils having seepage problems

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

91
RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation Div. NORTHERN PLAINS BRANCH, P. 0. Box 758, Fort Collins,

Colo., Dr. C. E. Evans, Branch Chief.

(2902) DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF WATER MEASURING DEVICES.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. A. R. Robinson, Supervising Agricultural

Engineer, Hydraulic Laboratory, Colorado

State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental laboratory research, field

investigation; applied research operation and development

(e) This project has the general objective of developing and improving devices and techniques for the measurement of irrigation

water. Specific objectives now in progress

or recently completed are: (1) Design,

evaluation and calibration of trapezoidal

measuring flumes; (2) Re-evaluation of the submergence effects of Parshall measuring

flumes and effect of variable angle of convergence; (3) Evaluation of vane-type

flow meters.

(g) Results from present tests indicate that

the procedure for determining flow rates

from submerged Parshall flumes can be simplified and made more accurate. Present indications are that trapezoidal measuring

flumes have considerable merit over those

of the Parshall type. Tests are continuing

on different designs of these flumes. Tests

on the vane-type flow meters indicate a probable accuracy under field operation of plus or minus 5 percent.

(h) "Study of the Cox Flow Meter (Modified Hall Pltot Tube)," by A. R. Robinson, Report to Board of Water Commissioners, City and County of Denver, Colorado, January 1961. "Study of the Beaver Creek Measuring Flumes,"

by A. R. Robinson, report to Rocky Mountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado, February 1961. "Evaluation Study of the Pendvane Flowmeter,"

by A. R. Robinson, prepared through the cooperation of the Applied Research Company,

the Colorado Experiment Station and the Agricultural Research Service, September

1961.

(3217) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES OF GROUND WATER IN THE RED RIVER VALLEY OF NORTH DAKOTA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with North

Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Leo C. Benz, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 806, Grand Forks, North Dakota.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) The project covers a rectangular area of approximately 200 square miles. This area

is gridded with observation wells and piezometer batteries to evaluate artesian

conditions, water table gradients and fluctuations, and ground water quality. The purpose of the project is to conserve

soil and water on approximately 400,000

acres of salt-affected soils in the Red River Valley of North Dakota.

(g) The data indicate that rainfall is a major

contributor to high water tables. Piezometer batteries show upward gradients but pressures are dissipated at depths of 10 to 30 feet. Salt sources are the deep artesian

aquifers

(h) "Jetting Equipment and Techniques used in a Drainage and Salinity Study," by R. H. Mickelson, L. C. Benz, C. W. Carlson and

F. M. Sandoval. Submitted for publication

in Agricultural Engineering.

"Groundwater Investigations in a Saline Area of the Red River Valley North Dakota,"

by L. C. Benz, R. H. Mickelson, F. M. Sandoval and C. W. Carlson, Journal of Geophysical Research, 66(8) :2435-2443,

August 1961.

(4296) HYDRAULICS OF SUB-CRITICAL FLOWS IN SMALL, ROUGH CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. E. Gordon Kruse, Agricultural Engineer,

Hydraulic Laboratory, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental and field investigations; basic

and applied, portions will be used for master's and doctoral theses.

(e) This study is an experimental investigation

utilizing a tilting flume in which a small channel 60-feet long Is formed by natural

soil which is fixed in position against movement by chemical spray. A variety of roughness forms can be created on the bed.

A range of channel slope and flow depth is used. Channel shape is a variable.

(g) An equation was developed relating Chezy's

resistance coefficient to the standard deviation of the bed roughness in the longitudinal direction and the Reynold's

number. Although there is a clear relationship, the standard deviation is inadequate to fully characterize the bed roughness, and some additional geometrical

characterization is still needed. Turbulence has been shown to develop in the shallow flows at very low Reynold's numbers

and on the other hand, complete turbulence

was not developed in the channel at Reynold's number in excess of 7,000.

(h) "Hydraulics of Subcritical Flow in Small,

Rough Channels," by E. G. Kruse. Chapter

in USDA ARS 41-43, October 1960.

(4297) COOPERATIVE WATER YIELD PROCEDURES STUDY.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Soil

Conservation Service, USDA, and the Bureau

of Reclamation, USDI.

(c) Mr. A. L. Sharp, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, Rm. 505, Rudge and Guenzel Bldg.,

134 S. 12th Street, Lincoln 8, Nebraska.

d) Office analyses, applied research.

e) To develop and test methods for use by field

engineers to evaluate the downstream effects

of upstream conservation use and treatment

of land on water yields of creeks and rivers. The project is one purely of analytic

hydrology. The project uses available

hydrologic and other data wherever it is available. It secures no new hydrologic

data such as streamflow data, climatic data,

or land- treatment data. The project is nearing completion.

(g) To date it has been demonstrated that it cannot be proved statistically significantly

that there are downstream effects on streamflow of upstream conservation treatment and use of land, although it is axiomatic

that in subhumid to arid areas such effects must exist. A rational method of evaluating such effects has been developed

and tested. The method will be published

in a final report of the study due late in 1962.

(h) Abstract "Problems Involved In Determining

the Effects of Land Use and Treatment on Water Yields," by A. L. Sharp, A. E. Gibbs, and W. J. Owen. Presented to AGU Meeting,

Washington, D. C, May 5-8, 1958. Discussion of "Factors Affecting Evaporation

from Plants and Soils," by C . B. Tanner.

Jour. Soil and Water Conserv. 14 (2): 77-78,

March 1959. "Two-Year Progress Report — Cooperative Water Yield Procedures Study," by A. L. Sharp, W. J. Owen, and A. E. Gibbs. July

1959 (Processed).

"Application of the Multiple Regression

Approach in Evaluating Parameters Affecting Water Yields of River Basins," by A. L. Sharp, A. E. Gibbs, W. J. Owen, and B. Harris Jour. Geophys. Research 65:4, 1273-1286,

April 1960.

"A Comparison of Methods for Estimating

32
Precipitation on Watersheds," by A. L. Sharp,

W. J. Owen, and A. E. Gibbs. Jour. Geophy.

Research, (In Press).

"An Improved Statistical Model for Evaluating Parameters Affecting Water Yields

of River Basins," by A. L. Sharp, A. E . Gibbs,

W. J. Owen, and 3. Karris. Jour Geophys.

Research 66:10, 3319-3328, October 1961. "Transmission Losses in River Valley

Alluviums," by A. L. Sharp and K. E. Saxton. Presented at 5C3 Hydrologists Workshop,

Reno, Nevada, October 4, 1961, (processed).

(4298) COMPARISONS 0? RATES AND AMOUNTS OF RUNOFF

FROM SMALL SINGLE-COVER WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr . J. A. Allis, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, P. 0. Box 741, Hastings, Nebraska.

d) Field investigations — applied research.

e) To determine differences in runoff from

4-acre watersheds in various crops —

meadow, pasture, cultivated, and eroded

cultivated land seeded to grass. Replicated

watersheds are instrumented with recording

raingages, flumes and stage recorders. Six

cultivated watersheds are in a wheat-sorghumfallow rotation. Mulch (subsurface) tillage

is practiced. Effects of the different

crops and land uses on storm runoff rates

and amounts are determined by analyzing

hydrographs and histograms. Seasonal, annual, and longtime effects are determined by

analyzing precipitation and runoff data.

(g) Considerable differences in runoff have been

observed. Runoff from native meadowland is very low, that from pastureland Is intermediate, and runoff from cultivated

land is highest.

(h) "Runoff from Small Watersheds," by J. A. Allis and L. L. Kelly. Soil Conservation

Magazine, March 1958.

(4299) RUNOFF AND HYDROGRAPH CHARACTERISTICS OF LARGE MIXED-USE WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. J. A. Allis, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, P. 0. Box 741, Hastings, Nebraska.

d) Field investigations — applied research.

e) To determine characteristics of runoff from

large mixed-use watersheds as related to, or affected by, precipitation, channel storage,

transmission losses to valley alluvium,

time of concentration, stream gradient, and watershed size. Three watersheds, in mixed

use.. 481,2085 and 3490 acres in size, are instrumented with rain gages, weirs, and

stage recorders for observing precipitation

and runoff. Transmission losses to valley

alluviums are estimated by use of gaged

outflow and estimates of inflow from unit

source areas of tributary land. These

latter estimates are based on gaged rainfall

on and runoff from small 4-acre single-use

source area watersheds. Hydrcgraphs and histograms are analyzed to obtain watershed

retention (infiltration) rates and hydrograph characteristics.

(g) Runoff absorption by valley alluviums amounts

to 25 to 40 percent of unit source area water yield, peak rates of runoff are lowered, and hydrographs are flattened, by

streams of lev: gradient that meander through

broad, flat valleys.

(h) "Rates of Runoff for the Design of Conser- vation Structures in the Central Great Plains of Nebraska and Kansas," by John A. Allis, Soil Conservation Service, USDA, SCS- TF-69, August 1948. "Comparison of Storm Runoff Volumes from

Single-Crop Watersheds and a Larger Mixed- Cover Watershed at Hastings, Nebraska," by

John A. Allis, Transactions, American

Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1961,

(In Fress)

"Transmission Losses in Loessial Watersheds,"

by John A. Allis, 1961, (Processed).

(4300) COMPARISON OF RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT YIELDS

FROM CONSERVATION AND CONVENTIONALLY

FARMED WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. J. A. Allis, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, P. 0. Box 741, Hastings, Nebraska.

d) Field investigations — applied research.

e) To determine the effects of conservation

farming and land use on rates and amounts

of runoff and sediment yield. Two 400-oddacre watersheds, one conventionally farmed

and the other conservation farmed, are equipped with recording rain gages, weirs

and stage recorders, and sediment samplers,

to measure precipitation, runoff, and sediment yields. The two watersheds were operated the same during a calibration

period from 1939 to 1947. One was then

treated by terracing, contour tillage and seeding eroded cultivated land to grass.

(g) Data are now being analyzed.

(4301) FACTORS AFFECTING RATES AND AMOUNTS OF RUNOFF FROM RANGELAND.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. A. L. Sharp, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, Rm. 505, Rudge & Guenzel Bldg.,

134 S. 12th Street, Lincoln 8, Nebraska.

d) Field investigations, applied research.

e) To determine the effects of light, heavy,

and moderate grazing and other factors such

as precipitation, antecedent soil moisture,

soil frost and snow accumulation, on rates

and amounts of runoff from fine-textured

soils in range in southwestern South Dakota. Replicated plots of about 2 acres each in lightly, moderately, and heavily grazed

pastures are instrumented to observe runoff

(stage recorders and flumes), rates and amounts of precipitation (recording rain

gages), soil moisture, soil temperatures,

soil frost and vegetative conditions. The observations are being made on the Branch

Experiment Station near Cottonwood, South

Dakota

(4302) MEDICINE CREEK WATERSHED INVESTIGATIONS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Soil Conservation Service, U. S. Geological

Survey, Bureau of Reclamation, and Nebraska

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. V. I. Dvorak, Hydraulic Engineer, Room

505, Rudge & Guenzel Bldg., 134 South 12th

Street, Lincoln 8, Nebraska.

(d) Field investigations; compilation and analysis of data.

(e) Data from this southwestern Nebraska project

are being analyzed for the following

purposes: (1) To estimate the long-time

runoff and sediment yields from 8 years of observed hydrologic watershed data; (2) to determine if acquired runoff, sediment and channel data will adhere to the existing

channel regime equations for six runofr

stations; and (3) to compile and prepare a publication indicating what data have been

collected as part of the cooperative

investigations, and where these data may be found

(g) The long-time sediment yields for the six

watersheds have been computed by three different approaches. In each of these methods, the observed runoff and sediment

data for 8 years were used for the projection.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(4303) SEDIMENT YIELD AS RELATED TO GULLY AND CHANNEL EROSION.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Soil Conservation Service, and Nebraska and Kansas Agricultural Experiment Stations.

:

>

93
(c) Mr. V. I. Dvorak, Hydraulic Engineer, Rm.

505, Rudge & Guenzel Bldg., 134 S. 12th St.,

Lincoln 8, Nebraska.

(d) Field investigations; compilation and analysis of data.

(e) The objectives of this project are: (1) To determine and relate rates of gully and channel erosion to causal factors; (2) to provide basic data on rates of land loss and land depreciation due to gully erosion; and (3) to develop criteria, based upon

hydrologic and physical factors, for estimating quantities of sediment derived from

gully erosion.

(4304) SABETHA LAKE WATERSHED SEDIMENTATION

STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Soil Conservation Service and Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. V. I. Dvorak, Hydraulic Engineer, Room

505, Rudge & Guenzel Bldg., 134 S. 12th St., Lincoln 8, Nebraska.

d) Field investigations and office analysis.

e) The objectives of this study are: (1) To determine the amount, rate, and character of the sediment yields from this 10-square

mile watershed in northeast Kansas; (2) to relate sediment accumulation in the reservoir

with sediment yield, precipitation, runoff

and other watershed characteristics.

(4305) TRAP EFFICIENCY OF RETARDING-TYPE RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Soil Conservation Service and the U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. H. G. Heinemann, Hydraulic Engineer,

Rm. 505, Rudge & Guenzel' Bldg. , 134 S. 12th

Street, Lincoln 8, Nebraska.

(d) Theoretical and field investigations, and office analyses.

(e) The trap efficiency of a reservoir is a measure of the effectiveness of the structure

in retaining incoming sediment. Structures

need to be designed and built with different

degrees of trap efficiency, and information

is needed so that the influencing parameters

can be adjusted to provide the desired trap

efficiency. In this study we are endeavoring to (1) collect and study data

from retarding-type reservoirs in order to determine those factors that influence trap

efficiency, and (2) derive and test methods

for predicting the trap efficiency of retarding-type reservoirs.

(g) About 14 reservoirs have been selected for this study, and various measurements have

been made for about 4 years. All reservoirs

have been surveyed, and many of them have

been surveyed a second time. It is planned

that this project will extend over approximately 10 years' s time.

(4306) SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION IN FL00DWATER

RETARDING-TYPE RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Soil Conservation Service and State Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. H. G. Heinemann, Hydraulic Engineer,

Rm. 505 Rudge & Guenzel Bldg., 134 S. 12th

Street, Lincoln 8, Nebraska.

(d) Theoretical and field investigations, and office analyses.

(e) This study was undertaken to improve the design criteria for floodwater retarding-type

reservoirs by: (1) determining those factors

that influence sediment distribution and

evaluating their importance, and (2) deriving

and testing methods for predicting the horizontal and/or vertical sediment distribution in floodwater retarding-type reservoirs. This is important in determining the minimum elevation of the principal spillway

and the required original capacities of various storage pools.

(g) During 1959, twenty three reservoirs in the

Missouri Basin Loess Hills were studied in detail in regard to sediment distribution.

Considerable data were obtained on these reservoirs; and Stage-Capacity, Capacity

Replaced by Sediment, and Sediment Distribution Curves were drawn for each. All available data were then analyzed and a procedure developed for determining the elevation to which sediment will accumulate

immediately upstream from small floodwater

retarding structures. A method was also

developed for determining the sediment

distribution throughout the original

reservoir depth from easily obtained

information. Data and available information on other

reservoirs are being investigated to determine if similar studies can be made

for other sections of the country,

(h) "Sediment Distribution in Small FloodwaterRetardlng Reservoirs in the Missouri Basin

Loess Hills," by Herman G. Heinemann, USDA,

Agricultural Research Service, Report

41-44, 37 pages, February 1961.

(4307) RESERVOIR FORMULAS AND THE VOLUME-WEIGHT OF RESERVOIR SEDIMENT.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Soil Conservation Service and State Agricultural Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. H. G. Heinemann, Hydraulic Engineer, Room 505, Rudge & Guenzel Bldg., 134 S. 12th St., Lincoln 8, Nebraska.

(d) Field and theoretical investigations, and office analyses.

(e) This project provides criteria for more accurate determination of the sediment

yield of watersheds from reservoir survey

data. The investigations include: (1) Refinement of procedures and formulas for calculating reservoir capacities and sedi- ment volume from reservoir sedimentation

survey data; (2) explanation of variations

in the volume-weight of reservoir sediment;

(3) recommendations on determination of the total weight of reservoir sediment; and (4) development of procedures for predicting

the volume-weight of sediment in a proposed

conservation structure.

(g) Considerable progress has been made on a study of formulas and methods for computing

reservoir capacities and sediment volumes. Reservoirs having very good basic detailed

surveys are being used to test various

methods and formulas. The most consistent

and reliable method for obtaining the reservoir capacity is by determining the area between a well-defined stage-area

curve and the stage axis.

Sediment yield information should always

include a volume measurement and its volumeweight. Extensive studies have been started

to study the volume-weight of sediment in reservoirs. On Sabetha Reservoir in Kansas,

it was found that the volume-weight varies

depending on the location of sediment in the reservoir, and also on the percent of clay (2 microns or smaller) present in the sediment

(h) "Using the Radioisotope Sediment Densitometer

on Sabetha Lake in Kansas," by H. G. Heinemann, USDA, ARS, Soil and Water Conser- vation Research Division, Research Report

No. 343, December 1960.

(4308) CHARACTERISTICS OF SEDIMENT DEPOSITS IN RANGELAND PONDS AND RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. J. W. Neuberger, Hydraulic Engineer,

Newell Irrigation and Dryland Field Station,

Newell, South Dakota.

d) Field investigations, applied research.

e) To determine the characteristics of the sediment deposited in rangeland ponds and reservoirs with watersheds of fine-and

medium-textured soils, such as

94
distribution of sediment within the ponds

and reservoirs, bulk density of sediment and particle size distribution within the sediment deposits. Watersheds selected for

the study are representative of the D-4, D-10 and D-ll soil conservation problem

areas of eastern Wyoming and Montana and the western Dakotas. This work is being done by

periodically resurveying ponds and reservoirs,

and sampling the sediment during each

resurvey. Water yield into the ponds is also observed.

(4309) THE HYDR0L0GIC CHARACTERIZATION AND

EVALUATION OF PRINCIPAL RANGE SPECIES OF

VEGETATION.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment

Station.

(c) Mr. A. R. Kuhlman, Botanist, Newell Irrigation and Dryland Field Station, Newell,

South Dakota.

(d) Field and laboratory investigations — basic

research.

(e) To develop methods and weights for the hydrologic characterization of principal

species of vegetation found in rangeland,

in order to evaluate the runoff-producing

potentials of various range sites and conditions (based on climax vegetation

conditions as determined by soils, climate,

aspect, slopes, etc.). Effects of standing

vegetation and litter, by species, in protecting the soil surface and affecting

infiltration are studied in a rain tower. Effects of root systems of different species

on soil aggregation and permeability are investigated in the laboratory. Field tests

on pure stands of various species are made

to check laboratory results.

(4310) WATER AND SEDIMENT YIELDS FROM RANGELAND

WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment

Station.

(c) Mr. J. W. Neuberger, Hydraulic Engineer,

Newell Irrigation and Dryland Field Station,

Newell, South Dakota.

d) Field investigations, applied research.

e) To determine the frequency of water yields

of various amounts from rangeland watersheds

ranging in size from a few acres to 13,000

acres, and gross sediment yields (volumetric)

of the same watersheds, as representative of the D-4, D-10, and D-ll soil conservation

problem areas in eastern Montana and

V/yoming and the we stern Dakotas. Purposes of these studies are to provide information and methods of estimating water yields from

ungaged watersheds and to provide information

on which to estimate the probable useful

life of ponds and reservoirs in the problem

areas. The work is being done by gaging

precipitation and water yields, making

sedimentation surveys, and securing data on watershed physical, topographic, ecologic

and use factors.

(g) No definitive results at this time, although

early trends indicate most water yield from

medium-textured soils of the area result

from snowmelt.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division. NORTHWEST BRANCH, P. 0. Box 2724, Boise, Idaho,

Dr. J. s. Robins, Branch Chief.

(3550) THE EFFECT OF SPRINKLER PATTERN VARIATION ON IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Claude H. Pair, Research Engineer (irr.),

Agricultural Research Service, P. 0. Box

2724, Boise, Idaho.

d) Experimental; applied research and design.

e) To determine the effect of sprinkler

pattern on field Irrigation efficiency and develop a method for calculation of field water application efficiency for a sprinkler

system from sprinkler pattern, wind velocity,

humidity, temperature, irrigation period,

and related factors. Another phase of this

project is to test typical sprinkler heads

for reproducibility of water distribution

pattern.

(g) Tests conducted to date indicate that 90 percent of the water applied by the sprinklers to the plots could be accounted

for in the catch cans and correction for evaporation using the Frost-Schwalen

nomograph. Only 7 9 percent of the water

could be accounted for by the soil sampling

method when corrected for consumptive use

of plants and evaporation from the sprinkler

nozzle to the soil surface using the Frost- Schwalen nomograph.

(h) "Sprinkler irrigation in the U.S.A.," by

Claude H. Pair, World Crops, 13:4, 127-130,

April 1961, and 13:5, 186-188, May 1961.

(3552) HYDRAULICS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. James A. Bondurant, Agricultural Engineer

Agricultural Research Service, P. 0. Box

2724, Boise, Idaho.

(d) Experimental; field investigation, basic

research.

(e) To investigate the factors that influence

the advance and recession of water in an irrigation border strip.

(h) "Hydraulics of Surface Irrigation," by J. A. Bondurant, in the Proceedings of ARS-SCS Workshop on Hydraulics of Surface Irrigation, ARS 41-43, Oct. 1960.

(3553) MECHANIZATION OF SURFACE IRRIGATION.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. James A. Bondurant, Agricultural Engr.,

Agricultural Research Service, P. 0. Box

2724, Boise, Idaho.

(d) Experimental; design and development.

(e) To develop completely mechanized control

systems for surface irrigation.

(g) Gates which will check the flow of water in a head ditch for a controllable period of time have been developed. These allow

a field to be irrigated a portion at a time. When the flow of water into the head ditch

is stopped, these gates automatically reset themselves and are ready for the next irrigation. Automatic gates for pipeline

systems are also being developed.

(h) "Mechanization of Surface Irrigation," by

J. A. Bondurant, Crops and Soils, V. 14 No. 1, p. 23, Oct. 1961. "Automatic Gates for Surface Irrigation," by

J. A. Bondurant and A. S. Humpherys, Agricultural Research, V. 10 No. 4, Oct. 1961. "Surface Irrigation by Automatic Control,"

by J. A. Bondurant and A. S. Humpherys,

Agricultural Engineering, V. 43 No. 1, p. 20-21, 35, Jan. 1962.

(4311) FLOOD HYDROGRAPHS BY ELECTRONIC ANALOG.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Idaho.

(c) Mr. J. Marvin Rosa, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 414, Moscow, Idaho.

(d) Analytical, basic and applied.

(e) Further development and adaption of electronic analog methods in the solution of flood routing problems and the prediction of flood hydrographs from agricultural and Foothill range watersheds of the northwest.

(4312) WATER YIELD AS INFLUENCED BY CHARACTERISTICS

OF NORTHWESTERN RANGE WATERSHEDS.

95
(b)

(c)

(d) (e)

(4313)

(b)

(o)

K)

(4314)

(4315)

Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Idaho.

Mr. J. Marvin Rosa, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 414, Moscow, Idaho. Analytical

Regional analysis or water yield as affected

by climatic, topographic, geologic, soil, land use and other characteristics and conditions of rangeiand watersheds in the northwest

SNOW-MELT HYDROGRAPHS AS INFLUENCED BY

CLIMATIC FACTORS AND WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS. Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Idaho.

Mr. J. Marvin Rosa, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 414, Moscow, Idaho. Analytical, basic and applied. To develop improved methods for estimating

daily hydrographs of streamflow from

mountainous watersheds where the supply is from snow-melt and occasional rain and the evolution of a regional map of snow-melt

design coefficients reflecting cover, geology

and soils, exposure, elevation, latitude,

etc . PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCING RUNOFF FROM NORTHERN SEMI-DESERT WATERSHEDS. Laboratory project.

Mr. J. E. Fletcher, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box 2724, Boise, Idaho. Experimental, basic and applied research. To determine the pertinent characteristics

of precipitation with respect to flood

flows, water yield, and sediment movement

on rangeiand watersheds in the northwest. Studies based upon a network of rain gages

at one-mile intervals, snow courses, and other instrumentation on the 98-square mile

Reynolds Creek watershed in Owyhee County,

Idaho

THE DESIGN OF SELF-PROPELLED SPRINKLER

SYSTEMS. Laboratory project.

Mr. Claude H. Fair, Research Engineer (irr.)

P. 0. Box 27 24, Boise, Idaho. Experimental, applied research, design.

Determine water application patterns of self-propelled sprinkler systems. Determine

the effect of wind on application patterns

of self-propelled sprinkler laterals, and develop method of designing self-propelled

sprinkler laterals from theoretical

formulas

Patterns of self-propelled moving lateral sprinkler systems are being collected for analysis

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division. SOUTHERN BRANCH, University of Georgia, Athens,

Georgia, Mr. Russell Woodburn, Branch Chief.

(3869) FLUVIAL MORPHOLOGY.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Univ. of Miss, and Mississippi State Univ.

(c) Dr. Neil L. Coleman, Geologist, Sedimentation

Laboratory, P. 0. Box 158, University, Miss.

(d) A joint field and laboratory project - basic

and applied research.

(e) Detailed field measurements are made on selected natural water courses and flood

plains in the Yazoo River Basin and other selected locations in Mississippi to delineate the variables of stream geometry,

bend and bank roughness factors, dune migration, and stream hydraulics in terms

of sediment transport characteristics.

(g)

(h)

(3870)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(h)

(3871)

(b)

(c)

d)

Laboratory studies in both 100-foot and 50-foot long flumes are carried out to define significance of various factors under

controlled conditions. Acquired data are studied for adherence to existing regime

equations, tractive force concepts, re- sistance coefficients, and bed material

transport formulae, and to develop new or Improved concepts and relationships.

The existence of a discontinuity In the stage-discharge relation under certain

conditions in sand-bed streams has been

established. Changes in channel conveyance

efficiency, occasioned by changes in bed configuration have resulted in variances In water discharge of over 100 percent for given water stages. Variations in Manning's

roughness coefficient from 0.015 to 0.035 during the course of a storm runoff event

have occurred, and for a given water discharge on separate occasions the "n" value has been known to double . Similar

variations in the Darcy-Weisbach coefficient

have been noted. Froude numbers for floods

over plane beds or antidunes in the field

are less than Froude numbers computed from comparable flow conditions in the laboratory

flumes; this difference in Froude numbers

is believed to be partly a function of depth. "Lecture Notes on Sedimentation Transportation and Channel Stability," by Vito A. VanonI, Norman H. Brooks, and John F. Kennedy, Publication No. KHWR-1, California

Inst, of Tech., Sept. 1960 (Contract 2206- ARS-61)

AGGRADATION AND DEGRADATION AS RELATED TO CHANNEL STRUCTURES. Laboratory project, cooperative with the Univ. of Miss, and Miss. State University.

Mr. C. R. Miller, Director, Sedimentation

Laboratory, P. 0. Box 158, University, Miss.

Field and laboratory investigations; basic

and applied research.

It is necessary for proper planning and design of agricultural watershed conser- vation work to have knowledge of the extent

of aggradation or degradation that is likely to occur with placement of structures

In alluvial channels. Studies of deposition

and scour as related to actual structures

at various locations in Mississippi, Georgia,

Wisconsin and other selected locations to provide the needed field data are underway

to develop procedures and criteria useful in predicting channel adjustments with

structural installations and accompanying

changes in sediment transport and flow

pattern.

Continuing

The degree of channel scour and channel erosion rates are being determined in connection with several structural

installations in Mississippi. Case histories

of over 70 gully control structures in Wisconsin have been established.

"Case Histories of Gully Control Structures

in Southwestern Wisconsin," by David A. Woolhiser and Carl R. Miller, presented at Winter Meeting, ASAE, Chicago, December,

1961. (Reports in preparation). LABORATORY STUDIES OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT. Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

Dr. Neil L. Coleman, Geologist, Sedimentation

Laboratory, P. 0. Box 158, University, Miss.

Experimental; basic and applied research.

To better explain, by laboratory flume experiments, the relationships between strean hydraulics and sediment transport which

generally occurs in natural channels. Work

includes the testing and development of sediment transport equations, means and methods of total transport determination in natural channels, and determination of the

96
relationship between the measured transport

by use of sediment samplers now in use and

the total bed material discharge.

(g) Plume studies indicate significant errors

in sand concentration are possible

depending upon relative position of sampler

nozzle to a dune front. Studies of various

type structures installed in a sand bed

channel that will permit total load measurements with minimum upstream and downstream

influence suggest the use of a Parshall flume under certain conditions.

(h) "Effect of Sand Dunes on Sand Transport

Determinations by Use of Standard Samplers,"

by Dr. N. L. Coleman, (In preparation for publication in Ole Miss Engineer.)

"Dual Channel Stream Monitor," by Earl E. Gray and S. S. Karaki, Colorado State Univ., CER 60 SSK 46, August, 1960 (ARS Contract).

"Stationary Waves and Antidunes in Alluvial

Channels," by John F. Kennedy, Report No. KH-R-2, California Inst, of Tech., January

1961 (ARS Contract).

"Further Laboratory Studies on the Roughness

and Suspended Load of Alluvial Streams," by

John F. Kennedy, California Inst, of Tech.,

Report No. KH-R-3, April 1961 (ARS Contract).

(4316) HYDRAULICS OF CHANNELS RELATIVE TO CHANNEL

STABILITY.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Mr. D. A. Parsons, Hydraulic Engineer,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 158,

Univ., Mississippi.

(d) Experimental, field investigations, applied

and basic research.

(e) Limited at present to the determination of flood flow qualities in selected reaches of Pigeon Roost Creek, Mississippi, and other

streams in studies of the resistance to erosion of streambank and bed materials,

and streambank vegetation.

(h) "Effects of Flood Flow on Channel Boundaries,"

by Donald A. Parsons, Journal of Hydraulics

Division, ASCE, Vol. 86, April, 1960.

"The Distribution of Boundary Shear Stresses

in Curved Trapezoidal Channels," by A. T. Ippen, P. A. Drinker, W. R. Jobin, and G. K. Noutsopoulos, MIT Technical Report No. 43,

October, 1960 (ARS Contract).

(4317) PRINCIPLES OF STABLE CHANNELS IN COHESIVE

MATERIALS

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Dr. Earl H. Grissinger, Soil Scientist,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 158,

University, Mississippi.

d) Experimental, applied and basic research.

e) Determination of: (1) The reasons for the resisting ability of soil and streamback

materials to erosion by flowing water; (2) the kinds of tests needed to measure the resistance; and (3) the quantitative values

of the resistance for natural and synthetic

materials.

(h) "A Critique on Stable Channels in Cohesive

Materials and a Research Proposal," by Carl

R. Miller, ARS Research Report No. 333,

August 18, 1960.

(4318) METHODS OF CHANNEL STABILIZATION.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Mr. D. A. Parsons, Hydraulic Engineer,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 158,

University, Mississippi.

(d) Experimental, field investigations, applied

and basic research.

(e) Includes: (1) Determination of the speeds

of motion and the requisite conditions for beginning of motion of solid particles in

fluid flow for various flow, particle

quality, and boundary conditions in a laboratory study; (2) field investigations

on Pigeon Roost Creek, Mississippi, and other streams of the resisting abilities of bank and bed materials and bank vegetation

as determined by measured flood experiences

(this study is associated with the one on channel hydraulics); and (3) laboratory and field study of the behavior of non-cohesive

stands and silts in a stream channel bank

for the conditions of lateral seepage flow

to the stream.

(4319) SEDIMENT YIELDS AND CORRELATION WITH WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Mr. R. F. Piest, Hydraulic Engineer,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 158,

University, Mississippi.

(d) Field investigation project - applied

research

(e) Analyses of hydrologlc, hydraulic, land use,

soils, and physiographic characteristics of agricultural watersheds, varying in size from a fraction of an acre to 100 sq. mi. are made to establish sediment production,

yields, and delivery ratios. Establishment

of methodology for determining long-time

sediment yields; variation in sediment

yield with increasing drainage area, physiography, and complexity; and sediment

production and yield prediction procedures

are basic objectives.

(g) Results indicate significant effect of conservation structures on establishment of prediction methods. Data from Pigeon Roost Creek Watershed in Mississippi indicate

that water yields are the most significant

factor in sediment yields. The physiographic homogeniety and the static conditions of land use patterns throughout the watershed have thus far prevented the determinations of these effects on sediment

yields.

(h) "Runoff and Sediment Yield Characteristics

of Some North Mississippi Watersheds," by

Robert F. Piest, presented at Winter

Meeting of AGU, University of California at Los Angeles, December, 1961.

"A Note on the Erosive Potential of Rainfall"

by Donald A. Parsons, ARS Research Report

No. 347, November, 1961. "Sediment Concentrations of Three Selected

Rises on Pigeon Roost Creek," by Fred W. Long and Andrew J. Bowie, (presented at February, 1962, meeting of Southeastern

Section, ASAE, Jacksonville, Florida).

"Improved Management Reduces Soil and Water

Losses," by Coy W. Doty and Farris E. Dendy,

presented at Association of Agricultural

Workers Annual Meeting, February, 1961, and

to be published by Mississippi Farm Research.

(4320) SEDIMENT ORIGIN AND ROUTING IN A COMPLEX

WATERSHED.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Dr. L. L. McDowell, Soil Scientist,

Sedimentation Lab., P. 0. Box 158, University

Mississippi

d) Experimental, basic research.

e) To develop and apply techniques, including

the use of radioisotopes and neutron

activation, for the identification of sediment minerals. This information plus an evaluation of selected physical parameters

in study watersheds are to be used to develop concepts of soil susceptibility to detachment and transportation.

(g) Preliminary results are being evaluated. No significant results are available.

(4321) RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION.

97
(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Dr. J. Roger McHenry, Soil Scientist,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 158,

University, Mississippi.

(d) Experimental and field investigation for basic research and developmental work.

(e) To relate sediment accumulation in reservoirs to sediment yields, runoff, and physical parameters of the watersheds. The nature of the sediment, its origin, mineralogy, chemistry, and blolgy are studied in relation to distribution and deposition

within the reservoir. Nuclear methods are used where applicable.

(g) A number of reservoirs have been periodically

surveyed for sediment accumulation. Nuclear

means of determining in situ densities have

been employed.

(h) "Determination of densities of reservoir

sediments in situ with a gamma probe," by

J. Roger McHenry, ARS Research Report

ARS 41-53 (in press)

(4322) DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR UTILIZING

RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES AND RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS FOR SEDIMENTATION AND HYDROLOGY

RESEARCH

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Dr. J. Roger McHenry, Soil Scientist and

Dr. L. L. McDowell, Soil Scientist,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 158,

University, Mississippi.

d) Experimental basic research.

e) To devise, develop, and utilize procedures

for "tagging" sediment particles with

radioisotopes and identifying same in the laboratory and in the field. Results are

to be used In predicting sediment production,

transport and deposition.

(g) A satisfactory method has been developed

for "tagging" quartz sand particles with

scandium-46, an energetic gamma emitter.

(h) "The Use of Radioactive Tracers in Sedimentation Research," by J. Roger McHenry

and Leslie L. McDowell, Journal of Geophysical Research (In press).

(4323) SEDIMENT PRODUCTION AND CONTROL PRACTICES

ON HIGHWAY CUTS AND FILLS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the Georgia State Highway Department, and the University of Georgia College of Agriculture

Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. E. G. DIseker, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 124, Cartersville, Georgia.

d) Experimental, field; applied.

e) Runoff and soil losses are measured from

three pairs of bare, roadbank plots

(approximately 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1) on Cecil

Clay subsoil using six H-flumes and Coshocton vane samplers. Metal hub stakes

are used as an adjunct in determining bank

erosion, and for measuring deposition or scour from the flow channels. Over 30 different plants have been tested on 850 roadbank plots for erosion control. Studies

for determining the best maintenance

practices for adaptive plantings are In progress

(g) Bare bank losses have varied from 25 to 360 tons per year per acre for the past 4 years depending on the rainfall, frost action,

bank aspect and slope. Bank aspect and

frost action have been major factors in the erosion process. Banks facing northwest have

lost, on an average, 2.3 times as much soil

as those facing southeast. Plants which

have proved satisfactory for erosion control

are fescue, common Bermudagrass, lovegrass,

broomsedge, Pensacola and Wilmington

Bahlagrasses, crownvetch, sericea lespedeza,

honeysuckle and kudzu. For the establishment

of satisfactory cover on slopes 2:1 and

steeper, mulches were necessary particularly for the slowly developing plants such

as crownvetch and Bahlagrasses. For maintenance of most plants, especially the grasses, a timely application of fertilizer

is necessary,

(h) "Roadside Sediment Production and Control,"

by E. G. Diseker and E. C. Richardson.

Trans. ASAE, Vol. 4, No. 1, 62-64, 68, 1961. "Control of Roadbank Erosion in the Southern Piedmont," by E. C. Richardson and

E. G. Diseker. Agronomy Journal, Vol. 53:292-294, 1961.

(4324) UTILIZATION OF TRITIUM IN WATERSHED

RESEARCH STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Dr. J. Roger McHenry, Soil Scientist,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 158,

University, Mississippi.

d) Experimental basic research and development.

e) To devise, develop, test and apply tracer techniques using tritium and other

radioisotopes in support of studies of soil moisture and groundwater movement.

(g) Methods of high efficiency have been

developed using a liquid scintillation

counter. Preliminary laboratory studies

have shown the precision and accuracy of the methods are adequate. Field testing

will be initiated.

(4325) RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Mr. W. R. Hamon, Research Agricultural

Engineer, Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 158, University, Mississippi.

(d) Field investigations; basic and applied

research

(e) To develop procedures 1'or predicting flood

runorr, water yieia and hydrograph

characteristics for ungaged upstream

watersheds. Runoff and precipitation are observed for the 117 square-mile Pigeon

Roost Creek Watershed in Northern Mississippi

including 11 sub-watersheds, and for four unit-source watersheds under 4 acres in

size. These data, accumulated over the past

four years, are being processed by computer

and analyzed to develop synthetic unit

hydrographs by incorporating antecedent soil moisture and watershed factors. The predicted hydrographs will be used to establish flow-duration curves.

(h) Hydrologic data releases are prepared yearly

with summaries of monthly precipitation and runoff, tabulated annual maximum flows, and detailed data for selected runoff events.

(4326) SUBSURFACE HYDROLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Mr. F. E. Dendy, Agricultural Engineer,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 158,

University, Mississippi.

(d) Experimental and field investigations;

basic and applied research.

(e) To study the hydraulic characteristics of geologic strata and develop methods of predicting ground water accretion and movement; subsurface and ground water contribution to streamflow from a knowledge

of geology, soils, topography, climate, land use and treatment of agricultural watersheds; and to evaluate hydrogeologic factors

governing transmission gains and losses in stream channels. A portable drilling rig

is utilized to obtain geologic samples,

establish ground water observation wells, and conduct permeability field tests,

(g) A map of the structural and stratigraphic

96
characteristics of Pigeon Roost Creek

Watershed is in preparation and seasonal

ground water contours are being developed.

Design and testing of a small well point

for field observations of permeability has been completed,

(h) "Utilization of Drilling and Resistivity

Equipment in Ground Water Research," by

Loris E. Asmussen, ARS Research Report

No. 345, October 17, 1361. "Permeability Measurements With Small Well Points," by Farrls E. Dendy and Loris E. Asmussen, (in preparation).

(4327) MOISTURE REGIMES OP AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Univ. of Miss, and Mississippi State Univ.

(c) Mr. John Kozachyn, Soil Scientist, Sedimentation Lab., P.O. Box 158, University, Miss.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) To provide soil moisture data for the development of prediction techniques for runoff and sediment production and to relate

the moisture regimes of agricultural

watersheds to soil, climate and vegetative

parameters. Field observations of soil

moisture to depths of 10 and 20 feet are obtained by the neutron probe method for different cover, slope, and soil complexes.

(g) The superiority of the neutron probe

procedure over other available methods was established from laboratory and field tests.

A method of Installing access tubes has been perfected.

(h) "A Method of Installing Access Tubes for

Soil Moisture Measurement by the Neutron

Probe Procedure," by John Kozachyn and J. Roger McHenry, ARS Research Report No. 326,

March 14, 1960.

(4328) RELATION OF CLIMATE AND SOIL MOISTURE LEVELS TO PLANT GROWTH AND WATER USE.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperating with the Central and Southern Florida Flood Control

District and the Florida Agricultural Ex- periment Station.

(c) Mr. E. H. Stewart, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box 9087, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

(d) Laboratory and field investigations, both

basic and applied for evaluating measured

environmental conditions.

(e) Laboratory and field procedures are employed

to determine moisture intake, retention and transmission characteristics of mineral and organic soils. Controlled water table studies in non-weighing lysimeters are conducted to determine evapotranspiration,

crop growth, and soil physical properties as influenced by various water table depths.

Field and plot studies in organic soils ai

conducted to determine soil subsidence

(g) Moisture characteristics of some representative soils of Florida have been de- termined.

Everglades peat has subsided about 1 foot every 10 years on the average. On controlled

plots the subsidence rate was directly

proportional to depth of water table. For organic soils, optimum depth to water table varies from 18 to 30 inches depending on crop type. For sandy soils, optimum depth to water table was 24 inches for most crops. St. Augustlnegrass grown at water table depths

from 12 to 36 Inches consumed an average of about 46 inches of water a year. Neither

ET nor yields were materially affected by water

levels but protein content was better at water

levels of 24 to 36 inches. The USWB pan, as an integrator of climate,

was found to have a real value as an index

of crop water requirements in the south

Florida area where management does not permit soil moisture to become limiting.

(h) "Applying Basic Soil Water Data to Water

Control Programs in Everglades Peaty Muck,"

by H. A. Weaver and W. H. Speir, ARS 41-40,

Nov. 1960. "Some Drainage Characteristics of a Cultivated Organic Soli in the Everglades,"

by D. S. Harrison, H. A. Weaver, Proc . Solx and Crop Sci. 3oc . Fla. Vol. lb, 19b8. "Some Considerations for Drainage or Flatwoods Soils Used In Vegetable Production;

by D. s. Harrison, E. H. Stewart, and W. H. Speir, Proc. Fla. Hort. Soc. Vol. 73, Oct. 1960. "Relation of Evaporation to Potential

Evapotranspiration at Ft. Lauderdale, Fla,"

by J. C. Stephens and H. A. Weaver, Paper

No. 60-204, Am. Soc. Agr. Eng. 1960. "Subsidence of Organic Soils in the Florida

Everglades," by J. C. Stephens, Proc. Soil

Sci. Soc. America, Vol. 20, No. 1, 1956.

(4329) HYDROLOGIC RESEARCH ON SMALL AGRICULTURAL

WATERSHEDS IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperating with the Central and Southern Florida Flood Control

Dist. and the Fla. Agric . Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. John C. Stephens, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 9087, Fort Lauderdale, Fla.

(d) Experimental, field investigations; basic

and applied research.

(e) To collect, analyze, and correlate basic

hydrologic data on agricultural watersheds

ranging in size from 4,000 to 63,000 acres

in the Coastal Plain of Florida. To de- termine the influence of climate, topography,

soils, geology, and land use on the rate and

volume of runoff and to evaluate the water

balance. To devise methods of interpreting

watershed characteristics as similitides

related to physiography of other areas.

(g) For an unimproved 98- sq. mile watershed the maximum daily discharge (Oct. 1956) was

2.28 inches-over-area with an instantaneous

peak rate of 70 c.f.s./sq. mile; and for the 16-sq. mile upper sub-basin the respective

rates were 3.14 inches and 158 c.f.s./sq.

mile. The ratio of runoff to rainfall has averaged 0.35 for the larger and 0.28 for

the smaller watershed over the past 5 years. Total water yield varied inversely with the size watershed. For the larger watershed

base flow averaged 73, interflow 18, and overland flow 9 percent; and for the smaller watershed 34, 29, and 37 percent of total

streamf low. Potential evapotranspiration losses for these basins were 78 percent of USWB pan

rates, and annual ET losses were the most

stable element in the hydrologic balance.

Soil moisture conditions in the vadose zone seemed to influence base flow rates as much

as ground water stages.

Observations will continue to ascertain the effects of contemplated Watershed Protection

and Flood Prevention Programs.

(4330) RUNOFF AND EROSION CHARACTERIZATION OF BROWN LOAM SOILS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Coy W. Doty, North Mississippi Branch

Experiment Station, Holly Springs, Miss.

d) Experimental, field; basic and applied.

e) Rates and amounts of runoff and soil losses

are measured on plots with land of five percent Slope and degrees of ground cover ranging from continuous fallow to 2 years of sod and one year of corn, and with contour versus up- and down-hill tillage.

(g) Both water and soil losses are excessive on bare land, and are reduced as the degree of ground cover is increased.

(4331) HYDRAULICS OF FARM WATER CONTROL IN THE SOUTHERN PIEDMONT.

(b) Soil and Water Conservation Research Div.,

Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture, in cooperation with the Univ. of Georgia, College of Agriculture Experiment

Stations.

9 9
(c) Mr. W. Campbell Little, Agricultural

Engineer, Southern Piedmont Soil Conser- vation Field Station, Box 33, Watkinsvllle

,

Georgia

d) Experimental laboratory; basic and applied.

e) Basic research on the mechanics of erosion

and hydraulics of flow in individual crop

rows and in terraced channels will be constructed using a 60-foot tilting

laboratory flume. Design criteria will be developed for both terrace systems and individual row systems for the different

soils of the Piedmont. It is anticipated

that this work will be underway by July 1962.

(g) Under construction.

(4332) SURFACE DRAINAGE — ROW LENGTHS AND GRADES

FOR REMOVAL AND APPLICATION OF SURFACE WATER

ON FORMED AGRICULTURAL LAND OF THE MISSISSIPPI DELTA.

(b) Soil and Water Conservation Research Div.,

Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture, in cooperation with the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Irwin L. Saveson, Project Administrator,

Agricultural Engineering Building, LSU, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, P. 0. Box 8817,

University Station.

d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

e) Approximately 80 acres of land have been

formed with four different slopes, in two replications, of 0.1', 1.15', 0.2', and

0.25'. For each slope class, row lengths of

500', 700', 900', and 1,100' will be used

to determine the maximum row length for formed land as related to slope.

Runoff, time-of -concentration, infiltration,

soil temperature, and soil moisture data

will be gathered and correlated with

rainfall, wind humidity, and sunshine

radiation

Future studies are contemplated to evaluate

flow characteristics of surface water in furrows on agricultural land. This information will be used to develop a furrow crosssection with the best hydraulic characteristics . (g) Being established and expected to be in full operation in 1962.

(h) Annual Station progress reports.

(4333) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES FOR THE SOUTHERN

PIEDMONT.

(b) Soil and Water Conservation Research Div.,

Agricultural Research Service, Watkinsvllle,

Georgia, in cooperation with the University

of Georgia, College of Agriculture Experiment

Stations

(c) Mr. A. P. Barnett of Mr. J. S. Rogers,

Agricultural Engineers, Southern Piedmont

Soil Conservation Field Station, Box 33,

Watkinsvllle, Georgia.

(d) Experimental field investigations, development and applied; some parts to be used for Masters Thesis.

(e) The purpose of these studies is to determine

the interrelations of climate, soil,

topography, cover, management, row direction,

runoff, soil movement and loss from Southern

Piedmont soils. The work is conducted on fractional acre field plots under both

natural and simulated rainfall.

The natural rainfall plot study includes six

cover, two row direction and three slope

steepness treatments on a total of 42 plots.

Total amounts of runoff and soil loss are measured for individual rainstorms. Meteorological data are also secured. The rainfall simulator designed to apply rain

at 5, 2-1/2 and 1-1/4 inches per hour

simultaneously to three adjacent plots is used to secure runoff and soil loss data

from specific soil, slope, crop, and management complexes through the application of designed storms. These data will be used to evaluate their runoff and erosion control

effectiveness

(g) Progress is reported each year in Station

annual reports.

(4334) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES FOR SOUTHERN COASTAL PLAINS SOILS.

(b) Soil and Water Conservation Research Div.,

Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture, in cooperation with Georgia

Agricultural Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. G. N. Sparrow, Agricultural Engineer,

Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station,

Tifton, Georgia.

A) Field investigations; applied, for design,

e) The purpose of these studies is to de- termine interrelations of climate, soil, cover, runoff and soil loss for Southern

Coastal Plain soils. The work is conducted

on 18 field plots, 1/20 acre in size, under

natural rainfall. There are four cover treatments. Total amount of runoff and soil loss are measured for individual storms. Meteorological data are also secured.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division. SOUTHERN PLAINS BRANCH, 804 Bryan Street, Amarillo,

Texas, Dr. J. R. Johnston, Branch Chief.

(3876) SOIL-WATER-PLANT RELATIONSHIPS OF COTTON AS AFFECTED BY SOIL MOISTURE REGIME.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. L. N. Namken, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box

267, Weslaco, Texas.

d) Field investigation - applied research.

e) The project is statistically designed as

a 4 x 4 latin square including 4 moisture

level treatments, replicated 4 times. The project is designed to provide information

concerning changes in the moisture

extraction pattern associated with the stage

of growth and development of the cotton

plant. In areas where the probability of

a short supply of water is great, it is particularly desirable to know not only how much moisture is being extracted from the profile, but also from where in the profile

the extraction is concentrated.

(h) "An Economical "Go-cart" for a Neutron

Probe and Scaler," by M. Amemiya and L. N. Namken, Soil Science Society of America,

Proceedings, Vol. 24, No. 6, p. 528, 1960.

(3879) CHARACTERIZATION OF THE "HOT SPOT" PROBLEM

IN THE LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY OF TEXAS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. L. Roy Ussery, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas.

(d) Experimental and field investigation - applied research.

(e) Purpose of this study is to define the causes of salt accumulation in soil profiles

in the nonirrigated area of the Lower Rio

Grande Valley of Texas. Investigations

include studies of ground surface and watertable topography, physical and chemical

characteristics of soil profiles, soil management practices and climatic conditions, as related to occurrence of soil salinity.

(3880) THE MICRODYNAMICS OF UNSATURATED MOISTURE

FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Craig L. Wiegand, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) The objectives are to obtain evidence on the generality of the parabolic moisture

distribution with respect to the interface

of extraction and to interpret unsaturated

moisture flow In terms of molecular level

100
Mechanisms of flow. The experimental

technique Is that of Inducing moisture flow

by various techniques at a series of temperatures and measuring the flow rate. The Arrhenius equation is applied to the

data and an activation energy calculated.

The activation energy is then interpreted

in terms of energy harriers to molecular

level flow mechanisms. The soil columns are sampled at the end of the runs to determine

the moisture distribution with respect to

the interface of extraction,

(g) The results to date indicate that the resulting moisture distribution is a function

of peculiarities of the microdynamlc flow processes involved and independent of the method of extraction.

(3SB1) FACTORS AFFECTING THE EVAPORATION OF FREE

WATER.

h) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Craig L. Wiegand, Soil Scientist, F. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas.

d) Experimental, basic research.

e) The evaporation of free water is being

studied under controlled conditions to:

(1) Obtain quantitative information on the rate of evaporation of free water under

controlled atmospheric conditions; (2) measure the rate of evaporation of water as a function of water temperature; and (3) correlate the rate of evaporation with (a) the saturation deficit of the atmosphere,

and (b) the fugacity of the water molecules.

Evaporation is being measured under all combinations of 10, 20, 30, and 40 degrees

C water temperature; 10, 20, 30, and 40 degrees C air temperature; and 30, 50, 70,

and 30^ relative humidity. Water temperature is controlled to plus or minus 1.0 degrees C, and relative humidity to plus or minus "5%. (g) One-fourth of the possible "treatment" combinations has been studied - all ambient

and water temperatures at 30^ relative

humidity. T~.e results indicate that the evaporation rate is more a function of the capacity of air to take on moisture than of the escaping tendency of the water molecules.

In agreement with psycnrometric principles water condenses into the water reservoir

when the temperature or the water is below tne dew point temperature for the ambient

temperature and humidity conditions prevailing.

(4335) THE HYDRAULICS CF STRUCTURES USED IN SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. H. C. Ree, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 789, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

(d) Experimental and field investigation, applied

research for design.

(e) Experiments employ small scale models as well as full size structures tested under

simulated natural conditions to develop

designs for structures needed for soil and water conservation. Closed conduit

spillway entrances including drop inlets,

hood inlets, and orifice plates are tested. Debris guards are tested using full size structures to provide verification of the

small models.

(g) A technique for testing models of debris

guards has been developed which satisfactorily simulates full size structure performance .

(433S) DESIGN AND CALTERATION OF DEVICES FOR THE MEASUREMENT CF RUNOFF.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. W. 0. Ree, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 783, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) The measuring devices tested are used in the hydrology research program of the Agricultural Research Service. Sites for runoff measuring stations are surveyed and then modeled in the laboratory. Proposed

structures are placed in the model and tested to develop a satisfactory design. The final design is calibrated by model

tests. All current work is on specific

sites and no general experiments are done.

(g) During the past year a number of variations

on a V-notch weir for Switzer Creek,

Cohocton, New York, have been rated. Some

of the field conditions indicated channel

control, so considerable attention was given to the friction characteristics of the model.

(4337) HYDRAULICS OF FLOW IN VEGETATION LINED

CHANNELS

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Kir. W. 0. Ree, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 789, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

d) Experimental, applied research.

e) Channels or portions of channels are built

full size on the outdoor hydraulic laboratory grounds. These are planted to the vegetation being investigated and then

tested by flowing water at selected times.

Friction factors and permissible velocities

(or tractive force values) are determined.

In recent years the establishment phase of vegetal channels has received the greater

emphasis. This has included the evaluation

of temporary, fabricated liners of jute,

glass fiber, and asphalt.

(g) Friction factor values and permissible

velocities for vegetation lined waterways

which were found by this station now appear

in many publications, including the "Handbook of Channel Design for Soil and Water Conservation," SCS-TF-61.

(4338) HYDRAULICS OF UNSTEADY FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. W. 0. Ree, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 789, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

&) Experimental, applied research.

e) Studies are made of unsteady flow phenomena

occurring in the runoff process. The initial phase of the study is an analytical

one utilizing existing knowledge and theory.

This phase will be followed by a large

scale outdoor laboratory study to test hypotheses and evaluate coefficients.

(f) Now being initiated.

(4339) RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL

AREAS IN THE RED PRAIRIE OF OKLAHOMA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. W. 0. Ree, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 789, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

(d) Field investigation, applied research for

design.

(e) Three watersheds, 17 acres, 32 acres, and

206 acres in size and covered with native

grass, are instrumented to measure rainfall

and runoff. Annual water yield as well as peak flood flows are determined. Selected

runoff events provide data for distribution

graphs or unit hydrograph development

(g) Data from 10 years of measurement are available

(4340) SEDIMENT PRODUCTION, MOVEMENT AND DEPOSITION IN THE WASHITA RIVER BASIN, OKLAHOMA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 684, Chickasha, Oklahoma.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) Suspended sediment sampling and total

101
sediment transport determinations are made

at selected tributary and main stream

locations in the Washita River Basin. These

samples are analyzed for size distribution,

(f) Project initiated in 1961.

(4341) STREAM CHANNEL STABILIZATION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL WORKS IN CHANNELS OP THE WASHITA

RIVER BASIN.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 684, Chickasha, Oklahoma.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) Selected reaches of channels representing

different geologies, soils, and flow

regimes are being established for detailed

studies of stream channel morphology.

Information Is obtained on cross-sections,

slopes, thalweg lengths, alignments, vegetation, and bed and bank materials. Any

control works are completely identified as to location, orientation, shape, size, and materials. Flow history will be recorded,

Including both water and sediment. Changes

in channel conditions, or lack of change,

will be related to flow history and other

controlling factors for the development of criteria for stable channel design.

(f) Project initiated in 1961.

(4342) PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCING RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE WASHITA RIVER BASIN, OKLAHOMA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 684, Chickasha, Oklahoma.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) A network of 170 recording precipitation

gages has been established on a 3-mile

grid in an 1100- square mile area in the central portion of the Washita River Basin.

The precipitation characteristics will be analyzed to determine and evaluate precipitation parameters useful in estimating

runoff

(f) Project initiated in 1961.

(4343) RUNOFF PRODUCTION BY UNIT SOURCE AREAS IN THE WASHITA RIVER BASIN, OKLAHOMA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 684, Chickasha, Oklahoma.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) Small watersheds generally not exceeding

10 acres in size, each representing a single

soil-cover combination are being instrumented

to measure rainfall, runoff, and soil

moisture. Information on the runoff

producing characteristics of the unit source areas will be useful in the development of equations for predicting runoff from

ungaged complex watersheds.

(f) Project initiated in 1961.

(4344) RELATION OF CLIMATIC AND WATERSHED FACTORS

TO STORM RUNOFF AND WATER YIELD OF THE WASHITA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES, OKLAHOMA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 684, Chickasha, Oklahoma.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) A reach of the Washita River extending

from Anadarko, Oklahoma, to Alex, Oklahoma, has been selected for study. This reach

has a length of 80 river miles and a drainage area along this length of 1120 square miles. Gaging stations are being

established near the mouth of 20 tributaries

and at 6 sites along the main stem or the Washita River in this reach. Watershed

characteristics are being measured and

defined. The watershed land use and structures development will be inventoried

periodically. Flood peaks, total flow and

its rate-time distribution will be de- termined and related to climatic and land factors

(f) Project initiated in 1961.

(4345) EXPLORATORY STUDY OF THE REGIMES OF WASHITA

RIVER MAIN STEM FLOWS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 684, Chickasha, Oklahoma.

d) Analysis of record, applied research.

e) The flow history of the Washita River,

Oklahoma, for the 10-year period 1941 to 1950 is being analyzed to: (l) Determine

parameters characterizing the regime flows prior to development of upstream flood

abatement measures; and (2) establish a base for reference in defining any future changes in flow regimes associated with

conservation and treatment programs in tributary watersheds.

(f) Project initiated in 1961.

(4346) AQUIFER-STREAMFLOW RELATIONS, GROUND WATER

BUDGET, WASHITA RIVER BASIN, OKLAHOMA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 684, Chickasha, Oklahoma.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) The alluvia and underground flow system of the Washita River Basin are being defined

by use of drilling equipment and existing

well logs. Permeability coefficients will

be determined and ground water observation

wells established. This is one part of a comprehensive research study of the total water budget in a portion of the Washita

River Basin.

(f) Project initiated in 1961.

(4347) AN INVESTIGATION OF RAINFALL-RUNOFF

RELATIONSHIPS IN TEN COASTAL AREAS OF THE LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. R. R. Allen, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas.

(d) Field investigation, applied research for design.

(e) The project will provide data on runoff

volumes needed for the design of drainage

systems for the flat, coastal areas. A 3250-acre, non-leveled, dry land tract is instrumented to measure rainfall and runoff. Data are also obtained on land and soil characteristics as well as the climatic

variables

(f) The project was started in December 1961.

(4348) PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCING RUNOFF FROM SELECTED AREAS IN TEXAS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Ralph W. Baird, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) Rain gage networks are established on the Blacklands Experimental Watershed near Riesel, Texas, and on the Edwards Plateau

near Sonora, Texas. Information Is being

obtained on amounts, duration, seasonal distribution, and other characteristics of rainfall to the extent that the characteristics

influence runoff from agricultural watersheds.

(f) The work at Sonora, Texas, was initiated in 1961.

(4349) RELATION OF CLIMATIC AND WATERSHED FACTORS

TO STORM RUNOFF AND TO WATER YIELD FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE BLACKLANDS

OF TEXAS.

102
b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Ralph W. Baird, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) Thirty watersheds, varying in size from

approximately 3 acres to 5860 acres, have been equipped with precallbrated flumes or with current meter rated weirs to measure runoff rates. Precipitation is measured by

recording rain gages. The land factors are determined by periodic inventory of crops, covers, and crop systems on the land. Relationships between climatic and land factors and the runoff produced are analyzed

to develop prediction methods for estimating

storm peaks and water yields.

(h) Monthly summaries of rainfall and runoff,

maximum volumes of flow for selected periods

of time, and detailed data for selected

runoff events are reported annually. Several

analytical and interpretive reports have been published.

(4350) RUNOFF PRODUCTION BY UNIT SOURCE AREAS IN THE BLACKLANDS OF TEXAS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Ralph W. Baird, Hydraulic Engineer,

F. 0. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) Twelve watersheds, approximately 3 acres in

size each, of single land use, crop or grass,

are instrumented with H-type flumes to measure the runoff. The relationships between

the runoff and the associated precipitation

as influenced by the land characteristics

are investigated. These relationships will

facilitate the prediction of runoff from

ungaged watersheds composed of combination

of these single soil-cover, sub-watersheds

or unit source areas.

(h) Monthly summaries of rainfall and runoff,

maximum volumes of flow for selected periods

of time, and detailed data for selected

runoff events are reported annually.

(4351) SEDIMENT YIELD IN RELATION TO CLIMATIC AND

WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL

AREAS IN THE TEXAS BLACKLANDS.

bl Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Ralph W. Baird, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) Sediment yield measurements have been or are being made on twenty-four plots or watersheds

varying in size from one-quarter to 5860

acres. These sediment yields are correlated

witn precipitation, runoff, topography,

soils, xana use, and conservation practices.

The data are analyzed to develop techniques

and procedures for estimating sediment yield

and sources from ungaged watersheds.

(4352) RELATION OF CLIMATIC AND WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS TO STORM RUNOFF AND WATER YIELD IN THE EDWARDS PLATEAU AREA OF WEST CENTRAL

TEXAS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Ralph W. Baird, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) Five detention reservoirs in Lowrey Draw are equipped with v/ater level recorders. Runoff

volumes are measured by volume change in the reservoir. Rates of inflow can also be determined. The watersheds above the reservoirs range in size from 686 to 10787 acres. A current meter rated gaging station

will be placed at the outlet of the Lowrey

Drav; watershed which has a drainage area of 48 square miles. A rain gage network will

determine the precipitation over the area.

In addition to the development of the rainfall -runoff relationship for this area,

a study will be made of the disposition of the water temporarily stored in the reservoirs.

(f) Project initiated in 1961.

(4353) EVALUATION OF OPERATION AND DESIGN CRITERIA

OF OLD TILE DRAIN SYSTEMS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Victor I. Myers, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas.

d) Field investigation - applied research.

e) A study to evaluate the effectiveness of some old existing tile systems in draining

and leaching soils; to evaluate the functioning of tile drains with and without

filter materials; and, to evaluate the adequacy of tile drain design criteria.

(g) Investigations show that many tile systems,

up to 20 years old, are only partially

effective because of inadequate design or for lack of filters. Poor maintenance of drainage outlets and tile systems is also

a major cause contributing to failure of buried drains. Data being collected as sections of old tile lines are dug out and examined will contribute to a drainage

guide for the design and installation of drain tile in the Lower Rio Grande Valley.

(4354) INFILTRATION RATES AND PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS IN RELATION TO THE OCCURRENCE OF SALINITY.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Leon Lyles, Agricultural Engineer, or

Dr. Craig Wiegand, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box 267 Weslaco, Texas.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) The purpose of the work is to relate infiltration rates to the occurrence of salt-affected soil profiles. Infiltration

rates are to be determined on about a dozen salt affected and adjacent non-affected

profile pairs which have been chemically

and physically characterized. The infiltration rates will be related statistically

to the severity of salinization and to the chemical and physical properties of the profiles

(f) Pending final approval.

(4355) CONCENTRATIONS OF SALTS IN RAINFALL IN THE

LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Carl D. Fanning, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas.

d) Field investigation - basic research.

e) The project is a rainwater sampling study

to determine the quantity of salts present

in rainwater of varying storm types at the coast line and extending inland approximately 90 miles.

(4356) EFFECTS OF BENCHING AND TERRACING ON MOISTUFE CONSERVATION ON SLOPING HARDLANDS OF THE

SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Victor L. Hauser, Agricultural Engineer,

Southwestern Great Plains Field Station,

Bushland, Texas.

(d) Field investigation, applied and design

research

(e) 1. To test the feasibility of altering the configuration of the land to intercept,

spread, and infiltrate surface runoff in contour basins. 2. To determine the extent

to which such intercepted runoff will add

to available soil moisture supplies and how such additional soil moisture may best be utilized for crop production. 3. To de- termine the relative value of the three

types of terrace systems, conservation

benching, graded, and level closed end for moisture conservation and crop production.

(4357) EFFECT OF CROPPING SYSTEMS AND CLIMATE ON RUNOFF AND EROSION UNDER BLACKLANDS CONDI- TIONS .

103
b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. R. M. Smith, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box

414, Temple, Texas.

d) Experimental - applied research.

e) Runoff and soil loss are measured from 12 field-scale (1-1/2 acre) plots representing

typical cultivated slopes of Blackland

Prairie soils in three systems with row cropping every year, in alternate years, and every third year. Interactions of varying

climatic influences with crops and management are determined as a basis for runoff,

erosion and crop yield calculations on farms

and watersheds.

(g) Soil moisture is the dominant factor

influencing runoff in this high-shrinking

soil. Erosion per unit of runoff is strongly influenced by surface residues as well as live crop growth. During three years grain sorghum has resulted in about

one-half as much erosion as corn or cotton

and only slightly more than oats. Effectiveness of grain sorghum is increased especially

by thick early stands and managing residues

on the surface

(h) "Interpretations of Runoff and Erosion from Field Scale Plots on Texas Blackland Soil,"

by J. E. Adams, R. C. Henderson, and R. M. Smith, Soil Science, Vol. 87, No. 4, pp. 232-238, 1959. "Surface Residues Reduce Erosion in the Blacklands," by R. M. Smith and R. C. Henderson, Soil and Water Mag. (Assoc. Tex. Soil Conserv. Dist.), Vol. 10, No. 9, p. 8, September 1960.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division. SOUTHWEST BRANCH, P. 0. Box 2326, Riverside, Calif.,

Mr. W. W. Donnan, Branch Chief.

(151) LINING OF IRRIGATION CANALS AND RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project, Agricultural Research

Service, Utah State University, and Bureau

of Reclamation cooperating.

(c) Dr. C. V/. Lauritzen, Soil Scientist, Utah

State University, 101 Engineering Building,

Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) Linings for irrigation canals and reservoirs are being tested to develop

more effective and lower cost methods of reducing seepage losses in irrigation

systems. The investigation included: (1) Evaluation of physical properties of lining

materials; (2) model testing of linings in an outdoor laboratory; and (3) field testing

at selected sites to determine relative

durability under varying subgrade and climatic conditions.

(g) The target date indicated in last year's

report for having an asphalt-coated jute

liner on the market was not met. Some technical problems still persist, but the chief difficulty has been plant and material

problems. Membrane linings consisting of a 15 gage butyl sheeting look promising as buried liners for canals and reservoirs.

Butyl, even in the thinner gages, because of its excellent aging characteristics may also

be used as an exposed lining in reservoirs

if precautions are taken to protect it from mechanical damage. Some work was done on the use of latex additives to Portland cement concrete mixes with the idea of developing

a material adapted to use in water conveyance

structures. Lattices, such as butyl and butadiene-styrene, when added to pcrtland

cement concrete mixes will reduce the shrinkage which accompanies curing and,

depending upon the aggregate and lattice,

modify other properties such as tensile and compressive strength and water absorption.

(h) "Plastic Films for Water Storage," by C. W.

Lauritzen, Journal American Water Works

Association, Vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 135-140,

Feb. 1961.

(2117) WATER REQUIREMENTS IN IRRIGATED AREAS OF SOUTHWEST.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with State and Federal agencies.

(c) Mr. Dean C. Muckel, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 8014, University Station, Reno, Nevada.

(d) Field experiments and office analysis.

Applied research.

(e) To determine the consumptive use of water

by irrigated crops, phreatophyte s, and other vegetation, and irrigation requirements. To develop empirical formula from climatological and other data for determining rates of consumptive use.

(f) Study has been underway for several years

and is still active.

(g) Monthly coefficients (k) have been revised

for irrigated crops and phreatophytes in the Blaney-Criddle formula, u = kf = con- sumptive use, where "k" is a monthly coef- ficient based on experimental measurements,

and "f " is a factor determined from mean monthly temperatures and percent of daytime

hours. A report is in preparation which

includes results of studies in United States

and foreign countries. Monthly (k) and seasonal (k) coefficients are given for alfalfa, cotton, citrus, small grain, and other irrigated crops.

(h) "Consumptive Use and Water Waste by

Phreatophytes," by Harry F. Blaney, Paper

No. 2929, Jour, of Irrigation and Drainage

Division Proceedings, American Society of Civil Engineers, September 1961. "Determining Consumptive Use and Irrigation Water Requirements," by Harry F. Blaney and Wayne D. Criddle, Agricultural Research

Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1962 (In press)

"Monthly Consumptive Use Requirements for Irrigated Crops," (closure), by Harry F. Blaney, Journ. of Irrigation and Drainage

Dlv. Proceedings, ASCE, Paper No. 2536, June

1961

"Los Angeles Water Supply and Irrigation,"

by Samuel Morris and "Method for Estimating

Consumptive Use of Water for Agriculture,"

by Wendell Muson, Discussions by Harry F. Blaney, Vol. 97, IR3, Journal of Irrigation

and Drainage Division Proceedings, ASCE,

September 1951.

(2180) EVAPORATION LOSSES FROM RESERVOIRS AND

LAKES.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with State

of California, counties and other agencies.

(c) Mr. Dean C. Muckel, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 8014, University Station, Reno, Nevada.

(d) Experimental; compilation and analysis of data. Applied research.

(e) To determine evaporation losses from

reservoirs and lakes and develop empirical

formulas from climatological data for computing monthly evaporation. Cooperative

field measurements are being made of pan evaporation at stations in California

ranging from near sea level in Santa Barbara

County to 9,194 feet elevation at Kaiser

Pass in the Sierra-Nevada Mountains.

(g) Results of monthly pan evaporation, temperature, humidity and wind movement and precipitation measurements have been

published in California State Department of Water Resources Bulletins Nos. 54-B and 73,

"Evaporation from Water Surfaces in Calif.,"

by Harry F. Blaney and Dean C. Muckel. Due

to the severe winter conditions at high

elevations in the Sierra-Nevada Mountains,

observations can only be made during a five

to seven month period. In the 1961 Progress

Report on "Evaporation Studies at High

104
Elevations in San Joaquin River Basin Calif.,"

by Harry F. Blaney and Leonard L. Longacre,

regression equations based on monthly

evaporation and other data were developed

from which evaporation for missing winter

months may be computed. These equations are based on the average of 13-year records at each station,

(h) "Evaporation at High Elevations - San Joaquin

River Basin California," by Leonard L. Longacre, Southern California Edison Co., and Harry F. Blaney, U. S. Dept. of Agric

Approved for publication in the Jour, of Irrigation and Drainage Division Proceedings,

A3CE, 1962.

(2181) STORAGE CF WATER UNDER GROUND FOR IRRIGATION

IN CALIFORNIA.

b) Laboratory and field project.

c) Mr. Leonard Schiff, Hydraulic Engineer,

4816 East Shields Avenue, Fresno 3, Calif.

(d) Experimental; laboratory and field investigations, applied research.

(e) To efficiently store and use underground

water In quantity and of a quality needed in various locations. The objectives are: (1) To determine the physical and chemical

characteristics of surface soil and sub- strata on selected sites and to relate these characteristics to infiltration and percolation rates and to lateral flow; (2) to determine the feasibility of recharge

irrigation (deep percolation by sufficient

irrigation of crops) as a means of storing water underground; (3) to determine the effect of recharge on the quality of water reaching the groundwater table under selected

site conditions and on the quality of the groundwater; and, (4) to prepare a recharge

guide which permits the evaluation of a site for recharge, suggests methods and systems of recharge to be used and indicates

the quality of groundwater that may be expected as a result of recharge.

(2550) EFFECT OF WATER TABLE DEPTH ON IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS AND YIELD OF LAHONTAN ALFALFA.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Rhys Tovey, Agricultural Engineer, Box

8014, University Station, Reno, Nevada.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) To determine surface-irrigation requirements

of Lahontan alfalfa grown on three soil textures with constant water tables at various depths, and on well-drained soil in the absence of a water table; to determine

the effect of plant growth stage on the rate

of water use by Lahontan alfalfa; to de- termine the relation between the use of water

by alfalfa under various water table conditions, evaporation from porous atmometer

bulbs, and evaporation from a Weather Bureau

evaporation pan; and to evaluate the effects

of a fluctuating water table on the yield

and growth rate of alfalfa.

(g) The seasonal values Indicate that: (1) The consumptive use and yield of alfalfa for the non-irrigated treatments decreased as the depth to water table increased; (2) the non-irrigated lysimeter shov; a lower

consumptive use and yield than the irrigated

lysimeters in most instances; (3) the consumptive use and yield of the drained

irrigated treatments are comparable to the values measured for the eight-foot water

table, non-irrigated treatment; and (4) the differences due to water table depth are less for the non-irrigated treatments.

(2651) DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS IN THE NORTH SHORE AREA OF CARSON LAKE, NEVADA.

(b) U. S. Department of Agriculture, ARS, Soil and Water Conservation Research Division.

(c) Mr. Anthony S. Dylla, Agricultural Engineer, Box 8014, University Station, Reno, Nevada.

(d) Field and applied research.

(e) To determine the causes for drainage

problems in the study area, to develop

equipment and techniques suited to conditions

in the study area which will permit determining qualitative and, if possible,

quantitative relationships between causes

for drainage problems in the study area and

in other similar areas; to develop physically and economically feasible methods of correcting or alleviating problems in the study area and in other similar areas.

(g) Canal seepage measurements are being ana- lyzed for relationship high water table build-up. Investigative borings are being

compiled for determination of corrective

drainage measures. Hydraulic conductivity

and specific yield determinations are being

compiled for design of corrective drainage

measures. Plastic lined mole drains are being studied as a possible economical

drainage problem. Well, piezometer, and irrigation efficiency data are being

compiled for analyzing the cause for drainage

problems

(h) "Procedures for Evaluating Drainage Project

Feasibility," by Victor I. Myers, Trans, of Fourth Congress, International Commission

on Irrigation and Drainage, Madrid, Spain,

June, 1960.

(3212) THE HYDRAULICS OF CYLINDER INFILTROMETERS.

(b) Laboratory project. Soil and Water Conser- vation Research Division, Agricultural

Research Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture

In cooperation with the California

Agricultural Experiment Station, Davis,

California.

(c) Mr. Charles T. Bourns, Agricultural

Engineer, Room 215, Irrigation Building,

University of California, Davis, California.

(d) Experimental and basic research and developmental

(e) This is a three dimension model study of the hydraulics of cylinder-type infil- trometer to determine the flow regime of this device, the necessity for buffer

cylinders, the effect of diameter on its function, the effect of methods and depths

of placement on results, the effect of location of less permeable soil strata in relation to depth of placement of infiltrometer, and the effect of various operational techniques on reliability of results.

(3556) FARM CONVEYANCE AND WATER APPLICATIONS.

(b) Laboratory project, Agricultural Research

Service and Utah State University cooperating.

(c) Dr. C. W. Lauritzen, Soil Scientist, Utah

State University, 101 Engineering Bldg.,

Logan, Utah.

d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

e) New methods and equipment for conveying and applying irrigation water are being

developed. The hydraulic properties of lay- flat tubing are being studied and new materials are being evaluated to determine

their use in conveyance structures.

(g) With improved design lay-flat tubing as a replacement for head ditches is increasingly

promising. There is an indication also that the tubing can be adapted to use as sprinkler laterals. An improved hopper has been developed for the subgrade-guided

slipforms used in placing concrete linings

in irrigation ditches. The problem of distributing the mix in the hopper has been

solved by the use of a cone section.

(3558) LABORATORY MODEL STUDIES OF THE SEDIMENT SEALING PROCESS.

b) Laboratory project.

cj Mr. Myron B. Rollins, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box 8014, University Station, Reno, Nevada,

dj Experimental; applied research,

e) To determine factors influencing sediment

penetration and retention involved with

105
sealing Irrigation canals or reservoirs with

seepage transported bentonite, and to develop procedures to obtain effective seals. Experimentation is being done with sands placed in lucite cylinders 3 inches in diameter and 2 feet long. Bentonite is applied by dispersing it in the water,

percolation carries the bentonite down into

the sand profile. Numerous aspects con- cerning the chemical, physical and mineralogical properties of the bentonites, waters,

and sands will be evaluated.

f) Active.

g) Preliminary investigations suggest that effective seals can be obtained within

certain unknown limitations.

(3560) EVAPOTRANSPIRATTON OF HUMBOLDT MEADOW

VEGETATION AS MEASURED WITH LYSIMETERS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Anthony S. Dylla, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 8014, University Station, Reno, Nevada.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) To measure the evapo-transpiration of meadow vegetation in the Humboldt Basin area which subsists primarily under shallow water

table conditions. The data will be used to determine area! use of ground waters by

vegetation and to develop methods of more efficient utilization of those water supplies.

(g) Evapo-transpirational rates are being obtained

by water use measurements of meadow grasses growing in plastic lysimeters. Vegetative

growth, soil moisture, water table, and

weather data are being collected to which

evapo-transpiration rates from tanks can be related.

(3868) A STUDY OF THE MECHANISMS AND MATHEMATICS OF WATER MOVEMENT IN UNSATURATED SOIL.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. W. R. Gardner, Salinity Laboratory,

F. 0. Box 672, Riverside, Calif.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic

research

(e) Experimental techniques are being devised

to measure the water-transmitting properties

of unsaturated soils as a function of other

soil properties. Methods are being devised

to obtain solutions of various unsaturatedflow problems.

(g) Several methods have been devised for measuring the capillary conductivity of soils,

including a method for in situ measurements

in the field in the tensiometer range. Solutions have been obtained for the movement of water to a plant root and for the drainage of a vertical soil column.

(h) "Approximate Solution of a Ncn-steady State Drainage Problem," by W. R. Gardner, Soil

Sci . Soc. Am. Proc . (in press).

"Unsaturated Conductivity and Diffusivity

Measurements by a Constant Flux Method," by

W. R. Gardner, and F. J. Miklich. Soil Sci.

(in press)

"Measurement of Capillary Conductivity and Diffusivity with a Tensiometer," by W. R. Gardner, Trans. VII Cong. Internatl. Soil

Sci. Soc. (in press).

(3872) DYNAMIC SIMILARITY IN PIPE 3LBCW PLOW METERS

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Lloyd E. Myers, Director, Water Conser- vation Laboratory, Route 2, Box 816-A, Tempe,

Arizona.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) The objective of the study is the development of means for obtaining dynamic similarity in pipe elbow flow meters to permit the use of standard rating curves. ASA, class

125 cast iron 90 degrees flanged, 3" long and

short radius elbows made by five different

manufacturers were calibrated. Magnitudes of errors caused by flow disturbances from gate

valves, bends, misalignment, centrifugal pump,

and straightening vanes were determined.

Also errors caused by variation in tap

location were evaluated. Lengths of straight

pipe required to dampen flow disturbances

were determined. Two types of straightening

vanes were tested to reduce flow disturbance

caused from a bend. Effect of larger

diameter taps will be evaluated and rating

curves for larger size elbows will be obtained

(g) Comparison of rating curves by a percent

variation in discharge from an average rating curve gave results within plus or minus 3 percent. A gate valve caused the maximum error of the flow disturbances

tested. Reasonable care in locating taps

will not effect rating curve. Twenty

diameters of straight pipe was sufficient to dampen flow disturbances, however, upstream

and downstream pipe should be carefully

aligned with elbow flow meter. The straightening vanes were not satisfactory for dampening flow disturbance from a bend since

they induce a flow disturbance themselves.

(3873) GROUND COVERS AND OTHER STRUCTURES FOR COLLECTING AND STORING PRECIPITATION.

(b) Field and laboratory project, Agricultural

Research Service and Utah State University

cooperating

(c) Dr. C. W. Lauritzen, Soil Scientist, Utah

State University, 101 Engineering Building,

Logan, Utah.

d) Experimental and applied research.

e) There are areas in many regions where water

for livestock and even culinary uses Is scarce or nonexistent, yet considerable water

in the form of precipitation falls each

year. As an example, the precipitation on one acre of land in an 8-inch rainfall area

amounts to 217,248 gallons. This is enough

to supply water to more than 200 head of cattle for 100 days. This study includes

the development and testing of materials for ground covers and storage facilities to be used for the collection and storage of water in low rainfall areas together with

the design and operation of these facilities.

(g) Butyl sheeting and asphalt-coated pre- fabricated structures still appear to be the most promising materials for ground

covers. Storage of the water collected in closed bags completely eliminates losses from seepage and evaporation.

(h) "Collecting Desert Rainfall," by C. W. Lauritzen, Crops and Soils, Vol. 13, No. 9, pp. 7-8, Aug. - Sept. 1961.

(3874) INFLUENCE OF COLORADO RIVER WATER UPON IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE IN THE SAN JACINTO

BASIN, CALIFORNIA.

b) Laboratory project.

c) V. S. Aronovici, Research Soil Scientist,

P. 0. Box 629, Pomona, California.

d) Experimental.

e) A study of the use of Colorado River water

for irrigation applicable to the intermediate

valley and plains areas of southern Calif,

is being conducted in two ways. First, in 1954 a group of key soil sampling stations

were selected and sampled annually. The soil analyses were compared with previous

analyses, annual rainfall patterns and cropping practices. The second study,

initiated in 1960, encompasses an elaborate

plot program in which potatoes and grain are grown in a three-year rotation. One-half

of the plots were presalinized . Only

sufficient water to supply evapotranspiraticn

was applied to one group of plots while to the second an excess of 20 percent evapo- transpiration demands is applied.

f) Both phases of this study are active.

g) Key salinity trend stations have revealed

during the past ten years that soil salinity

has increased gradually in areas irrigated

with Colorado River water. Winter rainfall

;

10c
has a very marked Influence upon this rate

of accumulation. A winter of substantially

above normal rainfall will do much to leach

the accumulated salts from the soil. However, on an average annual basis rainfall

is not a dependable means of leaching.

Consequently, the farm operation must

include a leaching program as part of the irrigation practice. The plot studies have,

in the first season, indicated the influence

of but moderate concentration of salts upon

productivity.

(4358) FLOOD WAVE MOVEMENT AND ROUTING IN ALLUVIAL

CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment

Stations

(c) Mr. R. V. Keppel, Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

di Experimental; field and laboratory,

e) Tandem gaging stations supplemented by

continuous water level records at 2,000 foot intervals between stations are utilized

to study the movement of flood waves generated by cloudburst type thunderstorms

through natural channels. Ultimate objective

is to devise suitable analytical routing

techniques for use with this type of flow.

(4359) PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCING

RUNOFF FROM SEMI -ARID WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment

Stations

(c) Mr. R. V. Keppel, Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

d) Experimental; field and laboratory.

e) Raingage networks with a density of one per square mile are being operated on the 58-square mile Walnut Gulch Watershed in southern Arizona and the 67-square mile

watershed in eastern New Mexico. Objectives

of the study are to determine precipitation

parameters of importance in determining

runoff and sediment yield, and to give

particular attention to the small highly

intense convective summer thunderstorms

typical of the region.

(g) Return frequencies on the Walnut Gulch

Watershed, computed from three years of record for 55 raingages, were identical with

those computed from 61 years of record at a point located near the center of the watershed. This lends credence to the hypothesis

that convective thunderstorm cells occur

in a random fashion. Nearly half of the summer storms were composed of more than one cell. Eighty percent of the convective cells covered areas less than 4.5 square miles. On the Alamogordo Creek Watershed, a convective

thunderstorm occurred which had intensities

for time intervals up to 30 minutes greater

than any reported by first order Weather Bureau Stations in the United States. 2.03 inches fell in 5 minutes, and 3.09 inches were recorded in 15 minutes.

(h) "Some Properties of Precipitation Associated

with Runoff from Walnut Gulch Watershed,

Arizona," by Joel E. Fletcher, Amer. Geophys.

Union Trans. (In press).

"A Record Storm Event on the Alamogordo Creek

Experimental Watershed in Eastern New Mexico,"

by R. V. Keppel, Amer. Geophys. Union Trans.

(In press)

(4360) RUNOFF FROM COMPLEX WATERSHEDS AS INFLUENCED BY CLIMATIC AND WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agric. Expt . Stations.

(c) Mr. R. V. Keppel, Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Experimental; field and laboratory.

(e) On watersheds up to 43,000 acres in size records are maintained and procedures are being developed for combining flows from

unit source areas to produce hydrographs of

stream flow on large complex watersheds, and

to determine the effects of watershed charac- teristics and treatments on rates and amounts

of runoff and net yield of usable water. A new design of critical depth flume with ca- pacities up to 18,500 cfs is being used to measure runoff from the flashy, sediment

laden flows characteristic of the region.

(g) On the Walnut Gulch Watersheds, annual water yield decreases exponentially with the 0.3

power of the area. All of the water yield

to date has resulted from summer convective

thunderstorms during the June-September

period. Transmission losses in the channel system exert a profound effect on both the water yield-area relation and on hydrograph

characteristics. On the 67-square mile

Alamogordo Creek Watershed, hydrographs

having peaks in excess of 1,000 cfs have exhibited a flat top characteristic of 2 to 3 hours duration, which is believed due

to very large valley storage above an abrupt

discontinuity in the channel system.

(h) "Some Research Findings on the Alamogordo

Creek Experimental Watershed," by R. V. Keppel and J. L. Gardner, Proc. of the Fifth

Annual N. Mex. Water Conf., 1960, p. 19. "Water Yields from Southwestern Grassland,"

by R. V. Keppel, for publication by Sul Ross

College, Alpine, Texas. (In press.)

"Watershed Research on Semi-Arid Rangelands,"

by R. V. Keppel, Proceedings Fifth Annual

Arizona Watershed Symposium, Sept. 1961,

pp. 33-35.

(4361) THE ROLE OF VALLEY AND CHANNEL MATERIALS AND VEGETATION IN THE HYDROLOGY OF SEMI- ARID WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agric. Expt. Stations.

(c) Mr. R. V. Keppel, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

d) Experimental; field and laboratory.

e) Records from tandem gaging stations are utilized to evaluate the losses which occur

as runoff traverses ephemeral stream channels Moisture measurements in the channel alluvium and records from shallow wells

permit evaluation of depletion patterns and moisture disposition by evaporation and riprarian vegetation.

(g) Transmission losses up to 25 acre feet per

mile have been measured on a four-mile

reach of channel at Walnut Gulch Watershed. Reduction in water yield per unit area with

increasing drainage area is due in large

part to transmission losses. Much of the water entering cnannel alluvium as transmission loss Is dissipated by direct

evaporation or by transpiration by riprarian

vegetation

(h) "Transmission Losses in Ephemeral Stream

Beds," by R. V. Keppel and K. G. Renard,

presented to A.S.C.E. Annual Meeting, 1961.

(In press)

(4362) THE HYDROLOGY OF SEMI -ARID WATERSHEDS AS INFLUENCED BY CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL AND VEGETATION.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Arizona

and New Mexico Agric. Expt. Stations.

(c) Mr. R. V. Keppel, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

d) Experimental; field and laboraotory.

e) The interrelations of native vegetation and

soils and their influence on water and sediment yields are being evaluated on rangeland watersheds in Arizona and New Mexico from 100 to 43,000 acres in size. Supplementary to the vegetation and^soil

studies on the watershed entities, 6 x 12' infiltrometer plot studies are being

initiated. A primary objective of these studies is to determine the precision of sampling necessary to allow detection of differences in vegetation and soils which

will affect water and sediment yield.

107
(4363) HYDROLOGIC DATA REDUCTION WITH ANALOG-TO- DIGITAL CONVERTER.

(b) Laboratory project , cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. R. V. Keppel, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

d) Experimental; field and laboratory.

e) Hydrologic records in analog form are being

reduced to digital form by means of analog

to digital converters. Information is transferred directly from rainfall and water level strip-charts to punched cards. Both semi-automatic converter techniques

are being utilized.

(4364) RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT MOVEMENT ON UNIT SOURCE AREA WATERSHEDS AS INFLUENCED BY MICROCLIMATE, WATER BALANCE, SOIL AND VEGETATION.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. R. V. Keppel, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

d) Experimental; field and laboratory.

e) Runoff and sediment yields are being meas- ured on several single-cover, single-soil

subwatersheds located within large complex

experimental watersheds. Objectives are to evaluate the effects of various soil-native

vegetation complexes and microclimatic

factors on local runoff, water yield and sediment movement, and to determine the effects of water balance of component parts

of soil and vegetation, i.e. grass and

brush, on local runoff and sediment pro- duction . (g) Predominantly brush covered subwater sheds have produced approximately four times as much sediment as grass covered areas, with very little difference in water yield.

(4365) SEDIMENT MOVEMENT ON COMPLEX WATERSHEDS AS INFLUENCED BY CLIMATE AND WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experi- ment Stations.

(c) Mr. R. V. Keppel, Agricultural Engineer,

?. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

d) Experimental; field and laboratory.

e) Objectives of this study are: (1) To determine the relationship of sediment pro- duction from unit source areas to its movement in channels and to sediment yield from

complex watersheds; (2) to adapt or develop

methods for measuring sediment concentrations in the heavy silt-laden ephemeral

streams of the Southwest; (3) to determine

the rate and influencing factors in the sedimentation of stock watering ponds; and

(4) to develop methods for reducing sedi- ment yield from a complex watershed.

Laboratory investigations are being con- ducted with an electrical capacitance method

of sensing sediment concentrations

(436.) RAINFALL CONTRIBUTION TO GROUND WATER

SUPPLIES AT SELECTED SITES IN SANTA BAR3ARA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.

(b) laboratory project, cooperative with Santa Barbara County Water Agency; U. S. Geological Survey; California State Department or

:..'ater Resources; and U. 3. Bureau or Reclamation.

(c) :;r. G. ?. Lawless, Soil Scientist, _- . C. Box E, Lompoc, California.

di Basic and applied research,

e) Soil moisture measurements (made with

neutron scattering moisture meters to depths of ten to twenty-eight feet)

together with measurements of precipitation

and other climatological factors are being

made to determine how much, if any, of the rainfall in certain ground water recharge

areas penetrates beyond the root zone. The thirteen sites being studied represent

various cover, soil, and topographic con- ditions. From the data collected, evapo- transpiration rates are determined. A study is made of movement of water in various soils to help determine net con- tribution to ground water recharge by

deeply penetrating rainwater.

(g) Downward translocation of moisture has been

observed to continue during the dry season following winter precipitation. This

migration of moisture in unsaturated soil has been observed in all soils studied but » is most pronounced in sandy soil.

(h) Several papers are in preparation.

(4367) CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER AS RELATED TO PACIFIC COASTAL CLIMATIC INFLUENCE.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Santa Barbara County Water Agency; U. S. Geological Survey; California State Department of Water Resources; and U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(c) Mr. P. R. Nixon, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box E, Lompoc, California.

d} Basic and applied research.

e) Soil moisture and soil suction measurements

are made on land in native vegetation and agricultural crops under central California

coastal and nearby environments. From these and other data, evapotranspiration is computed. Evapotranspiration values are compared with observations made at five

climate stations of USWB Class A type.

Objectives include basic information and refinement of present methods of computing

evapotranspiration, for development of improved management techniques for agricultural watersheds and associated ground water basins along the coast.

(g) Rather marked increase in evapotranspiration

rates have been observed as distance

increases from four to twenty-eight miles

from the ocean. These rates are noticeably

related to measurable climatic factors.

(h) Summarizing report of five years of field

observations is in process of preparation.

(4368) DEVELOPMENT OF A FORTABLE IRRIGATION SPRINKLER EVALUATION DEVICE.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Rhys Tovey, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 8014, University Station, Reno, Nevada.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) (l) To develop a portable device that can be

used in design and evaluation of sprinkler

irrigation systems; and (2) to determine

procedures for the use of the portable

irrigation sprinkler evaluation device in measuring soil intake rates, sprinkler

application rates and other factors pertinent to the efficient design of sprinkler

irrigation systems.

(g) A portable irrigation sprinkler evaluation

device has been designed and constructed.

Preliminary tests show that the device

v.'orks satisfactorily.

(h) "A Portable Irrigation Sprinkler Evaluation

Device," by Rhys Tovey, paper presented

at the winter meeting of American Society

of Agricultural Engineers, Dec, 1961,

and submitted for publication in ASAE Journal or Transactions.

(4369) ANALYZING RISE Aid FALL OF GROUND WATER MOUNDS WITH A RESISTANCE NETWORK ANALOG.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Herman Bouwer, Soil Scientist, Water Conservation Laboratory, Route 2, Box 816-A,

Tempe, Arizona.

dl Theoretical, development of analog techniques,

e) A technique for analyzing ground water mound

behavior under recharge areas is developed.

The technique is applicable to stable.

!

103
(h)

(4370)

(e)

rising, or falling mounds, to two-dimensional

or radial flow systems, and to uniform or non-uniform conditions of soil and recharge

rates. Equations are derived for estimating

rates of rise or fall of the center region

of the mound

Completed.

The technique for analyzing ground-water

mounds enables taking into account conditions of non-uniformity in soil con- ductivity, porosity, and recharge rates as well as complex geometry, boundary, and drainage conditions. Moving mounds are handled as a succession of stable mounds.

The technique may be used in planning,

designing, or analyzing actual installations,

which requires adequate field data, or for studies of a general nature where assumed

values may be employed.

Approximate equations are developed to pre- dict the rate of rise of fall of the mound

center above an original water table. Com- parison of these equations with network

analyses for two-dimensional rising mounds

shows a good agreement if the width of the recharge area is less than four times the depth of the originally saturated material.

Application of the horizontal-flow assumption

and associated use of the transmissibility

coefficient in analytical treatment of ground-water mound behavior can lead to serious errors. It is shown that this

assumption can overestimate or underestimate

the rate of rise of a mound, depending on whether the original depth of saturated

material is relatively small or large,

respectively.

"Analyzing Ground Water Mounds by Resistance

Network," by Herman Bouwer. Jour. Irrig.

and Drain. Div., Proc. Amer. Soc. Civil

Eng. (submitted for publication). USE OF SEEPAGE METERS IN CANAL LEAKAGE AND

GROUND WATER RECHARGE INVESTIGATIONS. Laboratory project.

Dr. Herman Bouwer, Soil Scientist, Water Conservation Laboratory, Route 2, Box

816-A, Tempe, Arizona.

Theoretical and field investigations.

A variable-head technique for seepage meters

is developed which eliminates pressure

differences between the seepage cup and the canal as a source of error. In addition to the seepage, the method also furnishes

information regarding hydraulic conductivity

of bottom material and seepage gradients.

Suitable field equipment has been constructed

and tested in connection with seepage and recharge studies. The effect of velocity

in the canal on the local head environment

of seepage meters and on seepage as such was studied in a laboratory flume. Completed

Velocity in a canal did not have a direct

effect on seepage rates. The velocity

caused the average pressure environment

of a seepage cup to be slightly below the free water surface. Correction factors for this effect were developed with a model study.

The equipment for the variable -head technique for seepage meters includes a vacuum manometer, so that the measurements

can be conveniently taken on the canal

bank. Water level fluctuations during

the period of measurements cause no inter- ference . The seepage meters can be used

to measure local seepage rates and

permeability conditions of bottom material.

This information can be useful in: (a) locating leaky sections In a canal; (b) checking logging techniques for seepage evaluation; (c) detecting presence of seepage restricting seals; (d) estimating

effect of lowering of water table on canal

seepage; and, (e) determining most effective measures to increase recharge

from ground water recharge Installations.

(h)

[4371)

(d)

(h)

(4372)

"A Variable Head Technique for Seepage

Meters," by Herman Bouwer. Jour. Irrig. and Drain. Div., Proc. Amer. Soc. Civil

Eng. 87 IR 1: 31-44, 1961.

A DOUBLE-TUBE METHOD FOR MEASURING

HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF SOIL IN SITU ABOVE A WATER TABLE. Laboratory project.

Dr. Herman Bouwer, Soil Scientist, Water Conservation Laboratory, Route 2, Box

816-A, Tempe, Arizona.

Laboratory and field studies, development

and evaluation of a technique.

See (g).

Completed

A method for measuring hydraulic con- ductivity K of soil in situ above a water

table is presented. Two concentric tubes

are placed in an auger hole and filled

with water to saturate the soil below the bottom of the hole. The inner tube penetrates the soil a distance of approximately one inch. Hydraulic conductivity

is calculated from the flow between the two concentric tubes through the soil below

the auger hole due to different water levels in the tubes. This flow is evaluated by carrying out certain falling

water-level measurements in the inner tube. Dimensionless parameters are used in calculating the conductivity. These para- meters are a function of the geometry of the installation and were evaluated with a resistance network analog.

Field equipment for the double-tube method

includes a special hole-cleaner to reduce

disturbance of soil at the bottom of the auger hole, and to obtain a "clean" soil surface. The time of sufficient depth of saturation below the auger hole, as evidenced by consistent K-values from

successive measurements, can be ascertained

in the field without having to calculate

K after each set of measurements. Results from the double -tube method compared

favorably with conductivity data obtained

from soil samples in field studies, and with a known conductivity value in a laboratory study using a sand box. The double-tube method is free from

stringent assumptions and simplifications.

Air entrapment and non-uniformity or anisotropy within the soil region from

which K is determined are the major

sources of uncertainty. The geometry of the flow system from which K is evaluated

is well defined. The method appears to be a suitable tool for field measurement of hydraulic conductivity of soil that is not saturated prior to the time of the measurement . "A Double-Tube Method for Measuring

Hydraulic Conductivity of Soil in Situ Above

a Water Table," by Herman Bouwer. Soil

Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc, Vol. 25, pp. 334-339,

1961. "Field Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity Above a Water Table with the DoubleTube Method," by Herman Bouwer. Soil Sci.

Soc. Amer. Proc. (submitted for publication).

"Application of the Double-Tube Method for Field Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity

of Soil Above the Water Table," by Herman

Bouwer. Agricultural Engineering (submitted for publication)

FIELD INVESTIGATIONS OF SEALING IRRIGATION CONVEYANCE CHANNELS WITH SEEPAGE TRANSPORTED

BENTONITE

Laboratory project.

Mr. Myron B. Rollins, Soil Scientist, Agri- cultural Research Service, Box 8014,

University Station, Reno, Nevada. Experimental, applied research. To study on a field basis, the adaptability

109
and the physical and economic feasibility of sealing irrigation conveyance channels with

bentonlte. This will include developing

and testing sealing procedures. Also to determine, and define, some of the limitations of bentonlte sealing as influenced

by the physical, chemical, and mineralogical

properties of sand, water, and bentonlte.

(g) One year of research has shown that a substantial reduction of canal seepage rates can be accomplished with bentonlte treatments.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Central States Forest Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. R. D. Lane, Director, 111 Old Federal Bldg., Columbus 15, Ohio.

(3563) SUBSOIL WATER MANAGEMENT ON NORTHERN HARD- WOOD FOREST AREAS.

(g) The technique of inserting plastic into the vertical, downslope face of subsoil water

movement study plots—to lead subsurface

stormflow into collector troughs—has been

amended because we suspected that a heavy

flow, which seemed to be coming from finetextured layers deep in the profile, was caused by an unnatural drawdown at the face

of the plot. This has been corrected by

using a step-system at the downslope face. Flow from the different depths now seeps outward through the downslope plot face into

a collector trough or percolates downward

and goes through four additional inches of soil into the next deeper trough. The

resistance of the additional soil below each trough causes almost all the flow above the trough to exit from the plot face Into that

trough. With this step down trough place- ment system flows do not occur from troughs

that are as deep as 120 cm.

We are now using standard multiple mercury- manometer tensiometers on our plots. They

are quite accurate and are sensitive to small soli moisture changes. On this summer's plot studies they show that a temporary ground water table builds up during the time water is being applied. Flow

from specific depths appears and continues

as long as the tension of that depth is approaching zero, is at zero, or is below

zero (positive piezometrlc pressure). After water application is stopped, soil moisture

tensions in the surface soil rise quickly to above zero and flow from the shallower depths

ceases. Flow continues from the lower

depths as long as the tension there is at

or below zero.

(4373) USE OF NUCLEAR RADIATION EQUIPMENT FOR MEASURING FOREST SOIL MOISTURE AND DENSITY.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental and field investigations; basic

and applied research,

(e) Some newly developed equipment, operating on the principle of nuclear radiation, facilitates the measurement of soil moisture and

the soil's closely allied property- -bulk

density. We now have a five-piece set of this nuclear radiation equipment. We are investigating principles that will guide us in the use of this equipment,

(g) 1) Single one-minute readings are adequate

for our subsurface moisture probe. 2) Recalibration of our subsurface moisture probe

gave a curve that crossed the one furnished

by the manufacturer. 3) Recalibratlon of our surface moisture probe produced a linear

calibration curve that extended through the origin, but was significantly lower than the manufacturer's curve. Anyone acquiring a surface moisture probe should run a calibration check for his conditions. However,

the linearity of our curve, its passage through the origin, and its close fit mean

that only a relatively small number of calibration samples should be necessary.

4) When the soil was dry the surface moisture meter probed through a thicker layer of soil than it did when the soil was wet. For instance, at 39.9 Pv (percent by volume) the effective thickness was 7-lnches; at 22.5 Pv

it was 9-inches, and at 11.3 Pv It was

10-inches. 5) The saturation point of our Muskingum silt loam Is probably somewhere near 50 Pv, but our nuclear equipment will not indicate when a soil has reached its saturation point. Increasing the moisture

content beyond this point results In a replacement of some of the soil particles

with moisture particles. A maximum number

of neutron counts per minute will not occur until all the soil particles are replaced

by water. A water film at least 4 Inches thick would be required before our surface probe would give its maximum reading.

6) When a surface moisture probe is to be used on a shallow soil, the depth from surface to bedrock must be known. If the

soil Is less than 8-inches thick, it would appear necessary to run a separate calibration for that particular soil on its

underlying material. 7) Our surface moisture

probe must be used on a smooth surface because its counting rate decreased as an

air space between meter and soil surface increased

The greatest decrease in counting rate per

unit of air space occurred at the highest

level of soil moisture and the least occurred for the lowest level of soil moisture. For example, a 0.25-inch air space over 11 inches of soil caused the meter to indicate 3.7 Pv less moisture when the soil was wet and 0.8 Pv less when the soil was

dry. 8) Two Inches of pine needles between

our surface moisture probe and the soil surface exerted the same Influence as two inches of air space. Therefore, it would

be Impractical to make readings with the meter placed loosely on top of the forest

floor. Litter accumulation, organic matter decomposition and changes in the "springiness" of the forest floor with changes in moisture

content might cause the meter to have differ- ent amounts of air space between it and the

soil at different reading dates. 9) Incorporation of decomposed organic matter into the surface soil had no detectable influence upon the surface meter's counting rate.

10) Type of access tubing affected both sub- surface density and subsurface moisture

readings, but the effect on density was the reverse of that on moisture. For example,

if the moist bulk density of our gravimetric

field sample is taken as 100, then the moist

bulk density in aluminum, seamless steel and electric metallic tubing was 102.4, 125.9, and 129.5, respectively. Whereas, with the gravimetric moisture content as a base of 100, that in aluminum tubing was 142.3,

seamless steel was 134.6 and electric

metallic tubing was 115.4.

(4374) USE OF EXTERIOR PLYWOOD AS CUTOFF WALLS FOR TEMPORARY WEIRS ON SMALL FORESTED WATERSHEDS.

b} Laboratory project.

d) Experimental and field investigation,

applied research,

(e) Standard exterior plywood (5-ply) and exte- rior plywood (5-ply) overlaid on both sides

with impregnated paper are being tried as cutoff walls for temporary weirs. They are being used In place of concrete where the trouble and expense of building permanent stream gaging structures may not be warranted and where there is little sediment and debris

(g) We have used plywood cutoff walls success110
fully for 24 months on two 20-acre forested

watersheds In Eastern Ohio. These watersheds are located In a well protected hardwood forest. The stream channels are well stabilized and low flow prevails throughout

most of the year. Ninety-degree, sharpcrested blades on the plywood walls assure

sensitive, low-flow measurements. So far, the maximum flow has been 70 c.s.m. (cubic feet per second per square mile), 1-foot

stage and the minimum flow has been 0.005

c.s.m., 0.02-foot stage. Volumetric measurements of discharge, made down to 0.04-foot stage, checked closely with the theoretical values given by the equation:

Q = 2.5H 2 - 47

where 0 is discharge in cubic feet per

second and H is stage in feet. To us this

implies that the friction coefficient of our plywood cutoff wall is similar to that

of the material used in deriving the original

weir equation,

(h) "Plywood Cutoff Walls for Temporary Weirs,"

by Ronald Z. Whipkey, Station Note No. 150,

Central States Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Columbus, Ohio, August 1961,

2 PP. .

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Intermountaln Forest and Range Experiment Station,

Ogden, Utah"..; Inquiries concerning projects should be addressed to

Dr. Reed W. Bailey, Director, Intermountaln Forest

and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah.

(4375) STUDIES OF SUMMER STORM CHARACTERISTICS IN THE INTERMOUNTAIN REGION.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental and field investigations; basic

and applied research,

(e) Study of occurrence, duration, and intensity

of summer storms in the Intermountaln Region.

(g) Analyses of summer storm characteristics

during the past 19 years at three stations

in northern Utah that ranged in elevation

from valley to mountaintop revealed that rainfall began at all hours during the day

and night. A slight majority of storms began during the period from 6 pm to 6 am. The least number of storms occurred during

the period from 6 am until noon. For 19 years at Farmington (elev. 4,334 ft.), 210 summer storms produced total precipitation

of 37.47 inches. This amount fell during a period of 350 hours at an average rate of 0.107 in. per hr. At Rice station (elev.

6,880 ft.) and Parrish (elev. 8,200 ft.) average seasonal precipitation rates were 0.105 and 0.102 In. per hr., respectively,

indicating little variation in average storm intensity with elevation. Intensity of individual storms varied markedly, however.

In southern Idaho, high intensity storms occur mostly during the period May through

September. Precipitation exceeding infiltration capacities of depleted rangeland

occurred for 1-, 2-, 3-, 5-, 7-, 8-, 10-,

15-, and 20-minute periods since records were commenced in 1936. The damaging effects

of high-intensity storms are most severe on areas bared of vegetation by logging or where excessive grazing and trampling have depleted ground cover.

(h) "High-Intensity Rainstorms on the Boise and

Payette National Forests," W. J. Kidd, Jr., Intermountaln Forest and Range Experiment

Station Research Note No. 81, 4 pp., 1961.

(4376) HYDROLGGIC PHENOMENA ON SNOW -COVERED AND

FROZEN TERRAIN IN THE EAST SIERRA NEVADA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and field investigations; basic and applied research.

(e) To determine the effects of vegetation,

litter cover, and exposed rock on infil- tration, overland flow, and soil loss from snow-covered and frozen terrain in the east Sierra Nevada.

(g) Six pairs of plots were established to represent a range of forest floor conditions

in a young Jeffrey pine stand. One condition was modified by superimposing shallow contour furrows across slope. The study consisted

of three phases: a summer operation and two winter tests. Relation of minimum infiltration rate (1 to 2 hrs. after beginning of simulated storm) to summer and winter ground

surface conditions was determined by

regression analysis. Expression of the dependent variable infiltration (I m ) in inches per hour to ground cover (Ve ) in percent, to the absence or presence of contour furrows (Cf), to type of soil frost

/j?s{\))3> and to season of year (Se ) is given

by the equation

Im

= 0.707+ 0.00423 Vg + 0.321 Cf - 0.166 Ps (b) " 0.091 Se with the standard error of estimate being

0.17 inch per hour. The four regression

coefficients, except season of year, are significant at the 1-percent level. The equation indicates that variation in ground

surface characteristics explains 96 percent

of the variation in apparent minimum infiltration rate. If soil frost is of the stalactite form, water intake exceeds that under the porous concrete type of frost. The relation of soil erosion from infil- trometer plots to ground surface condition

was determined in a similar manner. Average

soil erosion rate (Er ) in relation to overland flow (Of), exposed rock (Re ),snow cover index (Sn), type of soil frost /?s{a)J, and contour trenches Is represented by the equation

Er = 27.373 0f + 2.734 Re

- 0.102 Sn

- 5.018 F s ( a ) - 19.160 Cf - 26.003 with the standard error of estimate being

16.2 tons per square mile per hour. Regression coefficients for overland flow, exposed

rock, and snow cover index are significant

at the 1-percent level; the other two vari- ables at the 5-percent level. Variation in these parameters explains 82 percent of the variation in soil loss.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Lake States Forest Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to the Director, Lake States Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul Campus, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 1, Minn., unless indicated other- wise .

(3886) THE CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE OF NATURAL UPLAND FOREST HUMUS TYPES IN THE NORTHERN LAKE STATES.

(b) A regional cooperative project with the Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich.

(c) Dr. D. P. White, Department of Forestry,

Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied

re search.

(e) The various types of humus layers in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota forests

are to be classified and checked against the existing humus classification by Lunt and Hoover.

Ill
(3887) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN NORTHERN

MINNESOTA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and field Investigations; basic

and applied research.

(e) Tests the influence of forested bogs on streamflow and groundwater behavior. Three

major projects have been undertaken to date:

1) Studies of the effect of forest cover conditions on individual hydroioglc processes. This has Included the Impact of soii-cover types on snow accumulation ana

melt j soil freezing, and moisture regime.

2) Studies of forest bog hydrology on small forested swamp watersheds. Present instrumentation Includes a recording well and a series of 9 to 12 nonrecording wells in each

of 5 swamps. Pour swamp watersheds have

been equipped with stream-gaging stations

and rain gages. 3) Laboratory studies of the moisture storage characteristics and other related physical properties of peat

soils. Moisture characteristics of undisturbed peat cores are being determined with

specially built pressure cells.

(g) Early records indicate the magnitude of swamp water table fluctuations are related

to rainfall and depth of the water table below the surface. This is due to the layered peat soil. When the water table was near the surface, light summer rains of 0.1

to 0.35 inch caused the water table to rise

from 0.5 to 1.45 inches, or roughly a 4 to

1 ratio of water table rise to rainfall.

Recording wells indicate that some swamp water tables drop over 2 feet during the winter, reaching a low point Just before

snowmelt begins. Laboratory studies of undisturbed peat cores indicate the ratio

of change in water table elevation to the depth of water added or drained from the core varies from 5 to 1 for undecomposed

sphagnum peat to over 100 to 1 for moderate

to well decomposed sedge peat 50 to 60 cm. below the bog surface.

(h) "How Much Water In a Swamp." by Roger R. Bay,

Minn. Conserv. Vol. 24(143): 48-51, lllus.,

1961.

(3889) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN THE DRIFT- LESS AREA OF SOUTHWESTERN WISCONSIN.

(b) Laboratory project, with some aspects in cooperation with Wisconsin Conservation Dept.

(d) Field investigations; basic and applied

research

(e) Major emphasis Is given to methods of con- trolling runoff and erosion, including

gully stabilization through reforestation,

and other land-use treatments. Studies of infiltration, soil-moisture movement and storage on loessal soils under the Impact of grazing and other uses are planned. The

effect of land use and land treatments on sprlngflow Is also being Investigated. In connection with this, ground-water divides

are being mapped by subsurface exploration.

A total of 25 water-measuring devices have been installed on watersheds ranging from

about 2 to 55 acres in area. The devices

include 90 V-notch weirs, modified 2-foot San Dlmas flumes, and several sizes of H-flumes. All are equipped with recording

instruments.

(g) In connection with studies of soil-moisture

storage, a Nuclear-Chicago neutron-scattering

soil-moisture meter (Model P-19) was field

calibrated against gravimetric samples in

silt loam loess soils over a range of moisture content from 5 to 39 percent by

volume . For the particular probe involved

In the study, it was found the calibration

curve furnished by the manufacturer gave an estimate of moisture content that was about

2 percent higher (by volume) at 10-percent

moisture and 2 percent lower at 30-percent

moisture. Differences Increased beyond these extremes, and decreased to zero at 21 percent.

112

An air-photo study of 40 completely forested

watersheds In the Driftless Area near La Crosse, Wis., showed no gullying nor other

signs of surface flow, thus Indicating the high infiltration rate of forest land. Where gullies are present in forest land,

they have been caused by runoff from higher

lying agricultural land.

A sample inexpensive point gage has been

devised of aluminum to measure water level

at stream gaging stations,

(h) "Comparison of Bulk Density of Soil in Abandoned Land and Forest Land," by

Richard S. Sartz. Lake States Forest Expt.

Sta. Tech. Note 601, 2 pp., 1961.

"The Forest-Land Gully in the Driftless

Area—Natural or Man-Caused," by Richard

S. Sartz, Lake States Forest Expt. Sta. Tech. Note 612, 2 pp., lllus. 1961. "An Inexpensive Water-Level Point Gage,"

by Willie R. Curtis, Lake States Forest Expt. Sta. Tech. Note 613, 2 pp., lllus. 1961. "Field Calibration of a Neutron-Scattering

Soil Moisture Meter," by Richard S. Sartz and Willie R. Curtis, Lake States Forest

Expt. Sta., Sta. Paper 91, 15 pp., lllus.

1961. "Soil Moisture Regime in Southwestern

Wisconsin as Affected by Aspect and Forest Type," by J. H. Stoeckeler and Willie R. Curtis, Jour. Forestry 58: 892-896. 1960.

(3890) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN LOWER

MICHIGAN.

(b) Cooperative project with Fish Division,

Michigan Dept. of Conservation, Lansing,

Mich.

(d) Field Investigation; basic and applied

research.

(e) Two major projects have been undertaken to date: 1) A major study is designed to determine the hydrology of ground-water

recharge and uses in deep sandy soils of the Udell Hills area in Michigan. Installations

to date include a series of ground-water

wells In deep morainal areas and adjoining

outwash plains. After the calibration

period, the effect of cover manipulation

especially plantation establishment and harvesting methods —on ground-water recharge

and use will be established. 2) A second major study is concerned with streambank

stabilization and the sediment problem In streams flowing through these sandy areas. Major objectives of this study are (a) to determine the influence of land use upon

sediment production, and (b) to evaluate the effect of streambank stabilization measures

upon suspended sediment loads. A total of

20 sampling stations have been established

on the Tobacco River.

(g) Ground-water recharge in a deep sand aquifer

on a morainal hill shows a 6- to 8-week lag

or longer between snowmelt (March 27-Aprll

4) and rise of water table In 55- to 70- foot-deep wells; the wells, however, continue to recharge through July and Into August. Shallow ground-water areas located

under level outwash plains began to recharge

no later than 2 weeks after snowmelt but reached their highest levels by late June or earlier

In the field of soil moisture sampling

techniques, a study was completed near Wellston, Mich. The results Indicate that

the number of samples needed for an estimate

of soil moisture will vary by soil depth and cover crop. Under both grass and oak cover

types more samples are needed in the upper

horizons. An oak plot should be more Intensively sampled than a grass plot to achieve the same reliability of measurement.

In the first foot of soil, about twice as many samples are needed under oak as under

grass. At the 5- to 7-foot depth, only a 25-percent increase in sampling intensity

is required.

(h) "Intensity of Soil Moisture Sampling is
Affected by Depth and Vegetative Cover," by

William D. Strlffler, Lake States Forest Expt.

Sta. Tech. Note 603, 2 pp., illus. 1961.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. Ralph W. Marquis, Director,

Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 102 Motors

Avenue, Upper Darby, Pennsylvania.

(656) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, DELAWARE- LEHIGH-EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) Laboratory project; in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters and U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied

research.

(e) A study was started in 1948 on the DelawareLehigh Experimental Forest, Monroe County,

Pa., to determine the water economy for a 1,530-acre watershed covered with scrub oak. The cover is now being converted by planting

and fire protection to conifers and the effect on water relations will be measured.

(f) Suspended.

(g) The watershed was calibrated on the basis of the first six year's daily climatic and streamflow record by relating monthly,

seasonal, and annual discharge to rainfall

air temperature. About 300 acres have been

planted; further planting depends on results

of seed-spot tests. Stream gaging and climatic research were discontinued December

31, 1958 until such time vegetation has changed sufficiently to warrant further

gaging to determine the effect of the change

on streamflow. "Forest and Watershed Project. Delaware-Lehigh

Experimental Forest, Report No. 4," by I. C. Reigner, W. E. McQuilkin, and E. F. McNamara,

Pa. Dept. of Forests and Waters, Harrisburg,

97 pp., 1961. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FERNOW EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, WEST VIRGINIA. Laboratory project.

Field investigation; basic and applied

research.

Studies were started in 1951 on the Fernow Experimental Forest, Tucker County, W. Va.,

to determine the effect of different levels

of cutting practices, different logging

methods, and different forest uses upon

water quantity and quality. Nine watersheds have been equipped with streamgaging

stations and rain-gages.

(g) Following six years of record taking, and analysis for calibration, treatment of one group of five watersheds was started in May 1957 and completed in 1958. Records are being continued to determine treatment

effects on streamflow.

(h) "Automatic Devices to Take Water Samples and

to Raise Trash Screens at Weirs," by K. G. Reinhart, R. E. Leonard, G. E. Hart. Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta. Note 112,

7 pp., 1961. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, HUBBARD BROOK

EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, NEW HAMPSHIRE. Laboratory project.

Field investigation; basic and applied

research

(e) The objective is to determine the effect of forest type, condition, and treatment on quantity and quality of streamflow. Studies

are conducted in plots and experimental

watersheds on the 7500-acre experimental

forest in the White Mountains at West Thornton, New Hampshire

(g) Six weirs have been built and climatic

stations established.

(h)

(2910

(h)

(1188)

U)

(e)

(2419)

(d

(3567

(b

(d

(e

(g

(3568

(b

"Net Precipitation in a Northern Hardwood

Forest," by Raymond E. Leonard, Jour. Geophys

Res. 66: 2417-2421, 1961. "Interception of Precipitation by Northern

Hardwoods," by R. E. Leonard, Northeastern

Forest Expt. Sta. Paper 159, 16 pp., 1961. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, LEADING RIDGE WATERSHED, PENNSYLVANIA

Laboratory project, in cooperation with the School of Forestry, Pa. State Univ. and the Pennsylvania Dept. of Forests and Waters. Field investigation; basic and applied

research.

A cooperative study was started in 1957 to determine the effect of forest cover and treatment on quantity and quality of stream- flow in the oak-hickory type in Pennsylvania, and to study associated and basic

soil-water relationships.

Six experimental watersheds have been select- ed weirs have been constructed, and climatic stations established. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, BALTIMORE

WATERSHEDS, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. Laboratory project in cooperation with the Baltimore Bureau of Water Supply.

Field investigation; basic and applied

research.

A cooperative study started in 1958 to determine effect of growth of loblolly and white pine in plantations on streamflow, and to compare streamflow from watersheds

in conifer plantations with streamflow from

a hardwood- forest watershed.

Streamflow of three experimental watersheds

is being measured and a climatic station

has been established.

"A City Manages Its Forested Watershed

Lands," by Walter C. Sushko and Irwin C. Reigner, Jour. Soil and Water Conservation

16: 119-122, 1961. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, NEWARK

WATERSHEDS, NEWFOUNDLAND, N.J. Laboratory project in cooperation with the Division of Water Supply of the City of Newark, N. J.., Newfoundland, N. J. Field investigation; basic and applied

research.

A cooperative study to determine the influence of selected treatments of forested

municipal watersheds on water supply.

Weirs on 3 experimental watersheds were built in the fall of 1958 and stream gaging

and climatic measurements were started in the spring of 1959.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Northern Forest Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. Richard M. Hurd, Director,

Northern Forest Experiment Station, Box 740, Juneau, Alaska.

(2654)

(b)

(d)

(e)

EFFECT OF LOGGING ON PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SALMON STREAMS IN SOUTHEAST ALASKA.

Laboratory.

Field investigation, applied.

This work is concerned with the relationships

between salmon spawning streams and timber

harvesting in Southeast Alaska. Work is concentrated on 4 streams lying 40 miles west of Ketchikan. One watershed has been

logged; another will be cut over by the spring of 1962. Logging in a third watershed will not be completed for several

years. The fourth watershed remains unlogged

as a control. Study involves factors which may exert a major Influence on pink and chum salmon

113
development and survival In a logged stream. Factors measured or sampled In 1961 are:

1) Stream discharges; 2) stream temperatures; 3) sediment movement In streams;

4) stream channel shift; and, 5) stream

debris occurrence. Sediment movement studies expanded in 1960 were continued during the fall of 1961. Items 4) and 5), shown above were recorded by air photography during the summer of 1961. Additional work associated

with items 3), 4), and 5) are reported as separate projects.

(4377) HISTORY OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT IN A SALMON

STREAM IN SOUTHEAST ALASKA AND EFFECT ON

SALMON REPRODUCING ENVIRONMENT IN RIFFLE

GRAVELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental, basic and applied aspects.

(e) This is a study of some features of sus- pended sediment behavior in salmon streams. Areas of chief concern are sediment drop-out

from the stream and possible subsequent

flush-out from the stream bed. Four stream

riffles, each considered a potential chum

salmon spawning area, were selected for

study. One area is above a sector suitable

for hydraulic mining sediment into the

stream; the other 3 areas are downstream

from the sediment source . The latter are treatment areas while the upstream area

serves as control. Streambed gravels for each of the 4 study areas were sampled for composition prior to sedimenting the stream. Dissolved oxygen measurements were also taken at this time.

The three downstream areas were then

exposed to sediment-laden water for 6 to 8 hours a day for 10 days. Water was sampled

with a hand sampler at the rate of 4 samples per hour during sedimentation. These samples were taken just upstream of the first

treated study area. Discharge during the treatment period ranged

from 9 to 24 cfs.; suspended sediment total

load from 30 to 500 lbs. per hour. Total

estimated suspended load during the 10 days

of sedimentation was approximately 5-1/2 tons. During the sedimentation period, sediment

samples were taken above and below several sections of the stream, in an attempt to locate the region of sediment drop-out and to estimate the rate of drop-out.

Subsequent to sedimenting the stream, gravels

in the stream beds at each of the 4 sample areas were re-sampled for composition and dissolved 0g. In the spring of 1962 it is planned to resample the streambed gravels

to determine if the fall-winter freshets

flushed the gravels and returned them to

the pre-sedimentation condition. This Is probably the most important question this

study can help to answer,

(g) Results will be available in 1962 after the stream bed is re-sampled.

(4376) EFFECTS OF LOG JAMS ON A STREAMBED.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental, with both basic and applied

aspects.

(e) Study in cooperation with the Fisheries

Research Institute of the University of Washington to determine the effects of log

Jams on pink and chum salmon spawning beds. Log Jams were installed at two locations on

a study stream (total watershed area 15.2 sq. mi.). In addition to being mapped in planimetric and topographic detail, the stream bed areas were sampled to determine

gravel composition and dissolved oxygen

level before log Jam construction. Perforated

ping-pong balls were also buried at 4 depths

at a number of points in each area to determine the depth of bedload scouring,

(g) Results will be available in 1962 after the

stream bed is remapped and re sampled.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Expt. Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. R. W. Cowlln, Director, Pacific

Northwest Forest and Range Expt. Sta., P. 0. Box

4059, Portland 8, Oregon.

(969) EFFECT OF LOGGING, CLEARCUTTING AND OTHER FOREST OPERATIONS ON STREAMFL0W.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, McKenzie

River drainage, west central Oregon. Stream- flow from three small experimental watersheds

in virgin Douglas-fir has been measured for eight years by means of trapezoidal flume stream gages. These observations provide

a pretreatment calibration which will be carried on for three years or more. Planned

treatments will test effect of two systems

of timber cutting on water yield and erosion. In 1959 logging roads were constructed in one of the three watersheds to supply

information on sediment yields.

Bull Run watershed in cooperation with City

of Portland Water Bureau. Pretreatment calibration measurements now being taken

on three small watersheds within the Bull Run watershed, source of Portland's water

supply. Cover is virgin Douglas-fir.

Streamflow Is being measured by trapezoidal

flumes. Results of this study will help

determine the future management policy on

the watershed.

Entiat River drainage. Three small watersheds

in granodiorite soils of north-central

Washington are being studied. Streamflow

is measured through 120-degree V-notch

weirs, one completed in October 1959 and

the remaining two in October 1960. Coyote Creek drainage. Two small watersheds

In southwestern Oregon are being studied.

Streamflow Is measured through 120-degree

V-notch weirs completed in September 1960.

(g) Road construction in one of the watersheds

in the H. J. Andrews forest exposed 6.2 percent of the watershed, and during three years following construction, roads were correlated with an increase in low flows and

in suspended sediments.

Timber removal in the Bull Run watershed has resulted In reduced draft of soil moisture

during the growing season. Soils in clear-cut areas retained more moisture during the summer dry period and with the onset of fall rain, returned to field capacity status earlier than adjacent uncut areas.

(h) "Pacific Northwest Forest & Range Expt. Station, Annual Report for 1960."

(2187) EFFECT OF CATTLE GRAZING ON EROSION.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Field investigation; applied research

(e) Starkey Experimental Forest and Range,

northeast Oregon. Study to determine the effect of heavy, moderate and light grazing

on erosion, sediment production and runoff. Sediment catchment basins have been con- structed in small drainages, one in each of six pastures in which are tested three rates

of grazing and two systems of management:

deferred-rotation and season-long use. Major

effect on erosion will be determined by

volume of sediment accumulated in the basins. Study now in its seventh year.

(2911) INFLUENCE OF FOREST COVER ON INTERCEPTION OF PRECIPITATION.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

114
(e) H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest. A study

of Interception in old-growth Douglas-fir

was begun in the summer of 1957. Net precipitation is measured by moving rain

gages located at six representative sites; measurements of gross precipitation are being made in adjoining cutover areas.

(g) Dense stands of virgin Douglas-fir intercept

an average of 24 percent of summer pre- cipitation (May-Sept.). Interception

percent varies from nearly 100 percent during

storms under .05 inches to 18 percent for 3-inch storms. During winter months, average Interception drops to 13.7 percent.

Only minor amounts of the intercepted pre- cipitation reached the ground by stemflow.

(2912) EFFECT OF LOGGING ON EROSION.

b) Laboratory project.

d] Field investigation; basic and applied

research.

(e) Wenatchee River drainage, central Washington:

Soils derived from three major parent

materials were sampled and are being

analyzed to determine their basic physical

and chemical characteristics. Parent materials are Swauk sandstone, basalt and granite

Western Oregon and Washington: A reconnaissance survey was made of logging projects

to determine the important sources of erosion

and develop a program of research.

Negotiations were completed for a study of Wyssen Skyline Crane logging on one of three experimental watersheds at H.J. Andrews

Experimental Forest.

(h) "Some Water Problems and Hydrologic Characteristics of the Umpqua Basin," by

G. L. Hayes and H. G. Herring. Pac. NW. Forest and Range Expt. Sta. Misc. Paper,

July 1960. "Surface Runoff and Erosion - Related

Problems of Timber Harvesting," by Nedavla

Bethlahmy. Jour. Soil and Water Conserv.

15(4): 158-161, July 1960.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment

Station

(261) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, SOUTHERN

CALIFORNIA.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. R. Keith Arnold, Director, Pacific

Southwest Forest and Range Experiment

Station, P. 0. Box 245, Berkeley 1, California.

(d) Experimental; field investigations; basic

and applied research.

(e) Purposes are 1) to determine how watersheds

function: what happens to the precipitation,

and how water and soil movement are Influenced by conditions of vegetation, soil,

geology, and topography; and 2) to develop

methods of watershed management, including

treatment of areas denuded by fire, to insure maximum yield of usable water and satisfactory flood runoff and soil erosion

control

Principal work center is the 17,000-acre

San Dimas Experimental Forest situated in the San Gabriel Mountains. A fire started by lightning in July 1960 consumed the vegetation, mostly brush, on 90 percent of the area and destroyed or damaged many of the research installations. Immediately

after the fire a major emergency research

program was started to test the effectiveness

of various measures used to reduce flood

runoff and erosion on the denuded watersheds.

These rehabilitation measures include

seeding grasses and mustard singly and in combination with physical treatments such as wattling, channel barriers and contour

terraces. The tests are being made on 37

1

watersheds of 3 to 30 each, equipped to measure rainfall intensity, peak discharge

and suspended sediment. Twenty- five have basins to measure bedload. Studies of hydrologic processes and tests of applied

management methods to Increase water yield

through vegetative type conversion In progress before the fire are being continued,

(g) Good progress has been made in establishing

studies of emergency first aid treatments

to reduce flood runoff and erosion on San Dimas Forest watersheds denuded by fire

last July. This progress has been covered

in detail since last September in a series

of special weekly reports to our cooperators

and others directly concerned with the program. Highlights of these accomplishments

are summarized here. Intensive tests of both vegetative and physical treatments are under way on 25 small watersheds of 2 to 8 acres each. A network of ralngages has been installed on these watersheds and each

has been equipped with a streamflow

measuring flume, debris basin and suspended

sediment sampler placed in the basin

spillway. Five treatments, described below, have been applied individually or in combination on 24 of the watersheds. One watershed was left as the untreated control.

1) Annual grasses. A mixture of Wimmera

rye and Blando brome grasses was broadcast

sown in 9 watersheds —5 at 20 pounds per

acre and 4 at 2-1/2 pounds. 2) Perennial

grasses. Hardinggrass and pubescent

wheatgrass were the principal species in a mixture with some annual broadcast sown at

20 pounds per acre in 4 watersheds and at 4-1/2 pounds In 4 others. 3) Side slope

stabilization. Barley seed at the rate of 200 pounds per acre and fertilizer at

50 pounds per acre were placed in furrows

on 2-foot contour Intervals in 9 watersheds.

This treatment involved planting more than

200 miles of furrows. 4) Contour basinterraces. Large basin-terraces, a treatment developed by the Intermountain Region, were constructed with a heavy bulldozer in 9 watersheds. The terraces are spaced on contour 40 to 90 feet apart depending on slope. Their basins will store approximately

3 inches of precipitation on the area or debris at the rate of 500 cubic yards per

acre. 5) Stream channel checks. Small dams less than 5 feet high were constructed

of cement combined with soil and rock where available in 9 watersheds. These dams were located in the drainages so they would

stabilize the channel bottom at about 7/10

of its former gradient.

The application of a chemical soil stabilizer was to have been included as a treatment

on the small watersheds. A number of chem- icals were checked in a laboratory test and several of these were further checked in an intensive field plot test. However, none

of the chemicals was sufficiently promising

to Justify its use on a watershed. Black

mustard compared to annual ryegrass as an emergency treatment on fire denuded areas

is being tested on another series of 11 watersheds varying in size from 9 to 87 acres. Both high and low rates of broadcast seeding of each species are being

tested. Ralngages have been installed on

the watersheds and each has been equipped

with a flume for streamflow measurement

and a suspended sediment sampler. All of the San Dimas Forest that was denuded by

the 1960 fire, excepting the 36 watersheds

included in the tests described above and

others reserved as untreated controls, has been seeded to annual and perennial grasses. Thirteen thousand five hundred acres were

sown by helicopter, 83 acres by hand and

29 acres by rangeland drill. These sowings

include tests of individual species and mixtures of species for both emergency and permanent watershed cover. The 1961 hydrologic year has been one of
extreme drought and record high rates of debris production on the San Dimas Forest.

If the weather continues as it has so far,

this will be the driest year in the history

of the forest. Rainfall to April 1 totaled

9.36 inches; normally we would have 23.9 Inches by this date. During the usually

wettest months of December through March,

rainfall amounted to only 3.51 inches. The 3-month drought period from December 2 to March 4 was broken by only one storm of 1.72 inches on January 25-26. This lack of rain has been a blessing and a curse to the emergency research program. It has given

us respite in which to install new studies, and it has permitted us to obtain more debris

production data in basins of limited capacity

than would have been possible under a normal rainfall pattern. On the other hand, there have not been any large storms to test erosion control measures and the broadcast

seeding has been severly blighted by drought. The planted barley is the outstanding

exception. It has grown vigorously and is producing healthy heads of grain. Rates of debris production from the fire-denuded

watersheds have been higher than ever recorded

for any similar sized storms. The first storm of the winter season with only 1.02 inches of rain on the small Bell watersheds,

produced more than twice the pre-flre mean

annual rate of debris from each of the watersheds. Debris production from Bell Watershed No. 1 during 4 storms, totaling

4.56 inches of rain, amounted to 12.14 cubic

yards per acre —10.3 times the pre-fire mean

annual rate

Researchers at San Dimas are presently seeking

a way of automating the analysis of precipitation data. Below is a brief description

of the method that we currently favor. We would appreciate your comments on it and any Information you might have on electronic

data processing of precipitation records. The basic idea is to define a surface of precipitation In a three dimensional space. These three dimensions (x,y,z) are the location (x,y) of the point samples and the depth of rain (z) caught at each location. The points in space defined in this manner

will serve to define a best fit precipitation

surface through polynomial regression techniques. The volume above a given watershed--

l.e., the volume bounded by the watershed

boundaries, the map plane, and the precipitation surface would by found by multiple

integration methods. The area of the watershed would also be foundd in this manner. The volume above the watershed divided by

the watershed area is the estimate of the mean

areal precipitation for that watershed. The

same techniques would be used for all watersheds of interest on the map plane and under

the precipitation surface. This method

would be simple if all watersheds were flat

as Is the map plane. Because they are not, variables expressing this deviation from a plane should be considered in the definition

of the precipitation surface. The precipitation falling at any given point is dependent on many factors. Those factors

that are meaningful and definable, such as elevation, rise, slope, and aspect as defined

by Burns as well as other factors that may

be Important, would be entered in the polynomial regression as independent variables

to define the precipitation surface, in this manner it is hoped that a better fit of the surface and thus a more reliable extimate

of areal mean precipitation will result. Secondly, it would provide a basus for estimating the reliability of a given raingage network density and a reasonable basis

for its reduction or expansion.

Chart readers are coming into use for pro- cessing streamflow data. At San Dimas we have been using a Gerber Digital X-Y chart reader connected to an IBM 026 key punch.

As a result of this experience we are

116

confident that the Gerber machine is a most economic tool for processing our data. The Gerber X-Y reader has a two-axis reading

system. This system consists of two basic

components: The "scanner" which is a motorized chart transport, and the "reading

head" which consists of two movable hairlines (one for X and one for Y) . The reading

head allows read-out of a three-digit

number with provision for a high order,

fixed digit controlled by a 10 position

switch for each axis. On each axis a zero setting may be made manually at any position

on the chart. A sequence control was pro- vided on the chart reader at our request

which assures operation with a fixed sequence

of reading: i.e., X,Y,X,Y. This eliminates

one form of operator error—namely, two readings from one axis. The system has proven to be easy to operate and versatile

In its application. We feel it is equal in quality to its much more expensive counterpart . We have been using a card format of four reading points per card. Each point consists

of an X and Y reading. To date we have read

43 station years of record with an average

of 1200 to 1300 cards (5,000 point readings) per station year. Each station year requires

about 20 hours reading time on the chart reader. This amounts to a reading cost (salaries) of about $45 per station year. The machine Is operated most of the time by GS-3 employees. An IBM 7090 computer program for reducing the data to instantaneous flows, mean daily flows, weekly flows, and monthly flows is in its last stages of de-bugging at this time. We plan to check

the results using this new system with

discharge that we had formerly computed

using a Bendix G-15 computer with hand- tabulated data. When that Is done we will

be able to provide you with information of the precision and general functioning of our streamflow data reduction system. One hundred and seventy, fixed-stage sus- pended sediment samplers were installed in the burned-over watersheds of the San Dimas

Experimental Forest as part of the emergency research program. All but 25 of these were patterned after the high-velocity sampler

shown in the October, 1957 USGS report by

J. C. Mundorff. In addition to these samplers storm duty crews took grab samples

during storm runoff. The fixed-stage sus- pended sediment samplers were In and oper- ating only for the last storm of the season. Due to the size of the storm only about 40

of the samplers had an opportunity to catch

a suspended sediment sample. Only 6 samples were actually large enough to be analyzed.

We are not satisfied that this sampler Is suitable in our very turbid streamflow. The apparent cause for the failure of the high

velocity sampler was the deposition of heavy

sediments in the S-curved section before they

entered the bottle. A secondary cause of failure was aggradation of the stream bottom

above the sampler's intake before a sample

could be obtained.

This summer we have been testing modifications

of the high velocity sampler and the swing

sampler developed by the Northeast Station.

We found that the swing sampler works very

well in our test flume. All of the samplers

captured considerably less than the total sediment load. The catch ranged between 20 and 40 percent of flows carrying from 100-

250 thousand parts per million (60 percent

sand). Our grab samples indicate that this

catch is a function of the stratum being

sampled, not the configuration of the samplers. The samples taken In the field averaged about 137,000 parts per million (range: 3,000-

401,000). Organic determinations were made

on 6 of these 41 samples: the mean organic matter was 11 percent. Five samples were

taken from a mud flow that preceded the peak

in Volfe Canyon. These samples ranged from
138,000 parts per million to 710,000 parts

per million with an average of 417,000 parts

per million. It's questionable whether this should be called suspended sediment but in all instances except the mud flow the fluid was behaving like water—very turbulent and traveling at velocities from 6 to 15 feet per second.

A study was undertaken to test several soil

stabilizing chemicals for possible use in the emergency research program on the San Dimas

Experimental Forest. We had planned to evaluate the ability of this treatment to reduce surface runoff and debris yield from

some of our small study watersheds, but the tests did not justify watershed application.

Nine chemicals were tested in the laboratory

to determine their soil binding qualities.

The products tested were: Formula -S developed at UCLA; Dupont's Elvanol; American

Bitumal's and Asphalt's SS-2; Douglas Oil's

SS-lj Douglas Oil's Docal 1002; Swift's

3876 SEC; Swift's Organic Base Size; Crown Zellerbach's Orzan A; and Crown Zellerbach's

Orzan S. Three chemicals ( Orzan S, Docal

1002, and Formula S) withstood the laboratory

rainfall tests and exhibited good soil binding qualities. We decided to test them

on field plots as a further measure of their

effectiveness in controlling erosion.

The three more promising chemicals were

sprayed on 6- x 40-foot plots on typically

steep, fire-denuded slopes. Plots were equipped with border strips, and a catchment

trough was installed at the bottom of each. Test runs on the treated plots and untreated

controls were replicated 4 times. "Rainfall"

was delivered to the plots through 3 sets

of 5 rotating agriculture sprinklers. Measurements were taken of "rainfall", surface runoff, time of occurrence, total debris and suspended sediment. The result

of the field tests indicated there was no significant difference between the treated

and untreated plots. The thin crust of soil and chemical binder decreased Infiltration

rates and in turn increased surface runoff

and debris production,

(h) "Research and a Land Management Model for Southern California Watersheds," by Walt Hopkins, Jay Bentley, and Ray Rice, Pacific

Southwest Forest and Range Experiment

Station, Misc. Paper No. 56, 12 pp., 1961. "Erosion From Mountain Side Slopes Following

Fire in Southern California," by Jay S. Krammes, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range

Experiment Station, Res. Note No. 171, 8 pp., 1960. "Saving Water Through Chemical Brush Control,"

by Robert A. Merriam, Jour. Soil and Water

Conserv., 16(2): 84-85, 1961. "The San Dlmas Large Lysimeters," by James

H. Patrlc, Jour. Soil and Water Conserv.,

16(1): 13-17, 1961. "Water Use by Brush, Grass and Grass-Forb

Vegetation," by P.B. Rowe and L.F. Reimann,

Jour, of Forestry, 59(3): 175-181, 1961.

"An IBM 704 Computer Program for Polynomial

Computed Points," by Sharon B. Roof and Clyde Shumway, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station Res. Note No. 183,

2 pp., 1961.

(2415) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, NORTHERN

CALIFORNIA.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. R. Keith Arnold, Director, Pacific South- west Forest and Range Experiment Station,

P. 0. Box 245, Berkeley 1, California.

(d) Experimental field investigations basic and applied research.

(e) The aim is to develop a hydrologic base for

land management decisions. The hydrologic

effects of wildfires, of attempts at con- version of brushlands to grass, and of logging and other land uses are to be evaluated. Present studies emphasize development of methods of management of high elevation

snowpacks for maximum control and yield of water. Major work center is in Berkeley with 18 studies being conducted throughout northern

California In the headwaters of the Kings,

American, Yuba, Truckee, and Feather rivers.

At the Teakettle watersheds in the headwaters

of the Kings River Basin, 5 small watersheds

are under calibration for evaluation of streamflow and sedimentation. In the Onion

Creek watersheds in the headwaters of the American River Basin, 5 streams are being

gaged and sediment measured. Snow accumulation and soil moisture are being measured

in logged and unlogged forest and in brush

areas, at both Onion Creek and Castle Creek. Castle Creek in the Yuba River Basin is being gaged, suspended sediment measured,

and basic snow physics studies are under way. Daily meteorological measurements are being

taken at 3 stations, and radiation and snow physics at the headquarters station. At Sagehen Creek in the Truckee River Basin,

sediment and streamflow and their effects

on fishlife are being studied in cooperation

with the Department of Zoology, University

of California. Also the effects of con- version of brushfields to forest are being

studied.

At Swain Mountain Experimental Forest in the Feather River Basin, snow and soil moisture

are being measured where forests were cut

in strips and blocks and where logging slash was treated and untreated. In all, snow accumulation is being measured at 91 special

snow courses, soil moisture at some 300

points.

(g) Present forest and other land conditions of the major river basins reaching up into

California's snow zone, will limit the possibilities of management of those watersheds for improved water yield. How much

of the snow zone area is subject to manage- ment for increased water yield? An inventory

of the forest and brush cover in the Sierra

west-side above 5,000 feet made by Richards

gives some indication. Amounts of moderate

and dense forest cover and brushlands are summarized by major river basins, arranged

in order from north to south, see table 1: Table 1

Drainage Basins Forested

Large

Brushfields

Percent Percent Feather River 2i £•/ Yuba River 22 39 American River 21 24 Mokelumne River 23 17 Stanislaus River 26 17 Tuolumne River 16 16 Merced River 23 16 San Joaquin River 28 15 Kings River 26 12 Kern River 39 9 Kaweah & Tule River 45 13 Average 25 17

We see that 42 percent of the high elevation

Sierra Nevada has vegetative cover which

might be subjected to management for improved water yield. Brushlands subject to management are greatest in the northern river

basins, forests in the southern basins. Bene- fits in terms of increased water yield may

result from harvesting of forest timber

crops; water benefits in brushland conversions may help pay for such conversion. In the headwaters of the American River streamflow

and sedimentation have been measured in five small watersheds for 3 years. Annual discharges in 1960 averaged some 42^ higher

than in 1959. Annual discharges for 1960,

together with the maximum discharge of the year, are given in table 2:

117
Table 2

Watershed

Drainage

Area

sq . ml

Maximum

Yearly

Discharge

cf s/sq.mi

Annual

Flow

1960 inches

Onion Cr. No.

No. No.

No.

No.

0.19

0.48

0.65

0.39 0.80

17

2716

43

25

20, 25.

23,

27, 21 Daily discharge records for the 5 watersheds

for the water year 1959 are published in USGS Water Supply paper No. 1635. Reservoir

sedimentation in the moderately low runoff

year of 1960 ranged from 0.010 to 0.027

AF/sq. mi. Streamflow and sedimentation were measured

in another set of 5 small watersheds in the southern Sierra Nevada. Peak discharges

between the watersheds were quite similar

to those in previous years. Maximum discharges and annual flow for 1960 are given

in table 3: Table 3

Watershed

Drainage

Area

sq. mi. Teakettle No.

No. No.

No.

No.

12A

23

7

7727

es 0.86

0.09

Maximum

Yearly

Discharge

cl's/sq.ml

94

3

4

6

Annual

Flow

I960 inches

8.1

6.0

5.9

7.6 8.9

area, an unlogged area, in a power line clearing, and in a brushfleld. The logging

was a commercial diameter-limit cut, in which all trees greater than 18 inches in diameter were removed. Comparisons of snow accumulation and melt of the cut and uncut old-growth red fir forest at an elevation of 7,000 feet for different dates from December, 1960 to May, 1961 are shown in table 4: Table 4 Water Equivalent - Inches Treatment Dec. 22 Jan 12 Feb '2'8' Apr 5 May 2 Forest Cut 12.3 11 8 17 2 20 7 12.3 Forest uncut 8.8 8 4 9 8 12 9 9.0 Difference 3.5 3 4 7 4 7 e 3.3

Sediment deposition for the watersheds was very low In 1960, ranging from zero to 0.07 AF/sq. mi. Snow density profiles were measured using

the radioactive gamma and neutron probes in the Sierra Nevada. First indications are highly encouraging in the range of snow density of 17 to 45 percent. In this range, the gamma probe as compared with standard SIPRE tubes, shows approximate linear

relationship, with a standard error of estimate of about 5 percent density. Use of the neutron probe shows much greater dispersion than the gamma probe results, but neutron tube results may be useful in appraising high density snow, where gamma

probe results are not linear.

Radiation measurements in forest stands

have been made possible by a newly designed

"dirt cheap" radiometer, designed and furnished us by the Rocky Mountain Forest

and Range Experiment Station. These radio-

• meters were calibrated against the BeckmanWhltley net allwave and incoming allwave

radiometers. For one-half hour readings, the correspondence is very good, linear with

nearly zero intercept through the range of -0.05 to 0.40 langleys per minute. Standard

error of estimate is approximately 0.03 langleys per minute for 30-minute readings.

The reliability of precipitation measurements, ranging from hourly measurements in intensity gages to season-long storage and high elevation storage type gages, was explored. Court found as much as 30 percent

variation in hourly precipitation in gages located only a few feet apart. In another

study snow storage-gage measurements were compared with snow-course measurements and with aerial determinations of snow cover in the Kings River basin. Indications were

that snow storage-gage measurements frequently

give rather poor measure of the total pre- cipitation in the area and that one could

not infer the volume of water stored as snow from snow-course measurements alone. Summer soil moisture losses and snow accumu- lation and melt were measured in a logged

Again in 1961 as in 1958 through 1960 there was more water left at the time of maximum

pack in the cut forest than in the uncut. This year the difference was about 8 Inches

more; in other years the differences have ranged from 7 to 10 inches. Snow melt in the cut area was again faster so there were only three inches more water in the cut forest later in the spring. If the more rapid melt in the cut forest continued, the

last srow would be found in the uncut forest. To serve as a contrast to the commercial

diameter-limit cutting method, two transects

were established across a power line clearing. The clearing runs in an east-west direction on a 20 percent north slope, at an elevation of 6,850 feet. The clearing

width was 200 feet, or about 2 times the height of the adjacent old-growth red fir

trees. Four conditions are compared: 1) a 125-foot wide strip of the forest margin

to the south, 2) a part of the strip 100 feet wide, which had been cleared some time ago and now has a young stand of pine

reproduction approximately 8 feet tall (35 years old), 3) a contiguous strip cleared

20 years ago which now has no trees, and

4) the old-growth forest on the north margin

of the power line clearing. Mean snow water- content at four times during the winter of 1960 (average for ten points each), is given

in table 5: Table 5 Snow hater In che s Condition Jan. 20 Mar. 13 A [ i n May 2 June /

South, Forest 8.0 11.4 11 9 9.5 1.0 South Cut with Saplings 14.6 23.3 25 4 21.2 0 North, Clear

Cut 14.0 21.5 19 0 16.0 0 North, Forest 6.2 9.6 8 6 e. 7 0 The windward (south) margin of the forest

had more snow than the opposite side, 3 inches more at maximum pack. Snow in the

cut strip was about 12 inches greater than

in the average of the forest adjacent, with

the most snow being at the south margin of the strip. The slowest snowmelt was in the forest, and the last water was left in the forest near the south margin. Snow accumulation and melt during the winter

of 1961 at the Onion Creek brush plots

(elevation 6,800 feet) are summarized in table 6: Table 6

Site Water Equivalent - Inches

Block C, level Block D, 24% W ridge

slope

Block E, 21% SE slope

Average

Dec. 13 Jan. 9 Feb. 28 10.4 10.0 12.2

9.6 6.8 4.3 6.8 9.0 7.4

9.6 8.6 8.0

118
Site Water Equivalent - Inches

Mar

zo Apr . 9" May 2 31ock C, level ridge 13.6 8.8 2.4 Block D, 24% W slope 8.8 1.7 0 Block E, 21% SE slope 12.6 6^6 0 Average 11.7 5.7 0.8 Again this year the west exposure had con- siderably less snow than either the level area or the southeast exposure. Mid-winter

melt occurred on the sloping courses. Spring melt was slowest on the level area, next on the southeast slope, and greatest

on the west slope. Summer water losses in the commercial

diameter-limit cutting (cut in 1957) were again compared with those in the uncut

forest. Three-year summary of soil-moisture

deficit and summer precipitation is:

July-October

Precipitation(P

)

October soilmoisture deficit

(SM) --Unlogged

October soilmoisture deficit

(SM) —Logged

Difference

1958 1959 196

- - inches - -

6.0 3.5 1.6

.4 9.0 10.0

7.5 8.2 9.4 0.9 0.8 0.6

For both 1960 and 1961 fche data were adjusted to a common elevation, 7 ; 000 feet, by adding

1.2 inches for each 100 feet that the course

was higher than 7,000 feet in elevation. The elevation of each course is given so these adjustments may be eliminated as needed in some analyses. With these adjustments, we feel that the effects of slope, aspect, and forest conditions on snowpack can be directly

compared in table 7

Table 7 Snow Water, April 1, 196<T Topography In Opening

In Surrounding

Forest Average

- INCHES - - North Slopes 36.9 27.8 32..4 West Slopes 32.1 29.2 30..6 Level 32.6 28.3 30..4 East Slopes 32.2 24.7 28,.4 South Slopes 26.3 22.0 24.,2

Summer precipitation was about 40 percent

effective In reducing soil-moisture deficit. For the unlogged forest the relation is: SM = 10.7/P. 137 (for 1.5 P 6.1). The

difference In losses between logged and unlogged sites may be partly caused by

precipitation differences and partly by root regrowth from I9b8 to i960; the two effects

are compounded in these data.

A study plan was completed outlining the procedure for evaluating the amounts and timing of delivery of water from various

topograpnlc and forest conditions of wildiana watersneds in the nortnern part of tne

state. An exploratory stuay was made by

Court, seeKing methods oi expressing streamflow and its variability. Court studied the relationship of the first ano third quartiies

of the annual flow tne maximum flow oates in different years and watersneds. He called

the number of days between the first and third quartile flow dates, the half-flow

Interval . The maximum flow date showed much more variability than the half-flow dates

in four southern Sierra watersheds, and the half-flow interval was surprisingly similar

for the various basins, being in the neighborhood of 40 days. Court says, "This Indicates that as much water comes down these streams during a peak 40-day period as flows during the entire rest of the year." For

the years with the greater streamflow, more streamflow comes later; for example, years when the streamflow was 100 percent greater

than average, the half-flow date was delayed

17 days. Court concludes: "Whether the half-flow date is the best or even a good

criteria for use in analysis of streamflow

timing can be determined only by further

investigation.

Two more years of snow measurements from 90 to 104 sites have been summarized to give

the maximum snowpack water for each year for different slopes, forest openings of different

sizes, and forests of different densities.

The data have been adjusted to give estimated

snow water near the maximum pack—April 1, 1960 and near April 1, 1961. The adjustment

was accomplished by using a degree-day factor

for each course or part of course and extra- polating backward to the day of maximum pack.

Openings had from 3 to 9 inches more water

than the surrounding forest at the time of maximum pack. In 1960 the difference between north and south slopes was 8.2 inches as compared to 9.2 inches in 1958 and 1959. The trapping of cold air at the downhill

margin of forest openings again appears to be an important mechanism in delaying winter

snowmelt. The downhill sides of forest openings always contain more snow than the uphill side of the same opening. West made

a detailed study of four courses selected because of the expected lmpervlousness of the lower opening boundary. The opening sizes were all small, from one-half to one times

the tree heights across. For three years,

1958, 1959, and 1960 at the time of maximum

snowpack accumulation, the lower part of the forest opening had more snow than the upper

part of the same opening: North slopes from

3.0 to 4.0 inches more, south slopes from

3.4 to 9.1 inches more, east slopes from

4.8 to 7.0 more, and west slopes from 9.0 to 13.1 more. West examined other possible

mechanisms than cold air drainages in effect- ing these differences, but concluded, "Cold air drainage ... seems to have the most effect

on snowpack, causing the accumulation to be greatest in the downslope segments of forest

openings." A simple test, using snow courses on slopes of east and west aspect, showed greater "cold air effects" on steeper slopes, those of 30 percent, than on those of 15 percent. To study further the effect of cold air barriers in snow accumulation and

melt, we have started a study of barriers

using paper dams to trap cold air. Faper

dams from 3 to 12 feet high were installed across the lower edge or on contour at intervals within five forest openings. Only

part-year records were obtained this first

year; the data have not yet been analyzed.

Streamflow and suspended sediment were again

measured in the Castle Creek watershed, a portion of which was logged in 1958. Analysis of data Indicates about 1.75 inches increase

in water yield from the entire basin, or the equivalent of about 7.0 inches from the logged area. Suspended sediment again

decreased this third (1961) season. Because

no high flows occurred in this very low runoff year, no attempt was made to calculate the average sediment production under average streamflow conditions; however, sediment

concentration for similar stramflow classes can be compared in table 8: Table 8 Suspended Sediment Concentration

for Streamflow Discharge Classes

15-54' cfs—bb-/9 ci's Before logging, 1957-58

1st year after logging, 1958-59

ppm

5

10

ppm

20 190

119
15-54 cfs 55-79 cfs ppm ppm

2nd year after logging, 1959-60 15 90 3rd year after logging, 1960-61 10 45

The rate at which the concentration of sediment is decreasing in the higher discharge classes appears significant; note

that the second and third year after logging

in each case the sediment concentration in that class was about 1/2 of the previous

year's concentration.

An evaluation of summer evapotranspiratlon in relation to forest sites has been made. In summer the depletion of soil moisture from

forest, shrub, and bare sites has been shown

to be related to the saturation vapor

pressure deficit (VPD) and the day-length

(DL) . When soil moisture depletion in the years 1958 and 1959 was plotted against the accumulation of this index (VPD x DL) , a single rate coefficient was found to fit the exponential curves for both years of the

study. It was found that there appeared to be a linear relationship between the rate of evapotranspiratlon from forest sites and the level of soil moisture. At red fir forest

and Lytton soil series sites, summer soil moisture deficits established in the period

June to November, 1959, were as follows:

2 inches per foot for the top 5 feet, 1.7 inches per foot for the 6- and 7-foot, and

1.1 inch per foot for the 8- and 9-foot soil

depths. By using the soil moisture deficits

obtained, the summer rainfall loss, and the distribution of soil depths obtained from

some 535 sampling points in the Central

Sierra, we may estimate the average soil depths, summer deficits, and total summer

losses. Average soil depth was 43 inches. Summer soil moisture deficit at the end of September, 1959, averaged 6.6 inches; October to November, 1959, losses averaged

an additional 0.4 inches; and total summer water loss, including 3 inches of summer rainfall, averaged 10.0 inches. These data

apply to forest, brush, and herbaceous sites

generally, and take no account of the some

27 percent of bare ground and rock in the

area. Snow accumulation and melt data from a strip

cut in the forest, under three systems of logging slash disposal, and from adjacent

non-cut forest have been summarized. Snow course measurement dates in the years 1958 through 1961 were selected such that the amount of snow in the "control courses" was approximately equal. Snow water in the old-growth red fir forest on both sides of the 5-chain wide strip was compared with the snow in the cut strip (slash had been removed

by dozing and burning) . Before cutting the

strip, the snow in that area was about 1 inch less than in the other part of the forest; after cutting the strip, snow in the

cut strip was from 8 to 15 inches greater than

the snow in the adjacent forest. For this

strip, cut in a southeast-northwest direction,

the snow in the southwest margin of the forest was from about 1-1/2 to 6 inches greater

than in the northeast margin, (see table 9). Table 9 Average Snow Water - Inches Snow Course 2-6-58 4-2-59 3-7-60 3-31-61

SW Forest Margin

(4 points) 14 4 13.4 17 0 14 5 Cut Strip

(7 points) 13 9 22.0 24 0 28 6 NW Forest Margin

(4 points) 16 0 7.0 15 2 13 0 Control

(15 points) 20 0 16.3 20 8 20 3

Other differences in snow accumulation were related to how the slash in the cut openings

was treated. At the time of maximum snow- pack in 1960 and 1961, the differences

between the different slash treatments

ranged from about 1 to 5 inches, the area in which slash had been piled and burned having

the most snow. Differences in snow water

left late in the spring were as much as 5 Inches; again the piled and burned area had

the most snow. The data on snow at maximum

accumulation and late season snow are given

in table 10: Table 10 Average Snow Water hiqulvaLent

Logging Slash Inches Treatment 3-7-60 4-29-60 5-Sl-bl b-l-bl

~

Piled and burned 24.0 13.2 28.6 21.0 Lopped to 18 inches - 11.4 25.8 16.2 Left as it fell 19.0 8.5 27.9 Examination of the mass of data indicates

that the different treatments of slash had their effect only in early winter and in late spring when snowpacks were shallow. For example, in 1961, March accumulation was identical in all three treatments—8.3 inches of water. However, the large differences in 1960 developed early in the year apparently because or the low snowraii as compared with l9bi —about 3 to 4 inches in the opening on January 5, 19bO, as con- trasted with lu to ib inches in the opening

on January 4, 1961. We would conclude that during those periods when snow cover on the ground is shallow, slash on the ground

accelerates melt.

In a study of sediment sources and sedimentation causes in northern California, some quantitative relationships between soil erodibility and soil forming variables have been found. The general model being examined

Is: sediment production = f (meteorological

causes, terrain and land use modifiers, and inherent erodibility of the soil). The specific model of soil erodibility is: soil erodibility = f (geologic rock type,

vegetation cover type, elevation, and geo- graphic zone). We used 8 geologic types,

3 vegetation types, 4 elevations, 3 zones and the interactions of geology times zone and geology times vegetation; in all, 67 constants were fitted by regression analysis.

Geologic type was significant at the 0.5 percent level, vegetation at the 5 percent, and the geology times zone and geology times

vegetation at the 10 percent level. The relative soil erodibility associated with

soils developed on the various geologic rock

types is shown below (considering the surface- aggregation ratio (S/A) as the index of erodibility and assigning acid igneous rock

an erodibility of 1.00):

Relative

Rock Type Soil Erodibility

Acid Igneous 1.00 Alluvium 0.95 Schist 0.83

Soft Sediments 0.57 Hard Sediments 0.50 Basic Igneous 0.43 Other Metamorphics 0.40 These relative erodibilities agree quite

closely with those found for the same rock

types in western Oregon. Regarding surface- aggregation ratio, will improvement in the estimation of the ratio be obtained by analysis of chemical characteristics of the soil colloids? In a study by Wallis and Stevan

the amount of calcium and magnesium absorbed

on the clays was found related to the surface -aggregation ratio. Would a combination of chemical characteristics and soil 120
forming factors give even better prediction

of erodibility? For a selected sample of

20 soils we tested the combination: (1) surface-aggregation ratio (s/a) as computed

from the soil forming factors, and (2) the calcium plus magnesium, expressed as milliequlvalents per hundred grams of soil. This prediction equation was obtained:

S/A = 156.4 + 1.06 (s/a) - 17.11 x (Ca+ Mg)

2 + 0.4 x (Ca+ Mg ) . The t's were all significant. The addition

of the soil forming factors of geology,

vegetation type, elevation, and zone improved

the explained variance obtained by Wallis

and Stevan by 30 percent (from 0.48 to 0.63).

The time since logging is being studied as a factor in determining the summer water losses. Seven new sites have been selected which

range in time since logging from 1 to 12 years. Soil moisture samples have been

taken at points starting within the unlogged

area and transecting the logged area. The

summer water losses associated with the remaining trees extended only about 1/8

the tree height into the cut area the first year after the cut. The roots of the trees

at the margin of the opening gradually

reached into the opening and their effect

eventually reached a distance equal to 1/4 to 1/2 the height of the trees,

(h) "Proposed Program for Watershed Management

Research in the Lower Conifer Zone of California," by H.W. Anderson, Pacific South- west Forest and Range Experiment Station

Tech. Paper No. 46, 21 pp., 1960. "Prospects for Affecting the Quantity and Timing of Water Yield Through Snowpack

Management in California," by H.W. Anderson,

28th Ann. Proc. Western Snow Conference,

pp. 44-50, 1960.

"A Hemispherical Forest Photocanopymeter,

by Frank G. Clark, Jour, of Forestry, 59(2):

103-105, 1961. "Reliability of Hourly Precipitation Data,"

by Arnold Court, Jour-. Geophys. Res., 65(12):

4017-4024, 1960. "Floating Trashbar for V-notch Weirs," by

Clark H. Gleason, Jour. Soil and Water

Conserv., 16(1): 35-36, 1961. "Watershed Management ... an Annotated Bibligraphy of Erosion, Streamflow, and Water

Yield Publications from the Pacific South- west Forest and Range Experiment Station...

Supplement No. 1," by Clark H. Gleason,

Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment

Station Tech. Paper No. 53, 15 pp., 1960. "Folklore About Snowfall Interception," by

David H. Miller, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 5 pp., proc,

April 1961. "Terrain Features of Drainage Basins of Sierra Nevada West-Side Snow Zone," by

Lucille G. Richards, Pacific Forest and Range Experiment Station Tech. Paper No. 58, 11 pp., May 1961. "Erodibility of Some California Wildland

Soils Related to Their Metallic Cation

Exchange Capacity," by James R. Wallis, Jour. Geophys. Res. 66(4): 1225-1230, 1961. "Cold Air Drainage in Forest Openings," by

Allan J. West, Pacific Southwest Forest and

Range Experiment Station Res. Note No. 180,

5 pp., April 1961.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. Raymond Price, Director, Rocky

Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Room

221 Forestry Building, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(377) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FRASER

HYDROLOGIC LABORATORY.

(b) Laboratory project.

id) Field Investigations; applied research.

(e) To determine Influence of lodgepole pine and spruce-fir forests and of the management

of these forests for wood products on factors associated with the yield of water,

largely from stored snow. The purpose is to solve problems in the management of forested watersheds of the high altitude

zone of the Rocky Mountains for maximum

yields of usable water.

(g) The estimated increase in water yield from

the Fool Creek watershed due to timber

harvesting has been: Year Acre-feet

1956 254 1957 200 1958 125 1959 186 1960 226 1961 120

(h) "Management of Alpine and Subalpine

Mountainous Area for Water Yield," by L.D. Love, New Mexico Annual Water Conference.

Proc. 5: 39-44, illus. (Processed).

(657) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, TEMPE, ARIZONA.

(bj Laboratory project.

(dl Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) To study the disposition of rainfall as influenced by watershed vegetation; to determine the influence of various types of forest and grassland vegetation as well as vegetation modified by cultural treatment

such as grazing and timber harvest, on streamflow, water use, water loss, and erosion and sediment yield; and to determine

for phreatophytic vegetation (water-loving

plants) the amount of water used, methods

for reducing water use by phreatophytes or for replacing them with more useful plants; and for mixed conifer and chaparral types

of vegetation to determine the hydrologic

characteristics of natural watersheds and

the effect of cover modification uponi water

yields, soil stability and other resource

values. At Sierra Ancha Experimental

Watersheds in central Arizona, rainfall,

runoff, and erosion are measured on three watersheds in the pine-fir vegetation type

at high elevation, on two watersheds in the ponderosa-chaparral type, and from four watersheds in the grassland-chaparral type

at intermediate elevations, and on nine

small watersheds in the semidesert-chaparral

type at low elevations. Water use by

different types of plants in various soils

is studied on eleven large lysimeters.

Three watersheds have also been established

In the pure ponderosa pine type and two in the mixed conifer type to test the effects

of logging practices upon water yield and

soil stability. Gaging stations for four watersheds in the pure chaparral type are also available to evaluate watershed-game

interrelations. One cluster of two watersheds and another cluster of three watersheds

are available for testing the effect of manipulating chaparral cover. Supplemental

studies are determining the proper use of chemicals, fire, and mechanical treatment for manipulating shrubs in the type

Interception, moisture use, and factors affecting water yield are being tested in Utah and alligator juniper forests on the Beaver Creek Project, south of Flagstaff,

Arizona.

Ecology of Tamarlx pentandra and other phreatophytes is under investigation. Germi- nation, seedling survival, and rate of spread

studies were continued. A field apparatus

employing the infrared analyzer for detecting

moisture has been used for detailed measurements of evapotransplration of phreatophytes.

121
In pine-fir forests streamflow peaks tended

to occur when south slopes were almost bare and when north slopes were about half

covered with snow. Timing of peak discharge

was related to elevations. In domlnately

grassland areas, surface runoff lasted less than 2 months although relatively high peak

discharges occurred on these areas.

On grass, aspen, and mixed conifer plots,

soil moisture measurement from 1/2 to 9 feet deep for April to September indicated water

use as follows: 12.5 inches for grass, 20.6 inches for aspen, and 15.5 inches for mixed conifer. Summer precipitation was 5.9 inches. The presence of free water under

grass and aspen probably indicates water loss from this water moving out into an underground source as well as use by plants.

On dense, mixed oak chaparral watersheds, 23 months, after wildfire, annual and perennial

herbs were distributed with about equal

frequency. No difference in percent of plots

dominated by all perennials vs. all annuals

was associated with exposure. Cover change on a chaparral watershed is reflected in duration and volume of streamflow. Precipitation and streamflow on watershed D at 3-Bar, Arizona, was as follows:

Water year - 1957 Water year - 1960*

Runoff

2.34 12.85

Precipitation

24.71 31.78

* First full year after cover change by wildfire. An instrument for determining relative sap velocity of trees in their natural environ- ment is being field-tested in the pinyonjuniper type. The instrument has performed

well and has been used to investigate

diurnal trends, variability within and between trees, and responses to environmental

factors

Drying of tamarisk stem cuttings reduced its sprouting ability. Loss of sprouting ability

after drying is greatest when the stems have

the most moisture. In June, stems have

reached their maximum moisture and are most susceptible to kill by drying. Dry stems collected in November and December retain

much of their ability to sprout even after

losing 30 percent of the stem moisture.

"Salt Secretion by Tamaris Pentandra Poll,"

by John P. Decker, Forest Science 7: 214-217,

illus.

"Nitrogen Aids Plant Growth on Arizona Soils

Derived from Granite and Diabase," by Howard

C. Gary and Lowell R. Rich, Research Note 57,

2 pp., (Processed).

"Ecology of Saltcedar," in Watershed and Related Management Problems, by J. S. Horton,

Arizona Water Res. Comm. and Arizona State Land Dept. Proc . 4: 19-21, 1960, illus.,

(Processed)

"Vegetation Management for Water Yield in the Southwest," by Hudson G. Reynolds, New Mexico

Annual Water Conference, Proc. 5: 21-33,

illus., (Processed).

"Some Hydrologic Influences of Cabling

Juniper," by C. M. Skau, Research Note 62,

2 pp., (Processed).

(h)

(1969)

(b)

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALBUQUERQUE,

NEW MEXICO. Laboratory project. Some work in cooperation

with Bureau of Land Management and Geological

Survey.

Applied research.

Evaluation of range-watershed conditions on small watersheds in the San Luis drainage

of the Rio Puerco. Three contiguous watersheds, ranging from 338 to 555 acres located

about 8 miles north of the San Luis community

and west of the Rio Puerco main channel provide the study area. Water and sediment

Inflow are measured In small reservoirs formed

by earthen dams. Precipitation rates and

amounts of vegetation changes are periodically

measured over the watersheds. Six years of data have been collected under cattle grazing during a 5-1/2 month overwinter

period (November 1 to April 30). Soil

elevation measurements have been obtained

on the three watersheds for purposes of determining soil losses from the alluvial

soils. Rising stage sediment samplers have been installed on the three watersheds.

Evaluation of soil pitting (Calkins pltter)

on surface runoff, erosion and vegetation.

Surface runoff plots (20), 10' by 30', are installed on 3 slope aspects, representing

different soil conditions, in the Rio Jemez

drainage. Precipitation, runoff, sediment

and changes in vegetation are measured.

Evaluation of soil ripping (Jayhawker) on surface runoff erosion and vegetation.

Surface runoff plots (62), 10' by 30', are installed on a north and south aspect and upper and lower slopes representing different

soil conditions in the Rio Jemez drainage.

Seeding grass (alkali sacaton) and browse

(chamlza) and protection from livestock and rabbits is also evaluated. Precipitation,

runoff, sediment, and changes in vegetation

are measured. To obtain: 1) Preliminary information on streamflow characteristics for correlation

with snowpack ablation and summer rainfall;

2) information on relative water yields from

several vegetation zones in high altitude

watersheds in New Mexico; 3) information on the amount and occurrence of precipitation

received in study areas; and 4) information

on the range of flows to be expected so that suitable equipment can be designed and installed for more permanent stream gaging.

(g) Grazing use by cattle has averaged %1% on the key species alkali sacaton and only 40$

on the less preferred galleta species.

Fencing and variation in class of cattle ha\e had a pronounced effect on the grazing

pattern.

Reduction in surface runoff caused by pitting

during the first rainy season averaged 10^

and 26$ for the south and north exposures, respectively.

Soil ripping with the Jayhawker resulted in about SQ% reduction in surface runoff during

the first rainy season. Portable waterstage recorders and crest gages have been placed on selected streams at culvert locations. Precipitation storage gages are located on the selected experimental watersheds in the Sangre de Cristo

range in New Mexico.

(h) "The Rio Puerco —Past, Present, and Future,"

by E. J, Dortignac, New Mexico Water Conference. Proc. 5: 45-51, illus.,

(Processed)

(2658) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, RAPID CITY, SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) Study of basic soil-water relationships under ponderosa pine to determine how thinning of dense stands influences water use. Runoff and soil erosion from plots on the September 1959 Deadwood Burn in relation to development and re-establishment of seeded and native plant cover. Development of a diversion type sampler for measurement of sediment and runoff in small streams

Measurement of runoff from plots on grazed

and protected Kentucky bluegrass range to obtain information that can be used as a management tool

(g) In each of two dry years following a year of above average precipitation (average annual precipitation is approximately 21 Inches)

thinned ponderosa pine of post-pole size used more moisture than unthinned pine. In both dry years, both the thinned and unthinned

pine used all incoming moisture. The thinned

122
(g)

pine also used some holdover soil moisture

from the wet year while there was no holdover

moisture available under unthinned pine.

Difference in moisture use during the second

of the two dry years was less than in the first due to partial depletion of stored

soil moisture under the thinned pine.

Plots on the 1959 Deadwood Burn have pro- duced more runoff from snowmelt on frozen

ground than summer storm runoff. Summer

storm runoff has been universally proportional

to plant cover. Snowmelt runoff has depended

primarily on amount of snow accumulation}

plant cover apparently having had little effect

on amount of runoff

"Annual Report for 1961, Rocky Mountain Forest

and Range Experiment Station," U.S. Forest

Service, Fort Collins, Colo. (h)

(2913) BEAVER CREEK WATERSHED PROJECT.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Coconino

National Forest, Flagstaff, Arizona. (3895)

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Calibration of 12 small watersheds, 6 in ponderosa pine type, 3 in alligator Juniper (b) type, and 3 in Utah Juniper type. A newly ?d) designed modified trapezoidal Venturl flume (e) is being used to measure discharge from these

steep ephemeral streams. Precipitation

measurements are being taken. Also, calibration of 2 large watersheds in the pon- derosa pine type. A newly designed stream

gage is being used on these watersheds. It consists of a 15 foot wide concrete slab with a 6 inch lip on the downstream edge.

The slab Is used for metering and the lip creates a shallow impoundment which permits

metering low flows. The entire structure

has the shape of a shallow V with 1:5 slope

at the center and 1:10 slope on the sides,

(g) Based on 3 years' data: Streamflow from the Utah Juniper type (5,500' elev.) averaged (g) .70 area inch: in the alligator Juniper type

(6,000' elev.) streamflow averaged 3.00 area

Inches; in the ponderosa pine type (7,200'

elev.) streamflow averaged 4.00 area inches.

(3569) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, LARAMIE, WYOMING.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The objectives of the study are to determine

the effects of big sagebrush on total runoff

from snowmelt, snow accumulation and storage

pattern. Three high elevation sagebrush

watersheds, 60 to 106 acres, in western Wyoming provide the study area. V-notch weirs

gage the runoff, and suspended sediment

samples are taken periodically. Snowpack Is (o896)

sampled along permanent transects and at random points. Precipitation is sampled by

a network of recording and non-recording

gages. Study to evaluate the comparative efficiencies,

in terms of water stored in accumulated snow, of tandem 4-foot slatted snow-fences erected

at three different spacing Intervals on open windswept slopes in southeast Wyoming.

The objective of this study is to determine

the soil moisture withdrawal pattern under

natural stands of big sagebrush, and the effect of sagebrush eradication on moisture

withdrawal. Four 0.1 acre plots on an east

and a west exposure have been established

within high elevation sagebrush type in western Wyoming. Sagebrush on two of the plots on each exposure will be eradicated by

spraying. Gravimetric soil samples are taken periodically to trace the soil moisture

withdrawal under each condition,

(g) Total runoff from the experimental drainages

declined from 1.33 inches in 1960 to 0.97 inches during 1961. Conversely, maximum

instantaneous peak flows Increased from 1.9 (g) c.f.s. to 2.5 c.f.s., accompanied by an increase in maximum suspended sediment load

of from 53 ppm in 1960 to 476 ppm in 1961.

During the winter of 1960-61, fences arranged in tandem at 325 feet Intervals

accumulated 110 cubic feet of water held as snow per lineal foot of fence. Fences arranged at spaclngs of 17 5 and 250 feet accumulated 75-78 percent of this amount. Studies during the winter of 1961-62 will

be limited to larger scale field trials of 325 foot spacing.

During 1960 natural stands of big sagebrush

withdrew 8.49 inches of soil moisture on the east exposure and 6.88 inches on the west

exposure. During 1961, on east exposures,

sprayed stands withdrew 9.32 inches while

untreated stands withdrew 7.71 Inches. On

west exposures, sprayed and unsprayed stands withdrew similar amounts.

"Some Influence of Timber Cutting on Snow Accumulation in the Colorado Front Range,"

by Herbert W. Berndt, Research Note 58,

3 pp., illus., (Processed). WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALPINE HYDROLOGIC LABORATORY. Laboratory project.

Field investigations; basic research.

The purpose is: 1) To correlate snowdrift

intensity with meteorological and terrain

features; 2) to measure the amount and vertical distribution of snow carried by the wind in an area of moderately rough terrain;

3) To determine important features associated

with the deposition of snow; 4) to determine

the effect of slat and wire fencing on the accumulation of snow in selected natural

catchments in the alpine portion of Loveland

Basin, Colorado, and to test the relative

effectiveness of this type of fence at two locations in the same general area; and

5) to test several types of wind barriers

in alpine conditions.

One year's data have been taken on the effect

of slat and wire snowfenclng on the accumulation of snow in selected natural

alpine catchments. Catchments that were alternately fenced and unfencea at intervals

during the winter, showed an increase in snow accumulation. Other catchments that had 8-reet tali fences on thin upwind edge for the entire winter season gave mixed

results. Two or these showed small gains

due to the fences ana one showed a definite

decrea.be in snow accumulation as tne resun,

or the rence. Positive lence errect was concentrated in an area 8-ll h behind the fence (when n = height oi fence). Beyond

this distance snow accumulation was less than normal

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FORT COLLINS, COLORADO

Laboratory project.

Field investigations; applied research. Research to find the most suitable plants for establishment on difficult and badly eroding

sites, the best methods of establishing

them on various sites, and the influences of mechanical watershed rehabilitation measures

on the micro-climate and other site factors

in the southern Rocky Mountains.

To determine the effect of range conditions

and related factors on sediment production

and runoff on three mountain grassland

watersheds in western Colorado. Range con- dition is being measured by means of 20 or more 3- step transects on each watershed. Ninety degree V-notch weirs are used to gage

the watersheds which vary in size from 86 to

272 acres. Water samples are taken several times dally during snowmelt and periods of storm runoff for determination of suspended

sediment; bedload is measured in the weir

ponds

The moist and cool 1961 growing season on the Eastern Slope of the Colorado Front Range

has made this a favorable year for initial

testing of plant species for erosion control.

123
Species showing the greatest promise for survival, growth, vigor, freedom from insect,

disease, rodent and mechanical damage were: Prunus besseyi, Rosa laxa x rubifolia, and Eleagnus commutata, Brassica nigra, Vicia

vlllosa, Melllotus alba var. Evergreen and Melilotus officinalis. Continued measure- ments are necessary to fully evaluate these species under different growing conditions.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.

(380) WATER RESOURCE AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

RESEARCH.

(b) Laboratory project. For general public use and information.

(c) Mr. J. F. Pechanec, Director, Southeastern

Forest Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service,

P.O. Box 2570, Ashevllle, N.C.

(d) General investigations of forest influences

in the southeastern United States, with

primary emphasis on fundamental hydrologic

research on watershed processes and related

application in watershed management

(e) Basic research Into forest hydrologic pro- cesses from the precipitation of water over

an area until it leaves the watershed as streamflow or evapotranspiration . Demonststrations of several cover types and land management practices and their effect upon water yield, quality and flow characteristics.

Development of watershed management methods

pertinent to the region and cooperative

trials and demonstrations of these methods. Most of the experimental and hydrologic

data are collected on the 5600-acre Coweeta

Hydrologic Laboratory, located in the zone

of maximum precipitation for the eastern United States (Nantahala Range of the southern Applachians) . Nineteen individual and

two multiple watersheds are currently active

and provide the locale for the experimental

program, along with an additional 12 standby

watersheds whose streamflow has been gaged

for over 25 years. Over 650 cumulative

years of streamflow records are available for drainages ranging from 4 acres to 8 square

miles. One F-P analog-to-digital water level recorder Is in service; all other active weirs

are serviced by chart-trace recorders. The Laboratory has 10 recording and 76 non- recording (standard) rain gages, 8 recording

hygrothermographs, 12 recording soil or water thermographs, 1 metering anemometer,

2 recording anemometers and wind vanes, atmometers, 1 evaporation pan and 2 recording

pyrheliometers . Occasional water samples are collected from selected watersheds for quality

analysis on a storm period basis. Soil

moisture is measured in the field with

tenslometers and 2 neutron scattering devices

servicing a network of 61 access tubes. A small laboratory equipped for soil physical

analysis and instrument repair is on the area. Data reduction from chart trace to punched

card is accomplished locally through an Oscar-K chart reader. Basic research in plant-soil-moisture relations

in the piedmont, supplementing the work at Coweeta, is emphasized at the Union Research

Center. Current soil moisture studies include

development of field measurement techniques

for moisture investigations by the neutron

method, comparative water use requirements

of cover types, moisture recharge and depletion

investigations, and depth of moisture withdrawal by representative cover types.

Secondary studies deal with hydrologic pro- perties of forest soils. The center has laboratory facilities for analysis of foliage

and physical and chemical properltes of soils,

a portable neutron scattering device for measuring soil moisture, 4 gaged watersheds,

three recording and 7 standard rain gages, one recording ground water well, and a standard

Weather Bureau weather station. All projects are to be carried to completion

through analysis of data, preparation of reports and publication of technical articles. Research studies (Coweeta and Union)

include: 1) Evapotranspiration from forest

land, hydrologic effects of reducing basal

area. 2) evapotranspiration and water yield

from different types of forest cover; 3) study of the soil-water balance as related

to recharge, drainage and evapotranspiration;

4) studies of source, volume and timing of stormflow from small watersheds; 5) studies

of energy balance, precipitation and evapotranspiration on slopes and how modified by cover and physiography; 6) recharge,

drainage, storage, and depletion of soil moisture in relation to vegetative cover and other environmental factors; 7) soil moisture

depletion by drainage and transpiration from plots of forest soil covered with plastic

film; 8) internal water balance of forest trees under natural and Induced drought

conditions; and 9) relation of the amount

of forest litter on the ground to Inter- ception of rainfall.

(g) Early demonstrations of good and poor watershed management practices and necessary

rehabilitation methods have been of great

educational value to the public and have helped document recommendations for proper

land practices on public and private lands. Removal of vegetation from selected watersheds by several different cutting patterns

produced increased annual water yields in the order of 3 to 16 inches without detectable changes in the proportion of stormflow

or in soil stability. Currently established

type-conversions from existing hardwood

cover to white pine and to grass are to demonstrate differential water use, if any, by varying cover types. Several studies of soil moisture storage and movement are in progress. Field and model studies designed

to determine the dynamics of moisture storage

on steep slopes suggest that much of the base flow in mountain streams is from soil moisture in the zone of aeration rather

than from saturated aquifers. Compilation

of data from more than 14,000 gravimetric

soil samples taken between 1953 and 1958 showed average soil moisture highest in April and lowest in September. The annual curve

of monthly streamflow values rose and declined according to that of soil moisture. Trees on plots of deep soil were covered

with plastic film during an entire growing

season. The trees leafed out, grew, and

became dormant as did trees in adjacent

uncovered soil. Transpiration loss (about

16") was almost one-half the available water stored in the plot profile. Drainage

(about 3") was estimated and separated from transpiration. The Internal water balance

of several tree species was found to be sensitive to vapor pressure deficit but

was much less responsive to the soil moisture

variation normally experienced at Coweeta. Studies are underway to relate water yield, stream and soil temperatures to aspect and ultimately to solar radiation. Litter

accumulation fluctuates from 4 tons per acre

in winter to less than 2 tons during late summer under a typical cover hardwood stand. Maximum interception of rainfall by litter

was 210$ by weight, a moisture content usually reduced by evaporation within 7 days

to an average low of 60$ by weight

(h) "Mountain Topography and Solar Energy availa- ble for Evapotranspiration," by L. W. Swift,

Jr. and C. H. M. vanBavel, Journal of Geo- physical Research 66(8): 2565, 1961.

"Soil Moisture as a Source of Base Flow From

Steep Mountain Watersheds," by John D. Hewlett, Station Paper No. 132, Southeastern

Forest Experiment Station, Ashevllle, N.C.

1961. "Response of Fescue to Natural Moisture

Gradient on an Artificial Slope," by J. D. 124
Hewlett, Research Note No. 152, Southeastern

Forest Experiment Station, Ashevllle, N.C. 1961. "Increases in Water Yield Resulting From

Several Types of Forest Cutting," by J. D. Hewlett and A. R. Hibbert, Bulletin of the International Association of Scientific

Hydrology 4(3) : 5-17, 1961.

"A Method for Calculating Error of Soil

Moisture Volumes in Gravimetric Sampling,"

by John D. Hewlett and James E. Douglass, Forest Science 7(3) : 265-272, 1961. "Processing Streamflow Records for Machine

Computation," in-service report of South- eastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville,

N.C. 1961.

"A Study of Commonly Used Hydrologic Concepts

and Their Application in Runoff Analysis

on Small Mountain Watersheds," by A. R. Hibbert, Master of Science Thesis, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 1961.

"The Effect of Mountain Topography Under

Solar Energy Theoretically Available for Evapotranspiration, " by L. V/. Swift, Jr., Master of Science Thesis, North Carolina

State College, Raleigh, N.C, 1960. "The Annual Range of Soil Moisture Under

High Rainfall in the Southern Applachlans,

by J. D. Helvey and J. D. Hewlett, sub- mitted to Journal of Forestry.

"Instrumental and Soil Moisture Variance

Using the Neutron Scattering Method," by

J. L. Clutter, James Douglass, and J. D. Hewlett. To be submitted to Soil Science.

"Fluctuations of an Artificial Ground Water

Table Related to Temperature and Barometric

Pressure Changes," by A. R. Hibbert. To

be submitted as a Southeastern Forest Experiment Station Note

"Water Loss From Flots of Forest Soil Pro- tected From Recharge and Surface Evaporation,

by J. H. Patrlc. To be submitted to Pro- ceedings of the Soil Science Society of America.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE

,

Southern Forest Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be "addressed to Mr. P. A. Briegleb, Director, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 2026 St. Charles

Avenue, New Orleans 13, Louisiana.

(2914) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, OXFORD

RESEARCH CENTER, OXFORD, MISSISSIPPI.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with Soil

Conservation Service, Agricultural Research

Service, and University of Mississippi.

(d) Field investigation of runoff and erosion

from small experimental watersheds on forest

and potential forest lands; basic and applied research.

(e) Twelve small natural headwater catchments

installed 1957-58 under different forest cover and soil conditions.

(g) Annual water yield from various soil-cover

complexes from 1957 to 1960 appears well correlated with precipitation. Relationship

of total runoff to direct surface runoff

appears constant for the range of 42 to 62 Inches of annual precipitation. Sediment

contributions in 1960 varied from 8 pounds

per acre from 23-year-old pine plantations

to 116 pounds from abandoned fields.

(h) "Eroded Sites Rebuild Slowly," by D. C. McClurkin, Mississippi Farm Research 24 (3):

5, March 1961. "Soil Moisture Trends Following Thinning in Shortleaf- Pine," by D. C. McClurkin, Soil

Sci. Soc. Amer. Froc. 25(2): 135-138, MarchApril 1961.

"A Hydraulic Soil Sampler," by J. R. Thames, and R. D. McReynolds, Agricultural Engineering

42(8) : 431-432, 1961. "Effect of Cover Types, Soils, and Moisture

Storage Capacity on Runoff," by S.J. Ursic,

Proc . SCS-ARS-FS Hydrology Workshop, New

Orleans, La, pp. 12.1-12.9, October 24-27,

1960. "Post-Hole Tree Planting for Stabilizing

Gullies," by S. J. Ursic, Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 16(4): 188-189, 1961. "Soil Moisture-Seedling Growth Relations in Conversion Planting of Oak Ridges to Pine,"

by H. L. Williston, and D. C. McClurkin,

Jour, of Forestry 59: 20-23, January 1961.

(3225) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, HARRISON

RESEARCH CENTER, HARRISON, ARKANSAS.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Field investigation of hydrologic effects of conversion of mountain hardwood forests to range. Effects of forest management practices, on soil moisture regime; applied research,

(e) Runoff plots installed in 1958 on hardwood

areas converted to range and in 1959 on pine areas prescribe-burned for tree seedbed

preparation.

(g) At the end of three growing seasons after hardwoods were killed by aerial spraying,

litter-humus weight on plots grazed for the full season decreased from 7800 lbs. per acre to 1200 lbs. Retention and detention

storage of the lltter-humus decreased

correspondingly.

(h) "Hardwood Removal Lessens Litter-Humus in Ozarks," by J. L. Smith, Annual Report

Southern Forest Experiment Station, Southern

Forest Research 1: 9-10, November I960.

(3226) SOIL MOISTURE RESEARCH, VICKSBURG RESEARCH

CENTER, VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI.

(b) Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army.

(d) Field and laboratory investigations; basic and applied research.

(e) Project aims to improve a soil-moisture

prediction method.

f) Project discontinued February 1961.

g) Solar radiation, temperature, and other factors were correlated with moisture loss

in the upper 12 Inches of soil. Highest

correlations of single factors were obtained

with soil temperature and evaporation-pan

data (r = 0.79 each), and with solar radiation (r = 0.76)

(h) "Soil Series can be Grouped for Special

Uses," by J. R. Bassett, and L. E. Andrew,

Southern Forest Experiment Station, Southern

Forestry Notes 130, November 1960. "Estimating Soil Moisture for Field Studies

of Plant Growth," by R. S. Campbell, and Roger W. Rich, Jour. Range Management 14(3): 130-134. 1961. "Sample Variation in a Falaya Silt Loam ," by A. W. Krumbach and J. R. Bassett,

Southern Forest Experiment Station Southern

Forest Research 1: 11-12, November 1960. "Correlations Between Soil-Moisture Depletion,

Solar Radiation, and Other Environmental

Factors," by F. W. Stearns, and C. A. Carlson,

Journal of Geophysical Research 65: 3727-

3732, illus., November 1960.

U. S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, Beach Erosion Board.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to the President, Beach Erosion Board,

5201 Little Falls Road, N.W., Wash. 16, D.C.

(181) EQUILIBRIUM PROFILE OF BEACHES AND STUDY OF MODEL SCALE EFFECTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Equilibrium beach profiles will be determined

experimentally for waves up to 6 feet in height in a prototype tank; the waves will

be modeled at a 1 on 10 scale in small laboratory tanks for various median diameter

and specific gravity sediments to determine

125
scale effect,

(g) Additional tests were made using crushed coal

of average specific gravity 1.5 (modeled by

the settling velocity relationship to give

corresponding characteristics of material

tested in the large tank) . Observed material

movement and profile changes corresponded

basically to the large scale results in the prototype tank, although the coal slope

deteriorated somewhat faster. A partial

explanation for differences is the wide

range of specific gravities of individual

coal particles.

(660) OBSERVED WAVE CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory and field project.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(ej To secure a more thorough knowledge of the characteristics of ocean waves, a number of electrical recording wave gages have been

installed in coastal waters and these records

are analyzed for significant height and

period.

(g) The new type plastic wave gage sections have proven superior to the neoprene coated aluminum channel type and have been installed

at all Beach Erosion Board wave gage installations. These new plastic sections are now considered as standard items in all staff type wave gages. Anti-fouling paint has been

applied to several of the gages and has proved very effective in reducing the marine

growth on the gages, depending upon location. Use of the anti-fouling paint is now con- sidered standard. The wave spectrum analyzer

utilizing a revolving tape head is now in the testing stage. Experimental records

obtained with a tape recorder at Atlantic

City, N.J., are being analyzed for comparison

with analysis by hand and by other automatic

analyses. The new type staff gage as originally designed by the Beach Erosion

Board for use at New Orleans District has proven satisfactory for its intended use. Eight of these gages have been fabricated;

3 for New Orleans District, 1 for use in Hawaii and 4 for Seattle, Washington, District.

(This gage is unique in that it is designed

to operate in water with salinity changes

ranging from fresh water to sea water). A modified type of the new gage for measuring

waves with heights up to 45 feet is under

construction for installation in Buzzards

Bay, Massachusetts (Coast Guard Light Tower).

(h) "The Beach Erosion Board Wave Spectrum

Analyzer and Its Purpose," paper by Joseph

M. Caldwell and Leo Williams, Conference

on Ocean Wave Spectra, Easton, Maryland,

May 1-4, 1961. "Utilization of Wave Spectra in Shore Processes," paper by Joseph M. Caldwell, Con- ference on Ocean Wave Spectra, Easton,

Maryland, May 1-4, 1961.

(975) METHODS OF BY-PASSING SAND PAST INLETS.

(t) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To study methods and requirements for pumping

sand past inlets and to determine the applicability of the methods in stabilization

of beaches adjacent to inlets. Data are being procured on the effect to the shoreline

of a sand by-passing operation at Port Hueneme, California and Lake Worth, Florida, and on the effect to the shoreline of a new harbor being constructed at Ventura,

California. This latter project involves an offshore detached breakwater along with entrance Jetties to the new harbor. Data at the three locations include periodic hydrographic surveys south and north of the inlet, wave data, sand samples, detailed records of pumping operations, and detailed records of entrance channel maintenance. A general study

is being made of the possibility of adapting

commercial instruments utilizing a radioactive

source to the discharge line to measure

quantity of material pumped in by-passing

operations.

(976) ESTABLISHMENT OF CRITERIA FOR CONSTRUCTION

OF ARTIFICIAL BEACHES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) To develop criteria for construction of beaches by artificial means. The present

continuing phase of this general study

involves the measurement of a natural beach

slope and attempts to determine its response

to the forces normally incident upon the shore such as wave height and period, angle

of wave approach, tide, and direction and magnitude of littoral current. By statistical methods the relative importance of the forces or combinations of forces may be evaluated.

(g) Computing machine techniques have been

applied to the statistical evaluation of the importance of the forces and of the parameters. Preliminary results Indicate that wave height and wave period are more

important although, in general, the data used in the analysis were too sparse and too statistically noisy to achieve definitive

results.

(h) "The Analysis of Observational Data from

Natural Beaches," by William C. Krumbeln,

Beach Erosion Board Technical Memorandum

No. 130, 60 pages and appendix, December 1961.

(977) DEVELOPMENT OF WAVE HEIGHT AND WAVE DIRECTION

GAGES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) To develop wave height and wave direction

gages for use in securing accurate records

of wave characteristics. (See also Project

660)

(f) Project was inactive during 1960.

(g) Parts for a new type wave direction gage ha\e

been placed under procurement. Assembly

of the gage has been completed Laboratory

tests of this gage are expected in the next

six months.

(2190) STUDY OF EFFECT OF A GROIN ON THE RATE OF LITTORAL MOVEMENT.

(b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental; basic research.

e) To study the effect of groins on the rate of littoral drift passing a groin system.

Initial tests consist of waves generated at

a 30-degree angle to the sand beach. Measurement of material movement is being

made at the downbeach end. The tests planned for the immediate future, as have the current season tests, will continue to emphasize the task of establishing sound calibration data relative to littoral transport and wave characteristics. This is now con- sidered a prerequisite to attempting more detailed study and testing on the effects of groins on the rate of littoral drift. These

generalized (not to specific model scale)

studies are being made in the Shore Processes Test Basin of the Beach Erosion Board. They

will include tests or waves up to 1 foot in height and wave periods of 1.25 to 4.0 0 seconds. They also include tests attempting

to determine the effect of wave height and

wave period variability on the littoral

transport rate.

(g) The new series or littoral transport tests cn an initial 1 on 10 beach slope with beach lengths or reet or less begun In 1959 have been continued through the present 1961 test season. A total of 7 such littoral

transport tests have been run this year. The

7 tests cover a wave steepness range of 0.003 Ho'/Lo 0.125. This year's tests have also involved the effect of wave variability

on the littoral transport rate.

126
In these tests waves having constant periods

of 2.5, 3.0, 3.75, and 3.0 seconds were generated successively for given constant intervals of time during each test. The length of the constant time intervals was changed for different tests. These time

intervals were 5, 1, and 0 minutes

respectively for the first, second, and third

wave variability tests. The test at zero

time interval between wave period changes

required that the wave period be changed

continuously. This was effected through the use of a motorized eccentric arm applied

to the speed control level of the wave generators. The wave period change, though

continuous, was not constant but varied

sinusoidally. The height of the waves also

changed as the wave period was changed

Preliminary results show that generally the littoral transport rate increases as the time between wave period changes decreases,

and that the "peak" value of interval

time corresponding to the maximum value of the transport rate for the wave and beach conditions used probably lies between 1 and

0 minutes.

Three constant wave period tests starting

from an initial 1 on 10 slope have been

completed and the results will be compared

to similar constant wave condition tests starting from a 1 on 20 initial slope. Work

has continued in an attempt to relate

measured net quantities of littoral accumulation at several points on the North

Atlantic coast to wave energy derived from

hindcast wave data.

(2192) REGIONAL STUDIES OF THE SOUTH SHORE OF LONG

ISLAND, NEW YORK; ATLANTIC COAST OF NEW

JERSEY; AND THE DELAWARE-MARYLAND-VIRGINIA

SHORE LINE FROM CAPE HENLOPEN TO CAPE

CHARLES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dj Field investigations; basic research.

(e) To compile all existing data pertinent to shore processes on a regional scale. Reports

to consist of three chapters: geomorphology

and shoreline histories, littoral forces,

and littoral materials. Subject matter to Include physiography, geological development

of the shore region, sources of littoral

material, waves, tides or water level fluctuations, current physical characteristics of the littoral materials, Inter- relation of sedimentary properties, relation

of properties of littoral materials to position in the littoral zone, and changes

in shoreline figuration.

(h) "Geomorphology of the South Shore of Long

Island, New York," by Norman E. Taney,

Beach Erosion Board Technical Memorandum

No. 128, 50 pages and appendices, September

1961. "Littoral Materials of the South Shore of Long Island, New York," by Norman E. Taney,

Beach Erosion Board Technical Memorandum

No. 129, 58 pages and appendices, December

1961.

(2193) SHORE PROTECTION PLANNING AND DESIGN.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Design.

(e) The purpose of this project is to supplement

and revise the Beach Erosion Board's Technical Report No. 4, "Shore Protection Planning

and Design" as new data and techniques are developed for use in the solution of coastal

engineering problems.

(g) This report was reprinted in October 1961. The reprint included revisions of February

1957 and May 1961. It included recent data

on forces on piles, rubble breakwater design,

sand by-passing plants, and dune stabilization.

(2135) RE-EXAMINATION OF ARTIFICALLY NOURISHED AND

CONSTRUCTED BEACHES.

(b) Laboratory project.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) To study the behavior of beach fills placed

to restore or nourish a beach sector and the effect of the fill on adjacent shores.

A selected number of beach fills are being

re-examined.

(g) Survey and sand sample data were taken in 1960 at Prospect Beach, Connecticut. A fill was placed along this beach in Vd'bl , the fill material being obtained from the offshore zone by conventional pipeline dredge.

Analysis of data indicates that, in the three year period since placement of fill, wave action has transported a measurable quantity

of the fill material from the beach zone to

the offshore zone and that profile adjustment of the fill material is still in progress.

(h) "Behavior of Beach Fill and Borrow Area at Prospect Beach, West Haven, Connecticut,"

by W. H. Vesper, Beach Erosion Board

Technical Memorandum No. 127, 29 pages,

11 lllus., 5 tables, August 1961.

(2659) LARGE SCALE TESTS OF WAVE FORCES ON PILING,

(b) Laboratory project.

(dl Experimental; applied research, design.

(e) To determine the nature and magnitude of forces on piles caused by breaking and non- breaking waves.

(g) Work has been continued on the data and a report is being prepared for presentation

before Waterways and Harbors Division of ASCE.

(2660) WAVE TANK STUDY OF QUANTITY OF SEDIMENT IN SUSPENSION IN THE SURF ZONE (INCLUDING TEMPERATURE EFFECTS)

(bl Laboratory project.

id) Experimental; basic research.

(e) A vacuum pump-type suspended sediment sampler has been used to collect suspended sand samples under various laboratory conditions

of waves, water temperature, and sand. The purpose of the study is to determine the relationship between wave, water, and sand characteristics, and the amount of material

maintained in suspension and hence available

for longshore transport by currents.

(g) Suspended coal samples have been collected

for the tests on "Equilibrium Profile of Beaches and Study of Model Scale Effects"

(see Project No. 181).

(2661) WAVE RUN-UP ON SHORE STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project,

(dj Experimental; design.

(e) Wave run-up is determined experimentally by

various waves for different types of shore structures. Effect of both structure roughness and permeability is being investigated.

(g) Relatively large scale data have been taken

on a 1 on 1 1/2 slope structure having a single layer of riprap, 3 layers of riprap, and a permeable rubble mound structure. These results indicate the probable existence

of a scale effect for rubble structures

(as has been previously indicated for smooth

slopes). Further large scale data have been

and are being taken on a 1 on 1 1/2 slope structure with a cover layer of (75-pound)

quadripods. These data are to be compared

with results of small scale tests at WES. Diagrams correcting small scale laboratory

determined run-up curves for scale effect have been prepared and published.

(h) "Shore Protection Planning and Design,"

Technical Report No. 4, Beach Erosion Board,

Corps of Engineers, Page 89b-891, 1961.

(2916) WAVE AND SURGE FORECASTING RELATIONSHIPS AND TECHNIQUES.

127
(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) To determine methods of predicting wave and storm surge characteristics.

(g) Studies and Investigations of methods and application of methods for hurricane surge predictions have been continued. Work has continued on relating wave height and period

to the wave spectrum. A few paper chart wave records have been analyzed to obtain wave heights and periods, from which wave spectra

are computed and an attempt is being made

to correlate these records with those analyzed for the same period by use of the wave spectrum analyzer.

(h) "A One-Dimensional Gravity Wave Spectrum,"

paper by Charles L. Bretschneider, Conference

on Ocean Wave Spectra, Easton, Maryland,

May 1-4, 1961.

"The Beach Erosion Board Wave Spectrum

Analyzer and Its Purpose," paper by Joseph

M. Caldwell and Leo Williams, Conference on Ocean Wave Spectra, Easton, Maryland, May 1-4, 1961. "Utilization of Wave Spectra In Shore Pro- cesses," paper by Joseph M. Caldwell, Con- ference on Ocean Wave Spectra, Easton,

Maryland, May 1-4, 1961.

(3228) MODEL TESTS OP WAVE SETUP ON BEACHES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To relate increase in water level at the shore due to wave action alone to the incident

wave characteristics and shore hydrography.

(g) Additional tests have been made on a 1 on 15 slope and indicate a wave setup of the same order as that for the 1 on 30 slope. Tests

in general indicate a wave setup at the shoreline of about 10% to 15% of the wave height for profiles of 1 on 15 or gentler,

with little or no setup for slopes steeper

than about 1 on 6. Small scale laboratory

data also indicate that a submerged offshore

barrier may substantially increase the wave

setup at the shore

(h) "Experimental Determination of Wave Setup,"

by Thorndike Savill, Jr., 2nd Technical Con- ference on Hurricanes, Miami Beach, Florida,

June 1961.

(3897) RADIOACTIVE TRACERS FOR BEACH STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; research.

(e) A natural or simulated sediment on or in which a radioisotope has been incorporated is to be placed at predetermined points along

a sandy beach In the Shore Processes Test

Basin. Wave induced currents will transport

these labelled particles and periodically

the beach and offshore zone will be monitored

with appropriate detection instruments. In this manner a time-spaced history of the labelled particles will be determined. From

the time-space history and other data it is hoped to develop further information con- cerning the mechanics of particle and littoral

movement. Experience gained from the laboratory testing program will be utilized

when field testing is undertaken.

(f) An application for license is being prepared

for submission to the A.E.C.in order that testing may begin during the spring of 1962.

(h) "Preliminary Considerations of the Use of Radioisotopes for Laboratory Tracer Techniques, Norman E. Taney, Annual Bulletin of the Beach Erosion Board, Volume 14, pp. 16-27,

July 1960.

(3898) SCOUR CAUSED BY WAVES STRIKING SEAWALLS OR

BULKHEADS.

(b) Laboratory project,

(dl Applied research.

(e) The effect of waves acting against a vertical

bulkhead on a sand beach in eroding or building up the beach.

(g) The 0.2 mm sand used on the beach in the last year's tests was replaced by 0.4 mm sand and

the test series was repeated to determine

the effect of sand size.

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS,

PORTLAND, Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 190, 2662, 3575,

3576, 3577, 3578, 3899, 3901, and 4379, should be addressed to the District Engineer, U. S. Army

Engineer District, Walla Walla, Building 602, CityCounty Airport, Walla Walla, Wash.

(190) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR McNARY DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington,

d^ Experimental; for design,

e) Hydraulic performance of the spillway and stilling basin was studied in a 3-bay, 1:36- scale sectional model. Flow conditions and pressures over the spillway were checked in

a 1:10- scale model of a typical interior

spillway bay and later were re-checked in

the prototype.

(f) Tests have been completed.

(g) The model studies resulted in revisions that reduced the 24-bay spillway to 22 bays,

streamlined the noses and narrowed the width

of crest piers from 12 ft. to lu it.,

lessened danger of cavitation adjacent to gate slots, and shortened the 325-ft.-long

stilling basin to a length of 248 ft. Maxi- mum allowable gate openings were established

for safe pressures on the baffle piers.

Model and prototype pressures showed good

agreement on the crest and piers, but pressures on the baffle piers were not directly comparable because they were measured under different tailwater conditions.

(h) "Spillway and Stilling Basin for McNary Dam, Columbia River, Oregon and Washington,"

U. S. Army Engineer Bonneville Hydraulic

Laboratory Technical Report No. 21-1, June

1961. (Available on loan).

(403) MODEL STUDY OF LOOKOUT POINT SPILLWAY, MIDDLE FORK WILLAMETTE RIVER, OREGON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland, Corps

of Engineers, 628 Pittock Block, Portland 5, Oregon.

(c) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Portland, 628 Pittock Block,

Portland 5, Oregon.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Approximately 2000 ft. of forebay area upstream from the dam, a 2200-ft. section of 250-ft.-high earth embankment, the 1900-ft.-

long, uncontrolled side-channel spillway

with 725-ft.-long ogee and 150-ft.-wide

stilling basin, and 2400 ft. of downstream

river bed were reproduced in a l:72-scale

model. Later a gravity spillway 149 ft. wide having 5 tainter-type crest gates was tested

in the model.

(f) Tests have been completed.

(g) Suitable designs were developed for all elements of the spillway and stilling basin.

(h) "Side-Channel Spillway and Outlet Works for Lookout Point Dam, Middle Fork Willamette

River, Oregon," U. S. Army Engineer Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory Technical Report

a'o. 24-1, November 1961. (Available on loan). A final report covering tests on the gravity spillway and regulating outlets

(adopted designs) is scheduled for publication

early in 1962.

(404) MODEL STUDY OF LOOKOUT POINT TUNNEL, MIDDLE

FORK WILLAMETTE RIVER, OREGON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland,

Corps of Engineers, 628 Pittock Block,

128
Portland 5, Oregon,

(c) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Portland, 628 pittock Block,

Portland 5, Oregon.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A l:25-scale model included a portion of the forebay, the intake tower and tunnel

entrances, the 20-ft. flood-controland

27-ft. power tunnel, Howell-Bunger regulating

valves, and a portion of the tailbay area. Tests made to study the hydraulic characteristics of the outlet works included measurements of discharges, pressures, and velocities as affected by alinement slopes

of entrances, and type and location of control valves.

f) Tests have been completed.

g) Satisfactory dissipation of energy was achieved in the outlet tunnel by discharging

through hooded Howell-Bunger valves or tilted tainter valves Installed in a six- lateral outlet manifold. Plow conditions

in the power tunnel were acceptable unless

the discharge exceeded 39,800 cfs or a single emergency gate was operated at partial openings under high heads. Conduits

through a gravity spillway have been adopted

instead of the design which was tested.

(h) "Side-Channel Spillway and Outlet Works for Lookout Point Dam, Middle Fork Willamette

River, Oregon," U. S. Army Engineer Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory Technical Report

No. 24-1, November 1961. (Available on loan).

(2662) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF JOHN DAY LOCK AND DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineering District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A fixed-bed model constructed to an undistorted scale of 1:80 reproduces the Columbia

River bed from Mile 213.7 to 216.8. The dam

axis is at Mile 215.6. The original

structures layout consists of a straight,

20-bay, gravity-type spillway controlled by

50- by 58.5-ft. tainter gates, a powerhouse

for 20 Kaplan turbines (initial installation

10 units), an 86- by 675-ft. navigation lock

having a maximum lift of 113 ft., a concrete nonoverflow section, rock-fill abutments,

and facilities for passing anadromous fish

over the dam. Cofferdams having steel cells

in the river legs and earth-and-rock shore connections are designed to withstand river

flows to 700,000 cfs during first- and second-stage construction periods and 300,000

cfs during third-stage diversion. Purposes

of the model study are to check the structures alinement and flow conditions affecting power generation, cofferdam placement, and fish passage

(g) Satisfactory designs were developed for both

the first- and second-step cofferdams as a result of tests made in the model. Although

flow patterns adjacent to the main structures

were fairly satisfactory, reaiinement of the downstream approach channel improved con- ditions for navigation, and extension of a training wall between the spillway and power- house reduced a possible hazard for fish

migrating upstream. Detailed studies of power- house tailrace alinements, south fishway

entrance, and a pumphouse to provide auxiliary

attraction water for the powerhouse fish

collection system were made. Additional tests with a revised second-step cofferdam, right

bank fills adjacent to and upstream from the navigation lock, highway detour fill, and extended river side downstream lock guard

wall are in progress.

(3230) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CHANNEL IMPROVEMENT

AT BONNEVILLE DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineering District, Portland,

Corps of Engineers, Portland, Oregon.

(c) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Portland, 628 Pittock Block, Portland 5, Oregon.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A l:130-scale, undistorted, fixed-bed model

reproduces 5.6 miles of the Columbia River

adjacent to the dam site. The original

layout includes existing structures and river bed (survey made in summer and fall of 1958). The purpose of the model is to study methods for improving navigation con- ditions in the approaches to Bonneville lock

for seagoing vessels. A remotely-controlled

model of a C-2 freighter is used to assist

evaluation of flow conditions in the navigation channel.

(f) Inactive. Tests of downstream approach have been completed.

(g) After verification for existing conditions

(1958), tests were made to determine effects

of 1959 dredge cuts in the lock approach

together with alternative improvement plans

(rock-fill or concrete groins, permeable

guard walls or dykes, and partial revision

of the lock approach) . None of the pre- liminary plans was satisfactory, and approximately 15 major channel revisions were

tested singly or in combinations in efforts

to provide the most practical and economical

solution to the problems involved. Prototype construction of the most desirable

plan, which consisted of excavating about

900,000 cu. yds. at the downstream end of Bradford Island, 180,000 cu. yds. along the Oregon shore, and 100,000 cu. yds. at the north side of the lock approach, was com- pleted in 1S61.

(h) Final report is in preparation.

(3575) MODEL STUDY OF JOHN DAY NAVIGATION LOCK, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:25- scale model reproduced the 86- by

675-ft. lock chamber, split lateral filling

and emptying systems, river outlet for emptying system, and portion of the upstream

and downstream approach channels. Sufficiert

upstream approach area was simulated to permit investigation of vortex action over intake manifolds.

(f) Tests have been completed.

(g) With no spillway flow, undesirable vortex

action over the intake manifolds of original

design was eliminated in the model by

reversing the left intake so that flow was drawn from the spillway side of the lock

wall. Although additional tests, in which

the model forebay was enlarged to include

two spillway bays adjacent to the navigation

lock, indicated that simultaneous operation

of the lock and spillway created slight

tendency toward vortex formation over the left intake, no further design changes were

indicated. Tests to improve flow distribution within the lock chamber resulted in adoption of a lateral culvert design with

sloping ports and roof overhang that varied

from 2.25 ft. adjacent to a longitudinal

culvert, to 1.0 ft. at the opposite end. The final design lock chamber was filled in 11.7 min. and emptied in 13.8 min. under an initial head of 113 ft. Average maximum

longitudinal forces on an 8-barge tow (simulated displacement 11,070 tons) were

about 3.5 tons and 2.0 tons during filling

and emptying operations, respectively.

Lateral forces on barge tows ranged from

1.0 to 1.5 tons.

(h) Final report is in preparation.

(3576) MODEL STUDY OF NORTH FISH LADDER DIFFUSERS, JOHN DAY DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington,

(d) Experimental; for design.

129
(e) A l:8-scale model reproduced dlffusers 3 through 6, ladder weirs 155 through 163, and

a section of the auxiliary water-supplyconduit. A constant flow of 100 cfs will

pass down the 24-ft.-wide, l-on-10 sloped

fish ladder; the water-supply conduit will

supply from 600 to 1300 cfs as tailwater

rises to maintain transportation flow in fish ladder. Provision was made in the model for measurement of outflows from the ladders,

the water-supply conduit, and individual

diffusers. The model was constructed so that most details of the weirs, diffusion

chambers, expansion wells, and control orifices could be studied separately.

(f) Tests have been completed.

(g) The effects of level, stepped, and sloping

diffuser floors were evaluated. Horizontal

orifices on vertical separators within the expansion wells were found to be a practical means of automatically providing scheduled

diffuser flows for a wide range of tail- water fluctuations within the fish ladder.

(h) Final report is in preparation.

(357 7) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF LOWER MONUMENTAL DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:100-scale, undistorted, fixed-bed model

reproduces approximately 2.4 miles of Snake

River bed and overbank topography at the dam

site. The dam axis is at River Mile 41.5, about 60 miles from the city of Pasco, Washington. Studies will be made to determine

flow conditions during various construction

stages and after proposed structures have been installed.

(g) After verification of the model, studies of successive construction stages were made.

It was found that proposed limits for exca- vation along the right bank were inadequate,

revisions in alinement and height of firststep cofferdam cells were needed, and problems concerning fish passage would arise

during each phase of construction. Numerous

conferences and demonstrations held on the model helped solve problems regarding fish

migrations. Tests on the proposed structures

are in progress.

(3578) MODEL STUDY OF FISH LADDERS FOR JOHN DAY DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) An existing l:10-scale fish ladder model was revised to reproduce 32 pools of 24-l't.-wide ladder sloped 1 on 10. Tests were being

made to develop a design which will provide

flow conditions comparable to those in a 1- on-16 slope, 24-ft.-wlde ladder after which

model will be revised to study the orificecontroled regulating section of fish ladder.

(g) Velocities, flow patterns, and surge charac- teristics were determined for fixed-weirs

of several alternative designs. The model

was then revised to include the fishway exit,

orifice control section, fish counting station, and eight typical weirs. In subsequent tests,

orifice sizes for nonoverflow bulkheads within

the orifice control section (two orifices

per bulkhead) were adjusted to provide a uniform head drop between successive pools for

an ll-ft. variation in forebay level. Current

tests are concerned with the desirability of adding a third orifice in each bulkhead in order to facilitate the upstream migration of blue-back salmon and shad.

(3899) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR LOWER MONUMENTAL

DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The 1 :42.47-scale model includes a 3-bay

section of the 8-bay spillway and stilling

basin. Tests are being made to evaluate hydraulic performance of the proposed spill- way and, If necessary or desirable, to develop

revisions in design that will increase

performance or reduce construction and maintenance costs.

(f) Tests of the stilling basin have been temporarily suspended pending derivation of a revised tailwater rating curve for the project

(g) Satisfactory design of spillway crest, piers, and abutments, and determination of pressure data and discharge rating curves for free and gated flows were accomplished. Abutment

contraction coefficients were determined

with and without a simulated powerhouse

structure in place. With a maximum head of approximately 65 ft., an abutment coefficierit of 0.0335 was indicated for a half pier

adjacent to the powerhouse, whereas a value

of 0.0365 was derived for the opposite

abutment

(3900) MODEL STUDY OF DOWNPULL FORCES ON EMERGENCY

CLOSURE GATES.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D. C.

(c) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Portland, 628 Plttock Block,

Portland 5, Oregon.

(d^ Experimental; applied research,

(e) This is a general study of various sluice coaster gate bottom and lip shapes, and

Includes downpull and discharge measurements

as affected by angle of gate bottom, length

of gate lip extension, control valve opening,

number of control valves operated, and conditions of air vents (open or closed). A l:25-scale model reproduces a level approach

to an Intake tower with vertical headwall

normal to Intake center line, two three- sided bellmouth intakes, a 20-ft.-wide by 22-ft.- high emergency gate (tractor type), two lO-ft.-wide by 15-ft.-high control valves

(tainter), and a 22-ft.-diam. outlet tunnel. Hydraulic downpull forces are computed from

pressures at 21 critical locations on the emergency gate.

f) Tests have been completed.

g) Downpull forces were measured on a tractortype emergency closure gate with bottom beam

sloped 30, 37.5, and 45 degrees and with lip

extensions of 0, 3.5, 8, and 12 In. under

heads between 50 and 300 ft. Downpull forces were highest with the 30-degree bottom and

lowest with the 45-degree bottom. Although

lip extensions reduced the downpull, their

effectiveness decreased as the bottom slope was increased.

(h) Final report Is in preparation.

(3901) MODEL STUDY OF LOW-BAY SPILLWAY FOR JOHN DAY

DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The l:24-scale model Includes two low spill- way bays and stilling basin for John Day Dam. Tests were made to determine a design for

the downstream lip of low bay that would

eliminate scouring during second-stage

diversion. Tests will also be made to de- termine scouring conditions for several low- bay elevations to assist in low-bay design

for other projects.

(f) Inactive. Tests have been suspended.

(g) In tests that simulated second-stage diversion through the low bays of John Day Dam, scouring action within the stilling basin

was minimized by terminating the low bays with a vertical strip that extended about 7.5 ft. downward to the spillway bucket. The tests

were extended to several low-bay elevations

130
to determine the Influence of tailwater depth

and discharge on scouring action within the stilling basin and spillway bucket,

(h) Results of this study will be included in final report on (3229) Model Study of Spill- way for John Day Dam, which is in preparation.

(437 9) MODEL STUDY OF LOWER MONUMENTAL NAVIGATION

LOCK, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A l:25-scale model reproduces a typical 86- by 675-ft. lock chamber, split lateral filling and emptying system, river outlet for emptying system, and portions of the upstream

and downstream approach channels. The model

forebay includes the short nonoverflow

section between spillway and navigation lock,

and two adjacent spillway bays to permit

Investigation of vortex action over the staggered Intake manifolds when filling the lock with or without spillway flow.

(g) Preliminary test results Indicate that vortices may occur over the right intake

during a portion of the filling operation.

Eddy currents along the left guard wall were dissipated before they could Join and form

vortices. Continuing studies of vortex actior

are in progress.

(4380) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR GREEN PETER DAM, MIDDLE SANTIAM RIVER, OREGON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland, Corps

of Engineers, 628 Pittock Block, Portland 5, Oregon.

(c) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Portland, 628 Pittock Block, Portland 5, Oregon.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A l:50-scale model Includes 1540 ft. of the forebay area, the 2-bay spillway and flanking

abutments, outlet conduits, stilling basin,

powerhouse tailrace, and approximately 1620

ft. of river channel downstream from the project. The spillway model will be used to determine the adequacy of the stilling basin

design, the spillway crest, pier, and abutment

details, the location of tainter gate

trunnions and outlet eyebrows, and will provide data needed for design of a training

wall between the powerhouse tailrace and the stilling basin.

(g) Tests to date Indicate the need for revisions

in designs of the abutments, training walls,

and stilling basin. Improved designs for these elements are being developed.

(4381) TESTS OF RUBBER MITER GATE BOTTOM SEALS FOR

PANAMA CANAL.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Seattle, Corps

of Engineers, Seattle Washington.

(c) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District Seattle, 1519 South Alaskan Way, Seattle 4, Washington.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The Panama Canal miter gates vary in height

from 47.3 to 82.0 ft., and the head on closed

gates ranges from 0 to 80.0 ft. The miter

gate sills were originally built of timber

beams supported continuously on iron angles

In the concrete. The gate leaves carried a timber bumper that fitted closely against the timber sill to form a bottom seal. It is proposed that the timber bumpers will be replaced by butting-type rubber seals attached

along a bottom girder on the downstream side

of each miter gate. The proposed rubber seal "floats" between a continuous upper seal plate and l-ft.-long lower angle brackets

spaced 2 ft. apart. The rubber seal is retained by 1-in. bolts through 4-in.-diam.

holes spaced on 4-ft. centers in the seal web. Eight rubber seal sections, each 5 ft. in length, will be tested In a pressure tank to determine: (a) the head differential required

to seat the seal against the sill plate;

(b) leakage of seal at various heads from

just seating to a maximum of 80 ft; (c) effeot of changing l/4-ln. clearance between the proposed angle-bracket seal supports; (d) effect of irregularities in stralghtness of rubber seal and sill plate, and of simulated

debris between seal and sill; (e) head required to cause "blow by" between gate

leaf and sill; and (f) effect of increasing

rubber seal flotation by adding polyvinyl

chloride unicellular foam to the rubber seal core holes.

(g) Design and construction of test apparatus

are in progress.

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS,

St. Paul.

(194) A STUDY OF METHODS USED IN MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT LOADS IN STREAMS.

U. S. Army Engineer District, St. Paul and

U. S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. See

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, page

65.

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION, CORPS OF ENGINEERS. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to the Director, U. S. Army Engineer

Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers,

P. 0. Box 631, Vicksburg, Miss.

(236) MISSISSIPPI BASIN MODEL.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D. C.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The project provides for construction and operation of a model of the Mississippi

River watershed including the Missouri, Ohio,

Tennessee, Cumberland, and Arkansas Rivers

and their principal tributaries. The model area comprises 200 acres and reproduces

1,250,000 square miles of the Mississippi

Basin. The topography of the streams and flood plains is being reproduced to a horizontal scale of 1:2,000 and vertical scale

of 1:100. All existing and proposed flood- control reservoirs, dikes, floodwalls, and other pertinent works will be reproduced in the portion constructed of concrete. The

completed construction in concrete consists

of the Upper Mississippi River from Hannibal,

Missouri, to Baton Rouge, Louisiana; the Missouri River from Sioux City, Iowa, to the mouth; the Ohio River from Louisville, Kentucky, to the mouth; the Tennessee River

from Pickwick Dam, Tennessee, to the mouth;

the Cumberland River from Old Hickory Dam, Tennessee, to the mouth; and the Arkansas

River from Blackburn Dam Site, Oklahoma, to the mouth. Water-surface elevations are measured by electrically operated stage

devices with the recorders located in central control buildings. Streamflow is introduced

and controlled by automatic instruments

called inflow controllers. The model was designed to aid in the development of coordinated basinwide plans for flood control and operation of flood-control structures.

(g) The extent of model operation each year is determined by the testing programs directed

by the Mississippi Basin Model Board and Chief of Engineers and requested by Divisions and Districts that have operable sections on the model. The model was operated as an integrated unit for comprehensive (basinwide) tests: tests were conducted of the 1937,

1943, 1945, and 1950 floods using the actual floods with present-day conditions and the same floods without reservoir modification

\

131
and with modification by the existing reser- (g) volrs and those scheduled for completion in

the near future (approximately 1970). Tests

were conducted to verify the Memphis, Tennessee, to Vicksburg, Mississippi, reach to the 1945 and 1950 floods. Tests were conducted

by the U. S. Army Engineer Division, Ohio

River, to assist in determining the roughness

conditions that will exist in the Barkley and Cheatham Reservoirs after completion of Barkley Dam.

(h) "Verification of the Pickwick Dam-Kentucky

Dam Reach, Tennessee River and Trlbuitaries,

1950 and 1948 Floods," Mississippi Basin

Model Report 13-1, (December 1960).

"Flood-Routing and Reservoir-Operation Study,

Tulsa-to-Van Buren Reach, Arkansas River and Tributaries," Mississippi Basin Model Report

24-1, (April 1961)

(425) COMPREHENSIVE MODEL STUDY, DELAWARE RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Philadelphia, Corps of Engineers, Phila., Pa.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) To develop and test plans for reduction of shoaling in several ranges of the navigation

channel, the entire Delaware River estuary

from the Atlantic Ocean to Trenton is repro- duced in the model which is of the fixed-bed,

silt-injection type, with scale ratios of 1:1,000 horizontally and 1:100 vertically.

Tides and tidal currents are reproduced by

automatic tide generators. Observed prototype salinities are reproduced in the Deleware

Bay portion of the model and provisions made

for the injection of silts, and for measuring

silt deposits. Studies are also made of salinity intrusion and the dispersion and dilution of wastes discharged into the estuary

(f) Suspended.

(993) CAVITATION RESEARCH.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) The cavitation characteristics of such elements

as baffle piers, steps in stilling basins,

spillway and conduit gate slots, and offset

joints are studied in either a vacuum tank

or a variable-pressure, closed- jet water

tunnel. The investigation includes a review

of literature to evaluate the many variables

that affect cavitation results. A highvelocity water facility was constructed to study the resistance of protective coatings

on cavitation-damaged concrete specimens.

(994) EFFECTS OF MODEL DISTORTION.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This is a general study to determine the hydraulic effects of various types and degrees

of model scale distortion on velocity distribution and other hydraulic conditions, with

the ultimate aim of establishing limits of permissible distortion for the various types

of models. Tests are in progress of a rectangular flume having a 90-degree bend with provisions for changing the vertical

scale to provide a distortion of 0 to 10.

(999) STABILITY OF RUBBLE-MOUND BREAKWATERS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

d) Experimental; applied research,

ej Rubble-mound structures are studied in a 5- by 4- by 119-foot wave tank to develop

formulas, supported by experimental data,

from which the design of safe and economical

breakwaters can be determined. In addition

to quarrystone, tetrapods, tetrahedrons,

trlbars, and other specially molded armor (h) units are being studied.

(h)

( wuz )

lb)

(d)

i,e)

(1211)

(t>)

The results of stability tests on pell-mellplaced protective cover layers of quarrystone, tetrapod, tribar, hexapod, modified

cube, and tetrahedron armor units are represented with very good accuracy by the formula

7 H

r

Ka (Sr

- 1) cot a where is weight of individual armor units,

r r is the specific weight of the armor units, H is height of selected design wave, Sr

is the specific gravity of armor units relative

to the fluid in which the structure is located (tWw)* a ls the &nSle of the break- water face measured from the horizontal, and

K is a dimensionless coefficient. The results of stability tests on conical wrap- around breakwater heads indicated that the weight of quarrystone armor units used for construction of the head should be heavier

than units used on the trunk. Comparison

of the weights of rough and smooth quarrystones required for stability showed that

the weight of smooth quarrystone s should be considerably greater than the weight of rough quarrystones

"Wave Forces on Rubble-Mound Breakwaters and Jetties," U. S. Army Engineer Waterways

Experiment Station Miscellaneous Paper No. 2-453, September 1961. (Available on loan.) EFFECTS OF SCALE AND OPERATING TECHNIQUES ON HARBOR WAVE ACTION MODELS.

Ofi ice or the Chief of Engineers, Department,

ol' the Army, Washington, D.o. Experimentax; applied research. Tests are conducted in flumes and harbor

model basins to obtain information that will

allow more accurate determination of optimum

scales for wave models, and the effects of different scale and operating techniques on the accuracy of model results. The efficiency

of flexible-element wave filters is being

investigated to facilitate continuous oper- ation of wave flumes. Resonant chambers

for harbor entrances and attenuation of waves

in a three-dimensional model are being

studied

INSTRUMENTATION

Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C. Experimental; development.

Various types of measurement and control

equipment for use in hydraulic studies are being developed. These include equipment for measuring subsurface currents and for oper- ation of a model boat by remote control. The development of miscellaneous model and field measuring instruments was continued as

the need arose. MODEL STUDY OF HOOSIC RIVER, NORTH ADAMS, MASSACHUSETTS. District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Distric New York, Corps of Engineers, New York, N.Y. Experimental; for design.

A 1:30 model was used to verify the hydraulic

design for improvement of certain sections

of the North and South Branches of Hoosic

River in North Adams, Massachusetts, and to determine whether changes should be made for safety, increased efficiency, or economy.

The flow in the major portion of these channels will be below critical depth. The model was used to check such design features

as channel alinement, transitions, super- elevation in bends, characteristics of weirs,

stilling basins, drop structures, the treat- ment of intakes and outlets, wall heights,

and elevations of bridges.

Final report in preparation.

132
(1467) ANALYSIS OF HYDRAULIC EXPERIMENTAL DATA

(MODEL AND PROTOTYPE) AND DEVELOPMENT OP DESIGN CRITERIA.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

d.) Analytical (model and prototype) ; for design,

e) A general study to develop, analyze, and disseminate to Corps of Engineers establish- ments hydraulic design criteria to insure

adequate capacity, economy of design and construction, and safe and satisfactory

operation. Criteria are developed from

model and prototype tests relating to the design of spillways, outlet works, gates and

valves, channels, and naviation structures.

(g) "Hydraulic Design Criteria" charts have been

prepared on constant friction damping,

velocity distribution in the hydraulic jump,

spillway flip bucket pressures and throw

distances, low ogee crest shapes, morning

glory spillways, gate slot pressures, entrance shapes and pressures for earth dam

outlet works, ice thrust on hydraulic

structures, and head losses for thin plate

orifices in surge tanks.

(h) "Hydraulic Design Criterla"Issue No. 11 (available for purchase in limited quantities).

(1474) OPERATING FORCES OF MITER-TYPE LOCK GATES.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) A general study to collect basic data on operating forces of miter-type lock gates

and to determine the effect of various

elements upon these forces was conducted in

a 1:20 model. A lock chamber 110 feet wide was reproduced with provisions for varying

the length up to 600 feet on each side of the gate. Forces required for operation of miter gates were measured for variations of the following elements: gate leaves, speeds

and accelerations of operation, submerged

depths, recess shapes, bottom clearances,

chamber lengths, and nonsynchronous operation

of gate leaves. Variations in the type

linkage driving the gate were also investigated . (h) Final report in preparation.

(1475) SIPHON ACTION AT PUMPING PLANTS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This study was conducted to aid in developing

design criteria for pumping plants that depend

on development of slphonic action in the discharge side of the pumps in order to yield the required discharge. Full-size

models of a 6-inch and 12-inch plastic discharge line were tested. Variables investigated during the tests were : rates of flow, water levels in the discharge side of the pumps, slope and length of the riverward leg, and venting conditions at the crown.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(1738) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY AND STILLING BASIN, GREENUP LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Huntington, Corps of Engineers,

Huntington, V/. Va.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:25 section model reproducing 400 feet of the approach area, a portion of the spillway

crest and stilling basin, and 500 feet of the exit area was used to examine hydraulic

performance of the spillway and stilling

basin. A second phase of the study involved

the measurements of hydraulic forces acting

on a submerglbie-type spillway tainter gate.

(f) Completed.

(g) The recommended stilling basin consists of a horizontal apron 74 feet long with a single row of baffle piers located 49 feet from toe

of gate sill and a 4-foot-high stepped end

sill. In development of this design, which

was satisfactory for both nonsubmergible and submergible types of gates, consideration

was given not only to bottom velocities in the exit channel, but also to the types of flow conditions produced. The submergible

gate was stable throughout the range of operating conditions, and model hoist loads agreed with computed loads,

(h) "Spillway, Greenup Locks and Dam, Ohio River,

Kentucky and Indiana; Hydraulic Model Investi- gation," U. S. Army Engineer Waterways

Experiment Station Technical Report No. 2-572, July 1961. (Available on loan.)

(1739) MODEL STUDY OF GATE AND STILLING BASIN, MARKLAND LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineers, U. S. Army Engineer

Districts, Huntington and Louisville, Corps

of Engineers, Huntington, West Virginia, and Louisville, Kentucky.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:25 section model reproducing 400 feet of the approach area, a portion of the spillway

crest and stilling basin, and 500 feet of exit area was used to examine hydraulic

performance of the low sill spillway sur- mounted by submergible and nonsubmergible

tainter gates, and of the stilling basin

below each type gate. Of special interest

were gate hoist loads and vibration tendencies. A 1:4 model of a section of the face

of the submergible gate and downstream face

of the sill was used for detailed study of pressure conditions and observation of behaviour of an inflatable bottom seal for

the gate

f) Completed.

g) Loads on the submergible gate due to hydraulic

forces were not excessive, and with its top

shaped to ensure positive pressures, oscillation of the gate is unlikely. The 1:4 model revealed that the gap between the gate face and sill must not flare more than 1 inch to maintain relatively stable pressures

on gate and sill. The inflatable bottom seal was not satisfactory. In development of the stilling basin below the submergible gate,

rearrangement of basin elements was required

to obtain adequate stilling action and avoid

the possibility of undesirable types of action. This basin was also satisfactory for the nonsubmergible gate.

(h) "Spillway for Markland Locks and Dam, Ohio

River, Kentucky and Indiana; Hydraulic Model

Investigation," U. S. Army Engineer Waterways

Experiment Station Technical Report No. 2-566, May 1961. (Available on loan).

(1986) SALT WATER INTRUSION AND RELATED PHENOMENA.

(b) Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, Corps of Engineers (correspondence should be addressed

to Mr. J.B. Tiffany, Chairman, Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, U. S. Army Engineer Water- ways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss.).

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) To determine the effects of salinity and related phenomena on the vertical distribution of currents and shoaling characteristics in estuaries, tests are being made in a lucite flume 327 feet long, 1.5 feet deep, and 0.75

foot wide. One end of the flume Is connected

to a 25-foot- square tidal basin in which any desired tide can be produced and in which the salinity can be controlled. The opposite

end is connected to a fresh-water source. Combinations of flume roughness, tidal range, tidal period, source salinity, mean depth, and fresh-water inflow are studied. A total

of about 10 tests were made during the year. The results are being analyzed; however, no conclusions have been reached at this time.

(h) "One-Dimensional Analysis of Salinity

Intrusion in Estuaries," Committee on Tidal

Hydraulics Technical Bulletin No. 5, June

1961. (Available on loan.)

i

133
(1987) RIPRAP PROTECTION AT HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The study of erosion characteristics of various sizes of riprap and gravel material

Is being performed with a view to securing

adequate protection at minimum cost. Measure- ments of velocity and turbulence at which

movement of material begins will be made. At present, tests are being conducted on various

sizes of riprap below a high structure and

a low, navigation-type structure to determine

the flow characteristics at which movement

occurs

(g) As expected, preliminary results indicate

turbulence as well as velocity to be a critical factor in riprap failure.

(1988) WATER TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON BED FORMS AND

ROUGHNESS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

d) Experimental j applied research.

e) A laboratory flume, in which water temperatures

can be varied to simulate normally experienced

summer and winter temperatures, is being

used to investigate the effects of water temperature on streambed forms and roughness

of various types of bed materials. Tests

with fine sand are in progress.

(g) Testing and analysis of results have not progressed sufficiently to permit the development of definite conclusions. Tentatively, the results available indicate that for a given rate of bed movement, the roughness of the bed and the water-surface slope are Increased as the temperature of the water decreases.

(2428) MODEL STUDY OF SAVANNAH HARBOR, GEORGIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Savannah, Corps of Engineers,

Savannah, Georgia.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The Investigation was conducted in a model

which reproduced the following: 1) that portion of the Atlantic Ocean, adjacent to the harbor entrance, from Calibogue Sound on the north to Wassaw Sound on the south;

2) the Savannah River and its flood plain to the head of tide at Ebenezer Landing; and

3) that portion of the Intracoastal Waterway

which crosses the area included in the model. The model was of fixed-bed construction with

scale ratios, model to prototype, of 1:800 horizontally and 1:80 vertically. Automatic

tide generators were used to reproduce tides and tidal currents throughout the harbor, and salt water was used In the model ocean

to reproduce the effects of density difference

on current velocities and distributions.

Shoaling studies were made by injecting

finely ground gilsonite into the model to reproduce the patterns of shoaling as observed

in the prototype, following which the effects

of proposed improvement plans on shoaling

patterns were observed and evaluated. Studies

werealso made of the effects of proposed

improvement plans on dispersion and dilution

of contaminants discharged into the harbor. Refinements of plans for reducing and local- izing shoaling were tested.

(f) Tests suspended.

(h) "Savannah Harbor Investigation and Model

Study," Volume III, "Results of Model Investigations"; Section 1, "Model Verification and Results of General Studies," and Section 2, "Tests of Improvement Plans." U. S. Army

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report No. 2-580, October 1961. (Available on loan.) Preparation of Section

3 of final report in progress.

(Z42y) MODEL STUDIES OF THE CORNWALL ISLAND AND BARN- HART ISLAND-LAKE ST. FRANCIS REACHES, ST.

LAWRENCE RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Buffalo, Corps of Engineers,

Buffalo, New York.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Two fixed-bed models were used to study plans for navigation Improvement In the lower

portion of the International Rapids section

of the St. Lawrence River. A 1:100 model

or the Cornwall Island Reach reproduced all features of the river 1'rom just below the talirace of the proposed Barnhart Island powerhouse to about tne mid-point or Cornwall Island, and Included portions oi Doth the Nortn, and south Cornwall Isiand Channels,

Ponys Gut, and tne entrance to Grass River

iocks. A modex or tne Barnhart Island-Lake

St. Francis Reach, built to scales of 1:300 horizontally and 1:100 vertically, reproduced

a greater area upstream and downstream of Cornwall Island. Both models were used to study navigation conditions in the approach

to the Grass River locks, proposed plans for excavations In both Cornwall Island channels

to effect navigation Improvement in South

Channel, and to determine conditions that

will be encountered by navigation during the construction of the project features in the Cornwall Island Reach.

f) Completed.

g) 1) A navigation channel in the South Cornwall Island Channel was designed to meet velocity

criteria of 4.0 feet per second. 2) Optimum

location of dredging to provide minimum

velocities for specified time periods during

construction of the project was determined.

3) Location and extent of dredging in the North Cornwall Island Channel required to maintain the natural distribution of flow

between the North and South Cornwall Island

Channels were determined. 4) Effects of over-all plan on the tallwater at Barnhart

Island powerhouse were determined.

(h) "Navigation Improvements in Barnhart IslandCornwall Island Reach, St. Lawrence River;

Hydraulic Model Investigation," U.S. Army

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station

Technical Report No. 2-576, August 1961. (Available on loan.)

(2673) MODEL STUDIES OF BARKLEY LOCK AND DAM, CUMBERLAND RIVER, TENNESSEE.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Nashville, Corps of Engineers,

Nashville, Tennessee.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:120 model, reproducing the Cumberland

River from mile 29.4 to 32.2, the lock, dam, and powerhouse, was used to Investigate flow characteristics in the approaches to the lock. A 1:36 model, reproducing the riverward downstream lock wall including the culvert manifold which discharges Into the spillway stilling basin, five spillway bays, 324 feet of approach channel, and 596 feet

of exit channel, was used to investigate

flow characteristics in the stilling basin

and exit channel . The emergency lock gate was studied In a 1:25 model which reproduced

the gate, gate sill, and portions of the upstream lock approach and the lock chamber

downstream from the gate. This model was used to determine: 1) hydraulic forces on and stability of the emergency gate under

various flows including free flow over the lock miter sill; 2) hydrostatic forces on the gate in various positions; 3) gate wheel reactions and sill roller reactions at given positions; and 4) head loss through

the bridge decking.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(2675) MODEL STUDIES OF DARDANELLE LOCK AND DAM, ARKANSAS RIVER, ARKANSAS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

134
Little Rock, Arkansas.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:25 model reproduced only the initial

construction features, i.e. the upstream

lock approach, intakes, culverts to and in- cluding the location of the valves, and three spillway bays adjacent to the lock (the lock

chamber was simulated schematically) . The model also included one culvert valve to provide data on effect of gap between skin

plate of valve and the seal plate for future design use. Tests were concerned with

reduction or elimination of vortex tendencies

at the wall intakes during filling, and alleviation of low pressures Just downstream

from the culvert valves.

T) Completed.

g; Tests showed that lengthening the intake area by adding three more ports in the upstream

landwall and four in the riverwall reduced vortex action near the intakes to a minimum. Tests also revealed that control of the size

of gap between the culvert valve skin plate

and the seal plate is important in reducing

low pressures Just downstream from the valve,

i.e. the smaller the gap, the better the pressure conditions. Water vent ports from

the lock chamber to the culvert downstream

from the valve helped reduce negative pressures

but may not Justify construction costs,

(h) "Intake Studies, Dardanelle Lock, Arkansas

River, Arkansas; Hydraulic Model Investigation," U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experi- ment Station Technical Report No. 2-573, July

1961. (Available on loan.)

(2678) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, McALPINE

LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Louisville, Corps of Engineers,

Louisville, Kentucky.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A fixed-bed, 1:120 model reproduced a six- mile reach of the Ohio River including

adjacent overbank areas, the locks and dam

structures, and all bridges and other

structures that might affect flow conditions.

Purposes of the model study were to: determine

the effects of location, size, and alinement

of tne dam on stages and currents in the upper pool; determine the effects of location,

size, and alinement of a new approach

channel on navigation and surge conditions;

determine the best location for a new navigable span on the Pennsylvania Railroad

bridge; determine a method of operating the dam for optimum navigation conditions; study

navigation conditions in the lower approach

as affected by flow through dam, powerhouse,

and lock-emptying system; and provide a means

for navigation Interests to satisfy themselves

as to the acceptability of the proposed plan

by observing the model in operation.

f) Tests completed.

g) Data were obtained to determine the effects

of various dam designs on stage duration

curves, head on the hydroplant, and velocities

along the Indiana shore

(h) Final report in preparation.

(2680) MODEL STUDY OF HURRICANE TIDES IN NARRAGANSETT

BAY, RHODE ISLAND.

(b) Division Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

Division, New England, Corps of Engineers,

Boston, Massachusetts.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A fixed-bed model, 1:1,000 horizontally and 1:100 vertically, reproduces all of Narragansett Bay and an adjacent portion of the Atlantic Ocean. An automatic tide generator

reproduces normal tides throughout the model, and a separate, manually operated generator

reproduces hurricane tides or the desired

characteristics at the bay entrance. Numerous barrier plans for prevention of hurricanetide damage have been proposed. The relative

and absolute effectiveness of these plans in

reducing hurricane-tide elevations throughout

the bay system were determined and the efl e ct s of the best plan on such Important factors

as tidal circulation, pollution, salinity,

and shoaling for normal conditions were investigated. Fresh water only is used in the model during tests of the proposed

barrier plans, but both salt and fresh water

are used in tests to determine the effects

of barrier plans on all significant factors

for normal conditions. Model appurtenances

consist of automatic tide gages to record

both hurricane-tide and normal-tide ele- vations at critical points, recording

salinity meters, recording dye meters for observing pollution and/or flushing

characteristics, current velocity meters,

and equipment for simulating shoaling of the channels and other navigation facilities,

(g) The results of supplemental tests indicate

that a lower bay barrier plan can be designed

which is acceptable to the Navy and which

win afford most of the desired protection

from hurricane surges.

(2681) SCALE-EFFECT TESTS OF RUBBLE-MOUND BREAKWATERS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Tests are being conducted by the Beach

Erosion Board, under the supervision of the Waterways Experiment Station, to investigate

the effects of model scale on the results of experimentally determined criteria for the design of rubble-mound breakwaters. Stability tests are being made of a breakwater slope

of 1 on 1-1/2 using wave periods of 2.61,

3.75, 7.87, and 11.33 seconds. Tests in the Beach Erosion Board wave flume (15 feet by 20 feet by 635 feet) are being conducted using

a linear scale of 7.5 to 1 based on the tests conducted in the Waterways Experiment

Station 5- by 4- by 119-foot wave flume. Stability tests have also been conducted in the Waterways Experiment Station small wave

flume (1 foot by 1.5 feet by 94 feet) using

a scale of 0.5 to 1 based on tests conducted

in the 5- by 4- by 119-foot wave flume. Therefore, data on the stability of rubble- mound breakwaters will be available for three different linear scales, 0.5 to 1,

1 to 1, and 7.5 to 1. Test data from the Beach Erosion Board wave flume will be correlated with data from the Waterways

Experiment Station flumes. Tests are being

conducted using rough quarrystone and concrete quadripods.

(2685) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE ACTION, SUPERIOR ENTRY, DULUTH-SUPERIOR HARBOR, LAKE SUPERIOR.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, St. Paul, Corps of Engineers, St. Paul Minnesota.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:150 fixed-bed model was used that repro- duced all the navigation approach channel

and harbor breakwater structures as well as the inner harbor dock area serving Superior,

Wisconsin, and included adjacent lake and shore-line areas to permit reproduction of storm waves from all critical directions.

Investigations were made: to evaluate the wind-wave problems that cause ship damage

in the vicinity of Superior Entry; and to develop the most effective remedy possible

so that navigation and docking hazards now prevailing will be adequately remedied.

(g) Preliminary analysis of test results Indicates

that a detached breakwater 600 to 800 feet

in length, the outer limit of which is located about 2,800 feet lakeward of the present harbor entrance, will provide

adequate protection to the inner harbor from

wave action.

(h) Final report in preparation.

1

135
(2925) ULTRASONIC PLOW MEASUREMENT

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

d) Experimental; development.

e) Various types of acoustic flowmeter equipment

for discharge measurement In closed rectangular and circular conduits are being investigated for proposed field application in large conduits and tunnels. Both line and point transducers are being evaluated.

(f) Inactive. It is anticipated that all further

work will be accomplished on specific fullscale structures.

(g) A line-transducer type of acoustic flowmeter

was installed and tested at Sutton Dam in a 5-foot-6-inch by 10-foot sluice. Certain

modifications to the equipment were indicated

desirable and are being made.

(2931) MODEL STUDY OF SOUTHWEST PASS, MISSISSIPPI

RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, New Orleans, Corps of Engineers, New Orleans, Louisana.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) To determine the effectiveness of proposed

improvement works (jetty extensions, channel realinements, and contraction works) in eliminating or reducing the periodic maintenance

now required in order for deep-draft vessels

to navigate the jetty and bar channels of Southwest Pass, the lower 12 miles of the Pass and the adjacent area of the Gulf of Mexico were reproduced in a fixed-bed model

to scale ratios of 1:500 horizontally and 1:100 vertically. Tides, tidal currents,

littoral currents, and wave action in the Gulf of Mexico, and salt- and fresh-water

flows in Southwest Pass and the bar channel were reproduced in the model. Shoaling

studies were made by introducing various

mixtures of plastic materials into the model

to simulate prototype shoaling materials and thus reproduce in the model the patterns and distribution of shoaling that occur in the prototype

(h) Preparation of final report in progress.

(2932) MODEL STUDY OF HUDSON RIVER, NEW YORK.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, New York, Corps of Engineers, New York, New York.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A fixed-bed model constructed to linear scales

of 1:100 vertically and 1:1,000 horizontally,

is being used to determine the source of material shoaling the Hudson River in the vicinity of Edgewater and Weehawken piers and

the most effective means of reducing or eliminating this shoaling. The model repro- duces Upper and Lower New York Bays, Raritan

Bay, Hudson River to Hyde Park, East River

to Throgs Neck, and tributaries flowing into

the modeled bodies of water. Provisions are made to reproduce tides, fresh-water discharge, salinity intrusion, and shoaling,

(rj Suspended.

(g) Tests of plans involving combinations of dikes

and dredging to adjust the river cross section in the vicinity of the George Wash- ington Bridge revealed significant reductions

in shoaling in the 30-foot project channel and in the pier slips. However, some of these plans would cause an increase in shoaling in the 45- and 48-foot project

channels. Shoaling tests of various locations

and depths for sedimentation basin 1 showed

that relocating the basin win not increase

the basin shoaling rate, but an increase can

be effected by deepening the basin.

(3233) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY BULKHEADS, GREENUP

DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineers, U. S. Army Engineer

Districts, Huntington and Louisville, Corps

of Engineers, Huntington, West Virginia, and Louisville, Kentucky.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:25 model of a solid, girder-type bulk- head with upstream and downstream skin plate

and lifting beamwas used to determine the vertical forces acting on the bulkhead and lifting beam as they are lowered in flowing water in one, two, three, or four units.

(f) Completed.

(g) Tests showed that the loads on the hoist due

to hydraulic forces would be small and relatively stable when the four bulkhead

units were joined into one unit and lowered

through flowing water (proposed method of operation) . Large unstable loads occurred

when one bulkhead unit was placed at a time. Placing the bulkhead in two or three units

would not cause unstable loads, but total

hoist load would exceed that of the proposed

method of operation.

(h) "Spillway, Greenup Locks and Dam, Ohio River,

Kentucky and Indiana; Hydraulic Model

Investigation," U.S. Army Engineer Waterways

Experiment Station Technical Report No. 2-572, July 1961. (Available on loan.)

(3235) MODEL STUDY OF PIKE ISLAND LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:120, fixed-bed type, comprehensive model,

reproducing about 4 miles of the Ohio River

and the locks and dam structures, was used

to select the most favorable site location

by studying approach conditions under

various river flows, and to develop modifications required to overcome any undesirable conditions at selected site.

f) Completed.

g) The Investigation indicated that satisfactory

navigation conditions could be obtained with

the locks located along either the right or left bank of the river. Ports will be required in the upper guard wall at either

location to minimize or eliminate the effects

of the hazardous crosscurrents near the end

of the wall and to facilitate the movement

of tows entering and leaving the locks,

particularly during higher river stages.

(h) "Navigation Conditions at Pike Island Locks

and Dam, Ohio River; Hydraulic Model Investigation," U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experi- ment Station Technical Report No. 2-577,

August 1961. (Available on loan.)

(3236) MODEL STUDY OF MAXWELL LOCKS AND DAM, MONONGAHELA RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:120 fixed-bed type, comprehensive model,

reproducing about 2.5 miles of the Monongahela River and the locks and dam structures, was used to study approach conditions under

various river flows and methods of operation

of control gates; to determine effects of design modifications required to overcome any undesirable conditions; to demonstrate to navigation interests the acceptability of the proposed design from a navigation standpoint.

(f) Tests completed. Preparation of final report

in progress.

(g) Test results indicated the maximum discharges

which could be passed without overtopping

the cofferdams during various phases of con- struction, velocities with the cofferdams in place, and the effects of the cofferdams on navigation during construction.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(3238) MODEL STUDY OF EUFAULA DAM, CANADIAN RIVER, OKLAHOMA.

136
(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Tulsa, Corps of Engineers, Tulsa,

Oklahoma

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:36 section model, reproducing two full bays and two flanking half hays of the 520- foot-long, gated spillway, the horizontal

stilling basin, and approach and exit channels, was used to determine the adequacy of design

of the stilling basin elements, and to investigate pressure conditions on the underdesigned

spillway crest.

f) Completed.

g) Realinement of the upstream portion of the spillway crest resulted in improved pressure conditions for maximum head (39.7 feet); for design head (30.0 feet) pressures were about

zero atmospheric. Model head-discharge

relations agreed closely with computed values. Stilling basin tests resulted in a 33-foot

decrease in apron length and permitted

raising the apron 4 feet to about top of rock. Another modification made to obtain good

basin performance at intermediate flows and

prevent spray action at maximum flow was raising the baffle-pier height from 8 to 10 feet; the height of the end sill was maintained at 8 feet.

(h) "Eufaula Dam Spillway, Canadian River, Oklahoma; Hydraulic Model Investigation," U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station

Technical Report No. 2-575", July 1961. (Available on loan.)

(3239) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY CREST GATE, STILLING

BASIN, AND BULKHEAD, NEW CUMBERLAND LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:25 section model reproducing 400 feet of the approach area, a portion of the gated

spillway crest and stilling basin, and 500 feet oi' the exit area was used to examine the hydraulic performance of the spillway weir

and stilling basin. A second phase of this

study Involved measurements of hydraulic

forces acting on a submergible-type spillway

tainter gate. A l : 25 model of a truss-type

bulkhead with an upstream skin plate and

lifting beam was used to determine the vertical forces acting on the bulkhead and lifting beam as they are lowered in flowing

water. A 1:40 section model reproducing a 25-foot-wide section of the spillway and stilling basin was installed in a glass-sided

flume which permitted observation of sub- surface basin action.

(f) Completed.

(g) The submergible gate was found to be stable for the complete range of operating conditions;

computed hoist loads were verified. A stilling basin which is expected to provide

excellent dissipation downstream from the nonsubmergible gates was developed. However,

it was impracticable to modify prototype

plans sufficiently to obtain good stilling

action belov; the submergible gates for the full range of flow conditions. It is planned

to avoid undesirable basin action by proper scheduling of gate operation. Bulkhead tests demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed

method of emergency closure, and provided

data on limiting conditions for satisfactory

operation.

(h) "Spillway for New Cumberland Locks and Dam

(Final Design), Ohio River, West Virginia;

Hydraulic Model Investigation," U.S. Army

Engineer '.vaterways Experiment Station Technical Report No. 2-565, December 1951. (Available on loan.)

(3241) STUDY OF SEICH3 ACTICU, DULUTH -SUPERIOR

HARBOR, LAKE SUPERIOR.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, St. Paul, Corps of Engineers,

St. Paul, Minnesota.

(d) Analytical; for design.

(e) Water-stage records obtained from gages in Duluth-Superior Harbor were analyzed to determine whether seiches are the cause of troublesome and damaging ship movements at loading docks in the harbor, and to provide

information needed to design a hydraulic

model, if the use of a model study is indicated

(f) Analysis completed.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(3242) MODEL STUDY OF CONNEAUT HARBOR, LAKE ERIE,

OHIO.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Buffalo, Corps of Engineers,

Buffalo, New York.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:125 fixed-bed model was used to determine

the influence of seiche currents and short- period wind-wave action in causing damage to ships navigating or berthed in Conneaut Harbor (located on the south shore of Lake Erie about 30 miles southwest of Erie,

Pennsylvania), and to develop remedial plans. The model reproduced about 7.3 square miles

including all the area within the harbor and sufficient adjacent lake area to permit

reproduction of storm waves from all critical

directions. A circulating system installed

in the model permitted simulation of currents through and past the harbor caused

by seiches on the lake.

(g) Results of the investigation show that (1) installing a shore connecting arm of breakwater between the present east breakwater

and shore will not worsen currents inside

the harbor and thus will permit proposed

realinement of the east pier inside the haibor, and (2) a detached breakwater about

900 feet long located about 1,600 feet from

the harbor entrance will provide adequate

protection to the inner harbor from wave action

(h) Final report in preparation.

(3243) MODEL STUDY OF LOCKS AND DAM NO. 4, MONONGAHELA RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:120 fixed-bed, comprehensive model,

reproducing about 2.5 miles of the Monongahela River and the locks and dam structures

was used to determine the effects of modifications to the existing locks and dam on navigation conditions, and to develop

modifications required to overcome any undesirable conditions.

f) Tests completed.

g) Navigation conditions which can be expected

with the existing locks and reconstructed

dam without channel dredging were determined.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(3244) MODEL STUDIES OF COLUMBIA LOCK AND DAM, CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Mobile, Corps of Engineers, Mobile, Alabama.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:100 fixed-bed type, comprehensive model,

reproducing about 1.5 miles of the Chattahoochee River and the lock and dam structures was used to study the navigation

conditions within the lock approaches and

the head on lower lock gate during lock- emptying operations, and to develop modifications required to overcome any undesirable

conditions found. Two section models were

also used in the investigation to develop

final spillway profiles and stilling basin

dimensions: a 1:36 model of the fixed-crest

spillway reproducing 250 feet of the approach

137
area, a 36-foot-wide portion of the spillway

and stilling basin, and 300 feet of the exit

area; and a 1:27.2 model of the gated spill- way reproducing 500 feet of the approach

area, a portion of the spillway crest and stilling basin (one full gate bay and two half piers), and 500 feet of the exit area.

f) Completed.

g) Tests of the spillway section models indicated

that while the spillways performed satisfactorily, the stilling basins provided little

or no energy dissipation. In the case of the gated spillway, flow passed over the spill- way along the surface of the tailwater or dived over the stilling basin into the exit channel. With the fixed-crest spillway,

flow normally does not begin until the tail- water over the basin is fairly deep. In such cases there was no measurable velocity at the spillway toe. Based on these observations,

both basins were eliminated from prototype

construction. Pressures on the gated spill- way were positive for all conditions and instantaneous pressure fluctuations were

negligible. Tests on the comprehensive model

indicated that because of the location of the lock and dam with respect to the alinement

of the channels, currents moving from along

the left bank toward the dam would cross the upper approach to the lock, tending to make

navigation conditions for downbound tows difficult. Conditions could be improved by

modification of the excavation along the left

bank, upstream extension of the guard wall or wing wall at the upper end of the guard wall; installation of ports in the upper guard

wall; and installation of a training dike to deflect flow In the upper lock approach. No navigation difficulties are expected in the lower lock approach.

(h) "Navigation Conditions, Columbia Lock and

Dam, Chattahoochee River, Georgia and Alabama; Hydraulic Model Investigation," U.S. Army

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station

Technical Report No. 2-571, July 1961. "Spillway and Stilling Basin, Columbia Dam, Chattahoochee River, Alabama and Georgia;

Hydraulic Model Investigation," U.S. Army

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report No. 2-578, October 1961. (Available on loan.)

(357 9) MODEL STUDY OF PIER SLIP SHOALING, NEW YORK

HARBOR.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, New York, Corps of Engineers, New York, New York.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The study will be conducted in a section

model reproducing that portion of the Hudson

River between pier 21 (Duane Street) and

Viest 158th Street, Manhattan, constructed to scales of 1:100 vertically and 1:300 horizontally, in which the tides, tidal

currents, and shoaling of navigation slips

will be reproduced. The purpose of the studies is to determine the causes of shoaling

in the pier slips in New York Harbor and to develop plans for alleviating this shoaling.

f) suspended.

g) Tests to date Indicate that submerged sills

or bubble screens across the entrances to certain slips would significantly reduce the rate of shoaling therein; however, the results of preliminary economic studies of these schemes indicate that neither would be economically feasible.

(3581) MODEL STUDY OF LAKE POMTCHARTRAIN, LOUISIANA.

(To) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Mew Orleans, Corps of Engineers, New Orleans, Louisiana.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The investigation is being conducted in a fixed-bed model that reproduces to scales of 1:2,000 horizontally and 1:100 vertically,

Mississippi Sound west of Grand Island, and

Lakes Borgne, Pontchartrain, and Maurepas,

together with significant tributaries. The model reproduces the tides, tidal currents,

salinities, and fresh-water discharges of the prototype. The purpose of the study Is to determine the effect of proposed hurricanesurge control structures across the con- nections between Lake Borgne and Lake Pontchartrain upon the hydraulic and salinity

regimens of the area landward from the structures

(g) Test results indicate that the proposed

gated control structures in the Rigolets and Chef Menteur Passes, which would reduce the existing cross-sectional area of the passes

by about 7 5 percent, would have no significant effects on the present salinity regimen

of the lakes.

(3582) ARKANSAS RIVER CHANNEL MODEL.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

Little Rock, Arkansas.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The Arkansas River project has as one of its major aims the development of river navigation from the Mississippi River to the general area of Tulsa, Oklahoma. The Arkansas River channel model was of the movable-bed type with a horizontal scale of I:i50 and a vertical scale of 1:36, and reproduced the Arkansas River between miles

140.0 and 151.2. The model study constituted

and idealized experimental approach to the solution of sedimentation problems involved

in the canalization of the Arkansas River and was designed to investigate problems typical

of and to provide results generally applicable to the various reaches of the over-all

length of the river to be developed for navigation.

(g) Tests provided general indications of the type of effects produced by the various

regulative measures investigated, as follows: regulating structures which increase the radius of curvature of a bend over natural conditions provide a more uniform channel

cross section and Improve the alinement of the channel over the crossings; in bends,

longitudinal dikes produce a more efficient

channel than spur dikes, improve flow con- ditions and channel cross section, and reduce the amount and extent of shoaling in crossings; extending training works on a concave bank downstream into the crossing reduces

shoaling in that crossing and improves flow conditions in the next bend downstream by

reducing the tendency for a point bar to develop there; dredged spoil banks and willow growth on convex bars improve the alinement, depth, and shape of channel through the bend, and such spoil banks re- quire only minor protection except at the upstream end; providing more contraction in the crossings than through the bends in- creases depths over the crossings and improve the channel alinement but also increases the water-surface slope at high flows; low- level spur groins in crossings to provide

further contraction at low flows increase

the depths over the crossings but produce

considerable backwater and undesirable

shoaling upstream; low-level longitudinal

structures in crossings to provide further

contraction at low flows are effective in fixing the location and alinement of the crossings and produce some lowering of con- trolling elevations over crossings but offer

almost no resistance to the flow.

(h) Preparation of final report in progress.

(3583) MODEL STUDIES OF CARLYLE DAM, KA SKA SKI

RIVER, ILLINOIS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, St. Louis, Corps of Engineers,

St. Louis, Missouri.

(d) Experimental; for design.

138
(e) Tests in a 1:36 comprehensive model, repro- ducing the spillway and allied structures,

a portion of the earth embankment on each

side of the spillway, and about 2,200 feet

of approach and exit channel, were performed

to: (1) Determine suitability of the exca- vation plan in the approach area and provide

a means of studying alternate plans; (2) verify spillway capacity and provide data for use in the structural design; (3) study

stilling basin performance and determine

optimum design of basin training walls; and

(4) provide information as a basis for developing a gate operating schedule.

f) Completed.

g) Extreme turbulence and excessive losses at the spillway abutments of the original design were corrected by addition of a spur dike at each abutment . Adequacy of the approach area excavation plan was verified. Data useful

in the structural design of the spillway

elements and information on which a gate

operating schedule can be based were obtained.

The feasibility of placing the stilling

basin apron at the optimum elevation from a consideration of foundation conditions was

verified. Addition of baffle piers to the apron was found desirable. Optimum top

elevation for the basin training walls was determined

(h) "Carlyle Dam, Kaskaskia River, Illinois;

Hydraulic Model Investigation," U.S. Army

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report No. 2-568, June 1961. (Available

on loan.

(3584) MODEL STUDIES OP RED ROCK DAM, DES MOINES

RIVER, IOWA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Rock Island, Corps of Engineers,

Rock Island, Illinois,

dl Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:50 model that reproduced 900 feet of the approach channel above the spillway, an 825-foot-wlde section along the dam, the spillway, conduits, stilling basin, and 575 feet of the outlet channel, and a 1:16 model

that reproduced one conduit and a 16-footwide portion of the spillway and stilling

basin were used to study flow conditions in the approach, particularly at the abutments,

to verify stilling basin and training wail

design, to evaluate reduction in conduit

flow during combined operation, and to determine the need of armor plate at the outlet portal

(g) Tests on the 1:16 model indicated that during

combined operation, simulating spillway and conduit flow at maximum reservoir elevation, pressures within the conduit and in the outlet portal were positive. "Eyebrows" or deflectors above the portal increased conduit now and dropped the grade line within the conduit. A Polsom Dam high-level conduit,

reproduced in the model, verified prototype

cavitation-damage areas and furnished a basis for interpretation of Red Rock conduit

test results.

(h) Pinal report in preparation.

(i585) MODEL STUDY OP NEW FOE LOCK, ST. MARYS RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Buffalo, Corps of Engineers,

Buffalo, New York.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:2b preliminary culvert and single lateral

model was used to test flow distribution

within the lateral under various operating

conditions. The major investigations were conducted in a 1:25 comprehensive model

reproducing 1,000 feet of upstream approach,

intake manifolds, the 1,000-foot lock chamber,

culverts, bottom lateral outlet manifolds,

and 500 feet of downstream approach. This

model included provision for changing the arrangement of bottom laterals, lock length,

culvert height, and culvert valve operating

schedules, and was used to determine (1) adequacy of intake and discharge manifold

designs, (2) maximum permissible lock filling and emptying rates with turbulence and hawser stresses within safe limits, and (3) best location, number, and spacing of bottom

laterals. A 1:12 culvert valve model was used to study proposed valve design,

(f) Completed.

(gj The original design intake manifolds and upstream pier nose shape were revised to reduce vortex tendencies at the intake and improve flow distribution. The bottom splitlateral system (i.e. two groups of six

laterals each) for filling and emptying the lock was satisfactory. The discharge manifold

was revised to secure better flow distribution. The recommended single-speed 4- minute valve schedule for filling and singlespeed 2-minute valve schedule for emptying

the lock will result in maximum hawser

stresses of 5 tons, filling time of 7.8 minutes, and emptying time of 7.3 minutes at normal 21-foot head. Data from the 1:12 model tests formed the basis for design of the filling and emptying valves.

(h) "Filling and Emptying System, New Poe Lock,

St. Marys River, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan;

Hydraulic Model Investigation," U.S. Army

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report No. 2-561, April 1961. (Avallabie on loan .

(3586) MODEL STUDY OP HOPPER DRAGHEAD.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Philadelphia, Corps of Engineers,

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) To develop improved dragheads designed to attain a greater rate of intake of solids

when dredging mud and silt mixtures (soft

materials) and dredging densely packed, fine sand (hard material), an investigation Is being conducted in a 60- by 10-foot flume containing various types of bed material.

The draghead and suction line, constructed to a scale of 1:6, are connected to a suction pump mounted on a double carriage that pro- vides travel, both longitudinally and transversely, along the top of the flume.

(f) Suspended.

(g) Preliminary tests have indicated that the model draghead would tend to be more efficient in sand than the prototype because of modifications in the design and operation under

more ideal conditions. Tests have also indicated that a mixture of available mate- rials could be used to simulate prototype

mud for the draghead test. Analysis of the data for sand has not progressed to a point where the significant design parameters for dragheads have been determined.

(3587) MODEL STUDIES OF JOHN REDMOND DAM, GRAND

RIVER, KANSAS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Tulsa, Corps of Engineers, Tulsa,

Oklahoma

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:100 model that reproduced 2,900 feet of the approach channel above the spillway, the spillway, stilling basin, and 2,450 feet of the outlet channel, and a 1:36 model that reproduced one full bay and two half bays of the spillway and the stilling basin were used to study flow conditions in the shallow, curved spillway approach channel; to verify

capacity of the structure and adequacy of the stilling basin and exit channel; and to determine minimum requirements for training

walls.

(h) Pinal report in preparation.

(3588) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, BIG BEND RESERVOIR, MISSOURI RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

lay
District, Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:60 model, reproducing 2,400 feet of the approach channel, the spillway and stilling

basin, and 1,000 feet of the exit channel, was used to determine: (1) velocity and flow characteristics in the approach channel;

(2) spillway discharge rating data with

emphasis on the effects of weir submergence;

and (3) stilling basin behavior and exit channel velocity and scour data,

(h) Final, report in preparation.

(3589) MODEL STUDY OP SPILLWAY, PIKE ISLAND DAM, OHIO

RIVER, WEST VIRGINIA AND OHIO.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha,

Nebraska.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:25 section model reproducing 300 feet of the approach area, a portion of the spillway

crest and stilling basin, and 600 feet of the

exit area was used to examine the hydraulic

performance of the spillway and stilling

basin

(f) Completed.

(g) Tests of the original design stilling basin

revealed that unsatisfactory basin action

occurred at the larger gate openings (above

a 6-foot opening). For satisfactory basin

action, correct placement of the baffle piers

in the basin below the spillway was essential.

The most satisfactory basin consisted of a horizontal apron 67 feet long with a single row of 6"-foot-high baffle piers located 42 feet below the spillway toe, and a 3-foot-high

stepped end sill. Velocities in the exit did

not exceed 6 feet per second for normal tail- water conditions.

(h) "Spillway Stilling Basin for Pike Island

Locks and Dam, Ohio River, Ohio and West

Virginia; Hydraulic Model Investigation,"

U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station Technical Report No. 2-586, December

1961. (Available on loan.)

(3590) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE ACTION, EAST PASSAGE, NARRAGANSETT BAY, RHODE ISLAND.

(b) Division Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

Division, New England, Corps of Engineers,

Waltham, Massachusetts.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:150 model is being used to determine the effects of tidal and hurricane surge currents,

waves, and winds on the operation of an aircraft carrier in East Passage. A barrier

across East Passage has been proposed to limit the quantity of water entering

Narragansett Bay from hurricane surge, and

the model study will examine ship navigation

conditions with respect to barrier location

and its navigation opening. A self-propelled,

radio-controlled, model aircraft carrier,

dynamically similar to its prototype, is being used in the tests.

(g) Flume tests were conducted to determine the design of a barrier opening which would have

the desired now characteristics. Tests

were completed to establish the current patterns and magnitudes which would affect

navigation. Tests showed that an aircraft

carrier can satisfactorily maneuver in all storm conditions up to and including the iaib hurricane. Hurricane tide currents up

to 12 knots, and spring astronomical tiaai currents up to b knots can be expected If the barrier is constructed.

(35i2j MODEL STUDY OF TYPICAL NAVIGATION DAM,

ARKAi.'oAS K1VER.

(h)

(3593)

(b)

(h)

(3594)

(b)

(d

District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, corps or Engineers,

Little Rock, Arkansas. experimental; ror design. The Arkansas River multipurpose project

includes the development of river navigation

from the Mississippi River to the general, area of Tulsa. Present plans for navigation

Include construotlonof several navigation

locks and dams. The purposes oi tne model

study wei-e tu investigate various problems

that oocur in the vicmioy oj. the structures. Tne investigation was conducteu on a movable- bed model constructed to linear scales of 1:120 horizontally and 1:40 vertically,

reproducing a 5-mile reach of a typical stream having characteristics generally simi- lar to reaches of the Arkansas River, includ- ing a typical Arkansas River lock and dam

structure

Preparation of final report in progress. MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, MAXWELL DAM, MONONGAHELA RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA. District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:25 section model reproducing 200 feet oi the approach channel, a 25-foot-wide section

of the gate, gate sill, and stilling basin,

and 300 feet of the exit area was used to examine the hydraulic performance of the stilling basin. A second phase of the study

consisted of determining the most efficient

and economical stilling basin below Opekiska

Dam, a structure similar to Maxwell. A suffi- cient range of tailwater conditions was test- ed to make the data applicable to both dams. Completed

Natural tailwater at Maxwell is adequate for formation of a hydraulic jump under assumed

minimum conditions, and satisfactory performance was obtained in all five basin designs

tested. Lowest bottom velocities resulted

with a basin consisting of a 26-foot-long

horizontal apron surmounted by a single row

of 4-foot-high baffle piers and a 4-foothigh dentated end sill. At Opekiska natural

tailwater is inadequate for formation of a hydraulic jump under assumed minimum con- ditions. A 16 .8-f oot-long horizontal apron terminated by a 4-foot-high dentated end

sill wiLl perform adequately with all four

gates operating in 1-foot increments, and

will result in acceptable maximum bottom

velocities.

"Spillway Stilling Basins for Maxwell and Opekiska Locks and Dams, Monongahela River,

Pennsylvania and West Virginia; Hydraulic

Model Investigation," U.S. Army Engineer

Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report

No. 2-579, October 1961. (Available on loan .

)

MODEL STUDY OF RIPRAP REQUIREMENTS FOR R.R. RELOCATION FILLS, ICE HARBOR DAM AND JOHN

DAM PROJECTS, WASHINGTON AND OREGON. District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Walla Walla, Corps of Engineers,

Walla Walla, Washington.

Experimental; for design. Tests were conducted in a 5-foot-wide, 4-

f oot-deep,and 119-foot-long wave flume,

using a linear scale of 1:12, model to prototype, to determine the stability of primary and secondary riprap, and gravel as cover-layer materials for protection of railroad relocation fills from wave action. The stability of the different types of cover-layer materials was determined as a function of depth below still-water level,

slope of fill, depth of water, and wave period and height.

Completed.

The results of stability tests on three different gradations of primary riprap

material are represented with very good accuracy by the formula Rv 50 l) 3 cot a

14 u
where W50 is weight of riprap (50 percent

finer than), 7v is the specific weight of riprap material, H is the height of selected design wave, Sr

is the specific gravity

of riprap relative to the fluid in which the structure is located Cr/7w), a is the angle

of the fill slope, and Ka Is a dimensionless

coefficient. The weights of the underlayer

material should be at least 1/20 of the weights of primary riprap.

(3596) HYDRAULIC STUDIES FOR IMPACT ENERGY

DISSIPATOR DESIGN.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

(d) Experimental} applied research.

(e) A general investigation to determine the energy loss coefficient of an impact energy dissipator of variable height and depth for varying slopes, diameters, and energy of flows of the upstream conduit will be con- ducted on a 1 .0-f oot-diameter Impact energy

dissipator. The energy of the influx will

be determined from measurements of the discharge and the hydraulic gradient. The energy of the efflux will be determined from

measurements of the discharge from each of four quadrants. The slope and size of the incoming pipe will be varied to determine

the effect of each upon the energy dissipated.

For a particular slope and diameter of the Incoming pipe and a particular height and depth of the dissipator, the relative energy

content of the efflux to the Influx will be determined for as great a range of Reynolds

numbers as possible to ascertain the effect

of Reynolds number upon the energy loss in the dissipator.

(3597) CORRUGATED PIPE ROUGHNESS STUDY.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, and Bureau of Public Roads,

Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) This is a general investigation to determine

a resistance coefficient and the law of velocity distribution for flow in structuralplate corrugated pipe. A fiber-glass test section reproducing a 5-foot-diameter

standard corrugated pipe at a scale of 1:4 was tested in order to obtain additional data

on the resistance coefficient and velocity

distribution and to correlate model work with

full-scale tests. Fiber-glass test sections

reproducing a 5-foot-, 10-foot, and 20-foot- diameter structural -plate pipe at scales of 1:2,2, 1:8, and 1:16, respectively, will be tested to determine the effect of relative

roughness upon the resistance coefficient

and velocity distribution. The hydraulic

gradient and the energy loss through 20- to 80-diarneter lengths of test section will be established by piezometers located at 5-foot intervals. These piezometers win be 1/8 Inch in diameter, on center or the crests of the corrugations, and four in number around

the periphery of the pipe. Velocity traverses

will be made by means of calibrated pltot tubes at several locations along the test section for determination of the velocity

distrloution.

(g) Tests conducted on the model reproducing

standard corrugations at a scale or 1 : 4 have been completed and the results or tests ror

a range or Reynolds numbers rrom 4 x 10 to

2 x I0b agree favorably with results or fullscale studies made at Bonnevixie Hydrauxic

Laouratory. Results 01 tests on the moueis

simulating 5-root-, xu-root-, and iu-iuotdiameoer structural-plate pipes indicate

maximum Manning's "n" of 0.032, 0.030, and

0.027, respectively. At present additional

high- and low-velocity tests are being con- ducted in the models simulating the 10-footand 5-f oot-diameter structural-plate pipes,

respectively, to obtain velocity distribution

data in an overlapping range of wall Reynolds

number

(3596) MODEL STUDIES OF CONTAMINATION DISPERSION IN ESTUARIES.

(b) Nuclear Projects Office, Maritime Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce.

(d) Experimental: applied research.

(e) The increasing use of nuclear reactors in the production of automotive power, both on land

and sea, presents new problems pertaining to the dispersal of radioactive waste released

either accidentally or purposely into rivers,

estuaries, and harbors. The Maritime

Administration is concerned with the probable

dispersion patterns of radioactive matter

that might be released in accidents involving

nuclear-powered ships. A series of tests was made on several existing models of important estuaries, Including the Delaware

River, Narragansett Bay, New York Harbor,

and San Francisco Bay, in order to obtain

data from which dispersion effects could be computed. Tides, tidal currents, salinities, and fresh-water flow were reproduced for all tests. Methylene blue chloride dye was used

to simulate contamination, and the dye

releases were generally made at the most adverse time of tide in relation to the potential upstream spread of the contaminant. Water samples were obtained periodically

throughout the contaminated area for spectrophotometer analysis, and in addition, meters

which automatically measured and recorded

dye concentrations were in continuous operation at strategic locations. Results

obtained are expressed as percentages of the initial concentration.

(g) Tests in the San Francisco Bay model have been completed, and the results are being

analyzed by the Waterways Experiment Station. The report thereon will contain descriptions

of test procedures and techniques, and tables and plates presenting the data

obtained. Analyses of data from all model

tests will be made and conclusions drawn by

Dr. D.W. Pritchard of Johns Hopkins Univ.

(3902) RADIOACTIVE TRACER TESTS OF SEDIMENT, GALVESTON BAY, TEXAS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers,

Galveston, Texas.

d) Experimentaljfield investigation.

e) The movement of sediment in the vicinity of

the Galveston Bay jetty was investigated by

use of radioactive gold-impregnated glass.

The glass was ground to the particle size of the natural sediment and was deposited at three locations on the north side of the jetty. The paths of the activated, goldimpregnated glass particles were traced by

instruments from a small boat. Readings

were procured over a period of about one week. It was expected that the tidal action,

littoral current, and wind waves would move

the material around the end of the jetty

and/or through the jetty.

f) Tests completed.

g) Most of the radioactive material passed

through a small boat opening in the jetty.

Further tests are necessary to determine

whether any material passes around the end

of the jetty.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(3903) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE ACTION, HILO HARBOR, HAWAII.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Honolulu, Corps of Engineers,

Honolulu, Hawaii.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A fixed-bed hydraulic model is proposed to determine the optimum breakwater plan to decrease wave and surge action in Hilo Harbor

so that troublesome and damaging ship motion

at piers 1, 2, and 3 will be alleviated. To

141
date, prototype instruments to measure wave

and surge action at piers 1 and 2 have been

obtained with which measurements will be made for use in determining the cause of the problem and in design of the model. This

model will also be used to investigate the effects of different plans of construction

on the reduction of damage to the city of Hilo from tsunamis,

(g) Design of model is in progress.

(3904) MODEL STUDY OP DESIGN OF RUBBLE -MOUND BREAKWATER, MORRO BAY, CALIFORNIA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Los Angeles, Corps of Engineers,

Los Angeles, California.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Stability tests were conducted in a concrete

wave flume 119 feet long, 5 feet wide, and

4 feet deep, in which a section model of the Morro Bay Harbor breakwater had been con- structed to a linear scale of 1:53.7 The study was performed to obtain data from which

alternate designs could be developed for repair of the damaged breakwater. Design

criteria for both the head and trunk of the structure were desired. Proposed designs

involved cover layers of either quarrystone,

tetrapod, tribar, or pelican-stool armor units

(f) Completed.

(g) It was round that a considerable portion or the breakwater trunk would be stable under

attack of waves 24 reet high (design-wave

height) if the lower layer was composed of quarrystone s weighing 10 to 20 tons placed

on a slope of l on 2-1/2. Another reach or the structure could be constructed of quarrystones weighing 10 to 50 tons placed on a slope of 1 on 1-5/4. Design of the breakwater

head was difficult. However, it was de- termined that the head should be composed or concrete armor units of special shape, weighing 20 tons, with slopes varying from 1 on 1-1/2 on the seaside to i on o on the harborside . (h) "Designs for Rubble-Mound Breakwater Repair, Morro Bay Harbor, California; Hydraulic

Model Investigation," U.S. Army Engineer

Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report

No. 2-567, May 1961. (Available on loan.)

(3905) KELLEYS ISLAND HARBOR STUDY, LAKE ERIE, OHIO.

b) Ohio State,

d) Analytical; for design.

(e) An analytical study was conducted to determine

the characteristics of short-period wind waves which occur at the site of the pro- posed Keneys Island harbor of refuge. Deep- water waves were charted into the position

of the harbor entrance by use of refraction

diagrams. The resulting data were used to determine the optimum alinement of the navigation opening, and the need for, and approximate length or a protecting breakwater.

(f) Study completed.

(g) Results of the combined refraction-dli'fraction

analysis show that a breakwater extending

900 feet northwesterly from shore, out to -10 feet low-water datum, and a companion

breakwater about 400 reet long, with an entrance channel approximately 150 feet wide

villi provide adequate protection to the inner harbor from wave action.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(3906) POWER PLANT TRANSIENTS TESTS, GARRISON AND

OAHE DAMS, MISSOURI RIVER, NORTH DAKOTA.

(b) Division Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

Division, Missouri River, and District

Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer District, Omaha,

Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska.

(d) Field investigations; applied research and design.

(e) Hydraulic prototype measurements or power

plant transients at Garrison Dam have been

made to evaluate results of a comprehensive

digital computer study made by the sponsoring

offices, and to determine extent operation

corresponds with design in order to develop

a solution of the entire problem of power

plant transients, with primary emphasis on governing stability. For different plant

loadings, Instantaneous pressure valves at a number of locations in the power tunnel, the surge tank system, turbine scroll case, and draft tube were obtained simultaneously with Instantaneous values of tunnel velocity,

reservoir and tailwater elevations, turbine

speed and gate opening, power output and other elements (Including governor system). Pressure and water-level measurements were made with electrical pressure transducers,

velocities with pressure transducers mounted

in probes projecting into the flow, and mechanical and electrical values with

appropriate transducers. Measurements were recorded on about 90 channels of oscillograph and magnetic tape recorders. Data from the Garrison tests are being digitized

for computer analyses. Tests at Oahe Dam probably will be made in the spring of 1963.

(3907) SHOALING PROCESSES.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The annual cost to the Federal Government of maintaining navigable channels In tidal

waterways is estimated to be of the order of $60,000,000. The Corps of Engineers Com- mittee on Tidal Hydraulics has concluded

that a thorough study of shoaling processes

in tidal waterways would lead to improvements

in channel design, dredging, and spoiling

practices, and other maintenance techniques

which would reduce this large expenditure

The Committee concludes that the following

program of research is essential in arriving

at the objective of reducing maintenance

cost: (1) Flume studies to determine the basic laws involved in the movement and deposition of muddy sediments; (2) flume studies to determine effects of repetitive

scour and deposition on sedimentation; (3) the development of techniques for using

radioactive tracers for observing >the movement and deposition of sediments in nature;

(4) the development of a simple and accurate instrument for in-place measurement of tur- bidity; (5) a study of the physical, chemical, ana hydraulic factors involved in the stabili- zation of deposits in navigable channels;

(6) determination of the effects of flocculation on shoaling; (7) prototype studies

aimed at correlation of sedimentation phenom- ena in tidal waterways with physical, chemical, hydraulic, salinity, and other significant factors; and (8) classification of the sediments which constitute all major repetitive shoals in tidal waterways. Item (1) is being conducted under contract by the University of California. A literature survey of items (5) and (6) was conducted by the Waterways Experiment Station. Items (3) and

(4) are being conducted by other agencies at no cost to the Federal Government. Item (2) is inactive.

(3908) ARKANSAS RIVER NAVIGATION MODEL.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Vicksburg, uorps of Engineers,

Vicicsburg, Mississippi.

(a; Experimental; for design.

(e) A fixed-bed model reproducing to scale of I:6Uu Horizontally and l:luu vertically

about o_> miles or the Mississippi River near

the inoutus of the Unite and Aricansas Rivers,

57 miles of the lower Arkansas River, 12 mlJfis of the lower -.;hite River, ana the major

portion oi 'one U'hlte -Arkansas River backwater area was usea for investigation. The model

was used to demonstrate alternate routes for

142
the entrance to the Arkansas River navigation

project, flow patterns, nature of overbank

flow, effect of Arkansas-White Cutoff, and problems related to the location and alinement

of the navigation entrance to the Arkansas

River from the Mississippi River,

(h) Pinal report in preparation.

(3909) MODEL STUDY OF OPOSSUM CREEK LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:120, fixed-bed comprehensive model repro- ducing about 4 miles of the Ohio River and

the lock and dam structures was used to study

navigation conditions in the approaches to

the locks, determine suitability of the selected site, and develop modifications

required to overcome any undesirable con- ditions found.

(f) Suspended.

(3911) MODEL STUDY OF MATAGORDA SHIP CHANNEL, TEXAS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers,

Galveston, Texas.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The fixed-bed model, constructed to scale ratios of 1:1,000 horizontally and 1:100 vertically, reproduces about 800 square miles

of prototype area, including all of Matagorda

Bay, part of the connecting bay system, and

a portion of the Gulf of Mexico adjacent to Pass Cavallo. Tides and tidal currents are reproduced by one primary tide generator and

one secondary tide generator, and fresh-water

discharges of tributaries, together with the rainfall over the area, are introduced by means of weirs and flowmeters. Salt water is used in the model gulf to reproduce the prototype salinity regimen and provisions

have been made for the injection of silt in the model for measurements of deposits on

the bed of the model. Studies will be made

to determine: (i) The best location for the entrance channel; {z) the best route for the cnannel from the entrance to Point Comfort;

(3) such protective works as may be required

in the interests of navigation ana maintenance of the channel; and (4J the effects of the deep-draft navigation channel on the salinity regimen of the bay system.

(g) Test results indicate that one of the proposed channel routes Is superior to any

of the other channel routes tested.

l^yiVJ) MODEL STUDY OF GALVESTON BAY, TEXAS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers,

Galveston, Texas.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(ej A movable-bed model, with scale ratios of 1:500 horizontally and 1:100 vertically, Villi reproduce about 174.5 square miles of prototype area, including a small portion of Galveston Bay and a portion of the Gulf of Mexico extending 8 miles north of the north

Jetty, 6-1/2 miles south of the south jetty, and offshore to about the 50-foot contour of depth. Tides, tidal currents, littoral

currents, and wave action in the Gulf of Mexico will be reproduced. Studies will be made to determine: (l) Plans for relocation

and stabilization of the jetty channel on an alinement ana depth suitable for navigation

of supertankers; (2) means of protecting the north jetty from undermining action of tidal

currents; (3) shoaling characteristics of the relocated and deepened jetty (inner bar)

channel and plans for minimizing shoaling;

and (4) shoaling characteristics of the deepened outer bar channel. Hydraulic verification of the model has been completed, and

the movable-bed verification is in progress.

(3913) MODEL STUDY OF GULF OUTLET CHANNEL, LOUISIANA.

(b) District Egineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, New Orleans, Corps of Engineers, New Orleans, Louisiana.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The investigation is being conducted In a fixed-bed extension of the Lake Pontchartraln

model and In conjunction with that model

study. Reproduced is that area eastward

of New Orleans to Breton Sound and south of Lakes Pontchartraln and Borgne to include

the connecting waterways between those

lakes and the Gulf Outlet Channel, now under construction. Scales are 1:2,000 hori- zontal and 1:100 vertical. Tides, tidal

currents, salinities, and water exchange

through the connecting waterways are simulated. Purpose of the study Is to determine

the effect of the channel on the salinity

regimens of Lakes Pontchartraln and Borgne,

which will be connected to the channel by

existing waterways.

(f) Study completed.

(g) A preliminary analysis of the test results

indicates that the Gulf Outlet Channel, with

no control over its connection to Lake Pontchartraln through the Industrial Canal,

would cause a large increase in the present

salinity of the lake. The tests also showed

that a control structure could be installed

in the Industrial Canal and could be operated

effectively to control the salinity of the

lake at any level between that existing at present and the higher level that would exist without such a control structure.

(h) Report In preparation.

(3914) MODEL STUDY FOR MODERNIZATION OF EXISTING

LOCK, McALPINE LOCKS, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Louisville, Corps of Engineers,

Louisville, Kentucky.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:25 model which reproduced the filling and emptying system was used to develop feasible

modifications which will improve prototype

performance

f) Completed.

g) Tests established the need for connecting the filling and emptying culverts and determined

the best port arrangement and valve schedule for filling the locks. Tests indicated that

the best port arrangements still will not permit filling in less than 16 minutes if requirement for a maximum hawser stress of

5 tons is satisfied. A filling time of 16 minutes with approximately equal hawser

stresses can be obtained, either by use of the type 2 intake and a 12-minute valve schedule

or the type 1 Intake and a 4-mlnute valve

schedule. If maximum hawser stresses greater than 5 tons are allowed, advantages can be gained by use of the type 2 intake

(h) Final report in preparation.

(3915) MODEL STUDY OF DROP STRUCTURE, GERING VALLEY

PROJECT, GERING VALLEY, NEBRASKA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:12 model reproducing successively three typical drop structures, adjacent overbank

areas, and 300 feet of the approach and exit areas will be used to examine the hydraulic

performance of the drop structures, which

will vary in width from 6 to 33 feet and have drop heights of 5 and 10 feet.

(g) Families of curves have been developed to permit selection of drop structure design

based on drop and discharge conditions.

(3916) MODEL STUDY OF OAHS RESERVOIR SPILLWAY, MISSOURI RIVER, SCUTH DAKOTA.

143
(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha

Nebraska.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l : bu model reproduced the remote, gated

control structure which will serve as spill- way along with approximately 3,00u leet or approach and exit channel. The model study

was intended to: (l) Indicate head losses

through structure ana in channel, and provide data on flow patterns and velocities;

(2) verify discharge data for gate bays; and (3) develop design of stilling basin, and of transition from stilling basin to sloped sides of exit channel.

i'l Tests completed.

g) As a result of the model tests the exit channel was redesigned so that the con- crete transition walls from basin to exit

channel were moved upstream 50 feet and all baffling elements were removed from the basin.

A gate schedule of operation was developed

to prevent bottom velocities in the exit

from exceeding 15 feet per second, and the required length of concrete apron Deiow

the structure was determined. No changes

were required in the approach channel or to

the spillway crest,

(h) Final report in preparation.

(3917) GENERAL SPILLWAY MODEL TESTS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests are made on various elements of spill- ways to develop improved designs and to better define values of coefficients used

in design formulas, a series of tests is being conducted on low weirs to determine

optimum shape from a consideration of discharge coefficients and pressures.

(3 918) VTDEL TESTS TOR TYPICAL FLOOD- AND WATER- CONTROL STRUCTURE.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Jacksonville, Corps of Engineers,

Jacksonville, Florida.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:16 model, reproducing 384 feet of the approach channel, an 81 . 33-f oot-wide

3-bay structure, the spillway, stilling

basin, and 192 feet of the outlet channel,

was used to determine the discharge coefficient and flow conditions of similar project structures having various approach

and exit channel elevations for both con- trolled and uncontrolled flows.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) As expected, results indicate that the greater the depth of approach and/or difference in elevation between weir crest and

exit channel, the greater the discharge

coefficient for all now conditions. Ex- pressions describing free and submerged

controlled and uncontrolled flow conditions

have been determined. Fresent data analyses

are concerned with determining parameters

that will define the limits of each of the four possible flow conditions.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(3ai9) MODEL STUDY OF ALLEGHENY DAM, ALLEGHENY

RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:36 model reproduced a 375-foot-wide

section of the approach, the entire spillway and portions of each abutment, the six

low-level sluices and two high-level sluices,

the stilling basin, and a 425-foot-wide

section of the exit channel. The model

provided a means for determining sluice

design, spray wall heights, and stilling

basin design. Weir calibration data and

pressures were determined.

(g) Model tests verified hydraulic performance

of the weir (as there was close agreement

between model and computed weir rating

curves), facilitated selection of types of high-level and low-level sluice designs, and refined design of the stilling basin

by raising the apron elevation 3 feet and decreasing the height of the barrie piers

3 feet.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(4382) HYDRAULIC PROTOTYPE TESTS.

(t>) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D. C.

(d) Field Investigations for applied research

and design.

(e) The hydraulic prototype testing program of the Corps of Engineers is coordinated for complete coverage of needed testing, pre- vention of unnecessary duplication of testing

facilities and tests, recommendations of Installations at projects where physical and hydraulic conditions will be suitable for obtaining data, and investigation or prototype hydraulic performance. Personnel and equipment are made available to Corps of Engineers Districts conducting hydraulic

field tests. Assistance also is given in planning test facilities, analyzing data, and preparing reports.

(g) Prototype measurements were made of average

and fluctuating pressures on the Table Rock Dam spillway crest I or several gate openings.

Ve±ocity and pressure data obtained In a 22-f oot-diameter tunnei at Kort Randall Dam

were analyzed. (See also report on McAlpine

Lock emergency gate, item 3906 on power

plant transients tests, and item 2925 on ultrasonic flow measurement.)

(4383) MODEL, STUDY OF TURTLE CREEK CHANNEL

IMPROVEMENT, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) To evaluate proposed channel improvements

and determine the necessity for raising

bridges and modifying piers ana auutments,

a l : 50 model reproducing the lower 7, /uu

1'eet ol' Turtle Creek cnannel was used. The

mottci included provision^ ±or testing plans

with tnc existing and improves channels in

the lower, i,50u-foot reach oi ine channel.

V i

) Tests completed.

(g) Results oi' tests with the original design

checked commuted water- surface profiles

cxoseiy. various improvement pmns involving

cnanuei reaiinement ana mouif ication to bridges and piers were tested which resulted

in additional lowering ol' the water-surrace

prol'iie througn the channel.

(h) Report in preparation.

(4584) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, PROCTOR RESEnvulR,

LEON RIVER, TEXAS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Fort Worth, Corps of Engineers,

Fort Worth, Texas.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:40 model reproducing a center bay and adjacent half bays of the spillway and stilling basin, and 400 feet of approach

and exit areas, was used to verify the weir

coefficients by means of head-discharge

relations and pressure measurements on the spillway, and to determine the effect of varying the depth of approach and the slope

of the upstream weir face on these conditions. Results will be used for other projects with

similar weir shapes.

f) Tests completed.

g) Decreasing depth of approach Increased weir

coefficients slightly; however, pier con- traction coefficients were also increased.

144
Making crest shape tangent to upstream face

of weir increased weir coefficients,

(h) Pinal report in preparation.

(4385) MODEL STUDY OF BELLEVILLE LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER, OHIO AND WEST VIRGINIA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Huntington, Corps of Engineers,

Huntington, West Virginia.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The project involves construction of a nonnavigable-type dam with parallel locks; the main lock will be 1,200 feet by 110 feet and the auxiliary lock 600 feet by 110

feet. A 1:120 fixed-bed model reproducing

about 3 miles of the river is being used

to study navigation conditions in the lock approaches and the effects of the structures

on flood stages.

(g) With the original design, currents above the locks would move generally parallel to the right bank and approach the guard wall at an angle to the wall. Because of the high

current velocities, drifting downbound tows would tend to approach the guard wall at relatively high speeds unless their forward movement were retarded. Tows would also encounter some difficulty in pulling away from the guard wall and in approaching the guide wall for passage through the auxiliary

locks. No serious navigation difficulties

are indicated in the lower approach to the locks

(4386) MODEL STUDY OF HOLT LOCK AND DAM, WARRIOR

RIVER, ALABAMA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Mobile, Corps of Engineers, Mobile,

Alabama.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:80 model, reproducing the structures,

4,800 feet of the approach channel and 4,800 feet of the exit channel, was used to study flow conditions in the lock approaches

and In the approach and exit channels for all arrangements of the structures. A 1:36

section model reproducing one full bay and

two adjacent half bays of the spillway and stilling basin was utilized for studies

of the adequacy of the weir and stilling

basin design. A 1:25 model reproducing 800

feet of the lock approach channel, Intake manifolds, the 670-foot lock chamber,

culverts, bottom laterals, outlet stilling

basin, and 730 feet of the downstream exit

channel was used to study various types of filling and emptying systems to determine

the most advantageous system from the standpoints of rate of operations, degree of turbulence, and economy. A 1:15 model of

a culvert valve was used to study proposed

valve designs.

(g) From tests made to date, results from the 1:80 general model indicate that the overall arrangement and location of the structures are generally satisfactory.

Installation of a 300-foot-long dike in the downstream river channel offered some improvement in flow conditions in the lower approach to the lock. Tests on the 1:36 section model indicate that the 80-foot-long

apron-type basin can be replaced with a small 20-foot-radius bucket. In the 1:25 lock model the original design laterals were revised for better flow distribution between

the 12 ports. The bottom middle-third

lateral system was found to be feasible, and

it is anticipated that increasing the spacing

between the laterals In this system will

further improve performance of this system. Data from the 1:15 valve model will form the basis for design of the filling and emptying

valves.

(4387) MODEL STUDY OF WILLOW SPRINGS AND SAG JUNCTION DIVERSIONS, CHICAGO SANITARY AND

SHIP CANAL, ILLINOIS.

(b) Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater

Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Tests are being conducted on two 1:60 models,

which reproduce the diversion channels and

a portion of the Sanitary and Ship Canal at each location, to determine the effect of crosscurrents on navigation and to verify

or further develop the hydraulic design of the diversion channels and appurtenant

hydraulic structures. A 1:16 section model

is being used for study of the control

structures.

(g) Strong crosscurrents in the canal adjacent

to the Willow Springs diversion were improved

by adjusting the heights of the curtain walls

in the bridge bays to obtain equal distribution of flow through the bridge. Design capacity

of the Willow Springs diversion can be met with only seven gate bays while ten are provided. Satisfactory flow distribution

obtained through the diversion bridge and control structure at Sag Junction as well

as satisfactory navigation conditions in the Sanitary Canal. Operation data are being

obtained for a full range of hydraulic con- ditions on both diversion studies. Study of single gate hydraulic conditions and stilling

basin action below the control gates Is being

completed In the section model.

(4388) SECTION MODEL STUDY OF LOCK AND DAM NO. 6, ARKANSAS RIVER, ARKANSAS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

Little Rock, Arkansas.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:25 section model, reproducing a 5-foot depth of approach channel, one 60-foot gate

bay and two adjacent half bays, the spillway

stilling basin, and outlet channel, is being

used to determine the optimum parabolic shape of the downstream face of the gate sill, the dimensions and elevation of the stilling

basin, the shape of the gate piers, the spill- way rating curves with full and partially

opened gates, and the minimum riprap require- ments for various elevations of the exit

channel

(g) Tests regarding shape of the gate piers indi- cated that either the semicircular or ogival

pier nose was satisfactory; however, the ogival pier nose yielded a slightly greater

value of the discharge coefficient. Tests cn the parabolic gate sill shape based on the trajectory of a free jet showed that a parabola based on a 10-foot head rather

than the original 24-foot head would result

In desirable basin action under all expected

conditions. This allows a 13.5-foot re- duction in length of gate sill.

(4389) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE ACTION, LORAIN HARBOR,

OHIO.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Buffalo, Corps of Engineers,

Buffalo, New York.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:125 fixed-bed is being used to determine the influence of storm wave action and attendant currents in causing navigation

hazards at Lorain Harbor which is located at the mouth of Black River on the south shore

of Lake Erie. The model reproduces about

8.8 square miles including all the area within the harbor and sufficient adjacent

lake area to permit reproduction of waves from all critical directions. Waves are generated in the model by a 60-foot-long

plunger-type wave machine and wave heights

are measured electrically by an oscillograph.

(g) It has been determined that the proposed

detached breakwater plan will not cause more adverse currents at the entrance channel

Tests are in progress to determine whether

a breakwater plan can be developed that will

provide sufficient protection at less cost.

145
(4390) MODEL STUDY OF CANNELTON LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO

RIVER, INDIANA AND KENTUCKY.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Louisville, Corps of Engineers,

Louisville, Kentucky.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The project involves the construction of a nonnavlgable dam with parallel locks, the main lock to have ciear dimensions of 1200 by 110 feet and an auxiliary lock, 600 by

110 feet. A 1:120 model reproducing about

9 miles of the river will be used for investigation of navigation conditions in the lock approaches, effects of the structures

on flood stages, to obtain data for development of rating curves, and to determine the effect of powerhouse installation on flow

and navigation conditions.

(4391) MODEL STUDY OP LOCK AND DAM NO. 3, ARKANSAS

RIVER, ARKANSAS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

Little Rock, Arkansas.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A movable-bed model reproducing about 13 miles of the Arkansas River and adjacent

overbank area, constructed to a scale of

1 to 120 horizontally and 1 to 80 vertically,

will bbe used to determine the suitability of the proposed site for the lock and dam

structure, the effects of proposed regulating

works in the vicinity including a cutoff, and modification which might be required to provide adequate channel depths In the lock approaches and safe navigation conditions

with minimum maintenance

(4392) EXTENSION OF LA GUARDIA FIELD RUNWAY, NEW

YORK.

(b) Port of New York Authority,

(dj Experimental; for design.

(e) The existing New York Harbor model is being

used for tests to determine the effects of certain proposed fills In East River, for the purpose of extending the North-South runway

at La Guardia Airport, on the hydraulic and flushing characteristics of the surrounding

areas. Tests results are being analyzed by

the Port of New York Authority.

f) Tests completed,

h) Report In preparation.

(4393) MODEL STUDY OF STABILITY OF SOUTH JETTY, SIUSLAW RIVER, OREGON.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Portland, Corps of Engineers,

Portland, Oregon.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Stability tests were conducted in two wave flumes 119 feet long, 5 feet deep, and 4 feet wide on section models of the jetty

constructed to a linear scale of 1:50 to determine experimental coefficients (Ka) in the Waterways Experiment Station breakwater

stability equation for design of repairs of the south Jetty at the river mouth. Design

criteria were also desired for both the head

and trunk of the structure for the conditions

of (1) waves breaking directly on the structure, (2) special placement by crane of selected long-axis stones above low tide,

(3) angles of wave attack of 0 and 90 degrees,

and (4) pell-mell placement by crane of cover-layer stones from toe of Jetty to crest

f) Tests completed.

g) It was found that values of Ka vary only

slightly with the angle of wave attack. Also,

it was found that the stability of the jetties

could be improved by placing long-axis stones

so that the long axes were normal to the breakwater slope. Design coefficients were determined for the Jetty head and trunk

sections situated in water depths of 14, 21,

30, and 40 feet,

(h) Report in preparation.

(4394) MODEL STUDY OF CIRCULATION CURRENTS IN LAKE MICHIGAN.

(b) U.S. Public Health Department.

(dj Experimental; for design.

(e) The water quality of Lake Michigan is determined primarily by the quantities, con- centrations, and locations of waste material

Introduced into the lake, and the circulation

patterns of the water masses of the lake. Thus, the U.S. Public Health Department de- sires to develop a comprehensive plan to control and prevent pollution in the lake by

means of hydraulic model Investigation which

will provide detailed information on the distribution and concentration of pollutants.

It is tentatively planned that the model will reproduce the forces of the earth's rotation, shear of wind on the water surface, density

differences in the lake water, and inflows

and outflows of water in the lake.

(g) A literature survey has been conducted and it is believed that (1) it is feasible to con- duct a comprehensive model Investigation

of the circulation currents in Lake Michigan,

(2) the model should be about 150 feet in

diameter, and (3) a pilot model about 15 feet In diameter should be constructed and operated before design of the large model is undertaken

(4395) DISPERSION STUDIES IN NEW YORK HARBOR MODEL.

(b) Interstate Sanitation Committee,

(dj Experimental; for design.

(e) The existing New York model is being used for a comprehensive study of the diffusion

patterns from most of the major sewer out- falls in New York Harbor. Model tests are conducted using conservative fluorescent dyes as tracers, and the results will be used for planning the construction of additional

sewage treatment facilities. Results are being analyzed by the Interstate Sanitation

Commission.

(4396) MODEL STUDY OF COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND

WASHINGTON.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Portland, Corps of Engineers,

Portland, Oregon.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The model will reproduce the lower 52 miles

of the Columbia River and pertinent offshore areas to linear scales of 1:500 horizontally

and 1:100 vertically. Tides and tidal

currents, density currents, waves, and other

phenomena significant to the movement and deposition of sediments will be reproduced

and studied. Some portions of the model

will be of the fixed-bed type, while other

portions will be of the movable-bed type.

Design and construction of the model are In progress.

(4397) McALPINE LOCKS EMERGENCY GATE PROTOTYPE TESTS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Louisville, Corps of Engrs., Louisville, Ky.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Prototype measurements of the forces acting

on the downstream leaf of a two-leaf, vertical-lift emergency gate were made to de- termine acceptability of the gate under flow- ing water conditions. Measurements included

tension in the dead end of the hoist fall

lines, gate-end elevations and gate vibration. The prototype downpull and gate vibration

will be compared with the result of a model

study of a similar Installation (1738).

(g) Tests completed; data being analyzed.

(4398) MODEL STUDY OF AMISTAD DAM SPILLWAY, RIO G RANEE,

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

146
Id) lej

599)

(b)

SI

District, Fort Worth, Corps of Engineers,

Fort Worth, Texas. Experimental; for design.

A 1:70 model reproducing one-half of the river for a distance or 1,500 feet upstream

and 2,500 feet downstream, one powerhouse,

and one-half of the 975-foot-wide, 16-bay

structure including the spillway ana stilling

basin is being usea to determine spiiiway

rating curves, flow conditions at the aout- ments ana training wans, pressures on weir

crest, lateral pressures on pier subjected

to unDaianced fiow, ana stilling basin

action. A i:zu section model reproauclng

two of the irrigation conduits and the portion of the stilling basin into which

they discharge, one powerhouse and tailrace,

and about 500 feet of exit channel is being

used to investigate the adequacy of the stilling basin for releases from the conduits

and the flow conditions in the power tailrace . MODEL STUDY OF STABILITY OF BREAKWATER, TSOYING HARBOR, TAIWAN. District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Okinawa, Corps of Engineers, San Francisco, California.

Experimental; for design.

Stability tests are being conducted in a concrete wave flume 119 feet long, 12.5 feet

wide, and 4 feet deep on section models of the breakwater constructed to a linear

scale of 1:47.6 to obtain data from which

alternate designs can be developed for con- struction of the proposed breakwater. Design

criteria for both the head and trunk of the breakwater are desired. Cover layers of both quarrystone and quadripod armor units

are being tested,

(g) Preliminary analysis of test results indicate

that head and trunk sections of the break- water constructed of 25- to 35-ton quarrystones would be stable for waves 27 feet in height. For these conditions the slope of the head section would be 1:4.5, and the slope for the trunk section would be 1:3.5.

. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS.

3700) UNSTEADY FLOW IN STORM DRAINS, GENERAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY. Cooperative with Colorado State Univ.

See page 16.

3701) CURB OPENINGS. Cooperative with Colorado State Univ.

See page 17

3705) ANALYTICAL STUDY OF LOCAL SCOUR. Cooperative with Colorado State Univ.

See page 17

4101) UNSTEADY FLOW IN A LONG STORM DRAIN. Cooperative with Colorado State Univ.

See page 18.

[1531) DETERMINATION OF WATERWAY AREAS. Cooperative with Univ. of Illinois.

See page 30.

(856) HYDROLOGY OF STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN URBAN

AREAS. Cooperative with Johns Hopkins Univ.

See page 36.

(3805) OFEN CHANNEL JUNCTIONS FOR SUPERCRITICAL FLOW

Cooperative with Oregon State College.

See page 54

2833) HYDRAULICS OF RIV^R FLOW UNDER ARCH BRIDGES.

Cooperative with Purdue University.

See page 58.

(3166) HYDRODYNAMICS OF FLOW INTO CURB INLETS. Cooperative with Stanford University.

See page 67

(3597) CORRUGATED PIPE ROUGHNESS STUDY. Cooperative with U. S. Army Engineer Water- ways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers.

See page 141.

(2435) HYDRAULICS OF PIPE CULVERTS. Cooperative with National Bureau of Standards. See page 147

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Fluid Mechanics Section.

(1478) WIND WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Includes mathematical and experimental

studies of (1) wind tides (setup), (2) growth of wind waves, and (3) surface traction of wind on wavy surfaces.

(h) Report in preparation.

(2435) HYDRAULICS OF PIPE CULVERTS.

(b) Bureau of Public Roads.

(dj Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine hydraulic characteristics of various types of culvert entrances and to develop inlets of improved design.

(2436) FLOW OVER HYDROPHOBIC MATERIALS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Id) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine augmented dissipation of hydrophobic disks and plates oscillated in various fluids,

(h) Report in preparation.

(3250) INERTIAL FORCES IN UNSTEADY FLOW.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

id) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Determination of inertia and drag coef- ficients of cylinders and plates when

subjected to a varying monotonically vary- ing flow.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3600) DAMPING OF PROGRESSIVE OSCILLATORY INTERNAL

WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) A study is being made of the velocity and damping of internal progressive oscillatory

waves of a two-layer system.

(h) "An Experimental Study of Internal Progressive

Oscillatory Waves," by G. H. Keulegan and

L. H. Carpenter, NBS Report No. 7319, August

12, 1961.

(4400) MOTION AROUND A BODY IN A STRATIFIED FLUID.

b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy,

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research,

(e) A study is made of the internal waves pro- duced by the horizontal motion of three- dimensional objects of revolution through

a stably stratified liquid.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WEATHER BUREAU.

Inquiries concerning the following projects, except

as indicated, should be addressed to Mr. William E. Hiatt, Chief, Hydrologic Services Division, Weather

147
Bureau, U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington 25, D.C.

(1015) MEASUREMENT OF EVAPORATION,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and field Investigation} applied

research.

(e) Studies are directed toward the derivation of reliable procedures for estimating evaporation

from reservoirs (existing and proposed) and

land surfaces, utilizing readily available

meteorological data and pan evaporation obser- vations.

(g) The Weather Bureau during Fiscal Year 1962 plans to add approximately 40 stations to the Class A pan evaporation network. Fourteen of these stations will be installed at various

elevations on the windward and lee side oi the Wasatch Range near Farmlngton, Utan. The elevation varies from 480u to 8yuu feet . The purpose oi' tnis networK is to stuay tne eifect

of elevation, aspect and exposure on evaporation. It is also planned to provide Six's

thermometers for measuring water temperature

at as many existing Class A stations as possible where currently water temperature

observations are not made. With water temperature, air temperature and wind movement, it is possible to convert observed pan evapo- ration to estimates of lake evaporation using

the method described in Weather Bureau Research Paper No. 38, "Evaporation from Pans and Lakes." The method of observing pan water temperatures will be changed. The Six's

thermometer will be laid on the bottom of the pan rather than attached to a float. Observations at Silver Hill Observational Test

and Development Center indicated that the water In the pan is isothermal; heating from

the bottom during the daytime and cooling of

the water surface at night resulted in overturning, both actions setting up convection

currents that tend to keep the water isothermal. Field tests were made at several stations with

different climatic regimes and the temper- atures (floating and bottom) agreed within

the accuracy of observation.

Field testing of the experimental Insulated

fiberglas pan was continued at Observational

Test and Development Center near Sterling,

Va., Weather Bureau Airport Station at Las Vegas, Nev., and at Lake Overholser near Oklahoma City, Okla. Analysis of these data

has not been completed.

At the present time only a limited evaporation

observational program is being conducted at the new Observational Test and Development Center near Sterling, Va. The evapotranspiration study to develop a basin accounting method for estimating soil moisture deficiency has been extended to several sections of the country. A program

has been developed for the IBM-1620 computer

for computing the potential evapotranspiration

and doing the accounting.

(h) "Comparative Evaluation of Instruments," by

T. J. Nordenson and D. R. Baker, presented

at 42nd Annual Meeting of AGU in Washington,

D. C, April 18-21, 1961; submitted for publication.

"Multi-Capacity Basin Accounting for Pre- dicting Runoff from Storm Precipitation," by

M. M. Richards and M. A. Kohler, presented

at National Meeting of the American Meteorological Society, Davis, Calif., June 20-22,

1961.

(1744) DEVELOPMENT OF RIVER FORECASTING METHODS.

(b) River Forecast Centers for: Lower Ohio River

Basin, Cincinnati, Ohio, Upper Ohio River

Basin, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Susquehanna and Delaware River Basins, Harrlsburg, Pa.; Missouri River Basin, Kansas City, Mo.; Columbia River Basin, Portland, Oreg.; Middle

and Upper Mississippi River Basin, St. Louis,

Mo.; Arkansas and Red River Basins, Tulsa,

Okla.; Mew England and Hudson River Basins,

Hartford, Conn.; South Atlantic and East

Gulf River Basins, Augusta, Ga.; West Gulf Drainage Basins, Ft. Worth, Tex.; and

Middle Atlantic River Basins, Wash., D.C.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; operation and applied research.

(e) The purpose of these investigations is to develop modern river forecast procedures for

all ranges of flow for various streams of each basin. Procedures include: (^Rainfallrunoff relations involving consideration of the physics of soil moisture, vegetative

reception, transpiration, evaporation and geological features of the basins; (2) snow- melt forecasting relations involving con-„

slderatlon of the physics of snow and heat transfer; (3) unit hydrographs; and (4) streamflow routing procedures, based upon

adaptations of basic hydraulic principles,

using electronic or mechanical analogues.

Studies have been initiated at several of the Centers to develop procedures for fore- casting the formation and breakup of ice on rivers

(g) Forecasting procedures have been developed

for key points; refinement of these pro- cedures and development from other basins

are under way. At the new Fort Worth River Forecast Center, it is planned to develop

river forecasting procedures which will be adaptable to high-speed electronic computers. An IBM-1620 computer will be used for pro- cedure development and in the forecasting

operations

(h) "Flow Losses in Dry Sandy Channels," by J.H. Cornish, Journal of Geophysical Research;

Vol. 66, No. 6, 1961.

"A Method of Estimating Basin Temperatures

in New England and New York," by C. D. Hopkins, Jr., Journal of Geophysical

Research, Vol. 65, No. 11, 1960. "Average Antecedent Temperatures as a Factor

in Predicting Runoff from Storm Rainfall,"

by C. D. Hopkins, Jr. and D. 0. Hackett,

Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 66, No. 10, 1961. "Short Range Snowmelt Forecasts," by V. P. Schermerhorm, Proceedings V/estern Snow Conference, April 1961.

(1745) WATER SUPPLY FORECASTS FOR WESTERN UNITED

STATES.

(b) Work being conducted in following field

offices:

River Forecast Center - Portland, Oreg.,

Water Supply Forecast Unit - Salt Lake City, Utah, River Forecast Center - Kansas City, Mo., Weather Bureau Office - Sacramento, Calif., and River Forecast Center - Windsor Locks, Conn.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; operation and applied research.

(e) The purpose of these investigations Is the development of precipitation-runoff relations for water supply forecasting utilizing

statistical methods to correlate precipitation during the winter with runoff during

the melting season.

(g) Water Supply Forecasts are prepared for about 350 points in the Western United States. These forecasts of water-year and residual

flow are released in Monthly Water Supply Forecast Bulletins, January through May.

This research program is of a continuing

nature designed to improve and extend the present forecasting service.

(1751) MAXIMUM STATION PRECIFITATION

(b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army.

(d) Analysis of data.

(e) Tabulations of maximum recorded 1-, 2-, 3-,

6-, 12-, and 24-hour precipitation, for automatic recording rain-gage stations, by

state s

(h) Twenty-five states completed and published

as parts of Weather Bureau Technical Paper

No. 15; Oklahoma at printers; Michigan and Iowa in process.

148
(2437) UNITED STATES STORM CHARACTERISTICS PROJECT.

(b) Soil Conservation Service, Department of Agriculture

(d) Theoretical and field Investigation;

applied research and design.

(e) Studies to provide rainfall data for design

criteria in estimating required capacities

of hydraulic structures. Work includes:

(1) Development of a generalized relationship between depth, area, duration and frequency for areas up to 400 square miles,

durations of 20 minutes to 24 hours, and return periods from 1 to 100 years; (2) development of a generalized portrayal of the probable maximum precipitation for areas

up to 400 square miles, and durations up to

24 hours in the United States; and (3) combination of (1) and (2) for Hawaiian Islands

and Alaska.

(h) "Rainfall-Frequency Atlas of the United

States for Durations from 30 Minutes to 24 Hours and Return Periods from 1 to 100 Years,'' by D. M. Hershfield, Technical Paper No.

40, U. S. Weather Bureau, 1961. "Generalized Estimates of Probable Maximum

Precipitation and Rainfall Frequency Data

for Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands for Areas

to 400 Square Miles, Durations to 24 Hours,

and Return Periods from 1 to 100 Years,"

Technical Paper No. 42, U. S. Weather Bureau.

1961. "Estimating the Probable Maximum Precipitation," by D. M. Hershfield, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Paper

2933, September 1961.

(2438) STORM TIDE PREDICTIONS.

b) Laboratory projects.

c) Mr. D. Lee Harris, Office of Meteorological

Research, U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington

25, D. C.

(d) Theoretical and field Investigation;

basic and applied research.

(e) The differences between the observed and predicted tides during storms are being

studied with the goal of improving the accuracy of storm tide forecasting.

(g) Empirical methods of forecasting these inundations are being developed and used in the Weather Bureau's hurricane and storm warning service. Continued improvement

in these forecasts Is expected to result

from this research.

(h) "Discussion of Technical Memorandum No. 120,

The Prediction of Hurricane Storm-Tides in New York Bay," by D. L. Harris, Technical

Memorandum No. 120-A, Beach Erosion Board,

1961, pp. 1-2. "Storm Surge Observations in Hurricanes,"

Proceedings of the Second Technical Conference on Hurricanes, National Hurricane

Research Project Report No. 50, U. S. Weather Bureau. "Chesapeake Bay Hurricane Surges," by N. A. Pore, Chesapeake Science, Vol. 1, No. 3-4,

December 1960.

"The Storm Surge," by N. A. Pore, Mariners

Weather Log, Vol. 5, No. 5, September 1961. "About the Mathematical Formulation of the Storm Surge," by H. G. Fontok, Proceedings

of the Second Technical Conference on Hurricanes, National Hurricane Research

Project Report No. 50, U. S. Weather Bureau,

1961 (In Press).

"Concerning the General Vertically Averaged

Hydrodynamlc Equations with Respect to Basic Storm Surge Equations," by H.G. Fontok,

National Hurricane Research Project Report

No. 51, U. S. Weather Bureau, 1961 (In

Press)

(2943) METEOROLOGICAL RADAR TRANSPONDER (MRT) FOR

REPORTING RAINFALL.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with H. R. B. Singer Co., State College, Pa.

d) Field investigation; development and operation

e) A compact device, consisting of a tipping

bucket rain gage and transponder, that can

be Installed in relatively remote areas. Activated by a pulse signal from the radar, the instrument transmits delayed pulse which appears on the radar scope indicating accrued amounts of precipitation. Investigations are continuing for application to the reporting

of river and tide stage, and radio-active

snow water-equivalent gage

g) MRT-1 now operational, MRT-2 being built.

h) "Telemetering Precipitation Data Using a Radar Beacon," by D. R. Soltow and R. D. Tarble, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 64, No. 11, November 1959.

(2944) PROBABLE MAXIMUM PRECIPITATION OVER CALIFORNIA BASINS.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Department of Army.

(d) Design and applied research.

(e) Estimate of probable maximum precipitation

over basins in California based on simple

model of wind flow up orographic slopes,

checked against December 1955 flood- producing storm, combined with non-orographlc storm precipitation.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Interim Report. Probable Maximum Precipitation in California," Hydrometeorological

Report No. 36, U. S. Weather Bureau, 1961.

(3251) PRECIPITATION DISTRIBUTION AS DETERMINED BY RADAR.

(b) Laboratory project at Weather Bureau Office

in Sacramento, Calif.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation,

operation and applied research.

(e) A study is being undertaken to manually

relate, within 100 n.m. of the radar,

weather radar echoes over selected recording

rain gages with the observed rainfall. The sampling area over each rain gage is indicated on the radarscope by a grid over- lay where each grid represents about 20 square miles. An estimate of rainfall over each grid is made by use of a stepped-gain

procedure and converting these db readings

to estimated rainfall rates by means of

a rainfall rate-echo intensity graph. This use of radar has application to flood forecasting, water supply forecasting and will also be used to determine a radar range correction value.

(g) Data being collected.

(3601) STUDY OF TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING RAINFALL

BY REFERENCE TO RADAR ATTENUATION.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with

Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park,

Calif.

(d) Experimental; development and applied

research

(e) By measuring the attenuation of short wave

length radar signals over a fixed course and relating it to the measured precipitation

along the path of the radar beam, a relationship can be established enabling

an instrument (to be developed) to monitor areas above damsites and small head- waters to alert downstream interests of heavy rainfall.

(g) Over a path of 3.25 KM radar attenuation has been successfully correlated with observed

rainfall. Incremental measurements of .10 inch/hour were made with radar attenuation errors of estimated ralnran m the order

of magnitude of .10.

(h) "Study of Techniques for Measuring Rainfall

by Reference to Radar Attenuation," by

Ronald T. H. Collis, under Weather Bureau Contract 9910, Stanford Research Institute

Project 3367, April 1961.

(3602) EXTENSION OF RATING CURVES.

149
(g)

(3920)

(b)

(d)

(e

)

(t) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; operation and applied research.

(e) The flood forecasting procedures used by

the Weather Bureau are primarily based on discharge. However, the flood warnings to

be of any value must be in terms of stage

(or elevation). This is accomplished by

use of U. S. Geological Survey rating

curves relating discharge to stage. Rating

curves are defined only to the maximum

observed stage of record. Therefore, it is imperative to devise a reliable method

of extending rating curves in order to issue accurate stage predictions for the record breaking flood. Progress has been slow and no significant

results are available at this time. FLOAT-TYPE RESISTANCE RIVER GAGE. Laboratory project.

Experimental; development.

A device employing a Helipot (multi-turn

potentiometer) operated by a float or connected to an existing river gage and linked by wire or radio to an observation

point (up to 3 miles by wire and 50 miles

by radio). A reading is obtained by

balancing the resistance in the system with

a similar unit at the observation point.

May be operated on AC or DC power,

(g) Initial field installations of units linked

by land lines now operational; radio link

still under development.

(3921) PUNCHED-TAPE RECORDING, WEIGHING-TYPE

PRECIPITATION GAGE WITH TELEMETERING

CAPABILITY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) A fifteen-inch capacity, weighing-type

battery-operated precipitation gage pro- viding a punched tape record which can

be machine processed, capable of over one month's unattended operation. Gage so designated that data can be telemetered

through use of a "black box" attached to recording mechanism,

(g) Initial gage built and undergoing laboratory tests. Additional gages for testing

being procured.

(4401) BINARY-DECIMAL TRANSMITTER FOR USE WITH ANALOG-DIGITAL RECORDER.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with

Fischer & Porter Co.

(d) Experimental; design development.

(e) Black-box attachment for Analog-Digital

Recorder (ADR) permitting interrogation by

telephone or radio of river stage data.

(g) Initial installations undergoing field test.

(4402) RADAR PRECIPITATION INTEGRATOR.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with

Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park,

Calif.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) A system for reporting accrued precipitation

using a stepped-gain approach with weather

radar echoes at each point of a grid being

quantized and recorded in pulsed digital

form. The presentation is made on a series

of electro-mechanical counters, set out in

a map in positions corresponding to the grid,

in units of depth of presentation. Because

of the pulsed digital nature of the data it

is readily possible to transmit it by narrow bandwidth links.

(g) Laboratory unit constructed.

(h) "Study into the Feasibility of Developing

a System to Measure Precipitation by WSR-57

Radar," by Ronald T. H. Collis, under Weather Bureau Contract 10123, Stanford Research

Institute Project 3727, October 1961.

(4403) PROBABLE MAXIMUM PRECIPITATION AND SNOWMELT

IN YUKON BASIN.

(t>) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army.

(d) Design and applied research.

(e) Specification of weather factors that could

produce maximum discharge and volume at Rampart Damsite and other sites on Yukon

River in Alaska.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

(1221

(1755

(2444

(S

(2686

b

c

(d

(e

(h)

(2689)

STEADY STATE ELECTRIC FLOW NET MODELS. Laboratory project.

Mr. R. R. Bennett, U. S. Geol. Surv., Wash.

25, D.C. Applied research. Preparation of electric flow net models

using graphite paper, conductive paints,

resistor grids, etc. CHARACTERISTICS OF SAND CHANNEL STREAMS. Laboratory project.

Mr. R.W. Carter, U.S. Geol. Surv., Wash. 25, D.C. Field investigation; applied research. Compilation and analysis of data collected

in a 1,900 foot reach of the Elkhorn River

in Nebraska to evaluate bed roughness, extent of scour and fill, and sediment movement. Completed

"Flow Characteristics of Elkhorn River, near Waterloo, Nebraska," by E.W. Beckman, and

L.W. Furness, 1961, U.S. Geol. Survey Water Supply Paper 1498-B. REDESIGN OF PRICE CURRENT METER. Laboratory project.

Mr. E.G. Barron, U.S. Geol. Surv., Columbus

12, Ohio.

Experimental; development.

To design a vane-type rotor for the Price current meter that can be mass-produced with

identical rating calibration and is little

affected by vertical velocity components or proximity to the water surface. Precision cast rotors of berylium-copper,

stainless steel, and aluminum are being

tested to determine most appropriate material and hydrodynamical similarity of the individual rotors. MECHANICS OF AQUIFERS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. J.F. Poland, U.S. Geological Survey,

Sacramento, California.

Field Investigation; basic and applied

research.

To determine the principles and factors involved in the strain, deformation, and com- paction of water-bearing rocks resulting

chiefly from changes in hydrologic environ- ment . "Near Surface Land Subsidence in Western San Joaquin Valley, California," by B.E. Lofgren, Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 65, no. 3, p. 1053-1062, 1960. "Land Subsidence in the San Joaquin Valley,

California, and its Effect on Estimates of Ground-Water Resources," by J.F. Poland, Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrol. Pub. 52,

p. 324-335, 1960. "Relation of Volumetric Shrinkage to Clay

Content for Sediments from Subsidence Areas

in San Joaquin Valley, California," by A.I. Johnson and D.A. Morris, U.S. Geol. Survey

( in review)

DIFFUSIONAL PROCESSES AND HYDRODYNAMICS OF

SALT-FRESii WATER INTERFACE IN AQUIFERS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. H. H. Cooper, Jr., U.S. Geol. Surv.,

Tallahassee, Florida.

150
(d) Field and laboratory investigation; basic

and applied research.

(e) To determine the factors affecting the distribution of salt water in coastal aquifers

subject to salt water encroachment.

(h) "A Hypothesis Concerning the Dynamic Balance

of Fresh Water and Salt Water in a Coastal

Aquifer," by H. H. Cooper, Jr., Jour. Geophys

Res., v. 64, no. 4, p. 461-467, 1959.

"The Pattern of Fresh-Water Flow in a Coastal

Aquifer," by R. E. Glover, Jour. Geophys.

Res., v. 64, no. 4, p. 457-459, 1959. "Cyclic Flow of Salt Water in the Biscayne

Aquifer of Southeastern Florida," by F. A. Kohout, Jour. Geophys. Res., v. 65, no. 7, p. 2133-2141, 1960.

"Salt Intrusion into Fresh-Water Aquifers,"

by H.R. Henry, Jour. Geophys. Res., v. 64, no. 11, p. 1911-1919, 1959. "Flow Pattern of Fresh and Salt Water in the Biscayne Aquifer of the Miami area, Florida,"

by F.A. Kohout, Internat'l. Assoc. Scientific

Hydrol. Pub. 52, p. 440-448, 1960. "Salt Intrusion into Coastal Aquifers," by

H.R. Henry, Internat'l. Assoc. Scientific

Hydrol. Pub. 52, p. 478-487, 1960.

(2690) MICROSCOPIC FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. E.S. Simpson, U.S. Geol. Surv . , Wash. 25, D.C.

d) Laboratory investigation; basic research.

e) To determine the factors affecting the pattern of microscopic flow of water and other liquids through porous media.

r) Completed.

h) "Transverse Dispersion in Liquid Flow through

Porous Media," by E.S. Simpson, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 411-C.

(2692) ANALOG COMPUTER FOR ANALYSIS OF GROUND-WATER

FLOW SYSTEMS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. H.E. Skibitzke, U.S. Geological Survey,

Phoenix, Arizona.

d) Theoretical study and instrument development.

e) Development of the physical and mathematical

theory of ground-water flow systems and con- struction of an analog computer for analyzing

ground-water flow systems under transient

conditions

(h) "Electronic Computers as an Aid to the Analysis

of Hydrologlc Problems," by H.E. Skibitzke,

Internat'l. Assoc. Sci. Hydrol. Pub. 52,

p. 347-358, 1960. "Electronics and Ground Water," by H. E. Skibitzke, Ariz. Sewage and Water Works

Assoc. Bull., v. 20, no. 1, 1960.

(2694) FLOW OF WATER OVER WEIRS AND SPILLWAYS.

i>) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. C.E. Kindsvater, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.

(d) Library search, re-analysis and correlation

of published data, and original research.

(e) A comprehensive study of the discharge

characteristics of practical forms of weirs

and spillways. Objectives Include the publications, in generalized form, of available experimental data.

(2695) CONTINUOUS DISCHARGE RECORDS IN TIDAL STREAMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. John Shen, U.S. Geol. Surv., Wash. 25, D.C.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) The purpose Is to develop a mathematical

system that describes the flow pattern and related channel characteristics for a tidal

stream, and to ascertain the discharge in the reach.

(g) A system of non-linear, hyperbolic, partial

differential equations was developed, which

describes the unsteady flow in a tidal reach.

A solution by Fourier series was found unfeasible, but a solution by power-series

proved satisfactory in tests on the Sacramento River and Th; ee-Mlle Slough in California, and for Veruilllon River in Louisiana. This technique has been programmed for the Burroughs 200 computer.

Another solution by the theory of characteristics is under study,

(h) "Computation of Homogenous Flow In Tidal

Reaches by Finite-Difference Method," by R.A. Baltzer, and John Shen, in Geol. Survey Research, 1961: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B.

"Flow In Tidal Reaches," by R.A. Baltzer and John Sehn, U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply

Paper (In preparation).

(2698) EVALUATION OF EFFECT OF CHANNEL STORAGE ON PEAK DISCHARGE.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. W.D. Mitchell, U.S. Geol. Survey,

Champaign, 111.

d) Field Investigation; basic research,

c) The objective is to develop parameters that describe the effect of channel storage in an areal correlation of peak flow,

f) Completed.

h) "Effect of Reservoir Storage on Peak Flow,"

by W.D. Mitchell, U.S. Geol. Survey Water

Supply Paper 1580-C.

(2699) UNIFORM FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. H.J. Tracy, U.S. Geol. Surv., Atlanta 8, Ga.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

e) A comprehensive laboratory study of uniform

flow in open channels.

(h) "Resistance Coefficients and Velocity Distri- bution, Smooth Rectangular Channel," by H.J. Tracy and CM. Lester, 1961, U.S. Geol. Survey Water Supply Paper 1592-A. "Variation of the Manning in a smooth,

rectangular open channel," by CM. Lester,

in Geological Survey Research, 1961, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C.

(2702) ROUGHNESS AND WATER SEDIMENT MOVEMENT IN ALLUVIAL CHANNELS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. D. B. Simons, Geological Survey, Colo. State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) A study of mechanics of flow in alluvial

channels using a large recirculating labora- tory flume. Based upon a laboratory study

and field studies, relationships which

describe flow in alluvial channels are being

developed. The study has been completed for four (4) bed materials. Regimes of flow, forms of bed roughness, resistance to flow relations, and sediment transport relations

have been developed for the four sizes of sand investigated.

(h) "Sonic Depth Sounder for Laboratory and Field Use," by E. V. Richardson, D. B. Simons and D. J. Posakony, U.S. Geological Survey

Circular 450, 1961. "Forms of Bed Roughness In Alluvial Channels,"

by D. B. Simons and E. V. Richardson, Jour,

of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, v. 87, May

1961

"Unsteady Flow of Ground Water into a Surface

Reservoir," by W. L, Haushild and G. Kruse,

Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE,

v. 86, July 1960. "Uniform Water Conveyance Channels in Alluvi- al Materials," by D. 3. Simons and M. L. Aibertson, Journal of the Hydraulics Div.,

ASUE, v. 86, May iybu.

U7U3) EVAPORATION SUPPRESSION.

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Reclamation and Texas A. and M. College.

(c) Mr. G. E . Kober, U. S. Geol. Surv., Denver,

Colo.

151
(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to develop

methods, equipment, and techniques of applying

and maintaining a monomolecular film for suppressing evaporation, and to measure the effectiveness of the film in reducing evaporation. Field testing of application

techniques of these alkanols has been tried

with varying success. Research in this field must continue until reliable methods are developed which are economically feasible in obtaining the maximum evaporation reduction.

Both laboratory and field studies will be continued

(g) Field experiments were completed at Lake

Sahuaro, Arizona, and are being continued near Throckmorton, Texas, and Lake Cachuma, near

Santa Barbara, Calir.

(h) "i960 Evaporation Reduction Studies at Sahuaro

Lake, Arizona, and 195b) Monolayer Behavior

Studies at Lake Mead, Arizona-Nevada, and Sahuaro Lake, Arizona," U.b. Bureau or Reclamation Chemical Engineering Laboratory

Report No. Sl-32, 1961. "Evaporation Control Research 1959-60," by

G. E. KoDerg, U.S. Geological Survey, R. R. Cruse, Southwest Research Institute, and.

C. L. Shrewsbury, Southwest Agricultural

Institute, being reviewed for U.S. Geological

Survey water-supply paper.

(2948) ANALOG MODEL ANALYZER FOR STEADY-STATE GROUND-WATER FLOW PROBLEMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. W. Stallman, U.S. Geol . Surv., Denver,

Colo.

(d) Theoretical study and instrument development.

(e) Use of a variable-resistance gird analyzer in analyzing steady- state ground-water flow problems in which the transmissibility varies

in space.

(h) "Calculation of Resistance and Error in an Electric Analog of Steady Flow through

Nonhomogeneous Aquifers," by R. W. Stallman,

U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1544.

"An Electric Analog of Three-Dlmensional

Flow to Wells and its Application to Unconfined Aquifers," by R. W. Stallman, U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept.

(2949) ULTRASONIC FLOW METER.

(b) U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. E. G. Barron, U. S. Geological Survey,

Columbus 12, Ohio.

(d) Experimental; instrument development.

(e) The objective is to measure the average veloci- ty in a natural channel by acoustic means.

(g) Instrument being tested at a field installation.

(h) "Development of an Ultrasonic Method for Measuring Stream Velocities," by H. 0. Wires,

in Geological Survey Research, 1961, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B.

(2950) SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND CHANNEL ROUGHNESS

IN NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Thomas Maddock, Jr., U. S. Geological

Survey, Washington 25, D.C.

(d) Basic research.

(e) Field and laboratory studies, original and

ot ler investigations will be analyzed in terms

of sediment movement, channel roughness, shear distribution in channel prism and other effects

on snape of natural channels.

(3254) DISPERSION IN NATURAL STREAMS.

(b) Atomic Energy Commission.

(c) Mr. R. G. Godfrey, U. S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D.C.

(d) T ;eoretlcal and field investigation; basic researc l

(e) To measure dispersion and relate dispersal

patterns to stream-channel geometry, fluid

properties, and flow characteristics.

(g) Field tests completed for 6 study reaches. The observed dispersion patterns have been analyzed and compared to models based on theoretical considerations.

(h) "Observation of Unsteady Phenomena," by

R. G. Godfrey, 1961, in Geological Survey

Research, 1961, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper

424-C.

"The Effect of Finite Boundaries on Measurement of Gold-198 with a Scintillation

Detector," by B. J. Frederick, and R. G. Godfrey, in Geological Survey Research, 1961,

U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D "Dispersion in Natural Channels," by R. G. Godfrey and B. J. Frederick, U. S. Geol. Survey Water Supply Paper (in preparation).

(3255) ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOW METER.

(g) (3256)

(h)

[3257)

Laboratory project.

Mr. E. G. Barron, U. S. Geological Survey,

Columbus 12, Ohio.

Experimental; instrument design. To redesign, adapt, and repackage the electro- magnetic flow meter now used by the U.S. Navy, to measure velocity in open channels. Experimental model undergoing field tests. EFFECT OF ROUGHNESS CONCENTRATION ON OPEN CHANNEL FLOW. Laboratory project.

Dr. H. J. Koloseus, U. S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins, Colo. Experimental; applied research. To determine the effect of bed roughness on open channel flow by increasing the concen- trations of 3/16-inch cubes cemented to the flume floors. "Flow in an Artifically Roughened Channel,"

by H. J. Koloseus and Jacob Davidian, in Geological Survey Research, 1961, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B.

"The Role of the Froude Number In Open-Channel

Resistance," by Hunter Rouse, H. J. Koloseus, and Jacob Davidian, 1961, paper presented at Ninth Convention of the International Assoc. Hydraulic Research. MEASUREMENT OF TOTAL SEDIMENT DISCHARGE OF COARSE SEDIMENTS. Laboratory project.

D. W. Hubbell, U. S. Geological Survey,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colorado.

Analytical; applied research.

A review of the types of equipment currently

used to measure sediment moving as bed load and the preparation of a report covering

criteria for sampler design and use. Inactive

Progress report in process of publication.

(3260) SOIL-MOISTURE EQUIPMENT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic

Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver,

Colo

(d) Laboratory and field investigation; applied

research

(e) Laboratory model and field comparative study

of techniques and of various commercially

available instruments for measuring soil moisture. New equipment may also be designed

as result of study.

(g) Field and laboratory calibrations of neutron

meter, tenslometers, moisture blocks and sampling equipment. Evaluation of neutron

meter. Design of small-diameter fast-response

tensiometer. Library research.

(h) "Measurement of Soil Moisture Under Field

Conditions," by A. I. Johnson, U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1619-U.

(3261) MODEL STUDY FOR SALT WATER DIFFUSION,

(b) Laboratory study.

152
Mr. A.I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Laboratory,

U. S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo., or Mr. H.H. Cooper, Jr., Research Engineer, U.S. Geological Survey, Tallahassee, Floria.

Experimental; applied research. Model study is being used to study diffusion

at the interface between fresh and salt water. Variable movement of interface simulates

effects of various amplitudes and periods of tidal action.

Design and construct plastic model and conductivity-recording equipment; one test run with fine-sand size glass beads and two

test runs on medium sand completed.

"Oscillating Interface Used in Laboratory

Determination of Dispersion Coefficient," by

W. K. Kulp, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper

424-C. SMALL-DIAMETER OBSERVATION -WELL EQUIPMENT

AND TECHNIQUES.

Laboratory project.

Mr. A.I. Johnson, Chief , Hydrologic Laboratory,

U. S. Geol. Survey, Denver, Colo. Laboratory and field investigation; applied

research. Design and evaluate equipment for recording

depth-to-water in small-diameter wells; test

in model well in laboratory and on ground- water wells under field conditions.

Completed

Design and construct model well; construct small-diameter observation wells in field; design and construct equipment to be adapted

to water-state recorders on small-diameter

wells; evaluation on model well. "Evaluation of Equipment for Measurement of Water Level in Small Diameter Wells," by

Eugene Shuter and A. I. Johnson, U. S. Geol. Survey Circular 453. "Application of Transducers to Water Resources

Studies," by F. C. Koopman (in review). SPECIFIC YIELD AND RELATED PROPERTIES. Cooperative with the State of California.

Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic

Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver,

Colo. Laboratory and field investigation; basic

and applied research. Tneoretical, laboratory and field study of specific yield, and related properties, such

as moisture equivalent, field capacity,

moisture tension, unsaturated permeability

and time-drainage relationships, as related

to ground-water storage. Evaluation of existing, and possible development of new, methods for determining these properties.

Library research; laboratory study in pro- gress or completed of factors affecting

column drainage, centrifuge moisture equivalent, moisture tension and unsaturated

permeability.

"Specific Yield and Related Properties of Earth Materials, Fart 1, An Annotated Bibliography," by A. I. Johnson, D. A. Morris,

and R. C. Frill, U. S. GeoL Survey openfile report (1961).

"Specific Yield and Related Properties of Earth Materials, Part 2, Column Drainage

and Moisture Equivalent of Artificial

Materials," by A. I. Johnson, R. C. Frill, and D. A. Morris, U. S. Geol. Survey Water- Supply Paper 1662-A; also published as an open-file report (1961).

"Mechanical Uniform Packing of Porous Media,

by D. A. Morris and W. K. Kulp, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C. "Comparison of Drainage Data Obtained by

the Centrifuge and Column Drainage Methods,"

by R. C. Prill, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(3265)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

IS!

(g) [3604)

(b

(3264) SUBSURFACE

TECHNIQUES.

EXPLORATION EQUIPMENT AND

Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic

Laboratory, U. S. Geological Survey, Denver,

Colo. Laboratory and field investigation; applied

research.

Evaluate and adapt subsurface exploration

equipment and techniques, such as gamma ray and electric loggers, fluid velocity and conductivity loggers, temperature loggers, power augers and core samplers, for solving

ground water occurrence problems.

Portable temperature logger nearly com- pleted; core samplers designed and commercial

models procured and compared under field

conditions; power augering equipment and

techniques evaluated; evaluation in progress

of gamma-ray conductivity and temperature

logging equipment for salt-water encroach- ment and waste disposal problems. Library

research in progress. "Selected References on Laboratory and

Field Methods In Ground-Water Hydrology,"

by A. I. Johnson, (in review).

"A Field Method for Measurement of Infiltration," by A. I. Johnson, U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Faper 1544-E, also published as an open-file report (1961).

"Geophysical Exploration of Wells as an Aid

in Location of Salt-Water Leakage, Alameda

Plains, California," by R. P. Moston and

A. I. Johnson, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C. "Subsurface Hydrologic Exploration with

Inflatable Packers," by F. C. Koopman, J. Irwin, and E. D. Jenkins,

(in review)

H.

U. S. Geol. Survey

INVESTIGATION OF VADOSE FLOW THROUGH HOMO- GENEOUS ISOTROPIC MEDIA. Laboratory project.

Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic

Laboratory, U. S. Geological Survey, Denver,

Colo. Experimental; basic and applied research. Laboratory model study of infiltration of fluids from surface pits into a thick un- saturated zone above the water table. Model tank designed and constructed; several test runs with beads of different particle

size completed; library research; test runs photographed by slide and movie.

Silent, color, lapse-time movie on second,

third and fourth phase of model study com- pleted . "Vadose Flow in Layered and Non-Layered

Materials," by W. N. Palmquist, Jr., and

A. I. Johnson; U.S. GeoL Survey (in review).

"Model Study of Vadose Flow Through Porous

Media," by W. K. Kulp, U. S. Geol. Survey

(in review)

(3603) SURFACE FOLLOWER.

Laboratory project.

Laboratory project.

Mr. E. G. Barron, U. S. Geological Survey,

Columbus 12, Ohio. Experimental; design.

The surface follower is designed to operate

a recorder while following the level of the water in a 2-inch vertical pipe. A switch

in a "float" closes either the up or down circuit which rotates a drum raising or lower- ing the float. A shaft input recorder is coupled to the drum. Production units undergoing field tests. TRANSPORT OF RADIONUCLIDES BY FLUVIAL

SEDIMENT. Atomic Energy Commission.

Mr. D. W. Kubbell, U. S. Geological Survey,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Field investigation; basic research. Study of dispersion, transportation, and con- centration of radionuclides by stream sedi- ments for representative hydrologic and geologic environments.

153
(g) Preliminary findings on the distribution of radioactive sand particles released in the North Loup River near Purdum, Nebraska,

showed that the downstream distribution

along the channel was at first skewed in the upstream direction but tended to approach

normal after several days. Core samples

showed that the tracer particles were randomly distributed vertically throughout the depth of bed-load movement. The zone of maxi- mum concentration of tracer particles moved

downstream at a rate of about 75 feet per day.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3605) MINERALOGY OP FLUVIAL SEDIMENTS.

(b) Atomic Energy Commission.

(c) Mr. V. C. Kennedy, U. S. Geological Surv.,

Denver, Colo.

(d) Laboratory and field investigations.

(e) Study of the mineralogy and cation-exchange

capacity of fluvial sediments for typical

hydrologic and geologic environments.

(g) Preliminary observations show the exchange

capacity of some sand fractions to be 30 percent and some silt fractions to be 80 percent of that for the corresponding clay

fraction. This suggests that appreciable

quantities of clay may be adhering to sand and silt particles or that clay aggregates

are present.

(3606) STREAM CHANNEL GEOMETRY AS RELATED TO FLOOD

FREQUENCY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. F. A. Kllpatrick, U. S. Geological

Survey, Atlanta 8, Georgia.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) The study is pointed toward finding a relation between channel characteristics

(pank-full stage, bed slope, etc.) and flood

frequency.

(f) flompleted.

(g) "Channel Geometry of Piedmont Streams as Related to Frequency of Floods," by F. A. Kllpatrick and H. H. Barnes, Jr., U. S. Geol. Survey Water-supply Paper (in pre- paration) .

(3607) BATTERY OPERATED DIGITAL RECORDER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) kr. E. G. Barron, U. S. Geological Survey,

Columbus 12, Ohio.

(d) Field investigation; operation.

(e) To, develop a battery operated digital punch

to record stream flow data. A shaft rotation

input becomes a 16 channel parallel code out-

___Qu±jon paper tape.

(fV Completed.

(g) Production units being installed.

(3923) DISTRIBUTION OF BOUNDARY SHEAR IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. W. Carter, U. S. Geol. Survey, Wash.

25, D.C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Shear plates will be used in a flume to measure boundary shear in open-channel

flow. If an accurate measure is obtained,

the indirect methods of shear determination

will be evaluated.

(g) A shear plate-beam balance device to measure fluid drag along the flume wall gave anomalous behavior at relatively high ( 0.7) Froude numbers . A strain-gage type shear

plate has been designed and is being tested.

(3924) GAGING FLOW THROUGH TURBINES.

(b) Atomic Energy Commission.

(c) Mr. B. J. Frederick, U. S. Geological Survey,

Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To develop a method of rating turbines with

use of radioisotopes as a tracer similar to

"salt dilution" method.

(g) Test method and instrumentation being

designed.

(3925) SURGES IN NATURAL CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. S. E. Rantz, U. S. Geological Survey,

Menlo Park, California.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To test application of classic wave theory

in a natural channel.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Surges in Natural Channels," by S.E. Rantz, 1961, U. S. Geol. Survey Water Supply Paper

1369-C.

(/3926) GAGING OF SHALLOW MOUNTAIN STREAMS.

(b)

(c) W(e)

U') (69Z7

)

Laboratory project.

Mr. R. G. Godfrey, U. S. Geol. Surv., Wash.

25, D.C. Experimental; applied research.

The use of radioactive tracers for gage streamflow is feasible. Portable lightweight

equipment is needed to sense and record the tracer concentration. Development is under- way of a suitable probe to measure flow in shallow mountain streams. Discontinued. DEPTH-DISCHARGE RELATIONS IN ALLUVIAL

STREAMS. Laboratory project.

Mr. R. W. Carter, USG5, Wash. , D.C. Field investigation; basic research.

To determine tne cause of an abrupt discontinuity in the depth-discharge relation

between the dune-bed form and the plane-bed

form in an alluvial stream. Completed

The critical point of discontinuity is dependent upon temperature

The resistance to flow for discharges be- yond the discontinuity is related to bed material size,

(h) "Depth-discharge Relations of Alluvial

Channels," by D. R. Dawdy, 1961, U.S. Geol. Survey Water Supply Paper 1498-C.

(3928) EFFECT OF URBANIZATION ON PEAK DISCHARGE.

(b) (cj

(d)

(e)

(h)

(3929)

(g)

Laboratory project.

Mr. R. W. Carter, USGS, Wash. 25, D.C. Field investigation; applied research. To develop a general method of predicting

the frequency of flood discharges from

developed areas based on all available

hydrologic information.

Completed

Equation determined expressing decrease in infiltration rate, and decrease in log time

between rainfall excess and flood wave in channel for suburban development in vicinity

of Washington, D.C

"Magnitude and Frequency of Floods in Sub- urban Areas," by R. W. Carter, in Geological

Survey Research, 1961, U. S. Geol. Survey

Prof. Paper 424-B. USE OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS AND MAPS IN HYDROLOGIC STUDIES. Laboratory project.

Mr. W. J. Schneider, USGS, Wash. 25, D.C. Field investigations; applied research. Objective is to determine possible relationships between basin characteristics and low stream flow for areal studies; and establish

criteria for depicting streams on topographic maps to meet needs in hydrologic investigations . In two study areas in Georgia, streamflow

becomes perennial at abrupt beginnings of incised stream channels; in the Tired Creek

basin, these abrupt beginnings can be de- termined on aerial photographs from an associated characteristic pattern of vege154
tation.

(h) "A Note on the Accuracy of Drainage Densities

Computed from Topographic Maps," by V/. J. Schneider, 1961, Jour. Geophys . Research,

v. 66, no. 10, pp 3617-3618.

(3930) FLOODS FROM SMALL AREAS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. D. Mitchell, USGS, Champaign, 111.

(dj Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Purpose is to provide Information and develop

methods to solve small basin drainage

structure design problems.

(g) Data at 50 small basin sites have been

collected and hydrograph characteristics

determined for 15 of these sites.

(3931) SOURCE OF BASE FLOW OF STREAMS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(cj Mr. F. A. Kilpatrick, USG, Wash. 25, D.C.

(dj Field investigation; applied research,

(e) Purpose is to define the source, amount and

distribution of base flow of streams.

(g) Field data being collected in Yellow River

Basin in Georgia.

(3932) AREAL ANALYSIS OF LOW FLOWS

(b) Laboratory project.

(cj Mr. H. C. Riggs, USGS, Wash . 25, D. C.

(dj Field investigation; applied research,

(e) Objective Is to develop general expressions

relating low flow characteristics of stream- flow at one or more sites with the basin

characteristics of the area. Purpose is to increase the usefulness of short and intermittent records of streamflow.

f) Completed.

g) The slope of the low-flow frequency curve is related to drainage area, and the slope of the base-flow recession curve. A method of defining the base-flow recession curve is developed

(h) "Sources of Low Flows," by H. C. Riggs, U.S. Geol. Survey publication (in preparation).

"Regional Low Flow Frequency Analysis," by

H. C. Riggs, in Geological Survey Research,

1961, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B. "Rainfall and Minimum Flows Along the Tallapoosa River, Alabama," by H. C. Riggs, in Geological Survey Research, 1961, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B.

(3933) EVALUATION OF STATISTICAL PROCEDURES IN HYDROLOGY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(cj Dr. N. C. Matalas, USGS, Wash. 25, D.C.

(dj Experimental; applied research.

(e) With respect to three problems, the ob- jectives are as follows:

(1) To modify regression analyses to ac- count for inter-station correlation; (2) to define the statistical properties of tree ring data; and (3) to define economic de- cisions based on water forecasts so as to maximize the average income in dollars over

a period of years.

(g) For a simple linear regression model, assum- ing that the dependent variable consisted of

a set of interdependent values, the expec- tations and variances of the regression

constant, the regression coefficient, and

an estimated value of the dependent variable

were derived, and the tests of significance

were modified to account for the interdependence . A statistical appraisal indicates that tree ring data are not randomly distributed in

time. The large values of serial correlation suggest that the non-randomness cannot

be attributed entirely to climatic factors,

but is perhaps due to the botanical pro- cesses of growth. Thus sequences of high

or low values of tree growth are not necessarily indicative of wet or dry periods.

A statistical method was outlined, whereby

economic decisions based on water lore- casts could be made so as to maximize average income in dollars over a period or years

(h) "Effect of Interstatlon Correlation on Regression Analysis," by H. C. Matalas and

M. A. Benson, 1361, Jour. Geophys. Research,

v. 66, no. 10. "Probability Distribution of Low-Flows," by

N. C. Matalas, 1961, U. S. Geol. Purvey Water Supply Paper (in preparation).

"Autocorrelation of Rainfall and Streamflow

Minlmums," by N.C. Matalas, 1961, U. S. Geol. Survey Water Supply Paper (in

preparation)

(3935) FLOOD PLAIN ZONING IN SUBURBAN AREAS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. D. G. Anderson, USGS, 300 South Fayne

St., Fairfax, Virginia.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To determine magnitude and frequency of flood discharges from records of short duration and develop a method to describe

the water-surface profile for a flood of a given frequency at all points along the stream channel.

(g) Field data being obtained; flood-plain

mapping almost completed.

(h) "Flood Inundation Study of Cameron Run Basin

in Virginia," by D. G. Anderson, open-file

report, U. S. Geol. Survey.

(3936) FLOOD-FREOUENCY RELATIONS WITHIN NEW ENGLAND.

(b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. M. A. Benson, USGS, Wash. 25, D. C.

d) Field investigation; applied research,

(e) Objective is to understand the basic causative factors affecting peak flows and to improve the methods of flood-frequency

analysis

(fi Completed.

(g) Historical-flood data permitted extension of flood knowledge to 300 years. Multiplecorrelation analysis led to formulas defining

annual peak discharges with recurrence inter- vals from 1.2 to 300 years in terms of 6 variables: 3 topographic, 2 meteorologic

and 1 orographic.

(h) "Evolution of Methods and Techniques for Evaluating the Occurrence of Floods," by

M.A. Benson, U. S. Geol. Survey Water Supply

Paper 1580-A (in press). "Factor Influencing the Occurrence of Floods

in a Humid Region of Devise Terrain, " by

M. A. Benson, 1961, U. S. Geol. Survey Water Supply Paper 1580-B (in press).

(3937) FLOOD-FREOUENCY RELATIONS IN A SEMI ARID AREA,

(b) Laboratory project.

(cj Mr. M. A. Benson, USGS, Wash. 25, D. C.

dj Field investigation; basic research.

e) Objective is to understand the basic causative factors affecting peak flows and to improve the methods of flood-frequency

analysis

f) Completed.

g) Formulas have been developed for defining

annual peak discharges with various re- currence intervals in terms of drainage area, stream length, storage, rainfall intensity,

and number of thunderstorm days.

(h) "Flood-Frequency Relations in a Semiarid Area," by M. A. Benson, U. S. Geol. Survey Water- Supply Paper (in preparation).

(3938) FREQUENCY OF DEFICIENT DISCHARGE FOR PERIODS OF SELECTED LENGTHS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(cj Mr. J. R. Crippen, USGS, Wash. 25, D.C.

(dj Field Investigation; applied research.

(e) Objective is to develop a method of low- flow frequency analysis that can predict

comparable results from either a short- term or a long-term stream-flow record.

155
f) Completed.

g) Report in preparation.

(3939) STUDY OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES, CLINCH RIVER, TENNESSEE.

b) Atomic Energy Commission.

c) Mr. P.H. Carrlgan, U. S. Geological Survey,

Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) Purpose is to undertake a comprehensive

study of the entry, movement, location and

fate of radioactive wastes discharged into

the Clinch River by the Oak Ridge National

Laboratory.

(g) Field investigation being conducted.

(3940) THE TREND OF RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT YIELD, BRANDYWINE CREEK BASIN, PENNSYLVANIA AND

DELAWARE.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. R. 0. R. Martin and Mr. H. P. Guy, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D.C.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) Objective is to appraise and determine the changes in runoff and sediment yield

resulting from changes in land use.

f) Completed.

g) Final report in preparation.

(3941) EFFECT OF REFORESTATION ON STREAM FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. J. Schneider, USGS, Wash. 25, D.C.

Id) Field Investigation; applied research,

(e) Purpose is to define the relation between

reforestation and stream flow.

C) Completed.

g) Tree growth over a 25 year period has re- duced total runoff from reforested areas by as much as one-third. The magnitude of peak discharges also has been altered, with

about six out of seven current peaks re- duced up to as much as 60 percent, and one

out of seven increased.

(h) "Effect of Reforestation on Streamflow in Central New York," by W. J. Schneider and

G. R. Ayer, 1961, U. S. Geol . Survey Water

Supply Paper 1602. "Reduction In peak Discharges Associated

with Reforestation," by W. J. Schneider,

1961, Forest Science, v. 7, no. 3, p. 232-

237. "Changes In Snowmelt Runoff Caused by

Reforestation," by W. J. Schneider, 1961,

Proceedings, Western Snow Conference,

Spokane, Washington

"Flood Frequencies as Related to Land Use,"

by W. J. Schneider, Bulletin of Inter- national Assn. of Scientific Hydrology,

Louvair, Belgium.

(3942) ERRORS IN DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. I. E. Anderson, USGS, Wash. 25, D. C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To identify the source, magnitude, distribution, and effect of various errors, in discharge measurements, on the results

obtained

(f) Completed.

(g) U.S.G.S. methods satisfactory but less de- manding standards yield acceptable results.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(3943) USE OF PRECIPITATION RECORDS IN EXTENDING

STREAMFLOW DATA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. 0. R. Martin, USGS, Wash. 25, D. C. (d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Objective is to develop a practicable method

of using the precipitation records to augment

short-term streamflow records and to test

the extent of the improvement In reliability.

(g) Correlation studies being made.

(3944) AUTOMATIC COMPUTATION OF DAILY DISCHARGE

RECORDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. L. Isherwood, USGS, Wash. 25, D. C. (d) Experimental; operation systems.

(e) To develop a practical system of collecting

records or river stages in a form suitable

1'or automatic computation through a high

speed computer with print out acceptable

for ofrset reproduction.

(g) Digital recorder program operational i or ZfaO gaging sites; records processed routinely

on magnetic tape, suitable tor ofrset repro- duction . (h) "Digital Recorders and Computer Techniques,"

by W. L. Isherwood, in Geological Survey

Research, 1961, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-A.

(3945) STANDARD STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF STREAMFLOW

RECORDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. C. R. Showen, USGS, Wash. 25, D.C.

(d) Experimental; operation.

(e) To develop operational systems and programs

for automatic computation of statistical

analyses of streamflow records.

(g) Programs for duration tables, low-flow and high-flow summaries for consecutive periods

of various time periods now operational.

(3948) SEDIMENT TRANSPORT PARAMETERS IN SAND BED STREAMS

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. J. K. Culbertson, USGS, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

d) Field and office research.

e) Field and theoretical Investigation of sediment transportation in sand bed streams. Specifically included are hydraulic and sediment data for the Rio Grande

(h) Report in process.

(3949) FACTORS AFFECTING BED-MATERIAL DISCHARGE OF

SAND BED STREAMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c Mr. B. R. Colby, USGS, Lincoln, Nebr.

(d) Field and office research.

(e) Field and theoretical Investigation of bed-material discharge of sand bed streams utilizing available sediment-load data for

a range of width/depth ratios

(g) Mean velocity is found to be the dominant

factor that influences the transport of sand per unit width in a sand bed stream. The effect of depth of flow seems to be complex and variable. High concentrations

of fine sediment may greatly Increase the discharge of sands in a stream like the Rio Puerco in New Mexico.

(h) "Studies of Flow in Alluvial Channels,"

U. S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper

1498. D. "Effect of Depth of Flow on Discharge of Bed Material," by B. R. Colby,

1961. Two reports in preparation.

(3951) HYDROLOGY OF ARID AND SEMI ARID REGIONS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Garald G. Parker, USGS, Denver, Colo.

(d) Field investigations; both basic and applied

research

(e) Several research stations have been or are being established in western States.

(3952) STUDY OF MECHANICS OF HILLSLOPE EROSION,

(b) Laboratory project.

(cj Dr. S. A. Schumm, USGS, Denver, Colo.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to study the mechanics of the erosion of hillslopes under

various physical conditions, and to appraise

156
the relative Influence of each factor In- volved in hillslope erosion in semlarid and

arid environments. Studies include quantitative measurements of hillslope erosion,

and to the extent possible, measurements of the contributing or related factors. Such information is needed to determine the amount of sediment derived from hillslopes

and to provide guidance in planning erosion

control measures. Studies are in progress

in several areas in eastern and western

Colorado and western Utah.

(g) Two reports in preparation.

(3953) BASIC RESEARCH IN VEGETATION AND HYDROLOGY.

lt>) Laboratory project

(cj Dr. R. S. Sigafoos, USGS, Arlington, Va.

(dj Field Investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to study the interrelationship between vegetation and geomorphlc processes by comparing qualitative

differences in distribution and form of plants with selected geologic and hydrologlc

variables. This comparison is prerequisite

to establishment of methods to measure

botanical parameters quantitatively. The immediate objectives will be to Identify and map species limited to flood plains, to adjoining uplands, to alluvial fans,

terraces, coves and ridges; to study relationship between forest development and flood

frequency, and to determine the effect of land use upon changes in vegetation.

g) Four reports in preparation or scheduled.

h) "Botanical Evidence of Modern History of Nisqually Glacier, Washington," by R. S. Sigafoos and E. L. Hendricks, published in

U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper

387-A, 1961.

(3954) CHARACTERISTICS OF GLACIER-FED STREAMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. R. K. Fahnestock, USGS, Fort Collins,

Colo.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to study the

c.iannel characteristics of streams below

active glaciers, especially those carrying

substantial amounts of debris which is sorted end transported by meltwater. It should assist developing an understanding of glacial

outwash deposits, both present and past, in other areas. This study should also add to both the knowledge of the influence of diurnal fluctuations in flow on the characteristics of alluvial channels and to the knowledge of long term response of stream channels to glacier fluctuations. The project

is carried on at White River below Emmons

Glacier, Mt . Rainier, Wash., flume studies

are carried out at Colorado State University.

(h) "Morphology and Hydrology of a Glacial Stream - White River, Mt. Rainier, Washington," by R. K. Fahnestock, U.S. Geological

Survey Professional Paper 422-A, is being

processed.

"Competence of a Glacial Stream," by R. K. Fahnestock, published in U. S. Geological

Survey Professional Paper 424-B, Article 87, 1S61.

(3y55) DOWNSTREAM EFFECT OF DAMS, DIVERSIONS AND IRRIGATION DRAINS ON ALLUVIAL CHANNELS

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. M.G. Wolman, Johns Hopkins University,

Baltimore, Md.

d) Field investigation.

e) Tne purpose of the project Is to determine

the downstream effect the above types of structures exert on alluvial channels. All available data are to be gathered and summarized on channel surveys before and after construction. This will be accomplished insofar as possible by correspondence

with State, Federal, and local agencies.

(g) Report In preparation.

(3956) LONG-TERM HYDROLOGIC TRENDS AS INDICATED BY GLACIERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. M.F. Meier, USGS, Tacoma, Washington.

d) Field investigation.

e) The purpose of this project is to learn

more of the mechanics of glaciers and to relate ice thickness, velocity, slope, surface water flow, streamline Inclination,

and ablation. The hydrology of alpine

basins, including snow fields and icecovered areas, is important because of the relation of climate, precipitation, snow

melt and storage effects on the water resources of northern and high-elevation

areas. The project consists of a basic

research study in fundamental problems of glacier regime, studies of long-term fluctu- ations in hydrologlc factors, and relations

between climatic and hydrologlc factors. Comparisons will be made between the regime'

nourishment factors and activity of two similar valley glaciers located In different

climatic environments. Primary study area: South Cascade Glacier, Washington.

g) Several reports in preparation.

h) "Distribution and Variation of Glaciers in the United States Exclusive of Alaska," by

Mark F. Meier and others, Publication 54 of International Association of Hydrology.

"Mass Budget of South Cascade Glacier, 1957-

60," by Mark F. Meier, published in U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 424-B,

Article 86, 1961. "Distinctive Characteristics of Glacier

Runoff," by Mark F. Meier and W.V. Tangborn,

published in U. S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, Article 7, 1961.

(3957) THE HYDROLOGY OF A PORTION OF THE HUMBOLDT

RIVER VALLEY.

(b) State of Nevada and U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(c) Mr. T.W. Robinson, USGS, Menlo Park, Calif,

(dj Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to determine

how the available water in Humboldt River

valley might better be utilized. The following hydrologlc data will be collected

and studied: (1) Runoff characteristics

and magnitude of use of surface waters;

(2) the specific yield of sediments in the flood plain and the magnitude and extent

of water-level fluctuations in the ground- water reservoir; (3) the use of water by

greasewood and willows; (4) variations in

chemical quality of the water in the flood

plain; (5) amount of underflow at Comus and Rose Creek to be determined by means of pumping tests of exploratory holes; and

(6) amount of ground water from tributary

valleys, to be determined on the basis of chemical analyses and low- flow measurements.

The General Hydrology Branch has furnished

the project leader and will determine the amount of water used by greasewood and willows by use of tanks (lysimeters) simi- lar to those used in the Buckeye project.

Site is near Winnemucca, Nevada, in the Humboldt River Valley.

(g) Eight evapotranspirometers were installed

during the 1961 season. These will be used

for measuring water use as follows: two for greasewood, three for willow, and three for rabbitbrush.

(3958) THE EFFECT OF EXPOSURE ON SLOPE MORPHOLOGY,

(b) Laboratory project.

(cj Mr. R. F. Hadley, USGS, Denver, Colo,

(dj Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to determine

the morphologic and hydrologlc differences

existing among slopes of various exposures

and to measure the resulting effects on erosion, soil moisture, and vegetational

cover. Also, the effect of differential

157
exposure on drainage-basin evolution will

be investigated. Sites for study are several selected small areas in Wyoming,

Colorado, and New Mexico.

(g) A report on certain phases of project in preparation.

(h) "Some Effects of Microclimate on Slope

Morphology and Drainage Basin Development,"

by R. F. Hadley, U. S. Geological Survey

Professional Paper 424-B, Article 16, 1961.

(3959) LONG-TERM CHRONOLOGIES ON HYDROLOGIC EVENTS,

(b) Laboratory project.

Icl Mr. W. D. Simons, USGS, Tacoma, Washington.

(e) The purpose of this project is to provide

information on flood and drought frequencies

and other critical hydrologic events from

the history of major river basins. Data

will be sought to evaluate long-term

fluctuation in water supply to determine

whether or not there has been either an upward or downward trend during the last

2 or 3 centuries. Such data will include crop records, news items, historical

records, tree-ring data and lake levels. Efforts will be made to obtain useful data

from anthropological research studies in the Pacific Northwest. This study would

provide additional knowlege on probable

frequency and duration of critical hydrologic

events especially droughts for each major

river basin. The first investigation would

be in the Columbia River basin.

(h) "Recent Hydrologic Trends in the Pacific

Northwest," by W. D. Simons, U. S. Geol

Survey Professional Paper 424-B, Article

8, 1961.

(3960) ANALYSIS OF SURFACE-GROUND WATER RELATIONS,

HOP BROOK BASIN, MASSACHUSETTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

lc) Mr. J. C. Kammerer, USGS, Boston, Mass.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to observe

and evaluate some of the interrelated

responses of ground and surface water to conditions and changes of climate and ecology characteristics of the spring,

summer, and fall season, with particular

reference to 3 or 4 specific sites within

the basin, as well as some basinwide effects,

such as the changes in upstream limits

of the surface-drainage network,

(h) Report in preparation.

(3961) USE OF WATER BY SALTCEDAR.

b) Bureau of Reclamation.

c) Dr. T. E. A. vanHylckama, USGS, Phoenix,

Arizona

(e) The purpose of this project is to measure

the use of ground water by saltcedar in evapotranspirometers and to evaluate these data against those obtained by energy

budget and mass transfer methods. Esti- mates can then be made of the quantity of water salvageable by control or eradication of saltcedar. Large evapotranspirometers have been constructed in an environment of saltcedar and planted at the same density as in the surrounding

area. The use of water from these tanks will be measured and the effect of maintaining ground water at different levels

studied.

(g) Additional work to record growth by measurement and analytical illustrations

of seedling and frond development was

started during the 1961 season. Growth

will be correlated with water use. A pro- gress report dealing with water budget

findings through 1961 is in preparation.

(3962) RESEARCH IN PHREATOPHYTES

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. T. W. Robinson, USGS, Menlo Park, Calif.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to estimate

with reasonable accuracy the quantity

and quality of the ground water consumptively

wasted and to evaluate the quantity and quality of the water that can be salvaged

by control or eradication of the phreatophyte. The fields of study involved in attaining

these objectives are: (1) A knowledge of the habitats and life-cycle characteristics

of problem phreatophytes; (2) the factors

that control their growth, development, and occurrence; (3) the factors that affect

their use of ground water; and (4) ecomonic

methods for effecting salvage of the water

consumptively wasted by phreatophytes.

Among others, data are needed on occurrence, which requires mapping of areas and density

of growth; relations of occurrence to the quality of the ground water; depth of root penetration; effects of phreatophytes on flood-plain erosion and sedimentary processes; and the annual water consumption

for different depths to the water table under different climatic conditions, by

species

(h) "A Guide to Mapping Phreatophytes," by J. S. Horton, U.S. Forest Service, T. W.Robinson,

U.S. Geological Survey, and H. A. McDonald,

U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, being reviewed

for publication. A saltcedar map is in preparation.

(3963) EVAPOTRANSPIRATION THEORY AND MEASUREMENT

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. 0. E. Leppanen, USGS, Phoenix, Arizona,

id) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to study the physical processes involved in evapotranspiration and to develop techniques and equipment for measuring evapotranspiration

The studies encompass an analysis of the physical forces and differential equations

describing the transport of momentum, latent heat of evaporation, energy, water vapor, and possibly carbon dioxide in the earth's

surface in order to develop practical

techniques and instruments for the measurement of evapotranspiration.

(g) Final report in preparation.

(3964) MECHANICS OF EVAPORATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. J.S. Meyers, USGS, Denver, Colo.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project Is to find ways

of simplifying and reducing the costs of data collection for the energy- budget method of evaporation determination. This method has proven to be accurate and reliable. However,

It is costly and much simplification is needed before it can be widely used to determine evaporation either from free water surfaces or from bare land surfaces. Data processing has been another costly

item; however, the use of high-speed com- puting machines are expected to reduce this

somewhat after more reliability is built

into the field-recording systems. The possibility of using available Weather Bureau data will be explored.

(g) The energy-budget method of evaporation

determination has been developed and has proven much more accurate than the old evaporation pan method . Much remains to be done

(h) "A Practical Field Technique for Measuring

Reservoir Evaporation Utilizing Mass-Transfer

Theory," by G. E. Harbeck, Jr., U.S Geol. Survey Professional Paper 272-E is being

proce ssed

(3965) HYDROLOGIC EFFECT OF VEGETATION MODIFICATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. C. Culler. USGS, Tuscon, Arizona.

(d) Field investigation.

158
e) The purpose of this project is to evaluate

the change in water yield produced by the vegetation modification and to develop a more comprehensible understanding of the function of vegetation, within the hydrologlc

regime, under semiarid conditions. Sub- stitution of short-rooted grass for deeprooted trees is the basis for this study.

The study has been divided into two parts;

(1) The determination of the changes in water yield produced by a pinon- Juniper

eradication program on a drainage area of

200 square miles; and (2) the intensive study

of 2 pairs of small watersheds to evaluate

the hydrologlc processes involved and alterations that occur as a result of vegetation modification. Correlations of runoff, using precipitation will be used

for (1). In part (2) an attempt will be made to evaluate the major portions of the hydrologic cycle and to define the interrelationships. Study site is Carrizo and Corduroy Creek basins in the Fort Apache

Indian Reservation, Arizona.

g) Six gaging stations were constructed. The Bureau of Indian Affairs has cleared

Corduroy Basin of pinon- juniper, and corre- lations are being computed.

h) "Soil Moisture Under Juniper and Pinyon

Compared with Moisture Under Grassland in Arizona," by R. P. Miller, F. A. Branson,

I. S. McQueem, and R. C. Culler, U. S. Geol

Survey Frof. Paper 424-B, Article 98, 1961. "Description of the Juniper and Pinyon

Eradication Project, Fort Apache Indian

Reservation, Arizona," by R. C. Culler, is being processed for publication as U. S. Geological Survey Circular. Progress report

on findings through 1961 in preparation.

6) EFFECTS OF SEDIMENT CHARACT2RISTICS OF FLUVIAL MORPHOLOGY AND HYDRAULICS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. S. A. Schumm, USGS, Denver, Colo.

d) Field investigation.

e) The purpose of this project is to collect

data on the physical properties of sediments

forming the perimeter of alluvial channels, and to determine the effect of sediment

type on fluvial morphology and hydraulics.

The physical and chemical properties of alluvial materials and their relations to and effects upon fluvial morphology are not well enough understood and require considerable research. Basic data are collected at about 200 cross-sectional sites on as many

as possible of the following: channel shape,

dimensions, gradient, pattern, and rougnness;

channel and bank vegetation; stream discharge;

velocity of flow; suspended and bed sediment

loads; and the types of sediment forming

the cross-sectional perimeter of the channels,

h) "Dimensions of Some Stable Alluvial Channels,"

by S. A. Schumm, U. S. Geological Survey

Prof. Paper 424-B, Article 13, 1961. "Channel Widening and Flood-Plain Construction

Along Cimarron River in We stern Kansas," by

S. A. Schumm and R. W. Lichty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 352-D, in review.

7) STUDY OF AGGRADATION AND DEGRADATION IN

STREAM CHANNELS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. S. A. Schumm, USGS, Denver, Colo.

d) Field investigation.

e) The purpose of this project is to study the mechanics of channel formation in alluvium

of semiarid and arid valleys, and sediment

deposition in ephemeral stream channels. The physical properties of alluvial materials have not been related satisfactorily to stream channel characteristics. This project

involves the relation of sediment types to channel pattern, longitudinal profile,

channel shape and roughness, bed-load

movement, and variations in discharge, and takes place in several areas in Colorado,

Wyoming, Kansas and Nebraska,

f) Completed.

h) "The Effect of Sediment Type on the Shape

and Stratification of Some Modern Fluvial

Deposits," by 3. A. Schumm, American Jour,

of Science, Vol. 258, p. 177-184, I960.

"The Shape of Alluvial Channels in Relation

to Sediment Type," by S. A. Schumm, U. 3. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 352-B, p. 17-

30, 1960.

"The Effect of Sediment Type on the Shape and Stratification of Some Modern Fluvial

Deposits: A Reply," by S. A. Schumm,

American Journal of Science, Vol. 259,

p. 234-239, 1961. "Effect of Sediment Characteristics on Erosion and Deposition in Ephemeral- Stream Channels," by S. A. Schumm, U. S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 352-C, p. 21-

70, 1961.

(3968) STUDY OF CHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS AND FLOOD- PLAIN AGGRADATION, TU SAYAN WASHES, ARIZONA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R.F. Hadley, USGS, Denver, Colo.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to determine

the physical and hydraulic factors that control channel characteristics in aggrading

and degrading alluvial channels in the semiarid and arid Southwest. An under- standing of these processes is needed in order to plan conservation practices in a logical and economic fashion. The project

includes study of aggradation occurring

naturally as well as aggradation induced

by channel structures. Studies are in the drainage basins of Polacca, Oraibi, Jeddito,

Dinnebito Washes, all tributary to Little

Colorado River near Winslow in northeastern

Arizona.

(g) Report in preparation.

(3969) GENERAL STUDIES OF EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. R. F. Hadley and Mr. N. J. King, USGS,

Denver, Colo.

d) Field investigation.

e) The purpose of this project is to investigate the basic processes of erosion in a semiarid and arid environment. Studies

fall into three general groups: (1) cuantitative measurements of gully growth, channel widening, and channel erosion; (2) measure- ments of rates of upland erosion; and (3) detailed studies of a particular erosion

i-rocess in a selected area. The quantitative measurements will be utilized to aid in design of soil and water conservation

measures. Studies are being made in several areas in Montana, Wyoming, Utah, New Mexico,

and Arizona.

(h) "An Example of Channel Aggradation Induced

by Flood Control," by N. J. King, U. S. Geol. Survey professional Paper 424-B, Article

15, 1961.

"Some Factors Influencing Streambank

Erodibility, " by I. S. McQueen, U. S. Geol. Survey Professional Faper 424-B, Article 14, 1961

(3970) HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION,

(b) Laboratory project.

(cj Mr. A. C. Waananen, USGS, Menlo Park, Calif.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to evaluate

the hydrologic effects of changes in land

use associated with development of suburban,

industrial and urban communities; also included is a study of hydrologic problems

in storm drainage in urban areas. Changes

in land use associated with urban development

affect local hydrologic factors such as runoff, flood frequency, recharge, channel

stability, sediment production and the inter- relationship between surface arid ground

159
water. Data on stream flow, precipitation,

soil moisture and related hydrologic and cllmatologlc data, topographic effects, and geologic, soils, and ecologlc Information,

together with documentation of changes In land use as they occur, are needed for proper evaluation. The study area, San Franclsqulto Basin at Stanford University,

Palo Alto, California,

(h) Reports In preparation: (1) "Effect of Urban

Development on Storm Runoff," and (2) "San Franclsqulto Urbanization Project - Natural

Environment .

(3971) THE HYDROLOGY OP PRAIRIE POTHOLES, NORTH

DAKOTA

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Wm. S. Elsenlohr, Jr., USGS, Denver,

Colo., and Mr. J. B. Shjeflo, USGS, Bismarck,

N. Dak.

A) Field investigation; applied research,

e) To determine use of water in prairie potholes

(kettles) in glaciated areas in North Dakota. The potholes are important in wildlife pro- duction, especially migratory ducks. Plans

for irrigation developments, involving about

a million acres in North and South Dakota,

would require the draining and leveling of many potholes. Information is being collected

to estimate the hydrologic effects of these proposed changes as well as the amount of water required to provide replacement water

areas for wildlife production. Study includes

observations necessary to determine the water budget and the type, amount, and rates

of growth of vegetation,

(g) Two groups of four potholes were selected

and instruments installed. One pothole in each group is clear of vegetation. As a result of drought in 1961, five of the potholes went dry, some for the first time in more than 25 years according to residents.

The first complete season of data were collected

(3972) STUDY OF WATER APPLICATION AND USE ON A RANGE WATERSP READER IN NORTHEASTERN

MONTANA

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. F. A. Branson, Mr. I. S. McQueen, and

Mr. R. F. Miller, USGS, Denver, Colo.

d) Field investigation.

e) The purpose of this project is to evaluate

the use of a waterspreader on forage yields.

Little information is available on amounts

of water applied to and used by waterspreaders or on the amounts of water needed

for successful waterspreaders . As water

becomes more in demand, information on the efficiency of water used by waterspreaders

becomes increasingly important. Water

applied to the spreader is measured by means

of a water-stage recorder which determines

the duration of flow through a pipe into the spreader and by means of a rain gage. Plant measurements are being made by the Montana

Agricultural Experiment Station. Study site

is the Willow Creek area near Fort Peck, Mont

(g) Data on soil moisture storage and use have been obtained for three years (1959-61)

when water was applied to the spreader.

Analyses are being made of the differences

in storage and use on the three major soilvegetation types included in the spreader.

(3973) STUDY OF PRECIPITATION, RUNOFF, AND SEDIMENT YIELD IN CORNFIELD V.'ASH, NEW MEXICO.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Durl E. Burkham, USGS, Albuquerque, New Mexico

d) Field investigation.

ej The purpose of this project is to obtain

hydrologic data for use In the design of soil and water conservation structures and to evaluate the effects of structures on control

of flood runoff and erosion. The original

study was started In 1951 when the Bureau of Land Management completed construction of reservoirs in an area about 15 miles southwest of Cuba, New Mexico. In the fall of 1957 part of the watersheds were pitted by

a mechanical pltter in an attempt to increase

infiltration and growth of vegetation.

(f) Intensive field investigation completed in 1960 after a 10-year study. Further studies

will be limited mainly to resurveys of erosion or sediment deposition.

(g) A report presenting results of the 10-year

study (1951-60) Is in preparation.

(h) "Water-Supply Paper 1475-B, " reports the results of the first five years, 1951-55.

(3974) LABORATORY STUDY OF THE GORWTH OF MEANDERS

IN OPEN CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. M. G. Wolman and Mr. Michael Moore,

Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.

(e) The purpose of this project is to attempt

to establish channels having various initial

ratios of width to curvature . Each channel pattern will be allowed to develop under

controlled conditions of slope and discharge, and the rate of growth and change in pattern

will be observed continuously. This study

is a continuation of the work begun in the experiments by Leopold, Bagnold, Wolman, and Brush and deal with the energy losses and behavior of curved channels.

(3975) STUDY OF EFFECTS OF GRAZING IN BADGER WASH

AREA, COLORADO.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. G. C. Lusby, USGS, Denver, Colo.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to determine

the effects of grazing exclusion in regard

to improving vegetation, and reducing

damaging floods, upstream erosion and down- stream sedimentation. This study was planned and started in 1953 as a cooperative

undertaking between the Bureau or Lana Management, Forest Service, Bureau or Reclamation, ana the Survey. Studies by the Fish

ana Wiidiire Service started a year later. The study by agreement is to run for 20 years. Twenty reservoirs were constructed

and records of runoff and sediment are collected on each. The study area is divided into four pairs of areas each with

a dam and reservoir. One of each pair is fenced to exclude grazing and the other is left open. Study area is about 8 miles

northwest of Mack, Mesa County, Colorado.

(g) Progress report presenting results of first 5 years of study (1954-58) in review.

(h) "Hydrology of Small Grazed and Ungrazed

Drainage Basin, Badger Wash Area, Western

Colorado," by Gregg C. Lusby, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, Article 59, 1961.

(3976) EVALUATION OF SEDIMENT BARRIER ON SHEEP

CREEK, NEAR TROPIC, UTAH.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. G. C. Lusby, USGS, Denver, Colo.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this study is to test the effectiveness of treatment methods to reduce

the high sediment contribution of the Paria

River and similar streams. In addition to land-treatment practices, which will be carried out by the Forest Service, National

Park Service, Bureau of Land Management and Soil Conservation Service, the Bureau of Reclamation has constructed a small barrier

on Sheep Creek. The Survey is to measure

the effect of this barrier on runoff and sediment at a site about 7 miles southwest

of Tropic, Utah.

(g) A dam was constructed on Sheep Creek in 1960 and sediment samplers were installed in the channel upstream from the dam and in the

160
spillway. Runoff during the 1960 water year

was very low, but in 1961 runoff occurred

several times in relatively large amounts.

Sediment deposition in the reservoir and channel upstream in 1961 was appreciable.

397 7) HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF SMALL RESERVOIRS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. F. W. Kennon and Mr. R. W. Stallman,

USGS, Oklahoma City 2, Oklahoma.

d) Field investigation.

e) During recent years there has been a great

increase in the number of small reservoirs

being constructed for stock water supply,

irrigation, flood control, recreation, and other uses. The purpose of this project is

to evaluate this type of construction in terms of its effect on the hydrology of the

area. Similar work has been done in other

parts of the West.

(h) "Hydrologic Studies of Small Watersheds,

Honey Creek Basin, Texas," by C. R. Gilbert,

G.E. Koberg, and F.W. Kennon, being reviewed

for publication.

"Hydrologic Effects of Small Reservoirs, Water Years 959-60, Sandstone Creek,

Oklahoma," by F. W. Kennon, in preparation.

"Hydrologic Effects of Small Reservoirs,

Deep Creek, Texas," in preparation.

"The Use of Temperature Data for Computing

Ground-Water Velocity (on the Basis of Data

Collected in the Sandstone Creek Area)," by

R. A. McCullough, in preparation.

(3978) EFFECTS OF MECHANICAL TREATMENTS ON ARID

LANDS IN WESTERN UNITED STATES.

bl Laboratory project.

c) Mr. A. Branson, Mr. I. S. McQueen, and Mr.

R. F. Miller, USGS, Denver, Colo.

&) Field investigation.

e) The purpose of this project is to determine

the effects of different mechanical treat- ments on arid lands. Several small basins

on land administered by the Bureau of Land

Management in central Montana, eastern New

Mexico, and western Colorado, are the study

sites. Some reservoirs have been, and others are to be constructed in each of these

basins, and runoff and sediment yield is being and has been determined before treat- ments are applied. Among the treatments

applied after precalibration are the following: spike-tooth pitting, eccentric-disc

pitting, and contour furrowing (with furrow

intervals determined on the basis of computed

furrow water-storage capacity) . Other measurements made would include: vegetation

kinds and quantities before and after treatment, soil-moisture storage and seasonal and

annual changes,

(h) "Effects of Contour Furrowing, Grazing

Intensity and Soils on Infiltration Rates,

Soil Moisture and Vegetation near Fort Peck,

Montana," by F. A. Branson, R. F. Miller,

and I. S. McQueen, being reviewed for publication.

(3979) GENERAL EVALUATION OF SOIL AND MOISTURE TREATMENT PRACTICES.

(b) Laboratory investigation.

(c) Mr. K. R. Melin, USGS, Denver, Colo,

id) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to appraise

the structures and treatment practices used

in soil moisture conservation to determine

their effectiveness in accomplishing the purposes for which they were designed. The field studies include maintenance of records on runoff, erosion and sedimentation

to determine the effects of the structures

or practices at several areas in Colorado,

Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, Montana, and New

Mexico

(3a80) HYDROLOGY OF DEATH VALLEY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. T. W. Robinson and Mr. C. B. Hunt, USGS,

Menlo Park, California.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this report is to study the various phases of the hydrology of Death

Valley. Data on evaporation, wind movement,

humidity and temperature are being obtained

under informal agreement with the National

Park Service. Relations of plants to salinity and effects of salinity on evapo- transpiration also are being investigated.

(h) "Some Extremes of Climate in Death Valley,

California," by T. W. Robinson and C. B. Hunt, U. S. Geological Survey Professional

Paper 424-B, Article 79, 1961.

(3981) PLEISTOCENE LAKES OF THE GREAT BASIN.

b) Nevada State Engineers.

c) Mr. C. T. Snyder, USGS, Menlo Park, Calif.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to prepare

a map based on data gathered during Soil and Moisture Conservation investigations showing

the Pleistocene Lakes in the Great Basin

area. Further refinements can now be made to Lakes Lahounta and Bonneville and the associated smaller lakes that existed concurrently. An additional large Pleistocene lake recently

discovered is included,

(g) Map and report in preparation.

(3982) INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ION DISTRIBUTION AND WATER MOVEMENT IN SOILS AND THE ASSOCI- ATED VEGETATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

ic) Mr. R. F. Miller, USGS, Denver, Colo,

(dj Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this study is to obtain infor- mation basic to improvement of water use and vegetation yields on arid lands. These data

are needed to evaluate the potential of treatment practices proposed on an extensive

scale on the public domain. This study

emphasizes the investigation of soil chemistry

as it affects the swelling or shrinkage of soils and may have as great an effect of hydrologic characteristics as texture. Study areas are in several locations on public lands in several western states.

(g) Field work on this project largely completed;

laboratory work partially completed; data evaluation and preparation of reports in progress.

(h) "Water Movement and Ion Distribution in Soils," by R. F. Miller and K. W. Ratzlaff,

U. S. Geological Survey Paper 424-B, Article

22, 1961.

(3983) DEVELOPMENT OF FIELD CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING

SITES FOR FLOOD WATER SPREADING.

(h) Laboratory project.

lc) Mr. R. F. Miller, USGS, Denver, Colo.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to determine

field criteria with which to evaluate po- tential sites before making relatively large

expenditures for further developments.

Examinations made to date on spreaders in

several localities suggest that in addition

to adequacy of water available the infiltration characteristics and moisture-holding

capacity of the soils are important factors. The kinds and quantities of vegetation grow- ing where water collects naturally on simi- lar soils on or near proposed sites may be

a useful indicator of the potentiality of the site after water is applied,

(g) Field sampling of existing waterspreader

in Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico, in progress; laboratory analyses in progress

(3984) WATER AND SOIL RELATIONSHIPS AS INDICATED BY

PLANT SFECIES OR PLANT COMMUNITIES.

161
(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. F. A. Branson, Mr. I. S. McQueen and Mr.

R. F. Miller, USGS, Denver, Colo.

fen Field Investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to determine

whether or not phonological development of vegetation differs for communities having

the same macroclimate but different soils. Plants have been used as indicators of con- ditions, processes and uses for many years. Where plants can be used as indicators of

soil conditions, expensive measurements of physical and chemical properties can be reduced. Plant species or communities may be used as indicators of potential production

to be expected from land management and treatment practices. Research sites are near Golden, Colorado. Other sites will be

selected

(g) Preliminary work and some mapping has been

accomplished

(h) "Soil-Moisture Storage Characteristics and Infilration Rates as Indicated by Annual

Grasslands near Palo Alto, California," by

F.A. Branson, R.F. Miller, and I.S. McQueen,

U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper

424-B, Article 76, 1961. "Soil-Water Availability and Use by Grasslands on Adjacent Stony and Shale-Derived

Soils In Colorado," by F. A. Branson, R. F. Miller, and I. S. McQueen, U. S. Geological

Survey Professional Paper 424-C, being

processed for publication.

(4404) EROSION, SEDIMENTATION, AND LAND-FORM

DEVELOPMENT IN ARID AND SEMI ARID REGIONS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Messrs, Garald G. Parker, Reuben C. Miller,

and Irel S. McQueen, USGS, Denver, Colo.

(d) Field investigation; both basic and applied

research

(e) Purpose is to ascertain the causes and

forces that separate soil and/or rock

particles from their sources, and to study

the resultant land forms for geomorphic

analyses. Field study areas have been

selected in several western States, and a primary field research station has been

established at the Warbonnet Ranch, 13 miles

north of Harrison, Nebr., where all factors

relating to erosion and sedimentation are being measured both automatically by

specialized recording instruments and manually. The Warbonnet research station has been established for a minimum 10-year

project life

(4405) PIPING, AN EROSIONAL PHENOMENON IN CERTAIN

SILTY SOILS OF ARID AND SEMIARID REGIONS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Messrs. Garald G. Parker, Reuben C. Miller, and Irel S. McQueen, USGS, Denver, Colo.

(d) Field investigation; both basic and applied

research

(e) Purpose is to ascertain the causes of piping

and thus enable field engineers and geologists to control this form of destructive

erosion. Soils chemistry and physiology

will be thoroughly investigated, the atmospheric and other environmental factors

related to piping will be determined, and long-term (10 years, at least) observational

records will be kept on several areas where

piping is a prominent form of erosion.

Primary study areas are near Chlnle and Cameron in Arizona; Cuba, New Mexico; and Panquitch, Utah.

(4406) TECHNIQUES FOR UTILIZATION OF SEDIMENT RECONNAISSANCE DATA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. H. P. Guy, USGS, Washington 25, D.C.

(d) Theoretical analyses; applied research.

(e) Examination of quantitative relationships

between sediment yield and environment for basin and regions In eastern United States

and development of techniques for translating

minimum, pertinent sediment observations

into an adequate quantitative description of sediment behavior in selected basins,

(h) Progress report in preparation.

(4407) THE EFFECT OF WAVES ON PIEZOMETER REGISTRATION.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. C. E. Kindsvater, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.

(d) Experimental; applied research for a master's

thesis.

(e) To determine the reliability of depth of' flew as measured with piezometers. Determine

effects of waves with a range of flow depths,

velocities and different piezometer installations . f) Completed.

g) The effect of piezometer size is a positive

piezometric error, which increased with

piezometer diameter, depth of flow, and Froude number. Within the scope of the tests, piezometric measurements were not influenced

by surface waves.

(h) "piezometric Measurement of Depth in Open

Channels," by W. W. Emmet t, 1961, M. S. Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology.

"Influence of Piezometer Hole Diameter on Depth Determinations in a Smooth Open

Channel," by W. W. Emmett, in Geological

Survey Research 1961: U. S. Geol. Survey

Prof. Paper 424-C.

(4408) ANALOG MODELS OF HYDROLOGIC PHENOMENA,

(b) Laboratory project.

(e) Mr. John Shen, USGS, Phoenix, Arizona.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) Investigation of applicability of analog

computer technique to solve problems

involving either hydrologic data in general

or surface-water flow in particular.

(g) Methods and instrumentation being investigated .

(4409) TURBULENT DIFFUSION IN OPEN CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project,

c Mr. R. W. Carter, USGS, Washington 25, D.C.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research.

(e) Develop necessary instrumentation; compare Eulerian and Lagrauglan methods of express- ing the flow field; observe effects of boundary roughness, channel geometry, and flow conditions on turbulent field; and de- fine the relations of the turbulence

spectrum and diffusion patterns.

(g) Instrumentation being developed.

(4410) BANK SEEPAGE DURING FLOOD FLOWS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. M. R. Williams, USGS, Washington 25, D.C.

(d) Field investigation; applied research for doctoral thesis.

(e) Purpose is to understand the mechanics of seepage flow into and from bank storage

along a channel In response to movement of flood waves through a channel reach.

(g) Doctoral thesis to be prepared by Mr. E. G. Pogge at University of Iowa, Iowa City,

Iowa.

(4411) LIQUID MOVEMENT IN CLAYS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. H. W. Olsen, USGS, Washington 25, D.C.

(d) Experimental and theoretical study; basic research.

(e) To study the nature of liquid movement through clays in response to gradients of electrical potential, ionic concentration,

and temperature; and to relate the movement

to such factors as the mineraloglcal and

chemical composition of the clay and pore

liquid.

162
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF MINES,

Norgantown Coal Research Center.

(4436) FLOW PROPERTIES OF COAL-WATER SLURRIES.

0>)

(c)

(d) (e)

(g)

Laboratory project—Information for general

public use.

Dr. L. L. Hirst, Research Director, Morgantown Coal Research Center, Morgantown, West

Virginia.

Experimental; applied research. The object of the project Is to establish

friction factor-Reynolds number relationships

for coal-water slurries of various concen- trations with coals of different ranks and

size analyses. Work is being done with 1/2

inch, 3/4 inch, and 1 inch pipes. Data are processed on an IBM-1620 computer.

Preliminary results show a change in Theological classification at or above 45 percent coal concentrations.

"Metering Density and Flow in 1:1 Coal

Slurry," by W. R. Huff and L. F. Willmott,

Chemical Processing, vol. 24, No. 2, Feb. 1961, pp. 61-62. "Bibliography of Technical References to Aqueous Slurries of Granular Materials: With

Special Reference to the Rheology of Coal- Water Slurries," by L. F. Willmott, W. R. Huff, and W. E. Crockett, Bureau of Mines

Inf. Circ. (in process of publication, 1962).

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF

RECLAMATION. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Assistant Commissioner and Chief

Engineer, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver Federal

Center, Denver 25, Colorado.

(1502) STABLE CHANNEL STUDIES—TRACTIVE FORCES REQUIRED TO MOVE NONCOHESIVE MATERIALS.

(f) Tests completed.

(h) "Tractive Force Distributions Around the Perimeter of an Open Channel by Point Velocity

Measurement," Thesis by Phillip F. Enger,

University of Colorado, August 1960. "Tractive Force Fluctuations Around an Open

Channel Ferimeter as Determined from Point

Velocity Measurements," by Phillip F. Enger, paper presented at ASCE Convention, Fhoenix,

Arizona, 1961.

(1777) SIPHON SPILLWAY STUDIES.

(f) Suspended.

(2457) EROSION AND TRACTIVE FORCE STUDY OF UNLINED

AND EARTH -LINED CANALS.

(e) Three field test reaches have been selected

for study and for verification of laboratory

studies in order to establish critical

tractive force criteria for design of canals.

A laboratory flume is being calibrated for determining tractive forces that erode soil in terms of standard soil properties.

(h) "Use of an Electronic Computer to Analyze Data from Studies of Critical Tractive

Forces for Cohesive Soils," by C. W. Thomas

and P. F. Enger, IAHR, Ninth Convention,

Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, 1961.

(2719) GLEN CANYON DAM SPILLWAY.

(f) Tests completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(2953) STUDIES OF WIND WAVES ON CANALS.

(f) Field data are being analyzed.

(g) Waves have been measured on field canals, and nave characteristics have been correlated

with canal characteristics and wind velocity

and direction.

(h) "Progress Report 1 —Canal Bank Erosion Due

(2955)

(f)

(2959)

(3270

(3271

(f

(h

(3272

(3274

(3275

S

(3278

(h

(3609

(3611

(3612

is

(e

to Wind-Generated Water Waves," by E. J. Carlson and W. W. Sayer, Report No. HYD-46C,

January 1961 (other reports in preparation). CAVITATION IN SUDDEN ENLARGEMENTS DOWN- STREAM FROM GATE VALVES. Suspended. STILLING BASINS FOR SLIDE GATE CONTROLLED OUTLET WORKS. Tests in progress. Report to be prepared.

(2960) FLAMING GORGE DAM SPILLWAY. Tests completed.

Report in preparation.

(3267) CANAL INLET AND OUTLET TRANSITION STUDIES. Tests continuing. Losses for a variety of conventional, open, broken-back transitions were found to be 0.6 to 0.7 Oiy for outlet service and 0.4 Ah^ for inlet service. Losses for structures using simple closed conduit transitions were about O.lAlx^and 0.4 &\ respectively. Scour was slightly reduced with the closed conduit

transitions

Progress report in preparation.

SAN ACACIA DIVERSION—HEADWORKS AND SLUICEWAY Tests completed.

Report in preparation. CHANNELIZATION IN ALLUVIAL RIVERS USING STEEL JACKS AND JETTIES. Laboratory tests completed, field data to

be analyzed progressively as obtained.

"Hydraulic Model and Prototype Studies of Casa Colorada Channelization—Middle Rio

Grande Project, New Mexico," by R. A. Dodge,

Jr., Report No. HYD-477

NAVAJO DAM SPILLWAY AND AUXILIARY OUTLET

WORKS. Completed

"Hydraulic Model Studies of Navajo Dam Spillway and Auxiliary Outlet Works Junction

with the Spillway," by G. L. Beichley, Report

No. HYD-458, November 1961. CONSTANT HEAD ORIFICE TURNOUT. Tests completed.

Report in preparation. FRICTION FACTOR TESTS IN LARGE PRESSURE

CONDUITS- -EKLUTNA TUNNEL, ALASKA. Tests and data analyses completed.

Report on second set of tests in preparation. CAVITATION OF CONCRETE SURFACE IRREGULARITIES Additional reports to be prepared. TWIN BUTTES OUTLET WORKS INTAKE STRUCTURES. Completed.

Report in preparation. ADJUSTABLE WEIR. Single weir investigation completed.

Report in preparation. DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS FOR RADIAL GATES. Laboratory project.

Experimental, laboratory and field investigations; applied research. Radial gates are used extensively in irrigation systems for discharge and water sur- 163
face level control. Intelligent operation

of the systems requires that the rate of flow passing the gated structure be known. Literature research resulted In an analytical approach and adjusted equation for the gate capacity with unsubmerged flow. A model gate was designed and will be installed in the laboratory to obtain data for checking the proposed formula and extending

the scope of presently available information .

(3613) COMPOUND WEIR STUDIES.

f) Tests completed,

h) Report in preparation.

(3614) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SUBCRITICAL FLOW IN CURVED CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research and design.

(e) A fixed-bed, hydraulic model has been

constructed to determine the possibility

of reduction in scour and deposition in unlined channels due to secondary currents. Preliminary investigations will be con- ducted by varying the radius of curvature

and the central angle

(f) Tests in progress.

(3985) DISCHARGE CAPACITY OF LARGE CONCRETE -LINED

CANALS.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental, laboratory and field investigations; applied research and design.

(e) This study is for the purpose of exploring

the effects on the hydraulic gradient of the relationship of boundary surface resistance

to the cumulative resistance of crossings,

inlets, turnouts, checks, and other local items in concrete-lined canals of different

sizes, shapes and grades. This study is part

of a program to explain why design procedures

used successfully for small and medium sizes

of canals may not be adequate for large

concrete-lined canals on flat slopes.

(3986) MERRITT DAM CANAL OUTLET WORKS,

f) Completed.

h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Merritt Dam Canal

Cutlet Works," by G. L. Beichley, Report No. HYD-456, August 1961.

(3987) HIGHWAY RUNDOWN DRAIN.

(f) Tests completed.

(h) Test results have been furnished to Bureau

of Public Roads, who will prepare report.

(3988) YELLOWTAIL DAM CUTLET WORKS.

f) Tests completed.

g) A satisfactory structure was developed that provided good operation over the full range

of extreme tail water variations.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3989) YELLOWTAIL DAM SPILLWAY.

f) Completed.

g) The following were developed during the study:

widtn and alinement of the approach channel; length and shape of the pier at the gate

section; discharge calibration; curvature of the tunnel trajectory approaching the combination flip bucket stilling basin; length,

depth, and shape of the flip bucket basin; and riprap requirements downstream from basin.

(3990) BAFFLED APRON FOR GRAVITY FLOW BYPASS —

WILLARD CANAL PUMPING PLANT NO. 1.

f) Tests completed.

g) Previous tests have shown that for satisfactory operation of an apron on a 2:1 slope

with baffle piers 3 feet high, the spacing of

the rows should be 6 feet measured along the slopes. Tests conducted on drops with slopes

of 3:1 and 4-1/2:1 showed that the vertical

fall distance between rows of baffle piers

is constant, thus allowing greater spacing

between rows of piers for aprons on flatter

slopes,

(h) Report in preparation.

(3991) SEDIMENT TESTS ON PROTOTYPE DIVERSION DAMSKANSAS RIVER BASIN- -NEBRASKA-KANSAS.

(f ) Data obtained in the field have been partially

analyzed

(h) Report in preparation.

(3994) HYDRAULIC JUMP CHUTE BLOCK AND BAFFLE BLOCK

PRESSURES.

(f) Tests in progress.

(g) Thus far, the minimum subatmospheric pressures

on a square-edged chute block whose height ani width are equal to the depth of the approaching flow is related to tail water depth for

a range of approach velocities.

(3995) LABORATORY STUDY TO DETERMINE THE EQUILIBRIUM BEACH PROFILE FOR FI GARDEN RESERVOIR SITECENTRAL VALLEY PROJECT, CALIFORNIA.

f) Tests completed,

h) Report in preparation.

(3996) HIGH HEAD ORIFICE STUDIES.

f) Tests in progress,

h) Report to be prepared.

(3997) TWIN BUTTES AUXILIARY OUTLET GATES.

f) Completed.

g) An elliptical bellmouth entrance of the form

*! + y2

= i D

2 (D/3)

2

results in satisfactory pressures for this

application. The discharge coefficient,

based on the maximum gate opening and total reservoir head, was 0.93.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the 2- by 2-foot Twin Buttes Regulating Gate--San Angelo Project, Texas," by H. T. Falvey, Report No. HYD-4 76, January 1961.

(3998) JET FLOW GATE --TRINITY DAM.

f) Completed.

g) The newer design jet flow gate performed

well and had a 0.833 discharge coefficient

based on orifice area and upstream total head minus downstream pressure head. Air demand- versus-Froude number minus 1 conformed

to Kalinske and Robertson data.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Trinity Dam Auxiliary Outlet Works Jet Flow Gate—Central Valley Project, California," by W.P. Simmons, Jr., Report No. HYD-472, January 1961.

(4412) OROVTLLE DAM DIVERSION TUNNELS AND TAILRACE.

(b) California Department of Water Resources.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) A 1:54.63 scale hydraulic model will be used

to study complex, high-velocity diversion

flows in the two 35-foot-diameter, 4,500-

foot long tunnels; and to study surge characteristics of the underground power- house whose draft tubes connect to the down- stream portion of the tunnels to form the tailrace. A 1:46.6 scale air model will

be used to evaluate various passage configurations for connecting the draft tubes to the tunnels to obtain minimum losses.

(f) Models being constructed.

(4413) OROVILLE DAM TUNNEL PLUG OUTLET WORKS.

164
(t>) California Department of Water Resources,

(dj Experimental, for design.

(e) A 1:18 scale model of the tunnel plug outlet works was constructed to determine the appurtenant structures necessary in the 35-

foot-dlameter tunnel to adequately dissipate

the high energy flow from two 54-inch HowellBunger valves discharging under a 670-foot

head.

(4414) WAN3HIF DAM VERTICAL STILLING WELLS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(dj Experimental; applied research and design.

(e) Laboratory tests were made to determine the required depth of two vertical stilling

wells having corner fillets and a sleevetype valve which seats on a pedestal in the center of the well floor.

(g) A water depth of 9.3 feet is sufficient to produce a smooth water surface in a well

6 by 6 feet, operating at a maximum design

discharge of 16.7 cubic feet per second under

total design heads up to 118 feet. A water

depth of 11.8 feet is required in the same size well without corner fillets. Water

depths and heads are measured from the top

of the pedestal.

(h) Report In preparation.

(4415) FISH PROTECTIVE FACILITIES—TRACY PUMPING

PLANT.

(t>) Laboratory project.

Id) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:6.3 scale model was used to determine

modifications for the existing secondary

fish screen structure to eliminate the largescale turbulences and eddies which produced unnecessary fish mortalities.

(f) Completed.

(g) An effective closed-conduit type expanding

section was created in the structure by

divider walls and a top cover so that smooth

eddyless flow occurred without regions where

fish could be entrapped.

(4416) BLUE MESA DAM SPILLWAY.

(e)

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:32.78 scale model is being constructed

to study the radial gate controlled intake, the inclined tunnel, the vertical tunnel

bend, the straight tunnel and the flip

bucket for flows up to 33,650 cfs discharging at a velocity of 113 feet per second at the outlet portal

4417) FONTENELLE DAM OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:24.7 scale model was constructed to investigate the flow from three 11-footdiameter circular conduits discharging

through top-seal radial gates into three

14-foot-diameter horseshoe conduits leading

to a common stilling basin. Eventually, a 10-foot-diameter power penstock will be Installed in the right horseshoe conduit

with a bifurcation and slide-gate controlled

bypass located at the start of the stilling

basin chute. Studies were made to develop

the bypass structure so that the stilling

basin derived for the original structure would be equally satisfactory for the modified structure.

(f) Completed.

(g) satisfactory flow conditions were obtained

in trie original structure and the most favorable alinement for the bypass structure

was determined. Pressure distribution and head loss measurements were also obtained

in the bifurcation structure.

(h) Report in preparation.

(4418) SANFORD DAM SPILLWAY AND FLOOD CONTROL

OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:46.42 scale model was constructed to study the hydraulic characteristics of the morningglory spillway entrance, tunnel, chute, and stilling basin and the flood control outlet works entrance, chute and stilling basin

and the influence which one feature has on the other during simultaneous operation. Tests are being conducted to determine a means of alleviating the vortex which occurs

in the spillway entrance.

(g) The model study has shown that the features

of the design other than the spillway entrance perform satisfactorily.

(h) Report to be prepared.

(4419) WHISKEYTOWN DAM SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dj Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:32.78 scale model was constructed to study the morning-glory intake, the vertical tunnel bend, the straight tunnel, the flip bucket, and the downstream river channel for flows up to 28,450 cfs discharging with a maximum

velocity of 96 feet per second at the outlet portal

(f) Completed.

(g) The following were developed during the study: Guide vanes for the crest, a deflector and air vent for the vertical bend, shape of the flip

bucket, discnarge channel aJ.inement, and head discharge relationships for the spillway.

(4420) FONTENELLE DAM SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:30 scale model was constructed to investi- gate the design oi a double side-channel spill- way discharging into a sloping chute and

hydraulic jump stilling basin.

Completed.

Minor modifications were made to the sloping chute between the spillway and stilling basin; otherwise, the design was found to be satisfactory . (h) Report in preparation.

(4421) SEDIMENT CONTROL AT DIVERSIONS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dj Experimental; for design.

(e) Various devices are being studied to develop

ways of reducing the amount of bed sediment

entering canals.

(f) Tests partially completed.

(4422) LABORATORY STUDY TO ESTABLISH THE STABILITY

OF AM EARTH COVER MATERIAL OVER AN ASFHALT MEMBRANE LINED CANAL.

(b) Laboratory project,

dj Experimental; for design.

e) One side slope (2:1) and part of the canal bottom were reproduced in a test box. The

test section was subjected to various rates

of water surface drawdown up to 2 feet of drop per hour. The same test section was also exposed to 0.2- and 0. 1-foot high waves,

(f) Tests completed.

(h) "Drawdown Tests on Earth Cover Material

Placed Over an Asphalt Membrane —East Bench

Canal —Missouri River Basin Project, Montana!,' by F. H. Geier and R. A. Dodge, Jr.

(4423) RELATION OF SEDIMENT SUSPENSION AND SCOUR TO CHANNEL HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS.

5

(e)

(f)

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for design. To determine the depth that a confined open channel will obtain when flows on an alluvial bed and when the size gradation

of the sediment and hydraulic character- istics of the flowing water are known. Correlation analyses are being made of existing data. A tilting flume is being

165
designed to supplement existing data. (1521) 36-INCH VARIABLE PRESSURE WATER TUNNEL.

(4424) EQUILIBRIUM BEACH PROFILES.

(bj Laboratory project.

(dj Experimental; for design.

(e) To determine equilibrium beach profile in terms of soil properties and in terms of waves expected at a reservoir site.

(f) Model being constructed.

(4425) WATER-COLUMN SEPARATION.

bj Division of Design Project,

d) Theoretical and field investigation;

applied research,

(e) Field tests are being used to check theo- retical developments designed to predict

completely the hydraulic transient con- ditions occurring during separation and rejoining of water columns occurring during

separation and rejoining of water columns

in pump discharge lines.

(g) Peak pressures higher than predicted were measured in the field.

(h) Report to be prepared.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, DAVID TAYLOR MODEL

BASIN. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to the Commanding Officer and Director,

David Taylor Model Basin, Washington 7, D.C.

(710) RESEARCH ON MAIN INJECTION SCOOPS AND OVER- BOARD DISCHARGES.

b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Experimental and theoretical; applied re- search.

(e) Investigations to determine the characteristics of injection scoops and discharges

to provide design data for use in design of future ships in both high and low speed ranges

(h) "A Survey of Condenser Scoop Literature," by

C. L. Sayre, Jr., Report ME1-61 ONR Contract Nonr-3366(00) (X) , June 1961. (Work done for

TMB) .

(711) CAVITATION RESEARCH.

bj Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research

(e) Research is being conducted on the mechanism

and effects of cavitation phenomena in real

and ideal fluids. (1) Linearized theory is being applied to determine cavity shapes and

forces in steady flows. (2) Experimental

studies of the growth of cavities on hydrofoils are to be made in both steady and unsteady flows (see project #3284).

(g) A better correlation between theoretically

and experimentally determined cavity shape has been achieved by modifying linearized

cavitation theory to include surface tension

effects

(h) "Surface Tension and Free Surface Effects in Steady Two-Dlmensional Cavity Flow About

Slender Bodies," by S. H. Schot, TMB Report

1566 (to be published about January 1962).

(1514) MANEUVERING CHARACTERISTICS OF SINGLE -SCREW VESSELS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental testing.

(e) Measurements of side forces on propeller,

rudder, and hull of a single-screw ship

model during successive phases of starting,

stopping, and backing maneuvers.

(f) Inactive.

(g) A test program has been formulated. A side- force dynamometer has been designed and com- pleted. Testing is expected to begin when priority considerations permit.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) New facility.

(e) Design and construction of a 36-inch variable pressure water tunnel for investigation

of propulsion, cavitation, and noise char- acteristics of propellers as well as tests

on sub-surface bodies. Interchangeable

test sections of open and closed jet type

will be provided. The maximum design speed

is 85 fps.

(g) Estimated completion is end of 1961.

(17 78) HYDRODYNAMIC NOISE.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

dj Hydrodynamic research.

e) Investigations of the characteristics of underwater noise associated with various

hydrodynamic phenomena such as cavitation,

bubble oscillation, turbulence and splashing.

Particular attention is now being given to measurement of spectra and space-time corre- lations of pressure fluctuations on walls

adjacent to turbulent flows, such as flat plate boundary layer flows and fully turbulent pipe flows.

(g) Experimental and theoretical studies have

been made of noise produced by cavitation,

splashing, oscillating air bubbles, and turbulence

(h) "Resonant Frequencies of Pulsating Air

Bubbles Generated in Short Open-Ended Pipes,"

by C. Devin, Jr., TMB Report 1522, July

1961. "Near Field Noise from Turbulent Jets," by

D. W. Jorgensen, Journal of the Acoustical

Society of America 33, 81/, 1961.

(17/9) TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS.

bj Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

(e) An experimental investigation of velocity

profile and criteria for separation in a turbulent boundary layer with an adverse pressure gradient. Results will be com- pared with existing theories.

(h) "The Behavior of Incompressible, Two- Dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layer with

Adverse Pressure Gradient," by P. K. Chang

and R. D. Cahn, TMB Report 1416 ( in preparation) .

(1781) ROTATING-ARM AND MANEUVERING BASIN.

(bj Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

(dj New facility.

(e) Design and construction of a circular basin

of 260-foot diameter with a rotating arm

whose radius can be varied from 18 to 120

feet. To be used for towing tests of sur- face and sub-surface models. Also, design

and construction of a maneuvering basin

350 feet long and 230 feet wide, equipped

with traveling bridge and towing carriages, and wavemakers for the purpose of making

maneuvering tests on ship models.

(f) Completed.

(1/63) MATHEMATICAL SHIP LINES.

(bj Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

(dj Theoretical research.

(e) Development of a suitable method for the mathematical determination of ship lines

which can be applied to a wide variety of ship forms especially to those of modern

design.

(g) A method has been developed 1'or the mathematical fairing of graphical lines. This

is a first step toward the development of

a flexible system of mathematical ship

lines. Future work is directed toward the development of a system of mathematical

lines which will permit the derivation of

a hull form for a given set of parameters.

166
(h) "Mathematical Ship Surface," by Dr. P. C. Pien, TMB Report 1398, presents progress

to date for this project.

(1786) STUDIES OP THE SLAMMING OP SHIPS.

(g)

(h)

(2019)

(b)

13

(g)

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Experimental and theoretical basic research. Computations and measurements of the pressure distribution and impact forces on the bottoms of slamming ships for the purpose

of developing design criteria to effect their reduction.

The presently existing ellipse theory for estimating impact pressures Is being gener- alized so that it may be applied to a wider

range of bow sections with greater accuracy.

The effect of bottom elasticity on impact pressures is being studied by dropping two dimensional elastic models onto a water

surface

"Experiments on Rotational Impact," by M.

D. Bledsoe and F. Schwartz, TMB Report 1145. SERIES 60 - PROPELLER EXCITED VIBRATION. David Taylor Model Basin and Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

Experimental basic research. Measurement of propeller induced vibratory

forces on a series of models with variations

in stern shape. The Instrumentation and test techniques

for measuring the propeller induced vibratory forces on a single screw ship model

has been developed sufficiently to obtain

repetitive results. Although there is in- sufficient information available to permit

extrapolation to full scale forces, com- parison of test results of models of similar

type and dimensions appears valid. During

the past year tests were conducted of a series of 3 models, based on the 0.70 CB

Series 60 parent form, with variations in stern section shape from U to V. Measurement of instantaneous pressure has been made on the hull of the USS TIMMERMAN

and on the hull of a 30-foot model of that vessel. Preliminary data Indicates that

the model measurements when similarly

extrapolated also produce higher values

than were measured on board ship.

(2229) NEAR SURFACE EFFECTS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(di Hydrodynamic research.

(e) A mathematical study of the forces and moments acting on bodies due to the prox- imity of a free surface. The studies in- clude both the case in which the surface

is initially undisturbed and the case in which there are disturbances originating at

a distance. Experiments are being con- ducted to verify the theoretical develop- ments . (g) Methods were developed for computing the forces and moments acting on bodies of revolution, both due to waves generated

by the body itself and to regular trains

of waves. Experiments with a spheroid

moving under waves largely confirmed the theory except in following seas. The damping forces on a submerged translating

ellipsoid which is oscillating in any of its six degrees of freedom have been

developed theoretically. The effect of tank walls has been evaluated theoreticall;

as well.

(h) "The Damping of an Oscillating Ellipsoid Near a Free Surface," by J. N. Newman,

Journal of Ship Research, December 1961.

(2230) THEORY OF SEAWORTHINESS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) A theoretical and experimental study of factors affecting the seaworthiness of ships,

for the purpose of developing procedures

for predicting their motion. The work is oriented In four directions: (1) Finding

the equations of motion of a ship In a sea- way, with the forces obtained from solutions

of the boundary value potential problem.

This approach will provide equations which

are valid for transient as well as steadystate oscillatory conditions. (2) Validlficatlon of the more common technique of assuming that the longitudinal plane motions

can be described by a system of linear second order differential equations with constant frequency dependent coefficients. The coefficients in the equations of motion are determined experimentally, as well as the forces on restrained models in regular waves. The motions of a free model can then be com- puted and compared with experiments to determine the validity of the theory. (3) Analytical and experimental studies of the damping of ship motions by free surface effects. (4) Determination of the form of a set of equations for the motions of a ship

which are more reasonable physically than

the second order constant-coefficient

equations. Such equations will be derived

in a heuristic manner, and certain parameters

will be determined experimentally. The resulting equations should be valid for transient and steady-state sinisoidal motions,

(g) A restrained ship model has been towed in regular waves and the force and moment induced by the waves has been measured. Com- parison of these data with calculations

based on the Froude-Krylov hypothesis shows only qualitative agreement. Calculation of damping coefficients has been completed for Series 60 model, yielding generally excellent agreement with forced oscillation

experiments. A mathematically dei ined model

has been oscillated in pitch and in heave over a range of frequencies and forward

speeds, to determine the coefficients j or t;e assumed second order equations of motion.

(2231) HYDRODYNAMIC ROUGHNESS STUDIES.

(e)

(g)

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research. Research on methods for analyzing and pre- dicting the frictional resistance of arbitrarily rough surfaces such as the painted

surfaces of snip hulls. The geometrical

characteristics are to be correlated with the hydrodynamic characteristics.

A new roughness profilometer has been built

for use in curved surfaces and whic.i is inte- grated into a magnetic tape recording system.

A theoretical method has been devised for predicting the full scale resistance of arbitrarily rough surfaces from tests if model plates with the actual rougnness. A high speed towing rig is under design and construction tor these tests. PRESSURE AND VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS OK TWO- DIMENSIONAL AND AXISYMMETRIC TIREE- DIMEN3I0NAL FORMS. Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Tiieoreticai ; applied research. Investigate analytic techniques for de- termining trie pressure and velocity distribution on two-dimensional and axisymmetric

three-dimensional forms. The solution is to be amenable to coding for a higa speed

computor

Completed

This project has been terminated with the delivery of an IBM 704 program for computing pressure and velocity distribution on two- dimensional and axi symmetrical three-dimensional forms developed at Douglas

Aircraft Co. under a TMB external research

contract

(2235) LIBERTY SHIP SEAWORTHINESS.

(2232)

(d)

(e)

167
(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

d) Experimental.

e) Thorough seaworthiness investigations of a Liberty Ship and a modified Liberty Ship

hull. Full scale trials were conducted

during several crossings of the North

Atlantic. Speed reduction, ship motion

stresses and slamming pressures were investigated . (g) The motion and stress data obtained for special maneuvers conducted on each of the ships in approximately a State 5 sea have been analyzed and a comparative evaluation

made for this particular oceanographic

condition. Data obtained in all sea conditions have been analyzed and a final report

comparing the two ships is in preparation.

A data report presenting all spectra is being assembled.

(2237) LIFTING SURFACE THEORY OF PROPELLERS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Studies of the corrections on lifting line

theory which arise from the finite extent

of the blades.

(g) The available results are being applied to propeller design methods.

(h) "The Calculation of Marine Propellers Based

on Lifting Surface Theory," by P. C. Pien,

Journal of Ship Research, Vol. 5, No. 2, September 1961.

(2462) PITCH REDUCTION STUDIES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(dj Experimental and theoretical.

(e) To determine the mechanism of occurrence

and basic properties of horizontal hull vibrations induced by anti-pitching fins.

(g) To clarify the mechanism whereby the transverse vibrations are induced, a fiberglass

model of the Mariner was tested and the fin loading, model motions and hull vibrations

recorded. The effect of position of the fin along the hull on the vibration was

studied. It was found that the vibrations

are the result of an impact on the fin and/or bow due to collapse of a cavity

and/or slamming. A 22 foot model was also

tested on which the pressure distribution

on the bow was measured along with the other variables mentioned above.

(h) "Hydroelastic Study of a Ship Equipped with

an Anti-pitching Fin," by K. M. Ochi, pre- sented at the 1961 Annual Meeting of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine

Engineers

(2463) STUDIES OF LOW ASFECT-RATIO CONTROL SUR- FACES .

(b) David Taylor Model Basin; laboratory project.

(d) Experimental investigation; basic research.

(e) Determine the aerodynamic characteristics

of a family of low aspect-ratio control sur- faces which can be used by the designer of submarines and surface ships. Phase I is an investigation of a family of all movable

control surfaces. Phase II is an investigation of the same family with plain flaps

of different chord length.

:) i-nase I, Completed: Phase II, Completed,

g) The results of Phase I indicate that many of tae aerodynamic characteristics of low aspect ratio surfaces can be accurately pre- dicted from lifting surface theory. The aerodynamic characteristics for an NACA 0015,

aspect-ratio 2, movable control surface with

30, 40 and 50 percent flaps were obtained

at the University of Maryland Wind Tunnel. The tests were conducted for the David Taylor

Model Basin under U. S. Navy contract. Forces and moments for the complete control

surfaces were obtained in the first part of

tie test. Forces and moments for the flap

portion of the control surfaces were obtained in the second part of the test.

(h) The results of Phase I and comparisons with

lifting surface theory are presented in TMB Report 933. The results of the Phase II tests are pre- sented in University of Maryland Wind

Tunnel Report No. 268, December 1959.

(2470) CAVITY RESONANCE.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical investigation

of the excitations of cavity resonance by

fluid flow.

(e) Studies to determine the mechanism of excitation of the cavity resonance by fluid flow past orifice will be undertaken. The experimental investigation will employ the

low turbulence wind tunnel and circulating

water channel. The amplitude of pressure fluctuations in the cavity will be investigated as function of the size, shape and number of orifices, as well as the turbulence characteristics in the boundary layer

flow.

(2471) THEORY OF CONTRAROTATING PROPELLERS.

(b) Cooperative with the Bureau of Ships.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied re- search.

(e) Studies of the theory of contrarotating

propellers without assumptions regarding

the orientation of the resultant induced

velocity. Open water and water tunnel tests

to determine, experimentally, the effect

of various propeller parameters.

(g) Application to open water and wake adapted

propellers. Latest experiments have shown

the performance to be insensitive to spacing between propellers so long as they

are operated at their design spacing.

(h) "The Design of Contrarotating Propellers

Using Lerbs' Theory," by W. B. Morgan, SNAME Trans., Vol. 68, 1960.

(2472) COOPERATIVE TESTS ON A VICTORY SHIP DESIGN.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin: Skin Friction

Committee of the International Towing Tank

Conference

d) Experimental testing; basic research.

e) The investigation was authorized by the International Committee on "Scale Effect

on Propellers," and on "Self-Propulsion

Factors," as part of the international

cooperative test program in ship basins. The International Committee will compare

the results from the various basins and present a report to the coming International

Conference. The tests will be carried out with a wax model of scale 1:23 equipped

with different kinds of stimulators. The

friction corrections will be calculated by

the various basins according to their

methods

(g) The specified program of model testing has been completed. The required calculation

for the power predictions have to be done before the evaluation work can proceed.

(h) Results have been reported to the International Towing Conference. A TMB Report is being prepared comparing TMB results with

those of other basins.

(2729) HULL FORM RESEARCH WITH A FLEXIBLE MODEL.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Development and experimental work.

(e) A flexible model which can be quickly

changed to have any fullness and any shape

of section area curve is to be developed

first. The effect of section area curve parameters, such as tp, tA , Cpp, CpA , Lg, LX» XF» XA» etc., upon resistance will be systematically investigated by using this

flexible model

f) Inactive.

g) The flexible model has been built and ex168
perlmental test work begun. Thirty resistance tests have been conducted during the past fiscal year. Preliminary work with

this flexible model indicates its adaptability for this work is satisfactory. An analysis of the test results has not been

completed

(2730) MOLECULAR - PHYSICAL SKIN EFFECT.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The frictional resistance of a "new" plate

consisting of a special molecular coating

will be compared with the frictional re- sistance of a hydraulically smooth brass

plate and of a mirror smooth glass plate

The test equipment will be designed and constructed to study wave and spray for- mation for the determination of the true wetted surface. The plate will be tested

with maximum speed of 15.0 knots and with

various stimulation devices.

(g) The Nikuradsi coated plates have been tested. Significant resistance differences between

coated and non-coated plates have been

measured on a coated brass plate and an uncoated aluminum plate . Since the contours

o- the leading and trailing edges of the two plates vary considerably doubt is raised at whether the coating or the difference in the contours caused the resistance

differences. A stainless steel plate having

the same contours and the coated brass

plate has been constructed and tested.

(2967) CONTROL SURFACE FLUTTER.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basin investigation.

(e) Experiments are being conducted with a flutter apparatus to determine flutter

speeds as a function of inertias, spring and damping constants. The results will be com- pared with a simplified rudder flutter

analysis which cai then be applied to design procedures.

(f) Completed. Further work reported under

Project No. 3285.

(g) Flutter (a sel—excited , oscillatory in- stability) o. a small-aspect-ratio foil was

produced in water, without ree surface

el' 'ects, at a speed of 20 ft/sec.

(2069) FLOV; STUDIES CM THREE-DIMENSIONAL FORMS.

lb) Bureau of ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

d) Experimental and tieoreticai; basin research.

e) Pressure distributions and flow studies have been made in a wind tunnel on several shapes

similar to those of certain sonar domes. Data will be used in predicting those con- ditions of ship speed, yaw and pitch wnich

are conducive to cavitation on sonar domes.

") Completed with publication of report,

h) "Pressure Distribution on Four Sonar Dome Bottoms," by R. D. Cahn, TMB Report 1491

(to be published about January 1962).

2^/0) STUDIES OF HYDR0DYNAMIC LOADING ON BARE AND

FAIRED CABLES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental Investigation; basic research.

(e) Measure t.ne tangential and normal hydrodynamic forces acting on a long cylinder

towed at various angles to the stream over

a range of Reynolds numbers. Tests will be made with various degrees of roughness

simulating stranded cable, and various

trailing-type fairing designs.

(f) Discontinued.

2971) FULL JCALE TRIALS AND MODEL PREDICTION C0K ELATION.

b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Experimental testing and re -evaluation of

existing test data,

(e) The accuracy of full scale power predictions

from model test results depends upon the selection of the proper correlation allowance

( Cp) to be used in model calculations.

Model tests have been conducted and past

correlations have been re-analyzed such that

a total of 54 correlations have been completed. An analysis of this data has begun.

(g) Analysis of the completed correlations lias begun and is scheduled for completion by 1 February 1962.

(h) "Ship Standardization Trial Performance and Correlation with Model Predictions," by J.B. Hadler, C. J. Wilson and A. L. Beal, paper presented to the Chesapeake Section of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine

Engineers on 7 December 1961. A classified

report supplementing the data in this paper will be prepared.

(3284) UNSTEADY HYDROFOILS.

b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Experimental and theoretical applied re- search . (e) The purpose of this work is to provide

hydrofoil design criteria to the Bureau of Ships to be used in designing high speed,

seagoing hydrofoil craft. The objective is

to determine the steady and unsteady forces

on hydrofoils due to heaving and pitching

oscillations of the foil and due to encounters with regular head and following waves on the foil when operated in proximity

to the free water surface . Both fully

wetted and cavitating foil conditions are being studied. This work is related to Hydroelasticity (Reference No. 3285) and Cavitation (Reference No. 711) studies.

(g) The unsteady lift force on a flat restrained

hydrofoil advancing through regular head and following waves has been measured experimentally. The experimental data has been

compared with theoretical data.

(h) "The Unsteady Lift Force on a Restrained

Hydrofoil in Regular Waves," by J. M. Steele, Jr., and D. A. Jewell, TMB Report

1408 ( in preparation).

(3285) iYDROELASTICITY PROBLEMS.

b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Experimental and theoretical applied research

(e) Investigations to determine the conditions

which produce hydroelastic instability of oscillatory hydrofoil systems. The el'fects of speed, frequencies, mass distribution,

cavitation, free surface and waves on the system stability will be studied. This work

is related to Unsteady Hydrofoils (Reference

No. 3284 and Cavitation Studies, Reference

No. 711).

(g) Flutter of a small aspect-ratio, fullywetted foil was produced in water for a range or conditions in an earlier study and reported below. A two-dimensional analysis was used to predict critical speeds and frequencies in close agreement with the experimental data. The two-dimensional

analysis was modified by use of engineering

corrections for a three-dimensional con- figuration. The modified theory predicted

critical conditions in slightly better agreement than the two-dimensional theory.

(h) "Hydroelastic Instability of a Control Sur- face," by D. A. Jewell and M. E . McCormick, TMB Report 1442 (in preparation).

"A Simplified Analysis of the Hydroelastic

Instability of a Three-Dimensional Hydrofoil^

by M. E . McCormick, TMB Report 1555 (in

preparation)

(3286) THEORY OF SUPERCAVITATING PROPELLERS.

b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search . (e) Studies and design of propellers designed

169
to operate at high speeds.

(g) The prediction and experimental confirmation

of the performance of such propellers have been completed. Experimental performance

of SC propellers, backing and at very low speed coefficients has been obtained.

(h) "Experimental Performance of TMB Supercavitating Propellers 3767, 3768, 3769, 3770, 3785 and 3820," by R. Hecker and J.G. Peck, TMB Report 1553. "Applicability of a Supercavitating Propeller

to a Small Speed Boat," by E. Venning, Jr., LCDR USN, TMB Report 1459.

(3287) EFFECT OF STERN MODIFICATION TO A SERIES

60 VESSEL, RESISTANCE, POWERING, WAKE DISTRIBUTION AND PROPELLER INDUCED

VIBRATION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin; Maritime

Administration

(d) Experimental testing and evaluation of data

for basic research.

(e) Models representing specific variations in stern shapes and designed for special

instrumentation installation will be built. The basic design will be the Series 60, 0.70 Block Coefficient Parent. Six other forms will be derived having systematic changes

in section shapes (from V to extreme U) and

for variation in waterline endings (from

fine to blunt). An attempt will be made to develop formulation to mathematically express

the stern variations from the parent.

(g) The basic model has been constructed and powering data has been obtained.

(-i) "Effect of Hull Modifications on Resistance

and Propulsion Characteristics of a Series

60 Stern, C D = 0.70," by W. B. Hinterthan

and E. E. West, TMB Report 1345.

(3268) SHU- STABILIZATION.

0>) (d

(e

(?) (3292)

(g)

(n)

(3617)

(e)

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Theoretical; applied research.

The roll response of an AK cargo vessel converted i'or use as a missile tracking

station has been simulated on an analog

cor. puter to evaluate the stabilization

accomplished by passive anti-rolling tanks.

A description of the simulation, the ship response to regular wave action and some comparison with experimental values is presented in the report of the study.

Completed

EXPLORATORY STUDIES AND PLANS AT DTMB FOR MODEL TESTS IN 3-DIMENSIONS

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Experimental; basic research.

A new seakeeping test i acility is now in operation. Techniques for generating irregular short-crested seas and measuring the response of ship models at oblique headings

is under development

Segmented wave generators provide the ability to produce oblique waves. Pro- gramming to individual wavemakers results

in generation of confused seas of almost any nature. The rectangular basin offers opportunity to test in any relative heading

to the waves and even in cross seas. Problems in analysis involve determination

of the seaway (in the tank) as a function

of frequency and direction. Ship motions

in confused seas will be random in nature

and will be analyzed by spectrum methods. "SPLASHHIK The David Taylor Model Basin

Disposable Wave Buoy," by W. Marks and R. G. Tuckerrnan, TMB Report 1423. VENTILATED PROPELLER DEVELOPMENT.

David Taylor Model Basin.

Theoretical and experimental; applied

research

Studies and design of ventilated propellers

for operation at intermediate speeds.

(g) Experiments have been completed on the first ventilated propeller. Experiments

are being performed on a second ventilated

propeller design.

(h) "Powering Performance of a Ventilated

Propeller," by R. Hecker, TMB Report 1487.

(3619) VERTICAL AXIS PROPELLER.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied

re search

(e) Theoretical and experimental studies of performance characteristics of various

types of vertical axis propellers.

(g) Experimental work has been completed for cycloidal blade motion over a range of pitch ratios with 2, 3, and 6 blades and with blades of various types, for ahead

thrust. Future work will deal with measure- ment of steering forces, determination of cavitation performance and performance with

pitch ratios greater than pi.

(h) "Performance of Vertical Axis (Cycloidal)

Propellers Calculated by Tanlguchi's

Method," by W. Haberman and E. E. Harley, TMB Report 1564, November 1961.

(3620) PROPELLER PERFORMANCE IN UNSTEADY FLOW.

to W

(e)

(h)

(3o21)

(b)

(g)

(h)

(3622)

(b) (d) Co J

David Taylor Model Basin.

Experimental and theoretical; applied research. Experimentation to evaluate the effect of various dimensional characteristics on the time dependent propeller forces while oper- ating in waves. Correlation of results with

wave theory.

Completed

A 16" diameter bronze propeller has been tested in various waves. The thrust and torque coefficients were calculated for

the wave crests and wave troughs. The wave velocity from the trochoidal wave theory

was applied to the advance coeff icients.

"The Performance of a Fully Submerged

Propeller in Regular Waves," by W. H. Norley,

J. H. McCarthy and G. L. Ober, TMB Report

1440, 1961. STUDY OF BENDING MOMENTS OF A SHIP MODEL MOVING IN WAVES. Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Theoretical and experimental; basic research. To provide ship designers with more exact information concerning the magnitude of bending moment and shear forces in a snip

moving in waves. Bending moment about the transverse axis and vertical shear forces were measured experimentally in regular head seas and results compared with analytical calculations of motions bending moments and shear forces. The above work was supplemented by additional tests in regular following waves. "Experimental Determination of Bending

Moments and Shear Forces in a Multi -Segmented

Ship Model Moving in Waves," by Z. George

Wachnik and Frank M. Schwartz. FLUCTUATING FLOWS. Bureau o ' Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Experimental and theoretical; basic research. Investigations are being made of the fluctu- ating hydrodynamic forces on a body In a moving stream. The nature of tie vortex shedding will be studied by obtaining a frequency spectrum of the transverse i'orces. "Vortex-Induced Vibration Studies," by

Morris S. MacovsKy, July iab8.

(3999) SHIP WAKE CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Development of instrumentation for measuring turbulent velocities and thermal

170
(e)

MZ6)

mlcrostructure in ship wakes. Measurements

will be made to determine the rate of decay

and dispersion of wakes.

(f) Inactive.

(4000) DRAG REDUCTION BY BOUNDARY LAYER CONTROL.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research. Investigations into feasibility of achieving

drag reduction by boundary layer control in applications to naval hydrodynamics. Tests

are to be made on flat plates with flexible

coatings which delay transition to turbulent

flow. Other methods are also being studied.

Towing rig under design and construction.

"The Effect of Fluid Injection on the Drag

of Flat plates at High Reynolds Numbers," by

P. S. Granville, TMB Report 1520, September

1961.

"The Boundary Layer and Directional Resistance

of Flat Plates in Non-Newtonian Fluids," by

P.S. Granville (submitted for publication). DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW WAVE DRAG HULL FORM - SERIES 64. Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Basic research. To establish a series of basic hull forms which can be used as a guide to evaluate the merit of future high speed ship designs.

The basic test work has been completed.

Thirty-three models were tested for re- sistance including 4 defining the parent

form and 2 catamarans. The basic series covers the following range of coefficients

CB from 0.35 to 0.55 at constant C p

of 0.63,

B/H from 2 to 4, A/(L/100) 3 from 15 to 55. Analysis of data has begun.

A METHOD OF CALCULATING SFINDLE TORQUE OF

CONTROLLABLE FITCH PROPELLERS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(dj Theoretical; applied research.

(e) A method of calculating the spindle torque of

a controllable pitch propeller over the com- plete range of operating conditions and a theoretical investigation of the effect of various design parameters upon spindle torque.

In order to calculate spindle torque at off design conditions, the off design performance

of the controllable pitch propeller must first

be determined.

(g) A method of calculating the spindle torque

at design conditions has been completed. The geometric problem of determing the effective

distortion of blade sections at off design

pitch settings has been solved.

(h) "A Method of Calculating the Spindle Torque

of a Controllable Pitch Propeller at Design

Conditions," by R. J. Boswell, TMB Report

1529, August 1961.

(4428) COMPUTER SOLUTIONS OF FREE SURFACE FORCES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamlc research.

(e) The potential problem of a translating body

oscillating on the free surface will be solved directly on a digital computer by

distributing pulsating sources over the surface of the body and calculating the required source density. The individual

source potentials are chosen to satisfy the free surface boundary condition.

(g) The integral equations for source density

have been formulated for the case of two- dimensional bodies with no forward speed.

The numerical analysis and programming have

been largely completed for this case.

(4429) LATERAL FORCES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamlc research.

(e) The lateral force on a translating body which

(4427)

(g)

(3026)

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(2802)

(2356)

(2603)

(3499)

(3504)

(4199)

(3176)

(3609)

(3512)

(3514)

(3518)

(3829)

(3830)

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(3832)

(3833)

(4220)

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(4224)

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13519)

vertically cuts the free surface is being

formulated theoretically. Two special cases

are included: (a) If the draft is large

compared to the length, the body is a strut with angle of attack. (b) If the draft is very small, the body corresponds to a yawed

thin ship. An integral equation has been derived for the density of a surface distribution of dlpoles, such that the boundary conditons are satisfied. For sponsored projects see the following:

Ship Resistance in Uniform Waves as a Function of Block Coefficient and Wave

Steepness. 11 Non-Linear Coupled Ship Motions. 11 The Consequences of Model Restraint

On Results of Seaworthiness Tests. 15 Wake Characteristics for Bodies of Revolution. 18 Pressure Waves Radiated by a Collapsing

Cavity. 22 Mathematical Analysis of Pressure

Distribution. 32 Experimental Study of Wake Mechanics. 40 Ship Motions Project. 50 Water Tunnel Air Content Studies. 62 Studies of Hydrofoil Configurations

In Regular Waves. 62 Experimental Determination of Unsteady

Lift and Drag Forces on Diehedral

Hydrofoils In Waves. 63 Geometry of Air Cavities In a Boundary

Layer. 63 Micro Bubble Studies. 64 Supercavitating Hydrofoil Theory. 68 The Blade-Frequency Force Generated

By a Propeller on a Body of Revolution. 68 Motions and Bending Moments of Ships

in Waves. 68 An Analytic Study of the Pressure

Field Near Counter-Rotating Propellers. 69 Analytical Study of the Thrust

Deduction of a Single-Screw Thin

Ship. 69 Theory of Lateral Motions of Ships

In Waves. 69 Theoretical Calculations of the Vibratory Thrust Produced by a Ship

Fropeller Operating in the Wake of

a Hull. 69 Blade Frequency Pressure Near an Operating Marine Propeller in a Wake. 70 Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Flutter of Fully-Wetted

Hydrofoils. 70 The Effect of High Speed on Lateral

Ship Stability. 70 Development of Sonic Wave Probe for Use on Ships. 71 Radiation of a Marine Fropeller

Pressure Wave from Elastic Plate

and Cylinder. 71 Correlation of Theoretical Results

with Experiments on Vibratory Thrust

and pressure. 71 Formulation of Equations for submarine

Trajectories with Six Degrees of Freedom. 71 Experimental and Analytical Study of Flutter of Submerged Hydrofoils. 71 Analytical Investigation of Course Stability and Steering Qualities of Ships. 71 Application of Lifting Surface Theory

to Marine Fropeller. <1 Influence oi' Afterbody Shape on Angular Harmonic Content of the Wake

of Single Screw-Ships. ^2 Investigation of surface Piercing

Struts. 72 Flutter of Hydrofoils on Flexible

Structures. '3 Acoustic Excitation of Flat plates

In a Turbulent Boundary Layer. 73 Deep-Sea Mooring of Ships in Waves

and Currents. 74

171
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, NAVAL BOILER AND

TURBINE LABORATORY.

(3623) HIGH PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE WATER FLOW METER

CALIBRATION.

(b) Bureau of Ships; Philadelphia Naval Shipyard

(Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory).

(c) Mr. J. W. Murdock, Associate Technical

Director for Applied Physics, Naval Boiler

and Turbine Laboratory, Philadelphia Naval

Shipyard, Phila. 12, Pa.

d) Experimental] applied research.

e) A facility is available for calibrating with water at pressures and temperatures up to

2500 psi and 600 F respectively. Capacity

is 100 gpm at maximum pressure and temperature and greater at lower pressures and temperatures. After flowing through the metering section the water is cooled and weighed. The facility is also used to in- vestigate and verify orifice meter coef- ficients at pressures and temperatures above

those at which the coefficients in use were

established.

(g) A limited amount of test data indicate good

agreement between orifice flow rates obtained

by calibration at high pressures and temperatures and those obtained by extrapolating

from cold water calibrations. Other meter

tests show the need to include suitable

corrections for change in shape, size,

density, etc.

(3624) INVESTIGATION OF ELBOW FLOW METERS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; Philadelphia Naval Shipyard;

(Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory).

(c) Mr. J. W. Murdock, Associate Technical

Director for Applied Physics, Naval Boiler

and Turbine Laboratory, Philadelphia Naval

Shipyard, Phila. 12, Pa.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) The 90-degree elbow has been proposed for metering flow in shipboard systems. This type meter is attractive since the use of an existing elbow would not require any changes

to the piping and would impose no additional

pressure drop on the system. The chief

drawbacks are large variation in elbows and

the lack of an exact relationship between

flow and differential pressure. Testing

will be limited to the long turn 90-degree,

type A elbows of Specification MIL-F-1183

to establish criteria for their installation

and use.

(4001) HIGH PRESSURE STEAM AND WATER FLOW TESTS.

(b) American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

(c) Research Committee on Fluid Meters, American

Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East Forty-Seventh Street, New York 17, New York.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Although the ASME Research Committee on Fluid Meters has sponsored many fundamental researcn programs dealing with the development of basic constants used with primary

elements, hardly any of this work has been

done on steam flow at high pressures and temperatures. Neither has research been done

on high temperature water flow. Analysis

of many tests indicate that the basic

calibrations obtained with low temperature

water (air and gas) could be extrapolated

with high accuracy to the measurement of high pressure and temperature steam and water flow provided suitable corrections were made for the change in the shape and size of the primary element, the pipe and the fluid. This procedure has been experimentally

verified X'or steam up to 2000 psi and 1050°

and for water to 2500 psi and 600° F.

U. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST STATION.

(3295) FORCED VENTILATION OF HYDROFOILS.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Department of the

Navy.

(c) Commander, U, S. Naval Ordance Test Station,

Attn: T. G. Lang or A. G. Fabula, Code

P5015, 3202 E. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena,

California.

dl Experimental and theoretical; basic research,

e) The hydrodynamic lift, drag, pitching moment and pressure distribution are studied

on hydrofoils of various cross-sections

from which gas is exhausted through ports

of varying shape and location. The results

are applicable to torpedoes as a simple „ means of varying control forces on stabilizing fins and a new type of propeller blade cross-section.

(g) Water tunnel tests show that the gas does

not ventilate forward of the exhaust port

unless the boundary layer has separated. A minimum value of air flow rate coefficient

is required to properly ventilate the hydrofoils. The theoretical analysis and experimental results are essentially in agreement. Results indicate that base vented hydrofoils may operate at speeds as much as 50$ greater than conventional stream- lined hydrofoils without cavitating.

(h) "Application of Thin Airfoil Theory to Hydrofoils with Cut-Off, Ventilated Trailing Edge," by A. G. Fabula, NAVWEPS 7571,

Sept. 1960. "Water Tunnel Tests of a Base-Vented

Hydrofoil Having a Cambered Parabolic Cross Section," by T. G. Lang and Dorothy A. Daybell, NAVWEPS T584, Oct. 1960. "Linearized Theory of Vented Hydrofoils,"

by A. G. Fabula, NAVWEPS 763 7, Mar. 1961.

(4002) MISSILE BEHAVIOR DURING WATER EXIT.

b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department.

c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test

Station, Attn: Dr. John G. Waugh, Code

P8074, 3202 E. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena,

California.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) The purpose of this project is to study

missile water-exit behavior and associated

phenomena under different conditions to determine if problems may exist in missile

water-exit technology and to establish

scaling techniques for modeling missile

water-exit behavior.

(g) Studies have been made on the water-exit

behavior of a momentum-propelled 2-inchdiameter hemisphere-head missile under

different degrees of cavitation, ranging frcm fully wetted to fully cavitating, and for

a range of trajectory water-exit angles.

The results indicate that considerable

perturbations in missile pitch and pitch

velocity take place at water exit, and it

is inferred that problems may exist in missile water-exit technology.

(h) "Recent Hydrodynamics Research at the Naval Ordnance Test Station," by J. G. Waugh, H.

R. Kelly and A. G. Fabula, Naval Research

(The Fifth Navy Science Symposium), ONR-9,

Vol. 2, pp. 473-508, April 1961. Office

of Naval Research, Department of the Navy,

Washington, D.C. "Water-Exit Behavior of Missiles, Part 1, Preliminary Studies," by J. G. Waugh and

G. W. Stubstad. (NAVWEPS Report 7 735, NOTS

TP 2693), 11 May 1961, U. S. Naval Ordnance

Test Station, China Lake, Calif.

"Missile Water-Exit Hydrodynamics," by J.G. Waugh, H. R. Kelly and A. G. Fabula, Undersea Technology, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 24-26,

Sept/oct. 1961.

(4003) UNDULATING HYDROFOIL PROPULSION.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Department of the Navy.

(c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test

Station, Attn: Howard R. Kelly, Code

40606, China Lake, California.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

172
(e) To measure the propulsive force on a thin,

two-dimensional hydrofoil, undulating in sinusoidal motion, and compare with theory.

Additional experimental work is being done with full-scale three-dimensional models of salmon, and with oscillating rigid hydrofoils.

(g) Good agreement has been found with theories

by Wu and Siekmann, showing positive thrust

at high frequency and negative thrust at low frequency. Fair agreement is found

between experiment and theory for power

input and propulsive efficiency. Some thrust

data has been obtained with the salmon model

but no comparison with theory has been

attempted, since no available theory ade- quately fits the experiment. The propulsive

force for the rigid hydrofoils agrees well with theoretical predictions.

(h) "Propulsion With an Undulating Thin Hydrofoil, " by Howard R. Kelly, Glenn Bowlus,

and A. W. Rentz. NAVWEPS Report, in pre- paration . "Fish Propulsion Hydrodynamics," a paper presented at the Midwestern Conference

on Fluid Mechanics, East Lansing, Michigan,

6 September 1961.

(4430) ROTATING CYLINDER CONTROL.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test

Station, Attn: John D. Brooks, Code P8040,

3202 E. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena, Calif.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) The purpose of the study is to investigate

the effect of a rotating cylinder placed in the leading or trailing edge of a hydrofoil.

It is hoped that the cylinder, rotating at high speed, will induce a Magnus effect

type normal force cn the hydrofoil, which

could be used for the control of underwater

vehicles. A water tunnel model is being

constructed

(4431) INTERNAL WAVES OF TIDAL PERIOD.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station,

Attn: H. J. Summers, Code F8051, 3202 E. Foothill Blvd., Fasadena, California.

Id) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Multi-ship arrays off the southern California

coast for three separate 24 hour periods took

batnythermograph readings at 15 minute intervals to study internal waves of tidal period.

f "1 Completed in its present phase.

(g) Semi-diurnal periods were found at each ship

location. Investigation of the arrival times

of wave crests revealed an apparent shore- ward movement of the internal wave coming

in roughly parallel with the continental

slope and the continental shelf. Velocities

were about seven knots in deeper water and about one knot atop the shelf in shallow water . There appeared to be an internal

surf, or turbulence close inshore.

(h) Report in preparation.

(4432) x RCP ELLER BLADE DESIGN FROM LIFTING SUR- FACE THEORY.

b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department.

c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Sta., Attn: Mr. David M. Nelson, Code P8074, 3202 East Foothill Blvd., Pasadena, Calif.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) A theoretical method for designing propeller

blades using lifting surface theory is being developed and will be programmed for

tie IBM 7090 computer. The chordwise

streamline in the true three -dimentional

flow Is computed considering the bound

circulation of the blades, the trailing

vorticity, and the t.iickness of the blades. The bound circulation is allowed to have both an arbitrary chordwise and spanwise

distribution. The elements of bound

circulation are considered as continuous

lines conforming to the shape of the blade

so that not only are aspect ratio effects

accounted for but also plan form effects. Thickness effects are determined from thin

airfoil theory.

(4433) RELATIVE FLOW ANGLE AT LIFTING LINE FOR COUNTER ROTATING PROPELLERS.

b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department.

c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Sta., Attn: Mr. David M. Nelson, Code P8074, 3202 East Foothill Blvd., Pasadena, Calif.

d) Theoretical; applied research.

e) A theoretical means for determining the rela- tive flow angle at the lifting line for counter rotating propellers is being developed and programmed for the IBM 7090 computer.

This method is intended to handle non- optimum wake adapted propellers . The Induced velocities at the lifting line arising from

the effect of the front or rear propeller on itself are determined by a slightly modified

version of the method developed by Lerbs*. The axial velocities at one propeller induced

by the other are determined by replacing

the finite bladed propeller by an infinitely

bladed propeller having the same radial

distribution of thrust and operating in the same wake. The tangential velocities at the rear propeller induced by the front propeller are determined by Stokes theorem. The effect

of the tapering afterbody on which the propellers are located is approximately

accounted for by continuity considerations.

"Moderately Loaded Propellers with a Finite

Number of Blades and Arlbltrary Distribution

of Circulation," by H. W. Lerbs, Trans,

SNAME, Vol. 60, 1952, pp. 73-117.

(4434) DUCTED PROPELLER RESEARCH.

b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department.

c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Sta., Attn: Mr. J. F. Reynolds, Code P8074, 3202 East Foothill Blvd., Pasadena, Calif.

d) Theoretical; applied research.

e) This project includes an analysis and evalua- tion of present research in ducted propeller

design methods and a determination of the applicability of these methods to the design

of a pumpjet torpedo configuration. Pumpjet

design methods require a knowledge of the boundary layer for a specified bare body con- figuration as well as the velocity increments

resulting from the component parts of the ducted propeller system. Earlier pumpjet

designs were based on the potential and fric- tional wake fraction due to the bare body

alone and neglected the induced velocity

increments effected by the individual com- ponents of the system and their mutual

Interaction. This over-simplification

generally resulted in a pumpjet blade system

which operated at off design conditions. For this reason any prediction of the noise

performance of the system was not considered

too reliable.

The purpose of this project has been to assess the merits and limitations of the current ducted propeller design methods and replace the component parts of the ducted

propeller with a system of singularities

which will adequately describe the Induced

flow field. This will give a better

estimate of the inflow velocities and net forces on the system and thereby improve

its cavitation performance characteristics,

(g) Present ducted propeller theory assumes uniformity of flow and therefore applies

only to propellers which are free running.

It has been found that such a propeller can become wake-adapted using an extension of Lerb's technique to include finite circulation at the blade hub and blade tip. The ducted

propeller can then be designed to match the boundary layer by calculating the distribution of pitch angle across the helical vortex sheet shed by the propeller.

i

173
The average shroud loading Is readily obtained

by applying Weissinger's solution for the zeroth harmonic of the shroud loading in which the total radial wash on the duct is known. The boundary layer profile for the bare body is combined with the velocity

increments effected by the hub, propeller

and average shroud loading as a first iterative step in computing the induced velocities required for a ducted propeller design.

A pumpjet torpedo design utilizing this

method will be programmed for the IBM 7090.

(4435) VENTILATED SUPERCAVITATING PROPELLER.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, 3202 E. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena, California,

Attn: Paul C. Roberts, Code P8076. Experimental field investigation; applied

research

A field test program was conducted by U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, Pasadena, in which an 11-inch diameter ventilated super- cavitating propeller, designed by the David

Taylor Model Basin, was fitted to a high

speed torpedo (59 knots) and operated on an under-water cableway facility at a maximum

depth of 66 feet. Torpedo and propeller

performance data were obtained with varying

amounts of oxygen gas being vented through

the propeller blade holes. Completed

The run data showed that the propulsive

efficiency averaged about 79$. As gas was passed through the blade-ventilation holes

in increasing amounts, the advance ratio

progressively decreased by 10$, but it could

not be concluded that the efficiency was directly affected. The propeller perfor- mance data agreed with water-tunnel results

reported by other laboratories.

"Studies of a Ventilated Supercavitating

Propeller on a Torpedo Test Vehicle Part 1, Performance Results," by Paul C. Roberts, NAVWEPS Report 7628 Part 1, NOTS TP 2633,

32 pages, 21 February 1961.

U. S. DEPT. OF THE NAVY, OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH.

For sponsored projects see the following:

Project Page

(1548)

(3377)

(4073)

(3378) 2753

(3677)

(3687)

(4083)

(4084)

(4085)

(4093) 4112

(2537)

(73)

III]

(1875)

(2091)

(2541)

(2792)

(3094)

Special Problems in Hydrodynamics.

Theoretical Studies in Hydrodynamics.

Studies in Ventilating Flows and Ventilation of Hydrofoils.

Cavitation in Cascades. Hydraulic Breakwater.

Annular Nozzle Ground Effect Machine. Pressure Distributions, Added-Mass,

and Damping Coefficients for Cylinders

Oscillating in a Free Surface. Dynamic Interaction Between Ships.

Ships of Minimum Resistance.

Effect Upon Wave Resistance of the Initial Acceleration of Ship Models. Vibratory Motions of Floating Bodies.

The Discharge of Major Western Rivers

In Relation to the General Circulation

of the Atmosphere.

V/ater Exit Hydroballistlcs

Measurement of Turbulence in Flowing

V/ater. Cavitation

Mathematical Analysis of Pressure Distribution

Characteristics of Stable Eddies.

Research on Ship Theory.

Development of Instruments for Use

In Analyzing Aperiodic Signals. The Decay of Turbulence in a Zero- Momentum Wake

Wake or Zero Momentum Flux.

10

1111

11

1213

2031

32

02

023233

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33

33

(3429)

(4149)

(28D1)

(2802)

(3444)

3445) 4158

(4160)

(2807)

(4164)

(3120)

(2374)

(2144)

(3153)

(3821)

(3822)

(4200)

(4213)

(4214)

(2154)

(3174)

(3514)

(3517)

(3833)

(4221)

(4 226)

(4227)

(4229)

(3520)

(147£

(2436)

(3250)

(4400)

(3600)

(4435)

Jet with Transverse Pressure Gradient.

Drag of Supercavitating Bodies of Revolution.

Interaction of Waves with Floating

Bodies

Experimental Study of Wake Mechanics.

Effects of Basin Geometry and Viscous

Damping in the Amplitude of Resonant Oscillations in Harbors.

Characteristics of Cross Waves. Experimental and Analytical Study

of the Formation of Longshore Currents

Motion of Submerged Bodies Below

a Free Surface.

The Hydraulic Analogy Applied to Compressible Flow in the Partial

Admission Turbine.

Boiling and Two-Phase Flow. Office of Naval Research Atmosphere

Interaction and Wave Project.

The Mechanism of Two-Phase Flow of Annular Liquids in a Vertical Tube. Experimental and Analytical Studies

of Hydrofoils.

Flow About Bodies at Small Cavitation Numbers.

Strut Interference Effect on Hydrofoil Systems.

Flow Over Vibrating Plates. Investigation of the Forces and Interference Effect of Tandem Flat Hydrofoils.

Long-Period Waves Over California's

Continental Borderland.

General Study of Low-Frequency

Gravity Waves in the Sea. Investigation of Ship Motions and High Speed Ship Forms

Unsteady Lift and Moment on Fully

Cavitating Hydrofoils at Zero Cavitation Number. Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Flutter of Fully-Wetted

Hydrofoils.

Ships of Minimum Wave Resistance.

Experimental and Analytical Study

of Flutter of Submerged Hydrofoils.

Unsteady Forces and Motions on a Hydrofoil Moving Under an Irregular

Sea. Investigation of Surface-Piercing

Fully Ventilated Dihedral Hydrofoils.

Smooth Water Behavior of Surface - piercing Hydrofoil Vessel. The Boundary Layer Under Progressive

and Standing Waves. Forecasting of Ocean Waves Generated

by Movable Variable Wind Systems in Deep and Shallow Water. Wind Waves. Flow Over Hydrophobic Materials.

Inertial Forces in Unsteady Flow. Motion Around Body in Stratified Fluid. Damping of Progressive Oscillatory

Internal Waves. Ventilated Supercavitating Propeller.

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TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY, Engineering Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. Rex A. Elder, Director, TVA Engineering Laboratory, P. 0. Box 37, Norris, Tenn.

(731) SOUTH HOLSTON DAM, SURGE TANK MODEL STUDY.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:50 model of the penstock and surge chamber was used to determine (1) the orifice size and characteristic shape to pro- duce favorable pressure and water surface elevations to be expected in the surge chamber; and (2) the operational characteristics of the selected design.

(£') Model studies completed.

(g) With the proper orifice between the riser

and the surge chamber as satisfactory results

174
(h)

(g)

(d)

(h)

e

(g)

can be obtained as with the differential

riser type of surge tank. Report in preparation.

SOUTH HOLSTON DAM, SURGE TANK PROTOTYFE

CHECK TESTS. Field investigation; applied research.

The prototype installation was equipped to allow testing in a manner similar to that used in the model studies which established

the design. A check on the model accuracy

can thus be obtained. Tests made in February 1951, July and Oct. 1958 at headwater elevations 1630, 1719, and 1S90, respectively. WILSON LOCK HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES. Experimental; for design. The new Wilson lock is 110 feet wide, 675 feet center-to-center pintles with a 100-

foot maximum lift. A 1:36 scale model of

a single transverse lateral with 12 ports

was used to determine the proper lateral

and port designs. A 1:16 scale model of the lock chamber, intake, culverts, gates and other details was used to determine the overall designs.

Laboratory model studies completed.

The basic design for the filling and emptying systems was determined from the model

studies. Filling will be achieved through

the use of 6 lateral culverts each containing 12 equally spaced ports 3.5 ft. high by

1.5 ft. wide. The upper three laterals will

be fed from the landward main culvert and

the lower three laterals by the riverward

culvert. At minimum tailwater elevation

only 23 ft. of water cushion is available at the bottom of the controlling reverse-flow

tainter valves. Dangerously low pressures were eliminated by use of a fast initial

opening rate followed by a slow rate for

the major portion of the opening and by

modifications of the valve shape and of the upper seal nose design. A stepped lateral

design was found necessary to produce stable flow conditions.

Report on lock filling and emptying system

in preparation. REVISION TO PRESENT WILSON NAVIGATION LOCK. Experimental; for design.

Upon completion of the new Wilson Lock con- struction, the tailwater in the navigation

canal at the dam will be lowered 10 feet. To make the present two-lift lock operable

under the new conditions, the lower chamber

floor will be lowered 10 feet and a new filling and emptying system provided.

Model studies have been completed to determine the exact hydraulic design to be used

in the renovations.

The new filling system consists of a single

culvert located on the longitudinal centerline of the lock with ports located near

the bottom along both sides. The old valves are much above tailwater elevations;

therefore, the culverts above tailwater

were reduced in cross-sectional area to minimize the air entrainment problems.

Report in preparation. WILSON POWERHOUSE EXTENSION, HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES. Experimental for design.

A 1:28.5 scale model of two turbine intakes

and one spillway bay was constructed to determine (1) if there is a possibility of air being drawn into the Intakes; (2) if changes will be required in the shape of the Intake mouths and trash rack arrangement to improve flow conditions; and (3) If the flow through the adjacent spillway

bay will effect the flow into the intake.

Model studies completed.

(g)

(h)

(3300)

(h)

[3302)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(3303)

(e)

(f)

(n)

[3628)

(d)

Design requirements in renovating an existing structure made it necessary to locate

the turbine Intakes closer to the water

surface than is normally desirable. The model tests indicated that vortices would

form at the Intakes and air might be drawn

into the units. The vortex action was essentially eliminated by installing a specially designed vortex eliminating structure above the intakes to the units.

Internal reports issued.

HIWASSEE, PUMP TURBINE RATING. Field investigation; operation. Measurements of the discharge and differential pressures in the pump turbine scroll

case have been used to establish the discharge rating for the pump turbine over all operating conditions. The discharge was measured by using Apalachla reservoir as a volumetric tank. Water was both pumped

from the reservoir and discharged into the reservoir for a period of 12 hours. The reservoir area was obtained from aerial

photographs taken at the beginning and end

of each test. Five recording gages were used to measure the reservoir level. From

these measurements the volume and corre- sponding discharge was computed.

Report in preparation. WIDOWS CREEK STEAM PLANT, AIR AND GAS DUCT

TESTS. Experimental; for design. Model studies were conducted to improve

flow conditions and reduce pressure losses

in the gas duct which will carry gases from

the furnace to the smoke stack for a 500- mw unit. Calibration of the air foil metering section in the forced-draft fan inlet ducts was also made by model studies.

Model studies completed.

Flow conditions were improved by use of flow straighteners and vanes. Internal reports issued. WIDOWS CREEK STEAM P LA NT , CONDENSER WATER

FUMP TESTS. Field Investigations; operation.

Condenser water pump acceptance tests on three pumps for a 500 MW steam turbine were conducted to determine the flow, head, and

power requirements in accordance with the latest ASME test codes for centrifugal pum^

and hydraulic prime movers modified to use pitometer traverses. Velocity measurements

were made in the S-foot, 6-inch square concrete pump discharge conduit.

Field tests completed.

"Discharge Measurements by Fitot Traverses

in 114-Inch Square Conduit," by R. A. Elder

and M. N. Smith, a paper presented at the ASCE Convention, thoenix, Arizona, April

1361. KINGSTON, GAS DUCT MODEL STUDIES. Experimental; for design.

A comprehensive 1:16 scale model study of the gas duct system which carries gases to the stacks has been conducted to (1) reduce pressure losses in the duct system; (2) de- termine the effect of the flow distribution

within the existing duct on the operation

of the mechanical fly ash collector; and

(3) determine a means of obtaining a uniform

velocity distribution through the proposed

electrostatic precipitators.

Model studies completed.

Flow conditions were improved and pressure

losses reduced in the ducts by use of flow straighteners and vanes. The mechanical

collector was found to be an effecient flow distributor and any non-uniformity in the flow approaching it would be removed. A uniform velocity distribution through the

175
electrostatic precipitator was obtained by

the use of perforated plates, suitable vaning

and flow straighteners in the approach duct,

(h) Internal reports issued.

(3629) LOW POWER VHP RADIO GAGES FOR REPORTING

RAINFALL AND STREAM LEVEL DATA.

(d) Development.

(e) Transistorized radio components operating

from nickel cadmium batteries charged by

solar cells will be used. Data in binary

coded decimal form will be transmitted by

audio tone pulses. Long-term, unattended

operation is a primary consideration in design

(4005) HELTON HILL LOCK, HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The proposed lock will be 75 feet wide by

400 feet long with a maximum lift of 60 feet. (h) A 1:16 scale model of the lock chamber,

intakes, culverts, gates and other details

has been constructed to determine the overall design.

f) Laboratory model studies completed. (4008)

g) The filling system design was patterned after

the multi-port filling system that was (d) initially used in the Wheeler lock model (e) studies. A total of 434 eight-inch pipe ports were used to discharge the water into the lock chamber from the 8' x 13 ' side culverts

in the lock walls. Final tests indicate a lock filling time of 9.5 minutes. Forces measured on 4 barges during filling and emptying tests did not exceed 2.4 tons. The overall results of the testing program

indicate that the multiple port filling (g) system will provide excellent lock operation at Melton Hill.

(h) Internal report issued.

(h) (4006) COLBERT STEAM PLANT, GAS DUCT MODEL STUDIES.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:16 scale plexiglass model of the gas

duct extending from the air preheater

through the stack was constructed to (1) obtain a uniform velocity distribution at

the entrance to the electrostatic precipitator; (2) develop a satisfactory duct system to carry the gas from the eletrostatic precipitator to the stack, and (3) reduce headlosses in the duct system. Test results were evaluated by observing

smoke traces and from measurements of ve- locities and pressures at critical lo- cations in the duct system.

(g) General improvements in the operation were accomplished by installing flat plate vanes

at the bends in the duct to guide and direct

the flow of gas through the duct system. Two perforated plates with 38$S and 50^ of the area open, installed upstream from the electrostatic precipitator, in conjunction

with the flat plate guide vanes, made it possible to obtain a uniform velocity

distribution at the entrance to and through

the electrostatic precipitator. Headlosses in the duct system were reduced by

the installation of the flat plate vanes. Vanes installed in the stack opposite the breeching aided in turning the flow up at stack and materially reduced the headlosses.

(h) Internal report issued.

(4007) AIR FOIL METER.

d) Basic research; for design and MS thesis.

e) A model study was conducted to develop an

air foil metering section for measuring

the air flow to the furnaces at large steam

plants. Consideration was given to develop

ing an accurate meter which will cause a minimum pressure loss in the system.

(g) The optimum shape of the air foil meter was initially developed from 1:16 scale model

tests of the Widows Creek Steam Plant air

(4010)

(d)

(e)

(h)

(4437)

13

(h)

(4438)

(d) (e

duct. The air foil as developed consists

of a circular nose with a flat, V-shaped

tall attached to the downstream side

Differential pressures were measured be- tween the front face of the meter and at points 60 to 110 degrees to the left or

right. Initial tests using air as the medium of flow developed data for Reynolds

Numbers up to 4 x 104. The data were further

extended using water as the medium of flow. Reynolds Numbers up to 2 x 1(P were obtained

with this setup. Data thus far have been

obtained for ducts whose ratios of width to height were 2:1 and 8:1 and for meters whose

ratios of meter width to duct width vary between 0.156 and 0.467. The test results

have indicated that the maximum pressure differential occurs when the pressure is measured between the front face of the meter

and a point offset 80 to 85 . Head loss caused by the meter is exceptionally small. "Characteristics of a Simplified Stationary

Airfoil Flowmeter," by M. N. Smith, M. S. Thesis, 1961, Univ. of Tennessee Library,

Knoxvllle, Tenn. TURBULENCE SCALING. Basic research.

No sound theoretical or experimental data

are available to indicate the method that should be used for scaling either turbulent induced pressure fluctuations, frequencies

or amplitudes as immediately related to flows in lock culverts. As a result a series of tests are being conducted on cir- cular pipes 4, 6 and 24 inches in diameter

to establish the correlation factors. The results of the first series of tests are now being analyzed. The results, although

not complete or decisive, indicate the scaling probably follows Froude relationships

"Model-Prototype Turbulence Scaling, " by Rex A. Elder, paper presented at the Ninth

Congress of the International Association

for Hydraulic Research, Dubrovnik,

Yugoslavia, 1961. WHEELER LOCK OUTLET STUDIES. Experimental; for design.

A 1:30 scale mode± studies conducted to develop a lock culvert outlet design which

would eliminate heavy wave action that could adversely affect navigation.

Model studies completed.

The final model design consisted of a 20- foot diameter vertical outlet pipe surrounded by a wave absorbing wall structure 103- feet in diameter.

Internal reports issued. MELTON HILL PROJECT, TURBINE INTAKE GATE

STUDIES. Experimental; for design. Tests were conducted on a 1:12 scale model

to develop a three-leaf intake gate design

that would satisfactorily shut off the turbine flow for the runaway condition (a discharge of 17,000 cfs per unit) without

exceeding the capacity of a 25-ton Gantry

crane

Model studies completed.

Basic shape tests indicated that a combination of positive and negative lip shapes

would produce a workable design, i.e., the three gate leaves seat satisfactorily; have smooth motion throughout the lowering

operation; no slack lifting cables occur; and the total maximum crane loads are within the allowable limits.

Internal reports issued. WHEELER AUXILIARY LOCK OUTLET. Experimental; for design.

A double-culvert, bottom outlet discharge

system located across the approach canal

176
00

immediately below the lower miter gates was

tested. Twelve vertical flow deflectors were used to distribute the flow evenly across

the canal

(f) Model studies completed.

(g) The final design made use of a 9-mlnute emptying valve opening time. This pro- duced an 11.7 minute emptying time and a discharge operation sufficiently quiet to allow barges to be moored within 30 feet of the outlets

Internal reports issued. DENSITY UNDERFLOW WITHDRAWAL STRUCTURES.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A three-dimensional model was used to develop

the basic relationship involved in the design of skimmer wall structures used to insure the withdrawal of the bottom layer

in a two-layered, density stratified

reservoir

(f) Laboratory study completed.

(g) Design curves were developed which will permit design of structures which will insure

withdrawal of only the bottom layer or of withdrawal of the bottom layer plus 1 percent, 2 percent or 5 percent of the flow from the top layer.

Report in preparation. INTERNAL DENSITY CURRENTS CREATED BY WITH- DRAWAL FROM A STRATIFIED RESERVOIR. This was a cooperative study with the U.S. Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army District,

Walla Walla, Engineering Division, planning

and Reports Branch, Walla Walla, Washington.

(d) Theoretical evaluation of field data.

(e) A study of several years of temperature

soundings taken in TVA ' s Fontana Reservoir

was made in an attempt to determine the thickness of the withdrawal layer when water is withdrawn from a deep, thermally stratified

reservoir at an intermediate elevation.

(f) Study completed.

(g) A plausible curve was developed, based on a theoretical analysis and established from

the field data.

(h) Report in preparation.

(4441) MEASUREMENT OF KAPLAN TURBINE DISCHARGES USING

OTT COMPONENT CURRENT METERS.

(d) Equipment development and field measurement

operation

(e) A measuring technique is being developed with

which the flows through Kaplan type turbines

can be accurately measured by use of Ott component type current meters which can vertically traverse the flow at the turbine

Intake gate slots. These measurements, made

at several fixed discharges, will be used to calibrate Winter-Kennedy scroll case pressure

taps. The Winter-Kennedy taps will then be used, with suitable measuring equipment, to determine the discharge for any turbine loading.

(g) The carriage framework upon which the Ott

comijonent type current meters will be mounted,

along with t.ieir associated lifting devices,

and the necessary recording instrumentation

has been designed, constructed and field

tested. Development of the actual measuring

techniques is now in progress.

(4442) NEW WHEELER LOCK CULVERT ENTRANCE MODEL,

(dl Experimental; for design.

(e) 1:25 scale model studies are being conducted

to develop -acceptable flow conditions in the area of the new Wheeler lock culvert entrances.

A prior study has been outmoded by the failure of the V/heeler auxiliary lock and subsequent design revisions.

(h)

Inquiries concerning projects should be addressed to Mr. James Smallshaw, Chief, Hydraulic Data Branch, Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville, Tennessee.

(765) EVAPORATION IN THE TENNESSEE BASIN. Field investigation; applied research. To provide data for estimating reservoir

losses and derive a general rule, applicable to the Basin, permitting computation of evaporation from pans at six locations in Basin, together with standard meteorological

readings

Results published in monthly and annual

bulletins, "Precipitation in Tennessee River

Basin" (Project 768).

A supplemental report to that bulletin

entitled "Evaporation In Tennessee River

Basin," published in January 1961, summarizes

the results of 25 years of observations,

1935 through 1959. 768) PRECIPITATION IN TENNESSEE RIVER BASIN,

d) Field investigation; basic research.

e) A comprehensive study of rainfall and other weather phenomena for purposes of water dispatching and improvements in water control; storm studies as related to maximum

precipitation, rainfall-runoff, spillway

design and operation, etc.

(h) Monthly and annual bulletins, "Precipitation

in Tennessee River Basin."

(769) RESERVOIR AND STREAM TEMPERATURES.

(d) Field investigation; basic research. Study of water utilization and water move- ment as concerns industrial plant locations

and stream pollution. Variations in temperature from surface to bottom in reservoirs

throughout the year are determined by

soundings, and by continuous recording gages

in natural streams.

(7/1) GALLERY DRAINAGE IN LARGE DAMS.

(d) Field investigations; design.

(e) Weirs are placed in main galleries and drainage measured as check on tightness and stability.

(779) MAXIMUM POSSIBLE PRECIPITATION IN TENNESSEE

VALLEY.

(b) Cooperative with U. S. V/eather Bureau.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Hydrometeorological analysis of large storms with upward adjustments of controlling

factors to maximum limits as applied to the Tennessee Valley and subdivisions.

(g) Results to be published as one of current

series of hydrometeorological reports by the U.S.W.B. and cooperating agencies.

(780) PERIODIC EVALUATION OF GROUND-WATER STORAGE.

[g)

,785)

(d)

VALLEY AUTHORITY, Hydraulic Data Branch. 00

Theoretical; operation.

By analysis of current records of stream discharge, the volumes of runoff in ground- water and channel storage are determined for use in operation of multi-purpose reservoirs.

Results reported monthly and weekly within

the orgainzation

SEDIMENTATION OF EXISTING RESERVOIRS. Field investigation; basic research. Selected ranges in reservoirs are probed and

sounded, volumetric samples are collected and analyzed, quantity and distribution of sedi- ment are computed to determine deposition by

stream, probable life of reservoir, effect

of sediment storage on navigation channels

and sedimentation of down-stream reservoirs,

and probable sedimentation in future reservoirs. "Reservoir Sedimentation Data for Reservoirs

in the Tennessee Valley," bringing previously

17 7
submitted information up to date through

1960, was submitted in October 1961 to the Subcommittee on Sedimentation, Interagency

Committee on Water Resources, for publication (e) in their bulletin.

(3306) COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROJECT IN WESTERN (g) NORTH CAROLINA.

(b) Project conducted in cooperation with North

Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering

(d) To determine water-land relationships for

some of the principal soils used for agricultural purposes in western North Carolina

under important vegetative covers. Observations include rainfall, runoff, soilmoisture, potential evapotranspiration, and (h) actual evapotranspiration.

(e) A statistically designed rotation of four covers on four small watersheds and a sepa- rate evaluation of deep-rooted crop on a fifth watershed. (3309)

(f) Field studies of the deep-rooted crop, alfalfa, have been discontinued. (d)

(g) Results to date are summarized in annual reports on the project.

(h) "Evapotranspiration Research in Western (e) North Carolina: A North Carolina - Tennessee Valley Authority Cooperative Effort," by '(g) C. B. England and E. H. Lesesnej presented

To American Society of Agricultural Engineers,

Memphis, Tennessee, December I960. "Runoff from Small Mountain Watersheds in Relation to Various Crop Covers and Soil

Characteristics," by C. B. England and E. H. Lesesne; pending publication in Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, January 1962.

(3307) IARKKR BRANCH PILOT WATERSHED RESEARCH

PROJECT. (h)

(b) Project conducted in cooperation with North

Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering.

(d) To determine the effects upon the hydrology (4011)

of the watershed of an intensive farm de- velopment program designed to give the (b) optimum economic well-being of the people

using the land. Rainfall, runoff, suspended (d) and deposited sediment are observed, periodic (e) soils-land-use and inventories are made and records of income summaries and public and private investments are maintained.

(e) I ro ject activities are divided into calibration, action, and evaluation phases.

(g) Results to date are summarized in annual

report on the project.

(h) "iiconomic and Hydroioglc Developments in the Parker Branch 'Watershed, " by E. b. Baurn and

A. J. Ccutu, Journal ox' soil and Water (g) Conservation, Volume 14, No. 6, pp. 26C-265,

November 1S5S.

(3308) WiilTE HO'L^OV. V.ATERS IED. (h)

(u) To study the effect of changes in the

vegetal cover on a watershed taken out of cultivation on the hydrologic factors of runoff and soil erosion.

Continuous record from 1935 of rainfall,

runoff, and suspended sediment, and periodic determination of vegetal cover Indexes. During tne 24-year period 1935-1958, the forest cover improvement in the watershed

resulted in greater watershed protection with

no measurable change in water yield, no change in volume of either surface runoff

or ground-water runoff, marked reduction jin summer peak rates of discharge with lesser reduction in winter rates, a prolongation of the period of draining of surface runoff

from the channel system, and a 96 percent

reduction in the sediment load. "Forest Cover Improvement Influences upon

Hydrologic Characteristics of White Hollow

Watershed 1935-1958," Report No. 0-5163A,

TVA. PINE TREE BRANCH WATERSHED.

To determine the effects upon the hydrology

of the watershed by reforestation and erosion control measures. Continuous record from 1941 of rainfall,

runoff, ground water, and sediment loads. During the 19-year period 1941-1959, the cover improvement and erosion control in the watershed resulted in a decrease in surface runoff volumes and an increase in ground- water discharges, marked reductions in summer and winter peak flood discharges, a reduction in overland surface velocities,

a prolongation of the period of draining of surface runoff from the channel system, an appreciable decrease in water yield, and a

95 percent reduction in sediment load. Report in preparation covering the erosion

control and cover improvement influences

Upon nydrologic characteristics during the period 1941-1960. NORTH FORK CITICO CREEK RESEARCH WATERSHED. Project conducted in cooperation with U.S. Forest Service.

Field investigation; basic research. To determine tne effects of normal, highstandard National Forest Multiple-use

management upon tne hydrology of the area. Observations include rainfall, runoff, air

and water temperature, and humidity.

Timber inventories, soil surveys, wildlife

inventories, and evaluations of soil disturbances will be made. Project activities

are divided into calibration, development,

and evaluation phases.

Results will be published in annual reports.

Progress Report No. 1, June 1960 - Feb. 1961, was published in May, 1361 for distribution to cooperating agencies.

"Water, Timber, Wildlife Studied in Tellico

Area," the Tennessee Conservationist, June

1961.

178
H. G. ACRES AND COMPANY LIMITED, Hydraulic Lab.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

te "addressed to Mr. I. W. McCaig, Hydraulic Engineer,

E. G. Acres and Company Limited, Consulting Engineers,

Niagara Falls, Canada.

i (3530) FRICTION FACTOR TESTS IN LARGE PRESSURE

CONDUITS; BERSIMIS NO. 1 AND CHUTE-desPASSES HYDRO-ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENTS.

(b) Cuebec Hydro-Electric Commission,

Aluminum Company of Canada Limited.

(d) Field investigation; design.

(e) For the extension of data on friction in

concrete-lined tunnels, an inspection was

made of the 31-foot diameter Bersimis No.

1 tunnel and the 35-foot diameter Chutedes-Passes tunnel. The tunnel surface was classified in six categories. Plaster casts

of each type of surface permitted evaluation

of construction methods. Friction losses were measured at various tunnel discharges.

(f) Results of friction loss measurements still to be analyzed.

(g) Depending on the care taken during con- struction, the surface roughness of concrete poured against steel forms varied between

0.002 and 0.02 inches. Roughness between

0.005 and 0.01 inches was measured on the screened invert finished by steel trowelling.

Finishing invert with wood floats gave a roughness between 0.035 and 0.050 inches.

(4443) SPILLWAY RATING CURVES FOR FLOW OBLI rUE TO SPILLWAY PIERS.

(b) New Brunswick Electric Power Commission.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) For the extension of data on spillway discharge coefficients for flow oblique to spillway piers.

If) Tests completed.

(g) Significant reduction in spillway discharge

coefficient for shallow depth and flow entering at angle of 45 degrees to bridge

piers

(4444) SPILLWAY MODEL TESTS FOR MANICOUAGAN 2 HYDRO-ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT

ruebec Hydro-Electric Commission.

Experimental; design. Tests were carried out on a topographic

model, scale 1:110 to determine the limits

of location for a bucket spillway. Discharge from the spillway could threaten a road and bridge downstream. Tests completed.

Report submitted to sponsor. DIVERSION CHANNEL MODEL TESTS FOR MANICOUAGAN

2 HYDRO-ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT

'"uebec Hydro-Electric Commission.

Experimental; design. Tests were made on 1:110 scale model of the diversion channel with surrounding topography. The flow capacity of the channel

and trie height of standing waves in the supercritical flow were of special interest.

Completed.

The tests showed that a moderate amount of channel curvature was acceptable at its upstream end, but that the height of standing waves caused by channel curvature

further downstream required construction of uneconomically high channel walls. Report submitted to sponsor. DIVERSION TUNNEL MODEL TESTS FOR MANICOUAGAN

2 HYDRO-ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT

(b) Cuebec Hydro-Electric Commission.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Tests were made on a 1:110 scale model of the diversion tunnel, which included its inlet

and outlet. The object of the tests was to determine minimum economic inlet and outlet

loss coefficients and to examine the tunnel's capacity to transport logs,

(f) Tests in progress.

UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA.

(d)

le)

U)

(n)

(b)

li!

(f)

(g)

(4015

(to

(c

(d

(e

(h

(4447

(b

(c

(d

(e

(f

(g

(h)

SCOUR ROUND BRIDGE PIERS. Alberta Government Research Council, Depart- ment of Highways and University of Alberta.

Mr. C. R. Neill, Hydraulic Engineer, Research Council of Alberta, Edmonton.

Experimental; applied research. Field measurement of scour round bridge piers in alluvial rivers using echo sounders. Laboratory model studies.

Equipment improved and some field data

obtained. Some foreign literature on model studies translated.

See items 4014, 4015 in 1961 issue of Hydraulic Research in the United States. HYDRAULICS OF CORRUGATED-METAL CULVERTS. Alberta Government Research Council, Depart- ment of Highways and University of Alberta.

Mr. C. R. Neill, Hydraulic Engineer,

Research Council of Alberta, Edmonton.

Laboratory and field experiments; applied

research; initial stages used for master's

thesis.

Field experiments on 60" CM. culvert and laboratory experiments on 15" CM. culvert

and 3 1/2" model, to measure hydraulic

capacity at different stages and slopes and

to develop design charts for all sizes. Experiments completed; preparation of design

charts continuing.

Roughness coefficient obtained for structural plate corrugated-metal pipe. Comprehensive

type of design chart developed; charts for

several sizes now published.

"Hydraulic Investigations Related to Large

Corrugated-Metal Culverts," by C. R. Neill, master's thesis, 1961.

"The Hydraulic Capacity of Large CorrugatedMetal Culverts," by C R. Neill, EIC Annual General Meeting, Paper No. 4, 1961.

UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, Hydraulics Lab. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Prof. E. S. Pretious, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver,

Canada, unless otherwise indicated.

(1044) FRASER RIVER MODEL.

(b) Hydraulic model studies cooperative with the Department of Public Works of Canada,

Vancouver, B.C.

(d) Experimental project to aid Federal Government engineers improve navigation conditions on the Fraser River estuary. The Department of Public Works, Canada, is responsible for pro- viding adequate depths for shipping and con- trolling the construction of any river structures which might affect navigation on the estuary.

(e) An outdoor erodible-bed tidal river model to study methods for improving and maintaining

the depths in the navigation channels of the Fraser River estuary with a minimum of dredging. Horizontal scale 1:600, vertical

scale 1:70. The model occupies approximate Jy 3 acres of the campus and represents the tids- water reaches of the lower Fraser River

extending from its seaward end at the Strait

of Georgia to the head of tide water at Sumas, a distance of approximately 60 miles.

Tributary Pitt River and Pitt Lake (30 square miles in area) are subject to tidal influence and are included in the model. Natural

tides and river discharges can be synchronised and simulated on the model and are controlled

179
automatically by electronic servo- systems

Sand Injection can be controlled automaticall

as a function of river discharge; however,

manual injection has been found to be more

satisfactory. Instantaneous water surface elevations can be obtained over the whole

model by automatic, electrically-recording,

point gauges situated at points where recording gauges are located in the prototype.

Natural river sand of appropriate grain size

is used for the bed material,

(h) Progress Reports, Technical Notes, Project

and Technical Reports submitted periodically

to the Department of Public Works of Canada. Plans are being considered for moving the model to a new site on the campus.

(4448) NEW WESTMINSTER HARBOUR MODEL.

(b) Hydraulic Model Studies cooperative with the Department of Public Works of Canada,

Vancouver, B.C.

(d) Experimental project to aid Federal Government engineers improve channel depths and navigation conditions generally, in the harbour of New Westminster, B.C.; by utilizing river-training structures combined

with a minimum of dredging.

(e) An outdoor, erodible-bed, tidal river model

of New Westminster Harbour was incorporated

in the tidal basin of the Fraser River

Model. Horizontal scale 1:300, vertical

scale 1:70. The model Is contained in a rectangular basin measuring 70 feet by 36

feet. Some of the water pumped into the tidal basin of the Praser River Model for the generation of tides was diverted through the New Westminster Harbour Model, while the tide-height control was obtained with the existing Fraser River Model equipment. The New Westminster Harbour Model was built to check the results of previous studies in the Fraser River Model where severe scale distortion precluded accurate details of scour around structures. It was also used to study

requested modifications in the functional

design of the structures evolved with the aid

of the Fraser River Model.

(g) In general, the behaviour of the two models

was closely similar as regards shoaling and

scouring of the bed, velocities, f]ow patterns,

discharge distribution and stages. The

smaller scale distortion in the New Westminster Harbour Model made it possible to observe

shoal and scour with greater accuracy and

certainty.

(h) Reports and Memoranda submitted periodically

to the Department of Public Works, Canada.

(4449) A STUDY OP GROINS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

AS HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES.

(b) Hydraulic laboratory studies cooperative

with the Department of Public Works of Canada, Vancouver, B.C.

(d) Experimental project to check the results

given by other investigators and to further explore the possibilities for utilizing groins as river-training structures.

(e) Non-overflow, impermeable groin models were installed singly in a large concrete flume

In the Hydraulic Laboratory. The test area

in the flume was 25 feet long and 5 feet wide and the hydraulic conditions were accurately

controlled. Tests with different flow velocities and depths and with various lengths of groins were conducted for both fixed and movable beds. The length of bank protected

downstream from the groin was measured on

the basis of flow patterns (for fixed beds) and scour (for movable beds). Different

types of groin heads were also tested as well

as the angle of orientation of the groins to the flow.

(g) It was apparent from the limited studies

made that there are many variables affecting

the behaviour of groins under different

conditions. The results of groin studies

made in different countries showed a lack

of agreement

(h) A report on the first phase of the study was submitted to the Department of Public Works

of Canada, Vancouver, B.C.

(4450) DEVELOPMENT OP DOW CHEMICAL OF CANADA LTD. ON TILBURY ISLAND, FRASER RIVER, B. C.

(b) Hydraulic model studies cooperative with

Dow Chemical of Canada Ltd. and the Depart- ment of Public Works of Canada, Vancouver,

B.C.

(d) Experimental project to determine the effect

of river-side structures on the navigation

channel In the Main Arm of the Fraser River.

Also to determine a shoal-free location for

a wharf and a pumping station which would

supply cooling water from the Fraser River

to the Chemical Plant. The wharf and pump- ing station were located on a small island

offshore of Tilbury Island on the left bank

of the Main Arm. The two islands were to be Joined by a causeway composed of sand fill. This causeway would block the minor flow

between the two islands. It was necessary

as a result of these proposals to know the probable hydraulic and sediment conditions

around the wharf and pumping station.

(e) Models of the wharf, pumping station and causeway were built into the Fraser River

Model. Flow patterns and bed configurations

were observed around the small island. From these tests, supplemented by studies of earlier sounding maps of the area, it was possible to determine the best location and orientation of the wharf and pumping station

on the small island and their distance out from the shore

(g) The causeway caused a concentration of flow around the upstream end of the small island,

consequently rock protection there was recommended

(h) Reports were issued to the Department of Public Works of Canada and Dow Chemical of Canada Limited.

4451) HEAD LOSS IN SPHERICAL WYES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. E. Ruus, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

University of British Columbia.

d) Applied research.

e) The spherical wye due to its small dimensions is particularly suitable as

a wye-branch in large penstocks under high

head. Railway clearances may Impose the limit of the size of individual pieces to

be shipped. A model Is under construction

to measure the head losses in the spherical wye and to find whether Improvements could

be made

ECOLE POLYTECHNIOUE, Department of Civil Engineering,

Hydrodynamics Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Professor Raymond Boucher, Director,

Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique, 2500 Marle-Guyard Avenue, Montreal 26, Quebec, Canada.

(4043) STUDY OF THE RELIABILITY AND OPERATION OF BACK-WATER VALVES ON PLUMBING SYSTEMS AGAINST FLOODING BY PUBLIC SEWERS.

(b) City of Montreal, City Planning Department,

Inspection Division.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) A full scale three-story plumbing system has been erected in the Hydrodynamics

Laboratory of Ecole Polytechnique. The diameter of the pluvial column, the soil stack and the drain is 4 Inches. The drain

has many sections of pyrex glass to permit

observations at critical points. A system

of valves and of cross-connections on the vents lends to various combinations of tests. The back-water valves have a transparent

180
lucite cover to enable visual observations. As air entralnraent seems to have a great

importance on the venting capacity, the rate

of air entrained In the vertical columns Is measured at the Inlet by means of a hotwire air-meter. Various flooding conditions

of the public sewers are simulated by a tank

in which the water level can be controlled

by gate valves. This research is aimed at determining whether back-water valves can offer home dwellers a reliable protection

against flooding due to any overload of combined sewers. If this method is not

satisfactory, an improved design of plumbing

system may be suggested.

(g) The mechanism of air entrainment has been

studied and tests have revealed the best position for some of the vents.

(h) Progress report in preparation.

(4044) HYDRAULIC AND MECHANICAL TESTING OF A 16-INCH BUTTERFLY VALVE.

(b) Dominion Engineering Company Limited.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Head losses to be measured across the Butterfly Valve as a function of valve opening for discharges from 500 to 10,000 U. S. gpm. Torque determination to be executed throughout opening and closing cycles by means of strain gage and electronic recorder at same flows as and concurrently with the head loss

test, and at zero flow. An endurance test

for 10,000 closing and opening cycles is also

to be performed on the valve at a discharge

of 10,000 U. S. gpm when the valve is fully

open. Visual inspection for seat leakage

is to be made after 100, 1000, 3,000, 5,000,

8,000 and 10,000 cycles.

f) Completed.

h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(4452) MODEL STUDY OF AN INVERTED SIPHON PROPOSED BY THE CITY OF LASALLE.

(b) Lauriault & Villeneuve, Consulting Engineers,

and the City of LaSalle.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A lucite model of an inverted siphon was made

to a scale of 1:15. Special inlet and outlet were studied, consisting of three bellmouth

entrances to vertical pipes of the following

diameters: 20-, 54-, and 126-inch Means of eliminating the vortices were found and the head losses at entrance and outlet were

measured. Head losses were also measured at tne 90° eioows in all three pipes. The total head loss in the siphon was evaluated.

f) Completed.

h) Report submitted to sponsor.

THE HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER COMMISSION OF ONTARIO,

Hydraulic Model Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. J. B. Bryce, Hydraulic Engineer,

Hydraulic Generation Department, 620 University

Avenue, Toronto 2, Ontario, Canada.

(3324) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - OGDENSBURG TO LEISHMAN'S POINT.

(b) Ontario Hydro and the Power Authority of the State of New York.

(d) Experimental; for design, development and

operation.

(e) A 1:500 x 1:100 scale model of St. Lawrence River between Ogdensburg and Leishman's

Point, a distance of 16.1 miles, was con- structed to determine the design of channel

enlargements, the location of the Iroquois

Control Dam and a plan of river control

during construction of the St. Lawrence Power Project. The locations and conditions

for a series of six ice booms for ice control were determined.

(f) Work is essentially completed but model is

still active,

(g) Channel enlargements were developed which

met the criteria stipulated by the Inter- national Joint Commission with respect to navigation and ice-forming velocities and

the seaway navigation channel was located. The optimum arrangements and location for

the Iroquois Control Dam was determined. A plan of river control during construction

was developed.

(3325) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - OGDEN ISLAND

REACH.

(b) Ontario Hydro and the Power Authority of the State of New York.

(d) Experimental; for design, development and

operation.

(e) A 1:500 x 1:100 scale model of the St. Lawrence River reproducing 7.9 miles of the river between the towns of Iroquois and Morrisburg, was constructed to determine the design of channel enlargements and a plan of river control during construction of the St. Lawrence Power Project

(f) Work is essentially completed but model is still active.

(g) Channel enlargements were developed which

met the ice-forming criteria stipulated by

the International Joint Commission and a satisfactory Seaway Navigation channel was

located. A plan of river control during

construction was developed

(3326) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - DEWATERING AND

CLOSURE AREA.

(b) Ontario Hydro and the Power Authority of the State of New York.

(d) Experimental; for design, development, and operation.

(e) A 1:500 x 1:100 scale model of the St. Lawrence River reproducing 13.8 miles from

Cat Island to below the powerhouses was con- structed to develop plans for dewatering the Long Sault Dam and the powerhouse and to investigate conditions during the various

stages of their construction.

f) Work Is completed but model is still active.

g) Dewatering diversion channels were designed

in detail and a plan of construction developed to preserve the necessary water levels for existing navigation and ensure adequate

discharge capacity in the various stages of construction. Velocities in the Seaway

Channel were also Investigated. The Power

Pool filling operation was investigated in detail.

(3333) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - TAILRACE AREA.

(b) Ontario Hydro and the Power Authority of the State of New York.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:160 x 1:80 scale model reproducing 2.5 miles of the St. Lawrence River from above

the powerhouses to below Polly's Gut, has

been constructed to develop the design of an economic tailrace improvement and a suitable

dewatering scheme.

(f) Work essentially completed but model is still active

(g) An economic tailrace enlargement was developed in the model. A coff erdamming plan to dewater much of the enlargement area was devised and the velocities at various stages observed. A plan for disposal of dredged

material behind a dyke adjacent to the work

area was developed.

(3335) RED ROCK GENERATING STATION MODEL.

(bi Ontario Hydro.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:60 scale comprehensive model of the sluice- ways, powerhouse and upstream and downstream

river channel has been constructed to de- termine the dewatering arrangements for con- struction, velocities along cofferdams, eneigy- 181
dissipating works at the sluices, the rating

of the diversion sluices, ports and sluiceways, the tallrace excavation, and location

of log slide.

(f) Work is completed and model removed.

(g) The dewatering plans were tested in the model

and a plan for log driving past the side

during construction was devised. The performance of the energy-dlssipatlng works and the log chute was verified. Discharge calibrations

for sluices and ports were obtained. Performance data for operational use was obtained.

(3643) HEADGATE MODEL,

(b) Ontario Hydro.

Id) Experimental; as applied research.

(e) A 1:24 scale model of the St. Lawrence powerhouse headgate and Inlet water passage

was built to investigate the hydraulic forces

on gates with upstream and downstream skin

plates under conditions of horizontal and sloping floors and submerged and free discharge conditions.

(f) Work is essentially completed but model is still active.

(g) A series of curves was developed from which

hydraulic downpull forces may be determined

for several types of gates and gate

installations for use in preliminary designs.

(3644) OTTER RAPIDS GENERATING STATION MODEL.

(b) Ontario Hydro.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:72 scale comprehensive model of the sluiceways, powerhouse and upstream and downstream river channels has been con- structed to determine the dewatering

arrangement for construction, velocities at and along cofferdams, height location and

slope of high water channel sluiceway training walls, the rating of the diversion ports

and the sluiceways and the tallrace channel

enlargement

(f) Work is essentially completed but model

is still active.

(g) The dewatering plans were developed and

tested in the model. The calibration and performance of the four tunnel diversion

ports for use during construction were determined. The design and operational use

of the sluiceways in the high water channel were tested.

(4023) DOUGLAS POINT INTAKE MODEL,

b) Ontario Hydro.

d) Experimental; hydraulic design and operation

of water intake,

(e) A 1:24 model was constructed of the intake, tunnel and forebay of a nuclear generating

station. The design of the intake to draw

cooling and process water from a lake and

to exclude floating ice and vortices as well as the forebay design of the pumping

station and operation under pick-up and rejection of the pumping capacity.

f) Testing completed and model removed.

g) An intake of unusual design was developed

which incorporates a thin concrete roof over

a fan-shaped intake. The forebay design of the pumping plant was detailed and tested.

(4024) ADAM CREEK CONTROL STRUCTURE MODEL.

(b) Ontario Hydro.

(d) Experimental; hydraulic design and operation

(e) A 1:60 model was constructed to determine

the rollway profile and pressures, piershape, discharge capacity and energy- dissipating works with fixed and moveable

bed.

f) Testing completed and model removed.

g) The rollway profile was determined and tested in conjunction with training walls and energy dissipating protection. Discharge

calibrations were obtained as well as operational data.

(4025) TRASH RACK LOSS STUDY.

(i>) Ontario Hydro.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) A 1:12 model was constructed in a flume where hydraulic losses due to shape and number of horizontal members and shape and spacing of vertical members were determined.

The effects of angularity to flow were also

investigated.

f) Testing completed and model removed.

g) The complete series of tests determined the features contributing to the hydraulic

losses from the various components under

study

(4026) NIAGARA RIVER MODEL,

(b) Ontario Hydro.

(d) Experimental; for design and operation.

(e) An existing 1:250 x 1:50 scale model

reproducing five miles of the Niagara River

from Buckhorn Island to below the Cataracts

is being used to determine the operational

characteristics of the Niagara Control Structure under developed conditions. This

model was previously used to investigate

the remedial works necessary for the Preser- vation and Enhancement of Niagara Falls and

for the location of the intakes and neces- sary river improvements of both Ontario

Hydro and the Power Authority of the State

of New York. To fully realize the terms of the 1950 Niagara Treaty, additional remedial

works have been designed. These include a five-gate extension to the existing 13-gate

control structure as well as a system con- taining an upstream accelerating wall, a downstream training wall and overflow weir

for the safe passage of Ice past the various

intakes along the Canadian shore of the river above the Palls. The sequence of con- struction of these works and the conditions

during their construction were determined

in the model. Rating of the structure under

cofferdammed conditions was obtained.

(4453) LITTLE LONG GENERATING STATION INTAKE MODEL.

(b) Ontario Hydro.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:36 scale model of a bell -mouthed water passage from the dam to the circular penstock and scroll case was built. The con- figuration of the bell mouth was determined

and the design of the bay-window type trash

racks upstream of the dam face. Piezometer

tap locations were investigated for future

prototype Gibson test efficiency tests.

(f) Work is completed but model is still active.

(4454) ONTARIO POWER GENERATING STATION - INTAKE AND WEIR MODEL.

(b) Ontario Hydro.

(d) Experimental; for design and operation.

(e) A 1 : 50 scale model was built of the Ontario Power outer forebay intake wall and a portion of the downstream training wall and overflow weir, which are a part of the extension to the Niagara River additional

remedial works. The design of the weir and wall as developed in the distorted Niagara

Model was checked in this natural scale model

(f) Work is completed but model is still active.

(4455) ARROW LAKES DAM - COLUMBIA RIVER

(b) British Columbia Power Commission.

(d) Experimental; for design and operation.

(e) A 1:80 scale model of the Arrow Lakes and

dam and environs is being built to determine

the adequacy of the water passages in a con- crete structure and the energy-dissipating

works associated earth dam. A 1:50 scale model is being tested in a flume to determine

the hydraulic design of the tunnel ports in the concrete structure and to develop the associated energy-dissipating works. Rating

182
of these ports will be obtained as well as

the hydraulic loadings of the port gates,

(f) Construction of the model has been initiated.

LA SALLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY LTD.

(3346) MODEL STUDY OF THE CARILLON POWER PROJECT.

(b) Quebec Hydroelectric Commission.

(cj Experimental; applied research.

(e) General characteristics of the Carillon

Power project will be completed during 1961

on a model scale 1/110. Tests on this model have been resumed in order to study the effects of the remaining

part of a submerged cofferdam in expectation

of a high Pall flood,

fj Completed.

h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(4026) CARILLON POWER PLANT - DOWNSTREAM WATER

LEVEL FLUCTUATIONS DURING WINTER.

(bj Quebec Hydroelectric Commission.

(dj Theoretical; operation.

(e) Study of the effects of the peak power

plant operation on ice conditions and water

level fluctuations in the Montreal Harbor,

the Riviere des Prairies and the downstream

part of the Ottawa River,

f) Completed.

h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(4034) MANICOUAGAN POWER PLANT SITE 5 TEMPORARY

DIVERSION.

(bj Quebec Hydroelectric Commission,

(di Theoretical and experimental; design,

(e) A 1/108 scale model being used to determine

the stage - discharge law of the two diversion tunnels proposed. Studies

carried out so far include refinements of the intakes and outlets to improve con- ditions of transition from free surface flow to pressure flow in the tunnels. Law

of upstream level vs. discharge takes into account considerable storage in reservoir

formed by upstream cofferdam.

f) Completed.

h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(4035) MANICOUAGAN POWER PLANT SITE 5 - COFFERDAM.

(bj Quebec Hydroelectric Commission,

(dj Theoretical and experimental; design,

(e) Study of the cof ferdamming of the Manicouagan River by Toe Dumping method has been

carried out on a l/48 scale model. First stage prototype construction has confirmed results of the model.

T) Completed.

h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(4042) LAVIGNE PUMPING STATION,

(bj City of Montreal.

(dj Theoretical and experimental; design,

(e) Hydraulic design of an automatic pumping

station which drains a domestic and storm water sewer. Flow conditions and prevention of sedimentation have been studied on a scale model,

fj Completed.

h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(4456) VELOCITY AND DIRECTION OF CURRENT RECORDER,

(bj Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; development of instrument for hydrographlc and oceanographlc research for

acquisition of datum in computable form

(punched tape) for fast decoding and calculation.

(e) Recording of velocity by impulse counter for

propeller type current-meter. Recording of direction by reading an encoder monltorized

by a marine compass. Instrument must be:

1) Rugged; (2) simple and easy to maintain

only electromechanical); and (3) very low power drain for long periods (recording up

to 6 months under ice),

(g) Prototype routine tests equivalent to 2 years without failure have been carried out. Tests

at sea expected to be carried out in Spring

1962; autonomy 4 to 8 months. Depth up to 2000 feet.

(4457) WATER LEVEL TELERECORDER

bj Laboratory project.

d) Experimental. Development of telerecorder

for water level measurements in sllty and dirty waters (mainly sewers). No movable

parts in the transducer. No electric supply

at measurement point. Multi-channel,

(e) Auto compensated resistance bridge —automatic

graphical and punched tape recording. Tele- communication of different transducers,

f j Completed.

g) Teletransmission up to 15 miles within a Q.%

accuracy.

(4458) PEACE RIVER - PORTAGE MOUNTAIN DEVELOPMENT

(bj British Columbia Electric and I.P.E.C.

(dj Theoretical and experimental; design.

(e) A 1/100 scale model was constructed to de- termine the practicability of the hydraulic

design of the three diversion tunnels pro- posed.

Studies include: approach channel, intake

tunnels, discharge capacity, energy dissipating works with movable bed and coffer- damming of the river.

(4459) DUNCAN LAKE PROJECT.

(bj Montreal Engineering and B.C.P.C.

(dj Experimental; design.

(e) A 1/48 scale model used to study the best design of the outlet works for the diversion

tunnels and of the downstream discharge

channel in order to minimize erosion, ensure stability of the structures and prevent

deposition of material near the tailrace of the powerhouse

(4460) FORMATION AND EVOLUTION OF ICE-COVERS OF RIVERS.

(bj Laboratory study

(dj Basic research.

(e) Research of the basic laws governing the formation of ice covers on river.

(g) Result of this research seems to agree with

nature measurements and explains several phenomena.

(h) Publication in ESME - EIC Congress 1961 in Montreal

(4461) ST. PAUL AUTOMATIC SEWAGE REGULATOR.

(aj City of Montreal,

(dj Theoretical; design.

(e) Study of the maximum curing discharge to be introduced at all times in this collector

which would be compatible with its flow con- ditions. The solution under study consists

of an automatic sewage regulator with down- stream control.

(g) A special device has been designed for measurements of sluicy and storm waters.

(4462) THE ST. PIERRE SEWAGE COLLECTORS FLOW METER.

(bj City of Montreal,

(dj Theoretical; design.

(e) Study of the maximum curing discharge to be introduced at all times in this collector

which would be compatible with its flow con- ditions. The solution under study consists

of an automatic sewage regulator with down- stream control.

(4463) FEACE RIVER - PORTAGE MOUNTAIN DEVELOPMENT.

!

183
(b) British Columbia Electric and I.P.E.C.

(dj Theoretical; design.

(e) Preliminary study of the design and the air

requirements of the low level outlets which

will be installed in two diversion tunnels.

A more elaborate study will be carried out on

a scale model.

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, Division of Mechanical

Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. D. C. MacPhail, Director,

Division of Mechanical Engineering, National Research

Council, Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

(4047) BAIE COMEAU, PROVINCE OF OUEBEC.

(b) Department of Public Works, Canada.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) This harbor is located on the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence where it is subject

to fairly strong wave action. Extensions

to the harbor were required which would provide safe berthing areas for ships. As a result of tests on a 1/100 scale model, a layout incorporating a 100-foot extension to

an existing pier was adopted. A new design

of perforated vertical wall breakwater which

reduces wave reflection, was developed for

this project.

f) Project completed.

g) Design data have been issued to the sponsor. The perforated wall breakwater has shown

considerable promise as a means of reducing

wave reflection and scouring at the foundation.

(h) "A Perforated Vertical-Wall Breakwater," by

G. E. Jarlan, Dock and Harbor Authority, Vol.

XLI, No. 486, April 1961.

(4048) NORTHUMBERLAND STRAIT CAUSEWAY.

(b) Department of Public Works, Canada.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) A rubble-mound causeway has been proposed to link Prince Edward Island with the mainland,

a distance of 9-1/2 miles. Because of the exposed location, and the prevalence of large

quantities of ice, it is essential that the structure have adequate stability to resist

damage. A 1/30 scale model of a typical

cross-section as designed by the consulting

engineers, and later modified, was tested in

a wave flume under simulated prototype con- ditions . f) Suspended.

g) A design has been obtained which will resist

the waves likely to occur at the side.

(h) A report has been issued to the sponsor.

(4050) STUDY OF ICE DRIFT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical study.

(e) A study of the drift of ice in the Gulf of

St. Lawrence has been conducted.

(f) Completed.

(g) The mechanics of wind-induced currents and meteorological records have been studied and

it has been concluded that a permanent cyclonic

circulation occurs in the Gulf. The study

indicated a possible theoretical route which

could be used by ships during the winter.

(h) "Note on the Wind-Induced Upper Layer Circulation and Subsequent Ice-Drift Phenomena in

the Gulf of St. Lawrence," by G. E. Jarlan, ASME-EIC Hydraulics Conference Paper No. 61- EIC-15, Trans. E.I.C., Vol. 5, No. 2, 1961.

(4051) LOCK-FILLING MANIFOLD ANALYSIS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research.

(e) An analysis of multiple port culvert systems

for navigation locks has been made In an attempt to study lock behavior without using

large models. An approximate solution to a

network of lumped Impedances, using experimentally determined coefficients, has given

results which are in good agreement with

experimental data. The study Is continuing,

using a 1/12 scale model of a small navigation lock as a source of experimental data. A detailed experimental study to determine

head loss parameters associated with flow in

a port manifold is nearing completion,

(h) A report will be prepared on completion of the project.

(4464) RUSTICO HARBOUR, PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.

(b) Department of Public Works, Canada.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) This harbour Is located In an area of strong

littoral drift and as a result the entrance

is subject to shoaling. In addition, the width of the entrance is variable. A high- way bridge across the entrance to the harbour has been proposed but before design work can

be started some means of stabilizing the width of the entrance must be obtained . To

study the problem a model to scale of 1:150 by 1:30 Is being constructed. Crushed bakelite will be used as a movable bed material.

(g) Tests not yet started.

(4465) SPILLWAY.

(b} Shawinigan Engineering Company, Limited.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Tests are being made on a model of a side channel spillway designed to pass flood water about a proposed power plant. Because of rock conditions, a conventional spillway

cannot be used. A 1/60 scale model has been constructed to study flow conditions in the spillway and downstream of the power house.

(h) A report will be Issued to the sponsor when

the project Is complete.

(4466) AIR BUBBLERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; field investigations.

(e) preliminary experiments have been made to determine the effectiveness of various pro- posed air bubbler systems for melting Ice. Temperature surveys in lakes and rivers, and temperature-salinity surveys in the sea and

in estuaries have been made to explain and/or predict the success or failure of such instal lations

(h) "Recent Experimental Observations on the Use

of Air Bubbling Systems," has been presented

to a Symposium on Air Bubbling Systems

organized by the Division of Building

Research, National Research Council.

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

(2492) RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. D. F. Wltherspoon, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The relationship of precipitation and snow- melt to runoff characteristics on four water- sheds of 20 acres each, under various land

use practices, is being evaluated.

(g) Winter surface runoff from watersheds with

good grass-legume cover is greater than from

watersheds plowed during the winter season.

(2740) MAIN TILE DRAIN SIZES FOR COMPOSITE DRAINAGE

OF BR00KST0N CLAY SOIL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. F. R. Hore, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Discharge measurements from lateral tile drains in Brookston clay soil are being mauc

to determine the proper drainage coefficient

184
(g)

(h)

(3660)

Si

(g)

(c)

to use in the design of main tile drains and

to determine the effect of lateral tile

drain spacing on the drainage rate. Two

additional lateral drains were installed in the fall of 1960. The collection of data is being continued. HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIC SOIL. Laboratory project.

Prof. R. W. Irwin, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Field investigation; applied research.

The study is being carried out to establish

criteria to be used in the development and operation of a water control program for organic soils. In the investigation, an attempt will be made to establish a hydrologic water balance for the field area by

measuring, recording, and analyzing so far

as possible the evaporation, seepage, transpiration, precipitation, water table ele- vation and ground water discharge through

tile drains. Data are presently being analyzed. THE RESISTIVITY METHOD FOR GROUND WATER

EXPLORATION. Laboratory project.

Prof. D. F. Wltherspoon, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Field investigation; applied research.

The objective is to investigate the application of the resistivity method to sub- surface exploration for ground water under

the geological conditions found in southern

Ontario.

A lateral Investigation to find a buried

pre-glacial river bed in the bedrock surface

is completed. A graduate thesis is being

prepared.

"Electrical Ground Water Prospecting, " by

D. F. WithersDoon, Agric . Eng. 42:134-135,

138, March 1961. RAINFALL DEPTH -AREA- INTENSITY RELATIONSHIPS

IN CENTRAL ONTARIO. Laboratory project.

Prof. D. F. Wltherspoon, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Field Investigation; applied research.

A dense network of standard and recording

rain gages has been established in the Guelph area with the cooperation of the Meteorological Branch, Department of Transport. The network is over an area of approximately 12 square miles with an average

gage density of 1 per square mile . The purpose of this study is to obtain detailed

information on summer precipitation characteristics for use in the hydrologic design for

small drainage basins.

Three years data have been collected. Summer thunder storms show a highly variable areal distribution. One storm over the network

varied from 4.53 inches to 0.02 Inches depth. HYDROLOGIC FACTORS AFFECTING BRIDGE DESIGN. Laboratory project in cooperation with Ontario

Department of Highways and University of Toronto

Prof. F. R. Hore, Ontario Agricultural College,

Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Experimental; master's thesis.

The purpose of this project is to develop

satisfactory design criteria for bridges and

culverts based on watershed runoff relationships for Ontario. Frequency analyses of existing stream flow data for the province

have been carried out. An attempt is being

made to correlate watershed characteristics

with peak discharge relationships.

Completed.

Regression equations for the prediction of peak discharges at various frequencies were developed in terms of watershed area, storage

factor, average watershed slope, and stream

density. Deviations of "Formulae Flows" from "Statistical Flows" were about ZS% at the 2.5^6 exclusion limits,

(h) "Development of Empirical Formulae for Flood

Flows on Southern Ontario Streams," by E. Karuks, M. A. Sc. thesis on file in Depart- ment of Civil Engineering library, University

of Toronto.

(3662) POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER BY CROPS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. K. M. King, Department of Soils, Ontario

Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Can.

(d) Field investigations; basic research.

(e) The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the factors influencing evapotranspiration

by the use of a specially designed floating

lysimeter. Study is being conducted on the effect of soil moisture on the heat budget

and evapotranspiration for crops. Data analysis is continuing.

"Fraction of Net Radiation Utilized in Evapotranspiration from a Corn Crop," by W.

G. Graham and K. M. King, Proc. Soil Sci

Soc. of America 25:158-160, 1961. "Short-Wave Reflection Coefficient for a Field of Maize," by W. G. Graham and K. M. King, 0. Jour. Royal Met. Soc. 86:425-428,

1961. "Evaporation from Land Surfaces," by K. M. King, Proc. 2nd Can. Hydrology Sym. The Committee on Geod. and Geophy., N. R. C,

March 1961, Toronto.

(4052) COVER MATERIALS FOR TILE DRAINS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. F. R. Hore, Ontario Agricultural College

Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; applied

re search.

(e) This study is being made to determine the effect of several cover materials on soil movement and water discharged into a tile

drain. Laboratory studies of some relatively new glass fiber materials have been completed and a field experiment based on those results was installed in the fall of 1960.

(g) One set of sediment samples was collected

from the field experiment in the spring, 1961 but no conclusions can be drawn as yet.

(4053) THE WATER YIELD OF SWAMP AREAS. w(c)

(d)

(e)

(4054)

(b)

(c)

Laboratory project.

Prof. D. F. Wltherspoon, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Field investigation; Master's thesis.

A watershed of approximately yuu acres con- taining a swamp area is being studied to determine the relationship between watershed

characteristics and water yield.

Analysis has been made of one year's data.

"The Hydrology of a Swamp Near Guelph,

Ontario," by R. Prasad, M.S. A. thesis on file in Massey Library, Ontario Agricultural

College

RUNOFF FROM FLAT LAND. Laboratory project in cooperation with Water Resources Division, Department of Northern

Affairs and National Resources.

Prof. F. R. Hore, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Field Investigation; applied research. Several 2 to 10 square mile flat watersheds

of fine-textured soils are to be studied to determine the relationship between precipitation, snowmelt, watershed characterlsitcs

and runoff. Hydrologic data on this type of watershed is being sought for the establish- ment of criteria for the design of hydraulic

structures. The installation of gaging

stations and the survey of watershed boundaries is continuing.

185
(4055) EVAPORATION FROM A SNOW SURFACE.

(g)

(4467]

Laboratory project

Prof. D. F. Witherspoon, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Field investigation; applied research. Snow evaporation will be measured from a floating lysimeter and basic equations for

the heat budget over a snow surface will

be developed for estimating snow evaporation

and snowmelt . These data will be used in a water balance for experimental watersheds in the Guelph area. Equipment has been designed and constructed.

Data will be collected during 1961-62. DRAIN FLOW STUDIES. Laboratory project.

Prof. F. R. Hore, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Experimental; basic research and development.

The object of this research is to study the fundamental nature of flow through multiple

openings in an underdrain with the view

towards development of satisfactory design

criteria for the openings. A review of literature has commenced.

QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY AT KINGSTON, Hydraulic

Laboratories

(3364) LITTORAL DRIFT AND ITS EFFECT ON THE HARBOURS ON THE NORTH SHORE OF LAKE ONTARIO.

81

(h)

(36G3)

(3666)

8!

(d)

(e)

(h)

(4056)

(b)

The National Research Council of Canada.

Dr. A. Brebner, Ellis Hall, Queen's Univ.,

Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Experimental and field; basic and applied.

Field and laboratory: 3-dimenslonal model

of Cobourg Harbour.

"A Field Investigation of Littoral Drift in the Port Hope - Cobourg Area of Lake Ontario,"

by P. Donnelly and A. Brebner, Queen's

Civil Engineering Report No. 16.

"A Model Investigation of Cobourg Harbour,"

by B. Le Mehaute and J. I. Collins, Queen's

Civil Engineering Report No. 17. "Wind and Waves at Cobourg, Lake Ontario,"

by A. Brebner and B. Le Mehaute, Queen's Civil

Engineering Report No. 19. (Available from

(cj.) THE CAUSE, GROWTH AND EFFECT OF SECONDARY CURRENTS IN STRAIGHT OPEN CHANNEL FLOW. Laborat ory pro J e c t

Professor R. J. Kennedy.

Theoretical investigation.

Di scontinued

"The Effect of Secondary Currents upon the Capacity of a Straight Open Channel," by

R. J. Kennedy and J. F. Fulton, Trans,

Eng. Institute of Canada, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1961. CRITICAL MASS-TRANSPORT VELOCITIES FOR PARTICLES OF VARIOUS SIZES. The National Research Council of Canada.

Dr. A. Brebner, Ellis Hall, Queen's Univ.,

Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Experimental laboratory Investigation for doctoral thesis by J. I. Collins.

Work extended in an attempt to uncover relationships for superposed currents on mass transport characteristics.

"The Effect on Mass-Transport of the Onset

of Turbulence at the Bed Under Periodic

Gravity Waves," by A. Brebner and J. I. Collins, Trans. Engineering Institute of Canada, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1961. SUBMERGED BREAKWATERS AS A SOLUTION TO HARBOUR DEPOSITION. The National Research Council of Canada.

[4057

(d

(4059

(c

(4468

8

Dr. B. Le Mehaute, Queen's Univ., Kingston,

Ontario, Canada. Inactive

"The Use of Wave Energy to Reduce Silt

Deposition in a Harbour," by B. Le Mehaute

and J. Cowley, Trans. Eng. Institute of Canada, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1961. THE TRANSPORT OF LOGS OR SUSPENDED SOLIDS THROUGH PIPELINES.

The National Research Council of Canada.

Dr. A. Brebner, Ellis Hall, Queen's Univ?,

Kingston, Ont., Canada. Laboratory investigation but to almost fullsize scale. Results with whole logs not encouraging.

Work being commenced on pulp-wood chips of varying concentrations. AGITATION IN A HARBOUR.

Dr. B. Le Mehaute, Queen's Univ., Kingston,

Ont., Canada. Discontinued.

"Theory of Wave Agitation in a Harbour," by

B. Le Mehaute, Proc. A. S. C. E. , Hydraulic

Division, March 1961. CRITERIA FOR THE INCIDENCE OF TURBULENCE. National Research Council.

Prof. R. J. Kennedy, Queen's Univ., Kinston,

Ont . , Canada. Basic research. An apparatus to produce plane Couette flow

is used. Both shear intensity and distance

between boundaries are independently variable.

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, Department of Mechanical

Engineering.

(1298) DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF WEIR-TYPE

SPILLWAYS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research for master's

these s

(e) A long-term research carried out with a view

to systematizing discharge characteristics

for spillways having various pier spacings and proportions.

(f) A computer project is being undertaken to review all numerical work and to utilize

appropriate statistical procedures in the function-fitting.

(g) Significant correlations obtained via special

plotting techniques.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3003) ROUGHNESS PHENOMENA IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research

for doctoral thesis.

(e) Critical analysis of the hydraulic radius

concept and the effect of cross-section

geometry on the resistance to flow in con- duits. Detailed evaluation of mean flow parameters such as friction coefficients,

static pressures, velocities, and wall shear

stresses. The channel under study was 70 feet long and had a variable rectangular

cross-section of 3 x 1, 3, 9 Inches, re- spectively, and used air as the fluid medium.

(f) First project completed.

(g) Friction coefficients plotted as function of bulk Reynolds number exhibit a trend similar

to but not identical with the circular pipe

resistance law. The local velocities

correlate well in the form of the inner law provided the local shear velocity is used. The appropriate velocity scale for the outer

186
law correlation Is the average shear velocity, but this correlation is not established for Reynolds numbers below 10^. Static pressures increase toward the center

of the ducts. Publication pending by A.S.C.E. DIFFUSION OF GASEOUS PLUMES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. W. D. Balnes, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research

for doctoral thesis.

(e) A Jet of air is injected at right angles to

a uniform flow. Mean velocities and turbulence parameters have been determined for a range of Jet to flow velocity ratios.

(g) Measured mean flow and turbulence parameters

are being compared to a similarity analysis.

Bulk characteristics of the Jet are being

derived. A general description has been

obtained and it is hoped that prediction

of very large scale Jets can be made.

(h) Report In preparation.

(4063) STACK HEIGHT DETERMINATION.

(b) Canada Iron Foundries, Limited, Toronto.

(c) Prof. G. Ross Lord, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research for design.

(e) Model study of low speed wind tunnel of stack discharge from existing foundry cupola

under various conditions of velocity, wind, and stack height, to provide design data to reduce present incidence of downwash in dense industrial area.

(f) Completed.

(h) Reported to sponsor.

(4064) EFFECT OF GROINS ON LITTORAL TRANSPORT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. G. Ross Lord, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental and analytical; applied research

for master's thesis.

(e) The motions of individual sediment particles

of various sizes and densities were studied

on a solid plane beach of 1:10 slope at 45 to the wave direction. Direction and magnitude of the particle velocities and the effect of groins upon particle motion were studied

(g) Wave induced currents have been analyzed

and compared with experimental results. After minimizing the effects of nearshore circulation, equations are derived for littoral

transport velocities of spherical particles

for the given beach and wave configuration.

Modification of existing refraction theories

is proposed.

Report in preparation.

FLOW AROUND OBJECTS IMMERSED IN A BOUNDARY

LAYER.

(b) Laboratory project with assistance of Division of Building Research, National

Research Council, Ottawa.

(c) Prof. V/. D. Baines, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research for master's

theses

(e) An artificially thickened boundary layer has been produced on the floor of a wind tunnel. Pressure distributions and flow patterns are being measured for cubes, plates, and shapes

typical of buildings.

(g) Good agreement has been found between a simple

theory and the measured pressure distributions

for slender objects similar to tall buildings.

Second order effects have been observed cn

wide walls and on a cube, which Indicate

that strong pressure gradients must exist

upstream of an object due to its presence

in the fluid stream,

(h) Report in preparation.

(4469) DIFFUSION OF MOMENTUM AND ENERGY IN NON- CIRCULAR DUCTS.

(t) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. W. D. Baines, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research

for doctoral thesis.

(e) Secondary currents and the rates of lateral diffusion and convection of mean flow and

turbulent energy have been determined in a square duct. It is planned to study in detail the relative roles of turbulence and secondary currents and to Investigate other flow characteristics and other duct shapes.

(g) Secondary flows in the square conduit have been found to consist of 8 symmetrical vorti- ces with flow directed into the corners. The maximum velocity is about Z% of the longitudinal mean velocity. These currents

play a dominant role in the lateral transport of mean flow energy.

(4470) CHARACTERISTICS OF TURBULENT WALL JETS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. W. D. Baines, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research for master's

thesis.

(e) An apparatus has been constructed to produce

a uniform two-dimensional wall jet. It is planned to study the mean flow and turbulence fields and the similarity of velocity

profiles, with applications to heat and mass

transfer.

(4471) WIND-INDUCED CURRENTS IN SHALLOW WATER.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. W. D. Baines, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research for master's

thesis

(e) Water currents In a long flume have been measured for the steady uniform flow of air above it. Three cases have been studied: constant depth, shoaling depth, and reduced

width.

(g) Velocity profiles appear similar for all cases. The turbulence level over most of the field Is of the same order of magnitude as the mean flow velocities.

(h) Report in preparation.

(4472) SURGES IN AIR VENTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research for master's thesis

(e) Investigation of mixed regime conditions due

to sudden discharge changes in a horizontal

conduit equipped with air vent and surge tank.

(4473) OUTLET STRUCTURE OF PROFOSED WILDWOOD DAM NEAR ST. MARYS, ONTARIO.

(b) M. M. Dillon and Co., London, Canada, for Upper Thames River Conservation Authority,

London, Canada.

(c) Prof. G. Ross Lord, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research for design.

(e) Model Investigation of optimum discharge

capacity and energy dissipation. Evaluation

of scouring tendencies at toe of dam.

187
SUBJECT INDEX

Accelerated motion

cylinders (2265) 8 spheres (3432) 34 Air entrainment

mechanics of (3405) 21 pipes (1303) 6 Air-water flow (1834) 13 Apparatus

observation well (3262) 153 portable irrigation sprinkler (4368) 108 rainfall similator (2596) 55 rotating arm (1781) 166 sediment sampler (194) 65 shallow streamgaglng (3926) 154 small surface wave amplitudes (4230) 73 spray formation (2730) 169 surface follower (3603)..... 153 turbulence incidence (4468).... 186 water tunnel (79) 32 water tunnel (1521) 166 wave formation (2730) 169 wave gages (977) 126 Baffle piers

basic research (993) 132 cavitation (993) 132 Beach fills (2195) 127 Beaches

artificial (976) 126 artificial (3995) 164 by-passing sand, inlets (975) 126 equilibrium profile (181) 125 erosion (4126) 24 littoral movement (3897) 128 particle movement (3897) 128 profiles (3724) 24 profiles (4424) 166 wave action (181) 125 wave action (529) 6 wave action (660) 126 wave action (1609) 40 wave run-up (4155) 39 Bibliography

hydraulics of open channels (4177) 53 river hydrology (4179) 53 Boundary layer (3788) 50 Boundary layer

along interfaces (3674) 9 shear (3674) 9 skin friction (3020) 8 stability (3674) 9 turbulence (3674) 9 turbulent (1779) 166

two phase (3791) 52 Boundary layer development

effect vibrations (3822) 63 Boundary layer measurements (3814) 60 Boundary shear stress (2770) 14 Breakwaters

floating (3022) 9 hydraulic (2753) 8 movable (2801) 40 rubble-mound (999) 132 rubble-mound (2681) 135 submerged (4056) 186 vertical wall (4153) 38 Bubbles

vapor (1548) 2 Bubble studies (4202) , 64 Canals

gravity flow bypass (3990) 164 Canals

irrigation, Bentonite sealing (3704) 17 linings (151) 104 linings

seepage (1859) 25 linings (151) 104 linings (1859) 25 linings (4422)

.

165 Canals

sediment control (4421) 165 Canals, concrete-lined

discharge capacity (3985) 164 Cavitation (3153) 62 Cavitation

baffle piers (993) 132 basic research (993) 132

Cavitation

basic research (4072) 2 basic research

Calif. Inst, of Tech. (1548) 2 David Taylor Model Basin (711) 166 Iowa State University (79) 32 Waterways Experiment Station (993) 132 cascades (3378) 2 concrete surface Irregularities (3278) 163 damage (4072) 2 formation and collapse (4082) 11 gate slots (993) 132 gate valves (2955) 163 noise (1778) 166 noise spectrum (4207) 64 offset joints (993) 132 offsets (3278) 163 pipe bends ( 993) 132 sluice gates (79) 32 stilling basin steps (993) 132 turbines

models (1133) 49 water tunnel (79) 32 Waterways Experiment Station (993) 132 Cavity resonance (2470) 168 Channel improvement

Bonneville Dam (3230) 129 flood control Hoosic River, Mass. (1211) 132 Middle Miss. River (236) 131 navigation

Delaware River, Pa. (425) 132 Fraser River (1044) 179

St. Lawrence River (2429) 134 Ogden Island Reach, St. Lawrence River (3325) 181

St. Lawrence River (3324) 181 shoaling processes (3907) 142 Turtle Creek (4383) 144 Willow Springs (4387) 145 Channel stabilization (4284) 90 Channel stabilization

Washita River Basin (4341) 102 Channels

advance of liquid front (3192) 81 aggradation (3967) 159 alluvial (2505) 8 cohesive materials (4317) 97 conservation linings (1723) 86 conservation linings (3804) 54 degradation (3967) 159 effect flood flows (4283) 90 fluctuations (3792) 52 guide vanes in 90° bends (3852) 82 outlet enlargement (4144) 34 seepage flow (4410) 162 stability (4316) 98 stabilization (4318) 98 subcrltlcal flows (3400) 15 subcritical flows (4296) 92 surges (3925) 154 thalweg profiles (4263) 86 thalweg profile studies (4251) 84 vegetation lined (4337) 101 water- sediment movement (2702) 151 Channels, alluvial

aggradation (3870) 96 aggradation (3968) 159 bed roughness (2514) 14 critical shear stress (4211) 65 degradation (3870) 96 degradation (3968) 159 dunes and antidunes (4161) 43 effect dams (3955) 157 effect diversion (3955) 157 effect irrigation drains (3955) 157 flood waves (4358) 107 hydraulics of (3034) 14 roughness (2702) 151 Channels, curved mean flow characteristics (4148) 35 subcritical flow (3614) 164 turbulence characteristics (4148) 35 Channels, steep

surface characteristics (3824) 63 Climatology

Upper Colo. River Basin (3399) 15 188
Coefficients

hydrophobic disks and plates (2436) 147 Conduits

circular, exit transitions (2543) 38 entrance, pressure distribution (3840) 74 exit pressure distributions (2543) 38 friction loss (3849) 81 Conduits, pressure friction factors (3275) 163 Conduits pressure surges (3203) 13 Conduits, resistance, pressures (3778) 48 Conduits, two-phase flow (4235) tb Contamination dispersion, rivers, harbors

and estuaries (3598) 141 Convection, forced

film boiling (3758) 44 Corrosion, plumbing (49) 12 Culvert entrances, Wheeler Lock (4442) 177 Culvert inlets (3772) 47 Culvert inlets, circular (3774) 47 Culverts design criteria (3661) 185 discharge characteristics (2435) 147 drop inlet (111) 61 inlets (3841) 74 turbulence scaling (4008) 176 Culverts, corrugated-metal

hydraulic capacity (4447) 179 Currents

longshore, formation (4158) 42 wind-induced (4471) 187 Cylinders

accelerated motion (2265) 8 oscillating (3687) 11 Dams, gallery drainage (771) 177 Density currents

salt water intrusion, Delaware River (425).. 132 sedimentation (307) 40 shallow water bay systems (4233) 75 tidal estuaries (1986) 133 Diffusion

atmospheric (3398) 15 atmospheric (3708) 17 jet (3081) 37 particles in fluid (1331) 24 salt water (3261) 152 waste water (2548) 40 Diffusion studies (4094) 13 Disks, rotating

resistance of (3749) 42 Disslpators

design (35961 141 design (40741 3 design (4245) 81 Distillation, sea water (1554)

Distribution systems, arterial (4143) 32 Drag

skin friction (3143) 55 supercavitatlng bodies (4149) 35 Drag coefficient, cylinders (2265) 8 Drag reduction (4000) 171 Drag reduction (4199) 63 Drag resistance, piers (23961 75 Drag resistance, piers (4147) 35 Drain flow openings

design criteria (4467) 186 Drain tile depth and spacing (2330) 35 discharge measurements (2740) 184 flow characteristics (3490) 56 gravel filters (4114) 20 junction losses (1929) 61 sediment deposition (3490) 56 sediment movement (3430) 56 Drain tiles, cover material (4052) 185 Drainage

by pumping (2350) 47 design principals and practices (2521) 22 galleries, dams (771) 177 Illinois soils (2317) 30 irrigated lands (1819) 4 irrigated lands (3401) 16 subsurface (2126) 45 subsurface (4183) 56 subsurface (4273) 87 surface (2126) 45 surface (347 5) 51 surface (3745) 38

Drainage

surface (3745) 3e surface (3867) 90 surface (4067) 1 surface (4273) 87 Drainage, surface bottom land soils (4067) 1 Mississippi Delta (4332) 100 Drainage basin studies (3421) 28 Drainage improvement, surface (2333).... 35 Drainage systems

design (2504) 6 design (4271) 87 design criteria (4332) 103 operation criteria (4332) 103 Drains, filter

operational characteristics (3060) 31 Drains, subsurface

durability (2127) 45 stability (2127) 45 Ducts, noncircular

diffusion momentum and energy (4469) 187 Eddies, effect of boundary geometry (1875) 32 Embankments (291) 24 Embankments, rock (3741) 34 Energy losses, bends (3441) 39 Erosion

arid regions (4404) 162 semlarid regions (4404) 162

sea level fluctuations (4129) 24 Erosion research (4293) 91 Erosion research

arid regions (3969) 159 canals, earth lined (2457) 163 canals, unlined (2457) 163 conservation farming (2187) 114 control of (4276) 88 curved open channels (3089) 41 dikes (3744) 37 eastern South Dakota (4282) 89 effect logging (2912) 115 effects tillage (2597) 56 effect vegetation (261) 115 Florida inlets (3413) 23 Florida shores (4130) 24 forest Influences (380) 124 forest influences (657) 121 hillslopes (3952) 156 hillslopes (4323) 98 Iowa (4279) 89 Lake Michigan (1863) 30 midwest claypens (4281) 89 Minnesota (4282) 89 mountain watersheds (261) 115 Mullet Key (4126) 24 Northeast soils (4294) 91 piping phenomenon (4405).... 162 profile characteristics (4277) 89 protection steep channels (4198) 61 rainfall (4182) 56 rainfall (4275) 88 range management (27) 5 sediment yield (4303) 93 semiarid regions (3969) 159 southern Fiedmont (4333) 100 runoff (4275) 88 runoff (4276) 68 semidesert vegetation (657) 121 sheet runoff (4182) 56 soil (3424) 30

soil properties (4277) 89 water control (4295) 91 Wisconsin (4280) 89 Evaporation

evapo-transplration (3662) 185 Illinois (555) 27 measurement (1015) 148 measurement (3881) 101 mechanics of (3964) 158 porous media (4115) 20 reduction (2828) 54 reduction (3508) 67 reservoirs (765; 177 reservoirs (2180) 104 suppression, reservoirs (2703) 151 urban areas (564) 30 watersheds, Tennessee Basin (765) 177 Evapotranspiration

measurement (3963) 158

189
Evapotransplration

measurement (4138) 29 mechanics of (4239) 80 pacific coast (4367) 108 theory (3963) 158 Filtering, sand (3844) 78 Filters (2535) 28 Filters (2837) 56 Fish ladders, dams, John Day (3578) 130 Fishway model study

John Day Dam, ladder diffusers (3576) 129 Mayfield Dam (4248) 82 Wanapum facilities (3497) 62 Flashboards, dynamic forces (3068) 33 Flood control

electric flood model (3385) 9 rivers, Mississippi Basin (236) 131 structure design (3930) 155 Flood flows (4107) 19 Flood forecasting, rating curves (3602) 149 Flood frequency (3606) 154 Flood frequency

New England (3936) 155 semiarid areas (3937) 155 urban areas (3928) 154 Flood plane zoning, suburban areas (3935) 155 Flood routing (3476) 52 Flood wave studies (4101) 18 Flow

accelerated f 3740 J 34 accelerated (3782) 62 dynamics of (4184) 56 fibre suspensions (2546) 40 fluctuating (3622) 170 free surface (3720) 23 free surface, disturbed (3414) 25 incompressible (4092)...... 13 non-Newtonian (3390) 13 pulsating (3689) 13 river under arch bridges (2839) 58 single and two-phase in tube (2374).... 59 solid-liquid mixtures (3692) 13 solid-liquid mixtures (4096) 13 two-phase (4165) 45 turbulent boundary-layer (4142) 32 supercritical, flumes (4117) 21 Flow characteristics, foam (3690) 13 Flow, divided, mechanics of (3743) 37 Flow junctions (3742)... 37 Flow measurement (2925) 136 Flow separation

geometric characteristics (4151) 38 Flow studies, 3-dimensional forms (2969) 169 Flow studies, Washita River (4345) 102 Flow unsteady, inertial forces (3250). 147 Flow unsteady, measurement (3700) 16 Fluidization, sand beds (3669) 3 Fluid flow, hydraulics of (4081) 10 Fluid flow, mechanics of (4123) 23 Fluid mechanics, educational films (3739) 34 Flumes

Parshall (2902) 92 trapezoidal (2902) 92 Flumes, metering, calibration (3848). 81 Forces

free surface (4428) 171 lateral (4429) 171 submerged bodies (3799) 53 wind-tunnel measurement (2832) 54 Gates

cavitation (993) 132

Jet flow (3998) 164 lock (1474) 133 outlet (3997) 164 pressure distribution (4146) 35 turbine intake (4437) 176 Gates, miter, Panama Canal (4381) 131 Geohydraulic theory (3147) 59 Groundwater

accretion (4326) 98 accretion and movement (4290) 91 aquifers (4268) 87 aquifers, evaluation (3733) 29 aquifers, mechanics of (2688) 150 aquifer productivity (3731) 29 aquifers, salt water encroachment (2689).... 150 aquifer-streamf low relation (4346) 102 Arkansas ( 2255) 1 artificial recharge (559) 27

Ground water

artificial recharge (2255) 1 artificial recharge (3676) 9 Chicago area (1335) 27 drawdown condition (3492) 59 East St. Louis area (561) 27 effect forests (656) 113 electric flow net (1221) 150 electrical analogue (2692) 151 exploration (3658) 185 flow in sediments (3524) 76 flow problems (2948) 152

fluctuations (821) 14 hydrologic cycle (1092) 27 mound behavior (4369) 108 movement (4326) 98 non-homogeneous anistropic flow (3186) 77 occurrence problems (3264) 153 Peoria Area, 111. (560) 27 Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) 32 Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) 32 Red River Valley, No. Dak. (3217) 92 reservoir characteristics (4106) 19 Santa Barbara County (4366) 108 Tennessee Valley (780) 177 unglaciated Allegheny Plateau (4268) 87 water table control (2835) 56 wells, evaluation (3733) 29 Ground-water storage (3263) 153 Harbor improvement

Bale Comeau, Oue. (4047) 184 Rustico Harbour (4464) 184 Savannah, Ga. (2428) 134 Harbor models, scale effects (1002) 132 Harbor study, Kelly's Island, Lake Erie (3905). 142 Head loss, spherical wyes (4451) 180 Heat transfer

fluidized beds (3474) 50 packed beds (3474) 50 Highway drainage

culverts (111) 61 culverts (1591) 30 embankments (291).... 24 energy dissipators (3987) 164 Hydraulic control systems, valves (2335) 35 Hydraulic cyclone (3545) 84 Hydraulic jump (2161). 75 Hydraulic jump (3994) 164 Hydraulic jump, stability (4089) 12 Hydraulic prototype tests (4382) 144 Hydrodynamic forces, cylinders (3853) 82 Hydrodynamic forces, underwater bodies (2746).. 2 Hydrodynamics, flow studies (3377) 2 Hydrofoils

cavitating flow (3803) 53 design criteria (3284) 169 flutter (3514) 70 flutter (4228) 73 forced ventilation (3295) 172 forces on (3504) 63 forces on (4200) 64 Interference effect (4200) 64 longitudinal stability (3499) 62 propulsive force (4003) 172 rotating cylinder control (4430) 173 strut interference effects (3821) 63 study (2144) 62 supercavitating (4219) 68 surface-piercing (4227) 72 three-dimensional (4226) 72 unsteady forces and motions (4221) 71 ventilating flows (4073) 2 Hydrofoils, models, testing (3828) 66 Hydrofoils, submerged, flutter studies (3833).. 71 Hydrofoils, supercavitating

forces on (3174) 69 Hydrologic characteristics

organic soil (3363) 185 Hydrologic data

reduction (4363) 108 telemetering (3056) 26 Hydrologic studies (3929) 154 Hydrologic studies

arid regions (3951) 156 Colorado (3958) 157 Death Valley (3980) 161 effects urbanization (3970) 159 flood frequency (3953) 157 forest development (3953) 157 190
Hydrologic studies

frequency (2319) 31 Humboldt River Valley (3957) 157 New Mexico (3958) 157 Pacific Northwest (3959) 158 semiarid watersheds (4361) 107 Waller Creek Watershed (2162) 75 water yield (3965) 158 Wyoming (3958) 157 Hydrology

analytical (4297) 92 research (4322) 98 statistical procedures (3933) 155 Hydromechanics problems

numerical solution (3491) 59 Infiltration

4

6 60 153

22

67

soil 25). soil 1058

soil 2879

soil 3265

soil 4119

[4407]

Infiltration studies (3507) Inlet s canal (3267)

culverts (111)

depressed curb (3701)

hydrodynamics of flow (3166) Instruments nuclear radiation equipment (4373

piezometers, measurement of waves

pltot-tube calibration (3784)

precipitation gage, weighing-type (3921 pressure cells (1004) 132 pressure fluctuation (2541) 33 radar raingage (2943) 149 radio gages, rainfall (3629) 176 radio gages, stream (3629) 176 river gage, float-type (3920) 150

soil moisture (3260) 152 sonic wave probe (3829) 71 turbulence indicators (2629) 75 velocity meter (1004) 132

163

61

17

67

110 162

49 150

water level recorder (3527) water level recorder

77 (4457) 183 126

126

132

wave gage ( 660 ) .

wave gage (977) . wave gage (1004) Intakes Douglas Point (4023) 182 Little Long Generating Station (4453) 182 Ontario Power Generating Station (4454) 182 Twin Buttes (3609) 163 Wilson Powerhouse (3299) 175 Interfacial effects

density stratification (4145) 35 Irrigation

application rates (3104) 46 canals

bentonite sealing (35581 105 bentonite sealing (4372) 110 linings (3121), control systems, mechanized (3553)

design sprinkler systems (4315)...

drainage studies

drainage studies

drainage studies effect techniques ' (4237)

efficiencies (2786)

efficiencies (3550)

efficiency studies (3109) farm structures (3556) 105 flow characteristics (4270) 87 furrow (4157) 39 hydraulics of (4066) 1

51959686

4 105

7926

9548

intake rates (4175)

precision (3102),

5246 radial gates (3612) 163 sprinklers (3470) 47 sprinkling systems (21) 4 structures, low cost (3842) 78 surface (3185) 7 7 surface (3867) 90 surface, hydraulics of (3552) 95 surface systems, design of (3681) 12 water control (3418) 26 water measurements (2650) 105 water supply (23) water supply (27) Irrigation systems, design (4120)

4

5 22

Irrigation systems

operation (4120) 22 surface (3866) 5 Jets (3789) 52 Jets (3854) 83 Jets

axi symmetrical flow (3395) 15 mixing (3429) 34 mixing (3477) 52 submerged (4071) 1 turbulence characteristics (3790) 52 turbulent (4152) 38 Jets, wall, turbulent (4470) 187 Jetties

effect littoral drift (2190) 126 effect wave action (529) 6 effectiveness (3271) 163 Siuslaw River, Oregon (4393) 146 Laminar flow, liquids (4095) 13 Locks

approaches (1738) (1739) 133 emergency gates

McAlpine Locks (4397) 146 filling, emptying systems

Arkansas River Dam No. 6 (4388) 145 Arkansas River Dam No. 3 (4391) 146 Barkley Dam (2673) 134 Belleville, Ohio (4385) 145 Cannelton, Ohio River (4390) 146 Dardanelle Dam (2675) 134 John Day (3575) 129 Lower Monumental, Snake River (4379)... 131 Maxwell Dam (3236) 136 McAlpine, Ohio River (2678) 135 McAlpine Locks Ohio River (3914) 145 Monogahela River (3243) 137 New Poe, St. Marys River (3585) 139 Wilson (2973) 175 John Day (2662) 129 miter gates (1474) 133 navigation conditions (3909) 143 outlets, Wheeler (4438) 177 Pike Island (3235) 136 Magnetohydrostatics (4091) 13 Manifolds, lock-filling (4051) 184 Meteorology (2533) 28 Meteorological observations (27GO) 14 Meters

air foils (4007) 176 calibration (124) 49 calibration (1963) 84 calibration (3857) , (3858) 84 calibration (4255) , (4256) 84 calibration (4261) , (4262) 85 critical flow (3713) 21 currentdirection recording (4456) 183 redesign Price (2444) 150 velocity recording (4456) 183 elbow (1602) 38 elbow (3624) 173 elbow, dynamic similarity (3872) 106 flow (1363) 84 flow electromagnetic (3255) 152 totalizing (4250) 83 ultrasonic (2949) 152 high pressure-temperature (3623) 172 seepage (4370) 109 water, Irrigation (3529) 78 Model distortion (994) 132 Model laws, scale effects, harbors (1002) 132 Model studies

Adam Creek control structure (4024) 182 Arkansas River, navigation dam (3592) 140 Arkansas River Channel (3582) 138 Arkansas River navigation entrance (3908)... 142 bed scour (3820) £3 Calima Hydroelectric development (4258) 85 Campbell Estate Harbor (4259) 85 Carillon Power Project (3346) 183 Chattahoochee River (3244) 137 Conneaut Harbor, Ohio (3242) 137 breakwater, Morro Bay, Calif. (3904) 142 Columbia River (4396) 146 dams Allegheny River, Pa. (3919) 144 Opossum Creek. Ohio River (3909) 143 Oroville (4412) 164

191
Model studies

dams riprap requirements, Ice Harbor ( 35S4) . . 140 Snake River (357 7) 130 Warrior River, Ala. (4386) 145 diversion channel, Manicouagan 2 (4445) 179 diversion tunnel, Manicouagan 2 (4446) 179 Duluth - Superior Harbor (3241) 137 emptying-filling systems

Melton Hill Lock (4005) 176 Eufaula Dam (3238) 136 Galveston Bay (3912) 143 generating station, Otter Rapids (3644) 182 Grui Hydroelectric Project (4201) 64 Gulf Outlet Channel, La. (3913) 143 harbors, New Westminster (4448) 180 head gates (3643) 182 head losses in bends (3441) 48 Hudson River, N.Y. (2932) 136 hurricane structures

Lake Pontchartraln, La. (3581) 138 inlet structures Uttarbhag Pumping Station (3540) 83 John Day Dam (3901) 130 Kingston, gas duct (3628) 175 Lake Michigan circulation currents (4394)... 146 Leesville Hydroelectric Development (4257).. 84 Matagorda Bay (3911) 143 meander-flood plain (4191) 59 New Cumberland Dam (3239) 137 Niagara River control structure (4026) 182 Peace River (4456) (4463) 183 pier slip shoaling, New York Harbor (3579).. 138 Red Rock Generating Station (3335) 181 Round Butte (4246) 81

St . Lawrence River dewatering and closure area (3326) 181 Sarasota Bay (3722) 23 sediment ejector (4104) 19 siphons (4452) 181 silt ejector (4097) 18 sluicegates, downpull forces (3900) 130 Smith Mountain Hydroelectric

development (3860) 84 spillways

John Day Dam (3 901) 130 Manicouagan 2 (444-4) 179 Oahe Reservoir, Mo. River, So. D. (3916) 143 stream diversion, Smith mountain (3861) 84 tailrace improvement, St. Lawrence R.(3333). 181 tunnels, Lookout Point (404) 128 Umpqua River Estuary (4243) 81 watershed, arid (3845)..... 78 wave action, Lorain Harbor, Ohio (4389) 145 Model tests

spillways, general tests (3917).. 144 Model verification

pressure measurement

penstocks, South Holston Dam (762) 175 prototype confirmation (1467) 133 Rocky Reach Site, Columbia River (2631) 80 Southwest Pass, Miss. River (2931) 136 Wilson Lock (2479) 174 Moisture flow, dynamics of (4185) 57 Moisture regimes (4327) 99 Noise, hydrodynamic (1778) 166 Nozzles, annular (3677) 10 Nozzles, mixing (40) 6 Open channels

boundary shear distribution (3923) 154 effect roughness (3256) 152 flow (4076) 3 flow characteristics (3839) 74 flow, junctions (4215) 66 flow problems (4076) 3 flow, shallow (4066) 1 free surface effect (3737) 31 free surface gravity flow (4238) 79 junctions (3805) 54 meanders (3974) 160 profiles (4122) 23 roughness (3003) 186 roughness (3183) 76 roughness (3668) 3 secondary flow (3663) 186 secondary motion (3725) 25 turbulence distribution (3446) 42 turbulent diffusion (4409) 162 uniform flow (2529) 24

Open channels

uniform flow (2699) 151 unsteady flow (4338) 101 velocity distribution (2083) 31 velocity distribution (3446) 42 Orifice studies

high head (3996) 164 Orifices

basic research (149) 83 constant head turnout (3274) 163 control valve (3448) 43 design criteria (2470) 168 discharge measurements (2285) 22 sharp edge (3719) 22 vortex flow (1181) 83 Outlet works

dams Fontenelle (4417) 7 165 Merritt (3986) 164 Sanford (4418) 165 Yellowtail (3988) 164 Wildwood (4473) 187 Duncan Lake Project (4459) 183 canal (3267) 163 pipe, cantilevered (1168) 61 Wheeler Lock (4010) 176 Farticle entrainment (3670) 3 Percolation studies, California (2181) 105 Pipe fittings

bends, elbows (1602) 38 cavitation (993) 132 metered tees (4249) 83 pressure drop (4167) 45 streamlined tees (4249) 83 Pipe flow (275y) 13 Pipe flow, turbulence intensity (4iy3) 60 Pipe flow, velocity measurement (4193) 60 Pipes

cavitation (993) 132 corrosion, prevention (4135) 29 flow measurement (3525 ) 77 flow straighteners (3786) 50 friction losses (3747) 39 heat transfer (40) 6 networks (1689) 80 surges (1303) 6 Pipes, corrugated

roughness study (3597) 141 Pipes, flow of mixtures

liquid-solid (2275) 13 solid-gas (40) 6 Pipes, friction

fluid-solid mixture (3773) 47 friction, high pressure (956) 83 roughness (2619) 74 steady and unsteady states (2614) 67 Pipes, inclined

liquid-solid-mixtures (3205) 13 Pipes, pressure losses Widows Creek Steam Plant (3302) 175 Pipes, rough

maximum/mean velocity correlations (4232)... 74 Plumbing

backflow prevention (49) 12 backflow prevention (4043) 180 corrosion (49) 12 cross-connections (49) 12 fixtures (49) 12 Porous media (3030) 54 Porous Media (4203) 64 Porous Media

dispersion of fluid (2586) 52 dispersion, mechanics of (3748) 42 flow (2863) 67 flow (3212) 104 flow (3386) 9 flow (4080) 10 fluid collector systems (3146) 58 fluid displacements (4086) 5 microscopic flow (2690) 151 turbulent flow (4068) 1 unsteady gravity flow (4168) 46 Precipitation, maximum

California basins (2944) 149 Pressure distribution

basic research (79) 32 basic research (81) 32 hydraulic structure (4204) 64 Pressure fluctuation, flat plates (3836) 73 192
Propellers

blade design (4432) 173 blade frequency pressure (3512) 70 blade loading (4222) 72 blade thickness (4223) 72 counter rotating (4433) 173 flow distortion (3487) 55 performance, unsteady flow (3620) 170 sound level generation (3830) 71 sound pressure (35111 70 spindle torque (4427) 171 supercavltating (3286) 169 theory, lifting (2237) 168 thrust deduction (3509) 69 thrust deduction study (3171) 69 transient forces (2616) 68 ventilated (3617) 170 ventilated supercavltating (4435) 174 Propellers, ducted, research (4434) 173 Propellers, vertical axis

performance characteristics (3619) 170 Prototype check tests Garrison Dam (3906) 142 Oahe Dam (3906) 142 penstocks (762) 175 pump systems, dredge (4156) 39 Fumps

centrifugal (3746) 39 condenser water (3303) 175 dredge (3084) 38 dredge, design (4154) 39 impeller design (3442) 39

Jet, for sediment (3673) 9 tests (1132) 49 tests (3111) 49 turbine model tests (3300) 175 water-column separation (4425) 166

Pumps, dredging, hopper draghead (3586) 139 Rainfall

angle of attack (4240) 80 collection and storage (3873) 106 depth-area-intensity (3660) 185 drop size (4240) 80 effect canopy cover (3472) 48 effect forest cover (2911) 114 hydrologic cycle (1092) 27 intensity (3058) 28 intensity (3424) 30 intensity (4240) 80 intensity (4375) Ill intensity-kinetic energy relationship (4278) 89 maximum (779) 177 maximum (1751) 148 maximum (2788) 28 rainfall-runoff (68) 32 rainfall-runoff (564) 30 rainfall-runoff (768) 177 rainfall-runoff (856) 36 rainfall-runoff (2162) 75 rainfall-runoff (2561) 45 rainfall-runoff (3808) 56 rainfall -runoff (4054) 185 rainfall-runoff (4108) 19 rainfall-runoff (4348) 102 rainfall-runoff (4352) 103 rainfall-runoff, lower Rio Grande

Valley (4347) 102 rainfall-runoff relations (2397) 75 records (1636) 51 records (2534) 28 salt concentrations (4355) 103 Tennessee River Basin (768) 177 Tennessee River Basin (779) 177 Rainfall measurements, radar (3601) 149 Rainfall, research

intensity (3251) 149 intensity (3419) 28 Southern California (261) 115 United States (2437) 149 Rainfall, terminal velocity (4240) 80 Range management practices (27) 5 Reservoirs

evaporation (765) 177 evaporation (2180) 104 evaporation (4234) 76 evaporation, retardation (2532) 28 hydrologic effects (3977) 161 internal density currents (4440) 177 retarding-type (4305) 94

Reservoirs

retarding type (4306) 94 sediment distribution (4306) 94 sedimentation (4307) 94 sedimentation, measurements (2334) 35 silting, Illinois (552) 26 silting, temperature gaging (769) 177 silting, Tennessee River (785) 177 skimmer wall structures (4439) 177 Resistance coefficient

friction factor (3843) 78 River flow (2698) 151 River regime characteristics (3031) 54 Roughness

artificial channels (2950) 152 artificial surfaces (2328) 33 effect of water temperature (1988) 134 Runoff

amounts (4330) 99 annual, Upper Colo. River Basin (3710) . . 18 Brandywind Creek Basin (3940) 156 complex watersheds (4360) 107 conservation farmed watersheds (4300) 93 control (4323) 98 conventionally farmed watersheds (4300) 93 denudation effects (23) 4 denudation effects (27) 5 Eastern South Dakota (4282) 89 effect of forest (377) . 121 effect of forest (656) 113 effect snow melt (4286) . 90 effects tillage (2597) . . 56 floods (2795) 33 hydrologic cycle (1092) 27 infiltration determinations (2795) 33 loss measurement (4357) 103 measuring devices (4336) 101 midwest claypans (4281) 89 Minnesota (4282) 89 mixed-use watersheds (4299) 93 precipitation characteristics (4342) 102 prediction (4325) 98 rainfall-runoff (564) 30 rainfall-runoff (856) 36 rainfall-runoff (1744) (1745) 148 rainfall-runoff (2162) 75 rainfall-runoff (2331) (2334) 35 rainfall-runoff (2795) 33 rainfall-runoff (4325) 98 rainfall-runoff

New Mexico and Washington (3973) 160 rainfall-runoff relations (2397) 75 rangeland (4301) 93 rates (4298) 93 rates (4330) 99 semiarid watersheds (4359) 107 small areas (1946) 67 small areas (2316) 30 small watersheds (2492) 184 small watersheds (2841) 58 streams (3522) 76 urban areas (564) 30 urban areas (856) 36 Washita River (4344) 102 Washita River Basin (4343) 102 water management, Iowa (4279) 89 watersheds (4344) 102 watersheds

Idaho (1862) 26 Pennsylvania (656) 113 Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) 32 Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) 32 Tennessee River Valley (780) 177 Wisconsin (4280) 89 Runoff measurement Blacklands of Texas (4350) 104 watersheds (4350) 104 Runoff studies

coastal plains soils (4334) 100 southern Piedmont (4333) 100 Salt infiltration, soil profiles (4354) 103 Salt water intrusion, Delaware River (425) 132 Sand traps, design (3384)

Sand-water mixtures, shear (2062) 7 Scour

bridge piers (3164) •• 62 bridge piers (3705) I 7 bridge piers (4015) 179 bulkheads (3898) 128

193
Scourriprap protection (3496) 61 seawalls (3898) 128 Sediment

bed load, measurement (3257) 152 Brandywine Creek Basin (3940) 156

data, utilization of (4406) 162 deposits, characteristics (4308) 94 fluorescent tracing (4127) 24 radioactive tracer tests (3902) 141 routing (4320) 97 Sediment barrier, Sheep Creek, Utah (3976) 160 Sediment, cohesive, scour resistance (2874).... 76 Sediment control, canals (4421) 165 Sediment diffusion (3738) 34 Sediment load, variability of (3767) 46 Sediment measurement

rangeland watersheds (4310) 95 Sediment movement, nearshore (4077) 10 Sediment, particle-size, distribution (3431)... 34 Sediment particles, velocities (4064) 187 Sediment research, diversion dams, Kansas River Basin (3991) 164 Sediment studies

Arkansas River (3503) 63 New Mexico and Washington (3973) 160 Sediment, suspended

Washita River Basin, Okla. (4340) 101 Sediment transport (3675) 9 Sediment transport (3871) 96 Sediment transport

artificial channels (2950) 152 estuarial (3382) 9 natural channels (2950) 152 natural streams (3671) 3 sand-bed channels (4075) 3 Sediment transportation (2748) 3 Sediment transportation (4076) 3 Sediment transportation

beaches (529) 6 bed load Delaware River (425) 132 wave action effect (1823) 7 critical tractive force (1502) 163 density currents (307) 40 low rates (4075) 3 measurement (194) 65 measurement (2125) 45 resistance to flow (3105) 46 roughness elements (3105) 46 sand bed streams (3948) 156 suspended load behavior (4377) 114 suspended load measurement (194) 65 Sediment waves, properties of (4208) 64 Sedimentation (307) 40 Sedimentation (3604) 153 Sedimentation (3605) 154 Sedimentation (4190) 58 Sedimentation

arid regions (4404) 152 research (4322) 98 reservoirs (552) 26 reservoirs (785) 177 reservoirs (4321) 98 semlarid regions (4404) 162 velocity of particles (2583) 50 waves (2660) 127 Sedimentation basins (3541) 83 Sedimentation studies

Sabetha Lake watershed (4304) 94 Sediments, tagged by radioactive

minerals (2755) 8 Seepage

canal linings (1859) 25 earth dams (4141) 31 pumping wells (4141) 31 sheeted excavation (3493) 59 soil sediments (1859) 25 streams (3428) 34 subsurface drains (4205) 04 Servomechanisms (3207) 36 Servomechanlsms (3435) 36 Servomechanisms (3436) 3fc Servomechanisms, hydraulic (3494) 59 Sewer outfalls, ocean (3678) 10 Sewerage systems, design criteria (3438) 37 Ships

bending moment (2393) (2865) 68 bending moments (3516) 70

Ships

bending moments (3621) 170 control surfaces (2463) 168 design (2472) 168 forces (2091) 33 forces, on bodies (2229) 167 hull form design (4426) 171 hull form research (2729) 168 hulls (3685) 11 injection scoops (710) 166 lateral motions in waves (3176) 69 maneuvering (1514) 166 mathematical lines (1783) 166 model testing facility (3292) 170 towing test maneuvering basin (1781) 166 moorings (3519)

motion (2091)

motion

motion

motion

motion

motion

motions.

74

33

68

50 168

111115

68

2154) (2155 2356

2462 3686

'4083 restraint of (3035

pitching (239) pressure distribution (2232) 167 pressure field (3831) 71 prope? lers contra-rotating (2471) 168 counter-rotating (2866) 69 resistance (3026) 11 resistance (3517) 70 resistance

frictlonal (2231) 167 models (901) 49 seaworthiness (2230) 167 seaworthiness (2235) 167 slamming (1786) 167 slamming (3685) 11 slamming, hydrodynamics of (3826) 66 stability (3518) 70 stability (4220) 71 stabilization (3288) 170 thrust fluctuation (3831) 71 velocity distribution (2232) 167 vibration (2019) 167 wake characteristics (3999) 170 wave resistance (4084) 11 wave resistance (4085) 12 Shore processes (2192) 127 Shore protection, methods techniques (2193).... 127 Shore protection, structures (529) 6 Silting

harbors north shore of Lake Ontario (3364).. 186 reservoirs

Illinois (552) 26 Tennessee Valley (785) 177 Siphons, pumping plants (1475) 133 Sluice gates

cavitation (79) 32' Lockport (3425) 31 Sluiceways

dams, San Acacia (3270) 163 Slurries

coal-water (4436) 163 sedimentation (4189) 58 Snow surveys (3895) 123 Snow surveys Colorado (55) 14 east Sierra Nevada (4376) Ill runoff forecasting (55) 14 Soil moisture

conservation (3979) 161' effect denudation (23) 4 effect timber cutting (377) 121' forest influences (380) 124" forest influences (657) 121 measurement (261) 115 movement (1058) 6 prediction method (3226) 125 semidesert vegetation (657) 121 Southern California (261) 115 Soil moisture regimes

unglaclated Allegheny Plateau (4269

Spheres, accelerated motion (3432)....

Spillways

basic research (1584)

Big Bend Reservoir (3588) 139 bulkhead, Greenup Dam (3233) 136

dams, Blue Mesa (4416) 165

8734

24

194
Spillways

dams Carlyle, Kaskaskia River (3583) 138 Chief Joseph (3085) 38 Dez River (3052) 25 Flaming Gorge (2960) 163 Fontenelle (4420) 165 Glen Canyon (2719) 163 John Redmond (3587) 139 Lower Monumental (3899) 130 Mangla, Pakistan (3502) 63 Markland, Ohio River (1739) 133 Maxwell (3593) 140 McNary (190) 126 Peters (2151) 67 Pike Island, Ohio River (3589) 140 Red Rock, Des Moines River (3584) 139 Sanford (4418) 165 Sultan No. 1. (4244) 81 Wells (3534) 81 Whiskeytown (4419) 165 Yellowtail (3989) 164 Spillways

discharge characteristics (2694) 151 discharge coefficient data (4443) 179 discharge coefficients (2159) 73 drop design (1865) 27 energy dissipator (2339) 38 free overfall (4210) 64 gated, discharge characteristics (4131) 25 Green Feter Dam (4380) 131 Kremasta Dam (4116) 21 Lookout Point (403) 128 Proctor Reservoir (4384) 144 profiles (3766) 46 reservoirs, Eagle Creek (4192) 59 Round Butte (4242) 81 side channel (4465) 184 siphon (1777) 163 South Saskatchewan River Project (3819) 63 vertical, internal (4169) 48 Wanapum Power Project (3156) 62 weir type (1298) 186 Wilson Powerhouse (3299) 175 Sprinkling systems, Jets, distribution (21).... 4 Spur dikes, design criteria (3086) 39 Stilling basins

Big Bend Reservoir (3588) 139 dams John Redmond (3587) 139 Markland, Ohio River (1739) 133 Maxwell (3593) 140 Navajo (3272) 163 Pike Island, Ohio River (3589) 140 dimensions (2969) 163 effects water Jet (3775) 48 erosion below (1987) 134 Stilling wells, Wanshlp Dam (4414) 165 Stratified flow

mechanics of (307) 40 mixing (27 91) 33 Stratified fluids, flow (4252) 84 Stream gaging, Tennessee Valley (769) 177 Streamflow, effect reforestation (3941) 156 Streamflow forecasts (1744) 148 Streamflow forecasts (1745) 148 Streamflow forecasts, improvement (4241) 80 Streamflow, low flows duration (3420) 29 frequency (3420) 29 Streamflow predictions (4313) 95 Streamflow records

statistical analyses (3945) 156 Streamflow variations (3716) 21 Streams channel hydraulics (4285) 90 depth-discharge relations (3927) 154 discharge measurements (3942) 156 discharge patterns (3949) 156 discharge records (2695) 151 dispersal patterns (3254) 152 effect logging (959) 114 effect logging (3535) 81 flood routing (4285) 90 glacier-fed (3954) 157 sand channel (1755) 150

stage discharge, Iowa (67) 32 Structures conservation (1723 ) 86

Structures conservation (2789) 30 conservation (4335) 101 drainage (2789) 30 drop, sewer (4074) 3 fish screens (4415) 165 flood control (3918) 144 flow stabilization (3672) 9 groins (4449) 180

sewer, drop (3161) 62 water control (3918) 144 Structures, drop

Gering Valley, Nebr. (3915) 143 Submerged bodies, pressure distribution

theoretical analyses (81) 32 Surge tanks South Holston Dam (731) 174 Surges (4472) 187 Surges New England South Shore (2868) 74 pipes (1303) 6 Thrust, propulsive (3760) 44 Tidal estuaries, salinity intrusion (3751) 42 Tidal flow, channels

Delaware River, Pa. (425) 132 Tides

Narragansett Bay (2680) 135 storm and hurricane (3412) 23 storm prediction (2438) 149 Transition, supercritical velocities (2386).... 62 Transition curves (4171) 49 Tubes (3689) 13 Tunnel boundaries

effect on measured forces (4181) 55 Tunnels, water air content (2603) 62 Turbines

bucket types (4069) 1 cavitation (1133) (3783) 49 discharge measurements (4441) 177 flow gaging (3924) 154 impulse (4070) 1 model tests (123) 49 model tests (2582) 49 model tests (4070) 1 performance (123) 49 tests (3111) 49 tests (3787) 50 unsteady two-dimensional flow (2807) 43 vane moments (896) 49 velocity profile (3 78 5) 50 Turbulence

boundary layer (3798) 53 decay (2792) 33 diffusion (3709) 17 entrainment (3670) 3 generation

pulsating viscous flow (3780) 48 high level (4098) 18 levels, measurement of (3539) 85 measurement, apparatus (73) 32 measurement, pipes (4134) 26 mechanism (2536) 31 mechanism of (2840) 58 rough surfaces (3427) 31 studies (3709) 17 water measurements (3486) 55 Turbulent flow corners (3812) 60 inlets (4194) 60 liquids (4095) 13 Unsteady flow (4180) 55 Valves

butterfly (1603) 38 butterfly (4044) 181 check (3544) 85 Jet-pipe (3092) 43 plug type (4254) 84 stability of (4162) 44 Velocities

free-stream (4196) 60 mass-transport (3666) 186 Velocity distribution

effect roughness (3539) 83 decaying vortex (4206) 64 Velocity measurement (3074) 33 Velocity measurement

devices (4178) 53 electro-magnetic (73) 32 hot-wire (73) 32

195
Velocity measurement, methods (4178)........... 53 Velocity profiles, measurement (4260) 85 Virtual mass (2064) 13 Virtual mass (3782) ^ 48 Virtual mass, partly submerged bodies (4170)... 49 Vortex formation (3776) 48 Vortex shedding (2802) 40 Vortices, standing (3766) 45 Water conservation (3057).... 26 Water conservation facilities, designs (4356).. 103 Water conservation practices (4274) 88 Water consumption, residential (3437).... 36 Water, consumptive use, irrigated crops (2177). 104 Water, consumptive use, vegetation (3560). 106 Water control, southern Piedmont (4331)... 100 Water control facilities, design (1723)........ 86 Water exit, ellipsoidal bodies (2537).......... 31 Water exit, ellipsoidal bodies (4002) 172 Water flow tests, high pressure (4001). 172 Water hammer, high friction condition (3771)... 46 Water hammer, laboratory experiment (4132)..... 25 Water management, subsoil (3563) 110 Water measurement

irrigation (23) 4 northwestern range watersheds (4312)........ 95 rangeland watersheds (4310) 95 stream flow (67) 32 Water relations, surface-ground (3960) 158 Water resources, development (3680) 12 Water resource systems

design and operation (4133) ................. 25 Water use, arid regions (3982)......... 161 Water use, industrial (3734).. 29 Water utilization (769)... 177 Water, surface, characteristics (3059). 28 Watersheds

precipitation characteristics (4265) 86 Watershed management

Arizona (657) 121 Arkansas (3225) 125 Baltimore, Md. (3567)..... 113 Beaver Creek ( 2913 )............. 123 Continental Divide (377) .. 121 Laramie, Wyo. (3569) . 123 Michigan (3890) . ........................ 112 Newark, N.J. (3568) 113 Mew Mexico (l969) . 122 Northern California (2415) .................. 117 Northern Minn. (3887) 112 Pennsylvania (656) (2910). . 113 research (2658) 122 Southeastern United States (380) ............ 124 Southeastern Wisconsin (3889) 112 Southern California ( 261 ).................. . 115 Tallahatchee Research Center (2914)......... 125 Watershed management research

Fort Collins, Colo. (3896) 123 Watershed studies

Blacklands of Texas (4349) 103 Blacklands of Texas (4351) 103 central Florida (4329)............ 99 effects logging ( 969) 114 effects logging (2654).. 113 forest influences (377) 121 forest influences (380) . 124 forest influences (6561(1188) 113 hydrologic cycle (2162) . 75 Illinois (552) 26 Illinois 657) 121 Illinois (2316) 30 management ( 261 ).............. 115 management (4319) 97 mean annual water yields, Utah (4236) 79 medicine creek (4302) 93 North Fork Citico Creek (4011) 178 Oklahoma ( 2365 ) 54 Parker Branch (3307) 178 Pine Tree (3309) 178 prediction method (4287) 90 Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) 32 Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) 32 Red Prairie of Okla. (4339) 101 Reynolds Creek (4314) 95 runoff yields (4364) 108 sediment movement (4365).... 108 sediment yields (4364) 108 semiarid

Arizona (4362) 107 New Mexico (4362) 107

Watershed studies

Sleepers River (4288) (4289)

southern Florida (4329) swamp area (4053) Tennessee River Valley (768) (780) tracer techniques (4324)

turbulence structure (4110)

unglaciated Allegheny Plateau (4266)........

unglaciated Allegheny Plateau (4267)

Virginia (4291)

W. Va. Appalachian Valleys and Ridges (4292)

White Hollow (3308)

White Mountains, N.H. (2419).....

Wisconsin (4264) v Yazoo River, Miss. (3869)

Watersheds, nonlinear systems

hydrograph, outflow (3679) .................. Wave action

beaches

beaches

beaches

beaches

(181)

(529 . (660)

(1609)

breakwaters

harbors, Duluth-Superior (2685)......

rubble-mound (999) East Passage, Narragansett Bay (3590).....

Hilo Harbor, Hawaii (3903)

inlet (4124)

Northumberland Strait Causeway (4048) San Nicolas Harbor (4125) shore protection works (529) ..............

Wave forces

breakwaters (4079)

harbors (3444)

inlets (3444)

moored objects (3750) Wave forecasting, methods (2916)..... Wave forecasting, methods (3520) Wave phenomena, shock tube (4195).. Wave propagation

solid-liquid mixtures (3691) Wa r e research (2357) Wave setup, beaches (3228) Wave studies (3120) Waves

forces, submerged structures (2659)

internal (4400)

long period (4213)

measuring techniques (2261) pressure (3717)

refraction (3769)

reproduction of (3029)

roll (3770) run-up, shore structures (2661) short crested (4128)

standing (3445)

three-dimensional (3445)

ultrasonic (3528)

Waves, gravity, low frequency (4214).........

Waves, internal

generation ( 3825 )......

propagation (3825) ........................

tidal period (4431)

Waves, internal progressive oscillatory

damping (3600)

Waves, ocean, directional (4212).............

Waves, shallow water, energy losses (4229)...

Waves, surface characteristics, observed (660) gages (977)

generation (1478)....

Weirs (3613)

Weirs

basic research (149).

basic research (2578) (319)

basic research (l584)..

discharge characteristics (2694) low (3703)

plywood cutoff walls (4374)

sharp crested (2324)

Weirs, adjustable, discharge capacity (3611).

Weirs, sharp-crested (4088).

Weirs, sharp-crested, flow (4088)...... , Wells, construction (2576) , Wind pressures (4090) , Wind, velocity (4102) , Wind and water behavior (3051)

Wind waves, canals (2953)..

Wind tunnel facility (3707) ,

90

99 185

177

982086

87

91

91 178 113

86

96

10

125 126

40

13511 132

140

141

248 184

2 t

10

4-1 4142

127

7 4 60

13

51 128

51

127 14766

82246

1146

127

24 \ 4141

7766

65

65 173

147

65

73 126

126

147

164

83

47 I 24 151

17 110

33 163

551

4712

18

23 163

17

196

« U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1962 O - 656428
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Luther H. Hodges, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Astin, Director

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its major laboratories in Washington, D.C., and

Boulder, Colorado, is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work.

In general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by

its title. A brief description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of the front

over. WASHINGTON, D.C.

Electricity. Resistance and Reactance. Electrochemistry. Electrical Instruments. Magnetic Measurements.

Dielectrics. High Voltage.

Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Refractometry. Photographic Research. Length. Engineering

Metrology. Mass and Scale. Volumetry and Densimetry.

Heat. Temperature Physics. Heat Measurements. Cyrogenic Physics. Equation of State. Statistical Physics. Radiation Physics. X-ray. Radioactivity. Radiation Theory. High Energy Radiation. Radiological Equipment. Nucleonic Instrumentation. Neutron Physics.

Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry. Pure Substances. Spectrochemistry. Solution Chemistry. Standard Reference Materials. Applied Analytical Research. Crystal Chemistry.

Mechanics. Sound. Pressure and Vacuum. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics. Rheology. Combustion

Controls. Polymers. Macromolecules: Synthesis and Structure. Polymer Chemistry. Polymer Physics. Polymer Characterization. Polymer Evaluation and Testing. Applied Polymer Standards and Research. Dental Research.

Metallurgy. Engineering Metallurgy. Microscopy and Diffraction. Metal Reactions. Metal Physics. Electrolosis and Metal Deposition.

Inorganic Solids. Engineering Ceramics. Glass. Solid State Chemistry. Crystal Growth. Physical Properties.

Crystallography.

Building Research. Structural Engineering. Fire Research. Mechanical Systems. Organic Building Materials. Codes and Safety Standards. Heat Transfer. Inorganic Building Materials. Metallic Building Materials. Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physics.

Operations Research. Data Processing Systems. Components and Techniques. Computer Technology. Measurements Automation.

Engineering Applications. Systems Analysis.

Atomic Physics. Spectroscopy. Infrared Spectroscopy. Far Ultraviolet Physics. Solid State Physics. Electron

Physics. Atomic Physics. Plasma Spectroscopy.

Instrumentation. Engineering Electronics. Electron Devices. Electronic Instrumentation. Mechanical Instru- ments. Basic Instrumentation.

Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Molecular Spectroscopy.

Elementary Processes. Mass Spectrometry. Photochemistry and Radiation Chemistry.

Office of Weights and Measures. BOULDER, COLO.

Cryogenic Engineering Laboratory. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Processes. Properties of Materials. Cryogenic Technical Services. CENTRAL RADIO PROPAGATION LABORATORY

Ionosphere Research and Propagation. Low Frequency and Very Low Frequency Research. Ionosphere Research. Prediction Services. Sun-earth Relationships. Field Engineering. Radio Warning Services. Vertical Soundings Research. Radio Propagation Engineering. Data Reduction Instrumentation. Radio Noise. Tropospheric Measurements.

Tropospheric Analysis. Propagation-Terrain Effects. Radio-Meteorology. Lower Armosphere Physics.

Radio Systems. Applied Electromagnetic Theory. High Frequency and Very High Frequency Research. Fre- quency Utilization. Modulation Research. Antenna Research. Radiodetermination.

Upper Atmosphere and Space Physics. Upper Atmosphere and Plasma Physics. High Latitude Ionosphere

Physics. Ionosphere and Exosphere Scatter. Airglow and Aurora. Ionospheric Radio Astronomy.

RADIO STANDARDS LABORATORY

Radio Physics. Radio Broadcast Service. Radio and Microwave Materials. Atomic Frequency and Time-Interval Standards. Radio Plasma. Millimeter-Wave Research.

Circuit Standards. High Frequency Electrical Standards. High Frequency Calibration Services. High Frequency

Impedance Standards. Microwave Calibration Services. Microwave Circuit Standards. Low Frequency Cali- bration Services.
Hydraulic Research in the United States

Guides to projects conducted by various hydraulic and hydrologic laboratories

in the United States and Canada during 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956,

1957, 1958, 1959, and 1961. Project reports cover work done at 85 private

or State laboratories in the United States, 24 Federal laboratories, and 10

Canadian laboratories. These publications outline individual projects on

nearly 200 subjects in the field.

Order:NBS Miscellaneous Publication 201, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1951, 190 pages. Price $1.25.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 205, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1952, 200 pages. Price $1.00.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 208, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1953,

215 pages. Price $1.25.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 210, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1954, 207 pages. Price $1.25.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 218, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1956,

216 pages. Price $1.50.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 224, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1958, 168 pages. Price $1.25.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 227, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1959, 188 pages. Price $1.25.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 238, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1960, 220 pages. Price: $1.25.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 238, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1961, 190 pages. Price: $1.25.