Selected Annotated Bibliography· 

of High-Grade Silica of the 

United States and Canada 

Through December 1954 
Selected Annotated Bibliography 

of High-Grade Silica of the 

United States and Canada 

' 

Through December 1954 

By MARION C. JASTER 

CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1019-H 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1957 
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

FRED A. SEATON, Secretary 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Thomas B. Nolan, Director 

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office 

Washington 25, D. C.-Price 25¢ (paper cover) 
CONTENTS 

Page 

Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • • . . . . . . . . . . • . . . • 609 

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • 609 

Explanation of the bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . . . 610 

Bibliography ..................................•..... \. . . . . . . . . . • 611 

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665 

III 
CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES. 

SELECTED ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HIGH-GRADE 

SILICA OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA, THROUGH 

DECEMBER 1954 

By MARION C. JASTER 

ABSTRACT 

This bibliography consists of about 282 annotated references concerned 

with high-silica (minimum Si02 content, 95 percent) raw materials in the 

United States and Canada. The annotations, arranged alphabetically by 

author, contain information on geology, geographic distribution, physical 

and chemical properties, mining, processing, and uses of high-grade materials, the more important of which are sand, sandstone, and quartzite. 

Canadian and United States entries are cross indexed. The United States 

index is divided into two parts, a general list and a State list. In both parts, 

references are arranged in alphabetical order by author under each type of 

high-grade silica material. 

INTRODUCTION 

Silica occurs in many forms and associations. The term "highgrade silica," as used in this bibliography, iE? restricted to naturally 

occurring materials containing a minimum of 95 percent Si02 • 

These materials include chert, "chert-clay," conglomerate, flint, 

gravel,. quartz-mica schist, novaculite, massive quartz, quartzite, 

sand, "sand-clay," sandstone, and tripoli. "Chert-clay" is used here 

for a high-silica material in Illinois in preference to the end-use 

term "ganister" (Lamar, 1953) ; and for a natural mixture of 

high-silica material and clay occurring in California, the term 

"sand-clay" is used in preference to "Livermore ganister" (Turner, 

1950; Wright, 1948). 

Although high-grade silica raw materials enter principally into 

the metallurgical, glass, and abrasives industries, some are used 

for the same purposes as materials of lower grades, such as aggregate and building stone. Annual production data are not published 

separately for high- and low-grade silica materials. 

609 
610 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

EXPLANATION OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHY 

This bibliography contains annotations on publications of the 

U. S. Geological Survey, U.S. Bureau of Mines, and State organizations; scientific, professional, and trade journals; and a few 

publications of the Ontario Department of Mines and the Canada 

Department of Mines. Some older references that have been superseded by more recent ones have been omitted. Reports that contain 

little information on high-grade silica are excluded. Material 

through December 1954, is included. 

The annotated references are listed by authors in alphabetical 

order; anonymous references are listed at the end. All entries 

are cross indexed according to United States and Canadian references. The United States references are divided into two categories, general and States. 

· In the index to general references, lists of authors are arranged 

alphabetically under each type of high-grade silica material. The 

general references include information on geology, geographic 

occurrence, physical and chemical properties, production, mining, 

processing, analyses, and uses of high-grade silica materials. Also 

included are descriptions of several deposits distributed over large 

regions in several States. 

State references describe deposits within a particular State and 

include much of the information given in general references. The 

State references appearing under each type of high-grade silica 

material are grouped according to the following categories: (a) 

general references for· the State, (b) references concerned with 

particular areas within the State, (c) references concerned with 

counties, and (d) references concerned with independent cities. 

In each category, authors are listed alphabetically. 

The Canadian references are listed under each types of silica 

material and are arranged according to area and provinces. 

Listed under "silica" are those references in which the type 

of siliceous material is not identified. 

The stratigraphic nomenclature in this report is that of the 

various authors and does not necessarily correspond to U. S. 

Geological Survey usage. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Adams, G. I., 1929, Molding sands of Alabama: Ala. Geol. Survey Bull. 35, 

p. 30. 

The Hartselle sandstone, which crops out in Jefferson County in the 

northeastern suburbs of Birmingham, has been quarried and cr"ushed near 

Irondale. It is very friable, and has been used in steel foundries and in the 

manufacture of glass. A sand bed in the Citronelle formation crops out in a 

railway cut near the waterworks siding northwest of Mobile. The sand has 

been used in steel foundries. In the Greeley opencut brown iron ore mines, 

near Woodstock station, Bibb County, is a bed of sand that is also used 

in steel foundries. 

American Foundrymen's Association, 1925, Report of certain molding sand 

resources of Iowa, Kentucky, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin: 

Preprint 492, p. 4-16. 

Gives location, producer, formation, physical properties, grade, and use 

of samples from Kentucky, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. Some of the 

deposits in New Jersey yield sand that is used for steel molding. Deposits 

listed in Iowa and Wisconsin are not of high-purity grade. 

Anderson, R. J., 1942, Pulaski, Saline, Garland, and Montgomery Counties 

[Ark.]: Ark .. Geol. Survey County Mineral Rept. 3, p. 66-74, 87-90. 

Novaculite is a hard, highly siliceous, compact material of almost pure 

silica content. Two commercial types are identified. The Arkansas stone is 

very fine grained, commonly white, has a waxy luster, is translucent on thin 

edges, and breaks with a conchoidal fracture. This type is valuable for the 

manufacture of oilstones, whetstones, and abrasives in general. The Ouachita 

stone is much more porous and resembles unglazed porcelain; its composition 

is the same as the Arkansas stone. It has fewer joints and quartz veins than 

the Arkansas stone but contains more cavities. It is not damaged by freezing, 

but, on long drying, loses its easy fracture and becomes much tougher; this 

type is used for railroad ballast, road metal, and, in pebbles of 2 to 4 inches 

in diameter, for tube mill grinding. Analyses and location of quarries and 

deposits are given. 

Tripoli occurs in the Arkansas novaculite in Garland and Montgomery 

Counties. The tripoli ranges in color from white to red, is soft, fine textured, 

and friable. Beds range from 2 to 50 feet in thickness, and they have an 

overburden ranging from 2 to 6 feet in thickness. Descriptions of the occurrences are given. 

Argall, G. 0., Jr., 1949, Industrial minerals of Colorado: Colo. School Mines 

Quart., v. 44, no. 2, p. 354-361. 

Gives the locations of high silica sandstone deposits, production, treatment, 

and marketing. These deposits are in Chaffee, Douglas, El Paso, Fremont, 

Jefferson, Pueblo, and Prowers Counties. The silica deposits in Jefferson and 

611 
612 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

Douglas Counties occur in the Dakota and Lykins formations. Four silica 

deposits in Fremont County also yield ganister. Analysis of El Paso County 

sand is given. 

Averill, C. V., and Norman, L. A., Jr., 1951, Counties of California-Mineral 

production and significant mining activities, 1949: Calif. Jour. Mines and 

Geology, v. 47, p. 319, 344-345, 351, 357. 

Foundry sand was produced from beds of Eocene sandstone south of 

Antioch and at Nortonville, Contra Costa County. Dune sands at Moss 

Beach, Monterey County, yield high-quality white sand for the foundry and 

glass industries. The dune deposit covers about 12 square miles. Glass sand 

has been produced near Corona, Riverside County. Various grades of silica 

and quartzite were quarried about 3 miles east of Oro Grande, San Bernardino 

County. This material has been used as a refractory and in the manufacture 

of sulfate-resistant cements. 

Bain, H. F., 1907, Analysis ·Of certain silica deposits: Ill. Geol. Survey Bull. 

4, p. 185-186. 

Gives analyses of silica. taken from deposits at Anna and Reynoldsville, 

Union County, and from Thebes and McCotridge prospect, Alexander County. 

All material came from surface pits. 

Baldwin, W. B., 1949, A preliminary report on the Sioux quartzite: S. Dak. 

Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 63, 34 p. 

Discusses the Sioux quartzite, also known as the Sioux Falls "granite," 

in the southeastern corner of South Dakota; in southwestern Minnesota, and 

minor occurrences in northwest Iowa, south of Rowena, S. Dak. Four quarries 

produce quartzite in South Dakota. Describes outcrops in Minnehaha, Turner, 

McCook and Hanson Counties, which may be of commercial value. Analyses 

and map (scale 1 in. = 5 mi.), showing outcrops in eastern South Dakota, are 

included. 

Barrell, Joseph, and Loughlin, G. F., 1910, The lithology of Connecticut: 

Conn. Geol. Nat. History Survey Bull. 13, p. 199-201. 

Lantern Hill quartz deposit is between Ledyard and North Stonington. 

It is slightly more than a mile long and, in most places, several hundred 

feet wide. The geology of the area is described. 

Barrett, Edward, 1914, Glass sands of Indiana__:_ Industries: Ind. Dept. 

Geology Nat. Res. 38th Ann. Rept., 1913, p. 41-59. 

Discusses glass sand deposits and includes some analyses of the sands, 

qualities of Mansfield sandstone (texture, color, thickness, and workability), 

preparation of glass sand, Indiana limestone as an ingredient for glassmaking, 

and general aspects of the glass and industry. Dune sands of the lakefront 

at Michigan City are described as an excellent glass sand source; the sands 

also can be used as core sand in steel foundries. 

Bascom, Florence, .Clark, W. B., Darton, N. H., and others, 1909, Description 

of the Philadelphia district [Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Delaware]: U. S. 

Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, folio 162, p. 21. 

Sand (Magothy), along the south bank of Pensauken Creek in New Jersey, 

consists of fine to coarse angular quartz grains. Pockets or lenses of sand 

ranging from a few to 20 feet in thickness are distributed over an area of 
HIGH-GRADE SILICA OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 613 

several acres. It is used for filter material and in the manufacture of fire 

brick. Southeast of the Philadelphia district, glass sand (Cohansey) is 

dredged. · 

Bascom, Florence, Darton, N. H., Rummel, H. B., and others, 1909, Description of the Trenton quadrangle [New Jersey-Pennsylv~nia]: U. S. Geol. 

Survey Geol. Atlas, folio 167, p. 23. 

Fine and coarse clean quartz sand (Magothy) occurs near Florence. It is 

used in steel molding and for other foundry purposes. 

Bastin, E. S., 1911, Geology of the pegmatites and associated rocks of Maine: 

U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 445, p. 133-137. 

Describes the processing, uses, marketing, and production of quartz and 

other pegmatite minerals in general, and lists States where massive crystalline 

quartz is found. Map, scale 1:1,000,000, shows location of pegmatites. 

Bayley, W. S., Salisbury, R. D., and Rummel, H. B., 1914, Description of the 

Raritan quadrangle [New Jersey]: U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, folio 

191, p. 30-31. 

At Carey, N.J., the Green Pond conglomerate occurs in deeply disintegrated 

ledges, which is quarried for furnace-bottom and core sands. 

Beach, J. 0., 1939, Glass sands: Okla. Geol. Survey Mineral Rept. 3, 7 p. 

Discusses briefly the Oklahoma glass sand deposits that have not been 

exploited commercially in Woods, Jefferson, and Major Counties. Also mentions that quarries near Ro:ff, Pontotoc County, and near Mill Creek, 

Johnston County, are yielding high-grade silica sandstone. 

Bengston, R. J., Moore, D. D., Ramsey, R. H., and Lund, R. J., 1950, Mineral 

resources of southeastern Ohio: Ohio Geol. Survey, Dept. Nat. Res. 

(Battelle Mem. Inst.), p. 59-76. 

The Sharon conglomerate contains members of sandstone and quartz pebble 

conglomerate in Jackson and Pike Counties. It is an almost inexhaustible 

source of high-silica raw material. Because of its location to markets, it is 

not used for glass sand. To compete with w·est Virginia plants it must be 

acid treated and washed. Chemical analyses, sketch map, and bibliography 

on this area are included. 

Beyer, S. W., 1897, Sioux quartzite and certain associated rocks: Iowa Geol. 

Survey, v. 6, p. 71-112. 

The Sioux quartzite is a southwestward prolongation of Minnesota Point. 

It extends across the northwest corner of Iowa and underlies about equal 

areas in South Dakota and Minnesota. Its extreme eastern limit of outcrop 

is marked approximately by Redstone, at the junction of the Cottonwood and 

Minnesota Rivers; its most westernly exposure is near Mitchell on the James 

River. Its maximum width is 60 miles, extending from Flandreua northerly to 

Canton. It probably extends over an area of more than 6,000 · square miles, 

and is from 3,000 to 4,000 ·feet thick. Sketch map is included. 

Bieber, C. L., and Smith, N. M., 1952, Industrial sands of the Indiana dunes: 

Ind. Geol. Survey Bull. 7, .31 p. 

Beaches formed during several stages of glacial Lake Chicago and Lake 

Michigan are sources of commercial sand. The commercial operations are 
614 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

described. Samples were taken for laboratory determination of particle size, 

density separation, and chemical analysis. Composition and roundness of 

sand grains, as well as details of bedding, weathering, porosity, bonding, 

and moisture content, were studied. 

The general requirements of each of the uses of dune sand are summarized. 

Although it is used extensively for molding sand for some types of large 

castings, most of it has been used as fill; smaller amounts have been 

utilized for asphalt paving sand, core sand, fire and furnace sand, engine 

sand, and glass sand. If the present supply and demand are maintained, sand 

operations will be possible for 50 to 100 years. 

Map, scale about 1 inch = 2 miles, showing ind1,1strial sand deposits south 

of Lake Michigan is included. 

Born, K. E., 1936, Summary of the mineral resources of Tennessee: Tenn. 

Div. Geol., Res. Tenn., 2d ser., p. 82, 85. 

The geologic formations considered ;favorable for producing glass sands 

are the Bon Air and Sewanee (Pennsylvanian) of the Cumberland Plateau, 

the Clinch sandstone (Silurian) of East Tennessee, and possibly certain formations in the Tertiary and Cretaceous of West Tennessee. Glass sand is 

. produced from the Sewanee conglomerate, 3 miles east of Sewanee. In East 

Tennessee, sand has been used from the Holston River; sands from the Bays 

Mountain area were used for experimental purposes only. 

The most extensiv~ development of tripoli is in the Collinwood district, 

Wayne County, in the southern part of the western Highland Rim region. It 

varies from a few to 60 feet thick. The deposit is in the Fort Payne and 

Warsaw formations (Mississippian). Tripoli is also reported in Dickson, 

Hickman, Johnson, arid Bradley Counties. 

Map, scale about 1 inch = 15 miles, showing localities of deposits is 

included. 

Boswell, P. G. H., 1917, Notes on American high grade glass sands: Soc. 

Glass Tech. Jour. 1, p. 147-152. 

Gives a brief description and chemical analysis of sand deposits at Ottawa, 

Ill., Cheshire, Mass., Berkeley Springs, W. Va., Baltimore, Md., and St. 

Louis, Mo. 

Bowdish, F. W., and Runnels, R. T., 1952, Experimental production of feldspar 

and silica from several river sands in Kansas: Kans. Geol. Survey Bull. 

96, pt. 6, p. 279-300. 

Six river and flood-plain sand samples from the vicinity of Kansas City, 

Wichita, Concordia, and Salina were treated by flotation methods to determine the feasibility of producing feldspar and, silica concentrates for use 

in glass, glass fiber, ceramic, and allied industries. The silica and residue after 

flotation of the feldspar is amenable to concentration to a ferric oxide content 

of less than 0.03 percent. These tests show that both a silica sand and 

feldspar product of commercial grade can be produced from the sand samples at three of the localities. Chemical and sieve analyses and flow sheets are 

included: 

Bowen, C. H., 1953, Petrology and economic geology of the Sharon conglomerate in Geauga and Portage Counties, Ohio: Ohio State Univ. Eng. 

Expt. Sta. Bull. 153, 58 p. 

The area is roughly triangular, and extends from Thompson in the north-
HIGH-GRADE SILICA OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 615 

eastern part of Geauga County to Lake Geauga on the west, and to Windham, 

Portage County on the east. The Sharon conglomerate is the lowermost member of the Pottsville series (Pennsylvanian). The general areal characteristics, geologic history, and economics are discussed, and many mechanical and 

chemical analyses are given. 

Bowles, Edgar, 1941, The geology and mineral resources of Cherokee County, 

Ala.: Ala. Geol. Survey Circ. 15, p. 29. 

Extremely high-grade quartzite is produced from the Weisner formation 

(lower Cambrian), which yields material of nearly pure silica. This formation crops out extensively through the southern part of the county where 

it maintains a fairly uniform composition. Typical analyses are: 

Si02 98.1 percent 97.75 percent 

R20s 1.3 do 1.62 do 

The metal present may be aluminum, iron, or manganese. 

Bownocker, J. A., 1921, Steel molding sand in Ohio: Ohio Jour. Sci., v. 21, 

p. 249-266. 

Steel molding sands of Ohio occur in the Pottsville and Alleg·heny formations (Pennsylvania). The Sharon conglomerate of the Pottsville group 

is the larger source. It attains a thickness of 225 feet. The Allegheny formation is quarried for steel molding sands only at Strasburg, Tuscarawas 

County. 

Many foundries, quarry locations, and chemical analyses of the sandstone, 

a map showing the outcrop of the Pottsville formation, and location of plants 

are included. 

--- 1939, Glass sands and molding sands: Ohio Geol. Survey Repr. Ser. 

2, p. 1~37. 

Gives the age, specifications, locations, and many analyses of glass and 

steel molding sands of Ohio. 

Branner, G. C., 1940a, Polk .County [Ark.]: Ark. Geol. Survey County Mineral 

Rept. 1, p. 4-5, 22-23, 36-37. 

Novaculite in Polk County occurs in the Arkansas novaculite formation 

as two types: the Arkansas stone which on the broken surface is smooth, 

compact, and hard; and the Ouachita stone, the surface of which is rough 

and porous. Most of the stone is white, although it varies in color. 

Arkansas novaculite (Devonian) is divided into three lithologic units. 

The lower unit is almost wholly compact massive novaculite, even bedded in 

layers 2 to 10 feet thick, white or bluish white, with a manganiferous horizon 

at the top. This unit ranges from 10 to 410 feet in thickness. The middle unit 

is dark-colored dense novaculite in layers 1 to 5 inches thick interbedded with 

black cleavable shale, in beds ranging from an inch to 100 feet in thickness. 

Novaculite and sandstone pebble conglomerate occur at the base of this 75-

to 525-foot unit. The upper unit is mostly massive light-gray to bluish-black 

calcareous novaculite, which, upon weathering, becomes porous, lighter colored and also yields manganese. This unit is 20 to 125 feet thick. The whole 

formation ranges from 250 to 950 fe~t in thickness. 

Chemical analysis of novaculite near Hot Springs, Garland County, is 

given; this is believed to be representative of the Polk County novaculite. 

Tripoli in Polk County is white and compact, but some is stained along 

joints by iron and manganese oxides. It is in the Arkansas novaculite forma-
616 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

tion and probably was formed by the leaching of the lime from the rocks. At 

Hot Springs, about 20 feet of tripoli is exposed in the upper unit of the 

Arkansas novaculite. Other occurrences also are g:iven. 

--- 1940b, Mineral resources of Benton, Carroll, Madison, and Washington ·Counties [Ark.]: Ark. Geol. Survey County Mineral Rept. 2, p. 

19-24. 

·Tripoli has been mined since 1929 and the industry centers around Rogers, 

Benton County. Fourteen deposits have been investigated but not all have 

been exploited. Two deposits in Washington County and one in Madison 

County are reported. The tripoli at these localities is in the Boone formation 

(Mississippian), derived from the original cherts and cherty limestones by 

leaching. The deposits are generally flat lying and from 5 to 30 feet thick; 

the largest deposit is 30 feet thick over an area of 60 acres. Most of the 

tripoli is lightweight, snow white, fine grained, firm, and in places entitely 

free of chert inclusions and limy fragments; it generally contains more than 

~8 percent Si02. 

The developed deposits contain large reserves. Many undeveloped deposits 

appear to be of ·good quality and contain large tonnages. Chemical analyses 

and production figures of Benton County are included. 

--- 1942, Mineral resources of Arkansas: Ark. Geol. Survey Bull. 6, 

p. 58-60, 67-68, 78-79. 

Glass sand is produced in Arkansas from the St. Peter sandstone {lower 

Ordovician) in Madison, Carroll, Newton, Boone, Searcy, Marion, Baxter, 

Stone, Izard, Sharp, and Independence .Counties. It is well exposed along the 

White and Buffalo Rivers and many of their tributaries, where it occurs in 

bluffs about 40 feet high. It varies in thickness from 40 to 100 feet, with an 

average of about 60 feet. 

Calico Rock formation (Ordovician) is an equally good glass sand exposed 

over a large area in southern Baxter, northern Stone, northern and western 

Izard, and central Fulton Counties. The formation ranges in thickness from 

50 to 150 feet. 

Kings River sandstone (Ordovician)., also a good glass sand, crops out in 

the valleys of streams that have cut their channels through overlying strata 

of later rocks in Carroll, Madison, eastern Marion, and southern Baxter 

Counties. This sandstone is widely distributed. Thickness in Izard County is 

80 feet, but it is less to the north and west. 

·Reserves of glass sand in northern Arkansas are very large. 

Novaculite (Devonian) is widely distributed in the Ouachita Mountains of 

southwestern Arkansas. Between 200 to 300 miles of narrow belts of novaculite crop out from Pulaski County westward to Polk County. The novaculite 

occurs in layers from 2 to 10 feet thick. 

·Tripoli has been quarried and reported in Benton, Garland, Hot Spring, 

Pike; Baxter, Montgomery, Polk, and Washington .Counties. Tripoli in north 

and northwestern Arkansas apparently was derived from siliceous limestone, 

whereas that from the west-central part of the State was derived from 

novaculite. It is mined both by underground and by opencut methods. 

Broadhurst, S. D., 1949, A general survey of some high silica materials in 

North Carolina: N.C. Dept. Conserv. Devel., Div. Min. Res. Inf. Circ. 7, 

34 p. 

High-silica rocks in North Carolina include quartzites, quartz veins, sand, 
HIGH-GRADE SILICA OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 617 

and gravel. The higher grade quartzites occur in the mountainous area. 

There are a few sizable quartz veins which are quite pure, some containing 

98 percent Si02. High-grade quartz also occurs as cores in the pegmatites of 

western North Carolina. 

Sand and gravel of the Coastal Plain seem to be the most important 

silica resources. Although some treatment is necessary to bring them up to 

specifications, there are sizable deposits which approach general chemical 

requirements of the glass and refractory industries. Some of these deposits 

are very thin whereas others are 30 feet or more thick. 

Descriptions of the rocks and localities, with analyses from each location, 

are included. 

--- 1954, A report on the high-silica sand resources of North Carolina: 

N. C. Dept. Conserv. Devel., Div. Min. Res. lnf. Circ. 11, 35 p. 

An appraisal of potential raw materials for the manufacture of highsilica products in North Carolina. Their physical, mineralogical, and chemical 

qualities are equal to other eastern United States coastal sands. For potential 

use as glass sand, they are favorably located with respect to markets and 

transportation to make them economically feasible. Tests have shown that 

with beneficiation they meet specifications required for high-grade glass 

manufacture. 

Chemical and mechanical analyses and a map, scale about 1 inch = 40 

miles, showing silica ·deposits in eastern North Carolina, are included. 

Brown, G. G., 1936, Molding sands of Michigan and their uses: Mich. Dept. 

Conserv., Geol. Survey Div. Pub. 41, Geol. Ser. 35, 262 p. 

The first part of this publication includes a discussion of the physical and 

chemical properties of sand and the results of the investigation of the cause 

of bond in naturally bonded sands. The second part is a detailed description 

of the sand areas and deposits throughout the State, with a table giving all 

the properties of the ~ands which have been tested. Maps of sand areas of 

the northern and southern peninsulas of Michigan are included. 

Bryson, H. J., 1937, The mining industry in North Carolina from 1929 to 

1936: N. ·C. Dept. Conserv. Devel., Div. Min. Res. Econ. Paper 64, p. 93. 

Vein quartz occurs in Anson, Montgomery, Moore, and Harnett Counties. 

In places, it is found in its original position cutting the old slates; elsewhere 

it occurs as pebbles in the Lafayette formation of the Coastal Plain. Quartz 

production comes chiefly from the feldspar mines of Mitchell, A very, and 

Yancey Counties. Important deposits of quartz are in Buncombe and Transylvania Counties. The Tusquitee (lower Cambrian) quartzite has been mined 

in Cherokee County. 

Bryson, R. P., Fox, E. L., Larrabee, D. M., and others, 1947, Map showing 

construction materials and nonmetallic mineral resources of South 

Dakota: U. S. Geol. Survey Missouri Basin Studies Map 12, scale 

1:500,000. 

Soft white sandstone (Unkpapa) in the southeastern part of the Black 

Hills is pure enough to be used for glass sand. In many places, this sandstone 

is red or variegated and of lower purity. In places,. layers of shale are 

interbedded. 
618 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

Buckley, E. R., 1898, On the building and ornamental stones of Wisconsin: 

Wis. Geol. Nat. History Survey Bull. 4, Econ. Ser. 2, p. 164-254. 

Discusses the Precambrian quartzite outcrops, Potsdam and St. Peter 

sandstones, and gives descriptions of individual quarries, with a few chemical 

analyses. 

Buie, B. F., 1949, Industrial minerals and rocks, in Shiver, H. E., and others, 

South Carolina raw materials: Columbia, S. C., Univ., South Carolina 

Press, p. 116-119. 

The glass sand deposits of South Carolina are in the Coastal Plain. The 

chemical and screen analyses indicate an abundance of glass sand suitable 

for use in all except the highest quality crystal and optical glass. 

The Nichols deposit, Marion County~ is favorably located for rail transportation. The glass sand is reported to contain 0.025 to 0.035 percent Fe20a 

and about 99.50 percent Si02. This deposit has yielded about 400 tons of sand 

per week for the manufacture of soft-drink bottles. 

Burchard, E. F., 1905, The requirements of sand and limestone for glass 

making: U. S. Geol.. Survey Bull. 285-N, p. 452-455. 

The chemical and physical properties of certain sandstones and sand of 

the middle Mississippi River basin, including general proportions by weight, 

of various components of glass, requirements for glass sand, and chemical 

analyses of glass sand, are given. 

--- 1906, Glass sand of the middle Mississippi basin: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Bull. 285-N, p. 459-472. 

Geologic descriptions, quarry locations, sample descriptions, and analyses 

for some possible sources of glass sand in Arkansas, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, 

and Wisconsin are discussed. 

--- 1907a, Glass-sand industry of Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio: U. S. 

Geol: Survey Bull. 315-376. 

Geologic formations, quarries, utility, and analyses of samples from deposits in Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio are described in detail. 

---· 1907b, Notes on various glass sands, mainly undeveloped: U. S. Geol. 

Survey Bull. 315-K, p. 377-382. 

Geologic details, quarry descriptions, analyses of samples, and utility are 

given for various sources of glass sand in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, 

Georgia, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska. 

Burchfiel, B. M., 1936, .Ceramic materials other than clays abundant in California: Mining and Metallurgy, v. 17, no. 357, p. 441-443. 

High-grade silica occurs in many places in California. In general the 

quartz is simply quarried from the vein. Considerable quartz occurs with 

feldspar in the deposit at Campo, San Diego County. This deposit is in Hauser 

Canyon, 6 miles northeast of the mill, which is 2 miles west of Campo. 

Chemical analysis of typical silica from Campo shows 99.65 percent Si02, 

with 0.02 percent Fe20a and a trace of Al20a. 

Burwell, A. L., and Ham, W. E., 1945, New facts regarding Oklahoma raw 

materials for the ceramic industries: Am. Ceramic Soc. Bull., v. 24, p. 

293-295. 

Glass sand deposits occur in the north-central Arbuckle Mountain district. 
HIGH-GRADE SILICA OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 619 

The principal deposits are in the Oil Creek and McLish formations ( Ordovician). Chemical and sieve analyses of the glass sand and a map showing 

geographic distribution of Oklahoma deposits are included. 

Butler, P. B., 1928, Tripoli: Mini_ng and Metallurgy, v. 9, no. 264, p. 527-531. 

Discusses briefly the properties, occurrence, history, preparation, and uses 

of tripoli. · 

Buttram, Frank, 1913, The glass sands of Oklahoma: Okla. Geol. Survey Bull. 

10, p. 42-91. 

Glass sand deposits occur in the Arbuckle Mountains and in northeastern 

Oklahoma near Tahlequah. The gener~l features, occurrence, and character 

of the sands are described. Analyses of the deposits, geologic map of the 

Arbuckle Mountains, and maps showing distribut,ion of the Simpson formation, the Trinity sand, and the Burgen sandstone are included. 

Beds of almost pure white sand are reported near Tulsa, Bartlesville, 

Claremore, Ramona, ·Cleveland, Catoosa, Muskogee, and Holdenville. Analyses 

show that these beds contain large amounts of ferric oxide and other impurities, making the sand suitable only for bottle glass. 

Butts, Charles, 1945, Description of the Hollidaysburg and Huntingdon 

quadrangles [Pennsylvania]: U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, folio 227, 

p. 18-19 [1946]. 

Stone suitable for ganister occurs in the Tuscarora quartzite. This formation is 400 to 600 feet thick and extends through the mountainous region 

of central Pennsylvania. It is a compact light-gray to white quartzite with 

a vitreous luster, and is used to make refractory brick and furnace linings. 

Analyses of this stone from Lock Mountain near Po~nt View are given. 

A good glass sand occurs in the Ridgeley sandstone formation at Mapleton, 

a few miles southeast of Huntingdon. 

Butts, Charles, and Gildersleeve, Benjamin, .1948, Geology and mineral resources of the Paleozoic area in northwest Georgia: Ga. Geol. Survey 

Bull. 54, p. 155-156. 

Most tripoli deposits occur as irregular beds from a few inches to several 

feet thick associated with chert layers in residuum of the Knox dolomite 

formation. In Chattooga .County near Harrisburg, tripoli deposits are associated with the Bangor limestone formation. Small deposits near Cartersville, 

Bartow County, occur in areas underlain by the Shady dolomite formation. 

Geologic and index maps, scale 1 inch = 4 miles, are included. 

California Division of Mines Mineral Information Service, 1954, Glass sand 

in California: v. 7, no. 6, 4 p. 

Sand mined from the lone fprmation (Eocene), Amador County, containing 

94 percent Si02 was used for glassmaking before 1922. 

Glass sand has been produced from the Tesla formation (middle Eocene), 

near Tesla, Alameda County. 

Almost white fine-grained sand used for foundry sand and bottles is quarried from the middle Eocene sandstone, exposed in a 20-mile area on the 

northeast side of Mount Diablo in the Brentwood area, Contra Costa County. 

Glass sand is produced for bottles from the lowermost sandstone of the 

Paleocene Silverado formation in the Corona area, Riverside County. 

Sandstone layers as much as 40 feet thick are quarried for the bottle 
620 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

industry from the Tejon formation (Eocene) east of Oceanside, San Diego 

County. The sand is fine to coarse grained and contains. a moderate amount 

of feldspar. 

A white beach and dune sand deposit (Quaternary) containing little clay 

and used for ·bottles is near Pacific Grove. It extends about 6 miles along 

the coast and about 1 mile inland, Monterey County. Chemical analysis of 

this deposit is included. ' 

Cameron, E. N., Larrabee, D. M., McNair, A. H., and others, 1954, Pegmatite 

investigations 1942-45 New England: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

255, 352 p. . ' 

Detailed geologic maps of pegmatites show small deposits of quartz as cores. 

Quartz also is recovered from the flotation of feldspar from a mixture of the 

two minerals. 

Campbell, M. R., 1902, Description of the Masontown and Uniontown quadrangles [Pennsylvania]: U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, folio 82, p. 21. 

The Homewood sandstone is exposed along the Youghiogheny River west of 

Connellsville; also in the Chestnut-Laurel Ridge area where it is quarried 

on the north side of the valley. Some glass sand has been obtained from 

abandoned channels of the Monongahela River. 

--- 1903, Description of the Brownsville and Connellsville quadrangles 

[Pennsylvania]: U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, folio 94, p. 19. 

Glass sand is produced from river sand near Bellevernon and at Perryopolis. It also is produced from the. Homewood sandstone (Pottsville) on the 

east side of the Y oughiogheny River about 1 mile north of Layton. 

--.- 1904, Description of the Latrobe quadrangle [Pennsylvania]: U. S. 

Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, folio 110, p. 15. 

Glass sand is quarried from the Homewood sandstone (Pottsville) half way 

up the western slope of Chestnut Ridge, near the town of Derry. 

Carman, J. E. 1936, Sylvania sandstone of northwestern Ohio: Geol. Soc. 

America Bull., v. 47, p. 253-265. 

Gives the distribution of the Sylvania sandstone (Devonian) and discusses 

its characteristics, stratigraphic relation to underlying formations, fauna, 

and origin. Map, scale 1 inch = 20 miles, showing the distribution of the 

sandstone and the location of several exposures in Lucas and part of Wood 

Counties, and columnar sections of the sandstone are included. 

Chelf, Carl, 1941, The crushed quartz industry of Llano County [Tex.] : Tex. 

Univ. Min. Res. Survey Circ. 37, 2 p. 

Half a mile northwest of Packsaddle Mountain, and 9 miles from the 

railway ~t Kingsland, in the Llano. region, quartz is quarried from pegmatite dikes which cut the pre-Paleozoic schists, gneisses, and granites. 

Most dikes contain feldspar and smaller amounts of accessory materials, but 

some pegmatites contain clear to dark smoky quartz crystals. The most 

common occurrence is well-consolidated milky-colored "sugar" quartz. One 

outcrop is 150 yards wide and about 300 yards long. Concentrations of large 

tonnages are rare. The quartz is used for roofing granules. 
HIGH-GRADE SILICA OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 621 

Chicago and North Western Railway Company, 1942, Preliminary outline 

of mineral resources, State of Wyoming: p. 27, 60,· 78. 

Deposits of fine-grained tough sandstone occur near Rawlins, Carbon 

County, and on Baldwin Creek near Lander, Lander County. It is used for 

grindstones. A bedded sand deposit, 3 feet thick, covering a large area, is in 

the Casper formation, east of Laramie, Albany County. 

Occurrence of tripoli is reported in Laramie County and at Sunrise, Platte 

County. · 

Clabaugh, S. E., Larrabee, D. M., Griffitts, W. R., and others, 1946, Map 

showing construction materials and nonmetallic mineral resources of 

Wyoming: U. S. Geol. Survey Missouri Basin Studies Map 9, scale, 

1:500,000. 

High-purity silica sandstone occurs in Wyoming, but due to its remoteness 

from markets, it has been produced only at Lovell, Big Horn County, and at 

Laramie, Albany County. Both quarries were inactive in 1946. 

Glass sand has been produced from the •Casper formation (Pennsylvanian), 

east of Laramie. Operation is now idle because of inaccessibility to markets. 

Cleaves, A. B., l939, The Oriskany group in The Devonian of Pennsylvania: 

Pa. Geol. Survey Bull. G 19, ser. 4, p. 92-130. 

An extensive study of· the Oriskany sandstone (Devonian) in Pennsylvania, 

together with the Oriskany of adjacent States, is discussed. Formations, 

thickness, and fossil representatives are given, and a 'correlation chart of the 

Oriskany group in Pennsylvania is included. 

Cole, L .. H., 1923, Silica in Canada, part 1, Eastern Canada: Canada Dept. 

Mines, Mines Br. Pub. 555, 126 p . 

. Comprehensive report on deposits in eastern Canada discusses types of 

occurrence, structural and geologic features, localities, method of testing, and 

uses. Maps showing the distribution of sandstone and quartzite are included. 

--- 1928, Silica in Canada, part 2, Western Canada: Canada Dept. Mines, 

Mines Br. Pub. 686, 59 p. 

Comprehensive report on deposits in western Canada discusses structural 

and geologic features and occurrences. Chemical analyses, mechanical tests, 

and an appendix on recent developments in the silica industry in eastern 

Canada to 1928, are included. 

Cole, S. S., 1932, Effect at 1500° C. on the porosity and specific gravity of 

quartzites: Am. Ceramic Soc. Jour., v. 15, p. 87-106. 

Quartzites from deposits commercially utilized for the manufacture of 

silica brick in the United States, Canada, and Europe were tested for 2 hours 

for porosity and apparent specific gravity before and.after firing at 1500° C. 

Petrographic examinations were made of several of the raw quartzites, and 

the differences in crystalline structure are shown by photomicrographs. The 

1·ate of conversion of quartz was not constant for the quartzites reported. The 

porosity, after firing, ranged from 2 to 30 percent, and the apparent specific 

gravity ranged from 2.30 to 2.44. A fine-grained quartzite tends to give lower 

porosity after firing than does a coarse-grained one. 

Colony, R. J., 1919, High-grade silica materials for glass, refractories, and 

abrasives: N. Y. State Mus. Bulls. 203-204, p. 5-31. 

Lithologic character, general geology, chemical analyses, and locality of 
622 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

each of the following formations are given: Poughquag, quartzite, Shawangunk conglomerate, Oriskany sandstone, Potsdam sandstone, and Oneida glass 

sands. Suggestions are made as to operating facilities, transportation, and 

various specific industries in which rock from the different formations might 

be used. Physical tests are reported. 

Crickmay, G. W., 1937, Tripoli deposits of Georgia: Ga. Div. Geol. Inf . .Circ. 

9, p. 3-7. 

The tripoli deposits of Georgia have not been fully developed. C.omparison 

is made with Missouri-Oklahoma and Illinois-Tennessee tripoli. It has been 

shown that Georgia tripoli of the amorphous type is not inferior to tripoli 

found elsewhere. Chemical composition, description of properties, and a spot 

map showing locations of tripoli deposits are included. 

Dake, .c. L., 1921, The problem of the St. Peter sandstone: Mo. Univ., School 

Mines and Metallurgy Bull., Tech. Ser., v. 6, no. 1, 228 p. 

Gives a description of the St. Peter sandstone, paleogeographic interpretations, and the stratigraphy of the areas in which it occurs. 

Dale, Phyllis, and Beach, J. 0., 1951, Mineral production of Oklahoma 1885-

1949: Okla. Geol. Survey Circ. 29, p. 21, 32. 

Presents a table showing production, tonnage, and value of glass sand in 

Oklahoma from 1920 to 1930. Sand and gravel are included in the figures 

from 1931 to 1949. Tripoli production in Oklahoma and Missouri is briefly 

discussed. 

Damon, H. G., 1943, The origin and distribution of spiculite near Lampasas, 

Lampasas :County, Tex., in Texas mineral resources: Tex. Univ. Pub. 

4301, p. 271-282 [1946]. See also Sellards and others, 1944. 

Spiculite (tripoli) beds occur in the Marble Falls formation (Pennsylvania), where it crops out west and southwest of Lampasas. Outcrops of pure 

silica may grade into limestone, or unaltered limestone beds may alternate 

with beds of spiculite. Description of deposits, composition, and physical 

properties in Lampasas and Burnet Counties are given. A geologic map, scale 

about 1 inch = 1,800 feet, showing outcrops of spiculite in parts of Burnet 

and Lampasas Counties is included. 

Darton, N. H., 1939, Gravel and sand deposits of eastern Maryland: U. S. 

Geol. Survey Bull. 906-A, p. 31, 34-39. · 

Discusses sand for glass, molding, and other uses and the requirements of 

the sands. Gives some localities of glass and molding sand in the area and 

the results of sieve tests of steel molding sands from various localities for 

comparison with materials from the Baltimore-Washington region. 

The Brennan pit, one of the largest producers, is on the west side of 

Forked Creek, 2 miles west of Round Bay station; it was active from 1906 

to 1920. Considerable stripping was necessary to uncover the sand, much of 

which was regarded as suitable for glassmaking. Borings showed it was 30 

feet or more thick. Map, scale 1:62,500, showing distribution of sand and 

gravel in the area is included. 

Darton, N. H., Bayley, W. S., Salisbury, R. D., and Kummel, H. B., 1908, 

Description of the Passaic quadrangle [New Jersey-New York]: U. S. 

Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, folio 157, p. 26. 

Molding sand has been quarried near Montville and south of Morris Plain 
HIGH-GRADE SILICA OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 623 

railroad station. Chemical analysis of the best grade of this sand underlying 

the Woodbridge fire clay is from 92.5 to 98 percent Si02, and from 1.45 to 

6.55 percent Al20a and Fe20a. The sand is used in foundries. 

Darton, N. H., and Smith, W. S. T., 1904, Description of the Edgemont 

quadrangle [South Dakota-Nebraska]: U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, 

folio 108, p. 10. 

A deposit of Dakota sandstone suitable for grindstones is 3% miles northnortheast of Edgemont. It is of excellent quality and uniform grain size, but 

the overburden is thick. · 

Dasher, John, Rough, R. R., and Bacon, F. L., 1943, Beneficiation of Del 

Monte, Calif., sand: U. S. Bur. Mines Rept. Inv. 3740, 10 p. 

Gives methods of removing objectionable impurities, largely oxides of iron 

and aluminum, from west coast sand that otherwise would be suitable for 

use in the glass container industry. ' 

Davis, F. A. W., and Johnson, Martin, 1938, Technology of the western 

Tennessee. tripoli in Tripoli deposits of western Tennessee and Mississippi: Knoxville, Tenn. Valley Authority, Water Control Plan. Dept., 

Geol. Div., Geol. Bull. 8, p. 13-17. 

Discusses the processing of tripoli from the Warsaw formation in western 

Tennessee Valley area. Tests have shown this tripoli is comparable to the 

Missouri tripoli in its high-oil obsorption. Mechanical tests are included, and 

a table shows the comparative screen analysis and oil obsorption for 

Tennessee tripoli, with standard commercial grades of Missouri tripoli, 

Illinois "soft" silica, and Black Fox (East Tennessee) "soft" silica. 

Davis, F. F., and :Vernon, J. W., 1951, Mines and mineral resources of Contra 

Costa County [Calif.]: Calif. Jour. Mines and Geology, v. 47, p. 580-584. 

Locations of glass and foundry sand deposits in Contra Costa County are 

described. A map, scale about 1 inch = 80 miles, showing mineral distribution is included. 

Dorisy, C. E., 1935, Index of mineral occurrences in the State of Washington: 

Wash. Plan .. council Pub. 3, p. 30. 

Glass sand, 96 percent Si02, occurs near Newport, Pend Oreille County. 

Silica suitable for making glass is found 2 miles east of Kettle Falls, Stevens 

County. Reserves of high-grade sandstone in the vicinity of Denison, Spokane 

County, are reported to be 7 million tons. 

Dunkin, D. D., 1928, Mining and preparation of St. Peter sandstone in 

Arkansas: Am. In st. Min. Metall .. Eng. Tech. Pub. 55, 10 p. 

The St. Peter sandstone (lower Ordovician) is widely distributed in northcentral Arkansas and is exposed most prominently along the slopes of th~ 

White River valley and its tributaries. The greatest thickness is at the southeastern end where it is more than 100 feet thick in many places. The deposit 

and methods of operations at Guion, Izard County, are · described, and 

chemical and sieve analyses are included. 

Edwards, A. C., 1926, Pioneer in the silica sand industry keeps plant abreast 

of times: Pit and Quarry, v. 13, no. 1, p. 58-60 .. 

For several miles along the Illinois River, sand is mined from the St. 
624 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

Peter sandstone, and is· used for the manufacture of iron, steel, and glass, 

. sandblasting, and chemical purposes. It extends into the high ground bordering the Illinois River on the north, and about 4 miles west of Ottawa. Overburden consists of 10 to 12 feet of earth and shale, a 22-inch seam of coal, 

and a second layer of shale. No material is stored at the plant; production is 

moved direct from the pit to railway cars. No attempt is made to produce 

molding sand during the winter because the frozen sandstone does not break 

as desired. However, a small ·amount is mined by hand during this period. 

Ehlers, G. M., Stumm, E. C., and Kesling, R. V., 1951, Devonian rocks of 

southeastern Michigan and northwestern Ohio: Ann Arbor, Mich., 

Edwards Bros., Inc., 40 p. 

Discusses the lithology, succession, and relationship of the Devonian strata 

of southeastern Michigan and northwestern Ohio. Comparison of the Devonian 

strata of northern Michigan and New York is made in relation to the 

deposition of the rocks and the chief diagnostic fossils of the various 

formations. A brief description of the Sylvania sandstone is given. 

· Geologic map, scale about 1 inch = 1 mile, showing distribution of 

Devonian rocks and drawing showing distribution of Sylvania sandstone and 

quarries in which it is exposed are included. 

Emerson, B. K., 1899, ·The geology of eastern Berkshire County, Mass.: U. S. 

Geol. Survey Bull. 159, p. 78-79, 100. 

Cheshire quartzite (Cambrian) suitable for the glass industry extends 

approximately from north of Dalton southward to Washington. At Coltsville 

station, the deposits are 180 feet thick. The quartzite has been quarried for 

glass sand in the mountains of Washington Township at Dalton. The· 

geology and topography of the area are discussed. Buhrstone also has been 

quarried in the mountains in Washington Township. 

Geologic map, scale about 2 inches = 1 mile, showing Cheshire quartzite at 

Ferncliff and East Lee, and a geologic map, scale 1 inch= 214 miles, showing 

Cheshire· quartzite in the eastern half of the Housatonic quadrangle are 

included. H J 

--- 1917, Geology of Massachusetts and Rhode Island: U. S. Geol. Survey 

~ull~ 597, p. 74-75. 

Discusses the Quabin quartzite of Carboniferous age. The quartzite, which 

is pure, white, and sugm-y, in many places flaggy, makes up a great part of 

Quabin and Felton Mountains. It was formerly used as hearthstones for iron 

furnaces and firestone. At Chaffee's Place, 4 miles south of Peaked Mountain, 

Stafford, Conn., are large quarries of quartzite and a mill where it was sawed 

50 years ago. 

Emmons, W. H., and Grout, F. F., 1943, Mineral resources of Minnesota: 

Minn. Geol. Survey Bull. 30, p. 78-89, 111-112, 134. 

Grinding pebbles derived from the Sioux quartzite, which compare favorably with the Danish, Belgian, and French flint pebbles, are found on the 

shores of Lake Superior between Grand Portage and Pigeon Point. Recent 

deposits in the Lake Superior area also are used in making cores. Sioux 

quartzite is quarried at Pipestone, Jasper, Luverne, and formerly was 

produced at New Ulm. It is used for refractory molds and sandblast castings. 

Some screenings are sold as refractory sand for foundry use and some as 

ganister used in the manufacture of silica brick or furnace lining. At Pipestone, sized chips are used for roofing granules. 
HIGH-GRADE SILICA OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 625 

Jordan sandstone (upper Cambrian) is mined near Ottawa, Jordan, and 

other localities along the Minnesota River. It is a white to yellow mediumgrained friable high-grade silica sandstone. It ranges from about 100 to 200 

feet in thickness, and is exposed along the St. Croix, Minnesota, and Mississippi Rivers. It is used for sandblasting, stone sawing, other abrasive purposes, in foundries, for filter beds, and for making glass. St. Peter sandstone 

(lower Ordovician) is exposed in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area. It is a weakly 

cemented white medium- to fine-grained rock, whose sand grains are well 

rounded and frosted. It contains some clay and silt. It is used for rough 

finishing of stone, as a core sand, in foundry work, and also for making glass. 

Tripoli was quarried at Stillwater. It is believed to be a silt partly interlaminated with clay that was deposited in a glacial lake. 

Evans, G. L., 1943, Mineral abrasive and polishing material in Texas, in 

Texas mineral resources: Tex. Univ. Pub. 4301, p. 245-248 [1946]. See 

also Sellard and others, 1944. 

Grinding pebbles occur in large thin deposits on interstream divides and 

in river terraces of the Gulf .Coastal Plain between Guadalupe River and 

the Rio Grande. Pebbles also have been produced in many counties. The 

milled pebbles are equal in quality to foreign pebbles. 

A small quantity of flint-tube-mill liner stock has been produced from the 

Edward formation in western Travis County. Flint occurs as thin beds and 

lenses as well as.nodules in this formation. 

Sandblast sand (rice sand) occurs mainly near the base of the Catahoula 

formation and in later deposits derived therefrom. The sand grains are subrounded to sharp and range from fine to coarse. 

Tripoli (spiculite) deposits occur in the Pennsylvanian Marble Falls 

formation in Lampases and Burnet Counties. 

Massive quartz occurs as vein deposits in the Precambrian rocks in the 

Llano region and in the Carrizo Mountains of Culberson and Hudspeth 

Counties. The Texas deposits are of sufficient size and quality to meet industrial requirements. 

Novaculite formation (Caballos) forms prominent and extensive outcrops 

in the Marathon uplift in Brewster County. The strata of the novaculite have 

been intensely folded and fractured. Value of the novaculite is impaired if 

· blocks are cracked and filled with material of different hardness. 

Distribution map, scale about 1 inch = 75 miles, is included. 

Fettke, .c. R., 1918, Glass manufacture and the glass sand industry of 

Pennsylvania: Pa. Topog. Geol. Survey Rept. 12, 278 p. [1919]. 

Comprehensive report on the glass sands of Pennsylvania gives composition 

of glass, classification of glasses, chemical and mechanical analyses, raw 

materials for glass manufacture, statistics of the glass industry, location of 

glass sand deposits and factories. 

The Oriskany glass sand deposits are in Huntingdon, Mifflin, Bedford, 

Blair, Carbon, ·Centre, and Monroe Counties. The Pottsville glass sand 

deposits are in Clearfield, Elk, Fayette, Forest, J~fferson, McKean, Venango, 

Warren, and Westmoreland Counties. Other glass sand deposits occur in 

river terraces. The Tuscarora sandstone, or quartzite, may also be a possible 

source of glass sand. 

Small maps showing outcrops in specific counties and a map, scale about 

1 inch = 15 miles, showing location of glass plants and glass sand quarry 

are included. 
626 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

Fettke, C. R., 1926, American glass sands, their properties and preparation: 

Am. Inst Min. Metall. Eng. Trans., v. 73, p. 398-423. 

Report on the technology of glass manufacture gives specifications and 

procedures of processing. Includes short discussion on prices and production 

and geographic location of raw materials in the mid-W'est and Eastern States. 

Flint, N. K., 1951, Geology of Perry County [Ohio]: Ohio Geol. Survey, 4th 

ser., Bull. 48, p. 122-123. 

The only sandstone presently used for glass is the Massillon. Operations 

in the vicinity of Glenford and Glassrock in Hopewell Township are briefly 

described. Analyses are given. 

Frederick, C. L., 1932, Properties of silica brick manufactured from Sharon 

conglomerate: Am. Ceramic Soc. Jour., v. 15, p. 61-67. 

Silica refractories are discussed, and a resume of materials utilized in the 

manufacture of silica brick in the United States is given .. Comparative tests 

were made on brick manufactured from Medina (Tuscarora) quartzite, 

Oriskany sandstone, and Sharon conglomerate of Pennsylvania. Final conclusion was that bricks made from Sharon conglomerate are equal in quality 

to the average silica brick. Analyses of Pennsylvania quartzite and Sharon 

conglomerate are included. 

Frye, J. ·C., 1942, Kansas mineral resources for wartime industries: Kans. 

Geol. Survey Bull. 41, pt. 3, p. 168-169. 

Short discussion on Mississippian tripoli in Cherokee County. 

Fuller, J. 0., 1947, Sharon conglomerate, a source of high silica raw material: 

Ohio State Univ. Eng. Expt. Sta. News, v. 19, no. 2, p. 48-55. 

The Sharon conglomerate (Pennsylvanian) averages 95 to 99 percent Si02 

as rounded pebbles ranging in diameter from one-eighth of an inch to 3 

inches. The pebbles are generally white, but pink, rose, gray, and black are 

fairly common. The thickness in northeast Ohio is 175 feet, whereas in the 

southern part of the State it is 200 feet. Total production for industrial uses 

is well over 700,000 tons a year. 

Chemical analyses giving locations where the samples were obtained and an 

outcrop map, scale about 1 inch = 64 miles, are included. 

Fulton, J. A., and Smith, A. M., 1932, Nonmetallic minerals in Nevada: Pit 

and Quarry, v. 24, no. 11, p. 37. 

Large quantities of silica associated with alunite and sulfur were quarried 

in the Cuprite district, Esmeralda County, from 1914 to 1918. No production 

in recent years has been reported. 

Glass sand was mined in 1931 at Steamboat Springs, Washoe County, 10 

miles south of Reno. Analysis of the sand show 99 percent Si02, 0.6 percent 

Al20a, and about 0.04 percent Fe20a. 

Silica is mined at Overton, Clark County. This mine produces 30,000 tons 

of washed silica annually. 

Many large deposits of silica sand occur in Clark County. Two deposits are 

7 and 11 miles, respectively, northwest of Crystal; another occurs in the 

White Basin district, about 12 miles southeast of Crystal. Near Apex, 12 

miles north of Las Vegas, hard white sandstone, interbedded with limestone, 

crops out, and on the Union Pacific Railroad, 30 miles south of Las Vegas, 

a large deposit of loosely consolidated sandstone has yielded glass sand. 
HIGH-GRADE SILICA OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 627 

Furcron, A. S., and Teague, K. H., 1943, Mica-bearing pegmatites of Georgia: 

Ga. Geol. Survey Bull. 48, 192 p. 

Discusses quartz occurring in the mica-bearing pegmatites. Description of 

the deposits and a map, scale about 1 inch = 65 miles, showing five principal 

areas are included. 

Gildersleeve, Benjamin, 1946a, Minerals and structural materials of the 

Pickwick, Wilson, and Wheeler reservoir areas (revised): Knoxville, 

Tenn. Valley Authority Rept. 2, p. 33-35. 

Tripoli occurs in the Stout district, in the southw~st corner of Wayne 

County, Tenn., and adjoining parts of Hardin County, Tenn., and Lauderdale 

County, Ala. The average analysis of this deposit shows 96 percent Si02, 1 

percent Fe20a, and 3 percent Al20a. In the Bear Creek district, it occurs from 

Riverton, Colbert County, Ala., southward along the east side of Bear Creek 

to about 2 miles north of Margerum. On the west side of Bear Creek, the 

most important deposits are in the vicinity of Eastport, Tishomingo County, 

Miss. 

The tripoli ranges in thickness from a few feet to 60 feet, the larger deposits 

averaging about 25 feet. No tripoli has been produced in this area since 1912. 

Geologic and location maps, scale about 1 inch = 7 miles, are included. 

--- 1946b, Minerals and structural materials of southwest Virginia 

(revised): Knoxville, Tenn. Valley Authority Rept. A, p. 34-35. 

Gives locations of outcrops of the Erwin, Clinch, Oriskany, Price, and 

Gladeville sandstones and quartzites. The above formations have been cited 

as typical of the sandstones and quartzites of the area. In some places they. 

have been used as a source of glass sand. Attention is called to the fact that 

sodium carbonate and other essential ingredients for glass manufacture are 

produced in this area. Map, scale 1 inch = 8 miles, shows location of deposits. 

--- 1946c, Minerals and structural materials of the Hales Bar and 

Chickamauga reservoir areas [Tennessee] (revised): Knoxville, Tenn. 

Valley Authority Rept. 4, p. 49, 54. 

Glass sand is produced from the Sewanee conglomerate (Pennsylvanian) 

about 3 miles east of Sewanee, Franklin County, Production in 1943 averaged 

about 3,500 tons per month. 

Bon Air formation is a possible potential resource of glass sand. · 

Map, scale about 1 inch = 9 miles, showing locations is included. 

Tripoli formerly was produced from a dense chert horizon of the lower 

Knox dolomite at Black Fox, 3% miles south of Cleveland,_Bradley County. 

This operation w~s abandoned about 1932. 

Giles, A. W., 1930, St. Peter and older Ordovician sandstones of northern 

Arkansas: Ark. Geol. Survey Bull. 4, 187 p. 

Presents a comprehensive report on the Kings River, Calico Rock, and St. 

Peter sandstones. The Kings River and Calico Rock sandstones are members 

of the Everton formation (lower Ordovician). The Kings River sandstone 

ranges from 2 to 40 feet in thickness, and averages about 25 feet. It is 

chemically pure and averages above 99 percent Si02. Calico Rock sandstone 

ranges from 50 to 150 feet in thickness, and averages about 100 feet. The 

Si02 content averages above 98 percent. St. Peter sandstone (Ordovician) 

ranges in thickness from 10 to 200 feet. The grains are generally frosted and 

pitted. The Si02 content exceeds 98 percent. · 
628 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

These sandstones are widely distributed, but the St. Peter is the only sandstone being exploited at present. Sieve analyses; map, scale about 1 inch = 

13 miles, showing outcrops of Calico Rock sandstone; and maps, scale 1 

inch = 1 mile, showing location and surface outcrop of St. Peter sandstone 

are included. 

Glenn, L. C., 1914, A tripoli deposit near Butler, Tenn.: Tenn. Geol. Survey, 

Res. Tenn., v. 4, no. 1, p. 29-35. 

Tripoli occurs on the Matherley farm at Cobb Creek, 2% miles northwest 

of Butler, Johnson County. It occurs in the Watauga formation (Cambrian) 

where it is interbedded with shale and limestone more than 800 feet thick. 

Most of the particles range from 0.0015 mm to 0.16 mm in diameter. Analysis, 

origin, mining, and uses are included. 

Glover, S. L., 1936, Nonmetallic mineral resources of Washington: Wash. Div. 

Geology Bull. 33, p. 12-13, 94-96. 

Sandstone suitable for abrasives occurs in the Eocene rocks of the Puget 

Sound area and in Chelan and Kittitas ·Counties. The Miocene and Oligocene 

rocks in the Olympic Mountains are possible sources of abrasive sandstones. 

Pulpstone has been quarried from a deposit at Wilker~on, Pierce County, and 

in Skagit County. Whetstones were quarried from an 8-foot bed in Skamania 

County between White Salmon and Stevenson. Sandstone with a high percentage of silica but which would require beneficiation before it could be of 

commercial use as high-purity silica occurs in Stemilt Canyon, south of 

Wenatchee, .Chelan County. The Swauk sandstone, after beneficiation, contains 98 to 99 percent Si02; it occurs 3 miles south of Wenatchee, Chelan 

County. Sands of the Hammer Bluffs formation in King County overlie 

Eocene rocks a few miles east of Auburn, and crop out in the Hammer Bluffs 

and Green River region. Some samples, after washing, were satisfactory for 

glass. Green glass was produced from the Kummer sandstone in northwestern 

Washington. · 

A dike of white quartz, 50 feet wide and 96.6 percent pure, is near 

Wenatchee. A large quartz vein occurs near Merritt, Chelan County. Vein 

quartz is mined at Rockport, Skagit County. The Denison (Latshaw) pegmatitic quartz deposit is about 7 miles ~outh of Denison and 13 miles north of 

Spokane, Spokane County. This deposit extends over an area of 3% acres. 

The stained surface quartz averages about 95 percent Si02 and the fresher 

rock about 98 percent Si02. Quartz in the Chuckanut formation in Whatcom 

County is found on the northeast shore of Samish Lake in the NE1/4 sec. 

26, T. 37 N., R. 3 E., on the Saar Creek, southeast of Sumas, and in the 

NW1/4 sec. 17, T. 40 N., R. 5 E.; the latter deposit, which is 80 feet thick, 

is reported to contain 98 percent Si02 and very little Fe. 

Quartzite occurs at Kettle Falls, Stevens County, and south of Spokane 

near the north center of NE1/4 sec. 15, T. 24 N., R. 43 E., Spokane County. 

It also is reported 8 miles east of Enumclaw. · 

Goldstein, August, Jr., and Hendricks, T. A., 1953, Siliceous sediments of 

Ouachita facies in Oklahoma: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 64, p. 428-430. 

Certain sedimentary rocks crop out in the Ouachita Mountains; these 

contain large amounts of silica disseminated through a relatively thick series 

of novaculite beds. Four lithologic types, including novaculite and spiculite 

chert, are present. The stratigraphy and petrography of these types are given 

in detail, with extracts from other authors. 
HIGH-GRADE SILICA OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 629 

Gould, C. N., 1908, Glass sand in Preliminary Report on the mineral resources 

of Oklahoma: Okla. Geol. Survey Bull. 1, p. 44-46. 

Glass sand in Oklahoma occurs in three regions, near Tahlequah, in the 

Arbuckle Mountains, and north of the Red River in southern Oklahoma. The 

glass sand at Tahlequah is in the Bergen sandstone, which is a massive 

moderately fine grained light-brown rock. The formation ranges from a thin 

stratum to beds more than 100 feet in thickness. The Arbuckle Mountain 

glass sand occurs in the Simpson formation, which is composed of three 

members. Some limestone is interbedded with the sandstone, which in places 

is 100 feet thick. In southeastern Oklahoma, glass sand occurs in the Trinity 

sandstone which crops out as a band ranging in width from 5 to 15 miles 

along the southern base of the Arbuckle and Ouachita Mountains, extending 

from Marietta to the Arkansas line. Localities near Marietta, Atoka, and 

Antlers are said to yield good glass sand. 

--- 1910, Brief chapters on Oklahoma's minerals: Okla. Geol. Survey Bull. 

6, pt. 2, p. 94-96. 

Gives a brief discussion on the tripoli industry of Oklahoma. Tripoli occurs 

in the Boone formation in the vicinity of Seneca, Mo., and in the area of 

Spring and Grand Rivers and north of the Arkansas River. Small amounts 

occur near Tahlequah and near Spavinaw Creek. Oklahoma tripoli is not 

suitable for filters. 

Novaculite occurs in the eastern part of the Ouachita Mountains, near Hot 

Springs, Ark. The same formation passes westward into Oklahoma where 

it is exposed near Talihina and Otoka. Possible potential resources are east 

of the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Lines between Stringtown and Otoka and in 

the Potatoe Hills east of Talihina and north of Tuskahoma. 

Gould, C. N.; and Beach, J. 0., 1930, Oklahoma glass sands: Okla. Geol. 

Survey Mineral Rept. 3, 12 p. · 

Sands suitable for the manufacture of various grades of glass occur in 

three localities in Oklahoma: in the Simpson formation in the Arbuckle 

Mountain region of Pontotoc, Johnston, Murray, and .Carter Counties, in the 

Trinity sandstone north of the Red River in south-central and southeastern 

Oklahoma, and in a small area in the Burgen sandstone near Tahlequah in 

northeastern Oklahoma. Brief description is given of the locality and deposits. 

A map, scale 1 inch = 43 miles,· showing distribution of glass sands in 

Oklahoma is included. 

Grimshaw, R. W., 1953, The quantitative estimation o.f silica minerals: Clay 

Mineral Bull., v. 2, no. 9, p. 2-7. 

Discusses the importance of silica and siliceous materials for refractory 

purposes. Analyses of samples from various localities are included. 

Grimsley, G. P., 1909, History of the glass sand i~dustry in West Virginia: 

W. Va. Geol. Survey, v. 4, p. 375-390. 

Gives a description of the glass sand prodp.cing plants as they existed in 

1909, a classification of glass, location of deposits, list' of companies, and 

many analyses. 

--- 1916, Jefferson, Berkeley, and Morgan Counties [W. Va.]: W. Va. 

Geol. Survey County Repts., p. 222, 224, 313, 321-344. 

Discusses the Oriskany sandston~ at Berkeley Springs and the properties 
630 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

of the Antietam sandstone in Jefferson County. Describes the glass sand 

resources, glass plants, mining, milling, economical features, and companies 

engaged in the glass sand industry of the eastern Panhandle counties. A few. 

chemical analyses are given. Maps, scale 1:62,500, showing the topography 

and general and economic geology are included. 

Griswold, L. S., 1892, Whetstones and the novaculites of Arkansas: Ark. 

Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. for 1890, v. 3, 443 p. 

Presents a comprehensive report on deposits of whetstones and novaculites 

known before 1892. Localities are listed in Arkansas, Georgia, Oklahoma, 

Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. Deposits in Arkansas 

are described in detail. Chemical analyses and analyses of tripoli from Seneca, 

Mo., and of novaculite from Marquette, Mich., are included. Geologic map, 

scale 1 inch = 3 miles, of the nova<;:ulite region in Arkansas accompanies the 

report. 

Ham, W. E., 1945, Geology and glass sand resources, central Arbuckle 

Mountains, Okla.: Okla. Geol. Survey Bull. 65, 103 p. 

Describes the glass sand deposits in the Arbuckle Mountains. These 

deposits are in the Oil Creek and McLish formations of the Simpson group 

(Ordovician). They range in thickness from 150 to 400 feet and in width 

from 500 feet to 1% miles, and have an overburden 3 to 20 feet thick of loose 

iron-stained sandy soil or clay. 

Crude sands contain 97.82 to 99.57 percent Si02, 0.09 to 0.40 percent Fe20a, 

0.04 to 1.16 percent Al20a, and very little CaO and MgO. Sieve analyses show 

83 to 90 percent fine to very fine sand (Wentworth scale). The average median 

diameter of the sands is 0.142 mm, and the average sorting coefficient is 1.20. 

Map showing localities of glass sand in Oklahoma is included. 

Hanley, J. B., Heinrich, E. W., and Page, L. R., 1950, Pegmatite investigations 

in Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah, 1942-1944: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 227, 125 p. 

Discusses quartz occurring in pegmatites in Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah, 

which might be a possible source of glass sand, and includes 17 plates, 34 

figures, and 7 tables. 

Harris, G. D., 1941, Report on the geology of Lee 'County, Tex.: Tex. Univ. 

Min. Res. Survey Circ. 33, p. 4-5, 6-8. 

The Carrizo sand crops out in Lee County. The area of outcrop is about 

1 mile wide in the northeast corner and is at least 5 miles wide in the southwest part of the county. Thickness exceeds 200 feet. The lower part of the 

Carrizo consists of tan and white medium-grained sands, with one or two 

layers of bluish sand or siltstone. The upper part of the formation consists 

of iron-stained massive sandstone, with a conglomerate ironstone cap. The 

Queen City sand is exposed in Lee County in an outcrop that ranges in width 

from 1 to 3 miles. 

Harton, B. H., 1953, Ouachita chert facies, southeastern Oklahoma: Am. 

Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 37, p. 788-796. 

The Arkansas novaculite includes three divisions, lower, middle and upper. 

It not only is related to faulting but also to widespread solution and redeposition of silica. The lower and upper divisions, originally s~ale and shaly limestone, have been altered chemically by replacement of clay minerals by silica 
HIGH-GRADE SILICA OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 631 

through action of ground waters. In the middle division, the process of 

segregation of silica within the belt of deformation was aided and controlled 

by conditions developed during overthrusting. The age of the middle division 

is Devonian and lower Mississippian. Specific locations are given for those 

divisions where novaculite occurs. The theory is advanced that the excessive 

deposition of silica in the Ouachita region was produced by alteration during 

the orogenic process. 

Havell, R. F., and McVay, T. N., 1939, Beneficiation of some Alabama glass 

sands: Am. Ceramic Soc. Bull., v. 18, p. 429-431. 

Studies were made on the beneficiation of beach sands southeast of Mobile, 

on the Gulf of Mexico. Tests have shown the following: Iron content may be 

lowered by tabling from 0.093 to 0.169 percent Fe20a to 0.057 to. 0.066 percent 

Fe20a. Grain-size distribution of the sands is satisfactory for glass manufacture. It might be possible to recover small amounts of zircon, kyanite, 

ilmenite, and rutile as byproducts. 

Proposed flow sheet for possible treatment of sands, mechanical·and chemical analyses, and tables giving percentage grain counts of heavy minerals 

are included. 

Heinz, C. E., 1937, Tripoli, in Industrial Minerals and Rocks: New York, Am. 

Inst. Min. Metall .. Eng., 1st ed. p. 911-922. 

Discusses the properties, origin, and mining of tripoli in the United States 

and lists five districts where it occurs. Missouri-Oklahoma district includes 

Racine and Seneca, Newton County, Mo., and Peoria, Ottawa County, Okla.; 

Illinois district includes Alexander and Union Counties; Tennessee-GeorgiaAlabama district; Tennessee Valley district, where Tennessee, Alabama, and 

Mississippi join; and Arkansas 6 miles from Rogers, Benton .County. 

Hewett, D. F., Callaghan, Eugene, Moore, B. N., and others, 1936, Mineral 

resources of the region around Boulder Dam: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 

871, p. 169-170. 

A 300-foot crossbedded sandstone member of the Supai formation forms 

a cliff along the mountain front several miles west of Bard. Because of the 

crossbedding, there is a great variation in composition and size of grains. The 

sandstone, which contains a small amount of iron and some lime, is used for 

molding sand. The reserves are said to be inexhaustible. 

Extensive deposits of quartz sand crop out northeast and southwest of the 

Muddy Mountains. In the northeastern area, large sand deposits occur in the 

Jurassic ( ?) sandstone and in dunes. Silica is quarried from the Overton 

fanglomerate, 5 miles south of Overton. Some of the deposits are reported 

to average 99.2 percent Si02. Other analyses included show a slightly lower 

percentage. 

Dune sand in Magnesite Wash, 2 miles south of Overton, is suitable for 

making colored bottle glass. 

Exploratory work is being done in the Overton fanglomerate, southwest 

of Muddy Mountains. 

Chemical analyses are included. 

Hewitt, D. F., 1951, Silica in Ontario: Ont. Dept. Mines Indus. Mineral Circ. 

2, 16 p. 

This report gives a brief discussion of the occurrences, characteristics, and 

uses of silica deposits in Ontario. Mining, milling, beneficiation, and market-
632 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

ing are also mentioned. Workable deposits consl.st of unconsolidated silica 

sand, sandstone, quartzite, and pegmatitic quartz. The main silica resources 

in Ontario are the Lorrain quartzite (Precambrian), Potsdam sandstone 

(Cambrian) , Medina sandstone ( Silurian), Sylvania sandstone (Devonian). 

and the unconsolidated sands (Quaternary and Recent). 

Chemical analyses of samples from most deposits are given. Map, scale 1 

inch = about 25 miles, showing the distribution of quartzite deposits and a 

map, scale 1 inch= about 38 miles, showing the location of sandstone deposits 

are included. 

Hickok, W. 0., IV, and Moyer, F. T., 1940, Geology and mineral resources of 

Fayette County, Pa.: Pa. Geol. Survey, 4th ser., Bull. C 26, p. 53-59, 299, 

311, 487-488, 492-494. 

Discusses the Connoquenessing a~d Homewood sandstones (Pottsville). 

Several quarries and one mine are on Chestnut Ridge, along the Youghiogheny 

River and Dunbar Creek, where 40 to 50 feet of the Upper Connoquenessing 

sandstone and about 40 to 50 feet of Homewood sandstone have been worked. 

Both formations are composed of light-buff to white coarse-grained heavybedded sandstone. Sands from these formations must be washed to be suitable 

for the better grades of glass. Silica refractories are produced from these 

sarids .. Geologic and topographic maps, scale 1:62,500, of Fayette County, are 

included. 

Hodge, E. ·T., 1938, Northwest silica minerals, in Market for Columbia River 

hydroelectric power using northwest minerals: Portland, Oreg., War 

Dept., Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, North Pacific Div., sec. 2., v. 1, 

175 p., v. 2, p. 177-189. 

Discusses the silica deposits of Idaho, Washington, and Oregon and 

localities other than the Pacific Northwest; gives a detailed discussion on the 

technology of silica. Maps showing location, topography, and geology are 

included. 

Hoeman, E. C., and Redfield, R. C., 1943, Industrial sand from the Eocene 

Rockdale formation in Texas, in Texas mineral resources: Tex. Univ. 

Pub. 4301, p. 283-300 [1946]. See also Sellards and others, 1944. 

Sand strata in the Simsboro member of the Rockdale formation (Eocene) 

crop out in many counties in the Texas .Coastal Plain. Geologic and 

geographic description, properties, and analyses of the deposits are given. 

After beneficiation this sand may be used for foundry, molding, filter and 

engine sands, flint glass, abrasives, sand-lime and silica brick, sodium silicate, 

and silicon carbide. 

Holmquist, P. J., 1947, Details of the quartz transformation in silica bricks: 

Ingeniors vetens: akad. Handl. 192 (The Royal Swedish Academy of 

Eng. Sci. Proc.), 19 p. 

Several observations indicate that the transformation of quartz in bricks 

may be essentially accelerated by subordinate admixed substances. Even very 

small quantities of alkali metals are highly active in the formation of easily 

fusible mixtures of alkali silicates and fluid eutectics. 

Petrographic examinations have shown that burning gives rise to two 

products in the silica bricks. One consists of a fine grained· mixture of 

tridymite and· glassy slag (sometimes also containing slag minerals) of the 

groundmass; the other consists of coarser grains, mainly composed of 
HIGH-GRADE SILICA OF THE UNITED STATES· AND CANADA 633 

heterogenous cristobalite which often contains. remnants of non transformed 

quartz. 

Honess, C. W., 1923, Geology of the southern Ouachita Mountains of Oklahoma, part 1, Stratigraphy, structure, and physiographic history, p. 

19-139; part 2, Geography and economic geology, p. 54-58: Okla. Geol. 

Survey Bull. 32. 

Discusses the general features of the Arkansas novaculite formation, which· 

has three lithologic units. The lower consists of massive white novaculite;. 

the middle contains thin layers of dense dark novaculite interbedded with 

shale; and the upper is chiefly massive calcareous novaculite. The maximum 

thickness does not exceed 600 feet. 

·Two types of commercial material are the Arkansas stone and the Ouachita 

(Washita) stone. The Arkansas stone, a true novaculite, is homogeneous, 

gritty, fine-grained, has low porosity (0.25 percent) and a conchoidal fracture. 

Chemical analyses indicate a content of 99 percent Si02. The Ouachita stone 

is chemically similar to the Arkansas stone, but its dull luster and porosity 

of 5 percent exclude it from the classification of a true novaculite. The 

cryptocrystalline silica of the Ouachita stone is denser around the rims of 

minute rhombohedral cavities; the rims of these cavities accomplish the 

sharpening of tools rubbed across the stone. The Arkansas stone is better 

adapted for fine finish work done on whetstones, whereas the Ouachita stone 

is better for the coarse cutting as done on scythestones. Reserves are large. 

Geologic map, scale 1 inch = 1 mile, of the southern Ouachita Mountains is 

included. 

Hudson, W. C., 1946a, Investigation of the Miami-West. Palm Beach belt of 

silica sand in Florida·: U. S. Bur. Mines Rept. Inv. 3865, 5 p. 

The Miami-West Palm Beach belt of silica sand extends 65 miles northward from Miami to West Palm Beach. The width of the belt is more than 

a mile and the deposits range from 4 to more than 7 feet in thickness. The 

long, narrow sand terrace is 10 to 30 feet above sea level. Most of it is flat 

but sand dunes occur near the northern end. The possible glass sand is 

believed to end a few miles north of West Palm Beach because of the increased 

content of black sands, especially near Stuart. Overburden is about 1 foot 

thick. Chemical and mechanical analyses of the sand and a map, scale about 

1 inch = 11 miles, showing the glass sand belt are included. · 

--- 1946b, Investigation of the McLeod glass-sand pits Wheeler County, 

Ga.: U. S. Bur. Mines Rept. Inv. 3859, 3 p. 

The McLeod pits are on the southeast side of the Little Ocmulgee River, 

Wheeler County. They are about 1 mile long and one-fourth mile wide. Overburden is about 6 to 11 feet thick. Thickness of sand is about 5 feet . .Chemical 

and mechanical analyses of sample are given, and location map, scale 1 inch· 

= 19 miles, is included. 

Huey, A. S., 1948, Geology of the Tesla· qaudr~ngle, California: Calif. Div. 

Mines Bull. 1~0, p. 61. 

Abandoned glass sand prospects of the Tesla formation are in San Joaquin 

and Alameda Counties. The mining of glass sand in the Tesla area has been 

limited by the more ready acce_ssibility and higher quality of the white sands 

near. Mount Diablo, Contra Costa County. "LivermQre ganister," a natural 

mixture of silica sand and clay, occ"Qrs in Alameda County. It is con.fined to a. 
634 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

single stratigraphic unit and. is used in foundries as a ladle-patching and 

furnace-"lining material. Geologic map, scale 1:62,500, is included. 

Huttl, J. B., 1937, A glass sand enterprise on the Pacific Coast: Eng. Min. 

Jour., v. 138, no. 12, p. 29-31. 

The report describes operations of the Silica Co. of California, about 3 

miles southeast of Brentwood, a station on the Santa Fe Railway. The 

deposit is of Eocene age and consists of compact sandstones in which a workable bed of amber-colored sand occurs, ranging in thickness from 30 to 40 

feet. The mining and processing of the sand are discussed, illustrated by a 

flow sheet. 

Jahns, R. H., Griffitts, W. R., and Heinrich, E. M., 1952, Mica deposits of the 

southeastern Piedmont; part 1, General features: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 248-A, 102 p. See also Prof. Papers 248-B, C, D, E, F. 

Discusses quartz occurring in pegmatites in Virginia, North Carolina, 

Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama. Includes 1 plate, 31 figures, and 14 

tables. 

Jensen, N. C., 1942, Marketing silica (Quartz, tripoli, diatomite, etc.): U. S. 

Bur. Mines Inf. Circ. 7202, 39 p. 

Describes various forms of silica, discusses their occurrence, properties, 

and uses, and gives production and prices. Includes list of buyers. 

Jewell, W. B., 1931, Geology and mineral resources of Hardin County, Tenn.: 

Tenn. Geol. Survey Bull. 37, p. 80-85. 

Tripoli occurs in the Fort Payne and Warsaw formations. Descriptions of 

the occurrences and chemical analyses are given. 

Flint for tube-mill lining has been produced on a small scale in Wayne 

County, but none has been exploited in Hardin County. Map, scale 1 inch = 

1 mile, showing areal geology of Hardin County is included. 

Jillson, W. R., 1938, The Saint Peter sandstone in Kentucky: Louisville, Ky., 

Standard Printing Co., Inc., 46 p. 

Discusses the occurrence of St. Peter sandstone in Franklin, Gallatin, 

Harrison, Menifee, Estill, and Madison Counties, giving the regional geology 

and outline of its stratigraphic correlatives. 

Johnson, J. H., 1934, Paleozoic formations of the Mosquito Range, Colo.: U. S. 

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 185-B, p. 20-21. 

The Sawatch quartzite lies directly upon the eroded surface of the Precambrian rocks. Generally the formation consists of hard, massive bedded 

grayish-white quartzite. Locally there are thin basal conglomerate beds composed of well-rounded and polished grains of bluish-gray quartz, about pea 

size, well cemented with silica. The quartzite differs considerably in thickness 

in different localities. Near Trout Creek it is absent or very thin; at Weston 

Pass, about 60 feet of it appears to be present; and, in the Leadville and 

Alma districts, it is about 120 to 130 feet thick. 

Little information from adjoining areas indicates Upper Cambrian age, 

probably middle Upper Cambrian, for the quartzite. 

Cross sections showing the thickness of the quartzite throughout the area 

are given, but nQ analyses as tQ the purity of the rock are included. 
HIGH-GRADE SILICA OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 635 

Johnson, M. E., 1935, The mineral industry of New Jersey for 1933: N. J. 

Dept. Conserv. Devel. Bull. 42, p. 13. 

A quartzite deposit about 1% miles west of Wharton, adjacent to the 

Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, is quarried for use in foundries, 

filters, and cement flux. Most of the rock, part of the Green Pond conglomerate, is white but some is iron stained. Random and grab samples showed 

95.78 percent Si02 and 0.68 percent FezOs. 

Jones, W. B., 1938, Glass sands of Alabama: Am. Ceramic Soc. Bull., v. 17, 

p. 327-328. 

The Mohawk deposit of the Shades formation (lower. Pottsville) near 

Ohatchee, Calhoun County, is a massive bedded sandstone and conglomerate, 

ranging in thickness from 40 to 80 feet. The texture ranges from a medium 

fine-grained sandstone to a conglomerate consisting of small water-worn 

pebbles. The sandstone is almost pure white. There is little overburden. The 

tract is 1 mile square and about 3 miles northwest of Ohatchee, near rail and 

water transportation. Outcrops and test pits have disclosed tonnage calculated 

at 100 million tons. Chemical and mechanical analyses from the deposit are 

given. 

The Gulf Beach sands of southern Baldwin County exceed 20 feet in thickness. Most of the deposit is 5 feet above and 15 feet below sea level. Production 

is done by dredging. It is somewhat higher in ferric oxide and lower in silica 

than the Mohawk deposit. It has good transportation facilities. A chemical 

analysis is given. 

The author believes that the materials of these two deposits are the only 

ones in the State suitable for supplying glass sand of high quality. 

Keith, M. L., 1946, Sandstone as a source of silica sands in southeastern 

Ontario: Ontario Dept. Mines 55th Ann. Rept., pt. 5, 36 p. 

This area is in parts of Frontenac, Leeds, and Lanark Counties, extending 

from Kingston to Brockville along the St. Lawrence River and from the St. 

Lawrence River northward beyond Perth and Smiths Falls. The sandstone 

is in the Potsdam formation (Precambrian). The thickness ranges from less 

than 72 feet to 280 feet. This sandstone is used for foundry work, blast sand, 

and for the manufacture of silicon carbide; it could be used for glass sand if 

demand required. Each area is described, giving chemical and mechanical 

analyses. The Kingston Silica Mines deposit is reported to contain about 10 

million tons of sandstone. A mill flow sheet and histograms showing the size 

analysis of a sandstone sample of the deposit and a map, scale 1:126,720, 

showing the distribution of the Potsdam sandstone of part of southeastern 

Ontario are included. 

Kinney, D. M., 1948, Glass sand and other special sands, in Geological resources of the Trinity River tributary area in Oklahoma and Texas: Tex. 

Univ. Pub. 4824, p. 143-147. 

Sands suitable for glass are found in the Arbuckle Mountains near 

Tahlequah in northeast Oklahoma, southeast Oklahoma, north-central Texas, 

and the Gulf Coastal Plain of Texas. The sands of the Arbuckle Mountains 

occur in the Oil Creek and McLish formations of the Simpson group 

(Ordovician). The Oil Creek sand is the base of the Simpson group and 

1·anges from 150 to 400 feet in thickness. The McLish sand is about 165 feet 

thick and overlies the Oil Creek sand. Sands near Tahlequah occur in the 

Burgen sandstone (Ordovician). Sands in southeast Oklahoma and north-
636 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

central Texas occur in the Trinity sand (Lower Cretaceous). The outcrop 

is from 5 to 20 miles wide. Sources for glass sand are rare. However, south 

of the main body of the Trinity sand in Texas, a sand deposit in the lower 

Trinity is being mined for making bottle and glass containers. The Gulf 

Coastal Plain of Texas yields the Carrizo, Queen .City, and Sparta sands 

(Eocene). These sands may be suitable for glass, but, for the most part, 

they contain too much iron and are too 'fine grained. The Trinity, Carrizo, 

Queen City, and Sparta sands cross the Trinity River basin, but deposits of 

sufficient purity for the manufacture of common bottle glass are rare. 

Production figures are not available, but reserves of the Oil Creek and 

McLish formations are said to be very large. Reserves at Santa Anna, Tex., 

are also large. 

Map, scale about 1 inch = 70 miles, showing distribution of glass sand and 

other special sands in the Trinity River tributary area is included. 

Knapp, G. N., 1923, The foundry sands of Minnesota: Minn. Geol. S~rvey 

Bull. 18, p. 17-22, 62-65. 

Describes the sands in Minnesota, giving the best use of each, localities 

where they occur, and some chemical and mechanical analyses of the sands. 

Coarser quartz sand is sometimes desired for cores in heavy work in gray iron 

and steel foundries. This material is obtained from the Jordan formation 

(.Cambrian). The material preferred for core work is a quartz sand with the 

least possible amount of silt and with little or no clay. The St. Peter sandstone 

(lower Ordovician) is well suited for this work. Sioux quartzite (upper 

Huronian) withstands attrition and abrasion to a remarkable degree and is 

in demand as pebbles for ball mills. 

Knechtel, M. M., Larrabee, D. M., ]fischer, E. C., and others, 1948, Map showing construction materials and nonmetallic mineral resources of Montana: 

U. S. Geol. Survey Missouri Basin Studies Map 11, scale 1:750,000. 

Rock that probably forms part of the Tertiary "lake beds," 15 miles southwest of Dillon, Beaverhead County, is used .for fluxing and silica brick in 

coppe:r: converter work, and might be used for the manufacture of glass. A 

quarry at Columbus, Stillwater County, has produced material for grindstones. 

Knight, Nicholas, 1926, Iowa glass sand [abs.] : Pan-Am. Geologist, v. 46, P~ 

402:._403. 

At several points in Linn County, along the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul 

and Pacific Railroad between Marion and Cedar Rapids; and also along the 

old county highway sandstone occurs in marked unconformity upon limestone 

of Devonian age. Fossils clearly indicate that this sandstone is of Carboniferous age. Analyses show this material to be nearly 99 percent Si02. The 

several exposures seem to warrant a moderate glass industry. 

Krynine, P. D., Klepper, M. R., and Glasser, M., 1940, Mineralogy of the 

Mapleton glass sand: Pa. State .College, Mineral Industries Expt. Sta. 

Tech. Paper 51, p. 88-94. 

Report on the technology of the Oriskany sandstone in a quarry at 

Mapleton and at Mount Union. Mechanical analyses and histograms are 

included. 

Krynitsky, A. I., and Raring, F. W., 1951, Sieve analyses of silica sands: Am. 

Foundrymen's Soc. Trans., v. 59, p. 117-120. 

A study of sieve analyses of silica Sal'l;d was undertaken to determine the 
HIGH·GRADE SILICA OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 637 

precision of the American Foundrymen's Society fineness test for foundry 

sands. The primary purpose of the investigation was to determine whether 

the type of sieve shaker used has any significant effect on the analytical 

results for a given sample and the reproductibility of a sampling technique. 

Conclusions were that, under the conditions of the analyses made in the 

study, the vibratory and rotary type sieve shakers will yield approximately 

the same results on a given sample with the same set of sieves. 

Kummel, H. B., and Gage, R. B., 1907, The glass-sand industry of New 

Jersey: N.J. Geol. Survey Ann. Rept., 1906, p. 77-96. 

Sands along the Maurice River below Millville, in the region around Vineland and Williamstown, may be a source of glass sand. Glass sand has been 

mined at Egg Harbor and west of Salem. 

Description of the deposits, method of mining, and physical properties are 

described; chemical analyses of 13 washed glass sands from New Jersey and 

1 from Pennsylvania are given; a few mechanical analyses are included. 

Ladoo, R. B., and Myers, W. M., 1951, Nonmetallic minerals: New York, 

McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 2d ed., p. 423-431, 561-566. 

Gives a general description of the geographic distribution, physical 

properties, mining, milling, specifications and tests, production, consumption, 

grades and prices, utilization of silica, and contains a bibliography. 

Lamar, J. E., 1928, Geology and economic resources of the St. Peter sandstone of Illinois: Ill. Geol. Survey Bull. 53, 175 p. 

Describes the distribution, lithology, thickness, structure, origin, and 

geologic history of St. Peter sandstone in Illinois. Discusses in detail its 

structural, physical, and compositional features, giving special attention to 

the impurities, and production methods of local quarries; lists and specifies 

requirement~ for more than 100 uses of sand; describes methods of sampling 

and testing and tabulates the results of these tests. Mentions briefly undeveloped deposits of possible commercial value. 

--- 1953, Siliceous materials extreme southern Illinois: Ill. Geol. Survey 

Rept. Inv. 166, 39 p. 

Most silica produced in southern Illinois is from the Clear Creek formation. 

Recently silica also has been produced from the Grassy Knob formation at 

Olive Branch. All mines currently producing tripoli from the Clear Creek 

formation are west of Elco and Mill Creek. Specific gravity, weight per cubic 

foot, and porosity of silica are given, along with character of deposits of 

commercial silica; mining, processing, uses, and resources. 

Novaculite Gravel Co. pit near Tamms, Alexander .County, is described as 

to character, occurrence, resources, mining, processing, uses; chemical and 

sieve analyses are included. 

It is thought that ganister deposits in southern Illinois occur in the 

Hartline formation, although some may have heel) formed also from 

calcareous siliceous beds of the Springville formation. Chemical analyses of 

ganister from the Hartline formation are given. Ganister in Alexander 

County is discussed as to character of the deposits, mining, processing, uses, 

·l·esources, and origin. 

Larrabee, D. M., Clabaugh, S. E., Griffitts, W. R., and others, 1947, Map 

showing construction materials and nonmetallic mineral resources of 
638 ·CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

Colorado: U. S. Geol. Survey Missouri Basin Studies Prelim. Map 10, 

scale 1:500,000. 

Silica sand has been produced from white sandstones and quartzite in 

Douglas, El Paso, Fremont, and Pueblo Counties. These sandstones crop out 

along the mountain front, and similar sandstones and quartzites crop out 

in a belt from Orient, Saguache County, northwestward to Leadville and 

Aspen. Among the formations that contain white sandstone and quartzite are · 

the Uncompahgre formation, the Sawatch and Ignacio quartzites, and the 

Lyons sandstone. 

Le Chatelier, H., and Bogitch, B., 1918, Manufacture of silica brick: Am. 

Inst. Min. Metall. Eng. Trans., v. 60, p. 134-161. 

Discusses the methods of investigation, the tridymite network, independent 

variables, and manufacturing operations of silica brick. 

Leith, Andrew, 1935, The Pre-Cambrian of the Lake Superior region, the 

Baraboo district, and other isolated areas in the upper Mississippi 

Valley: Kans. Geol. Soc. 9th Ann. Field Conf., p. 329-331. 

The Baraboo quartzite is massive, well cemented, almost pure, and about 

4,000 feet thick. Some thin beds of slate occur between the layers of quartzite. 

Geologic map, scale about 1 inch = 4 miles, of the Baraboo district is included. 

Levings, G. V. B., 1923, Marketing of tripoli: Eng. Min. Jour.-Press, v. 116, 

p. 631-632. 

Gives a brief discussion of tripoli, including its properties, uses, and 

location of producing areas-stressing tripoli from Seneca, Mo.-and marketing. 

Libbey, F. W., 1950, Oregon's mineral industry in 1950: Ore.-Bin, v. 13, no. 

1, p. 4. 

Metallurgical silica is mined and processed at Rogue River, Jackson County, 

Oreg. 

Littlefield, M. S., 1925, Natural-bonded molding sand resources of Illinois: 

Ill. Geol. Survey Bull. 50, p. 100, 122-125. 

Describes a deposit of weathered chert mined and shipped as ganister near 

Elco and the occurrences of high-purity silica in Kandall, Lake, and La Salle 

Counties. 

Loughlin, G. F., 1912, The gabbros and associated rocks at Preston, Conn.: 

U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 492, p. 24, 53, 106, 110, 135-146. 

The Lantern Hill quartz deposit forms a high narrow ridge 1 ~ miles long 

and about 1,000 feet wide along the west boundary of North Stonington. 

Analyses show pulverulent quartz is 98 to 99.4 percent Si02. 

Another quartz mass similar to the Lantern Hill occurs a mile north of 

Glasgo village in Griswold. The origin and geology of the quartz mass and 

a complete petographic description of the quartz and wall rock are discussed. 

Maps, scale 1:62,500, showing location and geology of deposits are . 

included. 

Lowe, W. B., 1926, The phenomena of the Sioux quartzite: Pit and Quarry, 

v. 12, no. 8, p. 82-84. · 

Sioux quartzite (Huronian) occurs along the Big Sioux River: it is the 
HIGH-GRADE SILICA OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 639 

only quartzite of any commercial value in South Dakota. Maximum width is 

believed to be 60 miles, extending across the northwestern corner of Iowa. 

It underlies about equal areas in South Dakota and Minnesota. The formation 

probably extends over an area of 6,000 square miles. It is fine grained and 

friable. Thickness is estimated to be from 1,500 to 4,000 feet. 

Density and acid tests are given. The fusion point is very high. This 

quartzite has many uses; among them is furnace converter linings for steel 

mills. 

Lowry, W. D., 1947, Foundry sand produced near Eugene, Oreg.: Am. Inst. 

Min. Metall. Eng., v. 173, p. 532-541. 

Report on the steel foundry sands near Eugene, Oreg., includes the history, 

geology, properties, and a map, scale about 1 inch = 50 miles, showing the 

location of deposits. Gives a flow sheet of a current operation and references. 

--- 1954, Silica sand resources of western Virginia: Va. Polytech. Inst., 

Eng. Expt. Sta. Ser. Bull., 96, 62 p. 

This report describes the geology of the silica sand deposits, giving 

descriptions of the deposits and mechanical and chemical analyses. Map, 

scale about 1 inch = 25 miles, showing localities is included. 

McAllister, H. E., and Bartram, J. W., 1947, Handmade glass tableware, a 

potential new industry for Colorado: Colo. Univ., Bur. Business Research, 

p. 12, 17-20. 

A sand deposit meeting all the requirements of glass sand is being worked 

in a hogback west of Denver. Sand deposits near Colorado Springs are also 

found suitable for the glass industry. Other deposits near Pueblo have been 

analysed and found suitable, after beneficiation, for glassmaking. 

Analysis of sand produced near Denver: Si02- 99.5 percent, Fe20a0.029 percent, Al20a- 0.261 percent, CaO - 0.00 percent, MgO - 0.03 percent, loss on ignition- 0.18 percent. 

Analyses of 2 potential glassmaking sands of Colorado Springs: 

1 Percent 2 Pe?·cent 

Si02 98.56 Si02 97.98 

Al20s-Ti02 .85 Al20s-Ti02 1.55 

Al20s .81 Fe20s .068 

Fe20s .038 Ignition loss .40 

MgO .02 

CaO .06 

K20 .05 

Na20 .04 

Ignition loss .34 

The deposit from which sample 1 was taken yields washed sand possibly 

suitable for making flint glass, containers and tableware. However, it exceeds 

0.003 percent Fe20s standards set up by the American Society for Testing 

Materials. 

Samples of sand from deposits near Pueblo were submitted to Colorado 

University for analyses. They were adequately high in silica, but the iron 

content was too high, running 0.059 percent. With beneficiation, this sand 

might be suitable for glassmaking. 

McGrain, Preston, 1952, Recent investigations of silica sands of Kentucky: 

Ky. Geol. Survey, ser. 9, Rept. Inv. 5, 14 p. 

Gives requirements, specifications, chemical, and physical anal~ses of glass 
640 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

sand. Hardinsburg sandstone near Marion, Crittendon County, and Bethel 

sandstone near Princeton, Caldwell County, seem to offer the best possibilities 

for sources of sand for high-grade glass in the State. Map showing sources of 

analyzed sands is included. 

Machin, J. S., and Tooley, F. V., 1937, Decolorization of southern Illinois 

silica: Ill. Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 47, p. 5-35. 

Possible methods of decolorizing silica are classified roughly as hightemperature methods, wet bleaching with acids alone or in the presence of 

reducing agents, and electrical or magnetic separation of iron compounds. 

Experimental investigations of three wet leaching methods employing first, 

hydrochloric acid; second, sulfuric aci!l; and third, a combination of an active 

metal with sodium bisulfite and sulfuric acid, indicate that it is technically 

feasible to bleach by any of the three methods investigated. 

McNamara, E. P., 1938, Introduction to ceramics: Pa. State Coli., School 

Mineral Industries, v. 2, p. 79-95. 

Describes forms of silica: quartz, tridymite, and cristobalite, their formation and occurrence, Oriskany and St. Peter sandstone occurrences, the commercial forms of silica. Chemical analyses of some American sands, sandstones, and quartzites are given; also a table showing ferric oxide in different 

types of glass sand and screen analyses of glass sands. 

Metcalf, R. W., 1940a, Grinding pebbles: Stone, v. 61, p. 468, 470. 

Describes the resources of quartzite pebbles and silex liners and summarizes 

foreign sources, namely Denmark and France, markets for export, and the 

domestic supply situation. · 

--- 1940b, Grinding pebbles and tube-mill liners: U. S. Bur. Mines Inf . 

. eire. 7139, 5 p. 

Artificially rounded grinding pebbles have been produced from quartzite 

deposits near Jasper, Minn., and from the Sioux quartzite near East Sioux 

Falls, S. Dak. No production has been reported for 15 years. Before 1936, 

pebbles were used from the beaches between Oceanside and Encinitas, Calif. 

Although somewhat harder than Danish flint pebbles, the California pebbles 

wore out faster on hard material, being coarser grained and rougher than 

the Danish pebbles. However, their cost is less than one-half the price of 

Danish pebbles. 

Various types of stream or beach pebbles have been produced locally in 

the Rocky Mountain region for use in metallurgical mills. 

Tube-mill liners, and possibly artificially rounded-grinding pebbles, formerly 

were supplied from the Ocala limestone beds in Florida and from the Fort 

Payne chert near Iron City, Tenn.; they also were obtained from· a quartzite 

belt of central and southeast Pennsylvania, and in Calhoun, Talladega, 

Cherokee, Clay, and Cleburne Counties, Ala. 

--- 1949, Tripoli, in Industrial Minerals and Rocks: New York, Am. Ins~. 

Min. Metall.' Eng., ·2d ed., p. 1074-1101. 

Discusses tripoli with respect to composition, physical properties, mining, 

milling, specifications, uses, marketing, and deposits in Alabama, Arkansas, 

Georgia, Illinois, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, 

and some foreign deposits. .Chemical analyses, production data, and a 

bibliography are included. 
HIGH-GRADE SILICA OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 641 

Meyers, T. R., 1941, Some New Hampshire quartz deposits, preliminary 

report: N. H. State Plan. Devel. Comm., Mineral Resources Survey, pt. 

7, 21 p. Rept. N. H. Plan. Devel. Comm., pt. 6, 21 p. 

Discusses only the larger deposits of quartz in New Hampshire. The 

deposits are grouped into three types; silicified zones, quartzites and quartz 

conglomerates, and pegmatites. Emphasis is placed upon the study of silicified 

zones. Geology and some chemical analyses of the deposits examined are 

given; also a map, scale about 1 inch = 20 miles, showing distribution and 

types of quartz deposits examined. 

Miser, H. D., 1943, Quartz veins in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas and 

Oklahoma (their relations to structure, metamorphism, and metalliferous 

deposits): Econ. Geology, v. 38, p. 105-106. 

Quartz veins are hydrothermal deposits of probable magmatic origin, and 

novaculite is the result of progressive metamorphism. Dynamic metamorphism 

had produced fracturing, shearing, and preferred orientation of the grains 

in some novaculites. The oilstone quarries in the Arkansas novaculite near 

Hot Springs, Ark., are in an area that has been metamorphosed to a greater 

extent than elsewhere in the Ouachita Mountains, except in the mountains a 

few miles north of Broken Bow, Okla. 

Miser, H. D., and Purdue, A. H., 1929, Geology of the De Queen and Caddo 

Gap quadrangles, Arkansas: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 808, p. 162-166, 

178-180. 

Discusses the Arkansas novaculite deposits which occur in three lithologic 

units. The novaculite for the most part is massive, breaks with a conchoidal 

fracture, and ranges in color from yellow to white. It occurs in beds of a 

maximum thickness of almost 1,000 feet. At Hot Springs, two commercial 

types are mentioned. The Arkansas stone is fine grained and suitable for. 

sharpening fine edges of tools. The Ouachita (Washita) stone is porous. 

Novaculite pebbles range from a fraction of an inch to 10 inches in diameter. 

Most of the pebbles are white with a bluish tint, but many are red, gray, 

green, yellow, brown, and black. They are comparatively brittle, which may 

hinder the economic use in tube mills. The basal part of the Arkansas 

novaculite is composed almost wholly of silica, which is white, free from 

impurities, and is used for pottery. The purest grade might be used for 

making optical glass. Tripoli deposits occurring in the Arkansas novaculite 

are described. 

Modes, C. H., 1932, Sand supply and the glass industry on the Pacific Coast: 

Ceramic Industry, v. 18, p. 254, 266, 268, 270. 

Gives locations, sources, production, and chemical analyses of glass sand 

in California, and analyses of glass sand from Missouri, Pennsylvania, 

Illinois, and New Jersey for comparison. Da~a on Belgian sand imports 

are included. 

Moore, E. S., and Taylor, T. G., 1924, The silica refractories of Pennsylvania: 

Pa. Geol. Survey; 4th ser., Bull. M 3, 100 p. 

Gives a detailed description of the Tuscarora and Chickies quartzite. 

Chemical analyses and map, scale about 1 inch = 15 miles, showing localities 

·.~f quartzites used as ganister for silica brick are included. 

Murphy, T. D., 1954, Silica, in Mineral resources of Clark County, Nev.: Nev. 

Bur. Mines Bull. 55, 6 p. 

The Eureka quartzite, the Supai, Aztec, and Baseline sandstones, and 
642 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

certain deposits of eolian sand are of sufficient purity to be potentially commercial in, Clark .County. Although practically all of these materials have 

been exploited, only the Baseline sandstone and eolian sand are currently 

used. Four companies in the Overton area ship both crude and dry finished 

products that are used by the foundry, glass, and chemical industries. 

Market specifications favor the present utilization of the sands from Clark 

County for glass melting, but a substantial tonnage is consumed by the West 

Coast foundry trade. The Eureka quartzite may be considered a potential 

resource for refractory and metallurgical use. 

Raw material resources of most type of silica seem to be substantial but 

not inexhaustible. Finished products shipped from the Overton area to West 

Coast industries must always compete with sources of supply in southern 

California. 

Murray, H. H., and Patton, J. B., 1953, Preliminary report on high-silica sand 

in Indiana: Ind. Geol. Survey Progress Rept. 5, 35 p. 

From 1850 to 1910, high-silica sands were produced in Indiana from dunes 

along the Lake Michigan shores; the Pendleton sandstone (Devonian) at 

Pendleton, Madison County; the Mansfield formation (Pennsylvanian) near 

Loogootee, Martin County; the Linton (Staunton) formation (Pennsylvanian) 

near .Coxville, Parke County; the Ohio River formation (Tertiary) in eastern 

Harrison County and southeastern Washington County. At present, all highsilica sand used by the glass industries is imported from other States. 

The report gives stratigraphic units sampled, descriptions of selected 

exposures, and chemical and spectrographic analyses. Map, scale 1:1,000,000, 

showing location of samples of sand and sandstones is included. 

Nevin, C. M., 1929, The sand and gravel resources of New York State: N. Y. 

State Mus. Bull. 282, p. 116-117. 

Glass, core, and blast sands have been produced at Cleveland, Oswego 

County. This deposit is a continuation of the large sand plain between Rome 

and Oneida Lake. Thickness is about 15 feet; overburden, 2 feet. Chemical 

and mechanical analyses are given. 

Another extensive area of beach and dune sands suitable for core work 

occurs in Oswego County, along the east shore of Lake Ontario near Selkirk. 

Sieve tests are given for samples of this sand. 

New Hampshire State Planning and Development Commission, 1949, Mineral 

resources in the Lakes region: p. 3. 

Quartz used for glass and abrasives had been mined near Sandwich and 

Strafford in the Lakes region. Most of the material came from pegmatite 

deposits and from large silicified or fault zones. Map, scale 1 inch = 8 miles, 

showing distribution of deposits is included. 

Newland, D. H., 1919, The mineral resources of the State of New York: N.Y. 

State Mus. Bull. 223-224, p. 154-156, 220-221, 241, 272-276. 

The Shawangunk conglomerate, a hard, firmly cemented pebbly light-gray 

sandstone ranges from 50 to 300 feet in thickness, thinning northeastward. 

Millstones are quarried in the Shawangunk Mountain area, from the vicinity 

of High Falls, near Kingston, southwestward into New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Extensive quarrying has been done near Kyserike, St. J osen, Granite, 

and Kerhonkson. In the past it was quarried for glass sand at Ellenville. 

Beach sand from the Oneida Lake region has been used for glass, fire, 

and core sand. 
HIGH-GRADE SILICA OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 643 

Potsdam sandstone crops out on the northern, eastern, and southern borders 

of the Adirondacks. The beds range from a few inches to more than 2 feet 

in thickness. Deposits in the vicinity of Moira and Bangor, Franklin County, 

have been worked for glass sand. 

Quartzite of high quality occurs at Port Henry and Fort Ann. White 

granular sandstone 96 to 99 percent Si02 at Keck Center, Fulton County, is 

used for ferrosilicon manufacture. Poughquag quartzite occurs in the Highland region. It is very hard and tough, suitable for tube-mill lining, and 

probably for chemical and metallurgical purposes. 

The Oriskany sandstone crops. out at Oriskany Falls, Oneida, and near 

Union Springs, Cayuga County. 

Vein quartz, used for abrasives, was quarried near Fort Ann and Port 

Henry. 

Nixon, E. K., Runnels, R. T., and Kulstad, R. 0., 1950, The Cheyenne sandstone of Barber, Comanche, and Kiowa Counties, Kans., as raw material 

for glass manufacture: Kans. Geol. Survey Bull. 86, pt. 3, p. 43-84. 

Results of chemical, mineralogical, mechanical and spectrographic analyses 

show that Cheyenne sandstone (lower .Cretaceous), which crops out in 

southern Kansas, is suitable for both glass and foundry sands. All data 

indicate that reserves are adequate for commercial operation of sands 

amenable to standard methods of beneficiation established by the American 

Ce1·amic Society and the National Bureau of Standards. 

No1~dberg, Bror, 1954, Producing high-grade silica from sandstone: Rock 

Products,v. 57,no.4,p. 126-127,130,180,182. 

Sand for all grades of glass except optical is obtained from the Hardinsburg 

sandstone, 1 mile east of ~arion, Ky. Daily production includes 12 carloads 

of glass and foundry sand. Includes description of plant and sieve analyses. 

Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, 1951, State of Oregon 

map showing principal mineral deposits, scale 1:100,000; Key to Oregon 

mineral deposits map, by R. S. Mason: Oreg. Dept. Geology and Mineral 

Industries (Misc. paper no. 2). 

Shows location of the following silica deposits: 

Owen: T. 33 S., R. 12 W., Powers District, Curry County. 

Bristol: sec. 30, T. 36 S., R. 3 W., Gold Hill District, Jackson County. 

Hugo: sec. 5, T. 35 S., R. 6 W., Grants Pass District, Josephine County. 

Hauser: T. 24 S., R. 13 W., .Coos Bay District, Coos County. 

Eugene: sec. 34, 35, T. 17. S., R. 4 W., Lane County. 

Luckiamute: sec. 30, T. 9 S., R. 4 W., Polk County. 

Oklahoma Geological Survey, 1942, Utilization of glass sand: Director's Bienn. 

Rept. 1941-42, p. 29-31. 

Deposits of sand suitable for glass manufacture occur in Pontotoc, Johnston, 

Murray, Carter, Cherokee, and Love Counties. Analyses are given. 

Page, L. R., and others, 1953, Pegmatite investigations 19~2-1945, Black Hills, 

S. Dak.: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 247, 228 p. 

Discusses quartz occurring in pegmatite dikes in the Black Hills. Report 

includes 45 plates, 37 figures, and 4 tables. 

Parker, J. M., III, 1952, Geology and structure of part of the Spruce Pine 

district, North Carolina: N. C. Dept. Conserv. Devel. Bull. 65, p. 21. 

Discusses high-grade quartz occurring as cores or pods in pegmatites suit-
644 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

able for the manufacture of glass, and also fairly high silica quartz recovered 

as a byproduct·from the froth-flotation production of feldspar. Geologic map, 

scale 1 inch = 2,000 feet, is included. 

Parkinson, G. A., and Barnes, V. E., 1943, Grinding pebbles deposits in 

western Gulf Coastal Plain of Texas, in Texas mineral resources: Tex. 

Univ. Pub. 4301, p. 47-54 [1946]. 

Numerous deposits of flint suitable for grinding pebbles occur west of the 

Guadalupe River. The gravels of the Colorado and Brazos Rivers contain 

abundant flint pebbles unsuitable for grinding purposes. The stratigraphy, 

lithologic character, and source of many of the deposits are given. Map; 

scale about 1 inch = 75 miles, showing distribution by counties is included. 

Parmelee, ·C. W., 1932, Progress report on the study of southern Illinois silica 

as a pottery material: Ill. Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 24, p. 3-7. 

Tripoli, locally called "silica," occurs in deposits that range in thickness 

from a few feet to almost 50 feet in the Clear Creek formation (Devonian). 

Results of investigations of southern Illinois tripoli for pottery manufacture 

are given. ·Tests show that quartz sand, "flint," and French pebble flint are 

superior to tripoli for this purpose. 

Parmelee, .c. W., and Harman, C. G., 1946, Southern Illinois novaculite and 

novaculite gravel for making silica refractories: Ill. GeoL Survey Rept. 

Inv. 117, 55 p. 

Extensive deposits of novaculite and of novaculite gravel occur in Alexander 

and Union Counties. The novaculite is a cryptocrystalline material containing 

approximately 97 percent silica; novaculite gravel contains a small amount 

of clay. The character and properties of the novaculite when properly crushed, 

graded, bonded with lime, and fired correspond closely with commercial 

refract~ry silica brick. Better brick can be obtained by mixing with the 

novaculite a certain proportion of extremely fine grained silica or tripoli 

obtainable in the same area as the novaculite and novaculite gravel. 

Patty, E. N., and Glover, S. L., 1921, The mineral resources of Washington 

with statistics for 1919: Wash. Geol. Survey Bull. 21, p. 111-113, 132-133. 

Pegmatitic quartz deposit estimated to contain several million tons of 

almost pure quartz occurs as a hill, 650 feet in diameter, in sec. 14, T. 27 N., 

R. 42 E., 12 miles north of Spokane and 6 miles from the Great Northern 

Railway. The quartz is used chiefly to make silica brick. 

The Denny-Renton Co. deposit on McClellan Pass Highway, east of 

Enumclaw, King County, and a deposit on the Siegmund ranch, 1 mile north 

of Clay City, Pierce County, supply material for use in the manufacture of 

silica brick. 

Some molding sand has been produced in King, Spokane, and Pierce 

Counties. 

Phalen, W. C., 1910, Description of the Johnstown quadrangle [Pennsylvania]: 

U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, folio 174, p. 14. 

Gives chemical analysis of glass sand from the Pottsville formation on the 

west flank of Laurel Ridge, near Seward. 

Plummer, F. B., 1942?, A new quartz sand horizon in the Cambrian of Mason 

County, Tex.: Tex. Univ. Circ. 22, 2 p. 

Erna sand (upper Cambrian) crops out along the valley of Leon Creek, 
HIGH-GRADE SILICA OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 645 

southeast of Erna. It is a pure very friable sand. Mechanical and chemical 

analyses and a sketch map, scale about 1 inch = 1 mile, showing sand 

localities are included. 

Popoff, C. C., 1949, Investigation of silica deposits near the Skagit River, 

Skagit County, Wash.: U. S. Bur. Mines Rept. Inv. 4472, 16 p. 

. Describes three large vein quartz deposits near Marblemount. Analyses are 

included. 

Price, P. H., 1929, Pocahontas County [W.Va.]: W. Va. Geol. Survey County 

Rept., p. 346-348. 

Discusses the Droop sandstone, which covers several hundred acres on 

Droop Mountain. This sandstone meets the requirements of glass sand .. The 

White Medina sandstone near Minnehaha Springs also offers possibilities for 

glass sand. Chemical analyses of the sand are given. Geologic and topographic 

maps, scale 1:62,000, are included. 

--- 1938, Geology and natural resources of West Virginia: W. Va. Geol. 

Survey Repts., v. 10, p. 291, 335, 380-384. 

Presents a general discussion on occurrences of high-grade silica sand and 

uses, production from 1902-23, and occurrences of "grindstone." Geologic map, 

scale 1 inch = 16 miles, is included.· 

Purdue, A. H., and Miser, H. D., 1923, Description of the Hot Springs district 

[Arkansas] : U. S. Geol. Survey Atlas, folio 215, p. 10-11. 

Novaculite is quarried at several places on the mountain ridges northeast 

of Hot Springs. Two commercial types are described. The Arkansas stone is 

a homogeneous gritty stone, fine grained and siliceous. This type is used in 

the manufacture of oilstones, but it is best adapted to finishing the sharpening 

of tools that have had a preliminary sharpening with a coarser abrasive. The 

Ouachita (Washita) stone 1·esembles the Arkansas stone but it is more porous, 

and has the appearance of unglazed porcelain. It is used mainly for making 

whetstones for larger tools. 

The basal part of the Arkansas novaculite is composed almost wholly of 

silica, some of which may be suitable for making optical glass. The middle 

part of the formation has weathered to a soft porous fine-grained white to 

cream-colored tripoli. 

Purdy, C. P., Jr., 1953, Directory of Washington mining operations, 195~: 

Wash. Dept. Conserv. Devel. Inf. Circ. 21, p. 4-5, 48, 50-53, 56, 59-60, 63. 

Gives a list of the active mining operations in Washington and the current 

status of activities. Map, scale 1 inch = about 40 miles, shows silica deposits. 

Quinn, Alonzo, Ray, R. G., and Seymour, W. L., 1948, Bedrock geology of the 

Pawtucket quadrangle, Rhode Island and Massachusetts, in The geology 

and ground-water resources of the Pawtucket quadrangle, Rhode Island: 

R. I. Indus. Comm. Geol. Bull. 3, p. 11-12, 18-19, 25. 

Westboro quartzite occurs along the Blackstone River between Albion and 

Berkeley; although predominantly massive, thin beds of quartz-mica schist 

occurs throughout the formation. The thickness ranges from about 1,000 feet 

nea1· Lonsdale to about 3,000 feet northwest of Ashton. 

Vein quartz more than 1,000 feet wide and a mile long makes up the 

western face of Diamond Hill. Numerous quartz veins cut the Grant Mills 
646 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

granodiorite west of Thompson Hill. Chf1mical analysis shows the quartz to be 

98.7 percent Si02. 

Ralston, 0. C., 1937, Quartz and silica in Washington, in Annual report of 

the nonmetals division, fiscal year, 1937: U. S. Bur. Mines Inf. Circ. 6974, 

p. 11-13. 

Vein quartz near Mica, Spokane County, can be used for glass, potter's 

flint, and ceramic glazes. The cost of mining and beneficiation of vein quartz 

in this area prevents it from competing with the Belgian sand. 

Quartzites in Steyens County and the Wenatchee sands of the Swauk 

formation can be used for amber and colored glasses and possibly for 

abrasives in steel foundries. 

Tertiary sandstones of Washington might be used for amber glass, where 

the feldspar content is low. 

Richardson, C. H., 1920, The glass sands of Kentucky: Ky. Geol. Survey, ser. 

6, v. 1, 149 p. 

Gives a comprehensive discussion of sandstones, including the history of 

glass in the United States, classification of sands, raw materials, location of 

deposits, and analyses. 

Ries, Heinrich, 1949, Special sands, in Industrial Minerals and Rocks: New 

York, Am. Inst. Min. Metall. Eng., 2d ed., p. 965-979. 

The report gives the distribution, properties, mining methods, and specifications for preparation of sands for commercial use of glass, filter, abrasive, 

blasting, and steel molding sands. A bibliography is included. 

Roalfe, G. D., 1937, New silica sand plant in Nevada: Rock Products, v. 40, 

no. 8, p. 86-87. 

Describes silica deposits about 4 miles northwest of Arden on Salt Lake 

Route of Union Pacific Railroad. The silica is used in steel foundries. Estimated reserves are 25 million tons. 

Rose, K. E., 1950, Silica sand from south-central Kansas for foundry use: 

Kans. Geol. Survey Bull. 86, pt. 4, p. 89-104. 

Cheyenne sandstone of Barber, Comanche, and Kiowa Counties is said to 

be a satisfactory source of silica sand for preparing molding sand and cores. 

The Cheyenne sands are characterized by a low percentage of minus 140-mesh 

particles and by a broad grain-size distribution. Chemical and sieve analyses, 

cumulative curves, and a map, scale about 1 inch = 2 miles, showing localities 

are included. 

Ross, D. W., 1919, Silica refractories-Factors affecting their quality and 

methods of testing the raw material_s and finished ware: Bur. Standards 

Tech. Paper 116, 84 p. 

Discusses the properties of silica refractories and the preparation necessary 

to obtain the best silica brick. The harder parts of the Medina formation in 

Blair and Huntingdon Counties, Pa., have proved particularly suited for steel 

furnace work. About 60 percent of the silica brick manufactured in the 

United States is made from this formation. The remainder comes largely from 

the Baraboo formation of Wisconsin. A table showing the geologic column 

with reference to commercial quartzites for silica refractories is included. 
HIGH-GRADE SILICA OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 647 

Rothrock, E. P., 1944, Mineral resources, part 3 of A geology of South 

Dakota: S. Dak. Geol. Suryey Bull. 15, p. 147-154, 207. 

Quartzites of the Sioux formation are in the valley of the Big Sioux River 

at Dell Rapids, Sioux Falls, East Sioux Falls, in the valley of the Vermillion 

River at Parke1·, in Wolf Creek at Salem, Pierre Creek at Alexandria, and 

in the James Valley south of Mitchell. The quartzite is more than 97 percent 

Si02. Chemically, the stone could be used for refractories, ganister, and silica 

brick. Tests and chemical analyses of the quarries at Sioux Falls and Dell 

Rapids are included. · 

Sampson, R. J., and Tucker, W. B., 1931, Feldspar, silica, andalusite, and 

cyanite deposits of California: Calif. Dept. Nat. Res., Div. Mines, Mining 

in California, v. 27, p. 432-450. I ' 

Describes the occurrence of silica deposits in California, giving some 

mechanical and chemical analyses. Map, scale 1 inch = 80 miles, shows 

location of the principal deposits. 

Santmyers, R. M., 1931a, Quartz and silica-part 1, General summary: U. S. 

Bur. Mines Inf. Circ. 6472, 15 p. 

Presents material introductory to three reports relative to occurrence and 

uses of quartz and silica. It also contains a flow sheet from deposit to consumer. 

--- 1931b, Quartz and silica, part 2, Quartz, quartzite, and sandstone: 

U. S. Bur. Mines Inf. Circ. 6473, 20 p. 

Presents data on uses, markets, prices and producers of optical quartz, 

piezoelectric qua1·tz, fused quartz glass, agate, ferrosilicon, fluxing quartz, 

quartz for acid towers, fillers, refractories, ceramics, the abrasive industry, 

and dimension stone. 

--- 1931c, Quartz and silica, part 3, Sand and miscellaneous silicas: U. S. 

Bur. Mines Inf. Circ. 6474, 17 p. 

Gives uses, market prices, and other information on fused silica glass and 

silicon carbide; building, paving, molding, glass, fire or furnace, abrasive, 

filter, and engine sands; and roofing granules, sand-lime brick, tripoli, and 

diatomite. 

Schafer, G. H., 1942, Rice sands in Polk and adjoining counties [Texas] : Tex. 

Univ. Circ. 41, p. 1-3. 

"Rice sand," which contains a high percentage of quartz, occurs in Polk, 

Trinity, Tyler, and Walker Counties in the Jackson (Eocene), Catahoula 

(Oligocene), and Willis (Pliocene) formations. Deposits are briefly described 

and screen analyses of some of the deposits are given. This sand is suitable 

for molding sand. 

Schrader, F. C., 1908, Description of the Independence quadrangle [Kansas]: 

U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, folio 159. 

Sandstone about 10 feet thick and suitable for making glass occurs in the 

Buxton formation 4 miles northwest and 2 miles north of Caney. Other 

exposures are farther north. A noteworthy deposit is in the SEll 4 sec. 22, 

Fall River Township, about 4 miles southwest of Fredonia. The rock is 

exposed over an area of 10 to 15 acres and is about 12 feet thick. 
648 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

Schrader, F .. c., Stone, R. W., and Sanford, Samuel, 1917, Useful minerals of 

the United States: U. S. Geol. Survey Bul_l. 624, 412 p. 

The more important occurrences of useful minerals including silica are 

listed by States. Some of the deposits are briefly described. 

Searle, A. B., 1923, Sands and crushed rocks; their uses in industry: London, 

Oxford Tech. Pubs., v. 2, p. 192-205. 

Discusses silica glass, alkali glasses, purpose served by sand in glass, sources 

of sands, chemical and mineral composition, shape and size of grains,' specification of sand for glass manufacture, preparation of glass sands, and testing. 

Sellards, E. H., and Evans, G. L., 1943, Index to Texas mineral resources, in 

Texas mineral resources: Tex. Univ. Pub. 4301, p. 359-383, pl. 1 [1946]. 

See also Sellards and others, 1944. 

Resume of occurrence of silica in the State. 

Sellards, E. H., Evans, G. L., and Hendricks, Leo, 1944, Mineral locality map 

of Texas, scale 1:1,000,000, in Texas mineral resources, 1943: Tex. Univ. 

Pub. 4301, pl. 1 [1946]. 

Map shows occurrence of minerals, rocks, oil and gas. 

Shaw, E. W., and Munn, M. J., 1911, Description of the Foxburg and Clarion 

quadrangles [Pennsylvania] : U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, folio 178, p. 

17. 

The Connoquenessing and Homewood sandstones are quarried near Upper 

Hillville and north of Foxburg. The rock is almost pure silica. Near Upper 

Hil~ville it is treated as ganister and made into silica brick. North of 

Foxburg it is used for molding sand, for grinding plate glass, and as engine 

traction sand. 

Shaw, Edmund, 1937, Mining and milling methods and costs at the glass sand 

plant of P. J. Weisel, Inc., Corona, .Calif.: U. S. Bur. Mines Inf. Circ. 

6937, 16 p. 

Includes a good description of marine sand deposits in an area about 25 

miles long and 4 miles wide, sieve and chemical analyses, a flow sheet of the 

silica plant, and a locality map. 

Shead, A. C., 1928, Chemical analyses of Oklahoma mineral raw materials: 

, Okla. Univ. Bull. 14, p. 25-27, 80-83. 

Gives location, description, and chemical analyses of the Burgen sandstone 

(lower 'Ordovician), Cherokee County; Silo sandstone (upper Cretaceous), 

Bryan County; Simpson sands (lower and upper Ordovician), Murray and 

Johnston Counties; and Trinity sands (lower Cretaceous), Johnston, Marshall, 

Carter, and Love Counties. 

Sheakley, H. L., and Coolidge, D. J., 1942, Use of silica sand in the glass 

industry in Missouri: Am. Inst. Min. Metall. Eng. Tech. Pub. 1538, 6 p. 

Describes in general the occurrence and distribution of the St. Peter sandstone in Missouri. Properties, mining methods, and comparative analyses of 

St. Peter sandstone from Crystal City are given. 

Sherzer~ W. H., 1917, Description of the Detroit district [Michigan]: U. S. 

Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, folio 205, p. 18. 

Sylvania sandstone, 7 miles northwest of Monroe, Monroe County, has. been 
HIGH-GRADE SILICA OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 649 

mined for a number of years for glass and abrasive purposes. East of Rockwood, Wayne County, a pit opened through more than 15 feet of till has 

reached 75 feet of sand, and is said to be available for the same purposes. 

Analyses of both deposits are given. 

Siebenthal, C. E., and Mesler, R. D., 1908, Tripoli deposits near Seneca, Mo.: 

U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 340-J, p. 429-437. · 

Tripoli occurs in the Boone formation in the vicinity of Seneca and Racine. 

The deposits range in thickness from 4 to more than 12 feet, and overburden 

from 2 to more than 3 feet. 

Analyses of tripoli near Seneca and a sketch map, scale 1 inch = about 2¥2 

miles, showing location of deposits are included. 

Singewald, J. T., Jr., 1928, Notes on feldspar, quartz, chrome, and manganese 

in Maryland: Md. Geol. Survey, v. 12, p. 131-157. 

Gives production, uses, occurrences, distribution, quarrying, milling, and 

economic aspects of the Maryland flint industry. Map, scale 1 inch = 1 mile, 

showing locations of quarries in Harford County, and map, scale 1 inch = 3 

miles, showing locations of quarries in Baltimore, Carroll, and Howard 

Counties, are included. 

Smith, E. A., 1884, List of the ores and minerals of industrial importance 

occurring in Alabama: [Ala. Geol. Survey], p. 10. · 

Friable qua1·tz rock occurs in T. 22 N., R. 16 E., in Chilton County, and 

also in Randolph, Tallapoosa, northwest Macon, Lee, Chambers, and other 

counties. 

In the Tennessee Valley the siliceous cherty rocks of the lower Carboniferous period at many places yield a fine white friable silica that may be used 

for making glass. 

Smith, W. H., 1949, Sand and gravel resources in northern Ohio: Ohio Geol. 

Survey Rept. Inv. 6, p. 20. 

Describes production of silica and silica pebbles from the Sharon conglomerate which occurs in the western part of Jackson County, and in parts of 

Summit, Portage, and Geauga Counties. Outliers extend into parts of Medina, 

Cuyahoga, and Lake Counties. The Sharon is a medium- to coarse-grained 

sandstone containing scattered thin pebble beds. The parts most extensively 

quarried are the zones of true conglomerate containing large quantities of 

pebbles. These pebble zones form long, narrow north-south bands which 

represent deposition in channels cut into the underlying Mississippian rocks. 

Sosman, R. B., 1927, The properties of silica: Am. Chern. Soc. Mon. Ser. 37, 

885 p. 

Discusses the fundamentals, phases and their transformations, symmetry 

and structure, thermal and mechanical energy, and applications of silica; also 

silica in the electric and magnetic fields and in the periodic electromagnetic 

field. 

Spain, E. L., Jr., 1936, Tripoli deposits of the western Tennessee Valley: Am. 

Inst. Min. Metall. Eng. Tech. Pub. 700, 17 p. 

·The deposits described occur over the greater part of Wayne County and 

the southeast part of Hardin County, Tenn., and in the northeast and northwest pa1·t of Mi~sissippi and Alabama, respectively. Origin and stratigraphy 
650 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

are discussed. Analyses of tripoli from Hardin County, Tenn., and a map 

showing location of deposits of the western Tennessee Valley are included. 

Stead, F. W., and Stose, G. W., 1943, Manganese and quartzite in the Lick 

Mountain district, Virginia: Va. Geol. Survey Bull. 59, p. 15-16. 

Gives locations of Erwin quartzite deposits in the Lick Mountain district. 

Description of 3 quartzite workings and 7 analyses of quartzite ranging from 

97.63 percent to 99.37 percent Si02 are listed. 

Reserves for the Lick Mountain district are estimated at about 2 million 

tons of metallurgical grade quartzite. 

Map, scale 1 inch = 200 feet, showing plan and sections of quartzite workings at the west end of Sand Mountain and map, scale 1:31,250, showing 

geology and structure sections of the Lick Mountain area are included. 

Stenzel, H. B., 1938, Glass sands in Leon County, Tex.: Tex. Univ. Bur. 

Econ. Geology Circ. 9, 1 p. 

Outcrops of the Carrizo, Queen City, and Sparta formations in Leon County. 

furnish glass sand. Some beds are 40 feet thick. Sand soil produced by 

weathering from these beds is also suitable for glassmaking. These soils reach 

a thickness of more than 8 feet. 

Stenzel, H. B., Fountain, H. G., J enke, A. L., and Weissenborn, A. E., 1948, 

Natural abrasives, in Geological resources of the Trinity River tributary 

area in Oklahoma and Texas: Tex. Univ. Pub. 4824, p. 56-57, 60-61, 65. 

Grinding pebbles occur in the gravel deposits of the major stream valleys 

in Texas. All production is in Bastrop, Frio, Llano, and Travis Counties. 

Texas produced 5,341 short tons in 1943. 

Rice sand deposits occur in lenticular bodies near the base of the .Catahoula 

formation (Tertiary) in Trinity, Polk, Walker, and San Jacinto Counties. It 

is believed reserves are large. Producers, localities, and mechanical analyses 

·are listed. Map, scale 1 inch = 70 miles, showing occurrences is included. 

Fine-grained quartzites and quartzitic sandstones of the Stanley and Jackfork (Pennsylvanian) formations in the Ouachita Mountain region of Oklahoma may be suitable for the manufacture of ·millstones and buhrstones. 

Oklahoma novaculite (Devonian) occurs in central McCurtain County. 

Smaller exposures are known in the Potatoe Hills area in southeastern 

Latimer and northern Pushmataha Counties, and near Atoka and Stringtown, 

Atoka County. Map, scale 1 inch= 70 miles, shows outcrops. 

Stoll, W. C., 1950, Mica and beryl pegmatites in Idaho and Montana: U. S. 

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 229, 64 p. 

Discusses quartz occurring in pegmatites in Idaho and Montana. Includes 

9 plates, 25 figures, and 25 tables. 

Stone, R. W., 1919, Sand and gravel, in Our mineral supplies: U. S. Geol. 

Survey Bull. 666-G, p. 47-49. 

Gives a brief history of glass, molding, and abrasive sands, the productive 

States, and production figures. 

--- 1925, Molding sands of Pennsylvania (preliminary report): Pa. 

Topog. Geol. Survey Bull. 87, 20 p. 

The location of high-purity silica deposits in Butler, Elk, Erie, Jefferson, 

Lycoming, Mercer, Mifflin, and Venango Counties are listed. Mechanical tests 

of molding sands are included. 
HIGH-GRADE SILICA OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 651 

Stone, R. W., 1928, Molding sands of Pennsylvania: Pa. Geol. Survey, 4th ser., 

Bull. M 11, 94 p. 

Deposits and operations are classified and described either as naturalbonded (low silica) molding sand or as silica and core sand. Mechanical 

analyses and resulting histograms are furnished on a large and representative 

list of samples. Map showing location of sand is included. 

--- 1939, The minerals of Pennsylvania-N on-metallic minerals: Pa. 

Geol. Survey, 4th ser., Bull. M 18-C, p. 32-35. 

Summarizes the occurrence, distribution, and development of vein quartz 

deposits in Adams, Chester, and Cumberland Counties, Pa. 

Stose, G. W., 1932, Geology and mineral resources of Adams County, Pa.: Pa. 

Geol. Survey, 4th ser., Bull. C 1, p. 129-13. 

Describes the occurrence, development, and utilization of vein quartz, 

Adams County, Pa. Geologic map, scale 1:125,000, and topographic map, scale 

1:62,500, are included. 

--- 1946, Structure of Lick Mountains, Va.: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 244, p. 

189-199. 

The Lick Mountains are a small isolated group of mountains in the 

Appalachian Valley about 8 miles north of the main front range. They are in 

an anticline exposing thick resistant Lower Cambrian quartzites in parallel 

south-dipping plates which are upthrust on their north sides. The Erwin 

quartzite is the most important formation in the study of the structure of the 

area. The main body of the formation is a massive resistant quartzite about 

350 feet thick. Analyses of selected beds 60 to 80 feet thick are give!l. 

Stose, G. W., and Jonas, A. I., 1933, Geology and mineral resources of the 

Middletown quadrangle, Pennsylvania: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 840, p. 

12-17, 69-71. 

Describes the occurrence and character of the Chickies quartzite in the 

Middleton quadrangle. Analysis and geologic map, scale 1:62,500, are included. 

Stose, A. J., and Stose, G. W., 1944, Geology of the Hanover-York district, 

Pennsylvania: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 204, p. 81. 

Gives locations of quarries in Chickies quartzite, Chickies slate, and 

Antietam quartzite. Geologic map, scale 1:62,500, shows outcrops. 

Stose, G. W., and Swartz, C. K., 1912, Description of the Pawpaw and 

Hancock quadrangles [Maryland-West Virginia-Pennsylvania]: U. S. 

Geol. Survey Atlas, folio 179, p. 21. 

The Oriskany sandstone crops out in many places in the Pawpaw and 

Hancock quadrangles, but it is only pure enough for glass sand in the Warm 

Spring Ridge, which extends southwest in West Virginia from the Potomac 

River opposite Hancock, Md. The sandstone is pure quartz, white, medium to 

fine grained, and free from silt and other fine debris, except particles of milky 

cryptocrystalline silica. The oldest mine is 2 miles from Hancock, on top of 

Warm Spring Ridge. Several quarries are in operation. The sand is reported 

to contain 98 to 99.8 percent Si02. 

Stout, Wilber, 1946, Mineral resources of Ohio: Ohio Geol. Survey Inf. Circ. 

1 (revised), ser. 4, p. 20-23, 27-28, 31. 

Summarizes the occurrence and distribution, and describes the mineralogy 

of sandstone, conglomerate, flint, and ganister in the State. 
652 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

Stow, M. H., 1938, Conditions of sedimentation and sources of the Oriskany 

sandstone as indicated by petrology: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists 

Bull., v. 22, p. 541-564. · 

Exposures of the Oriskany formation were examined, and samples collected 

between Monroe County, N. Y., and Monroe County, W. Va. The lithologic 

character of the Oriskany and adjacent formations at 10 localities is 

described. Samples were studied by the usual methods of sedimentary 

petrography. 

Two distinctly different heavy mineral suites were found. The assemblage 

of tourmaline, zircon, rutile, leucoxene, indicative of derivation from sedimentary rocks, was characteristic of the Oriskany south of New York. The 

assemblage of garnet, hypersthene, kyanite, biotite, and amphiboles, in addition to those minerals just mentioned, is indicative of derivation from crystalline rocks as well as sedimentary rocks. This assemblage was confined to the 

Oriskany of New York. 

The minerals indicate that south of New York the Oriskany sediments were 

derived from sedimentary formations exclusively, probably from Cambrian 

and Silurian sandstones, and that in the New York area they were derived 

from crystalline rocks of the Adirondacks as well as from sedimentary 

formations. 

Map, scale about 1 inch = 100 miles, showing the generalized outcrop of 

Oriskany sandstone from Genessee County, N. Y., to Giles County, Va., is 

included. 

Symons, H. H., 1946, California mineral production and directory of mineral 

producers, 1945: Calif. Div. Mines Bull. 137, p. 102-103. 

Silica ·suitable for glass occurs in Contra Costa, Monterey, Riverside, and 

San Bernardino Counties. The industry is of limited importance because much 

of the available material is not of the quality to produce first-grade colorless 

glass. Total silica production in California since the beginning of the industry 

in 1899 is given. 

Teas, L. P., 1921, Preliminary report on the sand and gravel deposits of 

Georgia: Ga. Geol. Survey Bull. 37, 392 p. 

Includes a general discussion of classification, properties, uses, prospecting, 

production and marketing of sand and gravel; detailed descriptions of 

deposits by counties; chemical and screen analyses; map, scale 1:1,500,000, 

showing distribution of deposits; and bibliography. 

Thiel, G. A., 1935, Sedimentary and petrographic analysis of the St. Peter 

sandstone: ~eol. Soc. America Bull., v. 46, p. 559-613. 

The St. Peter sandstone in Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma is 

a composite marine sandstone formed in a shallow sea characterized by retreats and readvances of the marine environment. The upper 6 or 8 feet of 

the St. Peter sandstone in the upper Mississippi Valley is much coarser 

grained than the lower levels. The sands 10 to 40 feet from the top of the 

formation are more rounded and frosted in the area of the upper Mississippi 

Valley; however, there is a decrease in grain size from north-central Illinois 

northward to the present margin of the formation. The sands of the St. Peter 

are too well sorted and rounded to have been derived directly from an area 

of maturely weathered granite. 

Samples of the St. Peter sandstone were collected in Arkansas, Oklahoma, 

Missouri, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota and were subjected to 
HIGH-GRADE SILICA OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 653 

uniform laboratory tests and methods of calculating textural analysis, heavy 

residuals, and other characteristics of correlative value. 

Thiel, G. A., and Schwartz, G. M., 1932, Geology and development of Minnesota's nonmetallic-mineral resources: Pit and Quarry, v. 24, no. 6, p. 

24-28. I 

Describes quarries in Sioux quartzite (upper Huronian) in Nicollet, Pipestone, Cottonwood, Rock, and Watonwan Counties. Quartzite also occurs north 

of the Mesabi range in St. Louis County. Much of this material is used for 

ball-mill liners and grinding pebbles. 

The Jordan (upper Cambrian) sandstone crops out along the Minnesota 

River and the Mississippi River below Red Wing. The sandstone is almost 

pure silica and is used in the glass industry. The St. Peter (lower Ordovician) 

sandstone is exposed in Minneapolis and St. Paul; it consists of about 200 

feet of almost pure silica sand, but the iron content is too high for making 

. cores. 

Formations that are used for foundry sands a1·e the Sioux quartzite, 

Jordan sandstone, Kettle River sandstone, and St. Peter sandstone. · 

Trainer, D. W., Jr., 1927, The geology of molding sand deposits: Am. 

Foundrymen's Assoc. Repr. 428, 11 p. 

Discusses types of molding sand deposits: lake, commonly of glacial origin,, 

terrace; deposits along abandoned drainage lines, those of estuarine character; deposits associated with terminal moraine material; those in terraces 

of outwash material; marine; those along the shores of present lakes, and 

dunes. 

--- 1928a, The molding sands of Maryland: Md. Geol. Survey, v. 12, p. 

29-89. 

Discusses the requisite properties of molding sands; permeability, bond 

strength, general geology of molding sand deposits, occurrence and properties 

of the deposits. Describes occurrences in the State. 

--- 1928b, Molding sands of Wisconsin: Wis. Geol. Nat. History Survey 

Bull. 69, p. 21-22, 23, 43, 55, 78-93. 

No steel molding sands are produced in Wisconsin. Blast sand, known as 

"Red flint" because of its red color, is produced for cleaning castings. Deposit 

in SW1/4 NW1/4 sec. 15, T. 17 N., R. 13 E., Green Lake County, 1 mile south 

of Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad may be a possible 

source for steel molding sands. Samples taken from this deposit are steel 

sand grade. 

Possible sources for steel molding sands are in Fond du Lac, Green Lake, 

Columbia, Sauk, La Crosse, and Buffalo Counties. The St. Peter sandstone · 

is in general too fine for steel sands but excellent for core sand. 

Future prospecting of outwash terraces or sand plains for sources of 

coarse molding sand and of glacial lake deposits of the Berlin district for 

sources of fine molding and core sands may prove profitable. Samples from 

Cambrian sandstone are of steel sand grade. 

Mechanical analyses are included. 

Tuck, Ralph, 1930, Classification and specifications of siliceous sands: Econ. 

Geology, v. 25, p. 57-64. 

Gives definitions of sand from various sources. The properties are the 
654 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

amount of clay, mineralogic composition, purity, size of grain, distributed 

grading, uniformity of grain size, and the angularity of the individual grains. 

Classifying sands according to uses cannot be done successfully, because the 

same sand may be adapted to several uses. Table of classification and 

specifications of siliceous sands, some sieve tests, and a selected bibliography 

are included. 

Tucker, W. B., and Sampson, R. J., 1931, Nonmetallic minerals; Calif. Dept. 

Nat. Res., Div. Mines, Mining in California, v. 27, p. 376-377. 

Emsco ganister deposits are approximately 2% miles northeast of Wilde 

siding on the Santa Fe Railway, about 20 miles northeast of Oro Grande. 

The entire upper part of the cone-shaped hill is composed of quartzite, about 

200 feet thick. This property is abandoned, and operations have been trans- · 

ferred to a similar deposit approximately 9 miles east and slightly north of 

Victorville. Here the quarry face is 300 feet long and 20 feet high. The 

quarry is about 1 mile from the railroad. 

The Kennedy, or Atlas Fire Brick Co. deposit, is about 4 miles northwest 

of Wilde siding on the Santa Fe Railway. The deposit is similar to the Emsco 

deposit and is probably a continuation of the same quartzite-belt. 

Turner, M. D., 1950, Sand and gravel, in Mineral commodities of California: 

Calif. Div. Mines Bull. 156, p. 254-258. 

Descriptive report giving the geologic formation, mining methods, and 

locations of foundry sand, ganister, and glass sand in California. 

Twenhofel, W. H., 1946, Mineralogical and physical composition of the sands 

of the Oregon coast from Coos Bay to the mouth of the Columbia River: 

Oreg. Dept. Geology and Mineral Industries Bull. 30, 65 p. 

Describes the beach sands of the area and includes many chemical and 

mechanical analyses. 

Tyler, P. M., 1950, Special methods for the beneficiation of glass sand: Am. 

Inst. Min. Metall. Eng. Trans., v. 187, p. 1139-1142. 

Methods are given for the beneficiation of the poorer quality glass sand 

deposits.· 

United States Bureau of Mines, 1924-31: Mineral resources of the United 

States. 

These annual publications list statistics on silica production, consumption, 

uses, prices, imports, and exports. Domestic production generally reviewed 

by States. Includes brief statements on annual developments in the silica 

industry. 

--- 1932-52: Minerals Year book. 

These annual publications list statistics on silica production, consumption, 

uses, prices, imports, and exports. Domestic production generally reviewed by 

States. Includes brief statements on annual developments in the silica 

industry. · 

United States Geological Survey, 1882-1923: Mineral resources of the United 

States. 

These annual publications list statistics on silica production, consumption, 

uses, prices, imports, and exports. Domestic production generally reviewed by 
HIGH-GRADE SILICA OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 655 

States. Includes brief statements on annual .developments in the silica 

industry, with certain volumes going into more detail on occurrence and 

resources. 

Utley, H. F., 1942, Crude silica-sand output doubled to meet war demands of 

foundries: Pit and Quarry, v. 35, no. 2, p. 41-44. 

Outcrops of St. Peter sandstone in the vicinity of Ottawa, Ill., provide 

practically pure silica sand, most of which is sold to steel foundries as molding sand and for core making. Best exposed in the bluffs along the Illinois 

and Fox Rivers. Maximum overburden 38 feet. Analyses of seven types of 

crude sand produced at Ottawa are included. 

Valentine, G. M., 1949, Inventory of Washington minerals, part 1, Nonmetallic minerals: Wash. Dept. Conserv. Devel., Div. Mines and Geology 

Bull. 37, p. 73, 75, 89-91, 93-94. 

Resume of occurrence and economic uses of deposits of vein quartz, silica 

sand, sandstone, and quartzite in the State. Map, scale about 1 inch = 23 

miles, shows occurrences. 

Vanderwilt, J. W., 1947, Mineral resources of Colorado, part 1, Metals, nonmetals, and fuels: Colo. Min. Res. Board [Bull.], p. 262-264. 

Describes three sandstone beds about 3 miles southeast of Waterton in 

Douglas County and another bed about three-fourths of a mile north of 

Waterton in Jefferson County. 

The Molding Sand Quarry, Helmer Quarry, Kassler Quarry, Little Quarry, 

and Roxborough Park deposit are discussed, giving location and chemical 

analysis for each deposit. Location map, scale about 1 inch = 40 miles, is 

included. 

Vernon, R. 0., 1943, Florida mineral industry: Fla. Geol. Survey Bull. 24, 

p. 121-139. 

Subrounded quartz and quartzite pebbles, together with minor amounts of 

chert, limonitic sandstone, and limestone occur as stream deposits in the 

Escambia, Apalachicola, Flint, and Chattahoochee Rivers. These deposits 

might be of commercial value. Mining of sand and gravel in Florida is done 

by dredging; some small operations are roadside pits. The sand industry is 

in Polk, Hillsborough, Orange, Putnam, and Dade Counties. The high-grade 

sand is used for blasting, glass sand, and filter aggregates. 

Vestal, F. E., 1938, Tripoli deposits of Mississippi, in Tripoli deposits of 

western Tennessee and Mississippi: Knoxville, Tenn. Valley Authority, 

Water Control Plan. Dept., Geol. Div., Geol. Bull. 8, p. 8-12. 

The best known tripoli deposits is about 1 mile southwest of Eastport. The 

tripoli deposits in Mississippi are part of the Iuka formation of the lower 

Iowa series of the Mississippian system. Appreciable quantities of tripoli 

have been shipped from a mine in the SW1/4 sec. 26, T. 2 S., R. 11 E. 

--- 1950, Carroll County geology [Mississippi]: Miss. Geol. Survey Bull. 

67, p. 55, 61, 93. 

Sand in the channel of Palusha Creek, sec. 35; T. 19 N., R. 3 E., near the 

southern boundary, and sands from the Coila Creek, NE1/4 sec. 4, T. 17 N., 

R. 2 E:, might be used for the manufacture of green or amber glass. 
656 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

Voskull, W. H., and Sweeny, A. R., 1936, Illinois mineral industry in 1934: 

Ill. Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 39, p. 40-48. 

Treats briefly the economic possibilities of the uses of glass sand in 

Illinois, distribution of glass manufacturing industry in the United States, 

and the glass ·market. 

Wadell, Hakon, 1935, Volume, shape, and roundness of quartz particles: 

Jour. Geology, v. 43, p. 250-280. · 

The report discusses the methods of measuring the volume, shape, and 

roundness of sedimentary quartz particles. 

Watson, T. L., 1907, Mineral resources of Virginia: Lynchburg, Va., J. P. 

Bell Co. (Virginia-Jamestown .Exposition .Comm.), p. 216, 392-396. 

Glass sand is derived from the Potsdam sandstone along the eastern edge 

of the Middle Valley region. Deposits of high grade sand occur at Balcony 

Falls, Rockbridge County; at Stapleton Mills, Amherst 'County; about 9 miles 

northwest of Salem, Roanoke County; at the foot of Potsdam Mountain, 

southeast of Greenville, Augusta County; and in the vicinity of Waynesboro. 

Includes analyses. 

Molding sands of superior quality, strength, and a certain degree of 

fineness are found in the Coastal Plain. Chemical analyses and physical tests 

are given on molding sands in the vicinity of Richmond, Petersburg, and 

Fredericksburg. 

Quartz has been mined from large pegmatite dikes near Amelia Court 

House, Amelia County, and from a bedded deposit in crystalline schists near 

Falls Church, Fairfax 'County. White pure crystalline quartz occurs threefourths of a mile west of Wirtz Post Office, Franklin County. 

--- 1919, Glass-sand resources of Virginia: Am. Ceramic Soc. Jour., 

v. 2, p. 794-803. 

Summarizes the occurrence and stratigraphic distribution of sands, sandstones, and quartzites considered sources of silica raw material suitable for 

glassmaking in the State. Analyses are included. 

Weidman, P. A., 1942, The Berea sandstone of the Cleveland area: Ohio 

State Univ. Eng. Expt. Sta. News, v. 14, no. 5, p. 14-21. 

The Berea sandstone of the Waverly series (Mississippian) occurs as an 

irregular band in the southeastern part of Ashtabula County. It crops out 

westward through Lake, Geauga, Cuyahoga, Lorain, and Erie Counties, and 

then turns southward at Norwalk to form a broad north-south belt extending 

to the Ohio River. Thickness varies from 50 to more than 225 feet. A description of the geology, physical character, and mineralogy of the sandstone is 

given, including some chemical analyses. 

Weidman, Samuel, 1904, The B'araboo iron-bearing district of Wisconsin: 

Wis. Geol. Nat. History Survey Bull. 13, Econ. Ser. 8, p. 1-2, 22-46. 

The Baraboo district in Sauk and Columbia Counties, Wis., is about 28 

miles long, and ranges from 2 to 12 miles in width. The area is about 225 

square miles. The Baraboo quartzite occurs throughout the largest part of 

the district. This quartzite is hard, brittle, vitreous, and consists of rounded 

medium-sized grains of quartz cenie~ted by secondary quartz. 

Massive beds of quartzite vary in thickness and at many places are inter-
HIGH-GRADE SILICA OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 657 

leaved with quartz schist. Describes the structure of the Baraboo quartzite 

localities. 

Geological map, scale 1 inch = 1 mile, of the district is included. 

--- 1907, The geology of north-central Wisconsin: Wis. Geol. Nat. 

History Survey Bull. 16, Sci. Ser. 4, p. 41-53, 82-84, 366-408, 560-563, 

600-603. 

Discusses the Rib Hill and Powers Bluff quartzites, giving their occurrence 

and petrographic character. Analysis of the Rib Hill quartzite shows· 99.07 

percent Si02. Thin sections of the Powers Bluff quartzite closely resemble 

sections of the medium-grained Rib Hill quartzite. The Potsdam sandstone 

and its conglomeratic beds are described. Geologic map, scale 1 inch = 3 miles, 

and outcrop maps, scale about 1 inch = 1% miles, are included. 

Weigel, W. M., 1926, Preparation and use of industrial special sands: Am. 

Inst. Min. Metall. Eng. Trans. 1569-H, 14 p. 

Special sands are. those classified as filter, sand blast, potter, flooring, fire 

or engine, standard, burnishing sands, sand for magnesium oxychloride 

cement-plasters, and sand for chemical and metallu~gical uses. New Jersey, 

Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, Illinois, Minnesota, and Missouri produce 

some of these sands. Mining methods, some uses and properties of the sands, 

and possible fields for research are discussed. 

--- 1927, Technology and uses of silica and sand: U. S. Bur. Mines Bull. 

266, 204 p. 

Summarizes mining and quarrying methods and uses of silica and sand in 

the United States and foreign countries. Chemical and screen specifications 

used by manufacturers are included. 

Wells, F. G., Gates, G. 0., Grantham, R. M., and others, 1940, Preliminary 

geologic map of the Grants Pass quadrangle, Oregon: Oreg. Dept. 

Geology and Mineral Industries, scale 1:125,000. 

Discusses silica deposit of very pure quality is in the SE1/4 sec. 30, T. 

36 S., R. 3 W., Jackson· County. The deposit occurs as a lens-shaped body 

about 1,000 feet long and 200 feet wide. The silica generally is pure and 

white but is impure along the western edge of the lens. 

Whitlatch, G. 1., 1937, Tripoli: Tenn. Dept. Conserv., Div. Geology Markets 

Circ. 1, p. 3-12. 

Occurrence'· and general uses of tripoli in the Missouri-Oklahoma and 

Illinois-Tennessee areas are described. Analyses are included. 

--- 1938, The ceramic resources of Tennessee: Am. Ceramic Soc. Bull., 

v. 17, p. 290-291. 

Glass sand and potter's flint, 99 percent Si02, occur in the Sewanee 

conglomerate, of the Cumberland Plateau area. 

Molding sand is mined from the Ripley formation (Cretaceous) in Benton 

and Carroll Counties. The annual production is estimated to be 30,000 tons. 

Tripoli occurs in extensive deposits along the western valley of the 

Tennessee River. It is milled at Collinwood, and analyses show more than 

99 percent Si02 and less th;m 0.02 percent Fe20s. 
658 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

Whittemore, J. W., and Dear, P. S., 1940, Ceramic silica possibilities in 

Virginia: Va. Polytech. Inst., Eng. Expt. Sta. Ser. Bull. 43, 23 p. 

Requirements of silica sand for the ceramic industries are discussed, 

publications on ceramic silica in Virginia are reviewed, and ceramic silica 

plants in Virginia are described. 

Petrographic examinations . and mechanical and chemical analyses have 

been made on many samples from different parts of the State. ·The results 

are discussed with reference to ceramic silica possibilities. These studies 

indicate that many silica deposits suitable for use as ceramic raw materials 

are favorably located for quarrying with respect to transportation and 

abundant fuel supplies. 

Wilkerson, A. S., and Comeforo, J. E., 1948, Some New Jersey glass sands: 

Rutgers Univ. Bur. Mineral Research Bull. 1, 155 p. 

The field relations, mineral and chemical composition, and results of 

laboratory beneficiation of 24 silica sand samples are described. The samples 

were collected in central and southern New Jersey, south and east of New 

Brunswick and Trenton. Of the 24 samples collected, 19 were found suitable, 

after treatment, for use as high-quality glass sand. The mineralogy, methods 

of treatment, and uses of the sands are discussed. Map, scale 1 inch = 27 

miles, showing locations is included. 

Willman, H. B., and Payne, J. N., 1942, Geology and mineral resources of the 

Marseilles, Ottawa, and Streator quadrangles [Illinois]: Ill. Geol. 

Survey Bull. 66, p. 71-80, 234-243, 344-348. . 

The St. Peter sandstone crops out along the Illinois valley west from Fox 

River to the west side of the Ottawa quadrangle and forms high bluffs along 

both sides of the valley west of Buffalo Rock. It also is exposed in the eastern 

part of the LaSalle quadrangle, west of the Ottawa quadrangle, and along 

Fox River Valley, with small outcrops along Indian, Buck, and Crooked Leg 

Creeks in the Ottawa quadrangle, and Brumbach and Mission Creeks in the 

Marseilles quadrangle. 

The mineralogical and chemical composition of the deposits are described. 

Many chemical analyses show Si02 content greater than 97 percent; average 

Si02 content after beneficiation, 99 percent. Maps included are geologic map 

of Ottawa and Marseilles quadrangles, scale 1:62,500; bedrock topographic 

maps, Ottawa and Marseilles quadrangles, scale 1:62,500; isopach maps 

showing thickness of St. Peter-Glenwood formations, scale 1 inch = 5 miles; 

and map showing graphic logs of deep wells in north-central Illinois, scale 1 

inch = 5 miles. 

Wilson, E. D., and Roseveare, G. H., 1949, Arizona nonmetallics; a summary 

of past production and present operations (revised) : Ariz .. Bur. Mines 

Bull. 155, Mineral Tech. Ser. 42, v. 20, no. 2, p. 41, 44. 

Quartzite for reverberatory furnace lining has been produced from a 

deposit west of Douglas. A few thousand tons of silica was mined from the 

Dixie claims, 40 miles northeast of Phoenix. Sand from the Coconino sandstone (Permian) at Meteor Crater, 18 miles west of Winslow, is used for the 

manufacture of glass and in the foundry industry. 
HIGH-GRADE SILICA OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 659 

Wilson, Hewitt, Skinner, K. G., and Couch, A. H., 1942, Silica sands of 

Washington: Wash. Univ. Eng. Expt. Sta. Bull. 108, p. 21-22, 32, 45-46, 

48, 62-53. 

Many ·silica deposits occur in Washington, but most are not high enough 

in silica content, or contain too many impurities, to be used in the glass and 

steel industries. Vein deposits in Eocene sandstone may be developed if factors 

other than quality are favorable. 

The Brown deposit is in the Swauk formation, 2 miles from Appleyard, 

Chelan County. Thickness ranges from 150 to 200 feet and estimated reserves 

are 430,000 tons. Sample of this deposit showed 99.4 percent Si02 and 0.1 

percent Fe. 

Brooke deposit, at Hammer Bluff, King County, contains 97.2 percent Si02 

and 0.1 percent Fe. 

Siegmund deposit is in sec. 30, T. 17 N., R. 4 E., Pierce County. The Si02 

content is 95.1 percent and Fe is 0.6 percent. 

Stoner deposit is three-fourths of a mile north of the Jennings and Nestes 

bridge, Skagit County. The Si02 content is 99.6 percent and Fe is 0.13 

percent. 

Scheel deposit is in sec. 16, T. 36 N., R. 11 E., Skagit County. The Si02 

content is 99 percent and Fe is 0.47 percent. 

Sample of vein quartz in NWl/4 sec 17, T. 40 N., R. 4 E., Whatcom 

County, showed 99.3 percent Si02 and 0.3 percent Fe. 

Map showing localities of sampled sand deposits is included. 

Wilson, Hewitt, and Zvanut, F. J., 1936, Properties of quartz sands washed 

from kaolins of the Pacific Northwest: Wash. Univ. Eng. Expt. Sta. Bull. 

88, 42 p. 

Studies were made of the purification of quartz sand and the removal of 

muscovite mica and heavy iron minerals in the Spokane district of eastern 

Washington and in Latah ·County, Idaho. After beneficiation, colored glass is 

made from sands at Troy, Idaho, and Mica, Wash. These studies were made 

to determine the possibility of utilizing the quartz recovered from the 

purification of kaolin. Tests and sieve analyses and suggested flow sheet for 

kaolin washing and sand concentration are included. 

Witherow, C. N., 1933, Silica as a refractory material: Brick and Clay 

Record, v. 82, p. 123-124, 137, 164-165, 171, 208-209. 

Discusses the properties of silica, silica in special refractories, its physical 

and chemical nature, its reaction to heat, physical forms of silica, silicate 

minerals, and properties of fused silica. Types of sandstones and quartzites 

and sillimanite and mullite refractories are also discussed .. Chemical analyses 

are included. 

Woodward, H. P., 1932, Geology and mineral resou1·ces of the Roanoke area, 

Virginia: Va. Geol. Survey Bull. 34, p. 136-137. 

Sands from the Clinch and Clinton sandstones near Roanoke and deposits 

in the Catawba Valley, about 9 miles northeast of Salem, were used for 

making glass. In general, the sandstones of the Price formation are too 

clayey and carbonaceous for making glass. 

Analyses of sand and sandstone from Catawba Mountain and Catawba 

Valley are given. Map, scale 1:125,000, showing the geology of the Roanoke 

area and map, scale 1 inch = 1 mile, showing geologic structure sections 

across the Roanoke area are included. 
660 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

Woodward, T. P., and Guena, A. J., Jr., 1941, The sand and gravel deposits 

of Louisiana: La. Geol. Survey Bull. 19, 365.p. 

Report consists mainly of data sheets for each locality, listed alphabetically 

by parish. Many sieve and some chemical analyses are included. In most 

places the silica content is high, but the iron content is also somewhat high 

for use in the glass industry. 

Map, scale 1 inch = 12 miles, showing localities and map, scale 1 inch = 

4 miles, showing general geology are also included. 

Wright, L. A., 1948, California foundry sands: Calif. Jour. Mines and 

·Geology, v. 44, p. 37-72 . 

. California is self-sufficient in foundry sands of all general types except 

high-grade silica sands. Five dune areas along the California coast, at San 

Francisco, Lapis, Del Monte (Moss Beach), Oceano Beach, and El Segundo 

Beach are contributing clay-free felspathic sands. These sands are suitable 

for cores. 

Three foundry sands produced in California have silica .. contents high 

enough to meet steel-casting requirements. Two of these are obtained from 

the Eocene sediments west of Mount Diablo in Contra 'Costa County; the 

third is a machine-crushed silica rock from a deposit near Montrose in 

southern California. 

Two natural mixtures of refractory clay and high silica sand, are used as 

patching materials and to a lesser degree, in synthetic sand mixes. Both are 

from Eocene sediments, one from the Livermore area, the other from the 

vicinity of Trabuco Canyon in the Santa Ana Mountains. 

Many sieve analyses and a few chemical analyses are included. 

Wright, L. A., Stewart, R. M., Gay, T. E., Jr., and Hazenbush, G. C., 1953, 

Mines and mineral deposits of. San Bernardino County, Calif.: Calif. 

Jour. Mines and Geology, v. 49, p:.}-.:.5, 196-197. 

Silica (quartz) recently has been produced in San BernardinoCounty. The 

principal sources are quartzite beds and lenses in the Paleozoic metamorphic 

series near Oro Grande and Barstow .. Felsite frpm the Ivanpah deposit in the 

Castle Mountains also is marketed as a silica ;rock. It is used chiefly in refractories and in sulfate-resistant cement. Map, scale 1 inch = 80 miles, 

showing distribution of silica is included. 

Wyer, S. S., 1922, The Smithsonian Institution's study of natural resources 

applied to Pennsylvania's resources: U. S. Natl. Mus., p. 86-91, 109-112. 

Discusses glass sand and the manufacture of glass. ·The glass industry is 

confined to the western and central ·part of the State; the latter area is more 

important in production and quality of sand. 

Deposits occur at Falls Creek, Clearfield .County; Daguscahonda, Elk 

County; a·t Dunbar and along the Monongahela River near Belle Vernon, 

Fayette County; in the vicinity of Mapleton, Huntingdon County; in Jefferson 

County; in the vicinity of Vineyard and at Granville along the. main line of 

the Pennsylvania Railroad between Huntingdon and Lewistown, Mifflin 

County; at Kennerdell and Rockmere station near OiLCity, Venango County; 

in Warren County; and in Westmoreland County. Map, scale 1 inch = 28 

miles, showing glass sand qua~ries and plants is included. 

Cambrian sandstone, quarried for whetston~, occurs in the South Mountains 

near Allentown, Lehigh County. 

Ganister is mined for silica brick at Pattonsville, Bedford County; McKee 
HIGH-GRADE SILICA OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 661 

Gap and Point View, Blair County; Water Street Gap, Huntingdon County; 

Beartown, Lancaster County; Edge Hill, Montgomery County; and near 

Bowmans, Carbon County. 

Millstone occurs at East Earl a:r;td Lincoln, Lancaster County. 

Cru'shed quartzite is produced at Exton and Honeybrook, Chester County, 

for fire sand. 

Quartz-mica schist is quarried at Edge Hill and Glenside, Montgomery 

County. It is used for the manufacture of cupola blocks, furnace bricks, silica 

bricks, and fire mortar. 

Anonymous, 1926a, Nevada Pacific Company plans extensive operations: Pit 

and Quarry, v. 13, no. 1, p. 92-93. · 

Deposit of 640 acres of silica sand occurs near Las Vegas on the Salt Lake 

Route of the Union Pacific Railroad. The sand grains are round and compare 

in quality to the Ottawa silica. Used in foundries and for glass manufacture. 

The exposed deposit is estimated to contain 100 million tons. 

--- 1926b, New modern silica sand operation opens up in Wisconsin: Pit 

and Quarry, v. 12, no. 4, p. 103-104. 

A sandstone deposit occurs on a 35-acre tract 5 miles north of Westfield, 

Marquette County. Tests show that the sandstone averages 99 percent Si02 

and is very low in impurities. The sand grains are sharp, and the fusion 

point is 3,128°F. 

The report describes the operation of the plant, which has a crushing 

capacity of 150 to 200 tons per hour, with a drying and screening capacity 

of 50 tons per hour. 

--- 1926c, New plant makes sand-lime brick from pure silica deposit: 

Rock Products, v. 29, no. 14, p. 53-55. 

In Florida, sand containing 99.6 percent Si02 and practically free from 

iron occurs 7 miles from Lakeland, near Galloway. The deposit is 13 feet 

deep; the lower half is below the water table. Brick is now being made from 

this sand. Because of its purity, it would also make excellent glass sand. 

--- 1926d, Possibilities for the glass industry in the South: Glass 

Worker, v. 45, no. 19, p. 15. 

Glass sand occurs in three areas in Oklahoma; the most extensive is in the 

Arbuckle Mountains. The Trinity sandstone occurs in the southeastern part 

of the State. In the northeastern part of the State, the Bergen sandstone is 

50 to 100 feet thick. 

The St. Peter sandstone (Ordovician) is exposed in Missouri and Arkansas. 

It is composed of very pure quartz sand, averaging more than 99 percent 

Si02 and less than 0.10 percent Fe. The formation averages 80 feet in thickness and crops out in a belt 150 miles long and as much as 15 miles wide. 

The sand is uniform in grain size, averaging about 0.154 mm. The maximum 

thickness is 200 feet. In the past 2 years nearly 90,000 yards of sand were 

produced at one of three exposures. Some of the glass sand used in Arkansas 

comes from Oklahoma. 

Of the southern States east of the Mississippi, West Virginia has the most 

important glass sand deposits. The Piedmont province contains deposits of 

pure quartzite used for making glass. The Cambrian and Silurian formations 

in the mountain province are the most important sources of glass sand. The 

Clinch sandstone (Silurian) is exceptionally pure and may be used for 
662 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

optical glass. The same formation in Tennessee is reported to have favorable 

outcrops for furnishing good glass sand. Glass is also made from the sands 

dredged from the St. Johns River, Fla. 

Anonymous, 1926e, Silica sand taken out by dredging: Rock Products, v. 29, no. 

15, p. 48-49. 

Chemical analyses of silica sand near Millville, N. J., is about 99.5 percent 

Si02. Some of the unwashed sand was used for chemical glassware. All the 

sand can be washed to an exceptionally pure grade or glass and silicate of 

soda. The deposit contains some gravel and large amounts of molding sand. 

--- 1926f, Underground mining protects purity: Pit and Quarry, v. 12, 

no. 9, p. 93-95. 

The St. Peter sandstone mined at Pacific, Mo., is known locally as the 

Pacific, 'Crystal City, and Cap au Gres sandstone. The formation is massive 

and shows indistinct bedding. It averages more than 99.0 percent Si02 and 

less than 0.01 percent Fe20a. 

--- 1932, Shenandoah Silica Company builds new mill: Ceramic Age, v. 

20, no. 5, p. 181-182. 

Silica deposit on Cold Run Ridge near Gore, Va., has the same pure quartz 

sand as other deposits in the Oriskany sandstone and is similar to the deposit 

at Berkeley Springs, W.Va. The sandstone crops out on the side of the ridge 

in beds 4 to 7 feet thick, which dip about 45 o toward the base of the 

mountain. Drilling and blasting are necessary in quarrying. The deposit is 

near rail transportation. 

---.1944, Alabama today and tomorrow: Manufacturers Record, v. 113, 

no. 8, p. 87. 

Molding sand is obtained at several localities near the foundry industries 

of Birmingham, Gadsden, and Anniston. Production of molding sand in 1942 

was 105,371 tons. Deposits of glass sand occur in Baldwin County near the 

Gulf Coast and in Calhoun County in northeast Alabama. These sands are 

of the highest grade used by the glass industry, including sand for plate and 

optical glass. 

--- 1946, Sand and gravel covers coastal plain: Rock Products, v. 49, 

no. 5, p. 78, 82. 

Glass sand (99 percent Si02) is obtained at Gate City, Ala., from sandstone of lower Carboniferous age. 

The Tuscaloosa formation (Cretaceous) contains a practically unlimited 

supply of all grades of sands, and some parts of the Ripley formation (upper 

Cretaceous) has some excellent sands, including glass sand. 

Map showing distribution of silica sand, Gate City, Jefferson County, and 

Ohatchee, Calhoun County, is included. 

--- 1953a, Jeanette Creek Mining and Development Co.: Eng. Min. Jour., 

v. 154, p. 140. 

A large silica deposit is being developed about a mile north of Bergdorf, 

Idaho County, Idaho. 

--- 1953b, Min. World, v. 15, no. 2, p. 103. 

Four companies in the Northwest obtain silica from a quarry at Denison, 

Wash. In 1952, this quarry produced 140,000 tqns of silica. 
HIGH-GRADE SILICA OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 663 

Anonymous, 1953c, Processing silica for refractory brick: Rock Products, v. 56, 

no. 9, p. 114, 116, 118, 120. 

The Sharon conglomerate (Pennsylvanian) is quarried 6 miles north of 

Windham near Nelson's Ledges, Ohio. This very friable quartz conglomerate 

average 60 feet in thickness. The overburden is 5 to 20 feet thick. 

Two types of refractory silica brick are made from this rock. One consists 

of about 96 percent Si02; 1-2 percent oxides, in which Al20s and Fe20a 

predominate; and 2-3 percent lime which is added as a bond. The second 

type, used in higher temperature furnaces, is quality controlled so that the 

total content of alumina, titania, and alkalies does not exceed 0.5 percent. 

A flow sheet of operations in the manufacture of refractory brick accompanies the article. 

General. 

Chert: Goldstein and Hendricks 1958 

Conglomerate: Frederick 1982 

Flint: Stenzel and others 1948 

Gravel: Stone 1919 

Massive quartz: 

Cameron and others 1954 

Holmquist 1947 

Wadell 1985 

Novaculite: 

Goldstein and Hendricks 1958 

Gould 1910 

Stenzel and others ·1948 

Quartzite: 

Baldwin 1949 

Beyer 1897 

Boswell 1917 

Cole, S. S. 1982 

Emerson 1917 

Frederick 1982 

Le Chatelier and Bogitch 1918 

Metcalf 1940a, b 

Ross 1919 

Stenzel and others 1948 

Anonymous 1926d 

Sand: 

Am. Foundrymen's Assoc. 1925 

Bascom and others 1908 

Burchard 1907 

Kinney 1948 

Krynitsky and Raring 1951 

Ries 1949 

Stone 1919 

Trainer 1927 

Tuck 1980 

Tyler 1950 

Weigel 1926 

Wilson and Zvanut 1986 

Anonymous 1926d 

Sandstone: 

Am. Foundrymen's Assoc. 1925 

Boswell 1917 

Burchard 1905, 1906, 1907a, b 

Dake, 1921 

Dale and Beach 1951 

Ehlers and others 1951 

Fettke 1926 

Frederick 1982 

Kinney 1948 

Ries 1949 

Stenzel and others 1948 

Stone 1919 

Stow 1938 

Thiel 1985 

INDEX 

General-Continued 

Sandstone-Continued 

Tyler 1950 

Anonymous 19Z6d 

Silica: 

Grimshaw 1953 

Hodge 1938 

Jensen 1942 

Ladoo and Myers 1951 

McNamara 1938 

Santmyers 1931a, b, c 

Schrader and others 1917 

Searle 1923 

Sosman 1927 

U. S. Bur. Mi!les 1924-31, 1932-52 

U. S. Geol. Survey 1882-1928 

Weigel 1927 

Witherow 1933 

Tripoli: 

Butler 1928 

Dale and Beach 1951 

Gildersleeve 1946 

Gould 1910 

Heinz 1937 

Levings 1923 

Metcalf 1949 

Spain 1936 

Whitlatch 1937 

Alabama. 

Chert. 

Area, Tennessee Valley: Smith, E. A. 

1884 

Conglomerate. 

County, Calhoun: Jones 1938 

Massive quartz. 

Area, general: Jahns and others 1952 

Quartzite. 

County: 

Calhoun, Talladega, Cherokee, Clay, 

and Cleburne: Metcalf 1940b 

Cherokee: Bowles 1941 

Sand. 

County: 

Baldwin: Jones 1938 

Baldwin and Calhoun : Anonymous 

1944 

Bibbs and Mobile: Adams 1929 

Mobile: Havell and McVay 1939 

Sandstone. 

County: 

Calhoun: Jones 1938 

Calhoun, Etowah, and Jefferson: 

· Anonymous 1944 

665 
666 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

Alabama-Continued 

Sandstone--Continued 

County-Continued 

Calhoun and Jefferson : Anonymous 

1946 

Chilton, Randolph, Tallapoosa, Macon, 

Lee, and Chambers : Smith, E. A. 

1884 

Jefferson: Adams 1929; Burchard 

1907b 

Tripoli. 

Area, Tennessee Valley: Heinz 1937 

County: 

Arizona. 

Colbert and Lauderdale: Gildersleeve 

1946a; Spain 1936 

Colbert, Lauderdale, and Calhoun : Metcalf 1949 

Quartzite. 

County, Cochise and Maricopa: Wilson 

and Roseveare 1949 

Sandstone. 

County, Coconino: Wilson and Roseveare 1949 

Arkansas. 

Chert. 

Area, southwest Arkansas : Goldstein and 

Hendricks 1953 

Novaculite. 

Area: 

Ouachita Mountains: Miser 1943 

Southwe:-;t Arkansas: Goldstein and 

Hendricks 1953 

County: 

Clark, Hempstead, Howard, Montgomery, Pike, Polk, and Sevier: Miser 

and Purdue 1929 

Garland and Hot Spring: Purdue and 

Miser 1923 

Garland, Hot Spring, Howard, Montgomery, Pike, Polk, Pulaski, and 

Saline Counties: Griswold 1892 

Garland, Montgomery, Pulaski, and 

Saline: Anderson 1942 

Polk: Branner 1940a 

Polk and Pulaski: Branner 1942 

Sandstone. 

Area: 

General: Thiel 1935 

Northern Arkansas: Giles 1930 

County: 

Baxter, Boone, Carroll, Fulton, Inde- · 

pendence, Izard, Madison, Marion, 

Newton, Searcy, Sharp, and Stone:· 

Branner 1942 

Boone: Burchard 1906 

Izard: Burchard 1907b; Dunkin 1928 

Silica. 

County, Garland: Purdue and Miser 

1922 

Miser and Purdue 1929 

Tripoli. 

County: 

Baxter, Benton, Garland, Hot Spring, 

Madison, Montgomery, Pike, Polk, 

and Washington: Metcalf 1949 

Arkansas-Continued 

Tripole--Continued 

County-Continued 

Baxter, Benton, Garland, Hot Spring, 

Montgomery, Pike, Polk, and Washington : Branner 1942 

Benton: Heinz 1937 

Benton, Madison, and Washington: 

Branner 1940b 

Garland: Purdue and Miser 1922 

Garland and Montgomery: Anderson 

1942 

Montgomery, Pike, and Polk: Miser 

and Purdue 1929 

Polk: .Branner 1940a 

California. 

Massive quartz. 

County: 

Eldorado, Los Angeles, and Stanislaus: 

Sampson and Tucker 1931 

San Bernardino: Symons 1946 

San Diego: Burchfiel 1936. 

Quartzite. 

County: 

San Bernardino: Averill and Norman 

1951; Sampson and Tucker 1931; 

Tucker and Sampson 1931; Wright 

and others 1953 

San Diego: Metcalf 1940b 

Sand. 

County: 

Alameda, Amado~. Los Angeles, Monterey, Orange, Placer, Riverside, Sacramento, San Diego, San Francisco, 

San Mateo, and Ventura: Turner 

1950 

Contra Costa, Monterey, Riverside, and 

San Diego: Symons 1946 

Imperial and Riverside: Sampson and 

Tucker 1931 

Los Angeles, Monterey, San Diego, and 

San Francisco: Wright 1948 

Monterey: Averill and Norman 1951; 

Calif. Div. Mines Inf. Service 1954 ; 

Dasher and others 1943 

"Sand-clay." 

County: 

Alameda: Huey 1948 

Alameda and Orange: Wright 1948 

Alameda, Orange, San Diego, San 

Mateo, and Ventura: Turner 1950 

Sandstone. 

County: 

Alameda, Amador, Contra Costa, Riverside, and San Diego : Calif. Div. 

Mines lnf. Service 1954 

Alameda, Contra Costa, and San 

Joaquin: Huey 1948 

Contra Costa: Davis and Vernon 

1951; Huttl 1937 

Contra Costa and Los Angeles: 

Wright 1948 

Contra Costa and Riverside: Averill 

and Norman 1951; Turner 1950 

Riverside: Shaw 1937 
INDEX 667 

California-Continued 

Silica. 

County: 

Canada. 

Amador, Contra Costa, El Dorado, 

Inyo, Kern, Monterey, Placer, Riverside, and San Diego: Modes 1932 

San Bernardino: Averill and Norman 

1951 

Massive quartz. 

Province: 

British Columbia and Manitoba : Cole, 

L. H. 1928 

Maritime, Ontario, and Quebec: Cole, 

L. H. 1923 

Ontario: Hewitt 1951 

Quartzite. 

Province: 

Alberta, British Columbia, and Manitoba: Cole, L. H. 1928 

Ontario: Hewitt 1951 

Sand. 

Province: 

Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan: 

Cole, L. H. 1928 

Maritime and Ontario: Cole, L. H. 

1923 

Ontario: Hewitt 1951 

Sandstone. 

Area, southeast Ontario : Keith 1946 

Province: 

Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan: 

Cole, L. H. 1928 

Maritime, Ontario, and Quebec: Cole, 

L. H. 1923 

Ontario: Hewitt 1951 

Colorado. 

Massive quartz. 

County, Boulder, Chaffee, Douglas, El 

Paso, Fremont, Gunnison, Jefferson, 

Larimer, and Park: Hanley and others 

Florida. 

Flint. 

Area, general: Metcalf 1940b 

Gravel. 

Area, Apalachicola, Chattahoochee, Escambia, and Flint Rivers : Vernon 

1943 

Sand. 

Area, Miami to West Palm Beach: Hudson 1946a 

County: 

Georgia. 

Dade, Hillsborough, Orange, Polk, and 

Putnam: Vernon 1943 

Escambia: Burchard 1907b 

Polk: Anonymous 1926c 

Gravel. 

Area, general: Teas 1921 

Massive quartz. 

Area, general: Furcron and Teague 

1943; Jahns and others 1952 

Novaculite. 

County, Heard, Lincoln, McDuffie, Meriwether, Oglethorpe, and Troup: Griswold 1892 

Sand. 

Area, general: Teas 1921 

County: 

Richmond: Burchard 1907b 

Wheeler: Hudson 194Gb 

Tripoli. 

County: 

Bartow, Catoosa, Chattooga, Floyd, 

Gilmer, Gordon, Murray, Polk,/ 

Walker, and Whitfield: Crickmay 

1937 

Bartow, Catoosa, Chattooga, Floyd, 

Gilmer, Murray, Polk, Walker, and 

Whitfield: Metcalf 1949 

Bartow and Chattooga: Butts and 

Gildersleeve 1948 

1950 Idaho. 

Quartzite. 

Area: 

Missouri River basin : Larrabee and 

others 1947 

Mosquito Range: Johnson, J. H. 1934 

County, Fremont: Argall 1949 

Sandstone. 

Area, Missouri River basin: Larrabee 

and others 1947 

County: 

Chaffee, Douglas, El Paso, · Fremont, 

Jefferson, Pueblo and Prowers : Argall 1949 

Denver, El Paso, and Pueblo: McAllister and Bartram 1947 

Douglas and Jefferson: Vanderwilt 

1947 

Connecticut. 

Massive quartz. 

County, New London: Barrell and 

Loughlin 1910; Loughlin 1912 

Quartzite. 

County, Tolland: Emerson 1917 

Massive quartz. 

County, Adams, Idaho, and Latah: Stoll 

1950 

Sand. 

County, Latah: Wilson and Zvanut 

1936 

Silica. 

Area, general: Hodge 1938 

County, Idaho: Anonymous 1953a 

Illinois. 

"Chert-clay." 

County: 

Alexander: Lamar 1953 

Alexander, Kendall, and Lake: Littlefield 1925 

Gravel. 

County, Alexander and Union: Parmelee 

and Harman 1946 

Novaculite. 

County: 

Alexander: Lamar 1953 

Alexander and Union: Parmelee and 

Harman 1946 
•, 

668 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

Illinois-Continued 

Sand. 

County, La Salle: Weigel 1926 

Sandstone. 

Area, general: Thiel 1935; Voskull and 

Sweeney 1936 

County: 

Calhoun, La Salle, Ogle, and Winnebago: Lamar 1928. 

Grundy, Kendall, La Salle, and Livingston: Willman and Payne 1942 

La Salle: Boswell 1917; Burchard 

1906; Edwards 1926; · Littlefield 

1925; Utley 1942 

Tripoli. 

General: Machin and Tooley 1937; 

Whitlach 1937 

County, Alexander and Union: Bain 

1907; Heinz 1937; Lamar 1953; Metcalf 1949; Parmelee 1932; Parmelee 

and Harman 1946 

Indiana. 

Sand. 

Area, general: Bieber and Smit,'t 1952 

County: 

Harrison, Madison, Martin, Parke, and 

Washington: Murray and Patton 

1953 

La Porte: Barrett 1914 

Sandstone. 

Iowa. 

County: 

Clay, Crawford, Dubois, Fountain, 

Greene, Martin, Owen, Parke, Perry, 

and Putnam: Barrett 1914 

Parke, Martin, and White: Burchard 

1907a 

Quartzite. 

Area: 

General : Beyer 1897 

Northwest Iowa: Baldwin 1949 

Sandstone. 

Area, general: Thiel 1935 

County: 

Kansas. 

Linn: Knight 1926 

Woodbury: Burchard 1907b 

Sand. 

County, Cloud, Saline, Sedgwick, and 

Wyandotte: Bowdish and Runnels 

1952 

Sandstone. 

County: 

Barber, Comanche, and Kiowa: Nixon 

and others 1950; Rose 1950 

Chautauqua, Montgomery, and Wilson: 

Burchard 1906 

Greenwood: Burchard 1907b 

Wilson and Montgomery: Schrader 

1908 

Tripoli. 

County, Cherokee: Frye 1942 

Kentucky. 

Sand. 

Area, general: Richardson ·1920 

Kentucky-Continued 

Sand-Continued 

County, Boyd, Carroll, and Greenup: 

Am. Foundrymen's Assoc. 1925 

Sandstone. 

Area, general: Richardson 1920 

County: 

Caldwell and Carter : Am. Foundrymen's Assoc. 1925 

Caldwell and Crittenden : McGrain 

1952 

Crittenden: Nordberg 1954 

Estill, Franklin, Gallatin, Harrison, 

Madison, and Menifee: Jillson 1938 

Hardin : Burchard 1907a 

Louisiana. 

Sand. 

Area, general: Woodward and Gueno 

1941 

Maine. 

Massive quartz. 

Area, general: Bastin .1911 

Novaculite. 

Counties, Franklin, Hancock, and York: 

Griswold 1892 

Maryland. 

Massive quartz. 

County, Baltimore, Carroll, Cecil, Harford, Howard, and Montgomery: Singewald 1928 

Novaculite. 

County, Anne Arundel and Prince· 

George: Griswold 1892 

Sand. 

Area, general: Trainer 1928a 

County, Anne Arundel and Prince 

George: Darton 1939 

City, Baltimore: Boswell 1917 

Massachusetts. 

Novaculite. 

County, Essex: Griswold 1892 

Quartzite. 

County: 

Berkshire: Boswell 1917 ; Emerson 

1899 

Franklin, Hampden, and Hampshire: 

Emerson 1917 

Michigan. 

Sand. 

Area, general: Brown 1936 

Sandstone. 

Area, southeast Michigan: Ehlers and 

others 1951 

County, Monroe and Wayne: Sherzer 

1917 

Tripoli. 

County, Marquette: Griswold 1892 

Minnesota. 

Quartzite. 

Area: 

General : Beyer 1897 

Southwest Minnesota: Baldwin 1949 

County: 

Brown, Cook, Pipestone, and Rock : 

Emmons and Grout 1943 
INDEX 669 

Minnesota-Continued 

Quartzite-Continued 

County-Continued 

Cottonwood, Nicollet, Pipestone, Rock, 

St. Louis, and Watonwan: Thiel and 

Schwartz 1932 

Nicollet, Pipestone, and Rock: Knapp 

1923 

Pipestone and Rock: Metcalf 1940b 

Sand. 

Area, general: Weigel 1926 

Sandstone. 

Area, general: Thiel 1935 

County: 

Fillmore, Goodhue, Hennepin, Le Suer, 

Pine, Ramsey, Rice, and Wabasha: 

Knapp 1923 

Goodhue, Hennepin, and Ramsey: 

Thiel and Scltwartz 1932 

Hennepin, Lake, Le Suer, and Ramsey: 

Emmons and Grout 1943 

Tripoli. 

County, Washington: Emmons and Grout 

1943 

Mississippi. 

Sand. 

County, Carroll: Vestal 1950 

Tripoli. 

Area, Tennessee Valley: Heinz 1937 

County, Tishomingo: Gildersleeve 1946a; 

Metcalf 1949; Spain 1936; Vestal 

1988 

Missouri. 

Sand. 

County, Franklin, Jefferson, and St. 

Louis: Weigel 1926 

Sandstone. 

Area, general: Thiel 1935 

County: 

Barry, Cape Girardeau, Franklin, Jefferson, St. Charles, St. Louis, and 

Ste. Genevieve: Burchard 1906 

Cape Girardeau, Jefferson, and Montgomery: Sheakley and Coolidge 1942 

Franklin : Anonymous 1926f 

Morgan: Burchard 1907b 

City, St. Louis: Boswell 1917 

Tripoli. 

Area, general: Whitlatch 1937 

County, Newton: Dale and Beach 1951; 

Gould 1910; Griswold 1892; Heinz 

1937; Levings 1923; Metcalf 1949; 

Siebenthal and Mesler 1908 

Montana. 

Massive quartz. 

County, Madison: Stoll 1950 

Sandstone. 

County, Beaverhead and 

Knechtel and others 1948 

Nebraska. 

Sandstone. 

Stillwater: 

County, Burt, Dakota, Dixon, Gage, Jefferson, Lancaster, and Saunders: 

Burchard 1907b 

Nevada. 

Quartzite. 

County, Clark: Murphy 1954 

Sand. 

County Clark: Hewett ·and others 1936; 

Murphy 1954 

Sandstone. 

County: 

Clark: · Hewett and others 1936 ; 

Murphy 1954; Roalfe 1937; Anonymous 1926a 

Clark, Esmeralda, and Washoe: Fulton 

and Smith 1932 . 

New Hampshire. 

Massive quartz. 

Area: 

General: Meyers 1941 

Lakes· region: N.H. State Plan. Devel. 

· Comm. 1949 

Novaculite. 

County, Carroll: Griswold 1892 

Quartzite. 

County, Grafton and Sullivan: Meyers 

1941 

New Jersey. 

Conglomerate. 

Area, general: Newland 1919 

Gravel. 

County, Cumberland: Am. Foundrymen's 

Assoc. 1925 

Quartzite. 

County, Morris: Johnson, M. E. 1935 

Sand. 

Area, general: Weigel 1926 

County: . 

Burlington: Bascom and others 1908: 

Bascom and others 1909 

Cumberland: Am. Foundrymen's Assoc. 

1925 ; Anonymous 1926e 

Cumberland and Gloucester: Kummel 

and Gage 1907 

Mercer and Middlesex: Wilkerson and 

Comeforo 1948 

Morris: Darton and Kummel 1904 

Sandstone. 

County, Morris: Bayley and Kummel 

1914 

New York. 

Cmiglomerate. 

General: Colony 1919 

County, Ulster: Newland 1919 

Massive quartz. 

County, Essex and Washington: Newland 1919 

Quartzite. 

General: Colony 1919 

Area, Highland region: Newland 1919 

County, Essex, Fulton and Washington: 

Newland 1919 

Sand. 

General: Colony 1919 

Area, Oneida Lake region: Newland 

1919 

County, Oswego: Nevin 1929 

Sandstone. 

· General: Colony 1919 
670 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

New York-Continued Ohio-Continued 

Sandstone--Continued Sandstone--Continued 

Area: Stow 1938 County-Continued 

County, Cayugo, Franklin, and Madison: Lucas and Wood: Carman 1936 

Newland 1919 Muskingum, Scioto, Stark, and TusNorth Carolina. carawas: Bownocker 1921 

Gravel. Perry: Flint 1951 

Area, Coastal Plain: Broadhurst 1949 ; Oklahoma. 

· Bryson 1937 Chert. 

Massive quartz. 

Area. 

General: Jahns and others 1952 

Spruce Pine district: Parker 1952 

Western North Carolina: Broadhurst 

1949 

County, Anson, Avery, Harnett, Mitchell, 

Montgomery, Moore, and Yancey: 

Bryson 1937 

Novaculite. 

County, Anson, Chatham, Orange, Person, and Randolph: Griswold 1892 

Quartzite. 

Area, Mountainous region : Broadhurst 

1949 

County, Cherokee: Bryson 1937 

Sand. 

Ohio. 

Area: 

General: Broadhurst 1954 

Coastal Plain: Broadhurst 1949 

Conglomerate. 

Area, general : Fuller 

County: 

Cuyahoga, Geauga, 

Medina, Portage, 

Smith, W. H. 1949 

1947 

Jackson, Lake, 

and Summit: 

Geauga and Portage: Bowen 1953 

Jackson and Pike: Bengston and 

others 1950 

Jackson, Perry, Pike, Portage, Scioto, 

Stark, Summit, and Trumbull: Stout 

1946 

Jackson, Perry, Portage, Summit, 

Trumbull, and Wayne: Bownocker 

1921 

Portage: Anonymous 1953c 

Flint. 

County, Coshocton, Hocking, Licking, 

Muskingum, Perry, and Vinton: Stout 

1946 

Sand. 

County, Stark and Wood: Weigel . 1926 

Sandstone. 

Area: 

General: Bownocker 1939 ; Stout 1946 

Northwest Ohio: Ehlers and others 

1951 

County: 

Ashtabula, Cuyahoga, Erie, Geauga, 

Huron, Lake, and Lorain: Weidmen, P. A. 1942 

Coshocton, Hocking, Holmes, Jackson, 

Knox, Licking, Lucas, Mahoning, 

Muskingum, Perry, Stark, Summit, 

Trumbull, Tuscarawas, and Wayne: 

Burchard 1907a 

Area, Southeast Oklahoma: Goldstein 

and Hendricks 1953 

Novaculite. 

Area: 

General: Honess 1923 

Ouachita Mountains : Miser 1943 

Southeast Oklahoma: Goldstein and 

Hendricks 1953; Harton 1953 

County: 

Atoka, Garland, Latimer, and Le Flore: 

Gould 1910 

Atoka, Latimer, McCurtain, and Pushmataha: Stenzel and others . 1948 

Choctaw: Griswold 1892 

McCurtain: Miser and Purdue 1929 

Quartzite. 

Area, Ouachita Mountain region : Stenzel 

and others 1948 

Sand. 

Area: 

Arbuckle Mountain region: Burnwell 

and Ham 1945 

Southeast Oklahoma: Kinney 1948 

County: 

Carter, Johnston, Love, Marshall, and 

·Murray: Shead 1928 

Hughes, Muskogee, Pawnee, Rogers, 

Tulsa, and Washington: Buttram 

1913 

Sandstone. 

General: Dale and Beach 1951 

Area: 

General: Thiel 1935 

Ouachita Mountain region: Stenzel 

and others 1948 

Arbuckle Mountain region: Kinney 

1948 

Southeast Oklahoma and Arbuckle 

Mountain region : Gould 1908 

County: 

Bryan and Cherokee: Shead 1928 

Carter, Cherokee, Johnston, Love, 

Murray, and Pontotoc: Okla. Geol. 

Survey 1942 

Carter, Cherokee, Johnston, Murray, · 

and Pontotoc : Gould and Beach 

1930 

Cherokee: Kinney 1948 

Cherokee: Gould 1908 

Cherokee and Murray: Buttram 1913 

Jefferson, Johnston, Major, Pontotoc, 

and Woods: Beach 1939 

Johnston, Murray, and Pontotoc: Ham 

1945 

Tripoli. 

Area, general: Whitlach 1937 
INDEX 671 

Oklahoma-Continued 

Tripole--Continued 

County: 

Beaver and Ottawa: Metcalf 1949 

Cherokee and Ottawa: Gould 1910 

Otta~a: Heinz 1937 

Oregon. 

Sand. · 

Area, Oregon coast: Twenhofel 1946 

County, Lane: Lowry 1947 

Silica. 

Area, general: Hodge 1938 

County: 

Coos, Curry, Jackson, Josephine, Lane,· 

and Polk: Oreg. Dept. Geology and 

Mineral Industries 1951 

Jackson: Libbey 1950; Wells 

others 1940 

Pennsylvania. 

Conglomerate. 

General: Frederick 1932 

Area, General: Newland 

Massive quartz. 

County: 

1919 

and 

Pennsylvania-Continued 

Sandstone--Continued 

County: 

Bedford, Blair, Carbon, Centre, Clearfield, Elk, Fayette, Forest, Huntingdon, Jefferson, McKean, Mifflin, 

Monroe, Venango, Warren, and 

Westmoreland: Fettke 1918 

Butler, Elk, Erie, Jefferson, Lycoming, 

Mercer, Mifflin, and Venango : Stone 

1925 

Clarion : Shaw and Munn 1911 

Clearfield, Elk, Fayette, Huntingdon, 

Jefferson, Lehigh, Mifflin, Venango, 

Warren, and Westmoreland: Wyer 

1922 

Clearfield, Jefferson, and Mercer: Am. 

Foundrymen's Assoc. 1925 _ 

Fayette: Campbell 1902a, b ; Hickok 

and Moyer 1940 

Huntingdon: 

and others 

Butts 1945; 

1940 

Krynine 

Lancaster: Stose and Jonas 1933 

Westmoreland: Campbell 1904; Phalen 

1910 

Tripoli. Adams: Stose 1932 

Adams, Chester, 

Stone 1939 

and County, Lycoming: Metcalf 

Cumberland :. Rhode Island. 

1949 

Quartz-mica schist. 

County, Montgomery: Moore and Taylor· 

1924; Wyer 1922 

Quartzite. 

General: Frederick 1932 

Area: 

General: Stone 1928 

Central and southeast Pennsylvania: 

Metcalf 1940b ; Moore and Taylor· 

1924 

County: 

Adams and York: Stose and Stose 

1924 

Bedford, Blair, Carbon, Chester, Huntingdon, Lancaster, and Mongomery: · 

Wyer 1922 

Blair: Butts 1945 

Blair and Huntingdon: Ross 1919 

Lancaster: Stose and Jonas 1933 

Sand. 

Area: 

General: Bascom and others 1908 

Monongahela and Youghiogheny 

Rivers: Fettke 1918 

County: 

Cleveland, Elk, Jefferson, and Venango: Am. Foundrymen's Assoc. 1925 

Fayette: Campbell 1902 

Fayette and Washington: Campbell 

1903 

Huntingdon: Weigel 1926 

Washington: Wyer 1922 

Sandstone. 

General: Cleaves 1939; Frederick 1932 

Area, general: Stone 1928 

Massive quartz. 

County, Providence: Quinn and others 

1948 

Quartzite. 

County, Providence: Quinn and Seymour 

1948 

South Carolina. 

Massive quartz. 

Area, general: Jahns and Heinrich 1952 

Sand. 

Area, Coastal Plain: Buie 1949 

South Dakota. 

Massive quartz. 

Area, Black Hills : Page and others 

1953 

Quartzite. 

Area, general: Beyer 1897 

County: 

Davison, Hanson, McCook, Minnehaha, 

and Turner: Rothrock 1944 

Hanson, McCook, Minnehaha, and . 

Turner: Baldwin 1949 

Minnehaha: Knapp 1923; Lowe 1926; 

Metcalf 1940b 

Sandstone. 

Area, southeast Black Hills : Bryson and 

others 1947 

County, Fall River: Darton and Smith 

1904 

Tennessee. 

Chert. 

County: 

Hardin: Jewell 1931 

Lawrence: Metcalf 1940b 

Conglomerate. 

County, Franklin: Born 1936; Gildersleeve 1946c 
672 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

Tennessee--Continued 

Flint. 

County, Wayne: Jewell 1931 

Sand. 

{::ounty, Benton and Carroll: Whitlatch 

1938 

Sandstone. 

Area, Bays Mountain: Born 1936 

Silica. 

Area, Chattanooga region: Whitlatch 

1938 

Tripoli. 

Area, Tennessee River Valley: Davis and 

Johnson 1938; Heinz 1937; Whitlatch 1938 

County: 

Bradley: Gildersleeve 1946c 

Bradley, Dickson, Greene, Hardin, 

Humphreys, Johnson, Lewis, Perry, 

and Wayne: Metcalf 1949 

Bradley, Decatur, Dickson, Hardin, 

Humphreys, Johnson, Lewis, Perry, 

and Wayne: Whitlatch 1937 

Bradley, Decatur, Dickson, Hickman, 

Johnson, and Wayne: Born 1936 

Hardin: Jewell 1931 

Hardin and Wayne: Gildersleeve 

1946a; Spain 1936 

Johnson: Glenn 1914 

Texas. 

Flint. 

Area, Coastal Plain: Evans 1943; Parkinson and Barnes 1943 

County, Bastrop, Frio, Llano, and 

Travis: Stenzel and others 1948 

Massive quartz. 

County: 

Culberson and Hudspeth: Evans 1943 

Llano: Chelf 1941 

Novaculite. 

County, Brewster: Evans 1943 

Sand. 

Area: 

Coastal Plain: Hoeman and Redfield 

1943 

North-central Texas and Gulf Coastal 

Plain: Kinney 1948 

County: 

Lee: Harris 1941 

Leon: Stenzel 1938 

Mason: Plummer 1942 

Polk: Evans 1943 

Polk, Trinity, Tyler, and Walker: 

Schafer 1942 

Sandstone. 

County: 

Leon : Stenzel 1938 

Polk, San Jacito, Trinity, and Walker: 

Stenzel and others 1948 

Silica. 

Area, general: Sellards and Evans 1943 ; 

Sellards and others 1944 

Tripoli. 

County, Burnet and Lampasas: Damon 

1943; Evans 1943 

Utah. 

Massive quartz. 

County, Tooele: Hanley and others 1950 

Virginia. 

Massive quartz. 

Area, 'general: Jahns and Heinrich 1952 

County, Amelia: Watson 1907 

Quartzite. 

Area: 

General: Whittemore and Dear 1940 

Northern Virginia: Watson 1919 

Western Virginia: Lowry 1954 

County: 

Amherst: Watson 1919 

Fairfax and Franklin: Watson 1907 

Smyth and Wythe: Gildersleeve 1946b 

Wythe: Stead and Stose 1943; Stose 

1946 

Sand. 

Area, Coastal Plain: Watson 1907 , 

County, Princess Anne: Watson 1919 

Sandstone. 

Area: 

Gen!ral: Watson 1919; Whittemore 

and Dear 1940 

Western Virginia : Lowry 1954 

County: 

Amherst, Augusta, Roanoke, and 

Rockbridge: Watson 1907 

Frederick: Anonymous 1932 

Roanoke: Woodward 1932 

Russell, Scott, and Tazewell: Gildersleeve 1946b 

City, Waynesboro: Watson 1907 

Washington.· 

Massive quartz. 

County: 

Chelan, Pierce, Skagit, and Spokane: 

Glover 1936 

King, Pierce, and Spokane: Patty and 

Glover 1921 

Pierce, Skagit, Spokane, and Stevens : 

Valentine 1949 

Skagit: Popoff 1949 

Spokane: Purdy 1953 ; Ralston 1937 ; 

Anonymous 1953b 

Quartzite. 

County: 

King, Spokane and Stevens: Glover 

1936 

Pend Oreille: Purdy 1953 

Stevens: Dorisy 1935; Ralston 1937 

Stevens and Whitman: Valentine 1949 

Sand. 

County: 

Clark, King, and Stevens: Purdy 1953 

King: Glover 1936 

King, Spokane, and Stevens: Valentine 

1949 

Pend Oreille: Dorisy 1935 

Spokane: Wilson and Zvanut 1936 

Sandstone. 

Area, Olympic Mountains: Glover 1936 

County: 

Chelan : Ralston 1937 
INDEX 673 

Washington-Continued 

Sandstone-Continued 

County-Continued 

Chelan, King, Pierce, Skagit and 

Whatcom: Wilson and others 1942 

Chelan, King, and Whatcom: Valentine 

1949 

Chelan, Kittitas, Pierce, Skagit, Skamania, and Whatcom: Glover 1936 

Spokane: Dorisy 1935 

Silica. 

Area, general: Hodge 1938 

County, Chelan and Skagit: Purdy 1953 

West Virginia. 

Sand. 

County, Morgan: Weigel 1926 

Sandstone. 

Area: 

Wisconsin-Continued 

Quartzite-Continued 

Area, general: Leith 1935 

County: 

Barron, Chippewa, Dodge, Jefferson, 

Juneau, and Sauk: Buckley 1898 

Columbia and Sauk: Weidman, Samuel 

1904 

Marathon and Wood: Weidman, Samuel 

1907 

Sand. 

County, Green Lake, Waushara, and 

Winnebago: Trainer 1928b 

Sandstone. 

Area, geneYal: Buckley 1898; Thiel 

1935; Trainer 1928b 

County: 

Grant: Burchard 1906 

General: Price 1938; Stow 1938 Marathon, Portage, Taylor and Wood: 

Droop Mountain: Price 1929 Weidman, Samuel 1907 

Marquette: Anonymous 1926b 

Morgan: Wyoming. 

County: 

Berkeley, Jefferson, and 

Grimsley 1916 

Morgan: Boswell 1917; 

Swartz 1912 

Stose and 

Morgan, Preston, Monongalia, and 

Upshur: Grimsley 1909 

Pocahontas: Price 1929 

Wisconsin. 

Conglomerate. 

County, Marathon, Portage, and Wood: 

Weidman, Samuel 1907 

Quartzite. 

General: Ross 1919 

Massive quartz. 

County, Fremont and Goshen: Hanley 

and others 1950 

Sandstone. 

County: 

Albany and Big Horn: Clabaugh and 

others 1946 

Albany, Carbon, and Lander: Chicago 

and North Western Ry. Co. 1942 

Tripoli. 

County, Laramie and Platte: Chicago 

and North. Western Ry. Co. 1942 

* U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING. OFFICE: 1957-423221