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S e a tt l e , W a s hi ngt on B efo re: B E E Z E R , G O U L D , an d T A L L M A N , C i rcu i tJu d g es. D e f e nda nt - A ppe l l a ntJ e r om e J ohn L oe w appe a l s f r om hi s c onvi c t i on on e l e ve n c ount s of

i nt e r s t a t e ha r a s s m e nt , obs c e ne t e l e phone c a l l s , s t a l ki ng, vi ol a t i on of pr ot e c t i on or de r s , a nd t e l e phone thr e a t s . H e a l l e ge s tha ts e ve r a l c ount s of the i nd i ctm entw er e dup l i ci t ou s and thatthe di stri ctcourterre d i n fai l i ng t o g i ve a 

# FI LED FEB 02 2 010 M OLLY C. DW Y ER, CLERK U . S. C O U R T OF APPE ALST he r e s tr a i ntof the vi c t i m a dj us tm e nti s di s c us s e d i n a 1 c o n te m p o r a n e o u s lyf

ile d p u b lis h e d o p in io n . T h e r e m a in d e ro f L o e w ’s a r g u m e n ts o n ap p e a l a r e d is c u s s e d in th is m e m o r a n d u m d is p o s itio n . 2 spec i fi c unani m i ty i nstruct i on . A tse nt enci ng , the di stri ctcourtappl i ed se vera l upw a r d a dj us tm e nt s t o the of f e ns e l e ve l t o w hi c h L oe w obj e c t e d, i nc l udi ng ad j u stm en t s fo r restrai n to f th e v i ct i m an d o b stru ct i o n o f j u st i ce. L o ew al so obj e c t e d t o the c ourt ’ s tw o- poi ntupw a r d de pa rtur e i n the of f e ns e l e ve l . T he di s tr i c tc ourt ’ s upw a r d a dj us tm e nt s a nd de pa rtur e s r e s ul t e d i n agui de l i ne r a nge of 1 5 1 to 1 8 8 m o n th s . T h e c o u rt s e n te n c e d L o e w to 1 8 0 m o n th s . L o e w n o w ap p e a ls hi s c onvi c t i on a nd s e nt e nc e on m ul t i pl e gr ounds . W e ha ve j ur i s di c t i on pur s ua nt 1 t o 2 8 U . S . C . § 1 29 1, and w e a ff i rm as t o al l i ss ues r ai se d i n the ca se . T he pa rt i e s a r e f

a m i l i a rw i th the f

a c t s a nd a r gum e nt s i n the c a s e s o w e do no tre peatthem here . L oew ’ s app ea l ci t es tw o err ors duri ng tri al : (1) thatse vera l c o u n ts o f th e in d ic tm e n t w e r e d u p lic ito u s , a llo w in g th e ju r o r s to c o n v ic t w ith o u t a una ni m ous ve r di c t , a nd ( 2) tha tthe di s tr i c tc ourtc om m i tt e d pl a i n e rr orby f a i l i ng t o gi ve as pe c i f

i c una ni m i ty i ns truc t i on t o c ur e the a l l e ge dl ydupl i c i t ous c ount s of the i ndi c tm e nt . L oe w di d notc ha l l e nge the i ndi c tm e ntorj uryi ns truc t i ons a tor b e f o r e tr ia l. B y f

a ilin g to o b

je c t b e f o r e tr ia l, L o e w w a iv e d h is r ig h t to o b je c t to any a l l egedl y dup l i ci t ou s c ou nt s of the i nd i ctm ent . F ed. R . C ri m . P . 12 (b)( 3)(B ), ( e ) ; se e al

so U ni ted Stat es v. McC orm i ck , 7 2 F . 3 d 1 4 0 4 , 1 4 0 9 ( 9 th C i r . 1 9 9 5 ) ( “ An3

o b je c tio n th a t a n in d ic tm e n t c o u n t is d u p lic ito u s m u s t b e m a d e p r io rto tr ia l o rit is w a i ve d. ” ( c i t i ng U

ni te d State s v . G ordon , 84 4 F . 2d 13 97 , 14 00 (9th C i r. 19 88 )) ). In the ordi naryca se , a genera l un ani m i ty i nstruct i on i s s uffi ci entt o i nstruct th e ju ry th a t th e v e r d ic t m u s t b e u n a n im o u s . U n ite d S ta te s v . Kim , 196 F . 3d 1079, 1082 ( 9th C i r . 1999) ( c i t i ng U ni te d State s v . P ays e no , 78 2 F . 2d 83 2, 83 5 (9th C i r. 1 9 8 6 )) . It w as n o t p lain erro r f o r th e d istrict co u rt to d eter m in e th at th e ju ry ’s ap p ar en t co n fu sio n re g ar d in g o n e o f th e in stru ctio n s w as am elio ra ted b y th e c o u rt’s r e s p o n s e s a n d th a t th e ju ry d id n o t r e q u ir e as p e c if ic u n a n im ityin s tru c tio n . See W e e k s v . A nge lone , 528 U . S . 225, 234 ( 2000) ( “ [ A ] j uryi s pr e s um e d t o unde r s t a nd aj udge ’ s a ns w e rt o i t s que s t i on. ” ( c i t a t i on om i tt e d) ) . F urthe rm or e , i ti s not ne c e s s a ry f

orj ur or s t o s pe c i f

y ora gr e e t o a l l the c onduc ttha tl e d the m t o c onc l ude the de f e nda ntw a s gui l ty of

the c ha r ge d c r i m e ; i ti s onl yne c e s s a rytha tthe j urybe u n a n im o u s a s to e a c h e le m e n t o f th e c r im e . Kim , 196 F . 3d a t1083. A ts e nt e nc i ng, the di s tr i c tc ourtappl i e d atw o- poi ntupw a r d a dj us tm e ntf or obs truc t i on of

j us t i c e . U . S . S e nt e nc i ng G ui de l i ne s M a nua l § 3C 1. 1 ( 2008) [ h e r e in a f te rU S S G ]. L o e w r e p e a te d lyth r e a te n e d th e v ic tim in a n a tte m p t to c onvi nc e he rt o dr op a ny pe ndi ng c ha r ge s a nd t o notr e portthe be ha vi orf orm i ng the basi s f

or hi s f eder al conv i ct i on t o the po l i ce . S om e of thi s c on du ctoccurre d4

w hi l e the f

e de r a l i nve s t i ga t i on w a s unde rw a y . T hi s be ha vi orc l e a r l ys upport s the up w ar d adj ustm entfor obstruct i on of j ust i ce . F in a lly , th e d is tr ic t c o u rt g a v e v a lidr e a s o n s f o rits u p w a r d d e p a rtu r e in c a l c u l a t i n g Lo e w ’ s o f

f e n s e l e v e l : Lo e w ’ s r e p e a t e d c o mmi s s i o n o f th e s a me o f f e n s e , se e U SSG § 2 A 6 . 2 , c mt . n . 5 ; e x tr e me p s y c h o l o g i c a l i n j u ryt o th e v i c t i m, se e U S S G § 5 K 2 .3 ; a n d e n d a n g e rm e n t o f th e p u b lic w e lf

a r e , se e U S S G § 5K 2. 14; see a l so U n ite d S ta te s v . B e ll , 303 F . 3d 1187, 1192–93 ( 9th C i r . 2002) ( c ourtf ound th a t s e v e n te e n - y e a rh is to ry o f s ta lk in g , in c r e a s in g in in te n s ityw ith o u t r e g a r d to s a nc t i ons , a c c om pa ni e d by pos s e s s i on of de a dl yc he m i c a l s , i nt e ns e f i xa t i on on pa rt i c ul a rvi c t i m s , a nd m ot i va t i on by ade l us i ona l be l i e f i n pe r s e c ut i on s uf

f i c i e nt for upw ar d d eparture bas ed on pu bl i c w el fare ). AF F I RME D.