NAT'L INST, OF STAND & TECH

AiiiDb DHfiBTT ai LEAA Police

Publication Equipment

480 5 Survey of 1972,

Volume V

Handguns and

Handgun

Ammunition

NBS

Pubfi - cations

Law Enforcement

Equipment

Technology

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF

COMMERCE

National Bureau of

Standards

QC

100

U57

NO. ^80-5

1977
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to the 445 police departments throughout the United States who contributed

their time and knowledge to make this report possible. Special thanks go to the police departments whose officers and administrators helped the survey team during the developmental and testing phases of the work. In addition we thank Jacob J. Diamond, Chief of the Law

Enforcement Standards Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), and Nicholas J. Calvano of the Measurement Engineering Division of NBS for expert advice concerning

handguns and ammunition. The support and assistance of Lester D. Shubin, NILECJ, project monitor and consultant, is also gratefully acknowledged.

We thank the following members of the Technical Analysis Division who provided support: William L. O'Neal for his help in computerizing the sample selection and for helping to design and

program the interactive recordkeeping system; Jenny L. Eldreth and P. Clare Reiser for helping maintain the computerized recordkeeping system; Sandra J. Mumford for supervising the

coding/editing of the questionnaires; June R. Cornog for her advice, support, and help with initial interviews; Gail B. Hare for conducting pretest interviews; Diane R. Beall for typing the

questionnaires; Suellen Halpin, Mary L. Friend, and Dwight F. Doxey for making follow-up telephone calls; Lorraine S.' Freeman for her administrative support; Karen Jackson, Cassandra

Streeter, and Janice Davis for their help with questionnaire coding and recordkeeping; and Mary

Hawkins and Jo Copeland for typing the report. Michael R. Vogt receives special thanks for his help in carrying out the computerized edit and tabulation of the data. We also gratefully acknowledge the help of Robert J. Cunitz in editing and reviewing the report. The development

of this report was sponsored by the NILECJ Office of Research Programs, Geoffrey M. Alprin, Director; Advanced Technology Division, Joseph T. Kochanski, Director.
o NBS Special LEAA Police

Publication Equipment 480-5

JUL 4

Survey of 1972,

Volume V ' \ri

Handguns and

Handgun

Ammunition

by

S. Bergman, E. Bunten, P. Klaus

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

prepared by

Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory

Center for Consumer Product Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

prepared for National Institute of Law

Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

U.S. Department of Justice

Washington, D. C. 20531

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary

Dr. Sidney Harman, Under Secretary

Issued Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

July 1977 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler. Acting Director
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory.

LEAA police equipment survey of 1972. (NBS special publication ; 480-1—480-7)

"CODEN: XNBSAV."

CONTENTS: v. 1. Ku, R., Bunten, E., Klaus, P. The need for standards, priorities for police equipment.—v. 2. Mumford, S. et al. Communications equipment and supplies. —v. 3. Klaus, P. and Bunten,

E. Sirens and emergency warning lights, [etc.]

1. Police—Equipment and supplies—Collected works. I. National

Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. IL Title. IIL

Series: United States. National Bureau of Standards. Special publication ; 480-1—480-7. QC100.U57 no. 480-1—480-7 [HV7936.E7] 602Ms [363.2'028] 74-28442

National Bureau of Standards

Special Publication 480-5

Nat. Bur. Stand (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 480-5 , 83 pages CODEN:XNBSAV

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON:

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents,

U.S. Government Printmg Office, Washington, D C 20402

(Order by SD Catalog No. 013.10:480-5). Stock No. 003-003-01747-7 Price $2.20

(Add 25 percent additional for other than U.S. mailing).
CONTENTS

Page

List of Tables iv Foreword vi Executive Summary vii

1. Introduction 1 1.1. Project Background 1

1.2. Sample Design 2

1.3. Questionnaire Administration 4

1.4. Development and Design of the Handguns DQ 5

1.5. Characteristics of Subsample Groups 5

2. Question by Question Discussion 7

2.1. Advice to the Reader 7

2.2. Discussion 8

2.2.1. Characteristics of Respondents 8

2.2.2. On Duty Use of Handguns 10

2.2.3. Characteristics of Handguns Used On Duty 12

2.2.3.1. Cahber 13

2.2.3.2. Revolvers/Automatics 14

2.2.3.3. Model/Manufacturer 15

2.2.3.4. Barrel Length 15

2.2.4. Characteristics of Ammunition 17

2.2.4.1. Characteristics of Ammunition Used 17

2.2.4.2. Bullet Weight 17

2.2.4.3. Ammunition Manufacturer 17

2.2.5. Off Duty Use of Handguns 19

2.2.6. Problems With Handguns 21

2.2.7. Problems Associated with Handgun Ammunition 23

Appendix A. Handguns and Handgun Ammunition Questionnaire

Appendix B. Data Tables

III
LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1.2-1. Stratification categories 3

Table 1.2-2. Number of police departments by region and type 3

Table 1.2-3. Number of departments selected to receive the Detailed

Questionnaire: Handguns by region and department type 3

Table 1.3-1. Number of departments returning acceptable Detailed

Questionnaires: Handguns and handgun ammunition 4

Table 1.5-1. Activities handled by at least one-third of the

departments by department type, and percent of total departments having each activity 6

Table 1.5-2. Descriptive data by department type (means) - 6

Table 1.5-3. Descriptive data by LEAA region (means) 7 Table i. Rank of primary respondent for handguns questionnaire,

by department type 9

Table ii. Number of years of law enforcement experience of respondents to the handguns DQ, by department type 9

Table 1-1. Percentages of departments having at least one officer using a handgun of the specified caliber; and percentages

of all officers in a particular department type using

handguns of these calibers on duty 11 Table 1-2. Numbers of officers in responding departments carrying

. .38, .357, .45, 9mm, and other caUbers of handguns on

duty, by department type 11 Table 1-3. Estimated numbers of officers carrying various calibers

of handguns in U.S. police departments on duty, by

department type H

Table 2A/3A-1. Percentages of departments with officers using more than one caliber of handgun on duty, by department type 12 Table 2A/3A-2. Percentages of handguns cited as most used or second

most used by caliber 13

Table 2A/3A-3. Caliber of most used and second most used handgun,

by department type 13

Table 2A/3A-4. Of those departments citing the .38 and the .357 as their

most used handguns, the percentages listing .38, .357,

another caliber, or no second most used handgun 14

Table 2B/3B. Percentages of most used handguns and second most used

handguns which were revolvers, by department type 14

Table 2C-1. Percentages of responding departments using handguns of specified manufacturers as their most used caliber

handgun, by department type 15

Table 2D/3D-1. Percentages of most used and second most used handguns

with barrels of various lengths, by department type 16

Table 2D. Percentages of most used caliber handguns of various

calibers with barrels of specified length (164,588

handguns. Question 2A) 16

Table 2D/3D-2. Percentages of .38 and .357 caliber handguns with barrels

of each specified length, when they were most used and

second most used handguns 17

Table 2E/3E-1. Percentages of departments using each specified bullet type in their most used and second most used handgun 18

IV
Page

Table 2E/3E-2. Of the departments using only one type of bullet for their most used and second most used handguns,

percentages using specified bullet type 18

Table 2E/3E-3. Percentages of departments using ammunition for their most used and second most used handguns with specified

buUet weights 18 Table 2E/3E-4. Percentages of departments using ammunition made by

each specified manufacturer with their most used and

second most used handgun 19

Table 2E/3E-5. Of the departments using only one brand of ammunition

with their most used and second most used handgun,

percentages using each specified brand of ammunition 19

Table 4. Percentages of departments in each department type which

did not report officers' use of handguns off duty 20

Table 4/1. Percentages of officers and percentages of departments

using specified calibers of handguns on duty and

off duty 21

Table 5-1. Percentages of departments in each department type

listing at least one handgun problem 22

Table 5-2. Of the 203 departments which listed at least one problem,

percentages citing specified problem 22

Table 6-1. Percentages of departments in each department type

reporting at least one problem with handgun ammunition .... 24

Table 6-2. Of the 117 departments citing at least one problem with

handgun ammunition, percentages citing each specified

problem 24

V
FOREWORD

The Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) furnishes technical support to the National Institute of Law

Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ) program to strengthen law enforcement and

criminal justice in the United States. LESL's function is to conduct research that wiU

assist law enforcement and criminal justice agencies in the selection and procurement of quality equipment.

LESL is: (1) Subjecting existing equipment to laboratory testing and evaluation

and (2) conducting research leading to the development of several series of documents,

including national voluntary equipment standards, user guidelines, state-of-the-art surveys and other reports.

This document is a law enforcement equipment report developed by LESL under

the sponsorship of NILECJ. Additional reports as well as other documents are being

issued under the LESL program in the areas of protective equipment, communications

equipment, security systems, weapons, emergency equipment, investigative aids,

vehicles, and clothing.

Technical comments and suggestions concerning the subject matter of this report

are invited from all interested parties. Comments should be addressed to the Law

Enforcement Standards Laboratory, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.

20234.

Jacob J. Diamond, Chief

Law Enforcement Standards

Laboratory

VI
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

I. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY

A. Background

° Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) was established in 1971 under the

sponsorship of the NILECJ Advanced Technology Division (ATD).

NILECJ asked the Behavioral Sciences Group of the National Bureau of Standards to develop and carry out a procedure to get information from the users of law

enforcement equipment.

"User" information would aid NILECJ in setting priorities for LESL programs

and would provide some detailed information in support of the research to develop

standards and guidelines.

In addition, gathering information from the users would help to make police

agencies aware of LESL and ATD.

° A nationwide mail sample survey was selected as the best procedure to coUect

user information.

° An Equipment Priorities Questionnaire (EPQ) and six Detailed Questionnaires

(DQs) were developed and administered. A separate report was prepared for each of these seven questionnaires.

B. Design of Questionnaires

° Questionnaires were developed in conjunction with NILECJ, LESL, and

cooperating police departments. Questionnaires were pretested at various times with

approximately 45 police departments.

° The EPQ was designed to provide information about priority needs for standards

for various types of equipment.

° In addition, the EPQ asked for data about numbers of full- and part-time officers,

activities performed in the department, budget, size of jurisdiction, etc.

° The six DQs (Alarms, Security and Surveillance Equipment; Communications

Equipment and Supplies; Handguns and Handgun Ammunition; Sirens and Emergency

Warning Lights; Body Armor and Confiscated Weapons; and Patrol Cars) were each

developed separately.

° The DQs asked about kinds and quantities of equipment in use, problems with

existing equipment, suggestions for improving equipment, needs for standards related to the equipment, etc. Although entitled Detailed Questionnaires, these questionnaires were designed to give an overview of the use of specific items of equipment.

C. Sample

° The population sampled was made up of all police departments listed in a computerized file compiled and maintained by the LEAA Statistical Service.

° Courts, correctional institutions, forensic labs, special poUce agencies, etc., were

excluded.

° The sample was stratified by LEAA geographic region (10 regions) and by

department type (7 department types: state police; county police and sheriffs; city

departments with 1-9 officers; city departments with 10-49 officers; city departments

with 50 or more officers, excluding the 50 largest cities; the 50 largest U.S. cities by

population; and township departments).

VII
° Overall, approximately 10 percent of the 12,836 departments in the population were selected as respondents (see table 1.2-2).

° The Equipment Priorities Questionnaire was sent to every sample department

(1,386). Each Detailed Questionnaire was sent to aU states, to all of the 50 largest cities,

and to a randomly selected subsample of the main sample (about 530 departments

received each DQ).

° Thus, states and the 50 largest cities were asked to fiU in all 7 questionnaires.

Each of the remaining 1,286 departments was asked to fill in the EPQ and 2 of the DQs.

° The sample for the Handguns DQ consisted of 528 departments (see table 1.2-3).

D. Questionnaire Administration

° Stringent control of administration was required.

° Introductory letters were sent to heads of departments asking cooperation.

° On June 1, 1972, questionnaire packages were mailed.

° In July 1972, foUow-up by self-return post card was begun.

° In August 1972, foUow-up by telephone was begun. Departments which had not returned questionnaires were called. Also, calls were made to clear up ambiguities in the returned questionnaires. About 1,300 calls were made. About 70 percent of the

sample departments were called at least once.

° Each questionnaire was edited and coded by a specialized team to ensure

consistency; it was then keypunched and tabulated.

° Completed questionnaires were accepted for tabulation through January 7, 1973.

E. Rates of Return

° Eighty-three percent of the 1,386 departments returned usable EPQs.

° Eighty-four percent of the 528 departments returned usable Handguns DQs.

° Between 81 and 85 percent of the other DQ subsamples returned usable

questionnaires.

° Highest rates of return (over 90%) were from states and the 50 largest cities.

° Lowest rates of return (less than 75%) were from counties and townships.

F. Characteristics of Departments Responding to the EPQ

° The activities most commonly carried out by the respondents were: serving traffic and criminal warrants (88%, traffic safety and traffic control (87%), and

intradepartmental communications (87%).

° All of the responding 50 largest cities said they provided inhouse training and

criminal investigations. This compared to 68 percent and 86 percent, respectively, of all responding departments.

° Only 13 percent of all respondents had crime laboratories. Seventy-three percent

of the 50 largest cities and 55 percent of the states had crime laboratories.

° About three-fifths of the departments in all department types were providing

emergency aid and rescue, ranging from 60 percent of the cities with 50 or more officers

to 67 percent of the counties.

° Overall, the reported equipment budgets represented somewhat over 10 percent

of the total budgets reported.

Among department types, there was a wide range of total equipment

expenditures, from a mean of about $10,000 for cities with 1-9 officers to a mean of almost $2.7 million for the 50 largest cities. One of the 50 largest cities reported an equipment budget of $40 million.

° Overall, the 50 largest cities reported a mean of 2,491 full-time sworn officers. However, one of the 50 largest cities had 27 percent of all the full-time officers reported

by that department type and another had about 12 percent.

VIII
G. Presentation of Data

Data in this report are presented in two forms: text tables and full tables (app. B). Text tables do not always present a complete breakdown of the data.

All tables (text and full) present the data in unweighted form (i.e., numbers and

percentages of the responding departments from the sample for this questionnaire, not

figures that have been weighted to expand the data to the total population of police

departments in the U.S.).

The sample selected for this questionnaire was not proportional to the total population of police departments. If decisions are to be made which require estimates of

population figures, the appropriate extrapolation must be performed. (See app. B.)

II. SUMMARY OF RESULTS

A. On Duty Use of Handguns

Ninety-four percent of the responding departments reported at least one officer

using a .38 caliber handgun on duty.

° Eighty-percent of the officers in those departments were using .38s. States (59%), townships (56%) and counties (55%) reported the lowest percentages

of officers using .38s on duty, while the 50 largest cities (88%) and cities 50-1- (81%)

reported the highest percentages.

° Responding states (36%), townships (36%), and counties (40%) had the highest

percentages of officers using .357 Magnum handguns on duty, while the 50 largest cities (9%) and cities 50-1- (16%) had the lowest percentages.

° The .45 caliber and the 9mm were each being used by only 1 percent of the

officers in the responding departments.

° The 445 responding departments reported 179,891 officers carrying handguns.

° Estimates of the total population of on duty handguns in the U.S. showed 70

percent of all officers using .38s and 25 percent using .357s.

B. Most Used and Second Most Used On Duty Handguns

° Departments were asked a series of questions about the handgun they had more

of in their department than any other (most used handgun), and the same questions

about the handgun caliber they had next most of in their department (second most used

handgun).

° Forty-two percent of the responding departments reported using only one caliber

of handgun.

° The answers about most used handguns represented about 91 percent of aU the

handguns reported.

° Ninety-nine percent of the handguns that were most used or second most used were either .38s or .357s (82% and 17% respectively).

° When the .38 caliber was listed as most used handgun, the .357 was the most

likely caliber to be listed as second most used handgun, and vice versa.

° Only 8 of the 445 responding departments said that some caliber other than .38 or

.357 was used by more of their officers on duty than any other.

° Almost all (99%) of the reported on duty handguns were revolvers.

° Ninety-seven percent of the responding departments were using only handguns

produced by one or both of two manufacturers.

° Of all reported most used and second most used handguns, 80 percent had

barrels 3-5 inches long.

° States reported a higher percentage of handguns with barrels longer than 5 inches

(29%) than did any other department type.

IX

O - 77 - 2
C. Ammunition Used with Most Used and Second Most Used Handguns

° About half of the responding departments were using lead bullets in their most

used handguns, 24 percent used hoUowpoint and 15 percent used jacketed.

° About two-thirds of the departments were using only one bullet type for their most

used handguns, and about half of these were using lead bullets exclusively. Thirteen

percent were using hoUowpoint exclusively.

° Seventy-three percent of the responding departments were using ammunition with

bullet weights of 151-160 grains, and few departments were using ammunition with

bullet weights higher than this.

° Fifty-nine percent of the responding departments were using only one brand of ammunition with their most used handguns.

° Almost 3/4 of the departments that were using only one brand of ammunition

,vere using ammunition made by one of two manufacturers (50% and 22%, respectively).

D. Off Duty Use of Handguns

° Only 78 percent of the responding departments answered the question concerning

off duty use of handguns. This is not a good measure of the proportion of departments

that use handguns off duty.

° Fifty-one percent of state departments did not answer the question on off duty use

of handguns. Seventy-five percent or more of all other department types did give data

about off duty handgun use.

° Of the 110,534 officers reported to be carrying off duty handguns, 86 percent were carrying .38s, 6 percent were carrying .357s, and 4 percent were carrying 9mm.

This compares to 80 percent, 17 percent, and 1 percent respectively, of the 179,891

officers reported carrying on duty handguns.

° Of the 345 departments that reported off duty handgun use, 96 percent reported

at least one officer using a .38 off duty; 29 percent reported .357 use; 30 percent

reported 9mm use; 21 percent reported .45 use; 22 percent reported .32 use; and 23

percent reported .25 Automatic use. (Only two calibers of handguns were represented in more than 20% of the departments for on duty use.)

E. Problems With Handguns

° More than half of the responding departments had either had no problems with

their handguns in the last 5 years (37%) or left this question blank (18%).

° Seventy-two percent of states and 72 percent of the 50 largest cities cited at least one handgun problem compared to 46 percent of all responding departments.

° The two most frequently mentioned problems were those associated with the

cylinder and those associated with the hammer or firing pin.

F. Problems with Handgun Ammunition

° Only about one-fourth of the responding departments described a problem with

handgun ammunition.

° A much higher percentage of the 50 largest cities (61%) listed a problem than any

other department type.

° None of the 27 township departments and only 7 departments in cities with 1-9 officers listed an ammunition problem.

° Problems cited by one-fourth or more of the departments citing difficulties were: power/penetration too low (30%), knockdown power insufficient (27%), and primer

(25%).

X
LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972

Volume V: Handguns and Handgun Ammunition

S. Bergsman, E. Bunten, and P. Klaus

Institute for Applied Technology , National Bureau of Standards , Washington , D.C. 20234

The report outlines the methodology of and summarizes a portion of the data from the LEAA

Police Equipment Survey of 1972. One of a series of 7 reports resulting from this nationwide

mail survey of a stratified random sample of police departments, the present report summarizes

the ansvvrers of 445 police departments concerning their officers' use of handguns and handgun

ammunition: On-duty and off-duty use, types and calibers in use, and problems encountered. The data are presented by all responding departments and by seven department types. Key words: Ammunition; handguns; police; police equipment; standards.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Project Background

During the past several years, law enforcement agencies in the United States have

become more aware of the importance of equipment in the performance of their duties. Much of their equipment had originally been designed for other uses and had to be

modified. Other equipment items had to be used as given. No standards existed against

which equipment performance could be measured nor were any standard test methods

or procedures available. It has been difficult for agencies to compare the performance of equipment items. Recognizing this problem, the Law Enforcement Assistance

Administration (LEAA) of the Department of Justice began a concentrated program in 1971, toward the improvement of law enforcement equipment.

As the first step in its program, LEAA in cooperation with the Department of Commerce established a Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) at the National

Bureau of Standards (NBS). The broad goal of LESL is to develop performance

standards which can be promulgated by LEAA as voluntary aids for the selection of equipment by law enforcement agencies. Additionally, LESL is developing standard test methods and procedures, so that the relative performance of similar items may be

evaluated by departments themselves.

In order to provide equipment user information for the program, the National

Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ) of LEAA in 1971 asked the

Behavioral Sciences Group of the Technical Analysis Division at NBS to gather

information from the users of law enforcement equipment about their specialized

equipment needs and problems. Although face-to-face interviews with a large sample of representatives from law enforcement agencies would have been desirable, time and

manpower constraints led to the development of a nationwide mail sample survey

having two general objectives: (1) To assist NILECJ in the establishment of priorities for LESL's standards development activities; and (2) to obtain detailed information about

certain broad equipment categories in support of the research to develop standards and

guidelines in these areas. This report fulfills part of the second general objective. The associated survey

questionnaire (see app. A) will be referred to as the Handguns and Handgun

Ammunition Detailed Questionnaire (DQ). The remainder of the second objective is accomplished in the reports of the other five DQs: Alarms, Security and Surveillance

Systems; Communications Equipment and Supplies; Sirens and Emergency Warning

1
Lights; Body Armor and Confiscated Weapons; and Patrol Cars. The first objective

(above) is accompHshed in the report on the Equipment Priorities Questionnaire (EPQ).

'

1.2. Sample Design

Ahhough the objective of ATD is to serve all types of law enforcement agencies,

this particular study was purposefully limited to police departments as the largest single

group of law enforcement agencies with identifiable equipment needs. No attempt was made to survey correctional institutions, courts, forensic laboratories, or special police

agencies such as park police, harbor patrols, or university police. The computerized

directory of approximately 14,000 police agencies, compiled and maintained by LEAA's

Statistics Division, provided the population from which the sample was drawn. Care was

taken to exclude the double listings that existed for some agencies. (Details of the

selection process are given in app. B of the Equipment Priorities Questionnaire.)

The final list of 12,842 departments was cross-stratified by LEAA geographic

region and department type by the mutual agreement of NBS and NILECJ. The

assignment of states to regions and the seven department types chosen for study are shown in table 1.2-1. The breakdown of the population of police departments by cross-strata is exhibited

in table 1.2-2. As can be seen from the table, there were no townships in regions 4, 6, 7,

8, 9, and 10. Almost 63 percent of the departments were city police, 43 percent having

1-9 full-time officers. County departments comprised about 24 percent of the population.

By region, the smallest (region 10) contained only 3.4 percent of the pohce departments,

while region 5, the largest, had 2.25 percent. The variation in the number of departments in a cell (region/department type combination) was even greater than that across the strata, i.e., the number of departments in each cell ranged from 0 to 1470. The considerations discussed in the previous paragraph led to the sampling plan

discussed briefly below. All of the state departments and the fifth largest city

departments were included in the sample and were asked to complete all 6 DQs, i.e., they were sent the entire package of 7 questionnaires. For the remaining cells the

variation in cell size presented a problem: If the same fraction of the entire population was to be selected from the members of each cell, a constant sampling fraction small

enough to make the total sample manageable would yield too few sample units in small

cells. To solve this problem, a fixed sample of 30 police departments/cell was chosen,

wherever possible, resulting in a different sampling fraction for each cell. A fixed

sample size of 30 departments/cell was chosen to facilitate the equitable distribution of the 6 DQs. This plan resulted in sending the Handguns DQ to 528 departments.

The departments were selected randomly within each cell, from the total cell population, each department (other than the states and 50 largest cities) receiving 2 DQs. Thus, in cells having 30 sample units, the Handguns DQ was mailed to 10

departments; cells having fewer sample units were allocated proportionally fewer

Handguns DQs. Table 1.2-3 presents the total sample for the Handguns DQ by region

and department type.

Once the sample was selected, each sample unit was assigned a unique seven-digit

identification number, coding region, type, and questionnaire assignment.

LF,A^ F*nli<e F.quipmpnt Survey of 1972, Vol. I: The Need for Standards—Priorities for Police Equipment.

2
Tabik 1.2-1. Stratijicalion caWj'ories

Department types LEAA geographic regions

State police 1 = Conn., Maine, Mass., N.H., R.I., Vt. County police and sheriffs 2 = N.J., N.Y.

City with 1-9 officers 3 = Del., Md., Pa., Va., W. Va., D.C.

City with 10-49 officers 4 = Ala., Fla., Ga., Ky., Miss., N.C., S.C., Tenn.

City with 50 or more officers' 5 = 111., Ind., Mich., Ohio, Wis., Minn. The 50 largest U.S. cities" 6 = Ark., La., N. Mex., Okla., Tex. Township departments 7 = Iowa, Kans., Mo., Nebr.

8 = Colo., Mont., N. Dak., S. Dak., Utah, Wyo.

9 = Ariz., Calif., Nev. Hawaii

10 = Alaska, Idaho, Oreg., Wash.

^Dbes not include the SO largest cities. By population. I'.S. 1970 rensus.

T ablf. 1.2-2. Number of police departments by region and type

LEAA region

Department type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total

State 6 2 5 8 6 5 4 6 4 4 50' County 66 84 257 764 536 506 413 288 103 120 3,137

City (1-9 officers) 27 348 713 979 1,470 703 611 283 135 217 5,486

City (10-49 officers) 40 237 166 344 508 230 142 71 168 79 1,985 City (50+ officers) 60 64 36 83 119 46 23 19 87 17 554

50 largest cities 1 4 5 8 10 8 3 1 8 2 50 Township 629 349 362 234 1,574

Total 829 1,088 1,544 2,186 2,883 1,498 1,196 668 505 439 12,836

1 .

. Questionnaires were actually sent to .56 stale police departments since there were 6 state departinents which listed 2 police agencies without reference to a common central agency. However, only one set of questionnaires was accepted from each of these six states as described in vol. I. app. B. p. B-2.

Tari.F. 1.2-3. Number of departments selected to receive the Detailed Questionnaire : Handguns by region and department type

LEAA geographic region

Department type 1 2 3 4 5 6

-7 8 9 10 Total

State

'

6 2 5 8 6 5 4 6 4 4 50 County 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100

City (1-9 officers) 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 99

City (10-49 officers) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100

City (50+ officers) 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 6 10 5 89

50 largest cities 1 4 5 8 10 8 3 1 8 2 50 Townships" 10 10 10 10 40

Total 56 56 60 56 66 53 45 43 52 41 528

Questionnaires were arlually sent to 5ft state police departments since (here were ft stale departments which listed 2 police agencies without

Reference to a common central agency. However, only one set of questionnaires was accepted from each of these si\ slates. Township departments exist only in regions 1. 2. ^, and 5.

3
1.3. Questionnaire Administration

From the beginning of the project, it was evident that stringent control would be

required in administering the questionnaires to ensure a high rate of response.

Computer-stored daily status records were input via a teletypewriter for each sample

department. In general, the following procedure was used:

(1) Each department in the sample was mailed a letter, signed by the director of NILECJ, addressed to the head of the department. This letter introduced the survey

and requested cooperation.

(2) About 1 week later, the questionnaire packages were mailed.

(3) Departments not returning the questionnaire within a month were identified by

the computer and were sent a self-return post card requesting information as to the

status of the questionnaires. Departments not receiving the questionnaire package were

sent another; those not returning the post card were placed on a list for telephone

foUow-up.

(4) About a month and a half later, departments with which no contact had been

made were called by telephone.

(5) Returned questionnaires were reviewed for completeness and either coded for keypunv^liing or filed for telephone callback to supply missing data or to resolve

ambiguities.

Considerable effort was expended to ensure a high rate of response, and this effort was rewarded with an 84 percent response for the Handguns DQ, and between 80 and

85 percent for each of the other questionnaires. In the course of the survey more than

70 percent of the sample departments were contacted at least once by telephone. More

than 1,300 phone calls were made by the survey team.

The distribution of respondents (departments which returned usable Handguns

DQs) is exhibited in table 1.3-1. The highest percentages of response were from the

states and larger cities (89-94%), while counties and townships had the poorest response

rates (under 75%).

Table 1.3-1. Number of departments returning acceptable

Detailed Questionnaires : Handguns and handgun ammunition

LEAA geographic region

Percent

total Department type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total sample

State

'

6 2 5 8 6 5 3 6 3 3 47 94 County 5 7 6 8 8 5 8 9 10 7 73 73

City (1-9 officers) 7 10 7 9 9 7 9 8 9 9 84 85

City (10-49 officers) 9 8 7 9 10 8 9 10 10 9 89 89

City (50-1- officers) 9 8 10 9 8 10 7 5 8 5 79 89 . 50 largest cities 1 3 4 7 8 8 3 1 8 2 45 90 Townships" 7 9 7 4 27 68

Total 44 47 46 50 53 43 39 39 48 35 444 84

Percent total sample 79 84 77 89 80 81 87 91 92 85 84

Questionnaires were actually sent to 56 state pol ice departments since there were 6 State departmeiIts whic h listed 2 police agencies

reference to a common central agericy. However. only one set of questionr) aires v/as accepted from each of these six states. Township departments exist only i n regions 1.2..-;1. and 5. 4
1.4. Development and Design of the Handguns DQ

The survey plan and questionnaire design (of all seven questionnaires) evolved over a 12-month period. During this time, the survey team consulted at length with

NILECJ equipment experts, LESL program managers, and equipment manufacturers.

In addition, the officers and administrators of about 45 police departments served as consultants and/or as respondents for pretests of various versions of the questionnaires.

The Handguns DQ, in its final form, is reproduced in appendix A. This DQ asked

respondents to identify the kinds of handguns being used by officers in the department

both on duty and off duty; to fully describe the handgun used by more of their officers than any other and the handgun used by the next greatest number of officers; to provide

data on the types of ammunition being used and to discuss problems with handguns and

ammunition. The questionnaire was limited to general topics because: (1) It was not

possible, considering the scope of the present survey, to explore in a detailed manner

specific information about all types of weapons being used in the department; and (2) it was felt that the general data gathered in the present effort would provide important

direction for research in the development of standards, the main objective of the survey.

1.5. Characteristics of Subsample Groups

The EPQ of the LEAA Police Equipment Survey requested data from each

department about population served, physical size of jurisdiction served, type of jurisdiction, number of full- and part-time officers, approximate total, equipment, and

personnel budgets during 1971, and activities handled by the department.

Table 1.5-1 presents a partial tabulation, by department type, of the responses to a

checklist of 30 typical police activities by the respondents to the EPQ. (The EPQ

respondents include, but are not limited to, the respondents to the Handguns DQ. See

sec. 1.2.) The activities most frequently checked by all departments were: (1) serve

traffic and criminal warrants (88%), (2) traffic safety and traffic control (87%), and (3) communications for own department (87%). The activity with the most consistent level across all department types was that of emergency aid and rescue, ranging from 60

percent (cities with 50+ officers) to 67 percent (counties).

Higher percentages of state and 50 largest city departments than of other

departments were handling certain of the 30 activities. For example, all of the 50 largest

city departments responding, and 98 percent of the responding state departments said

that their departments provided police training for their own department. These

compare to 68 percent for all responding departments. AU of the responding 50 largest

cities said that they handled criminal investigation in their own departments. This

compares to 86 percent of aU responding departments. Although only 13 percent of the

departments overall had crime laboratories, 73 percent of the 50 largest cities and 55

percent of the states reported having them.

Counties appeared to be the only department type with significant responsibilities

for custody and detention for more than 1 week. Seventy-eight percent of these departments had custody/detention up to 1 year, as compared with 22 percent of aU

responding departments.

Tables 1.5-2 and 1.5-3 present summaries of descriptive data by department type

and LEAA region, respectively. As can be seen from the column for "annual equipment

budget" (table 1.5-2), there was a wide range of expenditures among different

department types, from a mean of about $10,000 for responding cities (1-9) to almost

$2.7 million for the 50 largest cities. Overall, equipment budgets represented somewhat

over 10 percent of the annual total budgets.

The mean number of part-time officers was based on those respondents having

part-time officers in their departments. Of the 45 responding from the 50 largest cities,

only 6 had part-time officers, including 1 city which had nearly 6,000. Thus, the mean

5
Table 1.5-1. Activities handled by at least one -third of the departments by department

type, and percent of total departments having each activity

Description of activity State County

City

(1-9)

City

( 10-49)

(in %)

City

(50+)

50

largest Township Total

Serve traffic and criminal warrants 70 89 84 89 94 87 93 88

Traffic safety and traffic control 92 56 94 96 96 98 94 87 Communications for own department 94 86 76 95 94 96 70 87

Criminal investigation 66 86 71 95 97 100 79 86

Police training for own department 98 55 48 77 87 100 42 68 Custody/detention—less than 1 day 79 51 73 72 80 43 65

Breath-alcohol test 89 46 47 72 83 91 49 64 Emergency aid and rescue 62 67 62 63 60 67 62 63

Public building protection - 40 63 60 58 44 68 54

Service function - - 48 55 60 60 42 48 Animal control (dogcatcher) - - 58 63 42 37 44 Highway patrol 96 38 48 36 - 88 43 Maintenance of police buildings 51 36 34 41 48 47 40 Custody/detention— 1 week or less 73 36 46 49 38 Communications for other agency 66 56 40 - - 36 Serve civil process 88 - - 32

Police training for other agency 77 - 42 84 24 Custody/detention—up to 1 year - 78 - - 22 Underwater recovery 34 42 - 42 19 Bomb disposal 45 - 82 17 Polygraph 62 36 90 17 Vehicle inspection 55 - 17 Crime laboratory 55 73 13 Narcotics laboratory analysis 43 62 11 Harbor patrol 7

Lfab analysis for blood alcohol 34 53 7 Other 6 Coroner 5 Test for driver's license 34 3 Custody/detention—more than 1 year 3

Table 1.5-2. Descriptive data by department type (means)

Number of Number of Annual Annual

Department type Area Population fuU-time part-time Annual total equipment personnel

(mi') officers officers budget budget budget

50 largest 187 851,342 2,491 1,115 $43,268,865 $2,669,920 $34,712,818

State 62,580 3,936,410 889 18 16,377,358 2,304,339 12,020,572 County 1,518 130,254 60 25 1,089,919 58,539 859,984

City (50+) 31 83,334 132 26 1,733,340 173,099 1,407,177

City (10-49) 12 15,849 22 9 257,927 24,362 206,187

Township 28 13,228 14 8 175,654 20,854 141,675

City (1-9) 9 5,038 8 5 82,381 9,764 60,061

6
Tari.F. 1.5-3. Descriptive data hy LEAA rej^ion (means)

Number of Number of Annual Annual LEAA region Area Population full-time part-time Annual total equipment personnel

(mi^) officers officers budget budget budget

1 750 158,112 96 18 $1,360,155 $135,130 $ 979,911

2 648 240,781 365 97 7, 148,315 148, 172 5,265,546

3 1,096 o/i c loo z4o , / 66 216 7 3,412,567 435, 153 Z,o/9,zy.5 o,oy 1 loi 1

1

/,o lo, joz z4o,OUU 1 , /o / ,zyz

5

/I /I O 1 "7/1 44o ,1/4 288 8 4,916,607 431,478 .i,K /y,o /4 o

C "700 ^ / 1 ,ooo 160 17 z, 193,8/3 160,363 1 -7nn m n

1 , (Uy,y lu

7 2,379 112,094 84 9 1,220,385 121,001 983,696 8 6,346 83,023 54 9 728,549 77,081 568,463 9 4,218 372,094 281 46 5,743,553 728,801 4,528,692

10 3,580 104,877 69 9 1,253,894 82,198 1,011,604

value of 1,115 for this department type is somewhat misleading. It should be noted that the category part-time officers included officers described as auxiliary, special agent,

traffic supervisor, posse, and cadet. All of these classifications were counted in the parttime category since it has different meanings for different departments.

Variations in these descriptive averages by LEAA region (table 1.5-3) were

considerably smaller than variations by department type. Regions 1 and 8 had smaller

budgets than the others, primarily because each contained only 1 of the 50 largest cities.

2. QUESTION BY QUESTION DISCUSSION

2.1. Advice to the Reader

In reading section 2, certain points should be kept in mind:

(1) This report is not an evaluation of any of the equipment described or discussed

within it. It is a presentation of information and opinions of a stratified random sample

of police departments given in response to a specific set of questions. It does not, in any

way, reflect objective testing of any equipment by the National Bureau of Standards.

(2) The report reflects only what police departments were willing and able to say

in response to a specific set of questions. In most cases, no attempt was made to verify

the accuracy of the information given or the level of sophistication of the respondent.

(3) Each discussion begins with the presentation of the question that appeared in the questionnaire, and in most cases the choices supplied, if any, set off in bold face

type. However, the reader is cautioned to become familiar with the questionnaire sent to sample departments (see app. A) and to evaluate the data in terms of the exact

questions asked.

(4) The text tables that appear in section 2 are almost never the complete tables

that were tabulated for that question. Data categories for text tables may have been

collapsed from the full table, or certain categories of interest may have been singled out

for fuller discussion. Appendix B contains the complete tables from which the text tables were extracted. Text tables have been numbered after the question number (e.g.,

the text tables for Question 6A would be numbered 6A-1, 6A-2, etc.). The tables in appendix B are also numbered after the question number, in the same manner. In some

cases, tables that appear in appendix B will not have been discussed at all in the text.

(5) Data in the text of this report are usually presented by nearest whole percent

of the group under consideration. In appendix B, the data are usually presented by

number of respondents and percent. Because of statistical limitations imposed by the

7

229-968 0 - 77 -3
sample sizes used in this study, the reader is cautioned to be wary of assigning

importance to percentage differences of less than 5 percent when percentages are based

on the total number of respondents, and to percentage differences of less than 10

percent when percentages are based on one of the subsample groups (e.g., a particular

department type or region). No statistical tests of significance are reported.

(6) Data were always tabulated by each of the choices supplied, if any, in the

questionnaire. Any "other" choices written in by the respondents were also tabulated

and/or recorded verbatim. In most cases, the numbers of respondents giving a specific

"other" response do not reflect the numbers of respondents who would have marked

that choice if it had been one of those provided. Therefore, in most cases, this report

lists or gives examples of "other" responses, but does not present numbers or percents

of departments giving that response. For those questions for which choices were not provided in the questionnaire, coding categories were developed after approximately

one-fourth of the questionnaires had been returned.

(7) The following convention has been adopted in the report to designate the four

city department types:

City with 1-9 officers=city (1-9) City with 10-49 officers=city (10-49)

City with 50 or more officers=city (50+)^

The 50 largest cities=50 largest'

In table headings this same convention has been used.

(8) Questions which asked departments to identify manufacturers of their

equipment were asked in this manner only to make the question clearer; not to evaluate

a manufacturer's product.

(9) In an attempt to make this report more readable, the main topics of the

questionnaire have been reordered in the report; the discussion of the findings does not

follow the order of the questions. To find the discussion of a particular question

quickly, consult the Contents or the List of Tables.

(10) When the subsample groups are discussed (e.g., "counties said..." or "cities

(1-9) said...") the reference is to the responding departments from one of the sample

strata. It is particularly important to note that when the text or tables refer to "all departments ' or "all responding departments," the reference is to all responding

departments from the sample described in section 1.2. This sample was not proportional

to the total population of police departments, and although it is possible to do so, the

data in this report have not been weighted to allow direct extrapolation to the total population. (See app. B, p. B-1.)

2.2. Discussion

2.2.1. Characteristics of Respondents

a. Rank/Title of Respondent

All of the questionnaires in the LEAA Police Equipment Survey were mailed to the chief or highest official of the department with a request that the questionnaires be

directed to the person or persons within the department who were felt to be best

qualified to answer the questions.

The handguns questionnaire was usually filled in by the chief/unit head in townships and smaller city departments, and by an armorer or ballistician in the states

Exrluding the SO largest U.S. cities. By population. 1970 U.S. Census. 8
and 50 largest cities. In cities (50+), the primary respondents were not concentrated into any single category. (See table i.) Questionnaires from counties were most often filled in by the sheriff (49%) or deputy sheriff (16%).

b. Number of Years of Law Enforcement Experience of Respondent

In general, the questionnaire was filled in by experienced officers. Although about

two-thirds of the respondents had more than 10 years of law enforcement experience,

there were variations among department types: More than 85 percent of respondents in the 50 largest cities and states had more than 10 years of experience, while half or less

of the respondents in townships, cities (1-9), and counties had this much experience.

(See table ii.)

Table i. Rank of primary respondent for handguns questionnaire

,

by department type

Department type

(in %)

City City City 50

Rank/title (1-9) (10-49) (50+) largest State Township

Chief 74 45 13 4 0 67 Gun specialist 1 6 22 54 34 0 Lieutenant 4 13 15 13 11 0 Sergeant 7 11 9 9 13 15

NOTE: Excluding counties.

T^BLE ii. Number of years of law enforcement experience of respondents to the handguns DQ , by department type

Number of years of experience

More than More than More than More than Department type 5 years 10 years 20 years 25 years

State 97 86 39 26

City (50+) 93 74 39 19 50 largest 92 88 40 20

City (10-49) 90 71 24 11 Township 86 53 23 19 City (1-9) 83 52 15 9 County 73 43 13 5

All departments 88 66 26 14

9
2.2.2. On Duty Use of Handguns

1. How many of the officers in your department use, on duty,

handguns of each of the following calibers? (Either as their

primary or their " back-up" weapon.)

Number of Officers Calibers

.32 Automatic

.38 Special

9mm Luger

.357 Magnum

.45 Automatic

Other (specify)

Both the percentages of departments in each department type reporting use of each cahber of handgun on duty, and the percentages of all officers in each department

type using each caliber of handgun on duty were determined. Comparisons of these measures showed some striking contrasts. For example, while 95 percent of the

responding county departments said that some of their officers were using .38 Special

handguns, only 55 percent of all responding county officers were using .38s. Similarly,

while 15 percent of the 50 largest cities reported using .45 caliber handguns, only 2 percent of the officers in that department type were reported to be using .45s. (See table

1-1.) Almost all responding departments (94%) had some officers using the .38 Special

handgun on duty,. and 80 percent of the officers in the responding departments were

using .38s on duty. Although slightly more than half of the responding departments

(56%) reported having some officers using the .357 Magnum, this gun was used by only

17 percent of their officers. State police, townships, and counties reported relatively fewer officers using the

.38 Special handgun (55-50% of officers) and relatively more officers using the .357 (36-

40% of officers) than did city department types.

The .45 and the 9mm were each being used by only 1 percent of officers in the

responding departments, and by no more than 4 percent of the officers in any

department type. In answer to Question 1, the 445 responding departments reported a total of 179,891 officers carrying handguns on duty. Four-fifths of those officers were carrying

.38 Special handguns, 17 percent were carrying .357s, 1 percent were carrying .45s, 1 percent were carrying 9mm handguns, and less than 1 percent were carrying handguns

of any other caliber. (See table 1-2.)

It is probable that the relative proportions of .38s and .357s reported in Question 1 (80% and 17%, respectively) were partially attributable to the sample design: AU states and all of the 50 largest cities were included in the sample, but only portions of the

other 5 department types were sampled.

Using these reported numbers, divided by the numbers of respondents,

department type averages, per caliber, were computed. These averages were multiplied

by the number of departments in each department type in the population* to produce the

estimates of the total number of handguns of each caliber in use shown in table 1-3. According to the estimates in table 1-3, .38 caliber handguns represented about 70

percent of the total on duty handguns while .357s represented about 25 percent of the

total. This moderate shift in the relative proportions of .38s and .357s was mainly a

result of the extrapolation of data from county departments. County departments

reported 55 percent of their officers carrying .38s and 40 percent carrying .357s, and

counties make up almost one-fourth of the U.S. police department population.

See table 1.2-2. 10
Table 1-1. Percentages^ of departments having at least one officer using a handgun of

the specified caliber; and percentages of all officers in a particular department type using handguns of these calibers on duty

Caliber

.38 Special .357 Magnum .45 9mm

Department type Officers Depts. Officers Depts. Officers Depts. Officers Depts.

50 largest 88 100 9 41 2 15 1 13 City (50+) 81 97 16 52 1 14 2 22

City (1-9) 70 93 23 51 2 8 3 5

City (10-49) 68 94 26 57 2 12 2 15 State 59 87 36 66 * 6 4 15 Township 56 85 36 74 1 7 4 26 County 55 95 40 59 1 11 3 10

All Departments 80 94 17 56 1 10 1 14

1 Percentages add to trior*' than 100 perrent Less than 1 perrent.

Tablf, 1-2. Numbers of officers in responding departments

carrying . 3fi

,

.357, . 45 , 9mm , and other calibers of handg Ans on duty , by department type

Caliber

Department type ..38 .357 .45 9mm Other

50 largest 106,540 11,111 2,365 250 513

State 25,451 15,288 84 1,785 183

City (50+) 8,409 1,620 125 171 112 County 1,639 1,194 30 82 15 City (10-49) 1,293 498 42 40 23

City (1-9) 534 176 26 17 9 Township 149 97 2 11 7 AU departments 144,015 29,984 2,674 2,356 862 Percent of total 80 17 1 1 <1

T able 1-3. Estimated numbers of officers carrying various calibers of handguns in U.S. police departments on duly, by department type

Caliber

Department type .38 .,357 .45 9mm Other

50 largest 115,804 12,077 2,571 272 558

State 27,075 16,264 89 1,899 195

City (50+) 58,969 11,360 877 1,199 785 County 70,432 51,309 1,289 3,514 645

City (10-49) 28,838 11,107 937 892 513

City (1-9) 34,875 11,494 1,698 1,110 588 Township 8,686 5,655 117 641 408

All departments 334,679 119,266 7,578 9,537 3,692 Percent of total 71 25 1 2 1

Estimated total number in U.S. =484, 752

11
2.2.3. Characteristics of Handguns Used On Duty

Respondents were asked a series of questions about the handgun that was used on

duty by more of their officers than any other (most used handgun. Questions 2-2E), and

then these same questions were asked about the handgun used on duty by the second

greatest number of officers (second most used handgun, Questions 3-3E). The questions

.were asked in this way so that the data could always be referenced to a particular

caliber of handgun.

Fifty-eight percent of the responding departments were using more than one

caliber of handgun on duty. The 50 largest city departments had the smallest percentage

of departments (48%) using more than one caliber of handgun on duty and townships

had the highest percentage (70%). (See table 2A/3A-1.)

2. and 3. Select from the list in Question 1 the handgun that is "used, on duty, by more of your officers than any other." /"second

most often used by your officers." Completely Fill In the

Questions Below for that Handgun.''

2A. & 3A. Caliber Type.

2B. & 3B. How many are revolvers?

How many are automatics?

2C. & 3C. List below each different model of this "most

used" /" second most used" handgun now used in your

department. (Identify Each Different Model by Both

Manufacturer and Model Name or Model Number)

2D. & 3D. Barrel Lengths:

How many have barrels of less than 3 inches?

How many have barrels of 3-5 inches?

How many have barrels of more than 5 inches?

2E. & 3E. Ammunition

:

In the table below, list each type of ammunition that your

officers use with this " most used" /" second most used"

handgun. (Fill in the Table Below for Each Type of

Ammunition Used)

Bullet Type

Bullet Weight (in grains)

Manufacturer

Table 2A/3A-1. Percentages of departments

with officers using more than one caliber of handgun on duly, by department type

Percent of Department type responding

departments

Township 70

State 64

City (50+) 62 County 60

City (10-49) 58

City (1-9) 51 50 largest 48 AU departments 58

See app. A. pp. A-.'i to A-.S. for actual question presentation. 12
2.2.3.1. Caliber

2A. & 3A. Caliber Type

(For most used and second most used handgun)

Ninety-nine percent of the handguns'' reported in Questions 2 and 3 were either .38 Special (82%) or .357 Magnum (17%). Only 8 of the 445 departments (2%) said that a caliber other than .38 or .357 was used by more of their officers than any other; 4 cited

the 9mm as most used and 4 cited the .45 caliber as most used. (See table 2A/3A-2.)

Given these findings, it is not surprising that when the .38 Special was listed as most used handgun, the .357 Magnum was most likely to be listed as the second most

used handgun, and vice versa. States reported the highest percentage of departments in which the .357 was used by more officers than any other caliber; 45 percent of states said the .357 was most used. The 50 largest cities reported the highest percentage of departments (89%) in which the .38 was used by more officers than any other caliber. (See table 2A/3A-3.)

The lolal numbers of handguns reported in Questions 2 and 3 were slightly greater than ihe numbers of officers carrying handguns reported in Question 1 {180,2.S6 and 179,891, respectively). In addition, there were a few "third," "fourth." etc., "most used handguns" that should not have

been reported in Questions 2 and 3. Both of these errors combined, however, represented less than I percent of all the handguns in the responding

departments.

Table 2A/3A-2. Percentages of handguns cited as most used or second most used, by caliber

Percent of handguns reported Caliber in Questions 2 and 3 [n= 180,256]

.38 Special 82

.387 Magnum 17 9nim 1 .45 1 .22 * .32 * .44 Magnum * .25

*Less than 1 percent.

T\BI.F, 2A/3A-3. Caliber of most used and second most used handgun.

by department type'

Most used handgun Second most used handgun

in department in department

(in % of departments) (in % of departments)

Department type .38 Special .357 Magnum .38 Special .357 Magnum

[n=445] [n=445] [n=259] [n=259]

50 largest 89 11 23 64

City (50+) 80 19 29 51

City (1-9) 76 20 33 53 County 74 25 32 57

City (10-49) 71 27 38 50 Township 67 33 21 47

State 53 45 53 33

All departments 74 24 34 51

Most used handgun percentages were based on all respondents. Second most used handgun

percentages were based on the 259 respondents listing a second handgun. 13
Half of the reporting 328 departments in which there were more .38s in use on

duty than any other caliber were using the .38 exclusively for on duty service (reported no second most used handgun). Only 17 percent of the departments in which the .357 was reported as the most used on duty gun were using the .357 exclusively. (See table 2A/3A-4.)

The remainder of the discussion of Questions 2-2E and 3-3E will focus on the data

for most used handgun (Questions 2-2E), since these data represent over 90 percent of the handguns reported. Only in cases in which differences appear will the data for second most used handgun (Questions 3-3E) be discussed, even though data for second

most used handguns will be presented in the text tables. Full tables for all questions

appear in appendix B.

Tabi.f: 2A/3A-4. Of those departments citing the .3H and the .357 and their most used handguns , the percentages listing .38, .357, another caliber, or no second most used handgun

Percent listing Using most Most used second most used as: used handgun

.38 .357 Other exclusively

.38 [n=328] 40 10 50

.357 [n=109] 77 - 7 17

2.2.3.2. Revolvers/Automatics

2B. and 3B. How many are revolvers?

How many are automatics?

(For most used and second most used handgun)

Since the vast majority of reported handguns were either .38 caliber or .357

caliber, it follows that almost all (99%) of the reported handguns were revolvers (only 11

.38 caliber automatics were reported, and no .357 caliber automatics were reported).

Within every department type, 95 percent or more of the most used handguns were

revolvers. For those most used handguns which were automatics, only 9mm, .45, and

.38 were cited. For second most used, .32, .22, and .25 automatics were also cited. (See

table 2B/3B.)

Table 2B/3B. Percentages of most used handguns and second most used handguns

which were revolvers , by department type

Most use:d handguns Second most used handguns

Total number Percent of Total number Percent of Department type reported revolvers reported revolvers

50 largest 111,928 100 7,398 100

State 38,618 96 6,087 98

City (50+) 9,346 99 1,168 94 County 2,338 100 523 99

City (10-49) 1,532 98 307 93

City (1-9) 563 95 142 92 Township 213 100 43 77

All departments 164,588 99 15,668 98

14
2.2.3.3. Model/Manufacturer

2C. and 3C. List below each different model of this " most

used" /" second most used" handgun now used in your department.

(Identify Each Different Model by Both Manufacturer and Model

Name or Model Number)

Manufacturer Model /model number

Almost all of the most used handguns reported by the responding departments were produced by Colt and Smith & Wesson. Although it was not possible to determine

what percentages of handguns in use were made by various manufacturers, the data

show that 97 percent of the departments listed one or both of these manufacturers, and

did not list any other manufacturer for their most used handgun. At least 92 percent of the departments in every department type were using those two manufacturers

exclusively for their most used handguns. (See table 2C-1.)

A great number of different models were represented among departments' most

used handguns. About two-fifths of all responding departments and 67 percent of the 50

largest cities had some of one model made by Smith & Wesson represented among their

most used guns. The four models with the highest percentages of departmental

representation were all made by this manufacturer. The .357 model with greatest

representation was also made by them.

Tabi.R 2C-1. Percentages of responding departments using handguns of specified manufacturers as their most used caliber handgun , by department type

Department type

AU 50 City City City Manufacturer departments largest State (50+) (10-49) (1-9) County Township

Smith & Wesson 91 100 96 95 88 88 85 85

Colt 50 57 45 61 49 39 47 56 Other 3 0 2 1 8 1 5 4

2.2.3.4. Barrel Length

2D. and 3D. Barrel Lengths:

How many have barrels of less than 3 inches?

How many have barrels of 3-5 inches?

How many have barrels of more than 5 inches?

(For most used and second most used handgun)

Overall, 80 percent of the 180,256 handguns reported in Questions 2D and 3D

(data for most used and second most used combined) had barrels of 7.6-12.7 cm (3-5 in), 10 percent were less than 7.6 cm (3 in), and 10 percent more than 12.7 cm (5 in). Within

the seven department types, about the same proportion of handguns had 7.6-12.7 cm (3- 5 in) barrels, with one exception: A smaller proportion of the handguns reported by state departments (61%) had barrels 7.6-12.7 cm (3-5 in) long, and states reported a much

higher percentage (29%) of handguns with barrels more than 12.7 cm (5 in) long. (See

table 2D/3D-1.)

15

229-968 O - 77 - 4
Tablf. 2D/3D-1. Percentages of most used and second most used handguns with barrels of various lengths, by department type

Barrel length

Less tnan More than Uep3rtmcnt type 7.6 cm 1iZ9 . 7J nmC III

\i> in) (o in)

50 largest [n= 119,326] 87 9 4

City (1-9) [n=755] 86 9 5 City (10-49) [n = 1839] 82 10 8 Township [n=256] 78 16 5

City (50+) [n= 10,514] 77 17 5 County [n=2816] 77 17 5

State [n=44,705] 61 10 29

All departments [n= 180,256] 80 10 10

TaBI.F. 2D. Percentages of most used caliber handguns of various

calibers with barrels of specified length (164,588 handguns. Question 2A )

Caliber of handgun

Reported barrel length .38 .357 9mm .45 [n=144,104] [n=18,652] [n = l,788] [n=44]

Less than 7.6 cm (3 in) 10 2 0 0

7.6-12.7 cm (3-5 in) 80 89 100 91 More than 12.7 cm (5 in) 10 9 0 9

Data from Question 2D (most used handgun, n=164,598, 91% of total) showed

differences in barrel lengths among the various calibers of handguns. The proportions of

.38 caliber handguns of each length closely parallel the proportions of all handguns

taken together. In contrast, 100 percent of the 9mm handguns reported had 7.6-12.7 cm

(3-5 in) barrels, 91 percent of the .45s had barrels of this length, and 89 percent of the

.357s had barrels of this length. (See table 2D.)

Two calibers of handguns with greatest representation (.38 and .357) were examined in greater detail. Table 2A/3A-4 showed that, in general, one of these two

calibers would be used by more officers in a department than any other caliber, and that the other would be used by the next greatest number of officers. Of the .38s that were

listed as most used handguns, 80 percent had barrels of 7.6-12.7 cm (3-5 in). Of the

.38s that were listed as second most used handguns, more than half (53%) had barrels of

less than 7.6 cm (3 in). Roughly these same proportions were found in all department

types except states (most used .38s) and cities with 1-9 officers (second most used .38s). For exact numbers, see appendix B. Of the .357 handguns cited as most used, 89 percent had barrels of medium

length. Approximately this same percentage was found in six of the seven department

types for the .357s that were listed as second most used handguns. However, the overall percentages for second most used .357s were greatly affected by state departments: 64

percent of the .357 second most used handguns in states had barrels of more than 12 7 cm. (See table 2D/3D-2.)

16
Table 2D/3D-2. Percentages of .38 and .357 caliber handguns with barrels of each specified length, when they were most used and second most used handguns

Caliber

.38 .357

Reported barrel length Most used Second most Most used Second most

[n=144,104] [n=3,943] (n= 18,652] [n=ll,381]

Less than 7.6 cm (3 in) 10 53 2 2

7.6-12.7 cm (3-5 in) 80 45 .89 73 More than 12.7 cm (5 in) 10 2 9 26

2.2.4. Characteristics of Ammunition Used

2E. and 3E. Ammunition: In the table below, list each type of

ammunition that your officers use with this " most used" /" second

most used" handgun. (Fill in the Table Below for Each Type of

Ammunition Used)

Bullet type Bullet weight Manufacturer

(in grains)

(For most used and second most used handgun)

2.2.4.1. Bullet Type

Almost half (49%) of the responding departments were using lead bullets in their most used handguns. About one-fourth were using hollowpoint, and 15 percent were

using jacketed ammunition. (See table 2E/3E-1.)

About two-thirds of the respondents reported using bullets of only one type in their most used handgun. About half of these departments said they used lead bullets exclusively. Thirteen percent reported using hollowpoint exclusively. (See table 2E/3E-2.)

2.2.4.2. Bullet Weight

About three-fourths of the responding departments reported using ammunition with

bullet weights of 9.8-10.4 g (151-160 grains), and very few departments were using

ammunition with bullet weights greater than this. About 17 percent were using

ammunition with buUet weights of 6.5-7.1 g (101-110 grains), and 12 percent with weights

of 9.1-9.7 g (141-150 grains). (See table 2E/3E-3.)

2.2.4.3. Ammunition Manufacturer

About half of the 445 responding departments (53%) were using at least some

Remington-Peters ammunition with their most used handgun. About a third (34%) were

using Winchester-Western ammunition, and 17 percent were using Super Vel

ammunition. (See table 2E/3E-4.)

More than half (n=263, 59%) of the responding departments reported using only one brand of ammunition with their most used handguns. Fifty percent of these

departments said they were using Remington-Peters exclusively. About one-fourth (22%)

reported using Winchester-Western exclusively. Less than 10 percent were using any

other brand exclusively.

17
Table 2E/3E-1. Percentages' of departments using each specified

bullet type in their most used and second most used handgun

Most used handgun second most used

Bullet type [n=445] [n=259]

Lead 49 43 HoUowpoint 24 27 Jacketed 15 15

Soft point 10 11 Wadcutter 6 3 Semiwadcutter 3 2 Metal piercing 2 * Unusable information 16 14 No answer 1 2

Percentages add to more than 100 percent since multiple answers were allowed, *Less than I percent.

Table 2E/3E-2. ' Of the departments using only one type of bullet for their most used and second most used handguns , percentages

using specified bullet type

Most used handgun Second most used

Bullet type [n=292] [n=138]

Lead 49 41 HoUowpoint 13 18

Soft point 6 5 Jacketed 4 4 BaU 4 2 Lubaloy 3 4 Wadcutter 2 1 Semiwadcutter 1 1 Metal piercing 1 4

Frangible 0 1 Other 1 4 Unusable information 14 12

This table was compiled by special tabulation and does not appear in app. B.

Table 2E/3E-3. Percentages' of departments using ammunition for their most used and second most used handguns with specified bullet weights

Reported bullet weight Most used handgun Second most used

Grains Grams [n=445] [n=259]

151-160 9.8-10.4 73 57

101-110 6.5- 7.1 17 17 141-150 9.1- 9.7 12 10 121-130 7.8- 8.4 7 9

191-200 12.4-13.0 6 5

1 Percentages add to more than 100 perreint sinre multiple answers were allowed. NOTE; Perceintages of departments in all other categories were S percent or less.

18
Table 2E/3E-4. Percentages' of departments using ammunition

made by each specified manufacturer with their most used and

second most used handgun

Manufacturer Most used handgun

[n=445] Second most used

[n=259]

Remington-Peters 53 49 Winchester-Western 34 31 Super Vel 17 20 Smith & Wesson 11 7

Percentages add to more than 100 percent since multiple answers were allowed. NOTE: Percentages of departments using each other brand were S percent or less.

Table 2E/3E-5. Of the departments using only one brand of ammunition with their most used and second most used handgun , percentages using each specified brand of ammunition

Manufacturer Most used handgun Second most used

[n=263] [n=109]

Remington-Peters 50 42 Winchester-Western 22 26 Smith & Wesson 9 4 Super Vel 9 14

NOTE: Percentages of departments using each other brand were less ih* n 10 percent.

Of the 109 departments (42% of the 259 reporting a second handgun) reporting use

of only one manufacturer's ammunition for their second most used handgun, 42 percent

reported using Remington-Peters, 26 percent Winchester-Western, and 14 percent Super

Vel. (See table 2E/3E-5.)

2.2.5. Off Duty Use of Handguns

4. How about off duty: About how many of the officers in your

department use handguns of each of the following calibers when

they are off duty?

Officers Caliber

.22 LR

.25 Automatic

.32 Automatic

.38 Special

9 mm Luger

.357 Magnum

.45 Automatic

Other (specify)

Other (specify)

Only 78 percent of the 445 departments which provided data about their officers' use of handguns on duty (Question 1) answered this question. Their answers accounted

for 62 percent of the 179,091 officers carrying handguns on duty reported in Question 1.

19
' Some of the 100 departments which did not report off duty use of handguns made

such comments as: "off duty officers use weapons of their choice," and "no off duty

officers." Therefore, these data cannot be taken as a measure of proportion of officers that carry weapons off duty. The data can be used, however, to indicate the proportions

of various caUbers of handguns used off duty as compared with those used on duty.

About one-fourth of the departments not reporting off duty weapons were state departments: 51 percent of the states gave no answer. About 75 percent or more of the

departments in aU other department types did answer Question 4. (See table 4.) The 345 departments which reported off duty handgun use were using .38 caliber

handguns in about the same proportion as was reported for on duty use in Question 1: 94 percent of all responding departments had at least one officer using the .38 on duty,

and 96 percent of the 345 departments describing off duty handguns had at least one

.38 in use off duty. In addition, about the same proportions of officers were using the

.38 on duty and off duty: 80 percent and 86 percent, respectively.

There was one major difference between on duty and off duty handgun use: Only

four different calibers of handguns were reported to be in use on duty by 10 percent or more of the responding departments; but eight different cahbers were reported to be in use off duty by 10 percent or more of the departments that reported off duty use. As

with on duty use, however, the percentages of officers using each of these different

calibers were small; the majority of officers used the .38 on duty and off duty. (See

table 4/1.)

Table 4. Percentages of departments in each department type which did not report officers

'

use of handguns off duty

Percent of Department type departments "none'V'no answer"

State 51

City (1-9) 26

50 largest 22 Township 22

City (50+) 18

City (10-49) 15 County 15

All departments 22

20
Table 4/1. Percentages of officers and percentages of departments'

using specified calibers of handguns on duly and off duty

Percent of departments Percent of officers Caliber On duty Off duty On duty yjii duty

[n=445] [n=345] [n — i /y,oV 1

J

[n — 1 lU,oo4'J

.38 Special 94 96 80 86

.357 Magnum 56 29 17 6

9 mm Luger 14 30 1 4

.45 Automatic 10 21 1 2

.32 Automatic 3 22 * 1 .25 Automatic 3 23 * 1 .22 3 15 * 1 .44 2 1 * * .380 2 10 * *

.41 2 * * * .32 Revolver 1 1 * * .45 Revolver 0 1 0 * Other * * * *

1 Percentages of departments add to more than 100 percent since the re could be more than one caliber of handgun1 in each department.

*Less than 1 percent.

2.2.6. Problems with Handguns

5. When you think of all the handguns that have been used by any

of your officers in the last 5 years; which of these guns have had, or have caused problems of one kind or another?

Be sure to think of handguns that were once used but are not

now used, as well as handguns that are now used. In the spaces

provided below tell us about the handgun and the " problem."

Case number 1 Caliber

Revolver or Automatic

Manufacturer

Model

Barrel Length

What was the problem?

Case number 2

(etc.)

Case number 3

(etc.)

More than half (55%) of the responding departments either said they had had no problems with their handguns in the last 5 years or left the question blank. There were

striking differences among the seven department types, however. Almost three-fourths

of the states and 50 largest cities cited one or more problems, but only about one-fourth

of the counties and cities (1-9) described problems. (See table 5-1.) Among the 203 departments that described at least one problem, those problems

associated with the cylinder were mentioned most frequently (35%). The hammer/firing

pin was reported to have been involved in the handgun problems of about one-fifth of the departments mentioning problems. (See table 5-2.) 21
Table 5-1. Percentages of departments in each department type listing at least one handgun problem

Percent of department

Department type types citing one or more problems

State 72 50 largest 72

City (50+) 53

City (10-49) 47 Township 41 County 29

City (1-9) 24

All departments 45

Table 5-2. Of the 203 departments which listed at least one problem , percentages' citing specified problem

Percent of Problem departments

[n=203]

Cylinder 35 Hammer/firing pin 21

Misfires 15 Trigger 11 Age, wear and tear 11 Abuse by personnel 10 Accidental discharge 10 Main springs 9 Problems on double or single action 9 Ammunition problems 8 Problems with finish (bluing) 8 Jamming 8 Shaving lead 8 Timing problems 8 Problems with reliability/defective manufacturing 7 Head space problems 6

Barrel problems 5 Ejector rod problems 4 Feeding problems 4 Other 24

Percentages add to more than 100 percent since departments could describe more than one problem.

Each of the problem descriptions, categorized by manufacturer, was recorded

verbatim along with the caliber, manufacturer/model, barrel length, and type of handgun. No cross tabulations were made with these identifying factors, however,

because the various calibers, manufacturers, etc., were disproportionately represented

among the departments. Cross tabulations with these identifiers would have reflected

this departmental representation rather than problems associated with a particular

model, caliber, barrel length, etc.. 22
Examples of Cylinder Problems Mentioned Were:

Shaved lead, cylinder had excess play.

Cylinder would not rotate when hammer was cocked.

Weapon bought new and used approximately 3 months.

After carrying this gun in a holster for several years, the rotating mechanism

wears so much that the buUets do not line up with the barrel, causing a spray

of lead to fly out of the side of the chamber.

Examples of Hammer/Firing Pin Problems Mentioned Were:

Crystallized hammers, weak main spring, crystallized firing pin.

Firing pin spring too weak.

Hammer springs of marginal strength and would not fire primers at all times.

2.2.7. Problems Associated with Handgun Ammunition

6. How about handgun ammunition: Have your officers found any

problems with any handgun ammunition that they have used in

the last 5 years?

Again, be sure to think of handgun ammunition that was once

used but is not now used, as well as ammunition that is now used.

In the spaces below tell us about the anununition and the

" problem."

Case number 1 Caliber

Cartridge

Bullet Type

Bullet Weight

Manufacturer

What was the problem:

Case number 2

(etc.)

Case number 3

(etc.)

A smaller percentage of the responding departments reported problems with

handgun ammunition (26%) than reported problems with handguns (45%). A much

higher percentage of the 50 largest cities (61%) reported ammunition problems than any

other department type. None of the 27 township departments and only 7 of the 84 city

(1-9) departments listed an ammunition problem. (See table 6-1.)

Among the 117 departments that described an ammunition problem, 3 problems were cited by more than one-fourth of the departments: power/penetration too low

(30%); knockdown power insufficient (27%); and primer (25%). A wide variety of other

problems was also mentioned. (See table 6-2.) A cross tabulation was performed for those departments which said they used

reloaded ammunition for either their most used or their second most used handgun

(Questions 2E and 3E). Of these 52 departments, 56 percent cited ammunition problems

as compared to 26 percent of all the responding departments. (It is Ukely that more

departments were using reloaded ammunition than reported that fact in either Question

2E or 3E.)

23
Table 6-1. Percentages of departments in each department type reporting at least one problem with handgun ammunition

Percent of Department type department type

50 largest 61

State 45

City (50+) 43 County 18 City (10-49) 16 City (1-9) 8 Township 0 AU departments 26

Tabi.F, 6-2. Of the 117 departments citing at least one problem

with handgun ammunition, percentages citing each specified problem

Percent of Problem departments

[n=117]

Power/penetration too low 30 Knockdown power insufficient 27 Primer 25

Case, cartridge 21 Wrong amount of powder 17 Gun failure 15

Penetration too great 9 Accuracy poor 5 Leading, fouling 5 Ricochet 5 Smoking excessive 3

Variability of energy rates 3 Powder/miscellaneous problems 3 Other 14

Percentages add to more than 100 percent since multiple answers were allowed.

As with handgun problems, each ammunition problem was recorded verbatim

along with the identifiers listed in Question 6. Again, the disproportionate representation

of certain calibers, cartridge types, manufacturers, etc., precluded cross tabulation of these identifiers. Examples of Power /Penetration Too Low Were:

Lack of penetration.

Would not penetrate windshields; as a result an officer was almost run over by a felon.

Lack of penetration on autos and ricocheting.

24
Examples of Knockdown Power Insufficient Were:

Poor stopping power.

Bullet would go through person but would not stop or immediately disable

them.

The street officers frequently complain that this buUet fails to have adequate

"knock-down" power desirable in a face to face shootout. Penetration is great, but cavitation is poor on this type buUet.

Examples of Primer Problems Were

:

Dead primer, unknown cause of defect.

Arrived from the manufacturer with blown primers.

Bad primers.

25

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B-6
APPENDIX A

NBS-886

May 1972

SMb 41-F7i030

Approval Expires June 30, 1973

U.S. Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

DETAILED QUESTIONNAIRE: HANDGUNS AND

HANDGUN AMMUNITION

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY

Sponsored By:

National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

U.S. Department of Justice

Directed and Conducted By:

Behavioral Sciences Group

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

Phone: 301-921-3558

NOTE: This questionnaire is included in this document as a supplement to the discussion in the text. It has no other intended use.

A-1

229-968 O - 77 - 5
INTRODUCTION ; Police officers in several departments have told us informally about their problems in selecting and using handguns. They have

told of the danger to their officers from poor handguns and handgun

ammunition. In order to make it easier for law enforcement departments

to select and buy handguns and handgun amm\inition to meet their particular

needs, the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory will be writing voluntary

performance standards for these items of equipment.

PURPOSE OF THIS QUESTIONNAIRE ; The purpose of this "detailed" questionnaire

is to get answers from YOU, the user, about the handgxans and handgun

ammunition you are now using, and the problems you find in using them.

Your answers will be used to determine what kinds of testing need to

be done, and what sorts of problems must be solved. We must find out what

YOUR needs are

.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Fill in the questionnaire completely. Even if you do not have all

the information you need "at your fingertips," please make your

best effort to supply every answer AS ACCURATELY AS POSSIBLE.

2. Answer all questions for YOUR OWN DEPARTMENT. Do not attempt to

supply information that might exist in some other department.

3. The results of this questionnaire will be compiled by computer. It

is very important that you follow directions and answer every

question legibly and in the boxes and spaces provided.

4. No individual department will be identified in the report of this

survey; the results will be published in tabulated form.

5. Additional instructions for filling in your answers appear after

some questions. Follow the directions given .

6. Please PRINT all answers and comments CLEARLY .

7. When this questionnaire has been completely filled in; place it,

with the other questionnaires sent to your department, in the stamped,

addressed envelope supplied. Return all of them to:

Technology Building, Room AllO

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

8. If you have any questions, write to the above address or call

collect: E. Bunten, or P. Klaus

Phone: 301-921-3558

9. Remember that it is only by getting YOUR answers to these questions

that it will be possible to begin solving the problems that police

have with handgxins and handgun ammxinition.

A-2
PART I; ON DUTY USE OF HANDGUNS AND HANDGUN AMMUNITION.

1. How many of the officers in your department use, on duty , handguns

of each of the following calibers? (Either as their primary or

their "back-up" weapon.

)

NUMBER OF

OFFICERS CALIBER

ieicic (10-14) .32 Automatic

(15-19) .38 Special

(20-24) 9 mm Luger

(25-29) .357 Magnum

(30-34) .45 Automatic

(35-39) Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

2. Select from the list in Question 1 the handgun that is used, on duty, by more of your officers than any other. COMPLETELY FILL

IN THE QUESTIONS BELOW FOR THAT HANDGUN.

MOST USED HANDGUN

(40-42) 2A. Caliber Type.

(43-47) 2B. How many are revolvers?

(48-52) jjQ^ many are automatics?

2C. List below each different model of this "most used" handgun

now used in your department. (IDENTIFY EACH DIFFERENT MODEL

BY BOTH MANUFACTURER AND MODEL NAME OR MODEL NUMBER)

MANUFACTURER MODEL/MODEL NUMBER

(53-56)

a. (57-60) b.

(61-64)

c. (65-68) d.

(69-72) e. (73-76) f,

(77-80) g.

(10-13) *** Numbers in parentheses are for computer use only.
2D. Barrel Lengths:

(14-18) jjQy^ many have barrels of less than 3 inches?

(19-23) How many have barrels of 3-5 inches?

(29-35)

(36-42)

(43-49)

(50-56)

(57-63)

(64-70)

(71-77)

(78-14)

(24-28) How many have barrels of more than 5 inches?

2E. Ammunition; In the table below, list each type of ammunition

that yovir officers vise with this "most used" handgun. (FILL

IN THE TABLE BELOW FOR EACH TYPE OF AMMUNITION USED)

BULLET TYPE BULLET WEIGHT MANUFACTURER

(IN GRAINS)

A-4
3. Go back to the list in Question 1 and pick out the handgun that is

second most often used by your officers. COMPLETELY FILL IN THE

QUESTIONS BELOW FOR THAT HANDGUN.

SECOND MOST USED HANDGUN:

(15-17) 3A. Caliber Type:

(18-22) 3B. Hew many are revolvers?

(23-27) Ho\ many are automatics?

3C. List below each different model of this "second most used"

handgun now used in your department. (IDENTIFY EACH DIFFERENT

MODEL BY BOTH MANUFACTURER AND MODEL NAME OR MODEL NUMBER)

MANUFACTURER MODEL/MODEL NUMBER

(28-31) a. (32-35) b.

(36-39) c. (40-43) d.

(44-47) e. (48-51)

3D. Barrel Lengths ;

(52-56) How many have barrels of less than 3 inches?

(57-61) How many have barrels of 3-5 inches?

(62-66) How many have barrels of more than 5 inches?

3E. Ammunition: In the table below, list each type of ammunition

that your officers use with this "second most used" handgun.

(FILL IN THE TABLE BELOW FOR EACH TYPE OF AMMUNITION USED)

BULLET TYPE BULLET WEIGHT MANUFACTURER

(IN GRAINS)

(67-73)

(74-80)

(10-16)

(17-23)
PART II: OFF DUTY USE OF HANDGUNS.

4. How about off duty: about how many of the officers in yo\ar

department use handguns of each of the following calibers when

they are off duty?

NUMBER OF

OFFICERS CALIBER

(24-28) .22 LR

(29-33) .25 Automatic

(34-38)

^ .32 Automatic

(39-43) _____ .38 Special

(44-48) _____ 9 mm Luger

(49-53) .3t,-7 Magnum

(54-58) _____ -45 Automatic

(59-63) Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

«

A-6
PART III: PROBLEMS OF HANDGUNS

5 . When you think of all the handguns that have been used by any of

your officers in the last 5 years; which of these g\ans have had, or have caused problems of one kind or another?

Be sure to think of handguns that were once used but are not now

used, as well as handguns that are now used. IN THE SPACES

PROVIDED BELOW TELL US ABOUT THE HANDGUN AND THE "PROBLEM"

.

(64) **********************

CASE NUMBER 1

(65-67) Caliber

(68) Revolver or Automatic

(69-70) Manufacturer

(71-72) Model

(73) Barrel Length

(74-75) What was the problem?

**********************

A-7
CASE NUMBER 2

(76-78) Caliber

(79) Revolver or Automatic

(10-11) Manufacturer

(12-13) Model

(14) Barrel Length

(15-16) What was the problem?

CASE NUMBER 3

(17-19) Caliber

(20) Revolver or Automatic

(21-22) Manufacturer

(23-24) Model

(25) Barrel Length

(26-27) What was the problem?

***********

A-8

***********
PART IV: PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH HANDGUN AMMUNITION

5. How about handgun ammunition ; Have your officers found any

problems with any handgun ammunition that they have used in the

last 5 years?

Again, be sure to think of handgim ammunition that was once used

but is not now used, as well as ammunition that is now used. IN

THE SPACES BELOW TELL US ABOUT THE AMMUNITION AND THE "PROBLEM"

.

(28) ***********

CASE NUMBER 1

(29-31) Caliber

(32-33) Cartridge

(34-35) Bullet Type

(36-38) Bullet Weight

(39-40) Manufacturer

(41-42) What was the problem?

***********

A-9
CASE NUMBER 2

(43-45) Caliber

(46-•47) Cartridge

(48- 49) Bullet Type

(50- 52) Bullet Weight

(53- 54) Manufacturer

(55- 56) What was the i

***********

CASE NUMBER 3

(57-59) Caliber

(60-61) Cartridge

(62-63) Bullet Type

(64-66) Bullet Weight

(67-68) Manufacturer

(69-70) What was the problem?

A-10

***********
IDENTIFYING INFORMATION: (All identifying information will be kept

confidential)

Name of Department:

Address:

Name of person who answered this questionnaire:

Title: Rank

:

No. of years experience in law enforcement:

Telephone Number:

Others who helped: 1.

Name

Title

:

Rank

:

No. of years experience in law enforcement:

Telephone Number:

2.

Name

Title: Rank

:

No. of years experience in law enforcement:

Telephone Number:

A-11

APPENDIX B

Data Tables

B.l. Advice to the Reader

(a) The data presented in the following tables resulted from the responses of a

stratified random sample (see sec. 1.2) of police departments in response to a specific

set of questions (see app. A). These data do not, in any way, reflect objective testing of any of the equipment by the National Bureau of Standards. The reader is cautioned to become familiar with the questionnaire and to evaluate the data in terms of the exact

questions asked.

(b) Tables have been numbered after the question number (e.g., the tables for Question 6A would be numbered 6A-I, 6A-2, etc.). The data are usually presented by

number of respondents and nearest whole percentage. Because of the statistical limitations imposed by the sample sizes used in this study, the reader is cautioned to be

wary of assigning importance to percentage differences of less than 5 percent when

percentages are based on all respondents, and to percentage differences of less than 10

percent when percentages are based on one of the subsample groups (e.g., a particular

department type or region). No statistical tests of significance are reported.

(c) These tables are based on the responding departments from the specific

sample selected for this questionnaire. This sample was not proportional to the total population of police departments, and although it is possible to do so, the data in these

tables have not been weighted to allow direct extrapolation to the total population.

(d) In order to extrapolate to the total population from the respondent data

presented in this report, use the following procedure: For each department type,

multiply the percentage of respondents of a particular department type giving the answer of interest (see B.2 Data Tables, app. B) by the total number of departments of

that department type in the population (see table 1.2-2, sec. 1.2); add those seven

subtotals; and divide the total by the total number of police departments in the

population (table 1.2-2). The quotient of this division will be an estimate of the

percentage of aU U.S. police departments that would choose the answer of interest.

B.2. Data Tables

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B-35
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ANNOUNCEMENT OF NEW PUBLICATIONS ON

NATIONAL CRIME AND RELATED SUBJECTS

Superintendent of Documents,

Government Printing Office,

Washington, D.C. 20402

Dear Sir:

Please add my name to the announcement Ust of new publications to be issued on the above subjects (including this NBS series):

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Compan s Address

City State Zip Code

(Nolincalion key N-351)

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1977 O - 229-968




U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

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