*

The Honorable James S. Gwin, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Ohio, sitting by

designation.

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206

File Name: 07a0158p.06

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT _________________

KAREN S. BARNES,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Defendant-Appellee.

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No. 06-6061

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Tennessee at Knoxville.

No. 04-00489—Thomas Varlan, District Judge.

Argued: April 18, 2007

Decided and Filed: May 4, 2007 

Before: ROGERS and COOK, Circuit Judges; GWIN, District Judge.*

_________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: James H. Ripley, SHARP & RIPLEY, Sevierville, Tennessee, for Appellant. Loretta

S. Harber, ASSISTANT UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Knoxville, Tennessee, for Appellee.

ON BRIEF: James H. Ripley, SHARP & RIPLEY, Sevierville, Tennessee, Bruce T. Hill, HILL

& FRANKLIN, Knoxville, Tennessee, for Appellant. Loretta S. Harber, ASSISTANT UNITED

STATES ATTORNEY, Knoxville, Tennessee, for Appellee.

_________________

OPINION _________________

ROGERS, Circuit Judge. Karen Barnes fell when taking off her shoes before going through

airport security, allegedly because of the negligence of the Transportation Security Administration

(TSA) in not providing her a chair. She sued under the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA). The

district court granted the Government summary judgment, and we affirm because Barnes has not

provided sufficient evidence of negligence. 

In 2002, Barnes fell and injured her wrist when she attempted to remove her open-back clogs

while going through security at Knoxville’s McGhee Tyson Airport. There was no chair available

in the passenger screening area at the time of Barnes’s injury. 

1
No. 06-6061 Barnes v. United States Page 2

Barnes, after following the appropriate administrative steps, filed suit in district court against

the United States, alleging that the failure to place a chair near the passenger screening area

amounted to negligence, resulting in her fall and injury. The district court granted the Government’s

motion for summary judgment, concluding that the TSA had no duty to provide a chair. 

Because Barnes’s fall was not foreseeable and because the TSA met its burden to provide

a safe environment in which passengers could remove their shoes, the TSA did not have a duty to

provide a chair and was not negligent for failing to do so. To state a claim for negligence under

Tennessee law, as in most states, a plaintiff must show that the defendant owed a duty of care to the

plaintiff and that the defendant’s conduct fell below the standard of care amounting to a breach of

that duty. Hale v. Ostrow, 166 S.W.3d 713, 716 (Tenn. 2005).

The district court properly determined that Barnes presented no facts which would suggest

that her injury was sufficiently foreseeable to warrant liability under Tennessee tort law. In

determining whether a particular defendant owes a duty of care to a particular plaintiff, the

Tennessee courts “balance the foreseeability and gravity of the potential harm against the feasibility

and availability of alternatives that would have prevented the harm.” Id. “The plaintiff must show

that the injury was a reasonably foreseeable probability, not just a remote possibility . . . .” Eaton

v. McLain, 891 S.W.2d 587, 594 (Tenn. 1995). Although Barnes maintains that a material issue of

fact exists regarding the foreseeability of her falling while removing her shoes, the record establishes

that, of the thousands of passengers passing through the security screening measures at the airport

prior to plaintiff’s injury, no similar incidents had occurred. Indeed, there is no evidence of similar

incidents occurring at any airport. Barnes points out that—in the context of premises liability for

criminal acts of third parties—the Tennessee Supreme Court rejected a “prior incidents rule” in

favor of a balancing approach in McClung v. Delta Square Limited Partnership, 937 S.W.2d 891

(Tenn. 1996). This case, however, does not involve criminal acts, and in any event, the balancing

approach adopted by the court in McClung did not discard the notion that prior incidents may affect

the foreseeability analysis. McClung, 937 S.W.2d at 902. 

No evidence was presented of the likelihood of a fall in taking shoes off, other than the fact

of plaintiff’s fall. A suggestion in the TSA Passenger Security Field Guide, relied on by the plaintiff

for the first time on appeal, to the effect that chairs will assist passengers who must remove their

shoes after passing through security, refers to the area inside security, where shoes are put back on.

In addition, acceptance of the plaintiff’s argument would impose a burden that is not

commensurate with the apparently small likelihood and gravity of the potential harm. “Ordinary,

or reasonable, care is to be estimated by the risk entailed through probable dangers attending the

particular situation and is to be commensurate with the risk of injury.” Doe v. Linder Constr. Co., 845 S.W.2d 173, 178 (Tenn. 1992). The TSA provided passengers the ability to stabilize themselves

by placing a hand on the table near the x-ray machine. Although the TSA could have provided a

chair and the Government does not dispute that such an option was feasible, requiring the TSA to

do so would impose a general burden that potentially far exceeds the benefit of providing a chair in

this particular case. In particular, there would be an affirmative duty on premises owners to provide

chairs anytime footwear must be removed, including entrances to mosques and temples, and

entrances to homes in stormy weather, or indeed whenever someone must simply bend down, as

when retrieving an item at the grocery store that is located on the bottom shelf. The possibility of

an occasional fall does not warrant the widespread precautionary provision of chairs. 

The facts presented suggest nothing more than a possibility that a passenger might fall while

attempting to remove her shoes. However, this mere possibility does not rise to a level of

foreseeability suggesting negligence on the part of the TSA. Because Barnes has not established that

her fall was foreseeable and because the TSA met its burden to act reasonably, she cannot establish

that the lack of a chair violated any duty on the part of the TSA to act with reasonable care.
No. 06-6061 Barnes v. United States Page 3

The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.