Filed 7/7/ 22 CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION FIVE

DAIMLER TRUCKS NORTH AMERICA LLC

,
Petitioner,

v.

THE SUPERIOR COURT OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY,

Respondent;

YONGQUAN HU et al.

,

Real Part ies in Interest. B3 16199

(Los Angeles County Super. Ct. No. 21STCV07830 )

ORIGINAL PROCEEDINGS ; petition for writ of mandate.
Curtis A. Kin , Judge. Petition denied

. Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough, Philip R. Cosgrove and Ryan E. Cosgrove, for Petitioner.
No appearance for Respondent. Strassburg, Gilmore & Wei, William R. Gilmore, for Real
Parties in Interest.

____________________________2 INTRODUCTION
Petitioner Daimler Trucks North America LLC (Daimler) is a defendant in a lawsuit brought by real parties in interest Yongquan Hu and Jinghua Ren (collectively, Hu ). Hu seek s to recover for injuries stemming from a truck accident that occurred
in Oklahoma

. 1 Daimler filed a motion to quash for lack of personal jurisdiction

, which t he trial court denied. In this petition for a writ of mandate, Daimler argue s the motion to quash should have been granted because the operative facts do
not establish Daimler is su bject to jurisdiction in California. Daimler additionally challenges the trial court’s rulings on its evidentiary objections. We deny the petition for writ of mandate

. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

1. The Long Distance Tractor

- Trailer Accident Sometime prior to March 21, 2020, Mr. Hu and Ran Gao,
both California residents and long

- distance tractor

- trailer
driver s, made their way from California to the east coast

. On
that date , they were on the return trip to California, transporting goods from New Jersey

. While Gao was driving on Interstate 40 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

, the tractor

- trailer was involved in a single vehicle accident

. Mr. Hu was seriously injured. 2
The 2016 Freightliner Cascadia truck in which the two

were riding was originally sold by Daimler. Per Daimler’s person most knowledgeable , Cascadias are intended to be used for journeys across multiple state lines. Daimler ’s website states the
Cascadia is an “on

- highway truck” with an inter ior designed for

1 Ren is Mr. Hu’s wife and brought suit for loss of consortium.

2 Mr. Gao is not a party to this appeal

.3

drivers who may spend more than 100 hours per week in the cab.
In 201 5 , Daimler sold the Freightliner in which Mr. Hu was riding to Werner Enterprises and shipped the truck to Georgia. Werner Enterprises maintains a national truck fleet based in
Nebraska . It has a hub in Fontana, California , where it sells
used trucks

. In 2019, Mr. Hu’s employer , a California corporation, bought the subject Freightliner Cascadia from Werner Enterprises ’ Fontana hub

. 2. Daimler’s Freigh t liner Business
Daimler is a Delaware limited liability company with its principal place of business in Portland, Oregon. Daimler owns the Freightliner brand

. Although Daimler does not manufacture
or assemble vehicles in California , it does conduct considerable
business in the state

. Daimler advertise s Freightliner trucks , including the
Cascadia specifically

, across multiple national and regional
media that is also directed to California

. Daimler has 32
authorized dealerships in California that sell Freightliners

. Customers can order the vehicles at these dealerships ; Daimler
then assembles the specified vehicles and delivers them to the dealership. B etween 4,000 to 5,000 trucks were sold in California each year from 2014 to 2020

. A uthorized dealerships advertise Freightliner trucks , and Daimler provides the dealerships with
information for display advertising purposes. Daimler also sells and ships truck parts to 27 of these authorized California dealerships

. The dealerships offer a variety of specialized maintenance and repair services. Twenty

- three of the authorized
California dealerships service Freightliner trucks. There are 11 truck “Elite Support” locations in California . These service

centers offer customers the services of mechanics who receive4

“continual training from the experts a t Freightliner ” and must meet specific criteria. Nine “ServicePoint” l ocations in California offer 24/7 service, repairs, parts, inspections

, and trailer
maintenance. S even “Body Shop” locations in California provide Freightliner crash repair and other repair services not often
available in a typical dealership. Hundreds o f these service shops

are located in the United States

. Daimler also provides telephone and online support that is
available in California

— it s website claims that “ no matter where

you are, we ’ ve got you covered

. ” This support includes a 24/7 helpline that provides tech nological support, roadside assistance, towing, and referral to service locations for Freightliners. The “Detroit Connect” service can monitor Freightliner trucks ’ driving performance. One feature of th is service is tha t it transmit s fault
codes to Daimler

. Daimler is then able to notif y t he truck’s owner of the problem and refer them to an authorized service location
for service

. 3. Lawsuit against Daimler and the Motion to Quash
In March 2021
, Hu filed suit against Daimler and other (non

- appealing) defendants , alleging product s liability

, negligence and loss of consortium claims against the company

. Daimler filed a motion to quash and asserted lack of personal jurisdiction. Daimler argue d it was not subject to specific jurisdiction in California

, primarily because t he causes of
action did not arise out of or relate to its forum

- related activities

. 3
Daimler did not engage in any activity dealing with the subject

3 Daimler also argued below that it was not subject to suit in California based on general jurisdiction. As will become apparent, we decide the case based on specific jurisdiction. Accordingly, we do not address general jurisdiction.5

Freightliner Cascadia that took place in, or was directed at,
California

. According to Daimler

, no activity in California caused
the injuries.
Hu opposed the motion. He argued Daimler was subject to specific jurisdiction because it ha d pur posefully availed itself of the privilege of doing business in California by marketing, selling, and servicing within the state the same model of Freightliner truck involved in the accident

. The Cascadia was specifically designed for long hauls, and “was outfitted with a specially designed sleeping compartment for this purpose.” And because Daimler had “systematically served a market in California for the very vehicle that the Plaintiffs alle ge was defective and injured them,” Hu’s claims related to Daimler’s
contacts with California. Other ties to California were that Mr.
Hu and his wife are California residents, Mr. Hu was working for a California company and driving to California at the ti me of the
accident , the subject vehicle was purchased in California, and the
bulk of the damages for pain and suffering and medical expense s occurred and would continue to occur in California. Hu continued
that , b y marketing, selling, servicing and suppor ting their Freightliner trucks in California, Daimler had notice it could be subject to suit there. The fact the particular truck involved in this litigation came to California through an intermediary did not make jurisdiction unfair

, especially beca u se D aimler certainly
understood that some of its trucks likely would be resold in
California . That the injury occurred out of state did not defeat jurisdiction either. Daimler’s extensive business operations in this state supported a finding of personal jurisdiction , as did the
fact that it knew

— and its marketing campaign promoted

— that
the Freightliner trucks would be used by its owners for cross

-6

country transportation. A ccording to Hu

, a necessary incident of
Daimler’s business was the risk tha t its activities in any state could foreseeably cause injury to a person in a distant forum

. Hu asserted that jurisdiction also comported with notions
of fair play and substantial justice

. Daimler was an international corporation, while Mr. Hu and his wife were California residents. California had an interest in hearing t he dispute because it
involve d Daimler’s allegedly unsafe product that was regularly being sold in this state and which injured two California
residents

. Hearing the case in California would also promote judicial efficiency because California had jurisdiction over the
othe r defendants

. 4. Ruling on the Motion to Quash
The trial court denied the motion, finding that it could exercise specific jurisdiction over Daimler

. The court began by assessing the three elements necessary for a finding of specific jurisdiction : “ ‘ (1) the defendant has purposefully availed itself of forum benefits with respect to the matter in controversy; (2) the controversy is related to or arises out of the defendant’s contacts with the forum; and (3) the assertion of jurisdiction would comport with fair play and substantial justice. ’ ( Virtual Magic Asia, Inc. v. Fil

- Cartoons, Inc. (2002) 99 Cal.App.4th 228, 238

– 39, citing Sonora Diamond Co rp. v. Superior Court (2000)
83 Cal.App.4th 523, 526.) ” The first element

. The trial court found the first element was satisfied by the extent of Daimler’s business in California.
The court identified Daimler ’s national advertising campaigns ( that were directed to California ) in magazines, radio, and digital
media ; Daimler ’s policy that allowed authorized dealerships to advertise the subject vehicle

— 32 of those dealerships sold the7

subject vehicle in California; Daimler’s sales of between 4,000 to
5 ,000 trucks per year in California between 2014 and 2020 ; its

program of servicing vehicles in California and shipping parts for the subject vehicle to 27 “authorized parts/sales locations” in California; Daimler’s adoption of its “fault code” plan to enab le it
to monitor the performance of the Freightliner trucks; and

, finally, Daimler’s creation of a 24/7 helpline. “ The advertising, selling, and servicing of a product in a forum state supports a finding that the manufacturer of that product purposefully
availed itself of the benefits of the forum state.”
The second element. The trial court found that the second

pron g was also met

— the claims themselves were sufficiently
related to Daimler’s “ selling of Freightliner trucks in California. ”
Mr. Hu and his wife were California residents, Mr. Hu was headed to California to deliver goods when the accident occurred, the subject vehicle was purchased in California, and Daimler
intended the vehicle to be driven in interstate transport

. That
the accident occurred in Oklahoma on the way to California did

not negate that the cl aims arose out of or had a substantial connection with a business relationship Daimler purposefully
established with California

. Where “Daimler knowingly promotes and directs to California residents the sale and servicing of its truck designed to transpor t goods across multiple states, and where a California resident is injured transporting goods across states lines to California while in one of those trucks (which had been sold in California to a California company), that resident’s claims of injury are s ufficiently related to Daimler’s
activities in California, even if the accident causing the injury happened to occur in another State while defendant’s truck was
en route to California. ”8 The third element. For the third prong , the trial court
concluded jurisdiction would comport with fair play and substantial justice

. California has a strong interest in providing
a local forum for its residents to redress injuries inflicted by out
of state defendants

. The other defendants are California
residents , and litigating the claims in one forum would avoid a multiplicity of suits and conflicting adjudications. Finally

, the intended interstate purpose of Daimler’s trucks and the purposeful availment of the California market for the sale of
those t rucks support ed the reasonableness of having Daimler
defend against the claims in California.
5. Writ Proceedings
Daimler filed in this court a petition for writ of mandate, challenging the trial court order denying the motion to quash

. On December 16 , 202 1 , we issued an order to show cause why the relief sought in the petition should not be granted. Hu filed a

return
, and Daimler filed a reply

. DISCUSSION
In its writ petition, Daimler allege s the tr ial court principally erred because the court failed to identify the requisite
direct causal connection or relation ship between the injuries and Daimler’s activities in California. Daimler also argue s the order
violate d the traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice because California ’s interest in the dispute is secondary to that of Oklahoma, where the accident occurred

. Finally, Daimler claims that the trial court improperly overruled its evidentiary objections to opposing counsel’s dec laration.

1. Principles of Personal Jurisdiction
California courts may exercise personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant on any basis not inconsistent with the9

constitutions of this state or the United States. (Code Civ. Proc., § 410.10; Vons Comp anies, Inc. v. Seabest Foods, Inc. (1996)

14 Cal.4th 434, 444 ( Vons Companies ).) “The Due Process Clause
of the Fourteenth Amendment constrains a State ’ s authority to bind a nonresident defendant to a judgment of its courts. [Citation.] Although a nonresident ’ s physical presence within the territorial jurisdiction of the court is not required, the nonresident generally must have ‘certain minimum contacts .

. . such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend “traditional notions of fair play an d substantial justice.” ’ International Shoe Co. v. Washington [(1945)] 326 U.S. 310, 316 (quoting Milliken v. Meyer [(1940)] 311 U.S. 457, 463).” ( Walden v. Fiore (2014)
571 U.S. 277, 283.) “When determining whether specific jurisdiction exists,

courts consider the ‘ “relationship among the defendant, the forum, and the litigation.” ’ [Citations.] A court may exercise specific jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant only if: (1) ‘the defendant has purposefully availed himself or herself of forum
be nefits’ [citation]; (2) ‘the “controversy is related to or ‘arises out of’ [the] defendant ’ s contacts with the forum” ’ [citations]; and (3) ‘ “the assertion of personal jurisdiction would comport with ‘fair play and substantial justice’ ” ’ [citations].” ( Pavlovich v. Superior Court (2002) 29 Cal.4th 262, 269.)
On a motion to quash for lack of personal jurisdiction, the plaintiff has the initial burden to demonstrate facts justifying the exercise of jurisdiction. If the plaintiff does so, the burden shifts to the defendant to show that exercising jurisdiction would be
unreasonable. If there are no evidentiary conflicts, the existence of jurisdiction is a legal quest ion that calls for our independent
review. ( Vons Companies

, supra , 14 Cal.4th at p. 449.)10

2. Daimler Has Purposefully Availed Itself of Forum Benefits
The first of the three elements Hu must establish is that
the defendant purposefully availed itself of foru m benefits. The
d efendant must take “ ‘ some act by which [it] purposefully avails itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum
State. ’ Hanson v. Denckla [(1958)] 357 U.S. 235, 253 [.] The
contacts must be the defendant ’ s own choice and not ‘ random, isolated, or fortuitous. ’ Keeton v. Hustler Magazine, Inc. [(1984)]
465 U.S. 770, 774 [.] They must show that the defendant deliberately ‘ reached out beyond ’ its home

— by, for example,

‘ exploi[ting] a market ’ in the forum Stat e or entering a contractual relationship centered there. Walden v. Fiore

, 571 U.S. 277, 285 [] (2014). ” ( Ford Motor Company v. Montana Eighth Judicial District Court (2021)

___ U.S.___ [ 141 S.Ct. 1017,
1024

– 1025 ] ( Ford ). )
Ford is the United States Supreme Court’s most recent pronouncement on personal jurisdiction. In Ford

, the plaintiffs brought suit for injuries resulting from two unrelated accidents involving Ford vehicles, one in Montana and the other in
Minnesota

. As with the present case, the “ vehicles were designed and manufactured elsewhere, and the company had originally
sold the cars at issue outside the forum States. Only later resales and relocations by consumers had brought the vehicles to
Montana and Minnesota [the forum states]

. ” ( Ford

, supra , 141 S.Ct. at p. 10 20 .) T he company conceded purposeful availment, which the Supreme Court not ed was a “small wonder”:

“ By every means imaginable

— among them, billboards, TV and radio spots, print ads, and direct mail

— Ford urges Montanans and Minnesotans to buy its vehicles, including (at all relevant11

times) Explorers and Crown Victorias. Ford cars

— again including those two models

— are available for sale, whether new or used, throughout the States, at 36 dealerships in Montana and
84 in Minnesota. And apart from sales, Ford works hard to foster ongoing connections to its cars’ owners. The company ’ s dealers in Montana and Minnesota (as elsewhere) regularly maintain and repair Ford cars, including those whose warranties have long since expired. And the company distributes replacement parts both to its own dealers and to independent auto shops in the two States. Those activities, too, make Ford money. And by making it easier to own a Ford, they encourage Montanans and Minnesotans to become lifelong Ford drivers. ” ( Id. at p. 1028 .) Like Ford, Daimler advertised across multiple media nationally and r egionally , including in California , urging purchases of Cascadia vehicle s as well as other Freightliner
trucks

. Daimler sells Freightliner models through 32 dealerships
located in California

. Thousands of trucks have been sold in
California. Daimler also takes various measures to ensure those customers will continue to have relationships with Freightliner.
Daimler s ells and ships truck parts to 27 California dealerships. A number of those dealerships provide specialized maintenance and repa ir services for Freightliners. Some of the locations provide Freightliner

- trained specialists. Daimler also furnishes technological support by which customers are directed to Freightliner service locations. It is not seriously disputed that
Daimler does substantial business in California and “actively seeks to serve the market for [Freightliner trucks] and related products” in that state. ( Ford

, supra , 141 S.Ct. at p. 1026.)12 We agree with the trial court that Hu satisfied the first of

the three elements necessary for personal jurisdiction

. 4

3. Hu’s Claims “Relate to” Daimler’s Forum Contacts In order for a plaintiff to establish person al jurisdiction, the
claims “ ‘ must arise out of or relate to the defendant ’ s c ontacts ’
with the forum. [Citations.] Or put just a bit differently, ‘ there
must be “ an affiliation between the forum and the underlying controversy, principally, [an] activity or an occurrence that takes place in the forum State and is therefore subject to the State ’ s regulation.’ ” [Citation.]” ( Ford

, supra , 141 S.Ct. at p. 1025 .)
T he first half of the “ ‘ arise out of or relate to ’ ” standard “ asks about causation; but the back half, after the ‘ or, ’ contemplates that some relationships will support jurisdiction without a causal showing. ” ( Id. at p. 1026.) “[T] he phrase ‘ relate to ’ incorporates real limits, as it must [] adequately protect defendants foreign to
a forum. But again, we have never fra med the specific jurisdiction inquiry as always requiring proof of causation

— i.e., proof that the plaintiff’s claim came about because of the
defendant ’ s in

- state conduct. ” ( Ibid .)
The Ford Court added a new layer to specific jurisdiction

case law, figuratively putting in bold font the “or” in “ ‘ “ must arise out of or relate to the defendant ’ s contacts

. . . . ” ’ ” Even
the two concurring justices agreed that the Court’s majority

4 Although not explicitly conceding the point, Daim ler does not raise much of any argument that Hu did not satisfy the first element: “ Assuming arguendo that [p] laintiffs proved the first element of specific jurisdiction, the [r] espondent [c] ourt’s ruling was erroneous because [p] laintiffs wholly failed to meet the second element.”13

opinion no longer treated the seco nd element as a single, tethered
standard and that it is now to be read in the disjunctive. ( Ford

, supra , 141 S.Ct. at p. 103 3 ( conc. opn. of Alito, J. ) ; i d. at p. 1034 (conc. opn. of Gorsuch , J.) .) The concurring justices also agreed
that “ relate to ” does not require causation. ( Id. at p. 1033 (conc. opn. of Alito, J.) ; i d. at p. 1034 ( conc. opn. of Gorsuch, J. ). )
Daimler argues that Hu’s claims do not “relate to”
Daimler’s activities in California for two reasons: (1) Daimler

“ did not design, manufacture, assemble, or sell the subject vehicle in California ” and (2) “ the injuries and accident occurred in
Oklahoma.”
As for the claim that specific jurisdiction is lacking because
Daimler did not design, manufacture, assemble, or sell the very Freightliner involved in California , that argument was squarely rejected by the h igh c ourt in Ford. Much like the present case,
Ford’s forum

- related activities with the two Ford vehicles
involved in the Montana and Minnesota accidents was virtual ly

n on

- existent , as Ford had not designed, manufactured, or sold the subject vehicles in those states

. ( Ford

, supra , 141 S.Ct. at

p. 1023.) The Supreme Court was unconvinced that jurisdiction could only exist if the company had designed, manufactured, or
sold in the state the particular vehicle involved in the accident.

“ [T] hat argument merely restates Ford’s demand for an exclusively causal test of connection

— which we have a lready
shown is inconsistent with our caselaw.” ( Id. at p. 1029.) The systematic contacts in the forum states (including contacts as to
the specific types of vehicles at issue) rendered Ford accountable
for the in

- state accidents despite the out of state sale, even if the contacts in the forum states did not directly cause the injuries. ( Ibid .) This would remain the case even if, as Ford suggested,14

that without the company ’ s Montana or Minnesota contacts

, the plaintiffs’ claims would be the same

. ( Ibid .) The fact remains that Daimler’s Freightliner trucks were manufactured and marketed for precisely this type of intercontinental long haul trip. Daimler sold the California market on trips that emanate from California to other states and back, exactly t he use present
here. As for Daimler’s argument that jurisdiction was defeated
because the accident did not occur in California, Ford deemed the place of injury as something that “may be relevant in assessing
the link between the defendant ’ s forum contacts and the plaintiff’s suit ,” but did not hold that an in

- state injury was a prerequisite for jurisdiction. ( Ford

, supra , 141 S.Ct. at pp. 1031

– 1032.) As observed by Ford ’s concurring justices, what would
suffice for a claim to “relate to” a defend ant’s forum contacts was left rather undefined, with the majority simply stating “relate to” “does not mean anything goes,” and “incorporates real limits.” ( Id. at p. 1026.) T o give an example of the absence of specific jurisdiction under the “ relate to” standard, t he c ourt discussed
this hypothetical : a California court hearing a claim against Ford brought by an Ohio plaintiff based on an accident occurring in Ohio involving a car purchased in Ohio. ( Id. at p. 1027, fn. 3.)
Th e example matches neither the facts of Ford nor the present

case. It does, however, bear some resemblance to Bristol

- Myers Squibb Co. v. Superior Court (2017) ___ U.S.___ [137 S.Ct. 1773 ] ( Bristol

- Myers)

, a case Daimler argues negates jurisdiction over injuries arising from the Oklahoma accident.
In Bristol

- Myers

, the plaintiffs brought suit in California based on injuries they suffered after taking the prescription drug Plavix. The defendant was a pharmaceutical company15

incorporated in Delaware, headquartered in New York, with operations in New York and New Jersey. The company engaged in some research, sales, and government advocacy activities in California, none involving Plavix, although it sold the drug there.
The company did not develop Plavix in California, create a marketing strategy for Plavix in California, or manufacture, label, package, or do business in California on the regulatory

appr oval of the product

. The plaintiffs included nonresidents who did not obtain Plavix through a California source, did not ingest Plavix in California, were not injured by Plavix in California, and were not treated for injuries in California. ( Id. at

pp. 1 778, 1781.) The Court concluded California was not the appropriate forum for those plaintiffs: “What is needed

— and what is missing here

— is a connection between the forum and the specific claims at issue.” ( Id. at p. 1781.)
The Ford c ourt reminded that jurisdiction was lacking in
Bristol

- Myers “ because the forum State, and the defendant ’ s activities there, lacked any connection to the plaintiffs’ claims .” ( Ford

, supra , 14 1 S.Ct. at p. 1031 .) The Bristol

- Myers plaintiffs

were “ engaged in forum

- shopping

— suing in California because it was thought plaintiff

- friendly, even though their cases had no tie
to the State .” ( Ibid .)
The Ford court found important distinctions between its

case and Bristol

- Myers

, dis ti nctions that we find exist here

. That
Mr. Hu and his wife are both California residents weighs in favor of specific jurisdiction. A plaintiff’s residence can “ be relevant in assessing the link between the defendant ’ s forum contacts and the plaintiff’s suit

. ” ( Ford

, supra , 141 S.Ct. at pp. 1031

– 1032

. )
The Ford c ourt found that the plaintiffs’ residency in the forum states supported jurisdiction

, and the plaintiffs’ lack of forum16

residency weighed against personal jurisdicti on in Bristol

- Myers

. ( Id. at p. 1031; Bristol

- Myers

, supra , 137 S.Ct. at p. 1782.) Mr.
Hu also used the allegedly defective subject vehicle in California

,

as the outbound leg of his travel that resulted in his injuries began in California. Ford found that the subject vehicles’ use in the forum states supported jurisdiction there, and stood in

contrast to the fact that the Bristol

- Myers plaintiffs did not inges t Plavix in California

. ( Ford , at p. 1031 ; Bristol

- Myers , at p. 1781

. )
Bristol

- Myers differs from the present case in another significant way, although one not discussed in Ford

— In Bristol

- Myers

, the
Court observed that the nonresident plaintiffs did not seek treatment for their injuries in California and did not claim to
have suffered ha rm in that state. ( Bristol

- Myers

, at p p. 1778, 1781, 1782.) In contrast, Hu seeks recovery of damages for, among other things, past and future medical expenses and loss of
consortium. As Mr. Hu and his wife are California residents, medical expenses wil l have been incurred in California, and the
harm due to the loss of consortium would have been suffered in
California. Finally, as in Ford (but not Bristol

- Myers )

, Daimler
has “systematically served [the California] market” by advertising, selling, and servicing Freightliner trucks ( including
Cascadias ) in California

. ( Ford

, supra , 141 S.Ct. at p. 1028.)
We conclude that Daimler’s activities supporting the sale and service of the Freightliner Cascadia in this state

, a nd the other facts that we have discussed, demonstrate that Hu’s claims
“relate to” those very California activities

. 4. Assertion of Jurisdiction Comports with Fair Play
and Substantial Justice “[T] he burden on the defendant, while always a primary concern, will in an appropriate case be considered in light of other17

relevant factors, including the forum State ’ s interest in adjudicating the dispute [citation] ; the plaintiff's interest in obtaining convenient and effective relief

, [citation] , at least when that interest is not adequately protected by the plaintiff's power to choose the forum, [citation] ; the interstate judicial system ’ s interest in obtaining the most efficient resolution of controversies; and the shared interest of the several States in furthering fundamental substantive social policies .” ( World

- Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson (1980) 444 U.S. 286, 292 .)
As the U.S. Supreme Court found in Ford

, Daimler’s
business activities in California make it fair to allow jurisdiction
here. “ In conducting so much business in Montana and Minnesota, Ford ‘ enjoys the benefits and protection of [their]
laws ’

— the enforcement of contracts, the defense of property, the resulting formation of effective marke ts. [Citation

. ] All that
assistance to Ford ’ s in

- state business creates reciprocal obligations

— most relevant here, that the car models Ford so extensively markets in Montana and Minnesota be safe for their
citizens to use there. Thus our repeated conclu sion: A state

court ’ s enforcement of that commitment, enmeshed as it is with
Ford ’ s government

- protected in

- state business, can ‘ hardly be
said to be undue. ’ [Citation.] ( Ford

, supra , 141 S.Ct. at

pp. 1029

– 1030 .) “ W hen minimum contacts have been
establ ished, often the interests of the plaintiff and the forum in the exercise of jurisdiction will justify even the serious burdens placed on the alien defendant .” ( Asahi Metal Industry Co. v. Superior Court (1987) 480 U.S. 102, 114 .)
The fairness of a California forum is bolstered by this
state’s significant interests at stake in this litigation

— providing residents with a convenient forum for redressing injuries inflicted18

by non

- resident actors and enforcing its own safety regulations. ( Ford

, supra , 14 1 S.Ct. at p. 1030.) These interests are not nullified by the location of the accident in another state.
While Daimler argues that “ the fact that 7 other defendants can be sued in California has absolutely no bearing on
the exercise of jurisdiction ,” and now suggest s real parties could pursue a case in Oklahoma

, we do not see it that way. That California has jurisdiction over the other defendants reinforces the notion that jurisdiction over Daimler comports with fair play. The rights o f all the defendants can be adjudicated in one setting, not one part in California and another part in Oklahoma or Oregon or Delaware

. A single suit is more economical, avoids the possibility of inconsistent judgments

, and places post judgment proceedings , including any enforcement efforts, in one locale.
5. The Court’s Evidentiary Rulings , E ven I f Erroneous,
W ere N ot Prejudicial “We apply the abuse of discretion standard when reviewing
the trial court ’ s rulings on evidentiary objections.” ( Twenty

- Nine
Pa lms Enterprises Corp. v. Bardos (2012) 210 Cal.App.4th 1435, 1447.) An “erroneous evidentiary ruling requires reversal only if ‘there is a reasonable probability that a result more favorable to the appealing party would have been reached in the absence of
the error.’ [Citation.] ” ( Id. at p. 1449.)
Daimler raised multiple objections to a declaration filed by
Hu’s counsel in opposition to the motion to quash

. We summarize the statements to which objections were made and ultimately overruled by the trial court: (1) At the time of the accident, Mr. Hu was transporting a load from New Jersey to California; (2) Mr. Hu’s employer only purchases Freightliner trucks, and those trucks are serviced at “ServicePoint” locations;19

(3) Mr. Hu was sleeping in a sleeping bunk using a restraint at the time of the collision; he then moved laterally, struck his head, and was rendered quadriplegic ; (4) Daimler is registered and
li censed with the California Secretary of State , with a designated agent for service of process in California ; (5) Daimler has 12
California employees for whom it pay s employment tax and i n 2020 paid around $110,000.00 in various state taxes ; (6) Daimler

mar kets the Cascadia on its website

, which details its features as
well as the parts, servicing

, and support offered

. Any error in these rulings was harmless. The trial court did not rely on statements 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 in reaching its decision

, so admitting those statements had no effect on the correctness o f
the motion to quash ruling

. Even if we were to disregard this
evidence

, we would affirm the trial court ’ s decision . T he trial

court referenced statement 1

– th at at the time of the accid ent, Hu was transporting goods across state lines to California

– as a fact supporting specific jurisdiction

, but Daimler fails to
demonstrate it is reasonabl y probable it would have received a
more favorable result absent the statement’s admission

. Altho ugh we have referred to this evidence in our description of the proceedings below, we ignore it for purposes of our analysis. Accordingly, any error was harmless. ( People v. Valencia (2021)

11 Cal.5th 818, 840 [ applying the harmless error standard under People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818 to alleged hearsay evidence]; People v. Fuiava (2012) 53 Cal.4th 622, 671 [applying
the Watson standard to testimony alleged to be irrelevant and lacking foundation ].)20 DISPOSITION The petition for writ of mandate is denied. Real parties in
interest Yongquan Hu and Jinghua Ren shall recover their costs in this proceeding.

RUBIN, P. J.
WE CONCUR :

BAKER, J.

MOOR, J.