1

Filed 8/22/18

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

MELODIE Z. SCOTT, as Trustee, etc.,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

A'YANA MCDONALD,

Defendant and Respondent.

E062672

(Super.Ct.No. RIP1200509)

OPINION

APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Thomas H. Cahraman, 

Judge. Affirmed as modified.

Horspool & Horspool and J. David Horspool for Plaintiff and Appellant.

Dorothea L. Miller for Defendant and Respondent.

Following a trial, the probate court approved, subject to a $93,036.75 surcharge, 

the first and final account and report of trustee (First Report), filed by Melodie Z. Scott 

(Trustee), trustee of The A’Yana McDonald Special Needs Trust (the trust). (Prob. 
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Code, §§ 1061-1064.)1 Trustee raises three issues on appeal. First, Trustee contends 

the probate court did not apply the correct legal standard. Second, Trustee asserts 

substantial evidence does not support the finding of breach. Third, Trustee contends the 

probate court erred by denying compensation for Trustee’s services.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

A. BACKGROUND

A’Yana McDonald (Beneficiary) was born in September 1997 and has been 

diagnosed with mild-moderate cerebral palsy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 

and seizures. Beneficiary attends special education classes at school. Beneficiary’s 

mother (Mother) provided care for Beneficiary from approximately 2007 to 2012. In 

2012, Mother failed a background check and was no longer permitted to serve as 

Beneficiary’s in-home caretaker. In 2012, Beneficiary’s father (Father) became 

Beneficiary’s primary care provider. Mother and Father divorced in 2005. They 

remarried in 2011, but maintain separate households.

B. CREATION OF THE TRUST

Beneficiary, through her guardian ad litem, sued Allen Tuggle, M.D. and others 

(Riverside County Superior Court case No. RIC344642). As part of the settlement in 

that case, the trust was established. The trust document provided, “The amount of 

money that will initially be deposited into the trust is $221,423.40. The trust is for the 

primary benefit of the [Beneficiary] . . . [who] has a disability in the nature of motor and 

 

1

 All subsequent statutory references will be to the Probate Code unless 

otherwise indicated. 
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cognitive delays that substantially impairs her ability to provide for her own care or 

custody and constitutes a substantial handicap; her condition appears to be permanent 

and she is not expected to experience significant improvement in the future.” 

The trust document provided, “C. The intent and purpose of this trust is to 

provide a discretionary, spendthrift trust, to supplemental public resources and benefits 

when such resources and benefits are unavailable or insufficient to provide for the 

Special Needs of the Beneficiary. As used in this instrument, the term ‘Special Needs’ 

means the requisites for maintaining the Beneficiary’s good health, safety, and welfare 

when, in the discretion of the Trustee, such requisites are not being provided by any 

public agency, office, or department of the State of California, or of any other state, or 

of the United States of America. The funds of the trust may be used as an emergency or 

backup fund secondary to public resources. Special Needs include without limitation 

special equipment, programs of training, education and habilitation, travel needs, and 

recreation, which are related to and made reasonably necessary by this Beneficiary’s 

disabilities. This is not a trust for the support of the Beneficiary. All payments made 

under this Trust must be reasonably necessary in providing for this Beneficiary’s special 

needs, as defined herein.
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“D. The settlement and the payments to this trust are all subject to the approval 

and order of the above-entitled Court. . . . With the approval and order of the Court in 

the above-described action, [the trust] is established, [Trustee] is appointed as Trustee 

thereof, and is authorized by the Court in the above-described action to execute this 

trust.” 

The trust instrument further provided, “This trust is subject to the continuing 

jurisdiction of the Superior Court of California, initially in the County of Riverside. 

Court accountings shall be filed in the Probate Department of the Riverside County 

Superior Court at the end of the first year of administration and biennially thereafter.” 

Trustee signed the trust instrument on December 8, 2004. A court order establishing the 

trust and appointing Trustee was filed on December 8, 2004. 

C. ACCOUNT, REPORT, AND PETITION

In July 2012, Trustee filed the First Report, along with a petition for settlement 

and termination of the trust with uneconomically low principle. Trustee asserted she 

was unaware the trust was court-supervised and apologized for her misunderstanding, 

i.e., not filing prior accountings during the life of the trust. Trustee explained that some 

expenses of the trust included educational testing for Beneficiary, two vehicles, 

vacations to Jamaica, and a house purchased by Beneficiary’s parents. 

Trustee requested a trustee’s fee of $34,229.55, which she had already paid to 

herself, for the seven and one-half years that she served as trustee. Trustee explained 

that, at the end of the trust’s life, there had been a balance in the trust of $15,574.85, and 
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Trustee distributed that money to Beneficiary’s parents, so they could purchase the 

home.

The First Report started on December 8, 2004, and reflected a total value of 

$229,984.81 in cash. On October 25, 2007, $1,250 was paid to a property management 

company for rent; $103,750 was paid for Beneficiary’s daycare and evening care; 

$10,650.88 was spent on Beneficiary’s education; $34,229.55 was paid to Trustee as 

compensation; $23,896.35 was spent on “living expenses,” which included items such 

as long distance telephone bills and trips to London and Jamaica; and $24,404.50 was 

spent on vehicle expenses, such as car insurance and vehicle repairs. The final 

distribution of $15,574.85 was made to Beneficiary’s mother.

D. OBJECTIONS

Beneficiary, through her court appointed attorney, filed objections to the First 

Report, and to the petition for settlement and termination of the trust. Some of the 

objections were as follows: (1) there were no supporting time records for the fees paid 

to Trustee; (2) there was no allegation that the vacations were solely for Beneficiary’s 

benefit; (3) there was no allegation that it was reasonable to pay for vacations; (4) there 

was no allegation that Beneficiary obtained an interest in the real property purchased 

with the final $15,574.85 distributed to Mother; (5) there was not a court order 

authorizing the distribution of $15,574.85 to Beneficiary’s mother; (6) there was no 

allegation that the automobile expenses were for the benefit of Beneficiary; and 

(7) there was no allegation that Beneficiary’s education expenses could not have been 
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paid by public benefits. Beneficiary requested that Trustee be surcharged $259,309.38 

for missing interest payments and for improper disbursements.

E. RESPONSES TO THE OBJECTIONS

Trustee filed responses to Beneficiary’s objections. Trustee asserted there were 

not missing interest payments. As to trustee paying herself compensation, Trustee 

asserted, “[T]his was not a ‘Trust funded by Court Order,’ no court order was necessary 

before the Trustee could pay herself compensation.” 

In regard to vacations, Trustee contended the vacations were for Beneficiary’s 

benefit, and Mother’s vacation expenses were paid because she was Beneficiary’s 

caregiver. In regard to the $15,574.85 given to Mother, Trustee asserted the money was 

for closing costs for purchasing a house. The trust would not hold an interest in the 

home due to the trust being terminated because it was uneconomical to administer. As a 

result, Trustee did not need to verify how the $15,574.85 final distribution was used, 

and did not know if the money was ultimately used to purchase a house. In regard to 

education expenses, Trustee asserted all the expenses were beyond what would be 

provided by public benefits. Trustee further asserted she did not need a court order to 

pay for education expenses. 

F. PROBATE EXAMINER’S NOTES AND RESPONSES

Trustee filed responses to the probate examiner’s notes. The first examiner’s 

note reflected Trustee did not have a license to act as a professional fiduciary from 

January 2009 to May 2011, but continued serving as a professional fiduciary. On May 

10, 2011, in an administrative hearing involving the Department of Consumer Affairs, 
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Trustee was issued a license subject to probation conditions. Trustee responded to the 

examiner’s note by asserting the matter was already resolved by the administrative law 

judge. 

The second examiner’s note reflected Trustee paid herself $34,229.55 in 

compensation without prior court authorization. Trustee responded by asserting she was 

entitled to just and reasonable compensation, and $34,229.55 was just and reasonable 

compensation. The third examiner’s note reflected Trustee paid herself $8,613.20 for 

the time she was serving as trustee without a license. Trustee responded by contending 

the matter was resolved by the administrative law judge.

The fourth note reflected that Trustee failed to itemize her activities so as to 

establish what activities justified a fee of $34,229.55. Trustee responded by asserting 

she would provide an itemized log to the court. The fifth note reflected that it was 

unclear how Beneficiary benefitted from distributing $15,574.85 to Mother for the 

purchase of a house. Trustee responded by contending it was in Beneficiary’s best 

interest for her parents to have a home and because it was uneconomical to continue 

administering the trust. (§ 15408.) 

The tenth examiner’s note questioned the benefit to Beneficiary from the trips to 

Jamaica, London, and Sea World. Trustee responded that Beneficiary’s family was 

from Jamaica and Trustee thought Beneficiary would benefit from visiting her family.
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G. EVIDENTIARY HEARING

1. INCOMPLETE REPORTER’S TRANSCRIPT

The reporter’s transcript provided in the record is incomplete. The evidentiary 

hearing took place on November 12, 13, and 14, 2013. The reporter’s transcript omits 

the proceedings from November 12. The transcript begins on November 13 with 

Mother resuming direct examination.

2. MOTHER’S TESTIMONY

Beneficiary received social security/disability benefits during the life of the trust. 

The amount of benefits ranged from $297 to $730. At the time of the evidentiary 

hearing, Mother no longer had the $15,574.85 that was distributed for the purchase of a 

house. Mother did not use the money to purchase a house. Instead, Mother used some 

of the money to purchase various items for Beneficiary, such as a bed, a closet 

organizer, a television stand, and a DVD player. Mother also paid $1,000 to an attorney 

to represent Beneficiary at meetings with the school district concerning Beneficiary’s 

individualized education program. Some of the $15,574.85 was used to pay for rent on 

the family’s residence, groceries, gasoline, utility bills, and car repairs.

Mother estimated that she and Beneficiary traveled to Jamaica four times during 

the life of the trust; they also traveled to England, Hawaii, and Washington D.C. 

Money from the trust was used to pay for the vacations, which included Mother, 

Beneficiary, and Beneficiary’s grandmother or great-aunt. Mother explained that they 

visited family in Jamaica and England. Mother believed the trips were beneficial to 

Beneficiary because they provided “good social experience[s].” The trip to Hawaii was 
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for a wedding for Mother’s best friend. Mother believed Beneficiary benefitted from 

the trip. The trip to Washington D.C. was also for a wedding.

3. TRUSTEE’S TESTIMONY

Trustee specialized in special needs trusts. Trustee never looked at the trust 

instrument to determine her authority because “[i]t’s a cookie-cutter special needs 

trust.” Trustee “treated it like any special needs trust.” In Trustee’s experience, 75 

percent of special needs trusts are court supervised. Trustee did not file the required 

accountings with the court. Trustee was required to have a license to act as a trustee, 

but she did not have a license from 2008 to 2010.

Trustee explained that her minimum fee for serving as a trustee, per trust, per 

month was $350. Trustee’s hourly rate was $100. The $350 was for “time paying the 

bills, opening the file, assessing the client, those sorts of things.” Trustee’s time records 

in this case were inaccurate, but Trustee believed it was clear from the records that 

Trustee paid the required bills and met with Beneficiary every month; therefore, Trustee 

charged her minimum flat rate fee of $350 per month; the bills paid by Trustee 

consisted of things such as car insurance. Trustee did not receive court authorization for 

the payment of compensation made to herself. 

Trustee did not believe Mother misused the money from the trust. Trustee 

explained that Mother provided Trustee with receipts for the vacations, television, and a 

treadmill purchased with money from the trust. Trustee explained that, because Mother 

was a full-time student, it was not practical for Mother to pay for vehicle-related 

expenses. In regard to the $15,574.85 distribution to Mother, Trustee did not follow-up 
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with Mother to determine if the money was used to purchase a house. At the 

evidentiary hearing, Trustee considered the trust to be terminated because she 

distributed the remaining funds in the trust. Trustee decided to terminate the trust 

because the amount of funds “was getting so small.”

4. DANIEL G. STUBBS’S TESTIMONY

Daniel G. Stubbs had been a professional fiduciary for 29 years. Stubbs had

worked on 35 special needs trusts. Stubbs believed the trust instrument was the 

reference a trustee should use for understanding his/her authority. Stubbs opined that 

the trust disbursements made by Trustee fell within the parameters of the trust. Stubbs 

opined that it was reasonable to pay for a vehicle with trust funds because Beneficiary 

needed to be transported. Stubbs explained that in his practice when he intends to make

a large purchase with trust funds he seeks prior court approval. Stubbs would have 

sought prior court approval before distributing the final $15,574.85 to Mother. 

H. TENTATIVE RULING

The probate court issued a tentative ruling. The probate court found Trustee 

breached her fiduciary duty by failing to notify the court of her lack of a license from 

2008 to 2010, and by not acting with good faith toward Beneficiary in making some of 

the distributions. 

The court approved of the accounting subject to a surcharge of $93,036.75. The 

surcharge was comprised of the following: (1) $1,250 paid for rent; (2) $34,229.55 paid 

for Trustee’s fees; (3) $17,577.85 paid for living expenses; (4) the $15,574.85 final 

distribution to Mother; and (5) $24,404.50 for vehicle expenses.
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The court wrote, “With regard to the surcharge entry hereinabove of $17,577.85 

[for living expenses], it was calculated by allowing $200 for the Thanksgiving trip, 

$5,000 more for other travel, $51 for ‘Bill’s Special Kids,’ $67.50 for bike assembly, 

and $1,000 in reasonable case manager expenses . . . . Those items add up to $6,318.50, 

and subtracting that sum from the total of ‘living expense’ items ($23,896.35 . . . ), we 

have a surcharge for that category of $17,577.85.

“If [T]rustee had filed regular accountings for approval of the court, as was 

required, she might have had the opportunity to learn from a small, early surcharge and 

could have changed course in order to have avoided further liability.” 

I. STATEMENT OF DECISION

The probate court issued a statement of decision that included much of the same 

information as the tentative ruling, but which also responded to concerns that Trustee 

had expressed. The probate court wrote, “[Trustee] inquires as to whether the breaches 

of fiduciary duty caused actual loss to the beneficiary, and whether [T]rustee profited 

from such breaches. Certainly actual loss was caused: The beneficiary proved that the 

trustee expended various funds without sufficient care or justification, and without 

reference to the text or purpose of the trust; and once that money is gone, of course legal 

damages result.” 

In regard to Trustee profiting, the probate court wrote, “As a practical matter 

[Trustee] did profit, because she placated [B]eneficiary’s mother by acceding to her 

requests for money, which then gave her an open road to charge substantial fees with no 

objection from the mother.” The probate court explained that a parent has a duty to 
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support his/her child, and the child’s funds cannot be used to support the child except in 

specific circumstances. (Fam. Code, § 3900.)

In regard to Trustee’s compensation, the probate court wrote, “The trustee 

questions whether she should be denied all fees. The answer is yes; she gave away 

some of the beneficiary’s money, failed to account for years, did not seek court approval 

for anything, and at the end just wrote a check for $15,574.85 to the beneficiary’s 

mother so she could close her file. This conduct justifies a surcharge, not a fee.” 

J. TRUSTEE’S OBJECTIONS

Trustee objected to the tentative ruling and statement of decision. Some of the 

objections raised by Trustee were: (1) the probate court allegedly failed to make a 

finding concerning whether Trustee’s breach of duty “directly caused actual loss to the 

Trust,” because the money spent from the trust was spent for Beneficiary’s benefit; 

(2) the probate court failed to make a finding concerning whether Trustee abused the 

discretion granted to her by the trust instrument; and (3) the probate court failed to 

identify the “standard of care applied by the Court in evaluating expenditures.”

K. JUDGMENT

The probate court overruled all of Trustee’s objections and ruled that the 

“Statement of Decision stands.” The probate court entered a judgment approving the 

First Report subject to a surcharge of $93,036.75. 
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DISCUSSION

A. LEGAL STANDARD

1. CONTENTION

Trustee contends the probate court applied an incorrect legal standard. It is 

unclear to what portion of the proceedings Trustee believes an incorrect legal standard 

was applied, e.g., the examination of the accounting, the finding of breach, etc. As a 

result, we address both the approval of the accounting and the breach/surcharge aspects 

of the proceedings.

2. STANDARD OF REVIEW

We examine whether the probate court abused its discretion by applying an 

incorrect legal standard. (People v. Knoller (2007) 41 Cal.4th 139, 156.) 

3. APPROVAL OF THE ACCOUNTING

At a contested hearing on an accounting, the trustee bears the burden of 

establishing the correctness of the accounting that the “disbursements were correct in 

amount and that the disbursements claimed were for proper purposes.” (Neel v. 

Barnard (1944) 24 Cal.2d 406, 420; see also McLaughlin’s Estate (1954) 43 Cal.2d 

462, 465-466; see also Conservatorship of Lefkowitz (1996) 50 Cal.App.4th 1310, 1316, 

fn. 4.) 

In the probate court’s statement of decision it wrote, “The applicable law is welldiscussed in . . . Matthew Bender, California Trust Litigation, at sections 9.31 et seq.” 

That treatise provides, “When a trustee submits a financial account to the court for 

approval and a beneficiary objects to the account, the trustee has the burden of proving 
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by satisfactory evidence the charges and credits claimed by the trustee in the account 

[Purdy v. Johnson (1917) 174 Cal. 521, 527-528]. This point can be critical. The 

trustee has the burden of proving the accuracy of the account, and cannot shift that 

burden to the beneficiary without an evidentiary showing.” (Matthew Bender Practice 

Guide: California Trust Litigation § 9.31.) The treatise cited by the probate court 

provides a correct statement of the law, i.e., that the trustee bears the burden of proving 

the correctness of the accounting. (Neel v. Barnard, supra, 24 Cal.2d at p. 420.) 

In the statement of decision, the probate court wrote, “The court has simply 

reviewed each expenditure and applied the applicable law and burden of proof, in light 

of the evidence at trial.” Given that the probate court referenced the proper standard, it 

appears the court applied the proper law when analyzing the expenditures listed in the 

accounting. There is nothing indicating that the probate court applied a standard other 

than the one correctly cited in the statement of decision. Accordingly, we conclude the 

probate court applied the correct legal standard when granting partial approval of the 

accounting. 

4. SURCHARGE

When beneficiaries raise objections to an accounting, they commonly raise 

surcharge claims against the trustees for “ ‘purported acts of misconduct, neglect, waste, 

mismanagement or other breach of fiduciary duty.’ ” (In re Estate of Fain (1999) 75 

Cal.App.4th 973, 991.) The request for a surcharge is an affirmative allegation, which 

results in the burden of proof being upon the beneficiary/objector. (In re Kirkpatrick’s 

Estate (1952) 109 Cal.App.2d 709, 713; Evid. Code, § 500.) The beneficiary has the 
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burden of proving the existence of a fiduciary duty and the fiduciary’s breach. The 

burden then shifts to the trustee to justify his/her actions. (LaMonte v. Sanwa Bank 

California (1996) 45 Cal.App.4th 509, 517.) A breach by the trustee can result in the 

trustee being charged for the loss to the trust estate. (Prob. Code, § 16440, subd. (a)(1).) 

In the probate court’s statement of decision it wrote, “The applicable law is welldiscussed in . . . Matthew Bender, California Trust Litigation, at sections 9.31 et seq.” 

That treatise provides, “If a beneficiary objects to an account on the basis of a breach of 

trust by the trustee . . . , the beneficiary has the burden to prove [citation]: [¶] The 

existence of the duty that beneficiary alleges the trustee breached; [¶] That the trustee 

breached the duty; and [¶] The damages claimed by the beneficiary as a result of the 

trustee’s breach of the duty.” (Matthew Bender Practice Guide: California Trust 

Litigation § 9.31.) 

The treatise cited by the probate court includes an accurate statement of the law 

in that it sets forth the same concepts we have set forth ante. In applying the law to the 

evidence, the probate court wrote, in its statement of decision, “[T]he court finds that 

[Beneficiary] met her burden of proving that [T]rustee breached her fiduciary duty . . . . 

In addition, [B]eneficiary proved that trustee breached her duty by failing to notify the 

court of her unlicensed status from 2008 to 2010. [B]eneficiary also met her burden of 

proving damages, with regard to certain of the sums disbursed without court authority.” 

The probate court’s statement of decision reflects it required Beneficiary to prove 

duty, breach, and damages. Thus, the probate court applied the correct legal standard in 
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ruling on the surcharge portion of the case. Accordingly, we conclude the probate court 

did not err.

5. ABUSE OF DISCRETION STANDARD

Trustee contends the probate court should have applied an abuse of discretion or 

bad faith standard. It appears Trustee believes this standard should have been applied in 

the breach/surcharge portion of the proceedings.

If a trustee is granted discretionary power, the trustee must exercise that 

discretion in a reasonable manner. (§ 16080.) If a trustee is granted “absolute,” “sole,” 

or “uncontrolled” discretion, then the trustee must “act in accordance with fiduciary 

principles and shall not act in bad faith or in disregard of the purposes of the trust.” 

(§ 16081, subd. (a); Penny v. Wilson (2004) 123 Cal.App.4th 596, 603.) In other words, 

when granted absolute discretion, “[t]he trustee is still required to avoid arbitrary action 

and to use [her] best judgment. A grant of absolute discretion in dealing with trust 

assets may entitle a trustee to speculate, concentrate, buy and sell for appreciation, 

[and/or] assume large risks. It does not authorize a trustee to neglect [the] trust or 

abdicate [her] judgment.” (Coberly v. Superior Court for Los Angeles County (1965) 

231 Cal.App.2d 685, 689.)

Trustee, in support of her contention, cites a case that provides, “It is well settled 

that the courts will not attempt to exercise discretion which has been confided to a 

trustee unless it is clear that the trustee has abused his discretion in some manner.” (In 

re Marre’s Estate (1941) 18 Cal.2d 184, 190.) Trustee also relies on a second case that 

provides, “Whenever a trust properly comes under judicial supervision, it is the general 
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rule that where a trustee is given discretionary powers, the court will not control the 

trustee’s actions exercised pursuant thereto merely because it disagrees with him, but it 

must find some abuse of discretion or bad faith before it will interfere.” (In re 

Flannery’s Estate (1969) 269 Cal.App.2d 890, 896.) 

The “bad faith” standard relates to trustees who have been given absolute 

discretion, which is demonstrated by the use of the term “bad faith” in the statutory 

language, i.e., “shall not act in bad faith.” (§ 16081, subd. (a).) In the instant case, the 

trust instrument did not grant trustee absolute or sole discretion. 

The trust instrument provides, “The Trustee may distribute from such common 

fund to or for the benefit of the Beneficiary during her lifetime, such sums and at such 

times as the Trustee, in [her] discretion, determines appropriate and reasonably 

necessary for the Beneficiary’s Special Needs. In making distributions to the 

Beneficiary for her Special Needs, the Trustee shall take into consideration the 

applicable resource and income limitations of the public assistance programs for which 

the Beneficiary is eligible, and the duties of any persons legally obligated to support the 

Beneficiary.” The Trust instrument further provides, “All payments made under this 

Trust must be reasonably necessary in providing for this Beneficiary’s special needs, as 

defined herein.” 

The plain wording of the trust instrument grants Trustee reasonable discretion 

(§ 16080), but not unlimited or sole discretion (§ 16081, subd. (a)). The plain words of 

the trust instrument repeat the word “reasonably” in reference to discretion, while 

omitting the words sole, uncontrolled, or absolute in reference to discretion. 
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Accordingly, we conclude the “bad faith” standard was not applicable in this case 

because Trustee was granted reasonable discretion (§ 16080); Trustee was not granted 

sole discretion (§ 16081, subd. (a)).

Next, in regard to the abuse of discretion standard, it could arguably apply under 

either level of trustee discretion—reasonable or absolute. “Abuse of discretion” can be 

defined as acting in an arbitrary manner (Estate of Ruchti (1993) 12 Cal.App.4th 1593, 

1601), which is closer to the test for a trustee with absolute discretion (Coberly v. 

Superior Court for Los Angeles County, supra, 231 Cal.App.2d at p. 689 [“trustee is 

still required to avoid arbitrary action”]). However, “abuse of discretion” can also be 

defined as acting in an irrational manner (Ajamian v. CantorCO2e, L.P. (2012) 203 

Cal.App.4th 771, 804), which is arguably closer to the test for a trustee with reasonable 

discretion (§ 16080 [discretion “shall be exercised reasonably”]).

As explained ante, the trust did not grant Trustee absolute discretion, as a result 

the “arbitrary” definition of “abuse of discretion” is not applicable in this case. To the 

extent “abuse of discretion” is defined as meaning Trustee has to act in a rational 

manner (Ajamian v. CantorCO2e, L.P., supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at p. 804), that is the 

equivalent of the reasonableness standard the probate court applied, which is found in 

section 16080, e.g., discretion “shall be exercised reasonably.” In other words, the 

probate court examined whether Trustee acted reasonably (§ 16080), which has the 

same practical effect of examining whether Trustee abused her discretion by acting 

irrationally. 
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For example, the probate court found Trustee breached her fiduciary duty by 

“expend[ing] various funds without sufficient care or justification, and without 

reference to the text or purpose of the trust.” We understand the probate court’s 

findings as concluding that Trustee acted unreasonably in exercising her discretion 

(§ 16080). This inference is supported by the probate court’s statement, during the 

evidentiary hearing, “I think the Court is entitled to ask whether the disbursements made 

in various categories were reasonable.” The same result in the case would occur if the 

standard were labeled an abuse of discretion, with “abuse of discretion” being defined 

as an irrational act. Accordingly, to the extent Trustee chooses to label the standard an 

“abuse of discretion” standard with rationality as the test, rather than a “breach of 

fiduciary duty” with reasonableness as the test, we see little difference in terms of the 

application. As a result, we are not persuaded that the probate court erred.

6. SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE

Within the “incorrect legal standard” contention, Trustee asserts that several of 

the surcharges are not supported by substantial evidence. For example, Trustee asserts 

the rent surcharge is not supported by substantial evidence because Beneficiary 

“presented no evidence to show there was an ‘abuse of discretion.’ ” Trustee’s briefing 

leaves us unclear as to whether Trustee intended to use these arguments (1) to illustrate 

that an improper legal standard was allegedly applied, or (2) to raise a separate issue 

concerning substantial evidence. Because Trustee has included the arguments within 

her “incorrect legal standard” contention, we infer that they are intended to serve as 

illustrations of the alleged incorrect legal standard. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 
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8.204(a)(1)(B) [separate headings].) Therefore, we do not address the issue of 

substantial evidence at this point. 

B. SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE

1. CONTENTION

Trustee contends that the probate court erred by ordering Trustee be surcharged. 

Trustee asserts that the question before the probate court was not whether the probate 

court believed the disbursements to be reasonable, but whether Trustee could reasonably 

believe the disbursements were reasonable. Trustee contends, “The record below is 

devoid of any evidence that [Trustee] abused her discretion or exercised it in bad faith. 

There were certainly differences of opinion between what [Beneficiary] (and the 

Probate Court) believed was reasonable and what [Trustee] believed was reasonable. 

But, as set forth above, differences of opinion on the reasonableness of a disbursement 

cannot form the basis for a surcharge against the trustee.”

Much of Trustee’s argument repeats the same ideas that Trustee set forth in the 

prior contention concerning the alleged application of an incorrect legal standard. 

Within the instant contention, Trustee asserts, “The record below is devoid of any 

evidence that [Trustee] abused her discretion or exercised it in bad faith.” We interpret 

Trustee’s contention as asserting there is a lack of substantial evidence to support the 

finding that she breached her fiduciary duty. 

Generally, this court will not examine a substantial evidence issue when provided 

with an incomplete transcript of the evidentiary hearing’s oral proceedings. (In re 

Estate of Fain, supra, 75 Cal.App.4th at pp. 987, 992.) The reporter’s transcript in the 
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instant case is missing the first day of the evidentiary hearing; it begins on the second 

day with Mother resuming her direct examination. Nevertheless, our review of the 

record reflects that within this partial reporter’s transcript there is substantial evidence 

to support the probate court’s findings. Accordingly, we will address the issue. 

(Sanders v. Walsh (2013) 219 Cal.App.4th 855, 874.)

2. STANDARD OF REVIEW

We apply the substantial evidence standard of review. (Uzyel v. Kadisha (2010) 

188 Cal.App.4th 866, 911, 916; Penny v. Wilson, supra, 123 Cal.App.4th at p. 603.) 

“ ‘Under the substantial evidence standard of review, “we must consider all of the 

evidence in the light most favorable to the prevailing party, giving it the benefit of every 

reasonable inference, and resolving conflicts in support of the [findings]. [Citations.] 

[¶] It is not our task to weigh conflicts and disputes in the evidence; that is the province 

of the trier of fact. Our authority begins and ends with a determination as to whether, 

on the entire record, there is any substantial evidence, contradicted or uncontradicted, in 

support of the judgment.” ’ ” (In re Estate of Kampen (2011) 201 Cal.App.4th 971, 

992.)

3. LAW

In regard to duty, “the trustee has a duty to administer the trust according to the 

trust instrument” (§ 16000) and “a duty to take reasonable steps under the circumstances 

to take and keep control of and to preserve the trust property” (§ 16006). The trustee is 

required to exercise her discretion in a reasonable manner. (§ 16080.) “If the trustee 

commits a breach of trust, the trustee is chargeable with . . . [¶] . . . Any loss or 
22

depreciation in value of the trust estate resulting from the breach of trust, with interest.” 

(§ 16440, subd. (a)(1).) 

4. TRUST INSTRUMENT

The trust instrument provides, “The intent and purpose of this trust is to provide 

a discretionary, spendthrift trust, to supplemental public resources and benefits when 

such resources and benefits are unavailable or insufficient to provide for the Special 

Needs of the Beneficiary. As used in this instrument, the term ‘Special Needs’ means 

the requisites for maintaining the Beneficiary’s good health, safety, and welfare when, 

in the discretion of the Trustee, such requisites are not being provided by any public 

agency, office, or department of the State of California, or of any other state, or of the 

United States of America. The funds of the trust may be used as an emergency or 

backup fund secondary to public resources. Special Needs include without limitation 

special equipment, programs of training, education and habilitation, travel needs, and 

recreation, which are related to and made reasonably necessary by this Beneficiary’s 

disabilities. This is not a trust for the support of the Beneficiary. All payments made 

under this Trust must be reasonably necessary in providing for this Beneficiary’s special 

needs, as defined herein.”

As explained by the trust instrument, the trust estate is to be used for necessary 

expenses related to Beneficiary’s special needs, e.g., the trust instrument provides, 

“which are related to and made reasonably necessary by this Beneficiary’s disabilities.” 

The trust estate was not to be used for Beneficiary’s general support, e.g., the trust 

instrument provides, “This is not a trust for the support of the Beneficiary.” 
23

Accordingly, Trustee had a duty to ensure that distributions were directed toward items 

that were made necessary due to Beneficiary’s disabilities.

5. RENT

We examine whether there is substantial evidence that Trustee breached her duty 

by paying Beneficiary’s household rent from the trust estate. The trust instrument was 

an exhibit at trial. The trust instrument reflects the trust estate is to be used for expenses 

made necessary by Beneficiary’s disabilities, and not for the general support of 

Beneficiary. The residential rent payment of $1,250 was made on October 25, 2007. 

Mother rented a home in 2007 for $1,250 per month. 

Beneficiary’s need for a place to live was not made necessary by her disabilities. 

Rather, shelter is a basic need for people regardless of any disability. Trustee testified, 

“I wasn’t making any food, clothing, and shelter payments.” Trustee then explained 

that she only needed to make one rent disbursement because Mother typically “met 

those basic needs.”

Trustee seemingly understood that the trust estate was not to be used for general 

support items such as shelter. Nevertheless, Trustee made a disbursement for rent. 

Rent is a general support item, and such expenditures are expressly disallowed by the 

trust instrument. Accordingly, the finding that Trustee breached her fiduciary duty by 

making a disbursement for rent is supported by substantial evidence. (See § 16000 

[duty to administer trust according to the trust instrument].)

Trustee asserts that the trust instrument permits Trustee to invest in residential 

real estate, therefore, it was permissible to make a disbursement from the trust estate for 
24

a rent payment. The trust instrument provides, “To carry out the purposes of this trust 

and subject to any limitations stated elsewhere in this instrument, the Trustee is vested 

with the following powers . . . [¶] . . . [¶] . . . To invest . . . in residential real property, 

vehicles, and other tangible personal property which may be used and occupied by the 

Beneficiary and her family without the payment of any rent or other expense by any 

person providing care to [Beneficiary]. The purchase or sale of the personal residence 

of the Beneficiary must be approved in advance by a court of competent jurisdiction 

over the Trust.”

As set forth ante, one of the limitations on Trustee’s power to make 

disbursements is that the expense must be “made reasonably necessary by this 

Beneficiary’s disabilities.” As explained ante, rent is a general support item, not an 

expense made necessary by Beneficiary’s disabilities. Further, rent is not an investment 

in real property. Accordingly, we are not persuaded that Trustee’s investment power 

authorized her to disburse money for a rent payment.

5. VEHICLES

Between February 2005 and September 2011, Trustee made disbursements 

totaling $24,404.50 for vehicle-related expenses. The expenses were for maintenance, 

repairs, registration, and insurance. Mother drove a 1998 Nissan and a Buick 

Rendezvous. Mother was convicted of driving under the influence after crashing and 

totaling one of the cars in 2007. 
25

The trust purchased at least one of the vehicles.2 Trustee spoke with Mother 

about whether the trust or Mother should purchase the vehicle. Trustee decided that the 

trust should purchase the vehicle because it was “not practical” for Mother to purchase 

the vehicle due to Mother being a full-time student. Trustee considered the amount of 

time Trustee would bill in fees for handling the car-related expenses. However, Trustee 

did not have an estimate as to how much those fees would cost the estate. 

Trustee testified that Mother “was a single mother, working, trying to go through 

[nursing] school.” After Mother dropped Beneficiary off at school, Mother went to 

nursing school. Beneficiary resided at her father’s home approximately three days per 

week, and slept at his home on those days.

The evidence reflects that the cars were standard transportation for Mother and 

Beneficiary. There is nothing about the car that is modified for Beneficiary’s needs, nor 

is there anything about Beneficiary’s disability that requires a car. Rather, Trustee 

decided that the trust would purchase and maintain the vehicle because it was not 

practical for Mother to bear the expense due to Mother being a full-time student. 

Trustee’s reason for using the trust estate for vehicle expenses was not reasonable given 

that the vehicle expenses were not made reasonably necessary by Beneficiary’s 

disability.

 

2

 We infer from context in the reporter’s transcript, in particular a line that reads, 

“And just to refresh our recollection from yesterday,” that the vehicles were discussed 

on the first day of the evidentiary hearing, for which we do not have a transcript. As a 

result, there is a lack of clarity concerning some of the facts related to the vehicles. 
26

Trustee contends she had the authority to purchase a vehicle and therefore the 

probate court erred. The trust instrument provides, “To carry out the purposes of this 

trust and subject to any limitations stated elsewhere in this instrument, the Trustee is 

vested with the following powers . . . [¶] . . . [¶] . . . To invest in . . . vehicles, and other 

tangible personal property which may be used and occupied by the Beneficiary and her 

family without the payment of rent or other expense by any person providing care to 

[Beneficiary].” 

As set forth ante, one of the limitations on Trustee’s power to make 

disbursements is that the expense must be “made reasonably necessary by this 

Beneficiary’s disabilities.” The vehicle was maintained at the trust’s expense because 

Trustee did not think it was practical for Mother to bear the cost due to Mother being a 

full-time student. In other words, the car was not made necessary by Beneficiary’s 

disability; rather, Trustee determined the car expenses were made necessary due to 

Mother being a student. Because Trustee did not exercise her authority within the limits 

of the trust, Trustee acted unreasonable and breached her fiduciary duty. (See § 16000 

[duty to administer trust according to the trust instrument].)

6. FINAL DISTRIBUTION

The probate court surcharged Trustee for the final distribution to Mother of 

$15,574.85. Trustee testified that she spoke to Beneficiary’s attorney and “together we 

came to the conclusion that we were wasting money, that there would be nothing left for 

a down payment on a house,” so Trustee decided to disburse the last $15,574.85 to 
27

Mother to purchase a house. After distributing the money, Trustee did not follow-up 

with Mother to determine if Mother used the money to purchase a house.

Mother had asked for money to purchase a home, but did not realize the 

$15,574.85 was for the purpose of purchasing a home. As a result, Mother commingled 

the funds with her personal funds. Mother spent the entire $15,574.85, but did not 

purchase a house. Mother used the money for food, gasoline, utility bills, and car 

repairs. Mother also purchased goods for Beneficiary, such as a bed, a closet organizer, 

a television stand, and a DVD player. 

As explained ante, one of the limitations on Trustee’s power to make 

disbursements is that the expense must be “made reasonably necessary by this 

Beneficiary’s disabilities.” Trustee testified, “I wasn’t making any food, clothing, and 

shelter payments,” which indicates Trustee understood general living expenses were not 

to be paid by the Trust. Nevertheless, much of $15,574.85 was used to pay for general 

living expenses, such as food and utilities. The goods purchased for Beneficiary do not 

appear to be necessary for her disabilities. Rather, they appear to be general household 

items. Because these expenses were not made reasonably necessary by virtue of 

Beneficiary’s disabilities, Trustee breached her fiduciary duty by making the 

$15,574.85 disbursement, with the exception of $1,000, discussed in the paragraph post. 

(See § 16000 [duty to administer trust according to the trust instrument].)

Mother testified that approximately $1,000 of the $15,574.85 was given to 

Beneficiary’s attorney who advocated for Beneficiary at a meeting concerning 

Beneficiary’s individualized education program. The attorney assisted Beneficiary in 
28

obtaining “psychoeducational testing that was used to help get her other resources in the 

classroom.” The probate court found expenses related to Beneficiary’s education were 

reasonable. We conclude this $1,000 educational expense that was lumped into the 

$15,574.85 disbursement was a proper use of the trust estate. Accordingly, we will 

reduce the surcharge by $1,000. 

7. LIVING EXPENSES

The probate court surcharged Trustee $17,577.85 for improper distributions 

related to living expenses. Some of the disbursements that the probate court found to be 

improper concerned case management, long distance telephone bills, clothing, 

vacations, and Christmas presents. 

a. Case Management

In regard to case management, the probate court found $1,000 was reasonable for 

case management expenses. Trustee’s accounting reflects disbursements were made for 

visits by the case manager on an almost monthly basis. The charges range from $6.25 

for a visit in December 2005 to $132.75 for a visit in October 2010. The case manager 

visits in 2010 and 2011 were regularly in the range of $130, while in other years they 

had been in the range of $10 to $40 per visit. In total, Trustee spent approximately 

$2,580 on case management.3 Given the lower available prices, such as $40, repeatedly 

spending approximately $130 per visit appears excessive. Accordingly, substantial 

 

3

 Trustee asserts the case management expenses totaled $3,323.75.
29

evidence supports the finding that Trustee breached her duty to preserve trust property 

(§ 16006), and that $1,000 was a reasonable amount for case management fees. 

b. Long Distance Bills and Clothing

One of the limitations on Trustee’s power to make disbursements is that the 

expense must be “made reasonably necessary by this Beneficiary’s disabilities.” The 

trust estate is not to be used for Beneficiary’s general support. Clothing is a general 

expense. For example, Trustee testified, “I wasn’t making any food, clothing, and 

shelter payments.” Trustee also testified that clothing was a basic need and therefore 

Trustee typically only made disbursements for holiday clothing. Trustee’s testimony 

reflects an understanding that the trust estate was to be used for Beneficiary’s special 

needs—not her general support—and that clothing was a general support item because it 

is basic human need. As a result, Trustee breached her duty to follow the terms of the 

trust by making disbursements for Beneficiary’s clothing. (See § 16000 [duty to 

administer trust according to the trust instrument].)

Similarly, the long distance telephone bills were a general household expense. 

Mother’s family resides in Jamaica. It can reasonably be inferred that the long distance 

telephone bills were for keeping in contact with family, rather than any particular need 

related to Beneficiary’s disability. As a result, Trustee breached her duty to follow the 

terms of the trust by making disbursements for long distance telephone bills. (See 

§ 16000 [duty to administer trust according to the trust instrument].)
30

c. Vacations

The probate court allowed $200 for a Thanksgiving trip and $5,000 “for other 

travel.” Trustee spent $200 for the Thanksgiving trip and approximately $17,305 on 

travel to Jamaica, London, and Hawaii.4 Mother estimated that she and Beneficiary 

travelled to Jamaica four times during the life of the trust; they also travelled to England 

and Hawaii. Money from the trust was used to pay for the vacations, which included 

Mother, Beneficiary, and Beneficiary’s grandmother or great-aunt. Mother explained 

that they visited family in Jamaica and England. The trip to Hawaii was for a wedding 

for Mother’s best friend. Mother believed the trips were beneficial to Beneficiary 

because they provided “good social experience[s].” Mother testified that the trust paid 

for Beneficiary’s daycare before and after school because it was “a good social 

experience” for Beneficiary, because it provided Beneficiary an opportunity to interact 

with people outside of a special education environment.

Given that the trust was paying for Beneficiary to have social experiences before 

and after school, the probate court could reasonably conclude that trips to Jamaica, 

England, and Hawaii were not necessary for Beneficiary to have social experiences. 

Accordingly, we conclude the probate court’s finding that $5,200 was a reasonable 

amount for travel expenses is supported by substantial evidence and that spending more 

on such travel was not a reasonable use of trust assets. (See § 16006 [duty to control 

and preserve trust property].)

 

4

 Trustee asserts the travel expenses totaled $16,805.92. 
31

d. Presents

Trustee made disbursements for Christmases and birthdays. One of the 

limitations on Trustee’s power to make disbursements is that the expense must be 

“made reasonably necessary by this Beneficiary’s disabilities.” Trustee testified that 

she did not make disbursements for clothing except “once in a while for holidays.” It 

can be inferred from the record that Trustee allowed impermissible disbursements for 

the sake of Beneficiary enjoying her birthdays and Christmases. For example, $265 was 

spent on a birthday trip to Sea World. However, disbursements for Beneficiary’s 

general enjoyment are not permitted by the terms of the trust. Under the trust, 

disbursements are to be made for expenses “related to and made reasonably necessary 

by this Beneficiary’s disabilities.” Because the presents were not reasonably necessary, 

substantial evidence supports the probate court’s finding that Trustee breached her 

fiduciary duty. (§ 16000.)

e. Conclusion

In sum, with the exception of $1,000, the probate court’s findings are supported 

by substantial evidence. 

C. COMPENSATION

Trustee contends the probate court erred by disallowing the entirety of her 

compensation. 

We apply the abuse of discretion standard of review. (Finkbeiner v. Gavid

(2006) 136 Cal.App.4th 1417, 1421-1422.) “[I]f the trust instrument provides for the 

trustee’s compensation, [then] the trustee is entitled to be compensated in accordance 
32

with the trust instrument.” (§ 15680, subd. (a); Thorpe v. Reed (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 

1381, 1391-1392.) However, in certain situations the probate court may allow greater 

or lesser compensation. One of the situations is “[w]here the compensation in 

accordance with the terms of the trust would be inequitable or unreasonably low or 

high.” (§ 15680, subd. (b)(2).) California Rules of Court, rule 7.776 provides a list of 

eight factors that a court may consider when determining a trustee’s compensation. One 

of the factors is “[t]he success or failure of the trustee’s administration.” (Cal. Rules of 

Court, rule 7.776(2).) 

The trust instrument provides, “The Trustee shall receive just and reasonable 

compensation, to be paid from the Trust, for [her] services in an amount to be 

determined by the Court on the occasion of the Trustee’s court accountings or such 

other times as that issue may be brought before the Court with jurisdiction over the 

Trust. The Trustee may receive interim compensation on account, in accordance with 

the order of the Court with jurisdiction over the Trust.” 

Trustee did not file the required accountings with the court because she was 

unaware the trust was court supervised. Trustee did not look at the trust instrument to 

understand her authority under the trust. Trustee continued to serve as trustee of the 

trust when her professional fiduciary license was suspended from 2008 to 2010. Trustee 

did not keep accurate time records for her fees. Trustee breached her fiduciary duty by 

making disbursements for rent, clothing, vehicle expenses, and vacations. Trustee also 

breached her fiduciary duty by making a final distribution to Mother in the amount of 
33

$15,574.85, which was then commingled with Mother’s personal funds and primarily 

spent on living expenses and household items.

Given Trustee’s mismanagement of the trust estate, failure to make the required 

court filings, and continued service when she lacked a license, the probate court could 

reasonably conclude that Trustee was not entitled to compensation because any 

compensation for the service rendered would be inequitable due to Trustee’s multiple 

failures in administering the trust (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 7.776(2)).

DISPOSITION

The total amount of the surcharge is modified to $92,036.75. In all other 

respects, the judgment is affirmed. Respondent is awarded her costs on appeal. (Cal. 

Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a)(4).)

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

MILLER

J.

We concur:

McKINSTER

Acting P. J.

CODRINGTON

J.