NBSIR 73-418

Test Methods for Determining Coaxial

Cable Response to Bending Strain,

Bulk Compression (Hydrostatic Pressure),

Axial Strain, and Torsional Strain

J. F. Mayo Wells, S. Edelman, and J. Jacobs

Electronic Technology Division

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington. D. C. 20234

July 1973

Final

Prepared for Defense Special Projects Group, Department of Defense

Sponsoring Agency was dissolved in June of 1972
1
NBSIR 73-418

TEST METHODS FOR DETERMINING COAXIAL

CABLE RESPONSE TO BENDING STRAIN,

BULK COMPRESSION (HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE),

AXIAL STRAIN, AND TORSIONAL STRAIN

J. F. Mayo-Wells, S. Edelman, and J. Jacobs

Electronic Technology Division

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

July 1973

Final

Prepared for Defense Special Projects Group, Department of Defense

Sponsoring Agency was dissolved in June of 1972

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Frederick B. Dent, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Richard W. Roberts. Director

TEST METHODS FOR DETERMINING COAXIAL CABLE RESPONSE TO

BENDING STRAIN, BULK COMPRESSION (HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE),

AXIAL STRAIN, AND TORSIONAL STRAIN

Final Report

to the

Defense Special Projects Group

Tasking Message UN CLAS/7 1 1 A2 1 67

NBS Project k2^3^^5

Prepared by

J. F. Mayo-Wells, S. Edelman, and J. Jacobs

ABSTRACT

Test methods have been developed for measuring the response to specimen one-meter lengths of coaxial cables, considered as sensing elements,

to four separate types of strain: bending strain, bulk compress ion, ax ia

1

strain, and torsional strain. Measurements were made on commercially

available coaxial cables and on coaxial cables made in the laboratory from

insulated wire and wire braid. Cable dielectric materials investigated

include po 1 y te t ra f 1 uoroe t hy 1 ene (TFE), fluorinated ethylene propylene

polymer (FEP) , cellular FEP, polyethylene, cellular polyethylene, and

polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Data from the measurements are included in an appendix.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TEST METHODS FOR DETERMINING COAXIAL CABLE RESPONSE TO BENDING STRAIN,

BULK COMPRESSION (HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE), AXIAL STRAIN, AND TORSIONAL

STRAIN

Page

Introduction 1 1. Task I - Development of Measurement Methods and Equipment . . 2 2. Task II - Measurement of Cable Response to Strain 1^

3. Task III - Criteria for Cable Evaluation 20

h. Task IV - Poling Methods 21 5. Results and Conclusions 24

6. Recommendations 27

7. References 29

Appendix A - Tabu 1 a t i on of Trave 1 , Consultation, and Presentations for Project 42534^5 30

Appendix B - Measurements for Bending Strain Test Development. 31

Appendix C - Evaluation of Tests 34

Appendix D - Criteria for Cable Evaluation 38

Appendix E - Cable Response Data 47

Appendix F - Figure 17. Bend i ng-Stra i n Response of an Unpoled

Specimen of Cable Type D-250-4214 as a Function of

Beam Displacement, for Two Driving Frequencies. . 115

INTRODUCTION

Til i s document reports work done as part of NBS Project ^253^^5, es- tablished in response to the Dutch Door Tasking Message UN CLAS/7nA2]67

from the Defense Special Projects Group (DSPG) addressed to N. T. Larsen

and T. M. Rizzi of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS). At the

initiation of the project, various objectives were identified pertaining

to the overall goal of providing an approximate characterization of the

response of selected coaxial cables to mechanical strain. The intent was to make a limited number of measurements on one or two specimens of

each cable type of interest to determine the order of magnitude of cable

response to given values of mechanical strain. The small number of

measurements entailed could not be expected to provide statistically

valid levels of cable response, but were intended to provide guidance in

planning the focus of attention for future work. In addition, several

objectives were identified in connection with poling experiments to en- hance such response. Because it might not be possible to achieve all of

these objectives within available resources, it was recognized at the

outset that priorities would need to be established for the component

tasks and, further, that these priorities would need to be modified in

the course of the work in the light of intermediate results. The com- ponent tasks are listed below. Task I was identified intially as the

principal task; priorities of the other subordinate tasks were left to

be established later.

I. Develop test methods to measure the response to specimen lengths

of coaxial cables, considered as sensing elements, to four separately

applied strains: (a) bending strain, (b) hydrostatic pressure (bulk

compression), (c) axial strain, and (d) torsional strain.

II. Measure stability of the cable-generated signal as a function

of: (a) time, (b) bias voltage, and (c) environmental parameters such

as temperature, pressure, and relative humidity.

III. Evaluate four cable dielectric materials available in com- mercial coaxial cables for various features including: (a) cost, (b)

mechanical ruggedness, (c) life, (d) stability of s i gna 1 -gene ra t i ng elements, (e) uniformity of manufacture, (f) uniformity of response along

length, and (g) linearity of hydrostatic-pressure response.

IV. Evaluate at least two methods of poling as a means of increasing cable sensitivity. Possible poling methods to be considered include: (a) application of heat together with ac and/or dc electric

fields, (b) cold working, (c) direct injection of charge, and (d) irradiation (exposure to hard radiation).

1
Elimination of task elements judged to be unlikely to produce useful

information, substitution of other tasks as appropriate, and the like

would be made by consultation between DSPG and NBS. Task elements found

to require too great an expenditure of time or funds would be particularly subject to critical review. (An example of changes that were made is

the agreement to limit consideration in Task IV of poling by either

direct charge injection or by exposure to hard radiation to measurements

on poled samples to be supplied by the sponsor. Also, at times during

the project, the sponsor requested that minor tasks be carried out to

provide a quick answer to a question that had been raised. An example is

the request to prepare and measure a cable maintained for several days

at an elevated temperature and with no electric poling field applied.)

In addition it was stipulated that the NBS group would maintain

liaison with a group in the U. S. Army Mobility Equipment Research and

Development Center who were concerned with applications, under contract

to DSPG, and that representatives of the DSPG would be kept informed of

progress at all stages. Major contacts are listed in Appendix A. In the following, the individual tasks are discussed in the order in which

they appeared in the work statement.

• 1. Task I - DEVELOPMENT OF MEASUREMENT METHODS

AND EQUIPMENT

In connection with Task I, a key question discussed with DSPG at

the beginning of the project related to identification of levels of the

four strains that would be representative of the envisioned application. Little information on this point was available, and it was agreed

that the sponsor would have an outside agency supply pertinent data

early enough in the course of the work to permit at least some measurements for each type of cable dielectric to be made at realistic levels.

It was agreed further that work on this first-priority task should not

be deferred while awaiting these data, but that experiments would proceed on the basis of "best guesses" of levels of strain that might

yield useful information.

One such guess was the expectation that response to hydrostatic

pressure would be the most significant signal mode. Accordingly, the

hydrostatic pressure apparatus was scheduled to be constructed first.

It was agreed to consider first the feasibility of developing an apparatus to simulate some of the conditions of the envisioned application,

specifically by Immersion of the cable sample in a particulate medium.

This approach was abandoned after further consultation with the sponsor

because of the mathematical complexity of the analysis of pressure

wave propagation and because of the severity of the problem of interpretation

of the results. Therefore, and at the expense of being unable to vary (and

hence simulate) environmental parameters, an apparatus was designed in

which the cable specimen would be immersed in water; the experimental

arrangement is described under 1.2.

2
Experts in the noise behavior of coaxial cables who were consulted

were of the opinion that the response to bending strain was likely to be

the second most significant signal mode after hydrostatic pressure. Hence,

the bending strain experimental arrangement was scheduled next. It was designed while details of the pressure apparatus were still being discussed and was, in fact, the first apparatus completed.

Results from the axial strain and torsional strain arrangements

showed these modes to generate much larger cable outputs at the strain

levels applied than pressure and bending. The proviso "at the strain

levels applied" emphasizes the continuing lack of guideline information.

1.1. Bending Strain Test

The bending strain test was designed to subject a specimen cable to

bending strain, alone, or with a minimum contribution from other strain

modes, especially axial strain. To accomplish this, the cable is positioned along the neutral plane of a canti levered beam. The neutral plane

is defined as the plane over the extent of which an infinitely thin sheet

would experience no axial strain when the driven end of the beam is deflected. The beam is a sandwich of two halves bolted together, having

matching machined grooves in the two mating surfaces. The grooves are partially filled with resilient material, such as polyurethane foam,

so that any axial strains will be relieved while the bending of the

beam will be transmitted to the cable. The beam is triangular in

planform so that the bending curvature is constant along the long axis

of the beam when the free (in this case, driven) end of the beam is

deflected by a force acting in a direction perpendicular to the broad

surfaces of the beam. Figure 1 shovys the beam geometry and dimensions.

The beam, made from 6061-T6 aluminum alloy, can accommodate a cable

specimen one meter long.

The force for beam deflection is provided by a shaker acting through

a vertical rod that is sufficiently flexible to minimize side loading of

the shaker armature resulting from small m i sa 1 i nements between the armature axis and the hole in the beam into v/hich the rod fits.

Measurements were made using two shaker systems: one providing up

to 1500 N with a lower frequency limit between 1 and 5 Hz, and the other

rated at 275 N from 5 Hz to 9 kHz and with reduced force available to

below 0.02 Hz. Test frequencies ranged primarily from 0.02 to 70 Hz.

The larger shaker system had an acce 1 erometer mounted in the shaker head

used to monitor shaker acceleration. For this purpose, the output of

the accelerometer was supplied to a charge-sensitive amplifier set for

the accelerometer sensitivity of 12. 08 pC/gp, and the output of the amplifier was displayed by a digital voltmeter (g = 9.807 m/s^).

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Displacement of the beam is measured with an eddy-current displacement measuring system. Figure 2 shows a schematic of the bending strain

test apparatus. Over the range of interest, the system provides a displacement indication with a least count corresponding to 2.5 x 10"^ m. A dc- respond i ng digital voltmeter included in the system provides a readout usable to about 10 Hz; above this limit an rms digital voltmeter

is used. The radius of curvature R is given by the relation:

where L is the length of the beam' and y is the displacement of the driven

end of the beam.

Acceleration at the driven end of the beam is monitored using an acce 1 erometer with a sensitivity of 6.3 mV/g . The output is displayed

on one channel of a dual-beam, dual-channel storage oscilloscope. (The

possibility of deviation from a monotonic increase in measured acceleration along the long axis of the beam from the fixed end to the driven

end was examined at 10-cm intervals using an acce lerometer with a sensitivity of 21 mV/g^. Up to 70 Hz no such deviation was detected.

Typical data for 33-9 Hz are given in Appendix B, I.)

The length of cable under test is connected to a current amplifier,

and the output of this instrument is displayed on the other channel of

the storage oscilloscope. The current amplifier used has independent

settings for gain and rise time. The gain adjustment is available in

decade steps and is calibrated in units of V/A; the output of the instrument is a voltage proportional to the input current multiplied by the

gain setting. The rise time control is an adjustable low-pass filter

with a rol lof f of 12 dB per octave. The filter accepts the signal

from the input amplifier; the rise time is the time in milliseconds for

this signal to rise from \0% to 30% of its peak value. Ultimate sensitivity of the instrument is 3 x 10"'^ A, but this sensitivity is limited

by various settings of rise time and gain.

The displacement sensor is calibrated by direct optical measurement.

The driven end of the beam is observed through a long-working-distance

microscope equipped with a micrometer eyepiece. Two distinct images

representing the maximum excursion of the beam are observed for driving

frequencies of 20 Hz and above. These images appear and may be identified because the beam spends more time near the ends of its excursion where

the velocity momentarily becomes zero than elsewhere. The lower frequency limit referred to is a function of illumination of the beam, beam

vibration amplitude, and the observer. A strobe lamp, triggered by the same oscillator that provides input for the shaker amplifier, and set

to slash at twice the trigger frequency with adjustable phasing, provides

additional illumination of the beam end. With practice an operator was consistently able to make measurements with a resolution better than

6
1.8 X 10~'m. Typical data from one five-trial set of measurements are presented in Appendix B, 2. A comparison of measurements made with the

displacement sensor and with the microscope for five vibration amplitudes

is presented in Appendix B, 3-

1.2. Bulk Compression Test

Figure 3 shows a schematic of the apparatus developed for the bclk

compression test. This test is designed to subject a specimen length of

cable to hydrostatic pressure with a minimum of other strain modes

present. In the apparatus, the cable is loosely constrained to lie along

the long axis of a water-filled pipe by fastening the cable to a piece

of methy 1 methacry 1 ate with strips of masking tape spaced at approximately

15-cm intervals. Approximately a meter of cable is subjected to pressure

in the test. The cable passes through seals in the pipe end caps and

the cable ends are accessible. The seals are simple packing glands with vacuum wax as the packing. The seal is made after the cable is in place

in such a manner that little or no torsional strain is applied to the

cable. This arrangement also permits testing the response of meterlength sections of longer cables.

Pressure pulses are applied to the water through an air-water interface in a narrow-diameter standpipe. A silicon strain gage pressure

transducer is used to measure the water pressure at the center of the

main pipe. Output from the specimen under test is applied to the current

amplifier described in the preceding section and the amplifier output

is displayed on a storage oscilloscope.

The pressure pulses are derived from a fast-acting solenoid valve

which is in turn controlled by switches actuated by a cam wheel. The

cam is driven by a synchronous motor slaved to an adjustable-frequency

oscillator signal. Figure 4 is a schematic of the arrangement. Adjustable restrictions in the form of needle valves mounted in the output

and exhaust lines close to the valve permit some shaping of the pressure

pulses from the solenoid valve. Repetition rates of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1-0,

1.5, and 2.0 Hz are used.

The air supply is laboratory compressed air supplied at either

10' Pa or 7 X 10'^ Pa and regulated to a pressure appropriate for the

particular test. A bourdon-tube element air pressure gage is used to measure regulator output pressure. An operator setting a given pressure

uses this gage and, as a check, the stored oscilloscope display for

several cycles of the pressure transducer output. Pressure transducers

of this type are likely to drift no more than one percent of the

full-scale value over a period of one year, assuming that they are not

subjected to misuse. Assuming a worst-case drift of -]% over the range

of interest (corresponding to two-thirds of the range of the transducer).

It is estimated that an experienced operator can set the pressure to

within iS%, e.g., to within ^ k x 10^ Pa of the desired 8 x 1 0'^ Pa.

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1.3. Axial Strain Test

Figures 5 and 7 are diagrams of tiie axial strain apparatus,

equipment for a test which is designed to subject a specimen length of

cable to axial strain with a minimum of other strain modes present.

The cable is held vertically between foam-padded clamps, one mounted on

a rigid frame and the other mounted on a shaker head so that the long axis

of the cable is in the direction of motion of the shaker. The shaker is

mounted to the frame so that relative motion between the two clamps is

confined to that produced by the shaker. The output of the cable is fed

to either the current amplifier or a band-pass filter. The output of either

the current amplifier or the filter is displayed on one channel of a dualbeam, dual-channel storage oscilloscope. (Outputs of cables in this mode

have for some dielectrics been large enough to permit use of the filter

without amplification other than that provided by the oscilloscope

preamplifier.) The shaker is driven by a power amplifier excited by an oscillator; the oscillator waveform is displayed, for comparison, on

the other channel of the oscilloscope. To monitor displacement, the

motion of an extension piece mounted on the shaker head is measured

with the eddy current displacement sensors. The typical frequency range

is from 0.05 to 100 Hz.

Some cables had a tendency to vibrate in a lateral mode at certain

frequencies. To restrain this mode, very soft foam material was brought to bear lightly on two oppostite sides of the cable for approximately three-fourths of the one-meter length. Measurements taken at

frequencies at which this mode is not excited were found to show no significant differences with or without the foam damping. The restraints

are to be used whenever a cable exhibits lateral motion.

1.^. Torsional Strain Test

Figures 6 and 7 are diagrams of the torsional strain apparatus,

equipment for a test which is designed to subject a specimen length of

cable to torsional strain with a minimum of other strain modes present.

The cable is held vertically between padded clamps. One clamp is mounted

to a rigid frame and the other to a moving member rotatably mounted to the

frame. The configuration is such that the cable is held fixed at its top

end. The lower end of the cable, the clamp, and the moving member can rotate about the long axis of the cable. The moving member is provided with

an arm so that the long axis of the arm moves in a plane perpendicular to

the long axis of the cable. A small shaker is mounted so that its direction

of motion is in the plane of movement of the arm and perpendicular to the

long axis of the arm. A short extension from the shaker head bears

against one side of the arm, and the arm is spr ing- loaded lightly

against the shaker head extension. Movement of the shaker thus pivots

the arm and applies torsional strain to the cable. Shaker drive, typical

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range of frequencies used, and cable output measurement procedures are

as for the axial strain arrangement. Displacement of the arm was measured 12.7 cm (5-0 in.) from the pivot with the displacement sensor.

The lateral motion referred to in the description of the axial strain

arrangement also occurred in some of the torsional strain measurements

and was dealt with in the same manner.

1.5- General Measurement Considerations

No i se . Coaxial cables used to connect cables under test to measuring instruments will themselves generate noise in response to mechanical

strain induced by movement. This together with ambient electromagnetic

fields determined a threshold of sensitivity for each measurement run. The impedance of the cable under test is typically 10^^ to 10^^ ohms.

This high impedance necessitates careful shielding and attention to the

avoidance of ground loops. An effort was made to select "quiet" cables

for connecting the specimen cable to the current amplifier and to keep

these connecting cables as free from mechanical movement as possible.

Amplification for Display . For the bending, axial, and torsional

strain experimental arrangements, the output from the cable under test is

fed to a current amplifier. If the cable exhibits a large output in

repsonse to a particular test, the current amplifier is removed and an adjustable band-pass filter inserted in its place between the cable and

oscilloscope. For the hydrostatic test, measurements are first made

without the current amplifier. If the signal measured is small, the

measurements for that cable are made with the current amplifier between

cable and oscilloscope.

The current amplifier used to amplify specimen cable outputs for

display is briefly described at the end of 1.1. Selection of the specific instrument was dictated by considerations of availability and of the

filtering feature. Other types of amplifier can be used, for example,

a charge-sensitive amplifier. This type is relatively insensitive to

input shunt capacitance and hence can readily be used with cables long

enough so that capacitance becomes a signficant factor in the other

instruments. As the measurements in this investigation are of cable

specimen lengths of one meter, the consideration of shunt capacitance,

at least as a first-order effect, does not apply.

In developing the measurement method, measurements were made on the same cable with both a charge-sensitive amplifier and the current amplifier so that these two alternatives could be compared. For a given

measurement, the output waveform from each type of amplifier was displayed on one channel of a dual-beam, dual-channel oscilloscope. This

was done for a number of signal levels and at different frequencies.

With suitable adjustment of the respective amplifier gain controls, the

output waveforms were virtually identical for signals with a low enough

noise level for the measurement to be meaningful, that is, any observed

differences were of the same order of magnitude as the noise.

13
Monitoring of Specimen and Connecting Cable dc Resistance . It is

important that appropriately high dc resistance be maintained between center

conductor and shield. This is especially true in the case of cable specimens

to be poled, where relatively low resistance paths can lead to destructive

arcing when the poling field is applied. As a check that cable connections

are properly made (several different types of BNC connectors are used

depending on cable size) and that there are no local 1 ow- res i stance paths

in the dielectric, both 1 ow- res i s tance continuity measurements with a common multimeter and h i gh- res i s tance measurements with a megohmmeter are made on each specimen cable. Resistances of <0.5 ohm indicate acceptable continuity.

Cables with a center conductor-to-shield resistance of less than 10^^ ohms

are rejected. Poling experience indicates that if a current of about 10"^ A

develops through a weak spot in the dielectric, the current will rapidly

increase and a hole will be formed in the dielectric between center conductor

and shield, destroying the cable. For a poling potential of 10 kV, a current

of 10~ ' A corresponds to a resistance of 10^ ohms. Since the highest

poling potential used is 20 kV, a minimum resistance of 10^^ ohms results

in a current of 2 x 10"*' A. Cable center conductor-to-shield resistances

for cables without weak spots are greater than 10^^ ohms.

Daily resistance measurements are made on connecting cables carrying low-level signals to identify cables with poor end-to-end continuity

(center conductor-center conductor or shield-shield) or shorts between

center conductor and shield.

Use of S t orage Oscilloscopes . The low-frequency measurements are greatly facilitated by the use of storage oscilloscopes. With the instruments used, a trace representing a signal duration of 50 s is

obtainable. The preamplifiers provide a maximum sensitivity of 10 yV per

d i V i s i on

.

Under certain circumstances the storage oscilloscope permits determination of a signal amplitude nearly buried in noise. The technique

used has been to provide the oscilloscope with an external synchronizing

signal from the oscillator and to permit several traces to superimpose.

Instead of the ordinary narrow-line trace, a widened trace will appear

in which the signal is displayed as a periodic variation of amplitude at

the signal frequency. It is convenient to display the signal frequency

at the same time for reference.

Evaluation of Methods . Performance of the four tests developed was evaluated in the course of measurements on representative cables as part of Task II, described in the following section.

2. Task II - MEASUREMENT OF CABLE-RESPONSE TO STRAIN

2.1. Cable Specimens

Commercially available coaxial cables with dielectrics of tetraf I uorethy 1 ene , fluorinated ethylene propylene, cellular fluorinated
Construction Information for various commercially available coaxial cables *

H«nuf

code

Manuf. nodel number Center conductor

material and size Dielectric

material Shield

material Jacket

material Jacket color

A 8219

(RG 58 A/U) tinned copper

19x32AWG

(20 AWG dIa.)

cellular polyethylene tinned copper vinyl ;'cA black

A 8263

(RG 59 e/u) copper-coated

steel (0.023") polyethylene bare copper vinyl (non- contaminating) ** black

A 8739 twin tinned copper 22 AWG conductors - cabled

vinyl (separate

Insulation on two conductors) **

tinned copper,

spl ra 1 -wrapped

vinyl ** si Iver-grey

("chrome")

A 83269 si Iver-coated copper-coated

steel 7X0.0067"

(26 AWG dIa.)

polytetraf luoro- echylene (TFE)

s i I ver-coated

copper

pol ytetraf I uoro- ethylene tape white

B RG 58/U

low noise

not available

from manuf.

pol yethy I ene copper lubricated

wl th suspens Ion of colloidal carbon in water

not aval lable

from manuf. black

C RG 59/U bare copper

20 AWG

foamed polyethylene polyvinyl chloride black

C 8ii50 twin tinned copper

20 AWG conductors

+ tinned copper ground wire

polypropylene

(separate Insulation on two con- ductors)

alumlnlzed

pol yethy I ene terephthalate

polyvinyl chloride grey

C 8'.03 quad tinned copper 20 AWG conductors

polyethylene

(separate Insulation

on four conductors,

rayon braid)

tinned copper polyvinyl chloride grey

0 250-380') 'tO^ conductivity

si 1 ver-plated

copper-covered

steel 29 AWG

(0.011" dIa.)

polyethylene tinned copper polyvinyl chloride

0 250-3808 same as 250-380't polytetraf luoro- ethylene (TFE)

s 1 1 ver-pl ated copperpol ytetraf 1 uoro- ethylene tape

yel low

D 250-3866 same as 250-380'4 polytetraf I uoro- ethylene (TFE)

si 1 ver-plated

copper polytetraf 1 uoro- ethylene tape

red

0 250-'t02I- OOOOB, 250-

'iOX conductivity

s 1 1 ver-plated

copper-covered

steel 7X0.0067"

(0.020" dIa.)

polytetraf 1 uoro- ethylene (TFE)

s 1 1 ver-pl ated copper

po 1 y t e t ra f I uoro- ethylene tape

plus outer Jacket of polyvinyl chloride

black

0 260-3905 si Iver-plated copper '1X38 AWG

(0.008" dIa.)

pol yv 1 ny

chloride (PVC)

si Iver-plated copperNylon black

0 270-3953 '*0% conductivity silver-plated

copper-covered

steel 7x38AWG

(0.012" dIa.)

fluorlnated ethylene

propylene polymer

(FEP)

tinned copper fluorlnated ethylene

propylene polymer

wh I te

D 275-3933 s 1 1 ver-pl ated copper 19x36AWG

(0.025" dla.)

eel lular f I uor I - nated ethylenepropylene polymer

(eel lular FEP)

silver-plated

copper

polyvinyl chloride whi te

E RG 187 A/U not available

from manuf.

pol y tet raf 1 uoro- ethylene (TFE) not available

from manuf. polytetraf luo ro- ethylene

clear

Information listed as supplied by manufacturers

At Identified by manufacturer - probably polyvinyl chloride 15
ethylene propylene polymer, polyethylene, cellular polyethylene, and

polyvinyl chloride were procured. Table 1 indicates the construction

data and manufacturers' designation for various cables.

Cable specimens are prepared by cutting a 1-meter length from the

parent cable and attaching a BNC connector to one end. The other end i?

left as cut if a check indicates there is a resistance of at least 10^^

ohms between center conductor and shield. Cables to be poled are cut

longer initially, as a special connector has to be attached to one end

and the shield has to be stripped back from the other for poling. After

poling, the special connector is replaced with a BNC connector and the

unsfiielded length of center conductor is cut off.

The range of readily available commercial coaxial cables does not

encompass all dielectrics of interest. Further, some materials are available as coaxial cable dielectrics only in very small diameter

cables, with dielectric thicknesses of a few tenths of a millimeter.

Such cables present severe mechanical problems in terms of making con- nections and in handling and are in addition very difficult to pole

(probably because the percentage variation in dielectric thickness is

greater than that for larger cables). Accordingly, some coaxial cables were prepared from insulated wire and wire braid. It was not possible

to obtain a tight fit between the wire braid shield and the dielectric

insultation, even using such techniques as clamping the braid shield in

place with an outer jacket of shrink-fit tubing. Attempts were also

made to construct a coaxial cable with a painted-on shield of conductive

rubber; continuity problems have so far made this method unreliable.

Table ?. lists the various insulated wires available.

Table 2. List of insulation materials available in

the form of insulated wires.

Crossl inked polyalkene

Fluorinated ethylene propylene polymer (PEP)

Pol yv I ny 1 i dene fluoride (P\/F2)

Polyethylene terephtha 1 ate

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Rubber

Sill cone rubber

Ethy 1 ene- tet raf 1 uoroethy 1 ene copolymer

Pol ytetraf 1 uoroethyl ene (TFE)

16
Table 3- Strain measurements made for each type of cable.

An "X" in the appropriate column indicates that at least one data run was made for that strain mode for the given

cable type. P = hydrostatic pressure (bulk compression);

B = bendincj strain; A = axial strain; T = torsional strain.

CABLE STRAIN MODE

Cable Type D i e 1 ectri c Mater i a 1 P B A T

D-250-421^ po 1 y tet raf 1 uoroethy 1 ene (TFE) X X X X D-250-^2

H* polytetrafl uoroethy 1 ene (TFE) X X X X

D-275-3933 cellular fluorinated ethylene

rironv/if^n*^ nolv/rnf^i' { c liMAr rFP) X X X X D-275-3933''^ cellular fluorinated ethylene

1 1 ^ ( 111— ctdA propylene polymer (cellular FEPj VX X VXVX

D-260-3905 polyvinyl chloride (PVC) X X X X D-260-3905^ polyvinyl chloride (PVC) X X X X

A-821

111 1 l_ ) cellular polyethylene X XVA X

A-8219''^ cellular polyethylene X X X X

N DC) mao

1 1 uo ririaUcu cLiiyidic piujjyitiiit.

polymer (FEP) X X X NBS-madeVj fluorinated ethylene propylene

polymer \~ \l~ ) X X X

IN Do 1118 0 6" pOiyVifiyi lUcllc 1 (Utji (Uc \rvr 2_i X

D-270-3953 fluorinated ethylene propylene

polymer (FEP) X u J J J J fluorinated ethvlene orODvlene

polymer (FEP) X X

A-83269 polytetrafl uoroethylene (TFE) X A-83269-- pol ytetrafl uoroethy 1 ene (TFE) X

D-250-3804 po 1 yethy 1 ene X D-250-380A^ pol yethy 1 ene X X

D-250-3866 polytetrafl uoroethyl ene (TFE) X X 0-250-3866='' polytetrafl uoroethylene (TFE) X

A-8263" pol yethy 1 ene X X

indicates unpoled; if no asterisk, cable was poled.

17
Cable specimens were initially stored in envelopes in loose coils

of a few turns. Representatives of the DSPG pointed out that uncoiling

specimens for tests and re-coiling them for storage might influence the

test results. Specimens were thereafter stored by hanging vertically

downwards suspended by the BNC connector.

Table 3 identifies strain measurements made for each type of cable.

2.2. Evaluation of Tests

As no fully characterized standard cables exist, the four tests described under Task I can only be evaluated in terms of the scatter of the

test results, for each test, when the same cable specimen is measured.

Bending Strain Test . The chief source of variability appeared in

the mounting of the cables, presumably caused by changes brought about

in the cable by mounting and unmounting. When the cable was left in the

beam between trials, there was no significant variation in results among

trials. Results from several sets of trials showed a maximum deviation

from the mean measured value less than 8 percent. Typical data for two

frequencies are presented in Appendix C, 1,

Hydrostatic Pressure Test . The chief source of variability appeared

to be the effects of installing the cable in the apparatus. Results

from several sets of trials showed a maximum deviation from the mean measured value less than 9 percent. Typical data for two frequencies

are presented in Appendix C, 2.

Ax i a 1 Stra i n Test . The chief source of variability was associated

with the mounting of the cable. In this test, a clamp is attached at

each end of the cable, and the clamps are then mounted into the apparatus.

Care must be taken not to load the cable, yet It should not be slack.

Results from several sets of trials showed a maximum deviation from the mean measured value less than 12 percent. Typical data for two frequencies

are presented in Appendix C, 3-

Torsional Strain Tes t. The remarks for Axial Tension Test apply.

The same clamps are used to mount the cable in this test and in fact the

clamps are ordinarily not removed from the cable specimen until both

tests are completed. For evaluation of the test, the clamps were re- moved and re-attached for each trial. Results from several sets of

trials showed a maximum deviation from the mean measured value less than

13 percent. Typical data for two frequencies are presented in Appendix

C, ^.

2.3. Stability of Response as a Function of Time

Six selected cables were measured throughout the project period,

starting as soon as the individual tests were developed. Cables used

in poling experiments were measured before and after poling. Typical

18
results for D-250-^214 (po 1 y tet raf I uoroethy 1 ene dielectric cable) are given in Appendix D, 1 for response to hydrostatic pressure (Figure 8)

and to bending strain (Figure 9).

2.k. Stability of Response as a Function of Bias Voltage

DSPG and NBS agreed that the measurement of cable response to strain

in the presence of bias dc voltage was not a high-priority item. Accordingly, when noise problems proved to be severe, no further work was done

with bias voltages. For the measurement attempted, bias dc voltages derived from batteries were applied to a cable specimen (D-275-3933 U-1,

an unpoled cellular fluorinated ethylene propylene polymer dielectric)

in the hydrostatic pressure apparatus during measurement. Voltages from

1 to 150 V were used. Capacitors were used to protect the current

amp 1 i f i er

2.5- Stability of Response as a Function of

Environmental Parameters

At the time this task was formulated, it was envisaged that the

simulation referred to in section I would be carried out and that the

effects of varying environmental parameters such as pressure, temperature, and relative humidity would be investigated. However, the simulation attempt was dropped from the work for reasons given in the referenced sect i on

DSPG and NBS agreed that project resources and time would not permit

a systematic investigation of environmental parameters. It was further

agreed that only a few experiments would be attempted. Since DSPG evinced

an interest in the effects of low temperature on D-250-^21^, one of these

experiments involved measuring the response of an unpoled specimen (U-1)

of D-250-^214 to bending strain with both cable and beam cooled to

approximately 5°C. The results are compared with room-temperature

measurements of the same cable in Appendix D, 2 (Figure lO).

There was also some interest in the effects of immersion in water on

a cellular dielectric, although with the outer jacket left on. The

hydrostatic pressure test offered a ready means of exposing a cable to

several days' immersion. Accordingly, an unpoled specimen (U-l) of

D-275-3933 (cellular fluorinated ethylene propylene dielectric) was inserted into the hydrostatic pressure apparatus for k8 hours and measured

at insertion, 2k hours later, and 48 hours later. For comparison, an unpoled specimen (U-1) of D-270-3953 (fluorinated ethylene propylene

polymer dielectric) was inserted into the apparatus for 2k hours and

measured at insertion and 2k hours later. It was suggested that a poled

cable might behave differently and D-270-3953 P-1 was inserted into the

apparatus for 120 hours and measured at insertion, 2k hours later, and

120 hours later. The results for these three experiments are in Appendix

E under the respective cable type (pp 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 97, 98, and 99).

19
3. Task III - CRITERIA FOR CABLE EVALUATION

Of the criteria for cable evaluation listed in this task, only

three are concerned with results obtained in the course of the laboratory

work of this project. These three are: temporal stability of signalgenerating elements, uniformity of response along length, and linearity

of hydrostatic pressure response. The first of these has already been

covered under Task II.

At an early stage of this investigation, DSPG identified a strong

interest in one type of commercially available cable. Specimens from

several different 300-meter reels were supplied for measurement. For other

types of commercial cable, sample lengths of about 16 meters were obtained.

Most of these samples were obtained during joint visits to cable manu- facturers by DSPG, MERDC, and NBS, and it was agreed that unless there were significant variations in response among specimens of the selected

cable no further work need be done on the uniformity of response along

length. The results for five lengths of the selected cable, D-250-^2l4,

are given in Appendix D, 3 ^or response to hydrostatic pressure

(Figure 11) and bending strain (Figure 12). The cable samples were

selected as follows:

Ree 1 I dent i f i ca t i on Cable Identification Location in Reel

one

one

U-2 Near free end

Middle

two

two

U-3

U-5

Near free end

Middle

three U-6 Near free end

In order to examine the degree of linearity of cable response to

hydrostatic pressure, measurements were made of the response of poled

and unpoled samples of four selected cable types to eight levels of

pressure at the lowest repetition frequency used, which was 0. I Hz. The

levels of pressure ranged from 1.6 x 10*^ Pa to 8.3 x lO'^ Pa. The upper

limit is determined by the laboratory air supply; in the absence of information concerning the levels of pressure to be encountered in the

envisaged application, DSPG and NBS agreed that there was no reason to

explore cable response to higher levels of pressure. Plots of cable

response as a function of pressure are given in Appendix D, 4 for those

cables with a response greater than 10"^"^ A (Figures 13, 15, and 16).

Information concerning cable cost, mechanical ruggedness, life, and

uniformity of manufacture was obtained by personnel of DSPG and MERDC

during the joint visits to manufacturers and from other sources.

20
k. Task IV - POLING METHODS

^.1. Poling with Electric Field

Mechanical deformation of a material containing partially oriented

electric dipoles will result in a charge being developed across the material. If such a mechanism, occurring in the dielectric, is responsible

for even part of the output of a coaxial cable subjected to mechanical

strain, it may be possible to improve the sensitivity, that is, increase

the output for a given type of strain and strain level, by changing the

dipole orientation distribution so that more dipoles are alined in a preferred orientation. An electric field applied across the dielectric tends

to orient dipoles along the field and a net polarization of the material

should result. The polarization may be in a sense "frozen" if the dielectric material is heated from room temperature to a temperature near its

softening temperature and then cooled to room temperature with the field

applied. Attempts to improve cable sensitivity by poling were carried

out in a thermostatically controlled oven.

For coaxial cables, it is convenient to produce the field by applying high voltage dc to the center conductor and grounding the shield.

The particular voltage-temperature combination is determined

empirically for each cable type as follows. A short specimen of cable

is prepared so that the poling field may be applied across the dielectric.

The voltage supplied to the center conductor is increased until the

potential difference to ground (the shield) is approximately 2.5 x 10'^ V

per meter of dielectric thickness (this is not electric field strength,

as the field is radial and non-uniform from center conductor to shield).

This value represents a starting point suggested by other experimental work

on poling carried out by NBS. If the cable breaks down before the

2.5 X 10^ V per meter level is reached, a second short specimen is prepared

and tested with a slightly lower voltage. With an approximate poling voltage

determined, the next step is to test the specimen at elevated temperature.

The temperature used is 5° - 10°C below the softening temperature of the

dielectric. If the specimen survives without breakdown elevation to the

selected temperature, thirty minutes of exposure at this temperature,

and cooling to room temperature (the poling potential is applied throughout),

the poling temperature and potential are considered to have been determined

for that particular cable type, subject to modification on the basis of

continuing experience.

If breakdown occurs before the specimen has reached the selected

temperature, but within 10°C of it, another specimen is prepared, the

potential applied, and the specimen elevated to a temperature approximately 5°C lower than that at which the previous specimen broke down. If

the new specimen survives the heating-exposure-cooling cycle, the poling

temperature and potential are considered to have been determined, as before

21
If breakdown occurs 10°C or more before the specimen has reached the

selected temperature, the potential is reduced by about 10 percent and

the process repeated. Voltages and temperatures used are shown in Table k.

Because of oven size limitations, the cables were partially coiled

(looped is a more descriptive term) when poling attempts were made. For

the higher poling voltages, it was necessary to remove the shield for

several centimeters so that arc-over between the center conductor and shield

would not cJccur. During poling, current was monitored with a panel-type

microammeter . Based on experience, safe currents for cables were considered to be less than lOpA. Most of the current was from corona. Incipient breakdowns in the cable insultation tended to manifest themselves

as sudden, irreversible increases in current.

In a polymer material, at least two factors may hinder the desired

dipole alinement. Double bonds tend to inhibit rotation about the bond

and the mass of long-chain molecules jumbled together in a loose tangle

imposes on individual molecules what may be termed a mutual mechanical

interference. An ac jitter field superimposed on the dc field may tend

to promote initial movement despite the steric hindrance and permit a greater percentage of dipole orientation than otherwise. An experimental

poling attempt using the secondary coil of a high-voltage transformer in

series with the dc power supply did not give conclusive results.

Table h. Poling voltage in kilovolts and poling

temperature in degrees C for various cables.

j Cable Identification Vol tage

(kV)

Temperature

rc)

A-8219 1.5 60

A-8739 10. 60

A-83269 10. 200

D-250-380i4 10. 65

D-250-3866 7. 155

D-250-421^ 9. 200

(outer jacket removed)

D-26O-3905 5. 60

D-270-3953 20. 200

D-275-3933 10. 200

NBS-made fluorinated

ethylene propylene

pol ymer

1 8. 200

22
Table 5- Summarized cable response to hydrostatic pressure (bulk

compression), bending strain, axial strain, and torsional strain.

CABLE RESPONSE'^

Cable Type D i el ect r i c Mater i a 1 P B A T

D-250-42U polytetraf luoroethylene (TFE) poled 2 2 6 5 0-250-421') pol y tetraf 1 uoroethy 1 ene (TFE) unpoled 2 2 6 5 D-275-3933 cellular fluorinated ethylene propylene polymer (FEP) poled 3 3 6 5 D-275-3933 cellular fluorinated ethylene propylene polymer (FEP) unpoled 2 2 6 1 D-260-3905 polyvinyl chloride (PVC) poled 2 3 5 k D-260-3905 polyvinyl chloride (PVC) unpoled 2 2 1 3 A-83269 pol y tetraf 1 uoroethy 1 ene (TFE) poled 2 A-83269 polytetraf 1 uoroethy 1 ene (TFE) unpoled 2 0-250-380'* polyethylene poled

0-250-380'* polyethylene unpoled 2 D-250-3866 pol y tetraf I uoroethy 1 ene (TFE) poled 2 0-250-3866 poly tet rafl uoroethy 1 ene (TFE) unpoled

A-8219 cellular polyethylene poled 2 k 2 A-8219 cellular polyethylene unpoled 2 k 2 NBS-made fluorinated ethylene propylene polymer (FEP) poled 3 6 /| NBS-made fluorinated ethylene propylene polymer (FEP) unpoled 2 6 3 NBS-made polyvinyl idene fluoride unpoled 1 0-270-3953 fluorinated ethylene propylene polymer (FEP) poled 3 D-270-3953 fluorinated ethylene propylene polymer (FEP) unpoled 2 2 A-8263 polyethylene unpoled 2 3

* P indicates cable response to hydrostatic pressure (bulk compression); B, to bending strain;

A, to axial strain; and T, to torsional strain. The numbers indicate the magnitude of the respective response, according to the following scale:

1 = little or no response

2 = above noise to 5 x 10 A

3 = 5 X lO'l' A to 5 X 10'1° A

i* = 5 X lo'l° A to 10"5 A

5 - 10'5 A to 5 X 1g'8 a

6 = 5 X lo's A to 5 X 10'^ A.

23
k.2. Other Poling Methods

Task IV calls for evaluation of at least one additional method of

poling to include direct injection of charge, irradiation (exposure to

hard radiation), and cold working.

Available facilities limited the scope of evaluation of direct injection of charge and irradiation as poling techniques to testing of previously treated cable samples. The sponsor planned to supply such samples

No samples were supplied, and the evaluation was therefore dropped from

the work program.

The practical difficulties of poling coaxial cable by the cold working technique without destroying the cable led to abandonment of plans

to evaluate this technique. However, it should be noted that cold working of certain materials has been reported [1] to be an effective poling

means, especially in combination with subsequent electrical poling [2].

5. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

5.1. Task I

Test methods have been developed for measuring the response of specimen lengths of coaxial cables considered as sensing elements to four

separately applied strains: bending strain, bulk compression, axial

strain, and torsional strain. Estimates of the precision of the meas- urement methods are given in 2.2; the response data constitute Appendix E.

5.2. Task I I

The large dispersion of measured response among samples of different

cable types as compared to the dispersion observed in repeated measurements of the same cable type indicates large structural differences among

the cable samples. In general, cable response is not linear with applied

strain. Moreover, cable response for a given type of strain and strain

level may or may not be a monotonic function of frequency, as mechanical resonance behavior frequently appears.

For the bending, axial, and torsional modes, response below about 1 Hz was not significant. Hydrostat i ca 1

1 y excited response was relatively

independent of the pulse repetition rate.

Table 5 indicates the range of response for the cables tested. The

current amplifier with a gain setting of 10^^ V/A was used for all hydrostatic pressure measurements; the same amplifier was used with a gain

of 10' V/A for all bending measurements. Axial measurements were made

with a filter with a measured insertion loss factor no greater than

three to one.

Figures in brackets indicate the literature references at the end of this

report

2k
Table 5 shows that, at the strain levels used, the axial and

torsional modes can result in response very much larger than for

the other two modes.

Levels of Strain Applied . The levels of strain to be applied were

to be recommended by representatives of the DSPG on the basis of results

of investigations being carried out in another laboratory. These were

not forthcoming. In the absence of these specific recommendations, the

levels of strain applied in each mode were chosen by reasonable guess.

Typical levels applied were as follows:

hydrostatic pressure: from 2.5 x 10^ Pa to 8.3 x 10^ Pa above

atmospheric

bending strain: radius of curvature from 8.2 x 10^ meter to

2.7 X 10^ meter

axial strain: from 5 x 10"^ meter per meter to 2 x I0~'^ meter per meter

torsional strain: from 8 x 10"^ radian per meter to 8 x 10~^ radian

per meter.

Stability of Response as a Function of Time . There was no indication

for any of the six cables measured of a variation of cable response with

time greater than the estimated error of the measurement, over a period of

up to l8 weeks. In addition, six other cables were measured twice with

intervals between measurements of from one to l8 weeks; again there was no indication of a variation of cable response with time greater than the

estimated error of the measurement. These statements are true for poled

cables that were not first measured immediately after the poling field was

removed. Anomalous results were obtained with some cable specimens when

measurements were attempted within the first 15 to 30 minutes after the field

was removed. These measurements frequently indicated the presence of a dc offset of up to 2 volts. The effects described are probably caused

by temporary surface charges induced during poling. In Appendix D, 1 are given plots of the response of cable type 0-250-^+214 (polytetraf 1 uoroethy 1 ene dielectric cable) to hydrostatic pressure and to bending

strain as a function of time.

Stability of Response as a Function of Bias Voltage . Noise levels

increased greatly and monoton i ca 1

1 y with increase in bias voltage in the

experiment with cable D-275-3933 U-1 (cellular fluorinated ethylene

propylene polymer dielectric cable) in the hydrostatic apparatus. As a result, no useful measurement of cable response with bias was possible.

Since this was not a high-priority item, no further work with bias voltages was done.

25
Stability of Response as a Function of Environmental Parameters . For the single trial attempted, cooling the cable and beam of the bending test did not result in a significant difference in cable response

compared with measurement of the same cable specimen at room temperature,

as is shown in the graph constituting Appendix D, 2, The cable type used

in this experiment was D-250-^2l4 (polytetraf luoroethylene dielectric

cable)

.

The rationale for the water soak experiment using the hydrostatic

pressure apparatus is given in section 2.5- An unpoled specimen of cable

type D-270-3953 (fluorlnated ethylene propylene polymer dielectric cable) was measured immediately after insertion into the apparatus and after a 2A-hour soak. At all repetition rates and pressures the response of the

cable after soak was approximately twice that of the cable before soak.

An unpoled specimen of cable type D-275"3933 (cellular fluorinated ethylene propylene dielectric cable) was measured immediately after insertion

into the apparatus, after a 24-hour soak, and again after a further 24-

hour soak. Although there was variation in the percentage loss of response

at all repetition rates and pressures response after 2h hours of soak was

less than response before soak. After 48 hours of soak, cable response

was reduced still more, for some rates and pressures by as much as a factor

of three. A poled specimen of cable type D-275~3933 was measured immediately

after insertion into the apparatus, after a 24-hour soak, and again after

a further 96 hours. As with the unpoled specimen of the same cable type,

there was variation in the percentage loss of response, but at all repetition

rates and pressures response after 24 hours of soak was less than response

before soak. After 120 hours of soak, cable response was either the same

as at 24 hours of soak or greater. The results for these experiments are

in Appendix E under the respective cable type (pp 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 97,

98, and 99).

5.3. Task I I I

Uniformity of Response along Length . The response of cable speci- mens taken from three 300-meter reels of cable type D-250-4214 (polytetraf I uofoethy I ene dielectric cable) to hydrostatic pressure and bending

strain was measured. The measurements were carried out in as consistent

a manner as possible and within two days. The results are plotted in ^ Appendix D, 3- No differences in response greater than the measurement

error were detected among the five samples.

Linearity of Hydrostatic Pressure Response . The response to eight

levels of hydrostatic pressure was measured for poled and unpoled speci- mens of four cable types. The results are plotted in Appendix D, 4.

The response of cable type A-8219 (cellular polyethylene dielectric cable) was less than 1 0" ^ ^ /\ gnd is not plotted. Other cable types are D-250-

4214 (polytetraf luoroethylene dielectric cable. Figure 13); D-275-3933

(cellular fluorinated ethylene propylene dielectric cable. Figure 14);

and D-26O-39O5 (polyvinyl chloride dielectric cable. Figures I5, 16).

26
Linearity of Cable Response to Strain Modes other than Hydrostatic

Pressure . This type of response was not stressed by DSPG because information

on the actual values of strain levels to be encountered in the envisaged

application was not provided to DSPG for transmittal to NBS as had been

anticipated. A plot of the response of unpoled cable type 0-250-^21-11

(polytetraf luoroethylene dielectric cable) to bending strain for 25 and

kZ Hz constitutes Appendix F (Figure 17).

5.4. Task IV

Compared with the as-received cables, there were slight improvements

in the outputs from poled cables for all dielectrics except cellular

polyethylene and pol y tet raf 1 uorethy 1 ene . As part of the manufacturing

process, most coaxial cable undergoes a voltage test for breakdown. Immediately after the dielectric is extruded or wrapped around the center

conductor, the cable passes through lengths of bead chain with typically

5 kV dc on the chain and with the center conductor at ground potential.

A current drain on the dc supply indicates a fault, and the offending

section of cable is cut out. It is not known if the voltage applied,

the duration that the voltage is applied, the temperature of the dielectric (after extrusion), and other similar parameters have such values

that poling of the dielectric occurs.

At the request of DSPG, an as-received length of several meters of one cable, D-250-A2 1 4-5 , was annealed by maintaining it at a temperature

of 200°C for 96 hours; the activity of a one-meter sample of this

cable was reduced to nearly zero as measured in the bending and bulk com- pression tests. An attempt was made to pole a one-meter sample of the

annealed cable with the result that about 80% of the original activity

was restored. DSPG agreed that further investigation would be left to

future work.

6. RECOMMENDATIONS

The primary emphasis of the project tasks was on the development

of test methods and on measuring the activity of coaxial cables using

these methods. In the course of the work possible lines along which

future effort might be made became evident. The wide range of response

observed among the various cable types also suggests further investigation.

Recommended is additional study of cable types of specific interest.

For each type, cable response should be measured as a function of strain

over the range of frequencies and strains that reflect intended use. The

scatter in the measurements of the current work suggests the recommendation

that in further work attention should be paid to the adequacy of sampling.

The wide range of responses from different types of cables also

suggests the existence of a variety of mechanisms for the activity and

27
emphasizes the need for futher work to elucidate these mechanisms. It

is recommended that consideration be given to an investigation to separate the effects of different mechanisms using a more simple geometry

than that of coaxial cable. The correlation of response with cable

geometry is not possible in the absence of knowledge of the mechanisms

responsible for the activity of coaxial cables. If these mechanisms

become better understood, it will be desirable to produce a series of ex- perimental cable lengths with varying center conductor diameter, dielectric thickness, etc. and to measure their characteristics with the methods

that have been developed.

The testing of dielectrics that required fabrication of cable in

the laboratory is not comparable to the testing of dielectrics in com- mercial cables. Dielectrics of special interest should be investigated

by procuring experimental cables made with commercial machinery.

An examination of the open literature does not reveal any definitive

description of the mechanisms involved in poling. The preliminary investigation carried out as Task IV of this project indicated that a tendency exists for cables with certain dielectrics to be rendered more active following poling with an electric field and at elevated temperature.

Parameters that need to be investigated for various dielectrics of interest include optimum poling field, temperature, and duration. The effects

of temperature cycling while the field is applied and the effects of

applying the field repetitively over a range of periods from days to

milliseconds also need investigation. Particularly useful would be

the development of means to monitor activity while the poling process

is taking place.

28
7. REFERENCES

[I] Cohen, J., and Edelman, S., Piezoelectric effect in oriented polyvinyl ch 1 or ide and polyvinylf luoride, J. Appl. Phys. k2_. No. 8, 3072-307^

(July 1971).

[2] Edelman, S., Grisham, L. R. , Roth, S. C, and Cohen, J., Improved

piezoelectric effect in polymers, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 48_, No. 5, 1040-

1043 (November 1970).

29
APPENDIX A

TABULATION OF TRAVEL, CONSULTATIONS, AND PRESENTATIONS FOR PROJECT

^253^4^5.

Activity Number of Occurrences

Travel to cable manufacturer to discuss coaxial

cable construction and to observe cable production 2

Travel to agency serving as consultants to DSPG

(Defense Special Projects Group) 1

Consultations with DSPG 6

Consultations with MERDC (U. S. Army Mobility

Equipment Research and Devlopment Center) 5

Presentation (including demonstration of apparatus) for DSPG 3

30
APPENDIX

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^1
APPENDIX B MEASUREMENTS FOR BENDING STRAIN TEST DEVELOPMENT

B, 2. Measurements of the displacement of the driven end of the beam

using microscope with micrometer eyepiece.

Condition of measurement:

Frequency - 33.9 Hz

Trial One Two Three Four Fi ve

i Eyepiece Upper 3632 3636 3631 3631 3632

Readings

Lower 3138 3146 3136

1

' 3138 3140

t'

' - - 1 D i f ference

, 495 493 kSZ

1 Difference times eye1 piece factor of

1 9.8A X lO'^ = displacement (in. X 10'3)

1

t

ii.86

,

4.82 4.87 ^.85

;

:

4.84

1 H 1 Displacement ^m x 10 ^) 1 .2k

I

1 .22 \ 1 .24 1 .23 1 .23

Mean 1 .23 x 10 m Range 0.02 x 10"^ m Average deviation 0.01 x 10 ^ m Standard deviation 7-4 x 10~7 m

32
APPENDIX B MEASUREMENTS FOR BENDING STRAIN TEST DEVELOPMENT

B, 3- Comparison of eddy-current displacement sensor and microscope

measurements of the displacement of the driven end of the beam.

Condition of measurement:

Frequency « 25 Hz

Trial One Two

1

Three

I Four i Five

*

Eddy-current

sensor reading

(i nch)

0.0031 0.0033 0.0036

'i

0.0040 0.0046

. , i Converted to m X 10 ^ (f i rst row times

2,54 X 10"2)

'

7.9

.... —J— .

8.4 1 9.1

)' 10.2 11.7

1

1 Mean of 5 mi cro- •

j scope read i ngs

I (m X 10'5)

7.8 8.4 9.2

?

i

10.0 11.4 j

I

1 D i f f erence i (m X 10~5) 1 0.

0.0

t

1 0.1 0.2 0.3 1

J

33
APPENDIX C EVALUATION OF TESTS

C, 1. Cable response In the bending strain test for five trials.

Cable D-250-^21^-P-3

Conditions of measurement:

Frequency = 10 Hz

Radius of curvature = 2,699 x 10^ m

1 Trial

j

1

One Two Three

- Four Fi ve

1

i Cable response

1 (A X 10'12)

i

5.1 5.2 5.^ 5.0

-

S.3 i

i

Mean 5 2 X

10*"12

A

Range 0. 5 X lo"

"12

A

Average deviation 0. 2 X lO'

"12 A

Standard deviation 0 2 X 10"-12

A

Conditions of measurement:

Frequency = hO Hz

Radius of curvature = 2.699 x 10^ m

1 Trial One Two

T

1

1

{ Three

! Four Five

j

j

1

f Cable response

1 (A X 10*1^)

1

8.3 8.1

1

i 8.6

i 7.9

!

1 8.2

1

1

i

Mean 8.2 x lO'^^ ^ Range . . 0.7 x lO"^^

Average deviation 0.2 x 10 A

Standard deviation 0.2 x 10"^^ /\

3^
APPENDIX C EVALUATION OF TESTS

C, 2. Cable response in the hydrostatic pressure test for five trials.

Cable D-250-4214-P-3

Conditions of measurement:

Repetition frequency =0.1 Hz

Pressure = 8.3 x lO"^ Pa

Trial One

j Two ——————

Three

1

1 Four Fi ve

Cable response

(A X 10"1^)

!i

r 1.2 ; 1.1 1 .

1 .2 1.3

.1

Mean 1 .2 x

10*^^ A

Range 0.2 x lo'^^ A

Average deviation 0.1 x 10 A

- 1 2 Standard deviation 0.8 x 10 A

Conditions of measurement:

Repetition frequency = 0.2 Hz

Pressure = 2.5 x lo'^ Pa

Trial One Two Three Four F i ve

Cable response

^ (A X 10"12)

8.2 7.8 8.7 8.3 8.5

Mean

Range

Average deviation

Standard deviation

8.3 X 10 11 A

0.9 X 10"12 A

0.2 X 10"12 A

0.3 X 10-12 A

35
C, 3. Cable response in

APPENDIX C EVALUATION OF TESTS

the axial strain test for five trials.

Cable: D-250-421 4-P3

Conditions of measurement:

Frequency = 1 Hz

Axial motion = 1 . 5 x 1 0 m

j Trial

!

1 —I1

1 One

\

Two

\ 1

1 Three | Four

1 !

Fi ve

1 Cable response

' (A X lO'^)

i 1.5 1.7 —T— 1

\ 1.8 1 1.7

i i

/ i

.

1.6

Mean 1.7x1 0~^ A

Range 0.3 x lo'^ A

Average deviation 0.1 x 10 ® A

Standard deviation 0,1 x 10'^ A

Cable: D-250-^2 14-P-2

Conditions of measurement:

Frequency = 5 Hz

Axial motion = 1.6 x 10 ^ m

Trial One ; Two

i

^

'

! Three ; Four j Five

! 1 Cable response

(A X 10"8)

1

6.6 • 6.9 6.2 i 7.3 i 7.0

Mean 6.8 x 10"^ A

Range 1.1 x lo"^ A

Average deviation 0.3 x 10 ^ A

_0

Standard deviation 0.^ x 10 ° A
APPENDIX C EVALUATION OF TESTS

Cable response in the torsional strain test for five trials.

Cable: D-250-421 4-P

Conditions of measurement:

Frequency = 5 Hz

Angle = 8.4 x 10~^ rad

! 1 Trial j One

1

i Two 1 Three Four F i ve

j Cable response 5.7

(Ax lO'll)

\

1 5.2 ! k.e

1 k.8 5.1

•

1

i

Mean 5- 1 x 10"^^ A

Range 1.1 x lo'^^ A

Average deviation 0.4 x 10 A

Standard deviation O.k x lO'll A

Cable: D-250-421 4-P-2

Conditions of measurement:

Frequency = 50 Hz

Angle = 1 .3 x lo'^ rad

T

i ! 1

' —1

\ Trial | One

i

1 Two

j

1 Three Four \ Five

1

j Cable response 1.28

I (A X lO"^)

' 1.42

i

1.16 1.37 —( ^

\ 1 .20

Mean 1.25 X 10"9 A

Range 0.26 X 10"5 A

Average deviation 0.09 X 10"9 A

Standard deviation 0.10 X 10-9 A

37
APPENDIX

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46
APPENDIX E CABLE RESPONSE DATA

Data from cable measurements in response to hydrostatic pressure (bulk

compression), bending strain, axial strain, and torsional strain. Data are presented for each cable type in the order (when given):

Hydrostatic pressure - poled

Hydrostatic pressure - unpoled

Bending strain - poled

Bending strain - unpoled

Axial strain - poled

Axial strain - unpoled

Torsional strain - poled

Torsional strain - unpoled
Strain mode: Hydrostatic pressure

(bulk compression)

Cable type: A8219 poled

Repetition Frequency

(Hz)

Pressure

(Pa X lO**)

Cable Response

(A X ]0"13)

0.1

0.1

O.l

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.5

0.5

0.5

1.0

1,0

1.0

1.5

1.5

1.5

2.0

2.0

2.0

8.3

4.8

2.5

8.3

4.8

2.5

5.4

3.5

1.7

3.1

2.2

1.2

1.7

1,4

0.7

1.7

1.2

0,6

Cable type: A-8219 unpoled

9.0

6.0

1 .0

7.6

7.0

1 .0

9.0

6.0

1,0

4.0

2.6

1.3

5.0

4.0

lv5

5.0

3.6

1.5

Repet 1 1 i on F rezuency

(Hz)

Pressure

(Pa X 10**)

Cable Response

(A)

0.1 - 2.0 1.7 - 8.3

This cable type produced no measurable re' sponse above noise to

hvdrostatic oressure.

48
Strain mode: Bend i ng

Cable type: a-8219 poled

Frequency

(Hz)

Radius of Curvature

(m X 103)

Cable Response

(A)

0.5, I ,0, 5.0, 10,

20.

30.

32.

34.

36.

38.

40.

42.

kk.

46.

48.

50.

52.

54.

56.

58.

60.

62.

70.

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

in no i se

in no

se

40 X lo"

13

8. 0 X lO"

13

0£~ • y 10~ 1 2

2

0 X 1 0

1 2

1 \j lO'

1

1 . X 1 o"

1 . 6 X 10~ 1

1 . 2 X lo'

1

1 . 4 X lo"

1 1

1 . 3 X 10~ 1

1 . k X lo"

1 1

1

1 . 2 X

10~

1 . 0 X lo"

1

8. 0 X

10~ 12

9. 0 X lo'

12

2. 2 X lo"

1 1

3. 6 X 10~ 1 1

1 1 7. 0 X lO"

49
Strain mode: Bending

Cabie type: A-8219 unpoled

Frequency

(Hz)

0.2, 0.5, 5-0, 10,

20, 30, 35, AO, 50

60.

70.

70.

80.

80.

100.

Radius of Curvature

(m X 103)

2.699

2.699

2.699

5.736

4. 172

5.736

4.172

2.699

Cable Response

(A)

in noise

In noise

7.0 X lo'

1 .6 X 10

1.8 X lo" 2.8 X 10

3.4 X lo"

1.7 X lo"

13

-12

12

-12

12

12
Strain mode: Axial

Cable type: A-8219 poled

Frequency

(Hz)

Axial Motion

(m)

1 Cable Response

(A)

0.05 - 100

-U

2.16 X 10 This cable type produced no measurable re- sponse above noise to

axial s t ra i n

Cable type: A-8219 unpol ed

Frequency

(Hz)

Axial Motion

(m X 10"^)

)

Cable Response

(A X 10 ^)

0.05, 0.5, 1.0 2.03 in noi se 5.0 2.16 1 .2

10. 2.16 1 .6

15. 2.16 2.0

20, 30, 40, 50 2.16 in noise

60. 2.16 5.9

80. 2.16 2.5

100. 2.16 in noise

51
Strain irode: Torsional

Cable type: A-8219 poled

Frequency

(Hz)

Angle

(rad)

Cable Response

(A)

0. 1 - So. 5.0 X io" ^ - 7.0 X This cable type produced no measurable re- sponse above noise to

torsional strain.

Cable type: A-b2l9 unpoled

Frequency

(Hz)

Ang 1 e

(rad)

Cable Response

(A)

0.05, 0.5, 1.0, 1

.

6 X lo'^ in noise

2.0, 5.0, 10, 20 1

.

6 X lo"^ in noise

30. 1 . 7 X 10"^ 1.0 X lO"^

^

1 . 7 X 10"^ 1.2 X 1 O" ^

ko.

'

1 . 1 X lo"^ 8.5 X 10"^^

40. 5. 6 X lo"'^ 4.5 X lO"^^

60. 1

.

1 X 10"^ 1.3 X lO"^^

80. 5. 6 X lo"'' 4.2 X lO"'^

52
Stra 1 n mode: Hydrostatic pressure

(bulk compression)

Cable type: A-8263 unpoled

Repetition Frequency

(Hz)

Pressure

(Pa X 10'*)

Cable Response

(A X 10~11)

0.1 8.3 2.k

0.1 4.8 2.0

O.l 2.5 1 .0

0.2 8.3 2.1

0.2 A.

1.5

0.2 2.5 1.0

0.5 5.

1 .6

0.5 3.5 1.2

0.5 1.7 1.2

1.0 3.1 2.5

1.0 2.2 2.0

1.0 1.2 1.5

1.5 1.7 2.k

1.5 ].k 2.0

1.5 0.7 1.5

2.0 1.7 2.0

2.0 1 .2 1.5

2.0 0.6 1.5

53
Strain nx)de: Bending

Cable type: a-8263 unpoled

Frequency

(Hz)

Radius of Curvature

(m X 103)

0.05, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0

5.0

10.

15. . ,. 20.

25.

30.

35.

kQ.

^5.

50.

60.

65.

Cable Response

(A)

2.868 iIIIn noII i1 -J p\^

2 868 in no I <i (* III 1 1 w 1 O W

O ^ Aft 2.699 n n 1 A

Z . Z X 10

2.699 3.8 X 10

2.699 2.3 X 10

2.699 2.8 X 10

4. 172 4.5 X 10

4.172 1 .0 X 10

4.172 4.3 X 10

4. 172 2.2 X 10

4.172 6.0 X 10

4. 172 9.6 X 10

4. 172 9.2 X 10

_ 54
Strain mode: Hydrostatic pressure

(bulk compression)

Cable type: A-83269 poled

Repetition Frequency

(Hz)

Pressure

(Pa X 10^)

Cable Response

(A X 10"il)

O.I 8.3 1.5

0.1 4.8 1 .0

O.l 2.5 1 .0

0.2 8.3 1.6

0.2 A.

1.5

0.2 2.5 0.8

Q.5 5.

2.0

0.5 3.5 1 .2

0.5 1.7 1 .0

1.0 3.1 2.4

1.0 2.2 2.0

1.0 1.2 1.0

1.5 1.7 2.0

1.5 \.k 2.0

1.5 0.7 1 .0

2.0 1.7 2.0

2.0 1.2 1.8

2.0 0.6 1.0

55
Strain mode: Hydrostatic pressure

(bulk compression)

Cable type: a-83269 unpoled

Repetition Frequency Pressure Cable Response

(Hz) (Pa X 10*+) (A X lO'll)

0.1 8.3 1.5

0.1 4.8 1 .0

O.l 2.5 1 .0

8.3 1.6

ms: 4.8 1.5

0.2 2.5 1.0

5.4 1.8

3.5 1.4

m 1.7 1.0

1.0^ 3.1 2.4

2.2 2.0

-, m : 1.2 1 .0

'. im 1.7 2.0

;

- ];5i , 1.4 2.0

1.5 0.7 1.2

2.0: 1.7 2.0

2.0 1.2 1.6

2,0 0.6 1.2

56
Strain mode: Hydrostatic pressure j (bul k compress ion)

j

Cable types: D-250-3804 poled, D-25O-38OA unpoled

Reoetition Frequency

(Hz)

Pressure

{Pa X lO'^)

Cable Response

(A)

!

0.1 - 2.0

1t

!

4

1

1.7 - 8.3 These cable types pro-

| duced no measurable

j response above noise

j to hydrostatic pres- ! sure.

1

i

i

57
Strain mode: Torsional

Cable type: D-250-3804 unpoled

Frequency Angl e Cable Response

(Hz) (rad) (A) ——

0.05, 0.5, 1.0, 7.0 X 10^^ in noise

10. 7.0 X 10"° in noise

20. 7.0 X lo"^ in noise

25. 4.5 X 10'^ 2.6 X 10"^^

5Q. . 5.4 X lO"'' 1.8 X lO"^^

" ,60. . 3.4 X lO"'^ 6.0 X lO"^

^

80. 4,5 X lO"'^ 2.0 X 10"^'

90. 5.0 X lO"'^ in noise

100. 2.0 X lO''^

•

1.2 X

10"^ ^

•58
Strain mode: Hydrostatic pressure ! (bul k compress ion)

|

Cable types: D-250-3866 poled, D-250-3866 unpoled [

i

1 RftDetition Frequency i (Hz) ,

Pressure

(Pa X 10"*)

! Cable Pvesponse 1 (A) •

! 1

(

0.1 - 2.0 1

i

i -

1

1.7 - 8.3

1 These cable types pro- i duced no measurable ] response above noise ! to hydrostatic pressure.

1

I

i

i

I

59
Strain mode: Torsional

Cable type: D-250-3866 poled

Frequency Angle Cable Response

(Hz) (rad) (A)

0.05, 0.5, 1.0

-A

5.0 X 10 In noise

5.0

_^

5.0 X 10 In noise

10. 5.0 X 10

° in noise

20. ^.8 X 10

^ 1.6 X 10 "

30. 3.1 X lo'^ In noise

50. 1.0 X lo"^ 3.0 X lO""

60.

" 5.6 X lo"'^ 1.6 X 10""

70. 5.6 X

10"'^ 2.6 X 10""

80. A. 6 X 10"^ 1.1 X 10-10

90

.

3.^ X lo'-^ 2.8 X lO""

100 2.6 X lo"^ k.Q X lO""

60
Strain mode: Hydrostatic pressure

(bulk compression)

Cable type: d-250-4214 poled

Repetition Frequency

(Hz)

Pressure

(Pa X 10'*)

Cable Response

(A X 10"!^

1

0.1 8.3 1 .3

0.1 A.

1.1

O.l 2.5 0.6

0.2 8.3 2.0

0.2 k.B 1.4

0.2 2.5 0.8

0.5 5.4 1.2

0.5 3.5 1 .0

0.5 1.7 0.6

1.0 3.1 2.1

l.Q 2.2 1.6

1.0 1.2 1 .0

1.5 1.7 2.0

1.5 \,k 1 .6

1.5 0.7 I .0

2.0 1.7 2.0

2.0 1.2 1.6

2.0 0.6 1.0

61
Strain mode: Hydrostatic pressure | (bulk compression)

j

Cable type: poled

Reoetition Frequency | Pressure

(Hz) j (Pa X lO"^)

Cable Response

(A X lO'^M

j

62
Strain mode: Hydrostatic pressure

(bulk compression)

Cable type: D-250-42U unpol ed

Repet tion Frequency

(Hz)

Pressure

(Pa X lO"*)

Cable Response

(A X 10"^^

0.1 8.3 1.5

0.1 4.8 1.4

O.l 2.5 1 .0

0.2 8.3 1.5

0.2 4.8 1 .4

0.2 2.5 1 .0

0.5 5.4 1.5

0.5 3.5 1.2

0.5 1.7 1 .0

1.0 3.1 1 .2

1.0 2.2 1 .2

1.0 1.2 1.0

K5 1.7 1,2

1.5 1.4 1.2

1.5 0.7 1 ,0

2.0 1.7 1.2

2.0 1 .2 1.2

2.0 0.6 1.0

63
Strain mode: Hydrostatic pressure 1 (bulk compression)

j

Cable type: D-250-4214 unpol ed

I Reoetition Frequency i (Hz)

j

Pressure

^ra X I U ; Cable Response j VM A 1 U J

j

» 0.1 !

1 8.3

!

1 .50 I 0.1

I 7.5 1 .45 \ 0.1 i 6.6 1.^0 !

i 0.1 ; 5.8 1.38

j .0.1 ^ 4.8 1.40 \

1 0.1 ; 3.6 1.17 i

0.1

1 2.5 1 . 00 I 0.1

i

I

i

1

1

i

i

i

i

j

i

1

1

1.6 0.62

i

(

I

!

i

I

(

!

64
Strain mode: Hydrostatic pressure

(bulk compression)

Cable type: D-250-A214 unpoled (five samples, U-2 through U-6)

; Repetition frequency: 0.1 Hz

Pressure Cable Response

' (Pa X lO'^) : (A X 10-11)

* U-2 U-3 U-4 !

i

U-5 U-6

f Average I

\

1 8.3 1.55 1.44 1.52 1.61 1.38

\

1 .50 i

' 6.6 1 .42 1 .38 1 .41 1 .44 1.35 1 .40 j 4.8 1.41 1.38 1 .40 1.45 1.36 1 .40 I 3.6 1.19 1.16 1.17 1 .23 1 .10 1.17

1 2.5 1.05 0.95 1 .03 1 .08 0.89 1.00 1

1

65
Strain mode: Bending

Cable type: D-250-A21A poled

Frequencyuen(

(Hz)

Radius of Curvature

(m X 103)

Cable Response

(A)

0.05, 0.1, 0.5

1.0

2.0

5.0

; ; 10.

15.

20

.

^

' 25.

30.

kO.

50.

60.

70.

2.868

2.868

2.868

2.868

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

5.736

7.648

7.648

in no I se O.k X 10

0.8 X 10

2.6 X lo" 5.2 X 10

1.7 X 10

1 .6 X 10

1 .8 X 10

3.0 X 10

8.0 X lO' 9.0 X 10

2.3 X 10

1.7 X 10

-12

-12

12

-12

-11

-11

-1

1

-11

12

-12

-11

-10

66
Bend i ng

Cable type: D-250-421^ unpoled

p requency

(Hz)

B\da 1 lib OT uu r va Lu re

(m X 103)

Cable Response

(A)

0.02, 0.2, 0.4, 1.0 2.868 In noise

5.0 2.868 1 .0 X

10. 2.868 1 .8 X io-'2

15. 2.699 5.0 X 10-'^

20. 2.699 1 .

X lo"^^

25. 2.699 2.5 X lo'

30. 2.699 2.0 X io"^^

35. 2.699 4.2 X lo"^^

40. 2.699 4.5 X

10~^ ^

42. 2.699 5.0 X lo'^^

45. 2.699 5.4 X io'^

^

50. 5.736 4.4 X lo"^

^

60. 7.648 5.2 X 10~^ ^

70. 7.648 1 .

X 10~^°

80. 2.549 9.6 X 10~^ ^

90. 2.549 4.0 X lO"^^

- 1 2 100.

i

5.736 9.5 X 10
Strain nxjde: Bending

Cable type: D-250-42U-U- 1 unpoled cooled to 5*C

j Frequency

(Hz;

Radius of Curvature

vm X \0^)

Cable Response

(a \

2.699

- 1 ?

1 A V in 1 . 0 X 1 u

'

^ '^-"y 15. • • 2.699 i*.8 X lo"^^

20. 2.699 9.0 X lO'^^

25. 2.699 1 .9 X lO"^

^

30. 2.699 1 .8 X lo'^

^

''-'V' 35. 2.699 3.7 X lo"^^

2.699 k.5 X 10~^^

2.699 h.S X lo"^^

15::-

2 i

68
Strain mode: Bending

Cable type: D-250-421^ unpoled (with moisture)

Frequency

(Hz)

Radius of Curvature

(m X 103)

Cable Response

(A)

1

5 X

1 8 X -12

2 k X

-12

10

5 0 X

7 2 X

] 2 X ,0-"

2 .2 X 10-"

5 .6 X 10-"

5 .0 X 10-"

6 .6 X 10-"

k .0 X 10-"

k .0 X 10-"

3 .8 X 10-"

10.

15.

20.

25.

30.

32.

33.

3^.

35.

36.

38.

^0.

42.

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

69
Strain nxDde: Bending

Cable type: D-ZSO-'+ZU unpoled

requency

(Hz)

Displacement | (m X lO"'*)

Radius of

Curvature

1 n3

X 1 U ;

25 0.711 8.194

25 1.067 5.463

25 1 .422 4.097

25 1 .803 3.232

25 2.159 2.699

25 2.286 2.549

k2 0.711 8.194

k2 1 ,067 5.463

k2 1.422 4.097

42 1 .803 3.232

k2 2.159 2.699

)ab1e Response

(A X

10*^11)

1.4

2.0

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.5

2.2

2.8

3.4

4.1

4.2

70
M <NJ

CD 1 o 1 O

O 1 O 1 O 1 O 1 O

C <u • 

fD

KXXX

X

X

X c 1_

OJ GO o — LA o CM LA

oo >

CM CM

—.— ,, , ^ 0) XI CNI CM oE 1 1 1 1 1 1 o O o O O

OO c

nj 1 Z2

X

XX

XX

XX

i_

4-J o LTV , CM

O , LA

CO

CM CM

CM rsl 1 O 1 o 1 o 1 O 1 O 1 o 1 O

LA1 X

X

X

XXX

—

LA o CM oo LA OA CO • • • • * • 1 <D •

\0

— Osl CM -3- -3- ID (/I -C on CD Q. Oi o dJ -—

1 1 1 1 1 f 1 a: <c O o o o O O o M 0) 1 X X X X X X X

CNi JD 1 03

O

— rA

— CM

ZD <_) • • • • • CA LA •— CM CM -3- -3- •

Q.E CM CN

ru

i/i 1 1 1 1 'o O 'o o O 'o o

<D> 1 •— ID

X

X

X

X

XX

X ~—

E CP» o OA CM CA O o rA — CM -3- -3-

(U '

o

CLc cn

13 CTi CM CN • 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 rsl CNI O O o O o O

O

CM 1 -3- =) 1 (U

X

XX

X

X

X

X

O l_ LTV

O CM CM LA vO

eg •M • • • • • • • 1 CM LA .

CM •

-3- >

CU

0)Q- 4- >•

>- o Oc ^ (/) (U N

O LA o LA o LA

O

OJ csl CM PA CA -3- cr^

-D 0) fD i_

Ll_

71
Strain mode: Axial

Cable type: D-250-^21^ poled

Frequency

(Hz)

Axial

( Motion

[m)

Cable Response

(A)

0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 1.52 X 10

^

i n no se 0.5 1.^5 X 10

^ 3.^ X lC-9

1 0 1 .55 X 10"^ 1 u 1 .7 X 10

2.0 1.52 X 10-" 3.2 X 10-8

2.5 1 .60 X ,0-" 3.8 X 10-8

5.0 1 .60 X 10"^ 6.9 X 10-8

l.V X 10"^ k.O X 10-7

3.81 X 1 u 5.0 X 10-8

25.

' 1.50 X .0-" 2.5 X 10-7

5b.

3.81

7.87

X

X 10 ' 5.7 X

1 .2 X 10

75: 7.87 X 10-5 1 .8 X 10-7

100. 7.87 X 10-5 1 .4 X 10-7

150. 3.81 X 10-5 7.5 X 10-8

72
1

Strain mode: Axial

Cable type: 0-250-^21^ unpoled

Frequency

(Hz)

Axial Mot ion

(m)

Cable Response

(A)

0 .02, 0.025, 0.03 1 . 52 X 10"^ in no i se

0 .02, 0.025, 0.03 3.05 X

.1, 10"^ i n no i se

0. 05, 0.10 1 .52 X 10"^ in noise

0.05, 0.10 3.05 X

f lO'"^ i n no i se

0. 1 5 1 . 52 X 10-^ h Q 4.0 X 1 0

0.15 3.05 X

1, 10"^ 1 . 2 X 1 0

0. 20 1

. 52 X 10-^ 7.2 X 1 0

0. 20 3.05 X 10-^ n V, 9.0 X 1 0

0. 25 I . 52 X

1. 10"^ Q 1, w 0 . H X 1 U

0. 25 3.05 X

1 10-^ 1 . 0 X 1 0

0.30 1 .52 X

1 10"^ 1.2 X 1 0

0.30 3.02 X 10"^ 2.1 X 1 0

0.35 3.02 X 10"^ 2.6 X 1 0

o.ko 1 .52 X 10"^ 2.6 X 1 0

O.kO 3.05 X

1 10-^ 2.9 X 10-5

0.50 1 .52 X

1 10-^ 3.4 X 10

0.50 3.05 X

1, 10'^ 4.6 X 10-9

I .0 1 .52 X

10-'' 2.5 X 10-8

I .0 3.05 X

10-'* 3.4 X 10-8

2.0 1.52 X 10-" 4.6 X io-«

2.0 3.05 X 10-" 6.1 X 10-S

3.0 1 .52 X 10-" 6.0 X 10-8.

3.0 3.00 X 10-" 7.8 X 10-8

4.0 1 . 52 X 10-" 1 .1 X 10-7

k.Q 3.02 X I0-" 1 .2 X 10-7

5.0 1.52 X 10-" 1 . 1 X 10-7

5.0 2.46 X 10-" 1.5 X 10-7

73

J
Strain nxjde: Axial

Cable type: D-250-4214 unpoled

Frequency

(Hz)

Axial Motion

(m)

Cable Response

(A)

1 n 1 .40 X 10-^ 4.9 X

10, 2.44 X 10-^ 1.0 X 10-^

3.81 X 10-5 7.5 X 10-8

1 ^ 2.44 X 10-^ 1.6 X 10-^

20 1.35 X 10-^ 2.6 X 10-7

?0 2.36 X 10-^ 5.0 X 10-7

^0 3.81 X 10-5 1 .2 X 10-7

"^0 7.87 X 10-5 2.7 X .0-7

40. 3.81 X 10-5 I . 1 X 10-7

40. 7.87 X 10-5 2.3 X 10-7

'iO 3.81 X 10-5 1.3 X 10-7

"lO 7.87 X 10-5 2.4 X 10-7

60. 3.81 X 10-5 1 .0 X 10-7

60 7.87 X 10-5 2.2 X 10-7

/u

.

3.81 X 10-5 1.5 X 10-7

70. 7.87 X 10-5 2.7 X 10-7

80. 3.81 X 10-5 1.4 X 10-7

80. 7.87 X 10-5 2.9 X 10-7

90. 3.81 X 10-5 1 .5 X 10-7

90. 7.87 X 10-5 2.8 X 10-7

100. 3.81 X 10-5 1 .4 X 10-7

100. 7.87 X 10-5 6.1 X 10-7

74
Strain mode: Tors lona

Cable type: D-250-^2lA pol ed

Frequency Angl e Cable Response

[Hz) (ra d) (A)

nu . nc; up , nu Oc.

J in1 .

8 .0 X

-A

10

^

i n no i se

9 . nu 8 .0 X

-6

10

^ in noise

3 0 8 1 X 10

^ 6 .0 X 10-"

8 4 X

-A

10

^

5 .0 X 10-"

6 X 10 2 .0 X 10-'°

22. 4. 5 X 10-^ k .2 X 10-'°.

36. 2. 0 X 10-^ 1 .2 X 10-9

i»2. 1 . k X :o-^ 1 .5 X 10-9

^3. 11 k X 10-^ 6 .0 X 10-9

50. I . 3 X 10-^ 1 .2 X 10-9

85. k. 0 X 10-7

3 .5 X 10-9

100. 2. 2 X :o-' 1 .8 X 10-9

1 10. 1 . 6 X 10-7 8 .0 X 10-9

155.

i

8. 0 X 10-8 6 .5 X 10-9

75
Strain mode: Torsional

Cable type: D-250-A2H unpoled

Frequency

(Hz)

Angl e

(rad)

Cable Response

(A)

0.05, 0.5, 1.0

5.0

10.

20.

36.

43.

83.

100.

-6

-6

-6

-6

7.0 X 10

6.5 X 10

5.0 X 10

3.1 X 10

1.1 X lo"^

1 . 1 X lo'^

3.k X lO"''

2.2 X lO"''

in noise

-1

1

-10

1 .5 X 10

in noise

3.6 X 10

2.k X lO"^

5.8 X lo"^

8.2 X lO"^

k.8 X 10

-9

76
Strain mode: Hydrostatic pressure

(bulk compression)

Cable type: D-260-3905 poled

Repetition Frequency

(Hz)

Pressure

(Pa X 10**)

Cable Response

(A X 10"11)

0.1 8.3 2.2

O.l A.

2.0

O.l 2.5 2.0

0.2 8.3 2.2

0.2 4.8 1.8

0.2 2.5 1.1

0.5 5.4 2.2

0.5 3.5 2.0

0.5 1.7 1 .6

. 1.0 3.1 1,8

l.Q 2.2 1.5

I.O 1.2 1 .

1.5 1.7 1.7

1.5 1-^ ].k

1-5 0.7 1 .0

2.0 1.7 1.2

2.0 1.2 1.0

2.0 0.6 0.8

77
Strain mode: Hydrostatic pressure

(bul k compress ion)

Cable type: D-260-3905 poled

Reoetition Frequency

(Hz)

Pressure

(Pa X 10^)

Cable Response

(A X

-

0-1 1 8.3 2.20

j 0.1 7.5 2.09 j 0.1 6.6 2. OA

0 1 5.8 2.02

0.1 , ^.8 2.00

0.1 .

: 3.6 1.98 i O.l J 2.5 2.00 \ 0.1 1.95 '

i

I

78
Strain mode: Hydrostatic pressure

(bulk compression)

Cable type: D-260-3905 unpoled

Repetition Frequency

\nz}

Pressure

vr a X 1 u y

Cable Response

0.1 8.3 2.0

0.

4,8 1 .

0.2.5 0.6

0 2 8

"? U.J 2.0

0 2 4 8 1 .8

0 2 2 0.9

0 ^ 4

U.J

0 5 1 7 n 7

1 0 ^ 1 1 n l.Q 2.2 I .0

1.0 1,2 o.S

1.5 1.7 0.5

1.5 1.4 0.5

1.5 0.7 O.if

2.0 1.7 0.5

2.0 1,2 0.5

2.0 0.6 O.A

79
Strain mode: Hydrostatic pressure

(bu I k compress i on)

Cable type: D-260-3905 unpoled

Reoetition Frequency

(Hz)

Pressure

(Pa X 10'*)

Cable Response

(A X 10-12)

1

j

1

8.3

1 2.0

1

''l 0.1 7.5 1.3

i j 0.1 ry 6.6 1.1

i 0.1 5.8 1 .0

i 0.1 A.

8

1 .0

i

•-: °-'

- 3.6 0.9

f 0.1 .

i . .

'

,

'

^

i'

2.5 0.6 {

:

- - . ^ .

J - ;

1

>•-!'

|j ,

:

- r' i

!

i

1 ^ !

. ,

I

1 !

i

i

!

j

i

i

1

: ' 1

1

i

1 -

!

' i

f'.' !

f

i

1

1

j

i

!

t

t

I

\

80
Strain mode Bend i ng

Cable type: o- 260- 3905 poled

Frequency

(Hz)

Radius of Curvature

(m X 103)

Cable Response

(A)

ini.u, /.u, 9 n p.u, c; n

zu

9 9

Zt . 96

98

jZ

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

in noise

-12

1 .0 X 10

2.0 X lo'^^

1.0 X lo'^^

2.5 X lo"^^

3.0 X lo'^^

5.0 X 10~^^

6.0 X lo'^^

2.699 5.0 X 10~

JO . 2.699 0 . 0 X

1 A

^0 . 2.699 8.0 X lo"^

^

2.699 7.0 X lO'^

^

/i9 2.699 A.

X lo"^

^

Ait. 2.699 5.0 X lo"^^

A6. 2.699 5.0 X lo"'

^

^48. 2.699 5.0 X 10~^ ^

50. 2.699 3.0 X lo"'

^

52. 2.699 2.8 X lo"^

^

5A. 2.699 2.6 X lo'^

^

56. 2.699 l.h X lo"^

58. 2.699 l.k X lo"^

^

60. 2.699 6.

X lo'^

^

62. 2.699 7.5 X

10~^ ^

81
Strain mode: Bending

Cable type: D-260-3905 unpoled

Frequency

(Hz)

0.05, 0.1, 0.2, Q.k

0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10

20.

25.

30.

35.

40.

50.

60.

70.

80.

90.

100.

Radius of Curvature

(m X 103)

Cable Response

(A)

2.699 in noise

2.699 in noi se 2.699 2.0 X 1 0

^

2.699 3.0 X

2.699 1 .2 X io-'2

2.699 7.0 X io-'3

2.699 5.0 X io-'3

2.699 5.0 X :o-'3

2.699 2.2 X

10-'^

t*.172 3.3 X io-'2

2.699 3.1 X 10-'^

2.699 2.6 X 10-'^

2.699 5.0 X io-'3

82
Strain mode: Axial

Cable type: 0-260-3905 poled

Frequency

(Hz)

Axial Motion

(m X 10"^)

Cable Response

(A)

0.02, 0.025, 0.03

0.035, 0.0^, 0.045

0.05, 0. 10, 0.15, 0.20

0.25

0.25

0.30

0.30

0.35

0.35

o.ko

0.40

0.45

0.45

0.50

0.50

1.0

1.0

2.0

2.0

3.0

3.0

4.0

4.0

5.0

5.0

10.

10.

1.52 . 1.52

1.52

1.52

3.05

1 .52

3.05

1.52

3.05

1.52

3.07 . 1.52

3.05

1 .52

3.05

1.52

3.05

1.50

3.05

1 .50

3.05

1.50

3.07

1 .50

3.07

1 .50

3.07

8?

in no 1 se

in noise

in noise

in no i se 5.2 X lo"

10

in nol se 6.0 X lO"

10

in noise

9.6 X

10~ 10

in noi se 9.6 X lO"

10

9.6 X 10~ 10

1.3 X lo" 9

1.2 X lO" 9

1.4 X lO" 9

4.1 X lO' 9

7.9 X lo" 9

7.4 X lO' 9

1.4 X lO"

8

7.0 X lo" 9

1 .8 X lO'

8

1.5 X lo"

.8

2.5 X lO"

8

1.7 X lO"

8

3.2 X lO'

8

3.2 X lO'

8

1 . 1 X lO' 7
Strain mode: Axial

Cable type: D- 260- 3905 pol ed

Frequency

(Hz)

Axial

(m X

Motion

lO"*^)

Cable Response

(A)

15. 1 .50 6 .k X 1 o'-8

15. 3 .05 1 .5 X lo'-7

20. 1 52 2 .8 X lo"-8

20. 2 97 k .6 X lO'-8

30. 0 38 1 .0 X lo'

-8

-8

30. 0 79 1 .7 X lO" ^0. 0 38 7 .6 X

10"-9

ko. 0 79 1 .7 X lO"

-8

50. 0 38 9 .0 X

10"-9

-8

50. 0 79 1 .5 X

10°

60. 0 38 7 .6 X lO"

•9

60. 0 79 1 7 X lO"

-8

70. 0. 38 1 0 X lO"

-8

70. 0. 79 1 8 X lO"

8

80. 0. 38 1 0 X

10"8

80. 0. 79 2. 1 X lO"

8

90. 0. 38 1 0 X lO"

8

8

90. 0. 79 1 . 9 X lO'

100. 0. 38 7. 6 X lO"

•9

8

0. 79 1 . 9 X lO'

Cable type: 0 -260 -3905 unpol ed

Frequency

(Hz)

Axial Mot ion

(m)

Cable Response

(A)

0.1 - 60 2.03 X This cable type produced

no measurable response

above noise to axial

stra i n

.

8A
Strain mode: Torsional

Cable type: 260-3905 poled

r icv^uciivy

(Hz)

Angl e (rad)

P 'I K 1 A R^c nnn ^

p

(A)

0 0 'i 10 7. 0 X I111n noII \j ISP 1 J

5 0 7. 0 X i n no i se

10. 7. 0 X 10-^ i n no i s

20. k. 8 X 10-^ 1.2 X 10-1°

30. 2. 8 X 10-^ 1.6 X 10-1°

40. 1 . 7 X lo-« 6.8 X 10-1°

50. 1 . 3 X 10-^ 7.0 X 10-1°

60. 7. 6 X 10-7 7.5 X 10-1°

70. 5. 6 X 10-7 5.5 X 10-1°

80. 5. 2 X 10-7 5.0 X 10-1°

90. 3. 0 X 10-7 1.0 X 10-1°

100. 2. 6 X 10-7 1 .0 X IQ-^

i
Strain mode: Torsional

Cable type: D--260-3905 unpol ed

Frequency Angle Cable Response

(Hz) (rad) (A)

|-. 0.05, 0.5, 2 0. 8.0 X

10* in noise

V- 3.0, 4.0, 5 0 8.0 X 10 in noise

; 10. 7.8 X lo"^

1 1 k.O X lO"'

20. h.k X lo'^

- 1 2 5.0 X 10

; ^2. 1.1 X 10"^ 9.5 X lO""

50. 9.6 X lo"'^

-1 1 3.0 X 10 "

i 72

.

3.k X lO"'^ 3.2 X I0"^°

100.

1

'

•

1

1

2.2 X 10~^ 8.0 X lo'^'

86
j Strain mode: Hydrostatic pressure

i (bulk compression)

Cable type: d-270-3953 poled

Repetition Frequency Pressure Cable Response

\,tiz) \r3 X l\J ) /a V 1 n~ 1 1 'i

0 1 8.3 "7 r\ 7.0

0W.I1 k 8 5.0

0 I / . 0

"7 A 7.0

U • ^ /l ft 3.0

9 c; 3.0

? • T 9.0

5 • p 5.0

] 7 Z . 0

1 0 7. 1 0 . 0

KQ 2.2 6.0

1.0 1.2 1 .8

1.5 1.7 8.0

1.5 1.4 6.0

1.5 0.7 l.,8

2.0 1.7 7.0

2.0 1.2 5.0

2.0 0.6 3.6
Strain mode: Hydrostatic pressure j (bul k compress ion)

j

Cable type: 0-270-3953-?-] poled (before water soak)

Reoetition Frequency | Pressure Cable Response

(Hz)

i (Pa X 10"^) (A X 10"iM

i

1 0.1 1 8.3

i 6.9

1 0.1 i 4.8 5.0 1 0.1 ! 2.5 2.7 i

, 0.5 1 5.4 8.8 j .0.5 i 3.5 5.0 1 1.7 2.8 i 2.0 • .1! 1.7 6.4 i 2.0 ;

.

, j 1.2 5.2 ; 2.0 i

. . »

' ''

i

1 ,

.

• j

0.6 3.5

i

88
Strain mode: Hydrostatic pressure

(bulk compression)

Cable type: D-270-3953-P- 1 poled (after water soak of 2k hours)

Repetition Frequency

(Hz)

Pressure

(Pa X 10**)

Cable Response

(A X

10"^ 1)

0.1 8.3 4.0

0.1 4.8 2.8

O.l 2.5 2.4

0.2 8.3 4.0

0.2 A.

2.8

0.2 2.5 2.0

0.5 5.4 5.0

0.5 3.5 4.4

0.5 1.7 2.4

1.0 3.1 6.0

1.0 2.2 4.8

1.0 1.2 2.4

1.5 1.7 6.0

1.5 1.4 4.4

1.5 0.7 2,8

2.0 1.7 5.0

2.0 1.2 4.4

2.0 0.6 0.7

89
Strain mode: Hydrostatic pressure

(bul k compress ion)

Cable type: D-270-3953-P- 1 poled (after water soak for 120 hours)

Reoetition Frequency

(Hz)

Pressure

(Pa X 10^)

Cable Response

(A X 10" 11)

0.

1

0. 1 0.1

0.5

0.5

0.5

2.0

2.0

2.0

8.3

^.8

2.5

3.5

1.7

1.7

1.2

0.6

^.0

3.6

2.8

8.0

4.8

2.8

6.0

5.0

3.2

90
Strain mode: Hydrostatic pressure

(bulk compression)

Cable type: D-270-3953 unpoled

Repetition Frequency

(Hz)

Pressure

(Pa X ID**)

Cable Response

(A X 10"11)

0.1 8.3 1.2

0.1 k.8 1.0

O.l 2.5 0.6

0.2 8.3 1.2

0.2 k.B 1.1

0.2 2.5 1 .0 s 0.5 5.^ 1.9

0.5 3.5 1.3

0.5 1.7 1.1

1.0 3.1 1.8

1.0 2.2 1 .2

1.0 1.2 1.1

1.5 1.7 1.8

1.5 1.^ 1.2

1.5 0.7 1 ,0

2.0 1.7 1.6

2.0 1.2 1.2

2.0 0.6 0.9

91
Strain mode: Hydrostatic pressure

(bulk compression) j

Cable type: D-270-3953-U- 1 unpoled (before water soak)

Repetition Frequency Pressure Cable Response | (Hz) j (Pa X lO'*) (A X lO'^M

j

0.1 ! 8.3

}

j 0.1 ! ^.8 1.0 1

0.1

i

i 2.5 n t 1 O.D I 0.5

0.5 ! 3.5 1.2 i

0.5

i 0.8 i

2.0 1.6 1 2.0 1.2 1.2

2.0 0.6 1.0

!

1

f

i

i

i

!

i

,

1i

1

1

92
Strain mode: Hydrostatic pressure

(bulk compression)

Cable type; D-270-3953-U- 1 unpoled (after water soak of 2k hours)

Repetition Frequency

(Hz)

Pressure

(Pa X lO'*)

Cable Response

(A X lO'^l)

0.1 8.3 2.k

0.1 4.8 2.0

O.l 2.5 1.4

0.2 8.3 2.k

0.2 4.8 2.0

0.2 2.5 1.6

0.5 5.4 3.6

0.5 3.5 3.2

0.5 1.7 2.4

1.0 3.1 3.2

1.0 2.2 2.k

1.0 1.2 2.0

1.5 1.7 3.2

1.5 1.4 2.4

1.5 0.7 2.0

2.0 1.7 2.8

2.0 1.2 2.4

2.0 0.6 1.8

93
Strain mode: Bending

Cable type: D-270-3953 unpoled

Frequency

(Hz)

Radius of Curvature

(m X 103)

Cable Response

(A)

0.02, 0.2, Q.k, 1 .0

5.0

10.

15.

20.

25.

30. .

'

38. ,

^5.

50.

2.868

2.868

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

in noise

in noise

2.0 X 10

5.2 X 10

2.0 X lO" 8.0 X lO"

1 .7 X 10

1.1 X 10

8.0 X 10

5.4 X 10

5.2 X 10

5.0 X 10

-12

-12

12

12

-11

-11

-13

-11

-11

-1

1

3k
Strain mode: Hydrostatic pressure

(bulk compression)

Cable type: D-275-3933 poled *

RpDPt i f ion FrpQUPncv

(Hz)

P rp c:

> 1 ^ 0 D 1u1 r1 pc (Pa X lO'*)

Cable Response

(A X 10

0.1 8.3 k . 0

0.1 A.

3.0

O.l 2.5 L , U

0.2 8.3 /i n H . 0

0.2 k.B 3.0

0.2 2.5 2 .

0.5 5.

0.5 3.5 4.0

0.5 1.7 2.0

1.0 3.1 5.0

1.0 2.2 3.0

1.0 1,2 2.5

1.5 1.7 5.0

1.5 \.k 5.0

1.5 0.7 2.0

2.0 1.7 2.0

2.0 1.2 2.0

2.0 0.6 2.0

95
Strain mode: Hydrostatic pressure

(bulk compression) .

Cable type: D-275-3933 poled

Reoetition Frequency

(Hz)

! Pressure

^ra X 1 u ; Cable Response 1

0. 1

i

1 S.3

1

1 4.0 1 0.1 " . 7.5 !

: . 0.1 6.6

0. 1 fl 5.8 3.!

1 0.1 ^.8 3.0 ! 0.1 3.6 2.7

;

. 0.1 2.5 2.0

\ c.i

'.

1

i

- ^ •

I

i

1

j

i

1

I

i

i

1.6

/.

1

!

!

1 -C

i

!

)

f

!

96
Strain mode: Hydrostatic pressure

(bulk compression)

Cable type: unpoled

(Hz)

P 1* o c c M o (Pa X 10**)

1Ldo—» f~» 1 n D Q c ^^ f~\. n c ^ 1 c rvesponse

(A X lO'^M

0.1 8.3 2.0

O.l ^.8 1 .8

O.l 2.5 1 .0

0.2 8.3 2.2

0.2 A.

I .8

0.2 2.5 1.2

Q.5 5.

1.8

0.5 3.5 1.7

0.5 1.7 1 .0

1.0 3.1 2.0

1.0 2.2 1.3

1.0 1.2 1 .2

1.5 1.7 1.8

1.5 l.^ 1.5

1.5 0.7 1 ..2 2.0 1.7 1.8

2.0 1.2 1.5

2,0 0.6 1-3

97
Strain mode: Hydrostatic pressure

{bul k compress i on)

Cable type: d-275-3933 unpoled

Reoetition Frequency

(Hz)

Pressure

(Pa X 10^)

Cable Response

(A X 10-11)

O.l ! 8.3 2.0

0.1 i 7.5 2.0

o.l i 6.6 1.9

0.1

• 5.8 1.8

0.1 k.S 1.8

0.1 i 3.6 1.6

0.1 i 2.5 1 .0

0.1

' 1.6 0.1

98
St ra i n mode

Hydrostatic pressure j (bul k compress i on)

j

Cable type: D-275-3933-U

unpoled (be fore water soak)

|

j Reoetition Frequency i Pressure

i i Cable ResDonse [ (Hz) , (Pa X 10^) ! (A X

I0'~il) '

! i

0.1 i 8.3

i 1.9 ! 0.1 ! ^.8 1-7 ^

i 0.1 i 2.5 0.9 ! 0.5 i 5.

1.7

1 0.5

j 3.5 1.6 \ 0.5 ; 1.7 0.8 '

2.0

j 1.7 1.6 ! 2.0 i 1.2

2.0 ! 0.6 0.8

I

i

I

i

i

!

I

j

99
Strain mode: Hydrostatic pressure

(bu 1 k compress i on)

Cable type: D-275-3933-U- 1 unpoled (after water soak for 2k hours)

Reoetition Frequency i (Hz) i

Pressure

(Pa X 10^)

j Cable Response

(A X I 0" i 1

)

100
Strain mode: Hydrostatic pressure

(bul k compress ion)

|

Cable type • D-275-3933-U-I unpoled (after water soak for 48 hours)

1

RpDe t i t i on

(H

!

1 VV| W 1 1 w T f ^)

i

Pressure

(Pa X lO'^)

Cable Response

(A X lO'il)

i

0. 1

1 8 .3 0.

i 5 1 0. 1

i k 8 0. i

0. 1

1 2 5 0. '

i 0. 5 i 5 k 1

:

0, 5 i 3 5 0. i

0. 1

7 0. 5 j

2. 0

i 1 7 0. 9 i

2.

i

1 2 c. 5

2, 0 i

t

i

!

I

1

!

)

1

1

i

!

)

1

/

(

j

i

j

1

1

0 6 0.

j

j

j

i

101
Strain mode: Bending

Cable type: D-275-3933 poled

Frequency

(Hz)

Radius of Curvature

(m X 103)

1.0, 2.0

5.0

10.

12.

\k.

16.

18.

20.

22.

2A.

26.

28.

30.

32.

3A.

36.

38.

1*0.

^5.

50.

55.

60.

65.

70.

2.822

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.699

2.5^9

2.515

2.699

15.30

Cable Response

(A)

1 n no 1 se

2. 0 X

3. 0 X

6. 0 X

6. 5 X

6. 5 X

7. 0 X io-'2

8. 5 X io-'2

1 . 0 X 10-"

1

.

2 X 10-"

1

.

3 X 10-"

1 5 X I0-"

1 7 X 10-"

2 2 X 10-"

3 0 X 10-"

2 .3 X 10-"

2 .9 X 10-"

3 .3 X 10-"

k .6 X 10-"

6 .6 X 10-"

1 .2 X 10-'°

2 .0 X 10-'°

2 .6 X 10-'°

5 .0 X 10-'°

102
Strain mode: Bend i ng

Cable type: D-275-3933 unpoled

Frequency

(Hz)

0.2, 0.5, 1 -0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

10.

15.

20.

22.

Zk.

26.

28.

30.

32.

3A.

36.

38.

55.

60.

65.

Radius of Curvature

(m X 103)

Cable Response

(A)

3.824 i n TO se 3.824 1.2 X

3.824 1 .3 X io-'2

3.824 1 .2 X io-'2

3.824 1 .4 X ,o-'2

3.824 1.2 X

2.699 1.4 X 2.699 1.6 X 2.699 .1 .8 X io-'2

2.699 2.1 X 2.699 2.3 X

- 1 9

2.699 2.5 X

2.699 2.9 X io-'2

2.699 3.6 X

2.699 2.2 X 10-"

2.699 1 .2 X 10-"

2.699 8.0 X 10-'^

2.699 1 .

X 10-"

2.699 7.0 X io-'2

2.699 2.3 X 10-"

103
Strain mode: Axial

Cable type: D-275-3933 poled

Frequency

(Hz)

Axial Motion

(m X

10~'»)

Cable Response

(A)

0,05 2.03 In noi se 0.5 1.98 3.^ X lo"

9

0.2 1.98 In no I se

1.0 1.98 6,9 X lo"

9

2.0 1.98 2.2 X lo"

-8

3.0 1.98 A.

3

X lo'

-8

k.O 1.98 6.7 X lo'

-8

1.98

8

5.0 7.5 X lo"

10. 1.98 1.9 X lo'

•7

20. 2.16 1.8 X lo'

•7

30. 2.16 3.8 X

10*7

ho. 2.16 3.6 X lo'

7

60. 2.16 3.2 X lo'

7

70. 2.16 3.6 X lO'

-7

80. 2.16 3.3 X lo"

•7

90. 2.16 3.2, X lo"

7

100. 2.16 3.1 X io"

•7

\

"

. 1 0^
•

• Strain mode: Axlal

Cable type: 0-275" 3933 unpol ed

Frequency Axial Motion Cable Response

(Hz) (m X

10''*) (A)

0.02, 0.025, 0.05, 0. 11 1.52 In noise

0.02, 0.025, 0.05, 0. 11 3.05 In noise

0.25 1.52 In noise

0.25 3.10 k.2 X 10-'°

0.50 1.52 In noise

0.50 3.05 1 0 X 10-9

0.75 1.52 ! n 1lol se 0.75 3.05 X 10-9

1.0 1 .50 ^.3 X 10-9

1.0 3.07 8.6 X 10-9

2,0 1 .50 6.4 X

10-9

1.1

o 3.0 1.50 X 10-8

3.0 3.05 2.3 X 10-8

^.0 1 .52 1.5 X

10-8

k,0 3.05 3.4 X 10-8

2.0 10-8 5.0 1.52 X

5.0

• 3.05 5.0 X 10-8

10. 1 .52 8.6 X 10-8

10. 3.05 1.7 X 10-7

' 15. 1.52 1.3 X 10-7

15. 3.05 2.3 X 10-7

20. 1.52 k.6 X 10-7

20. 3.05 9.2 X lQ-7

in.s
Strain mode: Axial

Cable type: D-275- 3933 unpoled

Frequency

(Hz)

Axial Motion Cable Response

(A)

30. 0.38 1.7 X 10'-8

30. 7.87 3.2 X lo'

-8

ho. 0.38 X 10'

-8

ko. 7.87 2.9 X 10'-8

50. 0.38 1.3 X 10'•8

. 50. 7.87 2.5 X lO"

•8

60.

' 0.38 1.3 X

10"8

60. 7.87 2.7 X lo'

•8

70. 0.38 l.^» X lo"

•8

70. 7.87 3.1 X lO"

•8

80, 0.38 1.6 X lO'

•8

80. 7.87 3.8 X lo'

-8

0.38

-8

90. 1.7 X lO'

90. 7.87 3.^ X lO'

-8

100. 0.38 1.8 X lO'

-8

100. 7.87 3.8 X lo'

8

106
Strain mode: Torsional

Cable type: D-275--3933 pel ed

Frequency Angle Cable Response

(Hz) (rad) (A)

• ———-—-~———

0.02, 0.05, 0.5, 1. 0 8.0 X i n no i se 5.0 8.3 X 10-^ 2.0 X lo"''

13. 8.1 X 10-^ 1.0 X 1 0~'

15. 8.1 X 10-^ 5.0 X 10"'°

30. 2.8 X 10-^ 2.k X 1 0~^

kl. ] .2 X 10-^ 6.8 X 10"^

50, 8. it X 10 ' 5.0 X 10~'°

8A. ^.0 X 1 u 5.0 X lO"^

90. 3.^ X 7.0 X 10"'°

110. 1.6 X 10-7 6.4 X 10~^

170. 6.0 X k.k X lo"^

Cable type: 0-275" 3933 unpol ed

Frequency Angl e Cable Response

(Hz) ( rad) (A)

0.05 - 80. 8. Ox 10~^ 2.6 X lo"^ This cable type produced no mea«=iurab 1 e re*

sponse above noise to

torsional strain.

107
Strain mode: Hydrostatic pressure

(bulk compression)

Cable type: NBS-made FEP poled

Repetition Frequency

(Hz)

Pressure

(Pa X 10**)

Cable Response

(A X 10"! 0)

0.1 8.3 2.4

O.l 4.8 2.0

O.l 2.5 1.4

0.2 8.3 2.0

0.2 k.B 1 .6

0.2 2.5 1.0

Q.5 5.4 2.4

0.5 3.5 1.6

0.5 1.7 1 .2

1.0 3.1 2.0

1.0 2.2 1 .4

1.0 1.2 1 .2

1.5 1.7 2.0

K5 1.4 1.4

1.5 0.7 1 .0

2.0 1.7 2.0

2.0 1.2 1 .4

2.0 0.6 1 .0

108
Strain mode: Hydrostatic pressure

(bulk compression)

Cable type: NBS-made FEP unpoled

Repetition Frequency

(Hz)

Pressure

(Pa X lO"*)

Cable Response

(A X 10"^^)

0.1 8.3 1 .4

0.1 4.8 1.4

O.l 2.5 0.6

0.2 8.3 1.4

0.2 4.8 1.4

0.2 2.5 0.8

0.5 5.4 1 .4

0.5 3.5 1.0

0.5 1.7 0.7

1.0 3.1 1 .5

1.Q 2.2 1.2

l.O 1.2 1.0

1.5 1.7 1.5

1.5 1.4 1 .2

1.5 0.7 0.8

2.0 1.7 1.4

2.0 1.2 1 .0

2.0 0.6 0.8

109
Strain mode: Hydrostatic pressure

(bulk compression)

Cable type: NBS-made FEP unpoled (with polyolefin jacket)

Repetition Frequency

(Hz)

Pressure

(Pa X lO**)

Cable Response

(A X lO'lO)

0.1 8.3 1.8

0.1 4.8 1.6

O.l 2.5 1.4

0.2 8.3 1.6

0.2 A.

8

\,k

0.2 2.5 0.7

0.5 ' f' 5.

A

1.6

,

•

' - f'. 0.5 3.5 1.4

0.5 '

" 'V 1.7 1 .0

1.0 3.1 1.6

1.0 2.2 1.4

1.0 1.2 1 .0

1.5 1.7 1.5

1.5 \.k 1.2

1.5 0.7 1 .D 2.0 1.7 1.3

2.0 1.2 1 .2

2.0 0.6 1.0

no
Strain mode: Axial

Axial Motion

(m X

10"'^)

Cable Response

(A)

1.52

1.^7

1 .50

1 .55

1.37

1 .27

1.52

0.76

0.76

0.76

in no I se 6.8 X 10

5.3 X lO"

1 .0 X lO'

2.0 X 10

7.6 X 10

5.0 X 10

2.5 X 10

2.1 X 10

1.1 X 10

-10

-8

-8

-8

-8

-8

-8

Cable type: NBS-made FEP poled

Frequency

(Hz)

0.05

0.5

1.0

2.5

5.0

10.

25.

50.

75.

100.

Cable type: NBS-made FEP unpoled

Frequency (onse

(Hz)

Axial Motion

(m X lO"'^)

Cable Resp

(A X lo"^

0.05, 0. 1 , 0.2, 0.25

0.5

1 .0

2.5

5.0

10.

25.

50.

70.

90.

100.

3.05

3.10

3.10

3.10

3.15

3.15

3.20

0.38

0.38

0.38

0.38

in no I se

0.1

0.5

0.91

2.0

7.2

5.9

0.5

1 .6

1 .

0.76
Strain mode: Torsional

Cable type: NBS-made FEP poled

Frequency Angl e Cable Response

(Hz) (rad) (A)

0.02, 0.05, 1 .0 8.0 X 10-^ in no i se

... 5.0 7.8 X 10-^ 7.5 X 10-"

7.5 6.8 X io-^ k.Q X 10-'°

10. 6.8 X :o-^ 6.0 X 10-"

12. 6.5 X 10-^ 3.6 X 10-'°

- 15. 5.7 X 10-^ 2.2 X 10-'°

20. 5.7 X 10-^ 1 .2 X io-'°

6.6 X 10-7 2.0 X 10-'°

' 60. 4.8 X 10-7 3.0 X 10-9

7-5. k.O X 10-7 2.0 X 10-9

180. . ,1 i./t X 10-7 6.0 X 10-9

(

i

112
Strain mode: Torsional

Cable type: NBS-made FEP unpoled

Freduencv Angle Cable Response

(Hz) (rad) (A)

0.02. 0.05, 0.5,1.0 ft n X 10-^ in noise

2.0 0 . 1 X 10"^ 4.0 X lO"'^

k.O ft n X 1 .4 X 10"''

5.0 8.2 X 2.4 X lO"''

10, 20, 30 8.0 X 10-^ in noise

42. 1 .

X 10-^ 6.0 X 10"'°

50. 8.4 X 10-7 8.0 X lO"'

74. 4.0 X 10-7 1.5 X 10-10

80. 3.4 X 1 0 3.0 X 10"'°

85. 3.0 X 10-7 3.5 X 10-10

90. 2.8 X 10-7 4.0 X lo'll

100. 2.2 X 10-7 3.2 X 10

)

i

\

113
Cable type: NBS-made pol yvi ny 1 1 dene fluoride unpoled

Repetition Frequency

(Hz)

Pressure

(Pa X 10'^)

Cable Response

(A)

Strain mode: Hyarostatic pressure j (bul k compress ion)

j

0.1 - 2.0 1.7 - 8.3 This cable type produced no measurable

response above noise

to hydrostatic pressure.
APPENDIX

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USCOMM-NBS-DC 115
,'.'1, fr •"I i
FORM NBS-114A (»-7l) U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. 1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. 2. Gov't Accession

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA k-^^o - SHEET '^^•^i'^N n^-Hls;

3. Recipient's Accession No.

Test Methods for Determining Coaxial Cable Response to

Bending Strain, Bulk Compression (Hydrostatic Pressure),

Axial Tension, and Torsional Strain

5. Publication Date

[B. Kertorming t^jrganization <^oae

7. AUTHOR(S) , , , , J.F. Mayo-Wells, S. Edelman, and J. Jacobs

8. Performing Orgnn ization

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. 4253445

11. Contract/Grant .Mo. UN CLAS/711A2167

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address

Defense Special Projects Group

TI S. Naval Oh«;PTval"nrv 751 Hp Sfi Washington, D. C. 20305

Tunf* of Rpnnrr P'°»'iod Final Report

July, 1972

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) Test methods have been developed for measuring the response of

SDecImen one~meter lenaths of coaxia] cable*; considered as sensina

elements, to four separate types of strain: bending strain, bulk com- pression, axial tension, and torsional strain. Measurements were made

on commercially available coaxial cables and on coaxial cables made in

the laboratory from insulated wire and wire braid. Cable dielectric

materials investigated include tetraf luoroethylene (TFE), fluorinated

ethylene propylene (FEP) , cellular FEP, polyethylene, cellular polyethylene, and polyvinyl chloride. Data from the measurements are included in ol|»^ £L^ <cJ^^ ^ —

17. K"PV wnnr^c <ai~u-l_.- • Cable; coaxial; mechanical; response; strain

18. AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

[^UNLIMITED.

1 1 FOR OFFIQAL DISTRIBUTION. DO NOT RELEASE

TO NTIS.

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCL ASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

22. Price

USCOMM-DC 66244.P7I
I

I
Ill