NBSIR 76-1 185(e)

A Manual of Stainless Steel

Data for Meat and Poultry

Processing Equipment

I. J. Feinberg

Mechanical Properties Section

Metallurgy Division

Institute for Materials Research

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

December 1976

Prepared for Technical Services, Animal and

Plant Health Inspection Service,

Meat and Poultry Inspection Program

U.S. Department of Agriculture

NBSIR 76-1185

A MANUAL OF STAINLESS STEEL

DATA FOR MEAT AND POULTRY

PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

I. J. Feinberg

Mechanical Properties Section

Metallurgy Division

Institute for Materials Research

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

December 1976

Prepared for Technical Services, Animal and

Plant Health Inspection Service,

Meat and Poultry Inspection Program

U.S. Department of Agriculture

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Elliot L. Richardson, Secretary

Edward O. Vetter, Under Secretary

Dr. Betsy Ancker-Johnson, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler. Acting Director

Table of Contents

Page

ABSTRACT ii

1. INTRODUCTION..' 1

2. EQUIPMENT MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS AND

APPLICABLE MATERIALS 1

3. NATURE OF STAINLESS STEELS 1

3.1 Stainless and Heat Resisting Steel Defined 1

3.2 Classification and Characteristics of

Stainless Steels 2

3.2.1 Classification 2

3.2.2 General Characteristics 2

4. IDENTIFICATION OF STAINLESS STEEL ALLOYS 3

5. SELECTION OF ALLOYS 5

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY 11

7. CREDIT 12

3. ACKNOWLEDGMENT 13

TABLE 1 - Wrought and Cast Equipment Material Requirements and

Applicable Materials

TABLE 2 - Wrought Alloy Numbering Systems

TABLE 3 - Stainless Steel Wrought Alloys

TABLE 4 - Stainless Steel Casting Alloys

l
ABSTRACT

This manual presents selected data identifying wrought and

cast stainless steel alloys commonly used for meat and poultry

processing equipment. Essential material requirements for meat

and poultry processing equipment are given. Alloy compositions

and characteristics are described, and alternative materials are suggested

Disclaimer

Certain trade names and company products are identified in

order to adequately specify the materials. In no case does such

identification imply recommendation or endorsement by the National

Bureau of Standards.

11
A MANUAL OF STAINLESS STEEL DATA FOR MEAT

AND POULTRY PROCESSING EQUIPMENT 1.

INTRODUCTION

Problems of fabricators or vendors concerned with stainless

steel equipment applications in meat and poultry processing are frequently directed to Technical Services, Equipment Group, Meat

and Poultry Inspection Program, of the United States Department

of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. In

the maintenance of rigid sanitary standards, Technical Services

also supplies information about stainless steel alloy properties

and usage to Department of Agriculture inspectors in meat and

poultry processing plants.

The purpose of this document is to provide data which identify

and describe stainless steels and which may assist Technical

Services in dealing with problems involving these steels. Whereas

these data are primarily intended for meat and poultry processing

equipment applications, most of the data are quite general and may

find application in other areas.

2.

EQUIPMENT MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS AND APPLICABLE MATERIALS

Table 1 gives material requirements for components of meat and

poultry processing equipment. Stainless steel alloys and other

materials currently used in the manufacture of specific components

are also listed in the table. This latter information was obtained

from data supplied by equipment manufacturers. Alternative stainless steel alloys which meet essential material requirements are

also suggested for those cases where currently specified alloys are unavailable or deviations from these alloys are considered.

3.

NATURE OF STAINLESS STEELS

3 . 1 Stainless and Heat Resisting Steel Defined

Stainless steels are alloys in which iron is the predominant

element. The stainless grades contain at least 10 percent chromium,

and the heat resisting grades contain at least 4 percent chromium,

with or without additions of other elements. The principal use of

both of these steels is in applications requiring resistance to

oxidation and/or corrosion. Stainless steels are also frequently

referred to as corrosion resistant alloys.
3.2 Classification and Characteristics of Stainless Steels

3.2.1 Classification

Stainless steel alloys may be subdivided into the following

classes

:

Class I - Martensitic. Representative steels are S41000, S42000,

S431000 and S44004.

Class II - Ferritic. Representative steels are S40500, S42900

and S43000.

Class III - Austenitic. Representative steels are S20100, S30400,

S30500 and S31600.

Class IV - Precipitation Hardening. Representative steels are

S31800, S15500, S35000 and S35500.

3.2.2 General Characteristics

Class I - Martensitic . These straight chromium steels are so designated because they can be hardened by a quench and temper

heat treatment similar to that applied to ordinary carbon steels.

Carbon content of these steels ranges from about 0.10 to about 1.20

percent. As carbon content increases, heat treatment can result in

increased hardness and decreased ductility. Hardening results from

a transformation. The Class I steels are not used where severe corrosion conditions exist, as is the case in many chemical

processes. Brine and chlorides will pit these materials. The

corrosion resistance generally increases with chromium content and

corrosion resistance of Class I steels is better in the hardened

condition than in the annealed or soft condition.

Class II - Ferritic . These straight chromium steels generally are

not hardenable by heat treatment because phase changes amenable to

hardening do not occur on cooling these materials from selected

temperatures. Carbon content of these steels ranges from about

0.08 to about 0.20 percent. They are hardenable only by cold

working. These steels are quite resistant to stress corrosion and

have been found to do well in many cases where Class III alloys

fail, particularly in chloride-containing waters.

Class III - Austenitic . These are iron chromium-nickel alloys and

iron-chromium-nickel-manganese alloys. The iron-chromium-nickel

type alloys are the most widely used in meat processing. Carbon

content of these steels ranges from about 0.03 to about 0.25

percent. Class III steels are hardenable only by cold working.

They are essentially nonmagnetic, but become somewhat magnetic

after severe cold working due to transformation. Most Class III

steels contain nickel as a principal alloying element, but

2
relatively new ones like S20100 and S20200 contain less nickel and

substantial amounts of manganese. The Class III steels possess

better corrosion resistance than the straight chromium (Class I and

Class II) steels; indeed, the iron-chromium-nickel type Class III

steels are regarded as having the best corrosion resistance of the

four classes. Corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance

generally increase with increased nickel and chromium contents.

Class IV - Precipitation Hardening . The precipitation-hardened or age-hardened steels are so designated because they are hardened and

strengthened by precipitation hardening with high strength attainable.

Precipitation hardening procedures vary with alloy composition and

mechanical properties desired. The procedures generally involve a solution anneal and selected cooling or quenching from solution

annealing temperatures; followed by heating (aging) for substantial

times at temperatures in the range of 800 to 1000 F. The corrosion

resistance of this class is generally inferior to that of Class III,

stainless steels.

4. IDENTIFICATION OF STAINLESS STEEL ALLOYS

A large number of wrought (1) stainless steel alloys differing

in composition are in use nationally. To facilitate their identification, numbering systems have been devised by both Government

agencies and technical societies. Numbering systems administered

by particular organizations are identified by the prefixes listed

in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Wrought Alloy Numbering Systems

System Prefix

UNS (Unified numbering Joint Activity of the Society of

system) (2) Automotive Engineers and the American

Society for Testing and Materials.

(1) Stainless steels are available in semifinished forms as blooms,

billets, slabs, rods and tube rounds. The semifinished forms may be

shaped mechanically into finished plate, sheet, strip, bar, structural

shapes, round and flat wire and tubing. These finished materials are categorized as wrought materials. However, not all grades are available in all of the finished forms.

(2) The Unified Numbering System (UNS) is a recently instituted

and greatly needed means of correlating many nationally used numbering

systems. It provides the uniformity necessary for efficient indexing,

record keeping, data storage and retrieval and cross-referencing. A

given UNS number is not a specification. It is a unified identification number for the metal or alloy, for which controlling limits have

been established in specifications published elsewhere.

3
TABLE 2 (continued)

AISI (specifications)

ASTM (Specifications)

SAE (Specifications)

MIL (Military

specifications)

FED (Federal

specif ications)

AMS (Specifications)

American Iron and Steel Institute,

1000 Sixteenth Street, N. W.

,

Washington, D.C. 20036.

American Society for Testing and

Materials, 1916 Race Street,

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103.

Society of Automotive Engineers,

400 Commonwealth Drive,

Warrendale, Pennsylvania 15096.

U.S. Dept, of Defense, Naval

Publications and Forms Center,

5801 Tabor Avenue, Philadelphia,

Pennsylvania 19120.

United States General Services

Administration, Specification Sales,

(3FRSBS), Bldg. 197, Washington,

D.C. 20407.

Society of Automotive Engineers,

400 Commonwealth Drive,

Warrendale, Pennsylvania 15096.

Table 3, "Stainless Steel Wrought Alloys," identifies each

according to its UNS designation and also provides a cross reference

to AISI, ASTM, SAE, MIL, FED and AMS specifications, where these

specifications are available. Table 3 also provides the nominal

analysis and classification of individual alloys. The alloys

listed in Table 3 comprise the bulk of the wrought stainless steel

tonnage presently in use.

Table 4 identifies frequently used stainless steel casting

alloys. At present these alloys are not included in the Unified

Numbering System. However, these alloys are often identified by

numbers assigned by the Alloy Casting Institute (ACI) Division,

Steel Founders Society of America, whose numbers may be considered

to be key numbers for identification. Table 4 also gives nominal

compositions and lists available ASTM, SAE, MIL and AMS specifications in cross reference.

Some characteristics and suitable applications of the wrought

and casting alloys are also given in Tables 3 and 4, respectively.

4
5. SELECTION OF ALLOYS

The basic factors that enter into the choice of a stainless

are (1) suitability to the intended service from a property standpoint, (2) economical f abricability into the desired component, and

(3) commercial availability when and as needed.

The principal reason for the widespread use of stainless steel

in meat and poultry processing equipment is that stainless steel

can be cleaned with relative ease in the maintenance of sanitary

conditions. Stainless steel alloys are available that can readily

withstand the types of corrosive environments and service conditions

encountered in meat and poultry processing and have a long service

life. Furthermore the availability of stainless steels in compositions and forms suitable for the fabrication of a large variety of

equipment components also contributes to its widespread use.

Fabricators are influenced by costs as well as design requirements in the selection of a stainless steel alloy for a given

component. The alloy content of a stainless is frequently an important factor in its cost. Usually, the higher the alloy

content, the higher the cost and a fabricator may sometimes wish

to reduce costs through the use of alloys with lower alloy

contents. Technical Services is especially concerned with design

considerations which promote sanitary conditions; for example,

flush grinding of weld beads to avoid recesses and avoidance of

sharp corners where debris can accumulate. Design details such as this have been well documented (1)

.

Corrosion resistance, scaling (heat) resistance, acceptable

mechanical properties, fabricability by cold operations, galling

resistance, weldability and cutting edge retention are property

requirements applicable to meat and poultry processing equipment

components. It may be necessary to consider one or more of these

requirements in making a selection or substitution of a stainless

for a particular component.

Because of their availability in a large number of sizes of

sheet, plate, bars, et cetera, their good corrosion resistance

and general ease of fabrication; the iron-chromium-nickel alloys,

Class III (AISI 300 series) have the most widespread application

in meat and poultry processing equipment. However, the use of

stainless steel need not be limited to the iron-chromium-nickel

alloys. Frequently, other alloys may be just as suitable, or

(1) Accepted Meat and Poultry Equipment (MPl-2) , Scientific and

Technical Services, Meat and Poultry Inspection Program, Animal

and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of

Agriculture, May 1975; Equipment Standards, page 5.

5
better, for a given application and at lower cost.

Corrosion Resistance - The degree of corrosion resistance of

iron alloys containing chromium is generally a function of chromium

content. Stainless steels that have extra low carbon contents and

relatively high chromium contents 10 percent or more chromium

have very good corrosion resistance toward a wide variety of

corrodents. Nickel stands next to chromium in importance as an alloying element in stainless steel. In addition to conferring

valuable mechanical properties, nickel extends the resistance to

corrosion by neutral chloride solutions and by acids of low

oxidizing capacity when it is present in an alloy in amounts greater

than 6 or 7 percent. Fully austenitic Class III iron-chromium-nickel

alloys of the 18-8 variety (18% chromium - 8% nickel) are the finest

of all stainless alloys from the combined standpoints of engineering

properties and corrosion resistance. Nickel broadens the range of

passivity (1) conferred by chromium. These alloys are in general

better than the Class I, Class II and Class IV steels in all

corrosive service. However, they have a mild susceptibility to

pitting, a susceptibility to attack by sulphurous flue or smelter

gases at high temperatures, and a characteristic liability to a type of intergranular deterioration known as sensitization (2).

(1) Passivity, with regard to stainless steels, is a condition

which impedes normal corrosion tendencies because of an impervious

covering of oxide.

(2) Sensitization involves the harmful intergranular precipitation

of chromium carbide in austenitic stainless steels when exposed to

temperatures in the approximate range of 800 to 1500 F. Precipitation increases with increasing carbon content and exposure

time. The principal effect is depletion of chromium content in a thin envelope surrounding each grain, thereby promoting susceptibility

to corrosive attack. Sensitization is prevented by (a) reducing

carbon content to values so low that carbide formation is

inconsequential - less than 0.02 or 0.03% carbon, depending on exposure conditions; (b) using alloy additions of powerful

carbide - formers such as titanium, columbium or tantalum to

"stabilize" the alloy by pre-empting the carbon and thereby protecting

the chromium." From Sensitization - Wrought Stainless Steels , Metals Handbook, Vol. 1, 8th Edition, p. 422.

6
Substances coming in contact with stainless used in meat and

poultry processing equipment range considerably in corrosivity.

Cereals are weakly corrosive. Ingredients of curing pickles such

as acetic acid, ascorbic acid, tomato paste and sugars are weakly

corrosive at the concentrations and temperatures of use. Blood

(pH 7.2) and tissue (pH 7) are weakly corrosive, but become more

corrosive through decomposition on heating. The fatty acids,

stearic, palmitic, oleic and linoleic, individually, vary in

corrosivity but as a group are mildly corrosive. Individual

cleaners and sanitizers also vary in corrosivity. Most of them

contain compounds in which the halogens, chlorine and bromine, are

present. Stainless is susceptible to pitting and/or grain

boundary attack by halogens. Minimization of exposure of stainless

alloys to salt (sodium chloride) or brine solutions and other

solutions containing halogens and thorough rinsing after exposure

is necessary to prevent deterioration of these alloys. Because of

cleaning practices employed to maintain sanitary conditions,

stainless alloys currently used normally have a long service life

in most meat and poultry processing equipment applications.

Alloy S31600 which contains molybdenum, and modifications of

this alloy may be used where more corrosion resistance is required.

Alloy S31700 which contains more molybdenum may be used in

applications requiring more corrosion resistance and strength at higher

temperatures.

Scaling (Heat) Resistance - Oxidation of steels resulting in

the formation of scale occurs at elevated temperatures. Scaling

results in metal loss. The nature of scaling is subject to the

variables affecting oxidation such as fuel or flue gas composition,

method of firing, temperature and pressure or velocity; and with a change in these variables different rates of scaling may be expected.

Resistance to oxidation of stainless increases with increase in

chromium content. Alloy S30400 will scale in continuous service at

1700 F and in intermittent service at 1550 F; whereas alloys S31000

and S44600 will scale in continuous service at 2050 F and 1900 F,

respectively, and in intermittent service at 1900 F and 2050 F,

respectively. The degree of elevated temperature and the nature

of service, intermittent or continuous, are important criteria on which to base selection of an alloy for elevated temperature service.

Acceptable Mechanical Properties - Control of mechanical

properties depends principally on composition, heat treatment and

amount of cold work. Where medium to high strength is required

the Class I - martensitic and Class IV - precipitation hardening

alloys may be prescribed. The Class I steels are available in a variety of compositions and through heat treatment a considerable

range in mechanical properties can be obtained. Alloys S40300,

S41000 and S41600 and their modifications have good strength while

higher strengths are obtainable from S44000 series alloys. S17700

and S35500 are examples of high strength precipitation hardening alloys.

7
Fabricability by Cold Operations - In fabricating stainless

steel a useful division can be made between (a) cold operations

involving tooling and (b) hot operations involving welding, brazing,

soldering, etc. Drawing, spinning, cold upsetting and machining are important cold fabrication operations. Stainless alloys vary

considerably in their fabricability in these operations. Cold

operation procedures are in many cases quite different from that

for the common carbon steels. They generally require more care

but are not particularly difficult. Stainless steel producers

can be consulted for specific information by fabricators when

problem arise in fabricating.

Drawing - Types S30200 and S30400 are most widely used for deep

drawing and S30100 for shallow drawing. The straight chromium

grades S41000, S40300, S40500 and S43000 are acceptable for drawing.

Spinning - All chromium-nickel grades may be formed by spinning

however, types S30500 and S30430 are best for this purpose. Types

S40300, S41000, S40500, S43000 and S44600 of the straight chromium

alloys are formable by spinning.

Cold upsetting - Type S40500 is probably the most suitable and

types S30400 and S30200 are also used. Type S43000 is a suitable

straight chromium grade. Where hardening is called for after

upsetting, types S41000, S42000 and S43100 are frequently employed.

Machining - The machinability of Class I alloys depends to an important extent upon microstructural condition obtained in heat

treatment. Dead-soft annealed Class I steel is tough and "draggy."

Hardened and tempered Class I alloys machine more easily. Class II

steels except for type S44600 machine quite readily. The Class III

chromium nickel alloys are inclined to gall. Precipitation hardened

alloys modified by sulfur or selenium additions have free-machining

properties.

Galling and Spalling - Galling is the development of localized

yielding and roughening on the contacting and rubbing surfaces of one or both of two metallic elements. It may be followed by

spalling and further yielding and roughening. This condition may

develop in some cold fabrication operation such as machining or drilling or on finished parts already in service. Spalling in food

handling service is to be avoided. The Class III chromium-nickel

alloys are the most prone to galling. The tendency of these

alloys to gall is reduced through their modification by the addition

of sulfur or selenium in their compositions. Class II alloys also

have a tendency to gall. Here too, galling is reduced by sulfur

or selenium modification. The Class I, heat treated alloys generally

have the least tendency to gall.

8
Weldability - Weldability refers to the suitability of a metal

for welding processes and the service performance of the resulting

weld. Welding processes are limited for stainless because of

possible chemical reaction of chromium with both carbon and oxygen

at welding temperatures. Carbon arc processes and carboniferous

electrode coatings are not suitable. Metal arc techniques are most suitable. All forms of pressure and resistance welding can

be applied but precautions must be taken with regard to oxidation

of the bonding surfaces.

Class I martensitic steels are susceptible to excessive

hardening with consequent risk of cracking. S40300, S41000 and

S41600 are weldable Class I alloys. However, they require pre-weld

heating and post-weld heating to lessen cracking tendencies. The

high carbon heat treatable Class I alloys are not suitable.

Class II ferritic steels tend toward excessive grain growth

with consequent notch brittleness on welding. S40500, S43000 and

S44600 are weldable Class II alloys. Pre-weld heating is recommended

for these alloys.

The chromium-nickel, Class III alloys are the most weldable.

However, they have a high coefficient of thermal expansion which

may result in distortion and warping. In addition, sensitization

may be a problem in welding all of these alloys. Welding produces

a temperature band alongside the weld which is within the carbide

precipitation range of approximately 800 to 1500 F. Because of

this, unmodified types S30100, S30200, S30500, S30800, and so forth,

require an anneal after welding at around 1850 F. Types S30900,

S31000 and molybdenum bearing S31600 and S31700 are slightly less

susceptible to sensitization. Types S30400, S30900 and S31000 with

carbon contents reduced below 0.08 percent are usable without heat

treatment where corrosion is not severe. With carbon below 0.03

percent in S30403 and S31603, heat treatment is not needed, though

these alloys cannot be used for service in the range of sensitization

temperatures. The stabilized grades such as S32100, S34700 and

S34800 are used without heat treatment where service exposure

temperatures are in the sensitization range. Precipitation hardening

alloys such as S17400 and S17700 can be resistance or fusion welded

by standard production methods.

Free machining modifications in all classes are subject to

porosity and segregation during welding and are not suitable.

Cutting Edge Retention and Resistance to Abrasion - S42000,

commonly known as the cutlery grade is the stainless steel most

frequently used for knife blades, chopping tools and other

applications have a cutting edge. This heat treatable alloy

combines good corrosion resistance with high hardness, toughness

and resistance to abrasion. For better abrasion resistance, with

9
some sacrifice of toughness and corrosion resistance a selection may

be made from heat treatable alloys S44002, S44003 or S44004.

Types of stainless steel which find wide application in meat

and poultry processing equipment are described briefly in a recent

publication (1) of the American Iron and Steel Institute. The alloys

are categorized on the basis of suitability for specific applications;

and reference is made to alloy characteristics which render these

alloys suitable for these applications:

"Type S30200 - A general purpose alloy used extensively for

cooking utensils and food handling equipment.

Type S30400 - A low carbon (0.08 percent maximum) modification

of Type S30200, particularly suited for use in assemblies

that are to be welded. The restricted carbon content improves

corrosion resistance at welded joints.

Type S30500 - An increased nickel modification of Type S30200

specifically formulated to facilitate the forming of shapes by

spinning. Many containers in the meat industry are spun from

this stainless steel.

Type S31600 - A modification of type S30200 which contains 2 or 3 percent molybdenum in addition to chromium and nickel.

This type is frequently used in severe corrosive environments,

such as in brine tanks, high-heat operations, or where contact

with corrosive agents may be prolonged, such as in continuous

processing equipment.

Type S41000 - A general purpose alloy that is hardenable by

heat treatment and is often found in meat plant valve and

pump parts, nuts, bolts, screws and fasteners.

Type S42000 - A high-carbon modification of type S41000 which

has increased attainable hardness capability and is often used

in top quality cutlery, knife blades and hand tools."

(1) Stainless Steel - Problem Solver in Meat Packing and Processing , Committee of Stainless Steel Producers. Publisher, American Iron and

Steel Institute, Washington, D.C. 20036, 1975.

10 -
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

General

Steel Products Manual - Stainless and Heat Resisting Steels . Publisher,

American Iron and Steel Institute, 1000 Sixteenth Street, N.W.

,

Washington, D.C. 20036, Dec. 1974.

Properties and Selection of Metals, Wrought Stainless and Heat Resisting

Steels, p. 409, Metals Handbook, Vol. 1, 8th Edition. Publisher,

American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44703, 1949.

How to Choose the Most Economical Stainless Steels , Arthur Moskowitz,

Metal Progress, Vol. 102, No. 3, Sept. 1972, p. 102.

Stainless Steel - Problem Solver in Meat Packing and Processing , Committee of Stainless Steel Producers. Publisher, American Iron

and Steel Institute, Washington, D.C. 20036, 1975.

Stainless Steels , C. A. Zappfe. Publisher, American Society for

Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44703, 1949.

What’s New in Special Stainless Steels , Forum in Metal Progress,

Vol. 101, No. 2, Feb. 1972, p. 54.

Stainless Steels , Machine Design - Metals, Feb. 14, 1974 reference

issue, p. 33.

Corrosion

Corrosion Data Survey , 5t'h Edition, Hamner , N. E. , editor.

Publisher, National Association of Corrosion Engineers,

P.0. Box 1499, Houston, Texas 77001, 1974.

Corrosion Guide , 2nd revised edition, Rabald, E. American Elsevier

Publishing Company, 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10017, 1968.

Corrosion Resistance of Metals and Alloys , 2nd edition, American

Chemical Society Monograph No. 158. La Que, F. L. and Copson, H. R.

,

International Nickel Company, editors. Publisher, Van Nostrand

Reinhold Company, 450 W. 33rd Street, New York, N. Y. 10001, 1963.

Corrosion of Metals , Borgmann, C. W. and other. Publisher, American

Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44703, 1949.

Foreign Alloy Information

An Index of International Standards , SP 390, NTIS No. COM-74-5035,

Chumas, Sophie J. , National Bureau of Standards, Department of

Commerce, Washington, D.C. 20234, March 1974.

Metallic Materials and Specifications Handbook , 2nd edition, R. B. Ross.

Published by E and F. N. Span, Ltd., London. Distributed in U.S.A. by

Halsted Press, New York City, a Division of John Wiley and Sons,

605 Third Avenue, New York, New York 10016, 1972.

11
Stahlschlussel (Key to Steel) , 10th edition. Publisher, Verlag

Stahlschlussel Wegst, KG., 71 Marbach/Necker , West Germany, 1974.

Engineering Alloys , Fifth edition, Woldman, N. E. and R. C. Gibbons.

Publisher, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 450 W* 33rd Street,

New York, N.Y. 10001, 1973.

The Mechanical Properties and Physical Properties of the British

EN Steels , Volumes 1-3, Woolman J. and R. A. Mottram. Publisher,

Pergamon Press, Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, N.Y.

10523, 1964.

JIS Handbook , Ferrous Materials and Metallurgy. Edited and

published by Japanese Standards Association, 1-24 Akaska and

Chome, Minato KU, Tokyo, 107 Japan, 1971.

Identification and Specifications

Databook , 1974 edition, Metal Progress. Publisher, American

Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44703.

Compilation and Index of Trade Names, Specifications and Producers

of Stainless Steels and Super Alloys , ASTM DS 45, Simmons, W. F. and R. B. Gania. Published by American Society for Testing and

Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103, 1972.

Index of Aerospace Material Specifications . Publisher, Society of

Automotive Engineers (S.A.E.), 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale,

Pennsylvania 15096, June 1974.

Military Standardization Handbook , Cross Index of Chemical

Specifications and Identification Code (Ferrous and Non-Ferrous

Alloys) , MIL-HDBK-HID , Naval Publications and Forms Center,

5801 Tabor Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19120, June 1970.

High Alloy Data Sheets, Corrosion Series . Publisher, Alloy

Casting Institute (ACI) , Division of Steel Founders Society

of America, Rocky River, Ohio 44116, 1973.

Unified Numbering System for Metals and Alloys , ASTM DS-56 - SAE J1086. Publisher, American Society for Testing and Materials,

1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103, 1972.

7. CREDIT

The cross reference specifications in Table 3 were adopted

from data in ASTM DS-56 - SAE J1086. Characteristics and

suitable applications given in Table 3 were derived largely from

12
data in the Metals Progress Data Book, 1974 edition, the AISI Steel

Products Manual, Dec. 1974., and appropriate ASTM specifications.

The cross reference specifications and characteristics and suitable

applications in Table 4 were adopted from data in Alloy Casting

Institute Data Sheets, 1973.

8. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author would like to express his appreciation to

Ralph A. Thompson, Equipment specialist, Animal and Plant

Health Inspection Service, Meat and Poultry Inspection Program,

U.S. Department of Agriculture for helpful suggestions given during

the preparation of this manual, and particularly for contributions

to Table 1. Thanks are also due to Dr. B. W. Christ, Chief of the

Mechanical Properties Section of the National Bureau of Standards,

for his helpful suggestions.

13
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NBS-114A (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBSIR 76-1185

2. Gov’t Accession

No.

3. Recipient’s Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

A MANUAL OF STAINLESS STEEL DATA FOR MEAT AND

POULTRY PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

5. Publication Date February 1977

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S)

I. J. Feinberg

8. Performing Organ. Report No. NBSIR 76-1185

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. 3120586

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

Technical Services, Animal and

Plant Health Inspection Service,

Meat and Poultry Inspection Program

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

Final

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.)

This manual presents selected data identifying wrought and cast stainless steel

alloys commonly used for meat and poultry processing equipment. Essential material

requirements for meat and poultry processing equipment are given. Alloy compositions

and characteristics are described, and alternative materials are suggested.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons

)

Alternative alloys; applications; characteristics; classification; equipment

requirements; identification; meat processing; poultry processing; sanitary;

stainless steel.

18. AVAILABILITY Unlimited

For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS SPONSOR

RESPONSIBLE FOR FURTHER USE.

|

I Order From Sup. of Doc., U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402, SD Cat. No. CH

|

I Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Springfield, Virginia 22151

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCL ASSIFIED

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

22. Price

U5COMM.DC 29042-P74