SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY

APPELLATE DIVISION

DOCKET NO. A-0421-19

STATE OF NEW JERSEY,

Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

ELENA WAGNER-BALL,

Defendant-Appellant.

________________________

Argued October 4, 2021 – Decided October 29, 2021

Before Judges Sumners and Firko.

On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law 

Division, Morris County, Municipal Appeal No. 19-

012.

Gerald D. Miller argued the cause for appellant (Miller, 

Meyerson & Corbo, attorneys; Elena Wagner-Ball on 

the pro se brief).

Jessica L. Marshall, Assistant Prosecutor, argued the 

cause for respondent (Robert J. Carroll, Morris County 

Prosecutor, attorney; Jessica L. Marshall, on the brief).

PER CURIAM

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE

APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION

This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the 

internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
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A-0421-19

Following a trial de novo in the Law Division, defendant Elena 

Wagner-Ball was convicted of driving while intoxicated (DWI), N.J.S.A. 39:4-

50, based upon observation and not the results of her Alcotest that were deemed 

inadmissible. Defendant appeals, contending in her pro se merits brief:

POINT I

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN UNDERMINING 

CRITICAL EVIDENCE RULE 402, SEE ALSO 

[RULE] 403. SUPPRESSION OF EXCULPATORY 

EVIDENCE VIOLATES THE DUE PROCESS 

[CLAUSE] REGARDLESS OF WHETHER THE 

PROSECUTOR ACTED IN BAD FAITH. (STATE 

V[.] KNIGHT, 145 N.J. [233,] 245 [(1996)])[.]

POINT II

WITHHOLDING CRITICAL EVIDENCE 

PREVENTED THE DEFENSE FROM 

ESTABLISHING THE ASSERTION THAT THE 

DEFENDANT WAS NOT INTOXICATED BUT HAD 

ONE SHOT (30ML) OF ALCOHOL AND IS 

SUFFERING FROM MEDICAL ISSUES. 

DEFENDANT CONCLUDES THE REVIEW OF THE 

TRIAL RECORD CLEARLY ESTABLISHES THAT 

OBJECTIVE EVIDENCE CREATES A 

REASONABLE DOUBT THAT REQUIRES 

REVERSAL OF THE CONVICTION. (STATE V[.]

VILORIO RAMIREZ, DOCKET NO. A-396217 T1, 

2017)[.]

After reviewing the record considering the contentions advanced on appeal and 

applicable law, we affirm.
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Under N.J.S.A. 39:4-50, "[a] person who operates a motor vehicle while 

under the influence of intoxicating liquor . . . or operates a motor vehicle with a 

blood alcohol concentration [(BAC)] of 0.08% or more by weight of alcohol in 

the defendant's blood" is guilty of DWI. A per se violation of DWI can be 

established by the admissibility of Alcotest results showing a BAC at or 

exceeding the statutory limits. State v. Chun, 194 N.J. 54, 66 (2008). 

Intoxication, however, may be also be proven by evidence of a defendant's 

physical condition. State v. Kashi, 360 N.J. Super. 538, 545 (App. Div. 2003). 

The State need not prove "that the accused be absolutely 'drunk' in the sense of 

being sodden with alcohol. It is sufficient if the presumed offender has imbibed 

to the extent that his [or her] physical coordination or mental faculties are 

deleteriously affected." State v. Nemesh, 228 N.J. Super. 597, 608 (App. Div. 

1988) (quoting State v. Emery, 27 N.J. 348, 355 (1958)). 

Recognizing that "sobriety and intoxication are matters of common 

observation and knowledge, New Jersey has permitted the use of lay opinion 

testimony to establish alcohol intoxication." State v. Bealor, 187 N.J. 574, 585

(2006). Accordingly, it is well established that a police officer's subjective 

observation of an intoxicated defendant is sufficient ground to sustain a DWI 

conviction. A DWI conviction can be proven based on a finding that slurred 
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speech, disheveled appearance, bloodshot eyes, alcoholic odor on the breath,

and abrasive demeanor were evidence of the defendant's intoxication. State v. 

Morris, 262 N.J. Super. 413, 421 (App. Div. 1993); see also State v. Cryan, 363 

N.J. Super. 442, 455-56 (App. Div. 2003) (sustaining DWI conviction based on 

an officer's observations of defendant's bloodshot eyes, hostility, and strong 

odor of alcohol); State v. Cleverley, 348 N.J. Super. 455, 465 (App. Div. 2002) 

(sustaining DWI conviction based on officer's observation of the defendant's 

driving without headlights, inability to perform field sobriety tests, 

combativeness, swaying, and detection of odor of alcohol on the defendant's 

breath); State v. Oliveri, 336 N.J. Super. 244, 251-52 (App. Div. 2001)

(sustaining DWI conviction based on officer's observations of watery eyes, 

slurred and slow speech, staggering, inability to perform field sobriety tests, and 

defendant's admission to drinking alcohol earlier in the day). 

Defendant argues she provided Jefferson Township Police Officer John 

Ondish with two valid Alcotest breath samples showing a BAC under the 

intoxication standard of 0.08%, but her due process rights were violated when 

the municipal court judge––followed by the Law Division judge––improperly 

suppressed this evidence at trial. Defendant argues the Alcotest results should 
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have been admitted under Rules 402 and 403 because they were evidence that 

she was not intoxicated. We are unpersuaded by defendant's arguments. 

Ondish testified the Alcotest resulted in a control test failure. He believed

the failure was because "[defendant] sucked in on the hose, instead of blowing 

into the hose."1 Due to the control test failure, the State did not rely on the 

Alcotest test results as proof of defendant's DWI. The municipal court judge 

did not admit the Alcotest results because they were derived from an improperly 

functioning machine, therefore they were not reliable evidence to prove or 

disprove defendant's intoxication. The Law Division reasoned that since the 

results from the incident were not moved into evidence during the municipal 

court trial, it could not consider it on de novo review. The Law Division also 

noted that because the State was not relying on the Alcotest results, defendant's 

argument to admit them was "misplaced." 

1 Ondish then transported defendant to Sparta Township to readminister the 

Alcotest. Defendant refused to take the test, resulting in Ondish issuing her 

summonses for refusal to submit to a breathalyzer/chemical test, N.J.S.A. 

39:3-10.24, and refusal to submit to chemical test, N.J.S.A. 39:4-50.4a. The 

municipal court judge found her not guilty of the former charge but guilty of the 

latter charge. The Law Division reversed the guilty verdict for refusal to submit 

to chemical test, because the State failed to establish beyond a reasonable doubt 

that defendant was advised of the consequences of refusing to submit. 

 
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Because there was a control test failure, it was proper for both courts to 

find the Alcotest results were inadmissible. See Chun, 194 N.J. at 134

(reiterating that as a pre-condition for admissibility of Alcotest results, the State 

must establish by clear and convincing evidence that: (1) the Alcotest was in 

working order and had been "inspected according to procedure"; (2) "the 

operator was certified"; and (3) the operator administered the test "according to 

official procedure"). Results derived from an improperly functioning Alcotest 

machine are not reliable evidence to prove or disprove defendant's intoxication. 

The results, therefore, did not "hav[e] a tendency in reason to prove or disprove 

any fact of consequence," N.J.R.E. 401, nor did they have any "probative value," 

N.J.R.E. 403. Hence, there was no abuse of discretion in refusing to admit the 

Alcotest results. See State v. Buda, 195 N.J. 278, 294-95 (2008) (holding we 

affirm a trial court's evidentiary ruling absent an abuse of discretion). 

Lastly, defendant argues the State did not prove that the Alcotest results 

below .08% demonstrated she was not intoxicated. She argues Ondish was not 

an expert qualified to testify that she was intoxicated and the testimony of one 

officer is not sufficient to prove the State's case. She also argues Ondish is not 

a credible witness because he testified "I do not recall" multiple times during 

the trial and is biased against her. In addition, defendant cites the "Confusion 
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Doctrine,"

2

claiming she did not understand Ondish's directions during his 

administration of the field sobriety tests on her because English was not her first 

language. Again, we are unpersuaded. 

2 The "Confusion Doctrine" is a discreet doctrine recognized in some 

jurisdictions regarding the warnings required under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 

U.S. 436 (1966) and used to find a motorist guilty of refusing take a breathalyzer 

test. As explained by our Supreme Court, 

[s]ome jurisdictions have held that when a motorist is 

confused by the two warnings concerning assistance of 

counsel—one warning (Miranda) according the 

assistance of counsel, the other (breath test refusal) not 

according assistance of counsel—and then refuses to 

take the breath test in the mistaken belief that the 

refusal is privileged, the motorist should not suffer the 

consequences of confusion and not be penalized for the 

refusal. 

State v. Leavitt, 107 N.J. 534, 538-39 (1987) (emphasis 

omitted) (citations omitted).

The doctrine has been discussed in two published cases in New Jersey, 

Leavitt and State v. Sherwin, 236 N.J. Super. 510 (App. Div. 1989), but our 

courts have never embraced or applied the doctrine. In Leavitt, the Supreme 

Court stated, 

Without resolving whether any defendant may validly 

assert the defense, we agree with the view expressed in 

the Attorney General's brief that the "exclusive, narrow 

exception to the general rule that refusals cannot be 

validly justified," would have to be premised on a 

record developed by a defendant to show that he had 

indeed been confused.
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On appeal from a municipal court to the Law Division, the review is de 

novo on the record. R. 3:23-8(a)(2). The Law Division judge must make 

independent "findings of fact and conclusions of law but defers to the municipal 

court's credibility findings." State v. Robertson, 228 N.J. 138, 147 (2017). Our 

assessment of the Law Division judge's factual findings is limited to whether the 

conclusions "could reasonably have been reached on sufficient credible 

evidence present in the record." State v. Johnson, 42 N.J. 146, 162 (1964). 

Unlike the Law Division, we do not independently assess the evidence. State v. 

Locurto, 157 N.J. 463, 471 (1999). The rule of deference is compelling where, 

such as here, the municipal and Law Division judges made concurrent findings. 

Id. at 474. "Under the two-court rule, appellate courts ordinarily should not 

undertake to alter concurrent findings of facts and credibility determinations 

made by two lower courts absent a very obvious and exceptional showing of 

error." Ibid. (citing Midler v. Heinowitz, 10 N.J. 123, 128-29 (1952)). 

"Therefore, appellate review of the factual and credibility findings of the 

107 N.J. at 542.

In Sherwin, we held, "[l]ike the [Supreme Court] in Leavitt, we decline to

resolve the issue of whether a defendant may validly invoke the 'confusion

doctrine' in this State because the record here does not support the asserted

claim." 236 N.J. at 518.
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municipal court and the Law Division 'is exceedingly narrow.'" State v. Reece, 

222 N.J. 154, 167 (2015) (quoting Locurto, 157 N.J. at 470). 

Guided by these standards, we are satisfied Law Division Judge David

Ironson thoroughly reviewed the record and properly found that Ondish gave 

sufficient credible testimony that he observed defendant driving while she was 

intoxicated. Specifically, he testified that he observed defendant driving

erratically: changing lanes without utilizing a blinker, rapidly accelerating from 

forty-five miles per hour to sixty-five miles per hour, going over the shoulder 

and the marked traffic lines numerous times, and, at least on one occasion, 

swerving to avoid striking another vehicle. When he approached her vehicle, 

Ondish observed defendant had bloodshot eyes, slurred speech, and the smell of 

alcohol was "emanating . . . profusely" from her car. Ondish stated defendant 

provided the wrong documents when she produced her driving documentation 

and admitted to having consumed at least one shot of Fireball alcohol. 

Furthermore, Ondish administered several field sobriety tests, which 

defendant could not successfully perform. He testified defendant counted

backwards from ninety-nine to eighty, then skipped to number seventy-five and 

then continued to count to seventy, nodding her head and pausing for long 

periods of time between numbers. Defendant also could not recite the full 
10 A-0421-19

alphabet and was unsuccessful both times she did the one-leg stand test and 

during the walk-and-turn test. 

Defendant testified that after being instructed by Ondish to recite the 

alphabet, she "told him right away" that she can complete the test in German,

her native language. As for the counting, she stated she told Ondish that she 

could do it better in German than in English, but Ondish directed her to do so in 

English. Defendant acknowledged understanding Ondish's instructions in 

English, but claimed she was "very distressed." 

When asked whether defendant "seemed able to understand [him]," 

Ondish stated, "yes." When asked whether it was "apparent to [him] that English 

was not her first language," Ondish replied, "yes . . . she had an accent." 

Thereafter, when asked whether "she ever [said] to [him] that . . . she had 

difficulty in English," Ondish stated, "she may have mentioned it." 

Judge Ironson, as did the municipal court, found Ondish credible and 

defendant not credible regarding her claim that her language barrier negatively 

impacted her ability to perform the field sobriety tests. The judge held:

With regard to [defendant]'s contention that her test 

performances were impacted by a language barrier, the 

[c]ourt finds that the proofs fail to establish same. 

During the [m]unicipal [c]ourt [t]rial, when . . . Ondish 

was asked whether there were language difficulties 

between him and [defendant], he testified that 
11 A-0421-19

[defendant] did not request an interpreter, did not 

express any difficulty in communicating with him or 

understanding English, that he does not recall whether

[defendant] indicated that she could perform these tests 

in German, and that he did not know what her first 

language was until trial. 

Judge Ironson noted defendant did not request an interpreter at the municipal 

court trial––the municipal court judge determined that she has "no problem at 

all with the English language"––and when he asked her whether she needed the 

assistance of an interpreter at the trial de novo, she stated: "I do not need it. No.

Absolutely not." The judge also pointed out that 

while largely unsuccessful, [defendant] complied with 

. . . Ondish's commands given in English. For example, 

when asked to produce documentation, [defendant] 

attempted to do so. When asked to perform tests, 

[defendant] attempted to do so. [Defendant] also 

acknowledged understanding . . . Ondish's instructions 

in English, but claimed she was "very distressed." 

In sum, the judge agreed with the municipal court that "[defendant]'s testimony 

[was not] credible, dismissing it as 'self-serving' and not 'ring[ing] true.'"

We conclude the record supports Judge Ironson's credibility findings that 

there was no language barrier to defendant's ability to follow Ondish's 

instructions regarding the administration of the field sobriety tests and Ondish's 

observations of defendant's failed performance of the tests. Thus, the State

provided sufficient evidence that defendant was guilty of DWI.
12 A-0421-19

To the extent we have not addressed any of defendant's arguments, it is 

because we have concluded they are without sufficient merit to warrant 

discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(2). 

Affirmed.