NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 486

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The National Bureau of Standards^ was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and

technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to pro- mote public safety. The Bureau consists of the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research, the Institute for Applied Technology, the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, the Office for Information Programs, and the

Office of Experimental Technology Incentives Program.

THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the United States of a complete and consist- ent system of physical measurement; coordinates that system with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce. The Institute consists of the Office of Measurement Services, and the following center and divisions: Applied Mathematics — Electricity — Mechanics — Heat — Optical Physics — Center for Radiation Research — Laboratory Astrophysics- — Cryogenics^ — Electromagnetics^ — Time and Frequency".

THE INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement, standards, and data on the properties of well-characterized materials needed by industry, commerce, educational insti- tutions, and Government; provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies; and develops, produces, and

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1 Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaithersburg, Maryland, unless otherwise noted; mailing address Washington, D.C. 20234.

3 Located at Boulder, Colorado 80302.
User Evaluation of ''Phase Diagrams for Ceramists"

and Implications for Related Data and

Research Programs

R.S. Roth, L.P. Cook, T. Negas,

G.W. Cleek, and J.B. Wachtman, Jr.

Institute for Materials Research

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary

Dr. Sidney Harman, Under Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

; .NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director

Issued August 1977

riaticnal Bureau of Standards AUG 2 4 1977

QC

(00

/f77
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: User evaluation of "Phase diagrams for ceramists" and implications

for related data and research programs. (NBS special publication ; 486) Based on responses to a questionnaire distributed by the American

Ceramic Society. Supt. of Docs. no. C13. 10:486

1. Phase diagrams. I. Roth, Robert Sidney. II. American Ceramic

Society. III. Levin, Ernest M. Phase diagrams for ceramists. IV. Series: United States. National Bureau of Standards. Special publication ; 486. QC100„U57 no. 486 [QD503] 602Ms [666] 77-10496

National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 486

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 486, 70 pages (Aug. 1977) CODEN: XNBSAV

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON; 1977

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $2.10

Stock No. 003-003-01827-9
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract 1

1.0 Introduction 1

2.0 Brief History of Phase Diagrams for Ceramists and

Related Activities 2

2.1 General Phase Diagrams 2

2.2 Compilation Activities - Metal Oxygen Systems 3

2.3 Phase Diagrams for Ceramists .... 3

3.0 Phase Diagrams for Ceramists - Survey of Users 6

3.1 Description of Respondents 6

3.1.1 Personal Data 6

3.1.2 Standard Industrial Categories of Employer .... 8

3.2 Uses of Phase Equilibria Data and Principles 14

3.2.1 Applications 14

3.2.2 Classes of Systems of High Interest 21

3.3 Evaluation of Phase Diagrams for Ceramists as a Publication of the American Ceramic Society 24

3.3.1 Value of Phase Diagrams for Ceramists as

a Publication 24

3.3.2 Does Range of Systems Treated Span Range

of Interest 24

3.3.3 Evaluation of Phase Diagrams for Ceramists .... 27

3.3.3.1 Gaps in Coverage 27

3.3.3.2 Experimental Needs 29

3.3.3.3 Useful Format 32

3.3.3.4 Information in Commentaries 33

iii
3.3.4 Additional Information for Commentaries 33

3.4 Important Needs for Experimental and/or Theoretical

Work , 36

3.4.1 Specific Systems for Which Diagrams are Needed . . 37

3.4.2 Existing Diagrams Which Need Updating or Correction 40

3.4.3 Aspects of Phase Equilibria Needed but

Inadequately Explored 42

4.0 Discussion of Selected Conclusions 44

5.0 Summary of Conclusions 45

Appendix 1. Questionnaire on "Phase Diagrams for Ceramists"

for use In a survey by the American Ceramic Society . . 47

Appendix 2. Specific Applications of Information Obtained from

Phase Diagrams for Ceramists 53

iv
USER EVALUATION OF "PHASE DIAGRAMS FOR CERAMISTS"

AND IMPLICATIONS FOR RELATED DATA AND RESEARCH PROGRAMS

R.S. Roth, L.P. Cook, T. Negas, G.W. Cleek, and J.B. Wachtman, Jr.

Institute for Materisls Research

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

Abstract

A survey was made of the needs of the users of "Phase Diagrams for

Ceramists," a continuing special publication series published by the

American Ceramic Society under the general editorship of the National

Bureau of Standards. The results overwhelmingly support continuation

of the series, but point to needs for expanded coverage, fuller commentaries, and reduced publication time. The results also identify needs

for greater effort on specific types of experimental and theoretical

phase equilibria studies including the effects of variable oxygen pressure

and complex metal-ceramic systems.

Key Words : American Ceramic Society; ceramics; phase diagrams, "Phase

Diagrams for Ceramists"; phase equilibria; user evaluation

1.0 Introduction

Phase diagrams play an important role in the development of ceramic

materials. Phase equilibria data are essential in meeting the expanding

needs for refractories, electronic components, non-crystalline solids, and

various other applications of interest to ceramic scientists and engineers.

The chemical information generally summarized as a phase equilibrium diagram

is extremely useful in many industrial processes. However, the necessary

research involved in obtaining such information is often very costly. The

average binary phase diagram can be estimated to take about one man year

and a ternary diagram may take five times that effort. To avoid duplication,

it is advantageous to have all existing diagrams compiled and distributed for

easy access.

As described below, the American Ceramic Society long ago recognized

the importance of phase diagrams to the field of ceramic materials and

the importance of having this type of information available in evaluated

and summarized form. Beginning in 1933, the Society has worked continuously with the National Bureau of Standards to provide a sequence of

reports under the title "Phase Diagrams for Ceramists" giving evaluated

data from the literature on selected ceramic systems. The Bureau has

supplemented these data with measurements in its own laboratories on a limited number of systems chosen because the data were needed for specific

reasons but were not available or were of doubtful accuracy. Other

laboratories such as the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institute

and the Pennsylvania State University have supported "Phase Diagrams for

Ceramists" through evaluations by their staffs and/or through experimental

1
work. The overall responsibility and general editorship have, however, j always been assumed by the National Bureau of Standards.

Several valuable contributions to compilation, evaluation, and i publication of phase diagrams of ceramic systems have been made by other

groups and published independently from time-to-time as described below.

j These have generally been one-time-only activities with a limited, i specialized scope. "Phase Diagrams for Ceramists" is the only continuing ' program of general scope in the Western World. With the recent addition j of an International Board of Contributing Editors, it appears very | likely to be even more central and unique in the future.

|

I Planning and management of "Phase Diagrams for Ceramists" has been j done primarily on the basis of informal assessment of user needs through ^ personal contacts by the editors. A more organized and widespread j assessment of user needs was, however, thought to be desirable because | of several factors. The joint work of the various contributors to ; "Phase Diagrams for Ceramists" has increased greatly in scope and volume.

' Not only has the volume of ceramics in production increased but so has ' the number of types of ceramics and the application in industries outside i those traditionally regarded as "ceramic" industries (including glass) . f Increasing sophistication in processing and increasing demands for P durability in service place more stringent demands on phase diagram data [ to support processing and maintenance in service. Also, requests by ' individual users for more extensive evaluation and information has

j increased the work required for each diagram. I

To systematically assess user needs a questionnaire was devised ' jointly by the American Ceramic Society and the National Bureau of \ Standards. The primary purpose was to determine how well "Phase Diagrams ' for Ceramists" is meeting user needs and what changes and expansions of ^ scope, if any, are needed. A secondary purpose was to assess the users' ' feelings for what areas of phase equilibria determination (as opposed to ' compilation and evaluation) are most needed. }

2.0 Brief History of Phase Diagrams for Ceramists and Related Activities |

2 . 1 General Phase Diagrams i

The major references in English for phase equilibria data are: r

f - E. M. Levin, et al. , "Phase Diagrams for Ceramists" (3 volumes) \

- G. J. Janz, et al . , "Molten Salts" (4 volumes)

| There is some duplication of compilation activity in the ceramic sciences ' but this is largely an international problem. The principal compilations in [ addition to "Phase Diagrams for Ceramists" are Russian. Such duplication is ^ not necessarily wasteful, since any publication would have to be made available

in both languages. Also, the two groups of publications, which are partly ' independent, can be cross-checked for inclusion of references otherwise missed j.
The U.S.S.R. publications include:

- N. A. Toropov, et^ aJL. , "Handbook of Phase Diagrams of Silicate

Systems" (English translations available from NTIS)

- V. P. Barzanovskii, £t al . , "Phase Diagrams of the Silicate

Systems:, 2 volumes (in Russian)

- D. L. Ageeva, "Phase Diagrams of Non-Metallic Systems", 10

volumes (in Russian)

- F. V. Chukov, "Minerals: Phase Diagrams of Importance to Mineral

Formation" (2 volumes - in Russian)

In Japan compilation activities have, so far, been confined mainly to

refractories. These include:

- S. Somiya, "Zirconia Bearing Refractories" (in Japanese)

2.2 Compilation Activities - Metal Oxygen Systems

The link between metallurgy and ceramics is found in the equilibria data

for the binary metal-oxygen systems. Special compilation activities in the

United States for these systems began in 1961 with a group of reports by

J. H. Westbrook, R. E. Carter and R. C. DeVries:

I. Rare Earth Metal - Oxygen Systems

II. Alkaline Earth - Oxygen Systems

III. Precious Metal - Oxygen Systems

Another compilation has been published in India by B. K. Rajput, A. M. George

and M. D. Karkhanavala and pertinent portions will be included in the next

supplement of "Phase Diagrams for Ceramists". The proceedings of the Workshop on Applications of Phase Diagrams in Metallurgy and Ceramics, held at

NBS January 10-12, 1977, contain a report of a more ambitious compilation

attempt by W. B. White for the metal-oxygen systems (paper MPSI-5)

.

2.3 Phase Diagrams for Ceramists

The history of the compilation of Phase Diagrams for Ceramists dates

back to 1933, when 157 diagrams collected by F. P. Hall* and Herbert Insley** were published in the October issue of the Journal of the American Ceramic

Society. A supplement was published in the April 1938 issue of the same

journal. A complete compilation of the diagrams appeared as Part II of the

November 1947 Journal and contained 485 diagrams. In December 1949, H. F.

McMurdie** and F. P. Hall were authors of a supplement to the 1947 edition.

In January 1956, the American Ceramic Society published a separate volume of

phase diagrams edited by E. M. Levin**, H. F. McMurdie and F. P. Hall. Part II

of this volume appeared in 1959 authored by E. M. Levin and H. F. McMurdie.

In 1964, a new complete compilation containing 2066 diagrams was published

with E. M. Levin, H. F. McMurdie, and C. R. Robbins** as authors. A supplement

to the 1964 volume appeared in 1969 and contained another 2183 diagrams.

* Pass and Seymour, Inc., Syracuse, N.Y.

** National Bureau of Standards n
A third volume or second supplement , published in 1975 (850 diagrams) , includes a discussion of the methods, data and interpretations made in the con- struction of each diagram. Since the death of E. M. Levin in 1974, this effort

is being continued by a team of scientists actively engaged in phase equilibria

studies in research centers in this country and abroad. This group is led by

researchers at NBS who are assuming the responsibility for collecting data from

the literature, distributing it among the group for evaluation, coordinating prep£

ration of the publication, and preparing evaluations of systems in their own areas of expertise. A third supplement is planned for publication in 1978,

This latest supplement will include critical commentaries discussing

preparation of starting materials, experimental methods, characterization of

products, accuracy and precision of data and of diagrams. Scientists at

NBS (L. Cook, R. Roth and T. Negas) with the help of the American Ceramic

Society (G. Cleek) are assuming much of the responsibility for gathering

the data from the literature and coordinating the preparation of evaluations

and final editing of diagrams. The following experts in various fields are

serving as Contributing Editors for the 1978 Supplement:

-J. J. Brown, Jr., Virginia Polytechnic Inst.

Fluoride containing systems

- L. L. Y. Chang, Miami Univ.

Tungstates, molybdates, carbonates

- R. C. DeVries, General Electric Co.

High pressure studies

- F. P. Glasser, Univ. Aberdeen

Alkali oxide containing systems

- F. A. Hummel, Pennsylvania State Univ.

Sulfides, phosphates

- A. Muan, Pennsylvania State Univ.

First row transition metal oxide containing systems

- C. Semler, Ohio State Univ.

Anhydrous silicate - oxide systems

- C. A. Sorrell, Univ. Missouri-Rolla

Aqueous salt systems

- K. H. Stern, Naval Research Laboratory

Binary systems with halides only

- R. E. Thoma, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Fused salts

- T. Y. Tien, Univ. of Michigan

Nitrides, oxynitrides

- D. R. Wilder and M. F. Berard, Iowa State Univ.

R. E. oxide bearing systems

4
- H. S. Yoder, Jr., Carnegie Inst. Washington

Hydrous silicate systems, high pressure silicate studies

Coverage according to chemical system for the various editions is as follows

1964 1969 1975 1978

Metal-oxygen systems 146 202 104 '\^205

Metal oxide systems 855 408 401 '\^655

Systems with oxygen containing

radicals 172 228 68 ^120

Systems with halides only 483 718 145 ^365

Systems containing halides

with other substances 214 273 72 ^160

Systems containing cyanides,

sulfides, etc. 43 82 20

Systems containing water 151 131 40 '^^250

In addition to the compilation "Phase Diagrams for Ceramists", the

American Ceramic Society publishes a series of large-scale ternary phase

diagrams. There are currently ten diagrams in this series which were

originally prepared by E. F. Osborn and A. Muan of the Pennsylvania State

Univ. Several new diagrams will be published in this series in the near

future and the originals will be reviewed for possible updating.

Dr. E. F. Osborn discussed the preparation of these diagrams and the

world-wide research effort which made them possible during his Orton

Memorial Lecture delivered before the 72nd Annual Meeting of the American

Ceramic Society, May 4, 1970, (published in The Bull. Am. Ceram. Soc, 49 , 702-706, 1970). In the introduction to this talk. Dr. Osborn says:

"I want to sketch briefly the history of a development of ex- treme importance in the emergence of ceramic technology in the

United States. to reflect on the remarkable development of

a science which has become the base of ceramic technology.

"The science to which I refer deals with phase relations in oxide

and related systems, depicted by the phase diagrams so familiar

to ceramic scientists and engineers."

In conclusion, Osborn notes:

"We need continuing development of theoretical, basic ex- perimental and applied research. We need in addition the means

of disseminating the information in an optimum way. the

assembling and republishing of diagrams to make the accumulating

data more readily useful to ceramists was accomplished through

the efforts of a government laboratory, the National Bureau of

Standards, with publication by the American Ceramic Society."

5
3.0 Phase Diagrams for Ceramists - Survey of Users

A questionnaire was distributed by the American Ceramic Society in

July 1976 to purchasers of the 1975 Supplement of "Phase Diagrams for Ceramists".

The total number of questionnaires distributed was 460. The total number re- turned in the first three months was 186. This is a response of 40%, a remarkably large percent return, illustrating the great interest in the user com- munity in this compilation. Table 1 gives the statistical breakdown of the

origin of the returns. It should be noted that 81 or 44% of these are of

domestic industrial users. Nine questionnaires were returned after the October

1 deadline, only one of which was identified as a domestic industrial user

and are not included in this analysis. The large response allows a determinatioi

of user needs in phase equilibria with a reasonably high statistical probability

of success. A copy of the questionnaire is given in Appendix 1 with a statistical summary of the answers shown for each question.

Table 1. PHASE DIAGRAMS FOR CERAMISTS PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF SURVEY OF USERS

Total Number Distributed - 460

Total Number Returned in First Three Months - 186

Response - 40%

- Unidentified - 25 (13%) - Foreign - 37 (20%)

- Domestic

1. Government and National Laboratories - 5 (3%)

2. University and Non-Prof it Laboratories - 38 (20%)

3. Industrial - 81 (44%)

In this questionnaire, twenty-one questions were asked covering the four

major categories:

I. Description of Respondent (1-7)

II. Uses of Phase Equilibria Data and Principles (8-10)

III. Evaluation of Phase Diagrams for Ceramists as a Publication

of the American Ceramic Society (11-18)

IV. Important Needs for Experimental and/or Theoretical Work

(not now being done) (19-21)

3 . 1 Description of Respondents (I )

3.1.1 Personal Data 1

i The first seven questions requested personal data and nature of employment.

j

Under Type of Training 127 individuals (68%) identified themselves as scientists!

while 71 (38%) refer to themselves as engineers, with only four (or 2%) belonging

to the "other" category. As scientists and engineers add up to more than 100%

* Roman numeral in parenthesis indicates Major Category

6
obviously some identify themselves with both groups. This breakdown along with

the highest degree of the respondent is shown in Table 2. Note that 62% have

a Ph.D. or equivalent. Their highest degree was generally in the fields of

ceramics, chemistry, materials or geology (Table 3). In Table 4 the present

type of work checked by the respondent is summarized by total number and percent.

As the respondent was asked to check as many as appropriate, the totals again

are greater than 100%. By far the largest group is in research and development

although technical management and education activities are well represented.

As shown in Table 5, 83% identify themselves as members of the American Ceramic

Society and their division affiliations are mostly Basic Science, Refractories,

Glass and Electronics.

Table 2. DESCRIPTION OF RESPONDENT (I)

Type of Training (1) - Scientist - 127 (68%)

- Engineer - 71 (38%)

- Other - 4 (2%)

Highest Degree (2) - BS or BA - 31 (17%) - MS or MA - 30 (16%)

- PhD or ScD - 115 (62%) - OTHER - 10 (5%)

Table 3. SPECIFIC FIELD OF HIGHEST DEGREE (2)

1. Ceramics (Technology, Engineering, Science) - 56 (30%)

2. Chemistry (Physical, Inorganic, Engineering,

Industrial, Electrochemistry, etc.) - 40 (22%)

3. Materials Science (Engineering) - 17 (9%)

4. Geology - Mineralogy - 16 (9%)

5. Metallurgy - 12 (6%)

6. Physics - 5

7. Engineering - 4

8. Crystallography - 1

9. Natural Sciences - 1

10. No Identification - 33 (18%)

7
Table 4. PRESENT TYPE OF WORK (3)

- Research - 143 (77%) - Development - 85 (46%) - Production - 18 (10%)

- Technical Management - 40 (22%) - Education - 46 (25%) - Other - 9

Table 5. MEMBERSHIP IN THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY (4a)

- Yes - 155 (83%)

- No - 28 (15%)

DIVISION AFFILIATION (4b)

1) Basic Science - 56 Nuclear - 5

Cement - 4 2) Refractories - 29

Ceramic-Metal Systems - 5 Structural Clay Products - 1

4) Electronics - 21 White Wares - 1

3) Glass - 23 No Division - 12

Materials and Equipment - 4

3.1.2 Standard Industrial Categories of Employer (5)

The respondents were requested to check one or more of a group of listed I Standard Industrial Categories (SIC) which best describe their employer. Thosej

categories receiving ten or more entries are listed in Table 6. The major

industrial categories include stone, clay and glass products, electrical and , electronic equipment, chemicals and non-metallic minerals. Thirty-five I respondents checked the box marked "Other [please describe in your own words]"

and their descriptions for these categories are listed in Table 7. The name

j and address of the employer was given by 150 respondents and these are shown | in Table 8. One hundred and seventy-four listed their own name and address

indicating a (conditional) willingness to be contacted for further information.!

** Arabic numeral in parenthesis indicates Question Number.

!
Table 6. STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES OF EMPLOYER (5)

(10 or more checked)

NO. OF TIMES

SIC NO. CATEGORY CHECKED

32 Stone, Clay and Glass Products 50

82 Educational Services 46

36 Electrical and Electronic Equipment 26

28 Chemicals and Allied Products 20

14 Nonmetallic Minerals, Except Fuels 19

33 Primary Metal Industries ^ 15

34 Fabricated Metal Products 13

38 Instruments and Related Products 10

Other 35

Table 7. STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES (5)

Other: 35

Industry

1. Foundries

2. Manufacture of granular refractories - dolomite pebble, quick lime

3. Technical ceramics, primarily BeO. Electronic and allied industries

major customers

4. Refractories engineering

5. Optical, electronic and solid state materials

6. Photovoltaic materials and devices

7. Ceramics manufacturing - alumina

8. Technical consulting services

9 . Aerospace - communications satellite electronics

10. Materials and components for hobby, decorative and electronic

industry

11. Speciality metal alloys for industry

12. Lighting products, home entertainment products, communications

systems

13. Manufacturers of fiber optics

14. Electrical components

15. Refractories - nonclay

9
Table 7. STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES (15) - Continued

University and Non-Prof it Laboratories

16. Student

17. Univ. basic research, oxides

18. Research on inorganic materials

19. Contract research

20. Research and Development modern H.T. ceramics (borides, carbides,

nitrides)

21. National Research Laboratory

Government and National Laboratories

22. Exploration and utilization of space

23. Research (energy, physics, biology, etc.)

Unidentified

24. Engineers to Glass and Steel

25. R&D for ERDA

Foreign

26. Refractories industry - manufacture and usage

27. Reprocessor of nuclear fuels

28. Refractories manufacture

29. Research in Ceramics and Powder Met.

30. Innovation of Minerals Application to new Technology

10
Table 8. PERSONAL EMPLOYMENT DATA (6)

INDUSTRIAL

AVX Ceramics

Bab cock & Wilcox

J. E. Baker Co.

Bell Laboratories (3)

Frank B. Black Res. Center

Bourns , Inc

.

Brockway Glass Co. (4)

Champion Spark Plug Co

Columbia Gas System Service Corp.

Combustion Engineering Inc.

Consolidated Ceramics and Metallizing Corp.

Corning Glass Works (3)

Cyprus Research Co.

M. H. Detrick Co.

E. I. duPont de Nemours and Co., Inc.

Englehard Industries

Eric Technological Products Inc.

The Exolon Company

Exxon Research & Eng. Co.

Ferro Corporation

Galileo Electro-Optics Corp.

General Electric (3)

General Refractories Company (2)

General Telephone & Electronics

Globe Union, Inc.

W. R. Grace & Co. (2)

Gulf Chemical & Metallurgical Co.

Kelsey Hayes Co.

Horizons Research Inc.

Howmet Corp.

IBM Research

Ideal Basic Industries Inc.

Inco, Inc.

Inland Steel Co.

Interpace Corp.

J. F. Jelenko and Co.

Jones and Laughlin Steel Corp.

Leeds & Northrup Co

.

Lithium Corp. of America

A. D. Little, Inc.

Kerr McGee Corp.

McGraw Edison Co.

Metco Inc.

Mobile Tyco Solar Energy Co.

11
Table 8. PERSONAL EMPLOYMENT DATA (6) - Continued

INDUSTRIAL (Continued)

National Standard Co.

Ohio Brass Co.

Owens-Corning Fiberglas

Owens Illinois Inc.

PPG Industries

Reading Alloys, Inc.

Reynolds Metals Co

.

Rockwell International

St. Joe Minerals Corp.

Sanders Associates Inc.

Semi-Alloys

Sherwood Refractories Inc.

Siemens Corp.

Smith Corona Marchant Corp.

TRW, Inc.

Thermo Materials Corp.

Toth Aluminum Corp.

Union Carbide Corp.

Valley Mineral Products Corp.

Western Gold and Platinum Co.

Williams Gold Refining Co.

Xerox Corp.

UNIVERSITY AND NON-PROFIT LABS.

Arizona State Univ.

Brown Univ.

Bryn Mawr College

Carnegie Institution of Washington

Case Western Reserve Univ.

Colorado School of Mines

Georgia Institute of Technology

Iowa State Univ. (2)

Lawrence Berkeley Lab.

Lehigh Univ (2)

MIT (5)

Northwestern Univ. (3)

Ohio State Univ.

Penn State Univ. (3)

Purdue Univ.

State Univ. of N.Y.

SUNY at Stonybrook (2)

Univ. of California

Univ. of Chicago

Univ. of Michigan

Univ. of Pennsylvania

Univ. of Pittsburgh

Univ. of Utah (2)

Vanderbuilt Univ.

Virginia Polytechnic Institute

12
Table 8. PERSONAL EMPLOYMENT DATA (6) - Continued

GOVERNMENT AND NATIONAL LABORATORIES

Brookhaven National Labs

.

Bureau of Mines , Albany

NASA (2)

Oak Ridge National Lab.

FOREIGN (Europe)

N.V. Bekaert S. A. - Belgium

Aalborg Portland Concrete Research Lab . - Denmark

BNFL - England

British Aluminum Co. - England

British Ceramic Research Assoc. - England

British Steel Corp. - England

Thos. Marshall & Co. (Loxley) Ltd. - England

Steetley Co. Ltd. - England

The University of Leeds - England

St. Gobaln Industries - France

Uglne Carbone S.A. - France

University of Orleans - France

Friedrich Schejbol - Germany

Max Planck Institut fur Metallforschung - Germany

University of Saarbrucken - Germany

Universita-Dlbari - Italy

SANAC Genova - Italy

N. V. ENCI - The Netherlands

N. V. Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken - The Netherlands

Swedish Institute for Silicate Research - Sweden

Battelle Geneva Research Center - Switzerland

Universitat Bern - Switzerland

FOREIGN (Others)

Glass Containers Ltd. - Australia

Industria Brasileira Deartigos Refratarios S. A. - Brazil

C. T. de Freltas - Brazil

Atlantic Research Lab . - Canada

Domglas Ltd. - Canada

Saskatchewan Research Council - Canada

Muki-Zaishits Kenkyusho - Japan

Science College of Okayam - Japan

Solar Research Lab - Japan

Takhiyukl Sata Res. Lab. - Japan

Tokyo Institute of Technology - Japan

University of Tokyo - Japan

National Institute for Metallurgy - South Africa

13
3 . 2 Uses of Phase Equilibria Data and Principles (II)

3.2.1 Applications (8-9)

Question eight asked for areas of application of phase equilibria in

the respondent's organization (check as many as possible). Fifteen categories were listed while the sixteenth, entitled "Other", requested specifics.

Table 9 lists these categories rearranged according to decreasing number of

responses. Nineteen respondents checked the box labelled "Other [please

specify]" and their designated areas of application of phase equilibria data

are shown in Table 10.

Table 9. USES OF PHASE EQUILIBRIA DATA (8)

AREAS OF APPLICATION:

- Sintering of Ceramics - 117 - Geology - 33

- Search for New Compounds - 93 - Energy Conversion - 31

- Glass Processing - 63 - Optical Materials - 29

j - Education - 57 - Magnetic Materials - 29'

! - Electronic Materials - 54 - Building Materials - 23

- Crystal Growing - 51 - Environment Effects - Ij - Metal Coating or Processing - 41 - Nuclear Materials - 15

- Smelting and Refining - 39 - Other - 19 ;

I

Table 10. AREAS OF APPLICATION OF PHASE EQUILIBRIA (8) |

Other: 19

Industry

1. Slagging reactions

2. Slags and high temperature properties

3. Refractory specialities

4. General reference

5. Reactions among various components in contact with each other

6. Catalysis research

7. Dental porcelain, fluxes, etc.

8. Refractories

University and Non-Profit Laboratories

9. Solid state chemistry

10. Class assignments

11. Prediction of defect structures

12 . General Research

13. Solar Energy Materials

14
Table 10. AREAS OF APPLICATION OF PHASE EQUILIBRIA (8) - Continued

Government and National Laboratories

Unidentified

14. Refractory application

Foreign

15. Solid state inorganic reactions

16. Refractories

17. Ceramic composites

18. Search for application of poorly known minerals

19. Refractories

20. Understanding chemistry of firing of clays, non-metallic minerals

and mixtures thereof

Question nine, requesting specific application of phase equilibria data,

elicited 127 responses. This may perhaps be the most important point in the

questionnaire and a complete listing of these answers is given in Appendix

2. The answers are listed by user categories and the numbers represent an arbitrary system of identification to protect the respondent's anonymity.

Table 11 is an attempt to summarize each of these answers according to the

type of material, the property of interest and the industry or product

involved and Table 12 is a more concise statement of those applications listed

by industrial sources. One typical quote suffices to illustrate the simple

yet very important uses which can be made by easy access to phase equilibria

data:

"Refractory attack occurred at bottom of furnace when

metal temperature was lowered 50°C. Analysis of phase

diagram showed that 50°C drop lowered bottom of furnace

operating temperature below melting point of anorthite

which built up during low end of temperature cycle. Upon

heating to upper end of metal melting temperature, cor- rosive liquid was formed which ate the Si02 lining of the

induction furnace. Bottom end of temperature range was raised 50°C and problem was eliminated."

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4J 4J

CO CO CD

CU O

(U

COo

•HS CO CU

CU CO 4-J 4:: 42 3

cx

4J

+J3

CU 4J3

o

o

T3 CO 13 CO •H -H O 'H O

3 3 M 3 J-l XT XT' }-l W i-t •H -H O -H O

rH rH O rH a

4J3

CUS

4-1 CO

CU

4J

4-1 CO

CU

CO CO a o

•H -H

4-1 g

o o

CU 3

4-1 O

3 O

CU (U

CO

CJ •Hg CO

CO CU

CO

CO

(0 CU CU CD

4-t CU CD -H

CO bO CD V4 u 0 CO -H CO 4J 0 •H rH J-l rH -H

4J rH CO 4-1 bO 3

0 •H •H

CO CO + 3 + !-) CU m bO •> !>. "

+

CU CO

>-l rH CU CD 'Zi

I -H rH ^4 bO CO O

CO 4-1 3

CU CU rH (U rH S Pi w S

>, o CU

CO 4-J 4-J rH O CO

CJ CO O

CU M -H CO

CO3

Xl

•H3

CD3

O

•H

4-1 •H a

rH 4-1 CO M CU to PLO rH U CO cx O

•H bo e

CO (U •H rH 4:

CO CD O

•H H }-l X CU

I >-| l4-( rH MH 4J &

CO U

3

CU bO B CO

. -H CU 'H CU CU CO CU rH I

I pL^p^cOpcJSPiOM I

CO3

O

•H

bO

CU

^1bO3

•He

o 4::

>4H O

CD CO

CO CU

CO CD rH (U bO V4

3

O

•H

4J

COE 3 u o O

IW 4J

CD CO 3 S

CO U

u o

4J C+H

(U CU CD CD

CO CO Xi 4=

PI.

bO3

o

u

CD M

Ql CO

jj CD 3 r^'

CO rH

CO •HM

CO CU

CU

COB

CO m

CU CO

CJ

CO CD CD

5-1 rH ^ CD

I <4H O CO

I CU 3 r'

I pii :a 1^ c^

3

3

O

oo

(U

4-t

a-B

CU

4-1 3

O CO bO -H 3

>^ 3 4-1 x)

bO -H CO -H M 4-J S 3

(U rH ft cr 3 CU O -rl ! CU B <4H rH I

bO

CO rH

CD XJ3

CO

CO

CO

CO I I

I rH I I

I O I I cyi-d-(Tvror^vDmc»r-«-r^cM-<fr^<jDcMrH^incN0222*-'^

^--'-dCX)C7^<3^lO-*I^CN00^^lnvO>dC»l^rHvD00<a'-l'^"!.

CU3

bOa

bO !

CUu

o

bO

CO

CM

20
Table 12. SPECIFIC APPLICATION OF PHASE EQUILIBRIA DATA (9)

Total Number of Answers - (127)

Industrial - (67)

MATERIAL

Oxide Ceramics (12)

Glass or Slag Plus

Refractory (10)

Glass or Slag (9)

Refractories (6)

Silicates (4)

Alumina (3)

Metal + Slag (3)

Titanates, Etc. (2)

Raw Materials (2)

PROPERTY

Identification of Phases (17)

Glass Forming Regions (9)

Melting Points (6)

Liquidus (5)

Sintering (4)

Corrosion (4)

Homogeneity (4)

Chemical Reaction (4)

Primary Phases (3)

Refractory Nature (3)

INDUSTRY

Glass (12)

Electronics (9)

Refractories (7)

Electro-Optics (5)

Iron and Steel (5)

Chemical (4)

Refining and Smelting (4)

Ceramics (2)

Communications (2)

Abrasives (2)

3.2.2 Classes of Systems of High Interest (10)

Question ten asked, "Which classes of systems are of high interest to

you? Please indicate by 3 = High interest, 2 = Moderate interest, 1 = Some

interest, 0 = No interest." Most respondents listed only 3 and 2. Table 13

lists the classes of systems divided into oxides, halides and general with the

number of (3) answers given for each class, rearranged according to those of

most interest in each category. Metal oxides and silicates are obviously of

the highest interest with oxides in general being the most important. In the

general category there is a significantly large vote for carbides and borides

which are not covered in the present compilation, nor are there plans for

inclusion of them. At the bottom of this list are arsenides, phosphides,

selenides, and tellurides which are also not intended for coverage in the near future. Fifteen respondents (8%) checked the category "Other [please

specify]" and their specified systems of interest are shown in Table 14.

21
CM rH 00 VD to

CMCO

CNCO CO00 CM

H(/I WwHMoMo

:2wH

>-< COOw e

CO CO CO CO CO

(U (U iH CO (U (U

4-1 E T3 13

•H CO •H 4J (U •H •H

CO (U

U CO 4J J2 }-l 4J 4J CO CU

xt •H •H •H CO CO iH

•H CO

O iH

iH ,C 0)

O 4-1 iH PhH

pq CO COC CO CO (U CO CO T3 0) CO M CO CO

CO •H CO 4J CO 0) (U

0) >-i 0) CO (U CO X) Id

'd

u 4-) CJ 4-1 4-) •H •H

•H •H to o CO o O

a

,Q c M-l 5-1 $-1 0)

}-l 4-1 Xl CO iH

CO CO •H cr >^

U (U

U o COU 13 < CO 00

0)

4-1 o

CO

CO H

00 r-i 00 C^I 00 6^ CO CO m CM iH >— ^

y V ' '—

o 1^

COm o

-Cl- in <

CO CO

mCM CM

(0 ^ CO 4J

CO (U V4

(U T3 CO CD 13 •H W ^ CO •H CO CU

Q)

O 0)

M 4-)

O 4-ta CO CO CO CO CO •H •H W (U w fH O rH iH a. 4J O CO •H CO CO (U CD CO M 4-t iH ^ ^ u o u

X! <U •H iH CO o O CO <: <: Pi Pi pq

CO CO

(U (U CO CO X) T) 0) CO •H •H X) 0) O »-( M •H H O O S •H rH o T3 rH Xi VI O

124

u PQ

M

22
Table 14. CLASSES OF SYSTEMS OF INTEREST (10)

Other: 15

Industry :

1. Ferrous metals and pyrometallurgical slags in contact with

refractory oxides and silicates, molten metallurgical slags

as such and in contact with molten metals

2. Metals - Sn, Fe, Mo, Si and Ft

3. All of interest at one time or another

4. Compounds in the ABC class

X y z 5. Any and all properties of tin and tin oxides

6. Thick film conductor systems, transparent semiconducting oxides:

Sn02, In202-nonstoichiometric, Sn02-In202-0 , Sn, In

7. Alumino-silicates

8. Metals and metal systems

University and Non-Profit Laboratories ^

9. High pressure silicate systems to 'vBO kb

10. Systems at high pressure

11. Ternary and quaternary oxides, carbides and nitrides

12. Nitrides

13. Silicides

14. Common alloys

Government and National Laboratories

Unidentified

15. Combustion of sulfides is of increasing interest

16 . Metals , poljnners

Foreign

17. Silicates and waste out temp. >500° mainly >1000°K

23
3.3 Evaluation of Phase Diagrams for Ceramists as a Publication of the

American Ceramic Society (III)

In general the tone of evaluation in this section was very favorable,

although it might be argued that the audience was biased in favor of the

book as they had just ordered the latest supplement.

3.3.1 Value of Phase Diagrams for Ceramists as a Publication (11)

As shown in Table 15, an overwhelming majority (87%) considered "Phase

Diagrams for Ceramists" very valuable; defined as "in the top priority category

among special publications [Note: The Journal, Bulletin and Ceramic Abstracts

are not special publications]". There were no votes for the category "No Value;i

should be discontinued". |

i

i Table 15. EVALUATION OF PHASE DIAGRAMS FOR CERAMISTS (11)

- Very Valuable - 162 (88%)

- Moderately Valuable - 20 (11%) - Marginal Value - 1 - No Value - 0

3.3.2 Does Range of Systems Treated Span Range of Interest (12)

Question (12) asked: Considering the 1975 Supplement together with

the 1969 Supplement and the 1964 volume, does the range of systems treated

span your range of interests? This question elicited answers similar to those

of question 10. Indeed, there was a large amount of redundancy deliberately

built into the questionnaire specifically to obtain that opinion which most

Interested or bothered the respondent. In this category 126 or 68% of the

respondents checked YES, indicating they were quite happy with the range of

coverage. Only 38 or '^20% answered NO and bothered to describe other systems

which should be covered. Their answers are given in Table 16 and summarized

in Table 17. Some of the suggested systems summarized under "not covered" are of course found in other non-ceramic compilations. Also note the similarity

to the answers for question 19.

In Table 17 and succeeding tables the figures in brackets after the information refer to the number of times it was suggested. No number means it was only mentioned once. Unfortunately, the answers reflect the systems which the

respondents want studied rather than compiled. There is very little published

data in many of the categories listed. Many of the desired categories are outside the field of present coverage. Indeed some of them are outside the field

of ceramics entirely. Other answers have nothing to do with the question; for

Instance, the comments "total coverage not adequate" and "time lag too great".

These later points will be covered in the conclusion section.

24
Table 16. OTHER SYSTEMS WHICH SHOULD BE COVERED (12)

1. Hydrates; more on phosphates (also boro-phosphates)

2. ZrO -SiO^, ZrO^-SiO^-Al^O^. Fe (molten metal) with a wide

variety of commercially important refractory oxides, silicates

and mixtures thereof, and under reducing through oxidizing

environments

3. CaO-Al202-B202

4. Would like more information on glass forming compositions

5. Sn-oxygen up to at least 1100°C, Sn-SnO (Sn02)-Al 0„, SiO and

ZrO_; Sn-SnO Fe (Fe 0 ), Sn-sodium silicates, Sn-SiO_-Na-0-SO„

2 x nm' 222

6. Carbides, borides , nitrides

7. Carbides, borides and nitrides should be included

8. Coverage not adequate - should be complete - wide ranging

9. Mixed systems - solid state devices (electro-ceramics)

10. Silicides would also be useful

11. Simple metal systems

12. Intermetallics

13. SnO-O, SnO-SnO^, SnO^-O, SnO-CaO-FeO-Si02

14. Nitrides-oxynitrides , Al^O^-AlN, Si^N^-SiO^-Y^O^

15. More double oxide systems - BaTiO^-SrTiO^-CaTiO^

16. Mixed systems oxide-nitride, oxide-carbide

17. More on nitride systems

18. More information on transmission oxide systems - nonstoichiometric

SiO» - silicon nitride systems 2-x ^ 19. Most combinations of silicates, borates and oxides

20. Mn-Ni-Co oxides - thermistors, Bi-Pd-O, Bi-Ag-0

21. Low temperature solder glass, attaching ^'^'^-^ to

^'^'P^,

22. Absolutely no information on a large number of minerals

especially sulfide, sulfates and ore minerals - see Dana

23. Enlarge sections on hydrated minerals and high pressure

24. Need more high P, P-T diagrams

25. Sulfides, selenides, tellurides

26. Metal-alkali, etc., nitrides, borides, carbides, silicides

and oxynitrides

27. Carbides, nitrides, etc.

28. One special interest relates to ternaries among NiO-ZnO-MnOCoO-FeO-Fe 0, type materials

X 4

29. Would like to see a "complete" compilation in future

25
Table 16. OTHER SYSTEMS WHICH SHOULD BE COVERED (12) - Continued

30. Little on non-oxygen containing systems given. Would like more on borides, carbides, etc,

31. More up-to-date information needed, time lag too great

32. More on sulfides and other chalcogenides and pnictides

33. NiS/ZnS, CrO /C, As/0», CrO -oxide

X 2 ' X

34. Common alloys, metal-oxygen, metal-H, metal-N2, etc.

35 . Could cover Zr02 in more detail

36. Nitrides and carbides

37. Metals

38. Th-W-0 (reference enclosed)

39. Oxy-fluoride systems

40. Insufficient detail on such as ^t^O^ ternary systems

41. Addition of nitrides would be valuable

42. Bi202-Ti02-alkali oxides

Bi202-Nb20^-alkali oxides

43 . Nitrides-oxynitrides-carbides-borides

Table 17. OTHER SYSTEMS WHICH SHOULD BE COVERED (12)

ALREADY COVERED NOT COVERED

Glass Forming Systems (4)

Refractories (3)

High Pressure (2)

Sulfides (2)

Carbides, Borides, Nitrides (7)

Mixed Systems (5)

Selenides, Tellurides (2)

Silicides

Electronic Oxide Materials Simple Metal Systems (2)

Oxyfluorides

Hydrates Metal-Gas Systems

Interme tallies

Minerals Refractories with Molten Metal

Non-Oxide Containing Systems

IMPORTANT COMMENTS:

Systems with Variable Pq (8)

Total Coverage Not Adequate

Time Lag Too Great

26
3.3.3 Evaluation of Phase Diagrams for Ceramists (13-16)

In this section the respondent was asked to comment on (13) Gaps in

Coverage, (14) More Attention During Experiment, (15) Is Information in Useful Format and (16) Are (1975) Commentaries Useful and of Right Length. The

completely satisfied respondent would answer No, No, Yes, Yes, About Right

to these questions. Table 18 shows the statistical summary of these answers

and again it is evident that most people are fairly satisfied with the book

as presently published.

Table 18. EVALUATION OF PHASE DIAGRAMS FOR CERAMISTS (III)

(Completely Satisfied Checks No, No, Yes, Yes, About Right)

(13) Gaps in Coverage - No - 93

Yes - 67

(14) More Attention During Experiment - No - 89

Yes - 69

I Oon't Know - 1

(15) Information in Useful Format - Yes - 165

No - 10

(16) (1975) Commentaries Useful - No - 7 Yes - 153

LENGTH: Too Long - 7 About Right - 129

Too Short - 9

3.3.3.1 Gaps in Coverage (13)

Table 19 shows the answers of 67 respondents who considered that there

were gaps in coverage. Their written descriptions, summarized in Table 20,

again show that the gaps are mostly in the availability of experimental data

rather than in the compilation of published data.

27
Table 19. GAPS IN COVERAGE (13)

Industrial

1.

2. Metastable and stable liquid-liquid iimniscibilities

3. Low temperature phosphate phases

Water containing glasses

4. ZrO^-SiO -MgO, Zr02-SiO -AI2O2

5. Metastable phases should be delineated

6. Al202-binaries

7. More data on hydrous systems

8. Nitrides, borides and carbides

9. High pressure systems; example Al202-Si02

10. Nonequilibrium situations

11. Rare earths - 2

12. Sulfides, phosphates, arsenates not complete

13. Noble metal compounds; example noble metal oxides-binary oxides

14. Rare earth oxides need (non R.E.) purity analysis

15. SrO-CaO-MgO in LaCrO^

16. Standard refractories vs active oxides which lower useful life

17. Vapor pressures for depositing ceramic phases

18. More oxide-oxide and oxide-metal diagrams

19. ZnO-metal oxide systems with low concentration metal oxide

20. More on BaTiO^-additives used in capacitors

21. Basic ceramic silicate systems from Vol I given commentaries

as found in Vol III

22. Compilation not complete probably because only a selected number of

journals are surveyed.

23. Low temperature solder glasses

24. S, Se, Sb, As assemblages pertaining to minerals

25. CaO-ZrO -SiO -R 0 group

P02 variation in Ca0-Zr02-Si0 -R2O2-RO

26. Complex systems containing SnO and SnO_

27. Sulfides, selenides and tellurides

28. More ternaries

29. Many diagrams are incomplete, especially ternaries

30. Metal-gas systems (like Fe-0)

Phosphate systems

Complex systems, B.O.F. -steel slags

31. CaF2-Ca0-Fe0-Si02 (steelmaking slags) - up to 10% CaF

32. Metastable silicate systems

University

Government and National Laboratories

33.

34.

28
Table 19. GAPS IN COVERAGE (13) - Continued

Unidentified

35. More quaternary information

36. Sulfides, nitrides and other non oxides

37. Si02-Ge02-B202, Si02-P20^-B202 and other systems for

optxcal wave-guides

Foreign

38. Binary solid solutions

39. Zr02-Si02, AI2O , P20^, FeO, ^e^O^

40. Nitrides, oxynitrides, carbides

41. High pressure systems, hydrothermal systems

42. CaO-Al 0^, CaO-P20 -H2O, ferrites (cubic + hex.)

43. Actiniae oxide systems - esp. hypostoichiometric

44. Published diagrams not (yet) included

Table 20. ARE THERE GAPS IN COVERAGE OR COMPILATION (13)

No - 93

Yes - 67

Summary of Answers

- Multicomponent Oxides - 34

- Systems with Variable P - 17

2 - Non Oxides - 14

- Hydrous , Hydrothermal and High Pressure - 5 - Metastable and Non-Equilibrium Phases - 3 - Commentaries for Important Systems from Vol I and II

- Compilation not Complete Because Some Published Diagrams

not Included

3.3.3.2 Experimental Needs (14)

Question 14 asked "Are there features of the systems to which more

attention should be given during experimental studies [such as solid solution

below the one percent level]?" Only 18 people , or about 10%, specifically

agreed with the suggestion concerning solid solution below the one percent

level. They were about equally divided between industrial and university

representatives. As pointed out by one individual in charge of the Materials

Research Laboratory of a leading U.S. university, "This is very difficult

data to get." The descriptions to the Yes answers of 69 individuals (37%) are given in Table 21 and summarized in Table 22 according to the type of

applications of the features. Once again the answers are not necessarily

those which have much relation to the question.

29
Table 21. MORE ATTENTION DURING EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES (14)

Yes (69)

Suggested; Solid solution below the one percent level (18)

-2

1. Effect of SO^ on glass melting

2. Molten metals in contact with refractories and slags

3. Mixed oxides

4. Kinetics

5. Enlargements to show details: e.g. - a peritectic

6. Precipitation of heterogeneous phases in mixed systems

(Exsolution)

7 . Ranges of homogeneity

8. X-ray lattice parameters vs composition in solid solution *' 9. Silicides

10. Rates of transformation

11. Viscosity information (even qualitative)

12. Temperature information on ternaries

13. Glass forming regions - more property measurements

14. CaO in MgO

15. Na2SO^-Al202-Si02

16. Si02-metals, Si02_^-Si, Si-Na20-Si02-metals , metal oxides

17. Impurity effects

18. More detailed attention to possible Magnelli-type phases

19. Stable glass forming regions

20. ^^0^ and CaO in MgO at <1% level

21. Opinions from experts on relative accuracy of conflicting published

data

22. Metastability and attainment of equilibria

23. Kinetics of precipitation - purities of starting materials

24. More information on immiscibilities

25. Solid solution ranges

26. Effect of Vq on equilibria and solid solution. Extrinsic vs intrinsic behavior (impure systems vs purity)

27. Oxidation state

28. Activity data, % solid solution, oxygen partial pressure,

nonstoichiometry

29. Suggested <1% ss is "Very Difficult Data to Get"

30. Phase changes, metastable high temp, phases

a,B,Y,6,e - Al^O^

31. P-T-X equilibria including vapor phase

32. Sub-solidus

33. Oxidation potential of atmospheres

34. Solid solution

35. Metastability of technological interest

36. Glass forming regions

37. Diagrams are more believable with ss information

38. Homogeneity range of transition metal oxides

39. Slag and other wastes plus feldspar, petolite, etc.

40. Crystallographic information on solid solutions

41. Influence of impurities (due to gaseous absorption)

42. Results of AFP-T studies

43. ss and method of detection of ss30
CM

00 1^

>d- CO oMH

<: 00 vo oM 1 hJ o CO

cu < >•

m c

id

CO o

•HU •H 0 o 4J </> ^ a. CO •H CO g m

tH > 0

•H o

CO

a

cr c c CU 0 w CO M as ti c CO O 0 o •H •H PM U cu M ,G P u

CO PI- cu CU cu o •H V—

CU CO s 0 iH t>0 0

•H cu

a bO

H •H <w c

M-l

u COO 1 0 0 O cr •H 0 •H w CO u iH iH •H CO 4J

4J CO CO rH 0 3 u X!1

CU (U

M CU 4-i 0 iH

cu 5-1 CO CO CD 0

M-l

H CO >^ 00 C! CO

4-1 42 5-1 CO 0 cu M PM C_) 2:

10

to CO

<--s > Hi •H m 0

CU CO •H

tiu 00

(U CO CVJ cu CU

pe; C30 4-1 4J w 0 0 (U K e CU >^ g ti H 0 4-1 4J CO 0 4-1 M M-l CO •H u •H •H W W iH CO 4-1 iH ti m •H •H •H 0 0 (0 ,Q CO ,n •H

4J 0 CO cu 0 •H 4J

CO •H •rl 4J 0 0

cu

U

M CO •H i- CO iH

00 (U CO P 0 •H 0

ti Pi< ti 4J

M CO

CO e •H (U CO i< Pi M hJ M W

CD +J CO CO ti 00 cu CU

CO 4J

H

CO iH CO (U ti CO CO CO 5-1 0 :s r-1 d

•H T3 CO 00 ti S-i CO

(U CO CO cu CU

ti > .c

cu CD 4-1 CO 00 > (U CO CO CU 0 PI4 ti w > CD t-l •H CO 4-» •H •H CO CO U u •T3

4-t iH 4-t 0 0 iH CU

CO C5 CU 4J CU cx

M 0 4J 4-1 S 0 0

pcj •H •H ti CO ti 5-1 PM CO iH •H ti U CO CO PLi CO 0 CO cu ^-^ a

CO CJ CM 4J (U 00 r-i 4-> CU

CO CO CD^ 1 <! iH Pi CO P^ cu 5-1 iH •H 0 0 iH

(J5 > CO

CO

4-) CO Q

-a

cu

CO •HrHd

PM00

ti •H

4J

CJ •HiH

<4-l tiOoOO

CO

5-1

CJ

CJ <

(U>

•H

CU

tio

CD 4JU

<Dgo

V4 m

CD

tio

•H

ti •H

PL O

31
3.3.3.3 Useful Format (15)

A total of 165 respondents agreed that "the information given in the

diagrams (was) presented in a useful format." Although only 10 persons

indicated a No answer there were considerably more suggestions made for

possible improvements. These suggestion are given in Table 23 and summarized

in Table 24.

Table 23. IS INFORMATION IN DIAGRAMS IN USEFUL FORMAT? (15)

Yes - 165 No - 10

1. Some exotic formats should have simplified more routine

format as well.

2. An abstract published with data would be useful.

3. The 1975 (format) is well done.

4. Always state whether mole or weight percent.

5. Axes should always be mole % rather than wt %.

6. More isothermal sections and joins in ternary systems

7. Better cross-referencing, i.e. ternary liquidus to binary

subsolidus

8. Larger size

9. More use of other descriptive methods

10. Oxygen partial pressure of atmosphere implicity assumed

to be that of air

11. Large-scale diagrams are also useful

12. All diagrams should be reviewed for theoretical correctness

13. Diagrams in earlier volumes difficult to follow

14. Often too little format

Table 24. IS INFORMATION IN PHASE DIAGRAMS IN USEFUL FORMAT (15)

1. The 1975 Format is Well Done (6)

2 . State Whether Mole or Weight Percent (4)

3. Axes Should Always be Mole % not Wt %

(Axes Should Always be Wt % not Mole %)

4. More Isothermal Sections (2)

5. Better Cross Referencing

i.e. Ternary Liquidus to Binary Subsolidus

6. Exotic Formats Should Have Simplified Formats as Well

7. More Use of Descriptive Methods

8. Pn Assumed to be Air "2

9. All Diagrams Should be Reviewed for Theoretical Correctness

32
3.3.3.4 Information in Commentaries (17)

The respondents were asked to check four informational points (purity,

accuracy, method and reference) as to their usefulness in the commentaries

by using 3 = High value, 2 = Moderate, 1 = Marginal, 0 = No value. No one bothered to indicate zero value although certain portions were often without

an entry. Table 25 indicates the number of times each of these points were

given a 3 (High value) . Purity of starting materials was considered to be the

most important single factor to be included.

Table 25. IS IT USEFUL TO HAVE INFORMATION IN COMMENTARIES ON THE FOLLOWING;

(17)

High Value ;

Purity of Starting Materials - 103 (55%)

Information on Accuracy - 88 (47%)

Description of Method - 85 (46%)

References to Earlier Work - 61 (33%)

3.3.4 Additional Information for Commentaries (18)

Question 18 asked "What additional information, if any, would you suggest

be included in the diagrams and/or the commentaries" and gave four blank lines

for an answer. Only 43 people (23%) bothered to answer this question, and

again, many answers, as listed in Table 26, had little bearing on the question.

Tables 27 and 28 summarize the answers according to those possibly within the

scope of the compilation, and those probably outside the scope of the compilation.

In Table 29 four comments are given from answers to question 18 which are well

worth considering, if not for inclusion in the commentaries, at least as a starting point for discussion.

Table 26. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION NEEDED (18)

1. Same information in same order for commentaries

2 . Use wt% exclusively ( !

)

Identify mol % or wt %

Commentary on converting mole % to wt %

3. Authors feeling of accuracy of their work

4. More information on oxide stoichiometry

high pressure diagrams - diamond - boron nitride

5. X-ray data for phases - reference to powder diffraction file

6. a) Effect of impurities (normally occurring)

b) Effect of added impurities

7. Prefer return to '69 format - have good library

33
Table 26. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION NEEDED (18) - Continued

8. Identify crystalline vs amorphous

Indicate if solid state diffusion starts phase change or compound formation or if partial melting is necessary

Include precious metal-base metal oxide systems

9. *75 format is commendable

10. Vapor pressure, electrical resistivity, dielectric constant,

optical properties, mechanical properties

11. Iso-activity plots for liquid oxide systems

12. The more the better

13. References

14. Experimental difficulties with vaporization or low reaction

rates useful for practical use of phase diagrams

15 . Information supplied is adequate

16. As much as possible

17. Metastable phases - potential problems such as volatilization

18. None - keep up good work

19. Chalcogenide glasses with their properties,

low temperature solder glasses

20. Give title of reference

21. A list of what optical/structural/physical data are available

in the source reference

22. Does proposed diagram violate phase rule?

23. Bibliography including titles

24. Identify which part of diagram is theoretical and which is

experimental

Conditions of experimental work - oxidizing, reducing-inert

atmosphere

25. O.K. as is

26. Free energy data - elements and compounds

27. More complete coverage

28. Hansen format useful - much more information makes volume

cumbersome

29. Critical comment on possible errors in original work

30. Compilation of electronic properties

31. Tabulation of invariant points

32. Purity, accuracy, methods and reference as in question (17)

33. Reaction rates - viscosity of liquids

34. Useful data

34
Table 26. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION NEEDED (18) - Continued

35. Glass forming regions - glass properties, refractive index,

glass-transition temperature

36. Reaction kinetics

37. References to earlier work and conflicting data

38. References to x-ray data for identification of phases

39. Commentary on attainment of equilibrium (rate) ferrostress

of metastable phase - indication of probability of real system

attaining equilibrium diagram phase composition

40. Original aim of the work. Reaction rates

41. Comparison with earlier work

Comments on value of earlier published diagrams

42. Purity of starting materials

43. More details on foreign publications.

Regions of glass formation

44. Scale of composition of the individual components

Table 27. WHAT ADDITIONAL INFORMATION SHOULD BE INCLUDED? (18)

Return to '69 Format - (1)

Keep '75 Format - (9)

Answers Possibly Within Scope of Compilation

References (with titles) to Earlier Work (5)

Reaction Kinetics (4)

Purity (3)

References to X-Ray Diffraction Data (2)

Accuracy (2)

Stoichiometry

Metastable Phases (2)

Volatilization (2)

Comments on Possible Errors

More Complete Coverage

35
Table 28. WHAT ADDITIONAL INFORMATION SHOULD BE INCLUDED (18)

Answers Probably Outside Scope of Compilation

- Glass Forming Properties (3) - Optical Properties (2) - Vapor Pressure

- Electrical Resistivity

- Dielectric Constant

- Mechanical Properties

- Free Energy Data

- Electronic Properties

- Viscosity of Liquidus

"Useful Data"

Table 29. WHAT ADDITIONAL INFORMATION SHOULD BE INCLUDED (18)

Noteworthy Comments:

1. Same Information in Same Order for Commentaries

2. A List of What Kind of Optical-Structural-Physical

Data are Available in the Source Reference

3. Identify Which Part of Diagram is Theoretical and Which

is Experimental

4. Comment on Rate of Volatilization and Attainment of

Equilibriim to Indicate Probability of Real System

Attaining Equilibrium Phase Composition

3.4 Important Needs for Experimental and/or Theoretical Work (IV)

In section IV of the questionnaire the respondent was asked to comment

on "important needs for experimental and/or theoretical work not now being

done". It was pointed out that "Compilers are usually also research workers

and influence other workers. Your indication of the relative importance of

certain research gaps might lead to filling some of these gaps". In general

the response was very good. In fact, one respondent eloquently answered,

"General increase in information on phase diagrams is needed. This is basic

information of lasting value".

36
3.4.1 Specific Systems for Which Diagrams are Needed (19)

Question 19 asked "Are there specific systems for which diagrams are needed and not available?" There were 44 No answers and 90 Yes answers.

In describing their Yes answers the respondents were generally quite specific

and these specific needs are listed in Table 30. These answers have been sum- marized in Table 31 by types of systems, by applications or in special categories,

Note that the types of systems include most of those listed in question 10

and the applications cover most of those mentioned in question 8.

Table 30. SPECIFIC SYSTEMS FOR WHICH DIAGRAMS ARE NEEDED (19)

No - (44) Yes - (90)

1. In^O^f Sn02, Cr^O^y - silicates NiO with Na and K alumina-silicates

2. Off stoichiometric effects in solid state and abrasives

3. Na20-Li20-P20^

4. CaO-Al^O^-B^O^

5. Nitrides: Be-Si-N^, Mg-Si-N2

6. Al202-Si02-(S02), Na02-Si02-Na2B02

7. Mixed systems with semiconducting properties

8. All diagrams possible

9. CUO-AI2O2

10. Ba0-Ti02 with Nd, Sm, Pr oxides

11. Na20-Li20-Al203 , Si2N^-Mg0-Al203 , S±^^^-YJD^~A1^0^

12. V20^-PbO-P203 , V20^-Zn0-P20^

13. Si-O-N, 3-AI2O3 (Na, Li)

14. Nitrides

15. V20^-Al203-Si02 and V20^-Al203-P20^-Si02

16 . Fe0-Zn0-Si02

17 . Garnets

18. ZnO-metal oxides

19. Refractory oxide - metal oxide, ZnO-metal oxide

20. Ferrites

21. Si02-Al203-Ca0-B203; Si02-Al203-Ca0-CaF2

22. Si02-B203-alkali oxides - alkaline earth oxides

23. Mn-Ni-Co-Cu-0

24. Rare earth oxide systems

25. Si02-Al203-B20-Ca0; Ti02 - transition elements,

CaO, MgO, etc. - Si02-Al203-B203-Na20

37
Table 30. SPECIFIC SYSTEMS FOR WHICH DIAGRAMS ARE NEEDED (19) - Continued

26. ZnO-Bi202-Ti02, ^^2'^ 3* ^°3°4

27. Low temperature solder glasses

28. Ore minerals and assemblages Au, Ag - Se, Te

29. Zirconates, titanates, niobates, stanates and combinations

30. Ce02-other oxides

31. SnO-Sn02-silicates

32. Si02-A1N-Y202

33. Multicomponent silicates

34. Sulfides, selenides, tellurides

35. Simple oxides, i.e. Al^O^, MgO, CaO

36. MgO-Y202-Zr02 - other ternary zirconates

37. Rare earths-O-C-N system

38. Si-C, Si-C-N, Si-Al-O-N, Na20-Al202-Li20

39. Nitrides - SiN, TiN, ZrN

40. Complex glass, refractory systems, fluorides, rare earths, low P2

41. High pressure silicates

42. MgO-Zr02, Mg0-Cr202

43. Oxide-carbonate-sulfate

44. Nitrides: M-N-C-B-Si-0 ternary and/or more complex

45. Nitrides, carbides

46. Metal-oxygen, i.e. (Fe-0)

47. Steelmaking - CaF2-CaO-FeO-Si02

48. Metal oxides (Cr^O^y ¥e20^) with molten hydroxides

49. Cement SiO„-Al 0--Fe0 -CaO-MgO

50. Hydroxy-apatite-H20

51. Si02-Ge02-B203, Si02-P203-B202

52. CaO-MgO-SO^

53. Steelmaking components - refractory oxides

54. Zr0_-ZrF,, Zr0„-ZrF,-Na^0 (Group I and II oxides)

2 4 2 4 2

55. Nitrides, silicides

56. Me-O-N, Me-N-C, Me-N, Me-C

57. High pressure systems

58. Si02-Al202-alkaline earth oxides - alkali oxides + other phases

59. Actinide oxide ternary systems

60. Pb0-PbF2-Si02, Pb0-PbF2-P20.

38
Table 30. SPECIFIC SYSTEMS FOR WHICH DIAGRAMS ARE NEEDED (19) - Continued

61. Nitrides, borides, silicides , phosphides, carbides, chalcogenides

62. Metallic systems, borides, nitrides, carbides, silicates,

phosphides , aluminides

63. CaO-MgO-Al202

Table 31. NEEDS FOR EXPERIMENTAL OR THEORETICAL WORK NOT NOW BEING DONE (IV)

SPECIFIC SYSTEMS FOR WHICH DIAGRAMS ARE NEEDED (19)

TYPES

Silicates (9) Carbides and Nitrides (9)

Aluminates (5) Oxynitrides (6)

Zincates (5) Sulfides, Selenides, Tellurides (3)

Rare Earths (4) Fluorides, Oxyfluorides (3)

Phosphates (3) Oxyhydroxides (2)

Zirconates (3) Sulfates

Titanates (2) Metal-Oxygen Systems

Stannates (2) Ferrites

Vanadates (2) Actinides

Borates

APPLICATIONS :

Glass (7)

Magnetics (3)

Refractories (3)

Steel Making (2)

Cement

Abrasives

Semiconductors

Ferroelec tries

Electronics

Optics

39
Table 31. NEEDS FOR EXPERIMENTAL OR THEORETICAL WORK NOT NOW BEING DONE (IV)

Continued

SPECIAL CATEGORIES;

Ore Minerals

Low Pn

High Pressure Systems

High Pressure Silicates

Very Complex Systems

(Five or More Components of Mixed Types)

Oxy-Nitro-Carbides

Oxide-Carbonate-Sulfates

3.4.2 Existing Diagrams Which Need Updating or Correction (20)

Question 20 asked "Are there parts of existing diagrams for which more

detailed data are needed or which you suspect of being in error?" There

were 68 No answers and 42 Yes. The Yes answers are given in Table 32 and

summarized by categories in Table 33. Many of these were silicates, aluminat

or zirconates.

Table 32. ARE PARTS OF EXISTING DIAGRAMS IN ERROR OR NEED MORE DATA (20)

No - 68

Yes - 42

1. Phosphate, polyphosphate combinations with MnO, FeO, etc.

2. Cr202-Si02 (reliability)

3. Large Scale Diagrams - Na20-CaO-Si02 , Na20-MgO-Si02 , Na20-B202

4. K20-Al202-Si02

5. Specific diagram in error - reference given but not system

6. More property measurements needed

7.. Standard refractory products

8. CaO-Al202-Si02

9. Na20-MgO-Al202-Si02 and K20-Mg0-Al202-Si02

10. Al202-MgO, Al202-Si02

11. Low alkali oxide content - binary silicates

12. Al202-Si02 (mullite) MgO-Al202-Si02-CaO

13. Anorthite - albite (1 atm)

14. Many are based on assumed equilibrium

40
Table 32. ARE PARTS OF EXISTING DIAGRAMS IN ERROR OR NEED MORE DATA (20)

Continued

15. Many, Al202-Si02, CaO-Zr02

16. Oxides - silicates >1800°C, i.e. liquidus of SCaOrSiO^

17. MgO-SiO^

18. Many diagrams only determined very accurately if need arises

19. Many diagrams from Russian sources

20. Na20-Al202

21. Chromates-hydroxides

22. High metal content nonstoichiometric oxides

23. Vapor pressure

24. CaO-Zr02

25. Al202-Zr02-Si02

26. Si02-Al202-alkaline earth oxides - alkali oxides - Anorthosite

27. Tl-S and other Tl-bearing systems

28. U0-,2+x

29. Pb-02 and Pb-F2

30. Bi202-Ti02

Table 33. EXISTING DIAGRAMS WHICH NEED UPDATING OR CORRECTING (20)

No - (68)

Yes - (42)

CATEGORIES

Silicates (14)

Aluminates (3)

Zirconates (3)

Titanates

Chromates

Phosphates

Uranates

Sulfides

Oxyfluoride

Garnets

Non-Stoichiometric Oxides

Refractories

Ultra High Temperatures (>1800°C)

- Many Based on Assumed Equilibrium

- Many Determined Accurately Only if Need Arises

41
3.4.3 Aspects of Phase Equilibria Needed but Inadequately Explored (21)

Question 21 was worded, "Are there aspects of phase equilibria which are needed and generally Inadequately explored In most studies? [for example,

solid solution below one percent]" There were 61 No answers and 51 Yes.

The Yes respondent was asked to "please describe the problem and. If possible,

suggest experimental methods for obtaining such data". The descriptions given

by the Yes respondents are given in Table 34. Fifteen people agreed with the

example of solid solution below the one percent level as shown in Table 35,

which also lists some other aspects given in the answers. In Table 36 a sum- mary is given of some of the suggested experimental methods which might be used

to obtain some of these hard to get data.

Table 34. ASPECTS OF PHASE EQUILIBRIA NEEDED BUT INADEQUATELY EXPLORED (21)

No - 63

Yes - 51

1. Effect of molar volume and thermal expansion on glasses

2. Kinetics - convey a feeling for kinetics of the system in

the published article and include in commentary

3. Organic-inorganic phase diagrams

4. Influence of rate of cooling on physical form of precipitated

(solid) phases, also composition of grain boundary phases

5. Effect of small amount of additives on melting points,

solubilities, etc.

6. CaO in MgO

7. Special issue on impurities (dilute solid solutions)

8. Immisclblllty gaps

9. Solid solution below 1%

10. a) Solid solution at all levels

b) Explore more systems as a function of Pq^

11. Systems fired in atmospheres other than air

12. Physical properties of phases formed

13. Microphase separation in glasses and coherent precipitation at

or near boundaries

14. Time-temperature-trans formation diagrams

15. Detect second phases in "single phase material" by TEM and

electron diffraction (and lattice Images)

16. Temperature - composition - Pq^ diagrams

17. Equilibrium in ultra high purity systems

18. Solid solution below one percent

19. Solid solution of ternary compounds by vapor pressure measurements

across the solid solution region

42
Table 34. ASPECTS OF PHASE EQUILIBRIA NEEDED BUT INADEQUATELY EXPLORED (21) - Continued

20. a) Low Pq^ systems - high temperature x-ray in mixed gases

b) Phase equilibria in "pure" systems may be result of

impurity effects

c) Resistivity vs temperature to determine intrinsic and

extrinsic behavior

21. Metastable immiscibility of silicate liquids and immiscibility

of silicate solid soliitions below solidus

22. Solid solution below 1% by SEM and etch methods

23. Solid solution thermodynamics

24. More attention to the vapor phase

25. Some semiconducting oxides

26. Details of Pq dependence in systems involving transition

metal oxides ^

27. Solid solution limits in binary diagrams

28. Neutron diffraction; (OH) contamination in oxides by IR;

neutron activation analysis

29. Application of phase diagrams to non-equilibrium systems

30. Effect of trace impurities - full chemical characterization

of starting material

31. Vapor pressure

32. Attainment of equilibrium

33. Different "types" of quartz having different solution rates in

various melts

34. Solid solution below 1%,

Vapor pressure at high temperature

35. Non -condensed system equilibria

36. Solid solution below 5%

37. Solid solution below 1%

38. Systems containing vapor-liquid and vapor-solid

43
Table 35. ASPECTS OF PHASE EQUILIBRIA NEEDED BUT INADEQUATELY EXPLORED (21)

No - 63

Yes - 51

Example Given: Solid Solution Below One Percent (15)

Other Aspects ; - Explore Systems as a Function of P^ (6) - Kinetics of Attainment of Equilibrium (5) - Vapor Pressure (5) - Immiscibility (Liquid and Solid) (3) - Application of Phase Diagrams to Metastable

or Non-Equilibrium Systems (2)

Table 36. ASPECTS OF PHASE EQUILIBRIA NEEDED BUT INADEQUATELY EXPLORED (21)

Experimental Methods for Obtaining Such Data

- Transmission Electron Microscopy

- Electron Diffraction

(High Resolution Lattice Images)

- Vapor Pressure Measurements Across S.S. Region

- High Temperature X-Ray Diffraction in Mixed Gases

- Resistivity vs Temperature

- Scanning Electron Microscope

- Etch Techniques

- Neutron Diffraction

- IR Spectroscopy

- Neutron Activation Analyses

4.0 Discussion of Selected Conclusions

Several important points are worth discussion as a result of the analyses

of the answers received from this questionnaire. With regard to needed experimental data, there are two areas of experimental research which are apparently

badly needed. The first involves the study of various elements and oxides

capable of oxidation/reduction under conditions of variable P . There is very

2 little such data available for compilation. Only the simplest systems have so far been studied. The second area needed involves mixed systems containing

refractories with slag or melt plus metal. Such mixed ternary or more complex

systems are not primarily the classical concern of either ceramists or metallurgists. Consequently very few "academic" studies of such nature have been

44
published. Probably a large amount of such data has been accumulated by

individual industrial laboratories. Such data is generally considered proprietary and is very seldom published.

Regarding the compilation itself, there were several justified complaints

which are worth reemphasizing . The first problem mentioned was that the time

lag was too great between publication of the data and publication of the

compilation. Attempting to supply a commentary for each diagram only increased

the time lag. In answer to this criticism, the present technique utilizing

guest editors for the commentaries has been established. It is obvious that

12 editors can produce more commentaries than one or two in the same amount of

time. It remains to be proven that the system will work, but the coordinating

editors presently hope to publish a new up-to-date supplement every three years

with the next due in 1978.

The second comment is that the total coverage is not adequate. No matter

how the editors try to find all published diagrams they are bound to miss

some which were published in obscure journals or reports. Individuals have

always been encouraged to submit references which they find have been missed,

but this has never amounted to a large percentage. It is proposed that an

advertisement for the publications be published several times a year in the

trade journal (s) requesting readers to submit missed references from any

date preceding some fixed value. Hopefully this will increase the probability

of obtaining responses from the large community of users.

Another problem which will eventually have to be faced by the editors

involves commentaries for the diagrams published in the 1964 and 1969 editions.

It seems most likely that only the more important systems would require com- mentaries. The decision as to which diagrams should be republished with com- mentaries will have to be faced in the near future.

5.0 Summary of Conclusions

1) "Phase Diagrams for Ceramists" is providing an important service

and should definitely be continued. The 186 respondents were overwhelmingly favorable. These responses were: very valuable - 162 (88%),

moderately valuable - 20 (11%) , and marginal value - 1 (1%)

.

2) Users classified themselves primarily as scientists (68%) but also

substantially as engineers (38%) ; note that some classified themselves

as both.

3) The largest percentage of respondents were in industry (44%) . These industries included substantial representation from eight of the

standard industrial categories plus 35 users in other categories. It is

especially noteworthy that the user group extended far beyond the producers

of ceramics and the users of ceramics in high temperature materials

processing. Additional industrial categories cannot be briefly sum- marized but included those concerned with mining, chemicals, aerospace,

and instruments.

45
4) A large group of users (20%) is in educational services. Many students in ceramics are taught from "Phase Diagrams for Ceramists" and use it as a personal reference book throughout their career.

5) Categorical uses by the 186 respondents are: sintering (6A%), search

for new compounds (51%), glass processing (34%), education (3.%), electronic

materials (29%) , crystal growing (28%) , metal coating or processing (22%) , smelting and refining (21%) , geology (18%) , energy conversion (17%)

,

optical materials (16%) , magnetic materials (16%) , building materials (13%)

,

environmental effects (9%) , nuclear materials (15%) , and other (10%)

.

6) Specific applications listed by respondents totalled 127. These can- not be briefly summarized but indicated great concern with high temperature corrosion mechanisms and limiting conditions of service in general as well as concern with advances in processing.

7) The present range of coverage of "Phase Diagrams for Ceramists" was approved by 68% of the respondents. The listings of specific systems of

interest gives no indication that classical areas such as silicates are "mined out."

8) The range of coverage was indicated to be inadequate for their interests

by 20% of the respondents. To satisfy their needs would require experimental

or theoretical study rather than just compilation in most cases. Ninety

respondents identified specific systems for which diagrams are needed and

not available.

9) Some classes of systems for which high interest was indicated are not

included in the compilation such as carbides and borides. There are no plans for coverage of these systems in the compilation at its present level

of activity.

10) An important criticism is that the time lag is too great between the

publication of the data and the publication of the compilation. It remains

to be seen how much the new system of coordinating editors will reduce this

time lag.

11) Respondents overwhelmingly favored continuing the commentaries which

accompanied the diagrams in the 1975 Supplement. Some respondents called

for additional types of information in the commentary which cannot be

provided at the present level of activity.

12) Various areas of additional types of needed work (as opposed to

specific systems) were suggested. Two are apparently badly needed. The

first is the study of variable composition and structure in systems capable

of oxidation or reduction. The second is the area of mixed oxide-metal

systems typified by refractories in contact with slag or melt plus metal.

46

I
APPENDIX 1

QUESTIONNAIRE

on PHASE DIAGRAMS FOR CERAMISTS"

for use In a survey by the

American Ceramic Society

I. Description of Respondent.

1. Type of Trainingii27Q Scientist

7lD Engineer

AO Other [please specify]

2. Highest Degree:

31 BS or BA [please specify field]

30 MS or MA [please specify field]

115 PhD or ScD [please specify field]

10 Other [please specify]

3. Present type of work [check as many as appropriate]:

143 research

85 n development

18 n production

AO technical management

A6 0 education

9D other [please specify]

a] Are you a Member of the American Ceramic Society? 1550 Yes

b] If you are a Member, to which Division(s) do you belong?

280 No

56n Basic Science

4n Cement

SQ Ceramic-Metal Systems

2lD Electronics

230 Glass

AD Materials & Equipment

50 Nuclear

290 Refractories

]0 Structural Clay Products

] Whitewares

l3D No Division

47
Please check one or more of the following Standard Industrial

Categories which best describe your employer:

en 10 Metal Mining

- 11 Anthracite Mining

2n 12 Bituminous Mining

3n 13 Oil and Gas Extraction

19[2 ]k Nonmetalllc Minerals, except Fuels

20D 28 Chemicals and Allied Products

4D 29 Petroleum and Coal Products

AD 30 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastic Products

son 32 Stone, Clay, and Glass Products

ISD 33 Primary Metal Industries

ISD 3^ Fabricated Metal Products

id 35 Machinery, except Electrical

260 36 Electrical and Electronic Equipment

4Q 37 Transportation Equipment

lOD 38 Instruments and Related Products

60 39 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries

52 Building Materials and Garden Supplies

A6n 82 Educational Services

84 Museums, Botanical, Zoological Gardens

2n 91 Executive, Legislative, and General

3n 95 Environmental Quality and Housing

2n 97 National Security and International Affairs

Other [pi ease describe in your own words] ^

[Optional

]

Name and address of present employer

150

[Optional

]

Your name 174

Address

Telephone No.

48
Uses of Phase Equilibria Data and Principles.

8. Areas of application of phase equilibria in your organization

[check as many as apply]:

57n Education

33 Geology

39 0 Smelting and P\efining

3lD Energy Conversion Devices [turbines, batteries, gasifiers, etc.

15 Nuclear Materials

117 Sintering of Ceramics

41 Metal Coating and Other Metal Processing , 51 Crystal Growing

63 0 Glass Processing

54 Electronic Materials or Devices

29 Optical Materials or Devices

29 Magnetic Materials or Devices

23 Building Materials [cement, etc.]

17 Environment Effects [leaching, etc.]

93 Search for new compounds with desirable properties

19 Other [please specify]

9. Please describe one or more specific applications briefly in a way

that shows type of information needed and purpose for which used.

127
10. Which classes of systems are of interest to you? Please indicate

by 3 = High interest; 2 = Moderate interest, 1 = Some interest,

0 = No interest.

Oxides General

144_ Metal oxides 3J^ Carbonates

11_ Al kal i oxi des 32_ Sulfates, Sulfides

35_ Phosphates Arsenides, Phosphides

107 S i 1 i cates Selenides, Tellurldes

40 Rare earths 18 Nitrates and Nitrites

53 Al kal i ne earths 32 Oxynitrides, Nitrides

34 Borates

Hal ides 43 Carbides, Borides

25_ Fl uorides 14 Aqueous systems at 1 atm

24_ Chlorides 12 Hydrothermal systems

1 Bromides

1 Iodides

15 Other [please specify]

III. Evaluation of PHASE DIAGRAMS FOR CERAMISTS as a publication of the

American Ceramic Society.

11. How valuable do you consider PHASE DIAGRAMS FOR CERAMISTS as a continuing publication series by the Society?

162 0 Very valuable; in top priority category among special publications [Note: The JOURNAL, BULLETIN, and CERAMIC ABSTRACTS are not special publications].

20 Moderately valuable.

1 Margi nal value — No value, should be discontinued

12. Considering the 1975 Supplement together with the 1969 Supplement

and the 196^ volume, does the range of systems treated span your

range of interests?

126 Yes

38 No. If no, please describe what other systems should be

covered

.

50
13. Within the range of systems treated are there gaps in coverage

or compilation which need attention:

93 No

67 Yes. If yes, please describe.

1^. Are there features of the systems to which more attention should

be given during experimental studies [such as solid solution

below the one percent level [?

89 No

69 Yes. If yes, please describe.

1 Don't know

15. Is the information given in the diagrams presented in a useful

format?

165 Yes

10 No. If no, please suggest possible improvement.

16. Is the information in the commentaries in the 1975 Supplement

useful

?

7 No

153 Yes. If yes, is the length 7[2 too long?

2 Don't know 129^ about right?

9D too short?

17. Is it useful to have information in the commentary on the following

[please use 3 = high value, 2 = moderate, 1 = marginal, 0 = no value]:

103 Purity of starting material

85 Description of method of data determination

88 Information on the accuracy of the work

61 References to earlier work.

18. What additional information, if any, would you suggest be included

in the diagrams and/or the commentaries?

A3

51
Important needs for experimental and/or theoretical work not now being

done. [Compilers are usually also research workers and Influence other

workers. Your indication of the relative importance of cert^^in research

gaps might lead to filling some of these gaps.]

13. Are there specific systems for which diagrams are needed and not ava i 1 ab le?

No

90 Q Yes. If yes, please describe.

20. Are there parts of existing diagrams for which more detailed

data are needed or which you suspect of being in error?

68 No

42 nVes. If yes, please describe.

21. Are there aspects of phase equilibria which are needed and generally

inadequately explored in most studies? [For example, solid solution

below one percent.]

63 No

51 Yes. If yes, please describe the problem and, if possible,

suggest experimental methods for obtaining such data.

52
APPENDIX 2 SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS OF INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM

PHASE DIAGRAMS FOR CERAMISTS (9)

INDUSTRIAL

1. K„PO^-KNO^ mixture to provide melt for ion exchanging glass

articles. CaF2-NaF-Si02 system for studying crystalline nature

of fluoride opacified glasses

2. What primary phase should we expect in a devitrification process

and what are the optical properties of this phase?

4. Study of reasons for different melting (dissolution) rates of

various alumina sources in glass batch. High melting points of

K-feldspar (lepidolite-mica) and nepheline were considered

important possibilities.

6. Slagging reactions - influence of all industrial slags on refractory oxides, on liquid formation

e.g. - Which refractory oxides are most stable (least influenced)

by attack of: ^^0^, F, Borosilicates?

7. Phosphate bonding applied foundry sand technology requires that

we achieve strong room temperature strengths, the strengths to

be retained as the bonded sand is shock heated and for the sand

to fuse (intergrain liquids) minimally. The low fusion is needed

to assure easy knockout or removal from cores or inside geometries

of castings. Steel castings, being the highest temperature metals,

are most demanding of sands and binders.

11. 1) Liquidus in multicomponent systems for glaze development and

glass seal research 2) Primary phase fields in refractory

development, e.g. - cordierite refractories.

12. In the manufacture and development of cordierite refractory

compositions, we use the MgO-Al202-Si02 diagram extensively

and with great success

.

13. 1) Determination of amount of liquid formed when basic refractories

are fired to various temperatures in the presence of various metallurgical slags, molten metals , various sorts of atmospheres, etc.

2) As a guide to suggest amounts of dolomite to be added to achieve

desirable properties (fluidity, minimum corrosive attack on refractories) on refractories in blast furnaces, basic oxygen and electric

arc steelmaking furnaces. 3) If phase equilibria data were available

in sufficient detail we should use them in development of zircon,

zircon-alumina, zircon-mullite and zircon-magnesia refractories.

53
21. Solubilities of Nl and Fe in some silicate glasses; phase relations

gave maximum % soluble prior to crystallization.

22. Compositions where one component is alumina or silicon carbide;

suitable for abrasives.

23. Much of my work involves phase identification. When working with

known systems, I find the diagrams very useful for determining

likely phases to be encountered.

26. Phase information for glasses used to produce cermet resistors,

etc. for electronic applications. Source of references for

literature search.

29. High MgO basic refractories used as checker brick in glass regenerators

undergoes alteration due to high temperatures and furnace carryover.

Long term cyclic conditions are not always same as found in phase

diagrams. Many phase diagrams published are apparently not quite

equilibrium diagrams, either. A researcher who needs to recommend

a material for such an application may get misleading results from

phase diagrams. Thus information needed is long term equilibrium - kinetics are important. More specific applications of great concern

are of proprietary nature and unfortunately cannot be discussed here.

30. The effect of steel or slag components, such as MnO, K2O, on refractories is predicted using phase equilibria data. It is

used primarily in the iron and steelmaking furnaces.

37. I used metal-metal systems quite frequently for brazing studies and

reactivity with other metals. With the heavy activity in metallizing

plating, and brazing ceramics the diagrams published by the American

Society for Metals is of great help.

NOTE: In a compilation of "Phase Diagrams for Ceramists" I feel the

aqueous systems could be omitted.

39. Melting points and eutectic formation in systems BeO-SiO-, BeO-SiO_-MgO,

CaO-SiO^, B 0^-5102, Al^O^-B^O^-SiO y Li O-Al 02-Si02, WO^-SiO^,

^2*^3~^^x~^ 2 other systems. The information is needed to predict

the behavior of silicon carbide and silicon nitride ceramics (containing

these additions or impurities) in oxidizing environment at high temperatures .

41. In the glass industry, if there is refractory corrosion of the arch,

what might be possible causes?

42. Seeking new high temperature compounds, or limitations of current

materials

.

54
44. At present most of my needs are in systems involved with crystal

growth. One such system is the system Cs20-As20^-H20 (or D2O)

.

I realize this is not a "ceramic" system, but you are way beyond

this point now. However, checking discloses not only not the 3-

component diagram, but even one of the two-component boundaries

is missing - Cs20-As20^. I have in my possession two gov't reports,

circa 1969, and one circa 1974 with incomplete information. I realize it is unreasonable to expect all work to be already done.

But this is how I start. We then go on from there.

46. Large area ceramic semiconductors (polycrystalline) for use in

optoelectronics. (A) Traveling zone melting for removal of voids

and reduction in width and number of grain boundaries. (B) Controlled directional cooling. (C) Effects of annealing.

48. Preparation of semiconducting barium titanates and microwave

titanate required information on phase stabilities and homogeneity

ranges. Up-to-date information such as #4302 was very valuable.

49. What are the reaction products of magnesia with cordierite, how

can this be used in an auto exhaust catalyst system?

51. Glass-liquidus studies and tests are performed by our laboratory.

As are refractory compositional studies. We use the phase diagram

information daily and would like to see this information updated

every 3-5 years

.

Also there are many low temperature reactions and phase relationships that are not given in the current publications, i.e., 300°C

to 1000°C - these would be useful.

186. 1) Need TTT diagrams of common alloys 2) Need nucleation and

crystallization rates of glasses 3) Need fundamental properties

of glass vs composition (i.e. refractive index, absorption, density)

4) Oxidation rates of alloy with temperature.

58. To explain refractory failure such as liquidus situations in soaking

pits, etc.

59. Slag composition for tin melting, i.e. concentrates to metallic tin.

Oxide reduction to metallic state - tin and other metals.

60. We are generally very interested in the effects of lithium compounds

and minerals on the properties of ceramic compositions (Corning Ware,

etc.)

63. Sintered thermistor flake was behaving erratically. Analysis of

components, microstructures and phase diagrams yielded firing

information, allowing recommendations to vendor to amend process.

55
69. Phases and compounds formed as a result of sintering a mixture of

oxides

.

70. Establishing liquidus and optimum high temperature stability of

ceramic phases as related to ceramic cores, casting shells, etc.

73. Information given in the previous publications is sufficient to our purposes. We use these diagrams to formulate brazing fluxes,

refining slags, etc.

75. Refractory attack occurred at bottom of furnace when metal temperature was lowered 50°C. Analysis of phase diagram showed that 50°C

drop lowered bottom of furnace operating temperature below melting

point of anorthite which built up during low end of temperature

cycle. Upon heating to upper end of metal melting temperature, cor- rosive liquid was formed which ate the Si02 lining of the induction

furnace. Bottom end of temperature range was raised 50°C and problem

was eliminated. Subsequently we used a low calcium additive to metal

which minimized overall attack.

76. Literature survey

77. - Heat exchangers in high temperature turbines

- Catalyst supports

- Cement and concrete additives

78. 3-Alumina: - influence of various additives or impurities on phase

composition

Silica-nitride: - influence of impurities on phases present on surface of grains.

79. 1) Very low temperature sealing glasses (not water soluble nitrates)

e.g. binary and ternary diagrams needed on low melting oxides, for

solder glasses 2) Information on electrical conductivity in some systems (e.g. ^2'^^ systems) for resistive films 3) Information on glass forming regions in binary, ternary, etc. systems. Aid in glass

melting 4) Information on missing binary and ternary systems for

general reference.

86. Degree of refractoriness of system. Possible reactions of materials

in contact. Solid solutions.

92. To find liquidus temperatures of glass systems of current or potential

interest.

96. Possible reaction that products will encounter such as CaO-SiO--Al_0_

vs S on V^O^- on Na„SO,- on NaCl.

56
99. The melting temperature of compounds allow selection of materials

that are compatible with electronic device processing and packaging,

i.e. glass on integrated circuits or glass ceramic coatings on ceramic

thick film electrical circuit assemblies.

104. Slag chemistry as related to pyrometallurgical processes.

105. Calculating supersaturations for crystal growth. Crystal growth

temperatures

.

107. Compound and liquid formation during liquid phase sintering in multicomponent oxide systems.

109. Diagrams involving alkali sulfates and calcium sulfate, e.g.,

K^SO^-CaSO^, have been useful in identifying and studying compounds

occurring xn some portland cement clinkers and in cement kiln dusts.

121. Need information on solubility versus composition of Ta20^ and WO^

and other oxides for use as dielectric oxide.

123. Primarily use is to ascertain possible compositional shifts in

production glasses where the primary crystal phase has been found

to change. Specific ternaries are often used to aid interpretation

in new glass development.

124. Estimate stable glass-forming regions in unexplored systems by

comparison with somewhat similar systems.

126. Optimize oxide ratios to minimize phase separations, find less

expensive oxide fluxes, find reactions to expect of oxide-metal

at high temperature.

131. In developing new, high temperature oxide ceramics it is necessary

to know the eutectic temperatures in the systems of interest to

determine their theoretical use temperature.

133. In formulating glass frits, it is important to determine areas of

potential phase separation. Examination of the appropriate phase

diagrams gives a clue as to what may be expected.

137. For example, in synthesizing and modifying and doping of magnetic

materials, phase equilibria data are used to (1) estimate the

temperature required for synthesis in a particular system, (2) get an idea of the extent of solid solution tolerated in a particular

system, (3) help identify potential impurities (compounds adjacent

to the desired phase in the phase diagram) , (4) identify other

similar phases in related systems.

147. Used to determine amount of mullite that could theoretically exist

in a mixture of clays, feldspars and refractories, and at what

temperature the mullite could form.

57
153. "Phase Diagrams for Ceramists" is used primarily when initiating

studies in unfamiliar systems. Determinations of material com- patibilities (including non-reactive setter materials) melting

and calcining temperatures and expected phase formations are re- quired. In the analytical area, it is useful in combination with

other data such as x-ray diffraction for phase identification.

155. Compounding 2 or more ceramic materials and sintering.

159. Formulation and application of low temperature solder glasses for

the semiconductor industry. U.V. transmitting window for electronic

devices

.

158. Classified

160. I have probably used diagrams to find thermal stability ranges of

compounds more than anything else. Diagrams are useful in interpeting complicated x-ray diffraction patterns in ceramic materials.

163. Ash- ceramic behavior prediction in gasifiers. Ash behavior in

various thermal and gaseous environments.

Slag- steel melt interactions

Oxidation- sulfidation problems in turbines

Chemistry in molten carbonate baths. Also interaction of molten

carbonates with ceramics

.

168. 1) Iron/steel refining processes: mineral composition of slags;

variation w/ temperature; viscosity; reactivity to brick composition.

2) Grain/brick production: sinterability as related to: a) s.s. induced defect structures; b) liquid phases present - viscosity,

composition, transport tubes. 3) "Binders" i.e. deliberate low- temp

melt phases - examination of melt composition variation with increasing

temp - retrograde solubility if any, properties of melts in systemg

Na20-K20-B202-Si02-CaO-MgO

.

169. Proprietary

171. Geological phase information has been useful to me (notice that Geology

is checked above) not only because rocks and minerals concern me as raw materials for ceramics and glasses; but also because I use rocks

and minerals - as well as ceramics and other sjmthetics - for the purpose of exploring and testing microscopic methods.

175. Designing new coating systems via powder processing and flame spraying

to achieve enhanced wear resistance and related properties. j

181. Regions of glass formation - new and modified glass - refractory reactions

184. To investigate extent of solid solution regions of selected compounds

in an attempt to alter the properties of that compound.

58
I UNIVERSITY Am NON-PROFIT LABORATORIES

8. Crystal growth in silicates and oxides from melt. High temperature

solvent for crystal growing the above compounds.

9. As a petrologist, I am concerned with systems involving the formation

of igneous and metamorphic rocks - as well as high pressure studies

dealing with materials found in the earth's mantle.

Your volumes were very useful to me when writing a book entitled

"The Interpretation of Geological Phase Diagrams".

lA. Essential for determining possible areas of glass formation.

25. Used ZnO - ^2^5 diagram to find reference to Zn^^O^ research.

33. I have been interested in precipitation in ceramics. Knowledge of

the phase diagrams tells one whether precipitation will occur or not.

35. Calculations of coherent metastable phase equilibria from incoherent

equilibrium solvi data of cubic binary oxides, i.e., CaO-MgO, CaO-NiO,

CoO-NiO, MgO-MgAl20^. Estimation of composition limits of metastable

glasses, i.e., Al202-Si02 for annealing experiments. Accurate liquidus

determinations for quenching experiments.

40. We are performing research on welding slags and fluxes.

NOTE: These books are valuable! They need to be continued with the

increasing amount of new phase stability and equilibrium information being generated.

47. Use these to decide time-temperature schedules for heating ceramics

to study phase transformations.

52. 1) Will we melt the bottom out of our furnace? Al^O^ lining BeO

ceramic - check lowest melting compound. 2) Sintering refractory

castables - and Al202-Si02-CaO phase diagram for liquidus, solidus,

phases formed.

57. MHD Slag Thermochemistry - need T, X., Pq , existence data for

increasingly complex systems . 2 Solid State Reactions - need phase relations to decide firing conditions.

61. 1) Fluxes for crystal growth, multicomponent systems needed.

2) Effect of impurities in ceramic compositions of predominately

one phase - multicomponent systems needed.

3) Oxygen stoichiometry for oxides.

65. In crystallization from the melt, in a non-congruently melting system,

the diagrams are used to identify crystal products and their approach

to equilibrixjm.

67 . Research

59
83. In studying sintering, phase diagrams are extremely useful in predicting whether impurities or additives will form a liquid or promote

a defect structure.

88. Most of the applications involve specific problems related to some consulting or trouble-shooting assignment. The educational uses are

(have been) related to exposure of non-ceramists to ceramic phase

equilibria, including tracing crystallization paths from the liquidus,

equilibrium phases present, and interpretations of non-equilibrium

observations

.

91. 1) Melting temperature of a proposed comiplex castable ceramic in

the MgO :Al202 :CaO rP^O^ system. 2) Region of immiscible and spinodal

separation in the VbO-B^O ^-AIJ) ^ system. 3) Effect of oxygen pressure

on the shear structure of Nb20^ - suboxide. 4) ^^3"^ system and similar

systems

.

98. The system MgO-FeO-Fe20--CaAl2Si20g-SiO- has been studied at several

different oxygen fugacities at 1 atm total pressure, and now is being

investigated at 10,000 atm total pressure. This serves as a model for

the more complex natural magmas, e.g., basalts and andesites, providing an estimate of the path of crystallization as a function of oxygen

fugacity and pressure. This in turn is needed to explain the origin of

the diverse, but related compositions of magmas being extruded at the

surface of the earth.

102. What salt mixtures have low eutectic temperatures for strengthening glass?

108. Phase chemistry for electrodes/insulators in coal-fired MHD available

in phase diagrams.

113. Compatibility of materials and crucibles. Liquid compositions which

precipitate desired crystal products. Melting temperatures and behavior.

120. Corrosion of refractories - with equilibrium diagrams it is possible to

at least get an order of magnitude judgement of instability of a refractory-slag combination.

129. Use in choosing systems for study as model systems for steelmaking

slags. Primarily interested in choosing silicate systems with

relatively large fields above low liquidus curves

.

136. Prediction of high-temperature reactions in metal-oxide systems.

142. The use of phase diagrams to determine phases present at a certain

temperature, pressure and composition. Prediction of stable phases

and compounds. Research involving the slight change in the composition

of a semiconductor oxide to modify its electronic and energy absorbing

properties

.

60
146. Detailed knowledge of the systems CaO-SiO -Al20^-MgO-Fe20„ (FeO)

P20^-MnO.

In behalf of a study on blast furnace slag (granulated)

182. - solid-state reactions of powders

- solubility of additives

- composition and temperature of eutectics

- effects of contamination in furnaces

71. We need information on glass forming areas in the phase diagrams.

116. Refractories: research, application

165. Phase transformations in actinide oxide systems, relevant for the

development of new ceramic fabrication procedures in the nuclear

area, are obtained frequently from your publications.

82. I was interested in what might crystallize out from lignite flyash upon

roasting. This is in the system CaO-Al202-Si02 as a final approximation.

From the chemical analysis the equilibrxum firing product should be

anorthite. It was in fact, though it takes some time to nucleate and

crystallize. The diagram correctly predicted this result (which was unfavorable for our human desires)

.

140. 1) thermodynamic properties of metallurgical slags

2) devitrification of glasses

3) synthesis of minerals

100. Crystal growing... research work is being conducted to develop a new

method for crystal growth using fused salts electrolysis which includes

smelting techniques. Electronic material .. .new compounds are being

searched by applying phase equilibria of tri- or tetra-components

.

138. Melting and determination of a new glass forming system.

150. Materials for solar energy conversion

173. Doping effects improving materials properties. Melting temperature

drops and reactions among 2 or 3 materials contacted . Compound

formations among 2 or 3 components.

172. One application consists of designing a suitable slag for a smelting

process based on the gangue material of the ore. Use is made of the

phase diagrams to determine what flux would be used to make a slag

having a suitable liquidus temperature.

61
1A8. 1) Illustrative phase diagrams for a short course I teach on "Understanding Phase Diagrams". 2) Checking for compound formation, solid

solution, phase transitions, etc. among oxide systems relevant to my

research in ceramic nuclear waste forms, catalysis, phosphors, etc.

164. In teaching about the iron blast furnace. Slag composition is selected [ based on Si02/Al202 ratio of charge to which CaO, MgO is added. Ceramic i properties (a) to get acceptable melting point, (b) low viscosity, (c) ! chemical behavior for impurity control, (1) activity of Si02, (2) sulfur | capacity.

i 174. 1) Teaching students how to use phase diagrams. 2) Use petrological

diagrams to help interpret field and microscope information on the

formation of igneous and metamorphic rocks.

183. Educational - all types of diagrams, as complete as possible. Research - glass melting, crystallization (metastable phases would help)

.

28. Phase equilibria for interpreting geochemical systems.

66. Inorganic chemical reactions and finding suitable containment for

performing at >^1000°C.

80. 1) Synthesis and sintering of spinels for coating Mo. 2) Eutectic

temperatures of chloride compositions resulting from chlorination of

minerals. 3) Li20:MgO:Al202 , solidus, liquidus and glass formation?

4) Solid solutions, chromates, ZrO-, etc. for heating elements.

125. Flux growth of two and three component oxide systems. Need to know

compound melting points, solid plus liquid regions, final freezing

points: Example: Growth of KTaO^ from a K2CO2 rich melt.

Growth of oxide from fluoride/chloride flux melts.

3. Glass melting reactions

Refractory reactions at high temperatures: a) in contact with glass,

b) in melter atmosphere, c) in waste gas system

Glass devitrification

55. In determining proper refractory and anticipating wear mechanism where

the process is new or uncommon. Relative viscosity of liquid phases

would be important additional information.

Refractory selection (gas diagrams would help)

.

NOTE: Commentary in new supplement is very useful .

GOVERNMENT AND NATIONAL LABORATORIES

UNIDENTIFIED

62
85. Possible crystal probe that may precipitate out from a complex glass

system(s) in order to upgrade both physical and chemical properties.

128. Formation of barium zirconate. Formation of calcium stannate.

157. Perhaps the following is adequate: (from R. N. Rhines, Phase Diagrams

in Metallurgy, 1956 Preface) (replace ceramics for metallurgy and

ceramist for metallurgist)

"Phase diagrams mean more to the metallurgist (ceramist)

than mere graphical records of the physical states of

matter. They provide a medium of expression and thought

that simplifies and makes intelligible the otherwise

bewildering pattern of change that takes place as elemental

substances are mixed one with another and are heated or cooled, compressed or expanded. They illumine relationships that assist us in our endeavor to exercise control

over the behavior of matter. These are no accidental byproducts of a system devised primarily for the recording

of physical data. They exist because the basic features

of construction of all phase diagrams are dictated by a single natural law, the phase rule of J. Willard Gibbs,

which relates the physical state of a mixture with the

number of substances of which it is composed and with

the environmental conditions imposed upon it.

Gibbs first announced the phase rule in 1876, but it was not until the opening of the present century that its

significance was appreciated by any substantial fraction

of the scientific world. To Bakhuis Roozeboom is due much

of the credit for interpreting the phase rule to the

scientific public and for demonstrating its usefulness

in meaningful. . ."

170. Determine liquidus temperatures for glass batches; locate eutectics

in search for probable glass-formers; find refractive index of glass

compositions

.

176. A recent application involves glass-metal and cermet seals and methods

of bonding parts together. Interface conditions are of critical concern. Temperature information most helpful.

FOREIGN

151. Oxidation products, compatibility metals - ceramics.

144. Studies on degradation of refractories in aggressive atmospheres.

(Magnesite-refractories in alkali-sulfate containing gases)

Compound formation in the mullite-corundum area.

63
89. a) Prediction of the likely extent of attack by an iron and steel

making slag on a particular refractory composition, b) Investigation of the possible effects of small amounts of oxide addition

to a particular refractory oxide on sintering characteristics,

c) Examination of the changes in phase assemblage taking place

in a refractory concrete on heating.

93. Determining the number of phases present in metallurgical slag during

refining

.

97. 1) 1466 KF-ZrF, system, useful in studies on the production of K-ZrF^.

Phase diagram snowed that at reaction temps K2ZrF^ disproportionates

.

Also shows existence of Y.^rY^ eutectic, very important in reaction

mechanisms. 2) 362: Zr02-Si02 - useful showing solid solution of

Si02 in Zr02. 3) 361 in same way as 362.

156. Estimation of liquidus temperatures of more complex systems.

Estimation of primary phases likely to crystallize during test treatments.

145. Calculating liquid contents of, for example, fireclay refractories at

various temperatures.

178. Assessment of potential virtues or deficiencies of newly developed

alumino-silicates or basic refractories.

Mechanism of failure of refractories in contact with metallurgical

or glass-making slags

.

127. 1) Calculation of change in liquid content with composition in appropriate

2 and 3 component systems in order to predict possible thickness of

liquid film found by reaction of surface Si02 on silicon nitride grains

with added mineralizers and with impurities. Appropriate diagrams

needed: MgO-Si02, MgO-Li20, MgO-CaO-Si02, etc.

2) Calculation of overall chemical compositions to give desired phase

assemblages in experimental basic refractory materials at chosen

temperatures

.

87. Study of refractories corrosion by glasses; price of appropriate

refractories for regenerators. Study of glass-component reactions.

112. Eutectic compositions for ds composites. Reactions in sintered composites.

154. Substitute structure of mullite by others - e.g. anorthite-gehlenite

+ quartz in e.g. fast-fired tiles. To find cheap (new) sources of

not only minerals but mainly rock - use of slag in this connection.

To find out additives like Li-compounds to make such process manageable.

Economics of heat treatment of raw material compounds

.

167. - liquidus phase of materials refractories

- sintering

- cements phase

64
NBS-114A tREV^7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBS SP 486

2, Gov't Accession

No.

3, Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

USER EVALUATION OF "PHASE DIAGRAMS FOR CERAMISTS"

AND IMPLICATIONS FOR RELATED DATA AND RESEARCH PROGRAMS

5. Publication Date August 1977

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S)

R.S. Roth, L.P. Cook, T. Negas, G.W. Cleek and J.B. Wachtman,

8. Performing Organ. Report No. r

.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

Same as Item 9

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 77-10496

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less (actual summary of most si^ilicant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) A survey was made of the needs of the users of "Phase Diagrams for

Ceramists," a continuing special publication series published by the

American Ceramic Society under the general editorship of the National

Bureau of Standards. The results overwhelmingly support continuation

of the series, but point to needs for expanded coverage, fuller commentaries, and reduced publication time. The results also identify needs

for greater effort on specific types of experimental and theoretical

phase equilibria studies including the effects of variable oxygen pressure

and complex metal-ceramic systems.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons

)

American Ceramic Society; ceramics; phase diagrams; "Phase Diagrams for Ceramists";

phase equilibria; user evaluation

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administers this program as a supplement to the activities of the private sector standardizing organizations.

Consumer Information Series—Practical information,

based on NBS research and experience, covering areas

of interest to the consumer. Easily understandable language and illustrations provide useful background knowledge for shopping in today's technological marketplace.

Order above NBS publications from: Superintendent

of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington,

D.C. 20402. Order following NBS publications—NBSIR's and FIPS

from the National Technical Information Services,

Springfield, Va. 22161. Federal Information Processing Standards Publications

(FIPS PUBS)—Publications in this series collectively constitute the Federal Information Processing Standards Register. Register serves as the official source of information in the Federal Government regarding stand- ards issued by NBS pursuant to the Federal Property

and Administrative Services Act of 1949 as amended.

Public Law 89-306 (79 Stat. 1127), and as implemented

by Executive Order 11717 (38 FR 12315, dated May 11, 1973) and Part 6 of Title 15 CFR (Code of Federal

Regulations).

NBS Interagency Reports (NBSIR)—A special series of interim or final reports on work performed by NBS for

outside sponsors (both government and non-government). In general, initial distribution is handled by the

sponsor; public distribution is by the National Technical Information Services (Springfield, Va. 22161) in paper copy or microfiche form.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC SUBSCRIPTION SERVICES

The following current-awareness and literature-survey

bibliographies are issued periodically by the Bureau:

Cryogenic Data Center Current Awareness Service. A

literature survey issued biweekly. Annual subscription: Domestic, $25.00 ; Foreign, 830.00'. Liquified Natural Gas. A literature survey issued quarterly. Annual subscription: $20.00.

Superconducting Devices and Materials. A literature survey issued quarterly. Annual subscription: $.30.00 . Send subscription orders and remittances for the pre- ceding bibliographic services to National Bureau of Standards, Cryogenic Data Center (275.02) Boulder,

Colorado 80302.
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