I« Report of the

hirty-Seventh National Conference on

Weights and Measures

1952

U. S. Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

Miscellaneous Publication 206
SELECTED WEIGHTS AND MEASURES PUBLICATIONS

OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

NBS Handbook 26 Weights and Measures Administration

Discussing the broad subject of weights and measures supervision, this handbc

gives particular attention to the general aspects of weights and measures admii

tration, mechanical activities of officials, and systems of records. [Appendi

include recommendations for standards and equipment for State and lo regulatory agencies.] 292 pages. Price $1.50.

NBS Handbook 37 Testing of W^eighing Equipment

As a manual for State and local weights and measures officials, this handbo

describes various types of commercial weighing equipment, principles of th operation, and methods for their inspection and testing. 184 pages. Pr

$1.25.

NBS Handbook 44 Specifications, Tolerances, and Regulatio;

FOR Commercial Weighing and Measurii

Devices

This Handbook deals with specifications, tolerances, and regulations for coi mercial weighing and measuring devices, as adopted by the Kational Conferen on Weights and Measures and recommended by the National Bureau of Standar

for State promulgation. [To keep the material up to date, the NBS regular

issues correction sheets, which are available without cost upon application to t" NBS.] 144 pages. Price $1.25.

NBS Handbook 45 Testing of Measuring Equipment

A companion volume to Handbook 37, this handbook presents information co: cerning commercial measures and measuring devices and their inspection ai testing. Specific outlines supplement the discussions on testing procedure

205 pages. Price $1.25.

NBS Circular 501 Federal and State Weights and Measure

Laws

This publication is a completely indexed compilation of all Federal and Stal weights and measures laws, through 1949 enactments. [Supplements will b issued periodically, as indicated by subsequent enactments. A pocket is provide- inside the back cover for such supplements.] 1,182 pages. Price $5.75.

NBS Misc. Pub. 203 Index to the Reports of the Nation^

Conference on Weights and Measure?

From the First to the Thirty-sixth, 1! TO 1951

The large amount of information on a wide variety of weights and measi

subjects, which is embraced within the published reports of the National Confer

ence, is made more valuable by reason of the means provided for locating all mate

rial on a specific subject and all material presented by any particular speaker. 41 pages. Price 20^. Order all publications, with remittance, from the Superintendent of Doci

ments, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.

I

1

!

i
kTED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COiVlMERCE • Sinclair Weeks, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • A. V. Astin, Director

f

'I Report of the

hirty-Seventh National Conference on

Weights and Measures

Attended by Representatives from Various States Sponsored by the National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C, May 20, 21, 22, and 23, 1952

ational Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication 206

Issued March 19, 1953

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price 40 cents



CONTENTS

Page

?rs and Committees v FIRST SESSION—MORNING OF TUESDAY, MAY 20, 1952 bation, by R. W. Searles, Deputy County Sealer, Medina, Ohio 1 [omo to Washington, by Hon. F. Joseph Donohue, President, Board of mmissioners, District of Columbia 1 iorial Service for Departed Members, bj^ R. W. Searles, Deputy County

kler, Medina, Ohio ' ". 1 urt of the Secretary of the Conference, by W. S. Bussey 1 fess by Dr. A. V. Astin, Director, National Bureau of Standards 2 Men Who Make the Conference, by W. E. Sheehy, County Sealer of

jjeights and Measures, Bridgeport, Conn 4

' Call of States 4 SECOND SESSION—AFTERNOON OF TUESDAY, MAY 20, 1952 Call of State and Regional Associations 4

iatoes in Retail Cartons, by C. A. Lyon, Director, Division of Markets

Id Standards, State of New Hampshire 5

|r Weights, by G. F. Austin, Jr., Deputy Sealer of Weights and Measures,

Ibtroit, Michigan 7

.(lid Word "Net" be Mandatory in Quantity Statements, by J. F. Blickley,

(Srector, Bureau of Standard Weights and Measures, Commonwealth of i];nnsylvania 12

|.dardization of Food Packages, by I. M. Levy, Sealer of Weights and

easures, Chicago, Illinois 14 THIRD SESSION—MORNING OF WEDNESDAY, MAY 21, 1952 ort of the Committee on Trading by Weight, Presented by J. Fred True,

tiairman 18

jress by Dr. E. C. Crittenden, Consultant to the Office of the Director,

'ational Bureau of Standards 19

to Holding Tanks, by H. J. McDade, Sealer of Weights and Measures,

I ^n Diego, California 20

I

: Measurement of Petroleum, by E. L. Hoffman, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co..

|j|ew York, N. Y 23

j lin Weighing, by David Lundeen, State Weighmaster, Track and Hopper

I cale Department, State of Minnesota, President National Scale Men's

i'Ssociation 30

j Iway Track Scale Testing Program, by J. N. Todd, Superintendent,

"cales and Work Equipment, Southern Railwa}^ System, Washington, D. C. 34

jl FOURTH SESSION—MORNING OF THURSDAY, MAY 22, 1952 hoort of Committee on Education, Presented by Charles Morris Fuller,

i 'hairman 39

1 )ort of the Committee on Legislation, Presented by R. E. Meek, Chairman _ 43

IP Work in the Field, by Alfred Di Piero, Superintendent of Weights and

hJeasures, Camden, N. J 45

j' Lake City and Ice Cream, by E. C. Westwood, Sealer, Department of

i\ eights and Measures, Salt Lake City, Utah_„ 48

0 Weight Markings of Packages and Cans of Tobacco, by G. H. Leithauser,

' enior Assistant Superintendent of Weights and Measures, Baltimore,

[Maryland 51

3 of Peat Moss, by T. A, Carter, Supervisor, Division of Standards, State

If Washington 54 ping Cloths, by J. E, Brenton, Chief, Bureau of Weights and Measures,

tate of California 55

III
FIFTH SESSION—AFTERNOON OF THURSDAY, MAY 22, 1952 Kepoil of the Ccnmiittee on Methods of Sale of Commodities, Presented 'i J. G. Rogers, Chairman ij Training Schools for Weights and Measures Officials and Servicemen, ;> W. M. Hoxie, Service Manager, Bennett Pump Division, John Wc j Company-, Muskegon, Mich ; Report of Conference Committee on Nominations, and Election of Office:.. Presented by J. E. Brenton, Chairman ; Belt Conveyor Scales, by R. O. Bradlev, Toledo Scale Companv, Tole( , Ohio S ; ;

' Testing of Vehicle Tank Meters, by W. A. Kerlin, County Sealer of Weigl|;l

and Measures, Oakland, Calif ! SIXTH SESSION—MORNING OF FRIDAY, MAY 23, 1952

; Dr. A. V. Astin Presented i Appointment of Standing Committees | Report of Committee on Methods of Sale of Commodities (conthiued), Pi sented by J. G. Rogers, Chairman

Report of the Committee on Specifications and Tolerances, Presented by

P. McBride, Chairman J_ |; Remarks of Arthur Sanders lil Report of the Conference Committee on Resolutions, Presented by M. i Nelson, Chairman

Report of the National Conference Treasurer, George F. Austin, Jr ^ Ralph W. Smith Made Honorary Life Member , Meeting of the Executive Committee . Persons attending Conference I

IV
!-| Presi( k R. ]

OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES

OFFICERS

(I'resent and serving during the Thirty-seventh National Conference)

esidents

FisHEE, State Sealer of Weights and Measures, Department of Labor,

Providence, K. I. iluLiNG Hansen, Supervisor, State Department of Weights and Measures,

I Minneapolis, Minn.

,11. D. Thompson, State Supervisor of Weights and Measures, Division oL"

! Markets, Department of Agriculture and Immigration, Richmond, Va.

J. F. Teue, State Sealer of Weights and Measures, Board of Agriculture,

Topeka, Kans.

|G. H. Leithausee, Senior Assistant Superintendent of Weights and Measures

jf City of Baltimore, Md.

letary: W. S. Bussey, Chief, Office of Weights and Measures, National

ireau of Standards, Washington, D. C. |surer: G. F. Austin, Jr., Deputy Sealer of Weights and Measures, Detroit,

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

(As elected by the Thirty-seventh National Conference)

. Astin

iiNG Hansen

i. Thompson

, Teue

I. Greene Officio Levy

}. Nelson

3. Bussey

r. Austin, .Ik. L)irector. State Division of AVeights and jNIeasures, Indianapolis. Lid. City Sealer of Weights and Measures, Sheboygan, AVis. City Sealer of Weights and Measures, Cambridge, Mass.

fi. Stender, Assistant Commissioner, State Department of Agriculture, Colum-

'^a, S. 0.

g. Rice, State Inspector, Bureau of Weights and Measures, White Plains, N. Y.

E. Crawford, City Inspector of Weights and Measures, Jacksonville, Fla.

lb. Westwood, City Sealer of Weights and Measures, Salt Lake City, Utah. Boyle, Deputy State Sealer, Bureau of Weights and Measures, Augusta,

tiaine.

ill. Mahoney, State Superintendent of Weights and Measures, College Park,

tld. ,W. Searles, Deputy County Sealer of Weight and Measures, Medina, Ohio. M. FuLLEE, County Sealer of Weights and ^Measures, Los Angeles. Calif,

b. Samenfink, City Sealer of Weights and Measures, Rochester, N. Y.

;H. IsiNG, Superintendent of Weights and Measures, City of Louisville, Ky. M. Boucher, Supervisor, Department of Weights, Measures, aild Markets,

! .Washington, D. C.

!|R. Daggett, County Inspector of Weights and Measures, North Girard, Pa. STANDING COMMITTEES

l[(As constituted at the conclusion of the Thirty-seventh National Conference,

I "i personnel and organization of each of the standing committees of the Con-

' fence are as reported below. As reported, the membership of each committee

jlects the appointments made by the President of the Conference, changes which

ive occurred from expiration of term or other cause, and the elections by the

I'eral committees of chairmen, and in one case secretary, for the ensuing year.

jj.e term of office for each committee member, in years, is shown by the figure

iiparentheses following each entry.

f. Meek, Di L Peikeet,

k. O'Neil,

V
COMMITTEE ON SPECIFICATIONS AND TOLERANCE^}

J. P. jNIcBkide, State Director of Standards and Necessaries of Life, Boston, Cha irman. (1

\V. S. r.rssKY. ( 'hid'. Office of Wcij;lils ;ni(l Mc.-isiires, National Bureau of

ards, Washington, I >. C, Secretary. (8)

Iv. E. jMeek, Director, State Division of Weights and Measures, Indian

Ind. (5) |i KoHEirr WiLLiA^^rs, County Sealer of Weights and Measures, Mineola, N. Y

L. K. Witt, City Sealer of Weights and Measures, Milwaukee, Wis. (2) ' COMMITTEE ON METHODS OF SALE OF COMMODITIES

J. G. Rogers, State Superintendent of Weights and Measures, Trenton, ^

Chairman. (3)

C. D. Baucom, State Superintendent, Weights and Measures Division, Hi

N. C. (2)

J. E. Brenton, Chief, State Bureau of Weights and Measures, Sacramento,

(4) IT G. H. Leitiiauser, Senior Assistant Superintendent of Weights and Mea

City of Baltimore, lAId. (5)

1. M. Levy, City Sealer of Weights and Measures, Chicago, 111. (1) COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATION

OR

M. A. Nelson, Chief, State Bureau of Marketing and Enforcement, La ty Mich., Chairman. (5) jju C. A. Baker, Director, State Bureau of Weights and Measures, Albany, L (1) 1

K. M. Bodenweiser, County Superintendent of Weights and Measures, TrfSp N.J. (4) k

y. D. Campbetx, Deputy State Sealer, Columbus, Ohio. (2) D. M. TUHNKULL, Supervisor, Division of Licenses and Standards, Ciig] Seattle, W^ash. (3) COMMITTEE ON WEIGHTS AND MEASURES EDUCATION

C. M. Fuller, County Sealer of AVeiglits and Measures, Los Angeles, Calif., Cfri man. (3)

J. F. Blickley, Director, State Bureau of Standard Weights and Measures

risburg. Pa. (5) G. E. Carpenter, Supervisor, State Division of Weights and Measures, MoL]

lier, Vt. (2) H. E. Crawford, City Inspector of Weights and Measures, Jacksonville, Fla.

J. T. Kennedy, Director, Department of Weights, Measures, and Markets, "S" ington, D. C. (1) COMMITTEE ON TRADING BY WEIGHT

J. F. True. State Sealer, Weights and Measures Division. Topeka, Kans., C

man. (2)

J. J. Levitt, State Superintendent of Standards, Springfield, 111. (3) A. J. Mayer, State Division of Weights and Measures, Baton Rouge, La.

J. 11. Meek, Director, State Division of Markets, Richmond, Va. (1)

J. AV. Rep:se, Supervisor, State Division of Weights and Measures, Des Moi? Iowa. (4) t|t COMMITTEES ACTING ONLY DURING THE THIRTY- SEVENTH ]| NATIONAL CONFERENCE

Committee on Nominations: J. E. Brenton of California, Chairman; C. A. Bi^ of New York, J, F. Blickley of Pennsylvania, J. Roy Jones of South Caro^

J. J. Levitt of Illinois, C. C, Morgan of Gary, Indiana, R. J. Zierton, of Ra< Wisconsin.

Committee on Resolutions: M. A. Nelson of Michigan, Chairman, A. C. Becj of Camden, New Jersey, W. L. Daniels of Seattle, Washington, j. E. Mah<^

of Maryland, M. G. Rice of New York, Louis Snow of Bridgeport, Connect

Ladies' Committee: Mrs. C. M. Fuller, Chairman, Mrs. J. M. Dietz, Mrs. Ii5 Meek, Mrs. J. T. Kennedy, Mrs. W. S. Bussey, Mrs. M. W. Jensen. In Charge of Registrations : Mrs. F. C. Bell, Mrs. K. M. Schwabz,

Jn Charge of Badges: H. L. Badger.

VI
drt of the thirty- seventh national

Inference on weights and measures

50RED BY THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, AND HELD

HE WARDMAN PARK HOTEL, WASHINGTON, D. C, MAY 20, 21, 22,

23, 1952 T SESSION—MORNING OF TUESDAY, MAY 20, 1952

(R. D. Thompson, Vice President, presiding)

invocation was delivered by the Conference Chaplain, R. W.

s, Deputy County Sealer of Weights and Measures, Medina

ajty, Ohio. Following the invocation, the Honorable F. Joseph

Kue, President, Board of Commissioners, District of Columbia,

;led to the delegates a welcome to the City of Washington. Mr.

conducted an appropriate memorial service for departed

^ers. liRT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE CONFERENCE, W. S. BUSSEY

Secretary of the Conference, I present officially the resignation

. Edward U. Condon from the office of President of the National rence on Weights and Measures, effective as of the date of his

lation as Director of the National Bureau of Standards, Septem-

), 1951. Dr. Condon's letter of resignation follows

al Conference on Weiglits and Measures

. S. Bussey, Secretary

al Bureau of Standards

ngton 25, D. C. icident with my resignation as Director of the National Bureau of Stand-

?ffective on the thirtieth day of September, I consider it proper for me to as President of the National Conference on Weights and Measures, and

tender my resignation to you for transmittal at the proper time to the

rence. work of the Conference is of great importance to the successful operations

imerce and industry throughout the Nation. I know that the Conference

)ntinue its successful endeavors in this field in the years to come and that endeavors will be marked by the same spirit of cooperation which has

iresent in the years of my association with the Conference.

5 with considerable regret, therefore, that I now sever my official connecith the State and local Aveight and measures officials in the United States.

I continue to be interested in the advances which such officials are making

ihout the Nation in the field of weights and measures,

i-erely, (Signed) E. U. Coxdon, Director.

e National Conference on Weights and Measures has continued

inction effectively throughout the year, especially through the

' al standing committees.

je nature of the National Conference is such that its interim

ities must be carried on by the committees and officers. The full oration of each committee member and the cooperation of all mem1
bers of the Conference with the committees are essential to prog, Since practically all Conference business must be conducted by n

j you can help immeasurably if you will reply to all correspond^ ii promptly.

The Conference is the "hub of the wheel" of uniform and pro^ p sive weights and measures administration in the United States.; ^ is our duty to keep it well oiled with our enthusiastic cooperation ^ support in order that this wheel may keep rolling at the hig^

possible rate of speed and efficiency. [ This is your Conference. It was established for the benefit ol|(

of the people of the United States. The true value of the Con[a] ence will be determined by the contributions that each of us, as i|g

viduals, make to its various activities. i (( (Mr. Bussey continued his report by describing tbe procedures that woul t- followed in the conduct of the Conference. The method of distribution of pa] if and reports during the Conference was explained. The report ended wi^u] description of the social functions that had been arranged.)

ADDRESS BY DR. A. V. ASTIN, DIRECTOR, NATIONAL BUREAU

STANDARDS

111 (Dr. A. Y. Astin addressed the Conference concerning the part the NatridI Bureau of Standards is playing in the national defense program and told of r these responsibilities had increased tremendously during the past few years.

" concluded his remarks with the following summary of the development

j weights and measures throughout the Nation during the past year.) fco I would like to report on the part of the Bureau witli Avliich are most closely connected—its Office of Weights and Measr^^

Under the able leadership of W. S. Bussey, we have attemptec"^

fulfill numerous requests for assistance and advice from the m"{

bers of this Conference. Our primary purpose in this area is in '! fillment of the basic activity authorized by the Congress to coope:'^' with the States to secure uniformity in weights and measures Ij^. and in methods of inspection. ^'^ Since the 36th National Conference, the staff of the Office of Wei*' ^ and Measures has been increased by two members. The employn'^

of M. W. Jensen as Assistant Chief of the Office was announced by P Director last year, and Mr. Jensen started work at the Bureair^

July 2, 1951. j? We have also succeeded in procuring the services of C. H. Oak ^' formerly Superintendent, Division of Weights and Measures, S

^ of Wyoming. Mr. Oakley, who started his Federal employment '' January 7 of this year, underwent training at the National Bur

of Standards Master Scale Depot at Clearing Illinois, at the Bur"^

in Washington, and in the field.

''^ The employment of Mr. Oakley makes possible the culminatioil;"! our plan to have in operation two railway track scale testing urj^f He has been assigned to one of oin^ two units, and the other is be - operated by D. V. Smith, who has been with the Bureau for nrfii than 27 years. Between scheduled tests, both of these men are mak [ their time available to State and local weights and measures officii le It is felt that efficient utilization of their time results in greater ii

( formity and better application of reconnnended test procedures,

Improvement in the efficiency and coverage of weights and meastjif

enforcement throughout tlie Nation has continued during the i \ year. Many jurisdictions have purchased equipment for test,' 2
bale meters. Additional large-capacity scale testing units have

placed in service. Many States, counties, and cities have

)yed additional personnel. some States, legislative improvements have been made, but no

: action has been culminated. We still have five States with no

rehensive weights and measures control at the State level. There

y one State, however, which has no weights and measures control

V level.

le Office of Weights and Measures of the National Bureau of

iards has had a representative present and participating in every

'k\ conference of weights and measures officials during the year

^tate and regional. We feel that through these meetings we are

jto keep in touch with activities, progress, and requirements of

ujljltate and local jurisdictions,

iff members of the Office of Weights and Measures have made

tnber of official visitations to State and local offices, and have

ivored to furnish counsel, information, and advice whenever it een requested.

ree publications of importance to all weights and measures

lis and to allied industries have been issued by the Bureau since

i^th National Conference. NBS Handbook 45, Testing of Measly Equipment, the fourth and final of the series of handbooks for

[guidance, became available about August 1, 1951. This book

ild be, and we sincerely hope soon will be, read and used by all

!^ weights and measures officials and related experts in business

Industry.

U Report of the 36th National Conference became available about

'^diddle of January 1952 as NBS Miscellaneous Publication 202.

/f you who registered at the 36th Conference have been sent copies

g|j|is report.

tional Bureau of Standards Circular 501, Federal and State

vhts and Measures Laws, was issued during March of this 3^ear.

,ls been appraised as a most valuable edition for all weights and

] ures offices, manufacturers of weighing and measuring equipment,

^producers and processors of commodities. This compilation in-

,^s enactments through 1949. Our plan is to issue supplements at oximately 5-year intervals in order to include additional up-to-

. legislative actions.

index to the Reports of all National Conferences, from the first jAgh thirty-sixth, has been issued and is now available from the

J. Government Printing Office. Its designation is NBS Miscel-

^)us Publication 203.

rs. K. M. Schwarz, our Attorney-Editor, has been working

^ighout the past year on the Weights and Measures Case Refer-

(Book. We hope to place this material in the hands of the Governj: Printing Office before the end of this summer,

ir plans for future publications include circulars on specific sub-

, as the need is indicated. NBS Circular 503, Statutory Net-

.ent Marking Requirements for Packages (Undefined) and Packf of Foods, Drugs, and Cosmetics, is an example of this type

ication.

|ie activities of the States toward the adoption of the specifica5, tolerances, and regulations for commercial weighing and measg devices, as contained in NBS Handbook 44, amended, has been

3
<iratifyiiig. There are now 21 States that have oflicially pronmlg

these provisions, and many others which plan to proceed, with

adoption. In a few States legislative action is required. Most o: \ States are applying the code in their official inspections.

The States which have officially accepted the Hli codes wit'! substantial change are Alabama. Florida. Georgia, Indiana. Kai

Louisiana. Maine. Massachusetts. Michigan. Montana, Xevada.

Jersey, Xorth Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon. Pennsylvania, Texas,

mont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wyoming. ; In addition, the following States have taken initial steps and

now in the process of officially adopting the codes : Illinois, Maryl

Xew Hampshire, Tennessee, and Wisconsin.

In closing, I would like to extend to each of you an invitatio

call freely on the Xational Bureau of Standards for assistance in solution of your technical problems. We believe that the work f' are doing is of fundamental importance to the stability and strei; of the Xation's commerce. Therefore, within the limits of otir fii resources, we are at your service. Finally, please accept ni}^

wishes for both a profitable and an enjoyal3le series of discus&i

during this 37th National Conference on Weights and Measures. - I {The cliairman appointed the following committees to serve during the Xational Conference: 2iOwinatina Commiitee, J. E. Brenton of Californi

' Chairman ; C. A. Baker of New YorU ; J. F. Blickley of Pennsylvania ; J. Jones of South Carolina ; J. J. Levitt of Illinois ; C. C. Morgan of Gary. Indi and B. J. Zierten of Racine, Wis. Resolutions Coitunittee. M. A. Xelso-- Michigan as Chairman ; T. C. Beck of Oklahoma ; A. C. Becker of Camden Coi - New Jersey; Walter L. Daniels of Seattle, AVash, ; J. E. Mahoney of Maryl"

M. G. Rice of New York ; and Louis Snow of Bridgeport, Conn. ) THE MEN WHO MAKE THE CONFERENCE i

(By W. E. Sheehy, Couniy Sealer of Weights and Measures, Bridgeport, Cd'^

ip (Mr. Sheehy spoke extemporaneously and in a humorous vein. His

covered many of the more important aspects of weights and measures adm

tration and enforcement, and was both interestinci- and inspirational. )

"

if a ROLL CALL OF STATES

The Chairman called the roll of States. Delegates from 35 St ^ and the District of Colmnbia responded. All delegates and t^^ ladies were introduced individually.

(The Conference was recessed until 2 p. m.)

" SECOND SESSION—AFTERNOON OF TUESDAY, MAY 20,

(G. H. Leithauser. Vice President, presiding) iri n ROLL CALL OF STATE AND REGIONAL WEIGHTS AND MEASTJtS

ASSOCIATIONS 'i The Chairman called the roll of State and Reo-ional Associati

of Weights and Measures Officials. Eepresentatives of all 19 At^ i ciations on record responded. 'i (Written reports from several States and Associations were mimeographed-^ ^ flistributed at the Conference.) IiI 4
TOMATOES IN RETAIL CARTONS

A. Lyox, Director, Division of Markets and Standards, State of New

Hampshire

ini

^ prevailing practice whereby tomatoes are packaged in a con-

'I' faced with cellophane, constitutes packaging in a closed i)ackage.

few Hampshire closed package law states : "'It sliall be unlawful

iiy person to sell or offer for sale any commodity in package form

b the contents thereof is expressed in terms of net weight, measure,

merical count in a conspicuous place on the outside of the package,

ainly printed statement in large type."

idjjiien this type of package and method of marketing tomatoes

ieveloped, quantity markiug was in terms of weight. Tliis Aveight

sually 15 to 1() ounces to the carton. It has been a growing pracII recent years to mark by mnnerical count, fours, fives, or sixes,

inspection experience in Xew Hampshire, indicates that this

od of marking has deteriorated to the extent that the actual count

Dackage varies from the expressed count appearing on the packIn addition, the size of the tomatoes in the pack varies, causing

g iance of weight.

nJinsumer protection and individual State enforcement can best

.tained by uniform packag 3 marking requirements in all States,

ichievement of such uniform legislation should be encouraged

.^Jfostered by this Xational Conference with the cooperation of

ylji'^^deral Food and Drug Administration,

(b have found packages containing five tomatoes marked four,

ages of four tomatoes marked five, and packages of six tomatoes

:ed four or five. The net weights ranged from 11 to 15 ounces,

retailer and consumer are confused by these methods of package

dngs.

ds confusion in merchandising and marking packages of tomatoes

peen the concern of weights and measures officials in Massachuancl New Ham]3shire for many months. The legitimate packers

e area are likewise aroused and are lending support to the require-

: of a weight statement. A few States, including Texas, have

irecl for several years that packaged tomatoes be marked with

ment of weight.

1 March 10, 1952, the following regulation was issued by the

Hampshire Bureau of Weights and Measures : . . that conir protection will best be accomplished by expressing quantity

jjent of tomatoes in package form in terms of weight." The effec- idate of this regulation shall be September 1, 1952.

o attempt is being made to standardize on any package. Reports

ived from repackers indicate standardization on 12- and 14-ounce

irrages. Possibl}^ a 16-ounce package will be used.

he Massachusetts Department of IVeights and Measures has issued

jjuilar ruling to become effective on September 1, 1952.

jijhe problem of more adequate and uniform control over the sale W)matoes in retail cartons should be the concern of the National

ference on Weights and Measures. The trade volume of this type

! ackage is steadily increasing and is Nation-wide in scope.

'r. Kexxedy : The proposed Model Regulation on Package MarkRequirements provides for the marking of packages by count in

ijain instances. In the case of tomatoes, the consumer can see the
merchandise she is buying. Do you not think a statement of numei

count is sufficient ? Mr. Thompson: Mr, Lyon, I would like to ask if you had m

trouble in getting the cooperation of your Attorney General in Mi

promulgation of this regulation. ^

Mk. Lyon : We encountered no difficulty. The attitude is that

count, as it refers to tomatoes in the package, does not give the ne

sary information to the consumer. The consumer cannot make a i comparison of value without knowing the weight of the product.

Mr. Mahoney : I carried on a limited informal survey on this ittjrict I found not one housewife who was interested in the weight < package of tomatoes. They were interested in quality, condition,

uniformity of size. Mr. McBride: We accept too readily, I think, the expressioi

quantity in terms of count. If we require that the expression Issi quantity be in terms of weight, we can offer to the consumer fJ utmost in informative declarations.

We have made surveys, and, as a result of them and the experi%5,

which we have had, it seems to us that the best way to protect liy consumer is to require the declaration of quantity in terms of weijP

Mr. Mundy : What is the attitude of the Federal Food and Lr

Administration as to the method of marketing tomatoes in cartcP

Mr. Rowe: I have been listening with interest to this discuss'F I am sure you will appreciate that it is a matter for debate. TltJ are two sicles to the question. The Federal Food and Drug Adnlpii

istration has not insisted upon a net-weight declaration. We have lli however, that there shoulcl be a survey to find out what the consu: really thinks about the matter. The Federal law stipulates t the statement of contents, which may be in terms of weight, meas

or numerical count, shall be in the term that is used most gener;

by the consumer and that gives an accurate declaration of the quan

of content. We have been unable to determine just what is an accu]

determination in this case. At the present time, while we have not insisted upon the net-wei

declaration, we have given consideration to it and we are open-min

about it. We have hoped to conduct a survey, but this has not tj] done to date.

Mr. McBride: Has the Federal department indicated any trrjj as to what their thinking might be? This is a problem of 1 standing.

Mr. Rowe : The Food and Drug Administration has not as m taken an official position. I do not think that should deter the Stj|

from going ahead with this matter. . ] Mr. Meek : In Indiana we require cartons of tomatoes to be lab^

in terms of net weight. We enforce that requirement under the Fo/

Drug, and Cosmetic Act, which, in Indiana, is exactly the same as n Federal Act. Both the Food and Drug Division and the Weig

and Measures Division are in the Indiana State Board of Health. ] have, in company with others of the State Board, talked to Mr. Quand others of the Federal Food and Drug Administration. We h: always had the impression that they look with favor upon the label: of cartons of tomatoes in terms of net weight. We have interpre,

the Food and Drug Law of Indiana as requiring the labeling in tei) of net weight, and we are receiving from 85 to 90 percent compliar

6
^*iik it is a reasonable requirement, and I think it helps to protect

ublic. I would like to see this Conference go on record as favor-

|lie sale of this commodity by weight.

I. Greene : We directed a letter to W. A. Queen, Food and Drug

inistration, April 15, and we received an answer on April 23,

^l^th referred to a letter dated January 14, 1948. I will read part

. as I think it is of interest to this Conference.

:his Agency is anxious to proceed promptly against all practices which it ards as a violation of the law. Unfortunately its ability to do so is ^iftricted, for it has limited facilities.

i'irst, attention must, of course, be given to such abuses as the distribution impure matter, etc. jsefore this Agency brings any action against interstate shipments of hkaged tomatoes, we would want to be fortified with additional informaIjn as to what constitutes accurate information as to quantity. This would

Olfhessitate a consumer survey.

[n view of our inability to divert action to the packaged tomato industry

this time and since consumers do not have the opportunity to see the size

|d quality of such tomatoes, it is not our intention to institute regulatory

tion at this time against such packaged tomatoes shipped by this firm

[ely for failure to bear a net-weight statement on the package. It is our

ei|jlrpose to make such a consumer survey just as soon as opportunity permits

Id appropriate announcement of our view on the labeling will be made.

tfh-dditional comment on the subject was added by Messrs. Fisher, Crawford,

-vley, Mullen, Goode, Ising, Rafael, and Carey.)

'he matter of tomatoes in paper cartons is included in the Report of the Conice Committee on Methods of Sale of Commodities. Additional discussion

place after the presentation of this item by the Committee Chairman, beginI on page 61 of this Report.

I FLOUR WEIGHTS

! By G. F. Austin, Jr.,

^'j Deputy Sealer of Weights and Measures, Detroit, Michigan

e have before us, at this time, the discussion of flour weights. As

j know, this has been a very controversial subject for a long time, more especially of late, it has come to be a matter which has taken

'a more serious aspect. The present rise of interest in this subject,

^refore, is not one based on a sudden impulse, but rather the climax

jL long siege of restless dissatisfaction with a seemingly unwarranted

rpation.

•o'Vith the passing of time, the public has become more and more

ght and measure conscious, departments of weights and measures become more numerous, and, with all of the facilities available

ay to better acquaint weights and measures officials with their rensibilities, together with the excellent on-the-job training pro- .ms which abound, a more competent and thorough administration

^'Weights and measures affairs has come into being throughout the

mtry. Finally, and as a result, matters which have gone more or

5 unattended heretofore are now coming into the spotlight, so to

'.ak. 'n dealing with the subject of flour weights, it is imperative tliat we

I give due credence to the problems of all parties concerned, the

fisumer, the retail store, the jobber, the flour manufacturer, and the

'^lights and measures official. We should enter this discussion with

" open mind, free from prejudice, knowing well that it is a problem

: which there is little hope of attaining a panacea; therefore, any

7
conclusion arrived at here Avill of necessity be the resuU of a conii mise based on logical and sound reasoning. i Flour is an hygroscopic substance, and, as a result, it contains t i ing amounts of moisture, depending upon relative humidity, temjii

ture, and length of time it is exposed. As a result of this characteiAe

of flour, a particular sack of flour will vary in weight from tmjA

time, depending upon the relative humidities and temperature ||; which it has been exposed, such changes occurring as a result oi sorption of moisture by the flour or evaporation of moisture in flour. The h3'groscopic character of flour is a well-recognizedfjge

ment ; however, for the purpose of this discussion, it is well to ke^

^ mind that the climatic condition to which flour is normally expclx

during its period of transportation and delivery to the ultimate |a

sumer, is such as to cause a sharp loss in weight due to the evaporajt

of moisture. |o This being the case, it would seem only logical that some transjls

ing and merchandising controls should be set up by properly Joe stituted authorit}^ to assure the presence of "good distribution praclllf

in the handling of this commodity. This has been done by the Fedfoi Security Agency (Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of Jun^

1938, as amended, 21 U. S. C. A.—301 et seq.) for the purpose of

state commerce, which act reads in part as follows : i (k) Where the statement does not express the minimum quantity :

j (1) Variations from the stated weight or measure shall be permitted ^ caused by ordinary and customary exposure, after the food is introduced

interstate commerce, to conditions which normally occur in good distribij

practice and which unavoidably result in change of weight or measure. ^ jj ""Some State and local regulations, together with the Confer

Committee on Legislation regulation as proposed in their tenta

re^Dort, carry similar provisions to control "good distribution practl

within their respective jurisdiction. The existence of these State

J local regulations where they do exist, and if enforced, would con'^ the subject problem fairly well insofar as the jobber and the r( store are concerned. However, there exists a basic problem invohf

the flour manufacturer against which these regulations are inelfec

" and which is reall}^ the prime concern of the moment. This b

problem is that of finding some ways or means to encourage the f manufacturer to overpack a reasonable amount to take care of f

shrinkage which occurs quite immediately after the weighing op

tion. Knowing well the common tendency for flour to lose moist

rather than to absorb the same, in the normal course of distribut

it would seem that the milling industry has a very definite respo^ l bility in this matter and should take such steps as are necessarian assure correct weights being maintained until, at least, the sale f!i delivery have been completed at the initial destination. i In the Cit}^ of Detroit, we have made several flour surveys over' past few years, and, as an apparent result of this sustained vigilaj

together with a little court action, we have improved the flour-wei

situation considerably. However, our last major survey, which , completed about 6 months ago, revealed some interesting informat

which I will discuss briefly at this time. , At Warehouse Level. The flour reweighed, had been in transit \ storage for a period of from three to four days. We examined

various brands, we reweighed 895 twenty-five-pound sacks, and)

8
^

!,[ an average minus error of 2.3 ounces (approximately one-luilf

•ercent )

' '\RetaiJ Level. The flour reweiglied had been in stock for a period

^ >m 3 to 4 weeks. We examined 11 various brands, we reweighed

'wenty-five-pound sacks, and we found an average minus error

fi3 ounces (approximateh^ 1 percent).

^ ''e of the important bits of information which highlighted this

? 'y was that two of the leading national brands which constituted

^ one-third of the volume checked, had contributed most to the

- [ge minus error. Had it not been for the lesser known brands

'ing an overweight average, the average minus error would have

P >' considerably greater. In light of the foregoing information,

i1[uite reasonable to presume that we, in Detroit, have our sights

h the next flour weight targets.

fore concluding my introduction of the subject "FLOTTE

\[GHTS," I shall quote from the report of the Committee on

ods of Sale of Commodities, 31st Xational Conference on Weights

'Pleasures. This report can be found in XBS Miscellaneous PubJon MITO (1941) . It reads as follows

^'

. . Tolerances should be reasonable and should allow for possible

^ linkages in weight or measure due to atmospheric or other conditions, most serious question for our consideration was the establishment of lormity in the proper allowance for shrinkages. It is the consensus

, 'pinion of this committee that, for the purpose of determining the actual

' weight or measure of commodities, tolerance shall mean a permitted

^^''iation from the marked or indicated net content of a commodity. Such

'iations shall be as often above as below. Commodities which show a ural shrinkage should be so overpacked as to assure the housewife of

f,. receipt of the exact amount specified on the label at the time of sale to

.. A uniform shortage of all packages of one commodity sold by the same

'^^ker, though within the tolerance, should not be permitted ....

\ \. RHEm : Last year we reweighed over 5,000 bags of flour, of

j.^h 40 percent were short weight. We met with 14 representatives

,^^16 milling industry to discuss the problem. Their claim that the

[w^ture content had dropped from 141/9 percent down to 8 or 9 per-

^.Iwas refuted by the records of laboratory analysis by one of the

[jl, chain -store operators who had run samples. These records

^•ated that in no case did the moisture content drop more than

p, percent.

instituted, for a short time, a tolerance based upon the claims

[ ] e millers, and reweighed an additional 3,000 packages. AlloAving

[]\ the tolerance they requested, we still found 7 percent of the

)|(d samples short of declared weight.

tiereafter we allowed no tolerance. From that time on, we have

no short-weight flour in Cincinnati. Flour weights are being

lolled by the millers, Avho weigh a carload when it leaves the

'j| weigh it again on a track scale in Cincinnati. They then open

i''ar and weigh individual packages,

ii iug the past vear we have found not one baa' of flour short in

!:ht. fe. Kexxedt: I have been informed that, when flour is packed

f export, it is packed 991/^ pounds in a 100-pound sack. I presume

is to allow for a moisture increase during transit across the ocean. uld like to know if this is also the practice when flour is being

;rered in the United States.
Mr. Austin : I have found notliino- that would bear out that c tention. We have only one mill in Detroit over which we can m\0

observations.

I would like to suggest that the weights and measures official^joi jurisdictions where flour mills are in operation maintain a Cjj. supervision over the flour weights at the mills. rf^ Mr. Kennedy : Mr. Austin, do you feel that some allowance she

be made for shrinkage ? Mr. Austin : I do not think there should be any average allowa] I feel that the average net weight should be there. For an isola bag or two, I think that there should be a 1 percent tolerance. T

is the limit of shortage or overage allowed on any individual packf

The average net weight must be correct. iiii Mr. Fakler : I am Vice President of the Millers ^N'ational Fed(

tion, which is the national trade association of the flour mill

industry. j(ti We regard the problem of flour weights as a very serious one. regret shortages as much as you do. Our prime obligation is produce a product of quality, acceptable to the consumer, and^n

reach the consumer in the proper quantity. We also feel thatib,

have an obligation to comply with the laws and regulations. We'

feel that those laws and the regulations must, of necessity, be hIe, sonable, and we believe that the courts so hold. i'[e In answer to Mr. Kennedy's question, I believe there is a practfe

in export of labeling gross weight. Therefore, the actual content 1e flour will be less than the amount stated on the package. Thatfe

permissible and has long been the practice in export.

We are anxious to consider with you a proper solution of t'li problem, and, if it is agreeable to this organization, it would be m^^l than agreeable to us to appoint a mutual committee representil

your organization and the milling industry to work together to £ fi a solution. Hi Mr. O. W. Gtallaway: There are several factors which mustii

taken into consideration regarding the variations in weights. 1

relative humidity is the big factor, since flour will absorb and 1. moisture. In a survey in the stores in 14 States, we found that i relative humidity throughout the year will average about 48 perceil;

If a store has a relative humidity of 36 percent and a temperature

71° F, a 5-pound sack of flour, which has a moisture content of

percent to start with, will lose 2.1 ounces, or 3.25 percent. \[ In another store, with an average relative humidity of 45 perce

the 5-pound sack of flour will lose only half as much weight. Leaviijl

it there for 7 days, it will lose 1.94 percent of its weight.

Those are about the average relative humidities in grocery sto throughout the 14 States in which the tests were made.

Flour in transit by carload will also lose weight. In a box car 1 top sacks will lose weight, while the sacks on the floor will weigh t' same as they did when packed. I In the milling of flour, a constant moisture content is absolute necessary. If it is too dry, the particles of bran will break off a go into the flour. If it is too moist, the flour gums up and cannot i sieved. So flour, at the time of manufacture, is different from ai other commodity. It must, from a milling standpoint, be one cc

sistent moisture and temperature at all times.

10
lie problem is a real one, since flour is so affected by the surround-

^ lliumidity. I might give an illustration. In one large store they

j(id all flour weighing short—very much short. We refused to take

^ fflour back, and we suggested that they place the flour in a back

' After it had lain in the back room for a week, every sack was

, rweight.

^

'it what point would you say it was proper to weigh this flour ?

EL the State of California, sacks of flour w^ere weighed each week

« ^52 weeks. During those 52 weeks, at no time did the sack weigh the

'! !e in two successive weeks. Some weeks the weight would be up,

} He down.

maintain that the only place to control the weight of flour is at

jmill. All mills are controlled and regulated by the States, both as

ij)acking and as to weights. Further, the transportation agencies

f^e in and weigh the flour from two to three times each year. They

it to get an average of what each sack will weigh. That is how

freight charges are arrived at. i^e feel that the only logical place to weigh flour is at the mill, or

K ki it arrives at destination.

t Ik. McBride : AYliat is the moisture content of the product at the

W[?

I [Ir. Gallaway : It runs around 13% to 14 percent.

Ir. McBride : Is that true of all mills ?

c Ir. Gallaway : Yes, otherwise the flour cannot be milled.

i[ \Ir. McBride : Is there a constant temperature at which you pack

II [Ir. Gallaway : Usually at the mill the flour is coming out at 92° F.

Ir. McBride : If we could simulate mill conditions as to relative

itnidity and temperature, we could probably arrive at the same

0 fght.

t :Ir. Gallaway : You would come back to the same weight as when

1 ] flour was packed.

Ir. Schuster : Our city (Buffalo, N. Y.) has in recent years passed

t.tmeapolis as a flour center. We do weigh flour at the mill, and

]o in the field. While the flour weights do vary in the field, the mill

lights are pretty fair. They have their scales tested periodically,

! sibly every 6 weeks.

f]lR. AcKERMAN : Probably five or six times a year we go to the mills

?e)ur district and check all sizes of packages. In the last 5 years we

^e had nothing but OK's for the milling companies.

*Ir. Austin : Could we have a comment from the industry regardwhat we know as the heart of the problem ? That is, an overfik at the mill to take care of the normal shrinkage in the early

iges of transportation and delivery.

iflR. Fakler: That is a problem that has been given very serious

jisideration by the industry. It involves, however, a number of

|ij)blems. First, there is the economic problem. An overpack does

tjrease the cost, and it will increase the cost to the consumer. There

l|ilso a problem in connection with transportation. An overpack

i^ht solve the shortages in a short distance or a short time, but the

|)t judgment of the industry is that it does not solve the problem

I -manently.

iJHAiRMAN Leithauser : I would like to suggest that our incoming

It'sident consider the suggestion of the industry and that he clesigi,:e the proper committee to work with the milling industry.

232094—53 2
SHOULD WORD "NET" BE MANDATORY IN QUANTITY STATEMEN

By J. F. Blickley, Director, Bureau, of Standard Weights and Measures, |in Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

Since our last Conference, the question as to whether or not the wo

"net" be inckided in all quantity statements on commodities in pac age form has been brought to the attention of some weights and me^

nres officials for an official ruling. In Pennsylvania I have be

requested on many occasions to rule on this subject; my decision h

alwaj^s been that the word "net" must be part of the quantity stai ment. Many other State officials have the same opinion and ha

ruled in the same manner and have insisted that the word be part

the quantit}^ statement. , Unfortunately, some few manufacturers and processors of commoc

ties take exception to these rulings and insist that the laws are coifji plied witli when the quantity is declared. If the language of Secti

22 of the Model Law, as revised and recommended by the 36th N

tional Conference on Weights and Measures in 1951, were part of

State laws, there would be no further need for discussing this subjej

for commodities sold on a weight basis; this section specifically defin" the word "weight," and I quote Section 22 of the Model Law

That the word "weight" as used in the Act in connection with any com-ifu modity shall mean net weight. Whenever any commodity is sold on thef basis of weight, the net weight of the commodity shall be employed, and all^ contracts concerning commodities shall be so construed.

^ This removes all doubt as to the actual meaning of the word "weigh

if the word "net" were not included in the quantity statement. Section 19 of the Model Law is also very specific in stating th "" * any commodity in package form shall bear on the outsi(|,

of the package a definite, plain, and conspicuous declaration

(1) the net quantity of the contents in terms of weight, measure, <ni( count * * ' Many State laws were on the statute books before the Model Laj was revised and recommended to the various States for adoption. ] States where the provisions of the law are not as specific as the Mod]

Law, it may be necessary to seek clarification by legislation, es])ecialJ

where decisions of the proper authority are disputed or ignored. |( With the thought in mind of adding to the clarification of the sul

ject, permit me to cite my experience.

The decision that the word "net" must be used in quantity statemenj was disputed by some manufacturers. In order to settle the disput

I sought the advice of our Department of Justice and requested

formal opinion as to whether Section 7 of our Commodity Law mac

it mandatory to use the word "net" with quantity statements. Th

section of the law reads as follows : No person shall distribute or seU or hare in his possession with intent

to distribute or sell any commodity in package form, unless the net quantity

of the contents shall be plainly and conspicuously marked on the outside of !i the package in terms of weight, measure or numerical count. (Word for word, it is not exactly the same as the Model Law; however, tlfj meaning is exactly the same.)

That a careful study was made and extreme caution used in delibei,

ations before opinion was rendered is manifested by the citations

various court decisions in the United States. The opinion cites a cas from the State of Indiana in 1890, one from the State of Washingto:

in 1906, one from the State of California in 1942, and another fror'

9

12
I State of Washington in 1913 Avliicli I think is worth mentionin<

•art of this subject to justif}- our decisions.

L manufacturer of a commodity, who Avas prosecuted under an inance requiring the net weight of the coii tents to be stamped on

tainers, made the defense that he had complied sufficiently wdth the

by stamping the weight of the contents when packed.

^; {""he Court in the City of Seattle, Washington, held as follows:

j * =:= =:= Many other like rulings might be cited to the effect that what

he law will imply as a necessary incident is as much within a legislative

bactment, whether state or municipal, as though specifically set forth in

terms. And it is not a departure from sucli a rule to say that a requirement to stamp the net weight on a container is implied from the power to

jjgTilate weights. It is a regulation and one of the most effective in so

i?gulating weights and measures as to reduce the opportunities for fraud

iid deception to the consumer to a minimum.

* * It is not unreasonable to require that the packer and manufacturer

haU ascertain this loss by evaporation as he is best in position to do, and

vercome the loss by increasing the size of the package or the weight of the pmmodity packed therein, or ^^'ithhold his goods from the market until it possible to ascertain the true net weight. Whatever may be the necessary

jiourse to adopt to enable the container to correctly indicate the weight of the ommodity it contains, it is not unreasonable to place that burden upon the ne who puts the article before the public as a sale commodity, and compel

im, if he wishes to retain his trade, to so pack his commodities that the pnsumer may know the true quantity of the thing he buys, and thus protect

il}|jimself in paying the value of the thing he buys.

jThe opinion also cites the definition of the words "Xet Weight" as

gcribecl in Blacks Law Dictionary De Luxe, ocl edition 1940, which

is follows

Net Weif/ht. The w^eight of an article or collection of articles, after deductig from the gross weight the weight of the boxes, coverings, casks, etc., conlining the same. The weight of an animal dressed for sale, after rejecting

ide, offal, etc. The ojDinion as rendered by the Pennsylvania Attorney General

fids as follows

If the word "net" is omitted from the description of the quantity of a •ommodity enclosed in a container, confusion would arise in the mind of the 'myer as to the actual volume of weight of the commodity in the package,

• md give rise to possibilities for fraud.

l| The statute directs in no uncertain terms that the net quantity of tlie ir-ontents is marked on the outside of the package, and it follows to mark the lackage as to the quantity of the commodity contained therein, without

iicluding the word "net" would amount to a failure to comply with the manda-

[j] ory direction of the statute.

It is our opinion, and you are, therefore, accordingly advised that the word

'net" must be included in all quantity declarations required under Section 7 pf the Commodity Law.

It has always been my personal opinion that Avhen the words "net ntents" or "net weight" are used in the law, it Avas the purpose and

tent of the law to use the word "net" in conjunction with the cleclara- m ; this opinion was sustained by the ruling of the Attorney General

Pennsylvania and further resolved by judicial determination.

'Weights and measures officials have alw^ays construed the quantity

atement to represent the net contents of the package, regardless if e word "net" was included in the statement or not.

It is very apparent that, at the present time in a few^ cases, statet'uts that do not include the word "net" are being purposely miscon-

,rued as a method of evaclino: the intent of the statute. 13
Wherever laws are worded properly, it may not be essential

include the w^ord "net"; however, it certainly can do no harm if ii included in the statement. If quantity statements are misconstn

for the reason that the existing statute of the jurisdiction is not s cilic, weights and measures officials who have been delegated with

responsibility of consumer protection should secure clarification. As this lias now entered the field of controversy, whenever statu i, are being amended or rewritten, it may be well for all weights ai measures officials to include a change in their statute, making the , p of the word "net" compulsory in all quantity statements. It certaii ,( will not impose a hardship on any industry. It surely will relieve ( of another problem and will enable us to devote our time to n, ,j problems that are forever confronting us.

^ Mr. Kj:nnedt : Would it not be well to amend the Model State Li on Weights and Measures, by moving the word "net" in Section

so that it would read, "Any commodity in package form shall b ^ on the outside a definite declaration of the quantity of contents.^

terms of net weight."

'l Mr. Blickt.ey : That is a good suggestion for the Legislat

^ Committee. ^ STANDARDIZATION OF FOOD PACKAGES * J By I. M. Levy, Sealer of Weights and Measures, Chicago, Illinois Standardization of weights for prepackaged foods is not a n^ subject. It has held the serious attention of weights and measu'^

officials for many years; and, Avhile no over-all State or Natio|'^

laAV has been enacted, it can be said that progress has been made in f general direction of standardization—notably, State and local bre

JaAvs, laws pertaining to milk containers, and those which regulate i[ size of berries and small fruit containers. But we are far short of (' f ultimate goal. Modern distribution methods tend more and m<* if toward prepackaging. The old cracker barrel has long lost its p' turesque place in the grocery store, and in its stead are displays - brightly colored cartons of crackers and cookies. Cereals, likewj

have come out of their bins and are sold in cardboard and paper c|

tainers, with the weights printed on each, but what a variety ' weights—such as ounces, 7% ounces, 3% ounces ! The same C] be said for a long list of other commodities. 1 Let us, for the moment, consider ordinary uncooked grain rice, i' one store, I found the following sized packages : 1 pound 15 ouncf

14 ounces, and 5 ounces. Another example, peanut butter, a processi

item, the packaged weight of which is completely under the cont l of the packer. Again, what did I find in the supermarkets—the f|

lowing glass containers : 15 ounces, 14 ounces, 13 ounces, 12 ouncl

11 ounces, 9 ounces, 8 ounces, 5 ounces ; and in one store, a 5i/2-oui|

jar. All of these brands are well-known, nationally advertig

products.

At this point, I wish to state briefly the case for standardiz'

weights of prepackaged foods. It is my belief that it would be in tl public interest if prepackaged food products were sold in standal

units of weights and that the sale of the same prepackaged commoJt

ties would be prohibited were they not of the weights prescribed li law. By the public interest, I mean it in an all-embracing sense! the processor, the packer, the wholesaler, and the retailer, as well y 14
} |bonsumer, would be the beneficiaries of a fair, equitable, and wellined law. The free flow of commodities from and into all sections

^ liur country necessitate that the laws and regulations be on a

fonal level.

: 'lie consumer, typified by the woman shopper for foodstuffs, is

^ •Lstomed to buying in standard units of weights, represented by

^pound or generally accepted subunits of the pound, such as 14 or ^

'iid. When a package placed on the grocer's shelf equals or ap- ximates in size a pound container, but is labeled 15 ounces, it is

^^i' the most discerning shopper who, by scrutinizing the label, will

\ the difference.

' 'ji the purchasing of packaged commodities by the consumer, there

I J marked tendency to buy by size, to call for a "small package of

or a "large package of that." This is another reason why the

f Van shopper should be able to buy with confidence in the knowledge

[ % all brands of the same item will be the identical net weight. We,

^' Weights and measures, who constantly advocate exactness in all asactions by weight, must frown upon any practice which under-

^' les this fundamental principle. We strive by every means of eduion and publicity to impress upon the shopper the wisdom of buying

(Weight, of watching the scale, of asking the price per pound, so that

knows that she is getting all for which she pays. It is true that

leral laws require that the net weight be printed on the package,

1

1 am sure that I need not develop a case among 3'ou gentlemen how

i -^ing in visibility are the hidden weight markings on so many of our

, ,^kaged food products. May I mildly put it that they are not conive to encouraging Mrs. Careful Housewife to watch her pounds

^

,1 ounces.

?he greatest evil which accrues from lack of standardization is a

I ) fusion in the customer's mind as to the best buy, when there are a

ii jiety of brands of the same product and when there are two varir ;?s—weights and prices. Let us give a couple of illustrations. In

store that I recently visited, there were three brands of apple sauce,

r labeled 1 pound 4 ounces, priced at 19 cents; another 1 pound 1

(i.ice, priced at 16 cents; the third 1 pound at 14 cents. Which of- ed the best buy, quantity only considered ? I will not claim this

( pe an intricate mathematical problem, but, on the other hand, I am

ficlent that the average shopper will not spend the time necessary

letermine the best value. Let us take another illustration. In the

()ie store, I noted two well-known brands of macaroni. One was a iunce package at 11 cents, the other an 8-ounce package at 14 cents.

; lin, I ask which brand gives the most macaroni for Mrs. Housetare's money? And, again I say, Mrs. Average Housewife either

jdd not or would not take the time to figure it out. Just imagine

[jijat goes on in her mind when she is confronted with labels marked

-X ounces, 6I/2 ounces, 41/2 ounces, I4I/2 ounces, 9 ounces^ 11 ounces,

1 ounces, 5% ounces. Tliese are actual label markings taken from

,^ew common items Avhich I chose at random in one store and include

feals, condensed milk, mustard, and relishes. A vast number of

[Gimples too numerable to mention could be given.

iiiVe have noted the progress in prepackaged foods; keeping pace

t!:h this trend is the advance of the self-service stores. Neatly ar- 3iged cans and packages are stacked on the shelves awaiting Mrs.

(Qerican HouseAvife's choice. But she is strictly on her own. The

I 15
prices are displayed and the weights are on the labels; but if thi' weights were always comparable among brands, the thrifty shop][ i would be in a position to determine the best value, that is, as in rega ^ to quantity in standardized weights. This is the only practical meji

by which to gain this worthy objective.

A manufacturer may discharge his legal obligations by setting foi ;i the net content of the package on the label, but I cannot agree that it| realistic or reasonable that the average housewife be confronted \ confused by odd and out of ordinary weights on packages. In I important case, a Federal judge charged the jury as folloAvs: The law requires a manufacturer to lie honest in his statement of the con

tents of a package containinu' a food product and it requires him to l>e hones • in statinu' the truth of the hibels put on it. It is the purchasing public. th< ultimate consumer, whom the provisions of tlie law are primai-ily inten(le( to protect. Tlie law is not made for the pi-otection of exi)erts, but for thi people, that vast multitude wliich includes tlie ignorant, the unthinking an( , Ihe credulous who in making i>urchases do not stop to analyze but are gov i, erned by appearances and general impression. It makes no difference tha ; dealers in the article are not deceived. It is the probable inexperience of th* customer that you should consider. ! 'Now let us consider standardization from the seller's vieYrpoii|^

Why is there such a hodgepodge of weights in prepackaged foodstuffs ' I shall not attempt to enumerate the various reasons given, but I wi |1 relate what appear to be the most common ones. A manufacturer ;

|^ processor, or possibly a large retailer possessed of a desire to increji^

the sale of one of his items will reduce the quantity in the container '

that the price will be below his competitor, or he may desire to mai ^ tain a standard price which he could not otherwise do unless the quaM

tity is reduced. The second reason has, of course, almost vanishf

because of recently widely fluctuating costs and prices. Sometimes' ^ more acceptable reason is given. A package is developed to yield " certain number of servings that it may better meet the needs of t' l' average family. Frankly, while not wishing to tangle with the expei^ ^ in the field of home economics, I am not convinced that this reason:'' a valid one, except in a comparatively few instances. '

^ I think it is not farfetched to conclude that, in many cases of o{ ' and fractional weights, the sales, rather than the production, d

partment was dominant, at least in the original weight determinatio • Of course, when production facilities are once set up for certahi siz' and weights—ovens, forms, and filling machines—then it would

costly to make changes. But in the long run, the more numerous pac

age sizes necessitate larger container inventories and the increased w

of storage facilities. It further means more frequent adjustments in machinery. All of these factors add up to increased production cos^ i eventually paid by the consumer. We made a survey among some food processors and manufacture^

in Chicago, and, while we admit it was too cursory and localized to conclusive, I believe that there are equally as many manufacturers wJ

would welcome the proposed regulations as those who would oppo,

them. Furthermore, practically every manufacturer who was in o"^ position gave as his reason that the present equipment could not me'' the proposed changes, but he did not object in principle. ' Of course, I do not advocate that there be any standardization ^ a packaged foodstuffs other than that of weight and the standards s^^'l up to meet the requirements of the pure food laws. The Americ?*

system of free competitive enterprise is the best system in the worl^

16
'ji there is still plenty of room for good aggressive merchandising if

} «^lo have national standardized weight laws. Quality, consumer

iference, price diflerentials, attractive and convenient packaging

ji the elements, and it has been the honest and progressive use of

\e, elements which have made our American businessmen world

^\ 4ers in their respective fields. summary of objectives would be that an agency of government be

i{)0wered by national legislation to strive towards ultimate stand-

^ Ization. I certainly could not advocate that there be an abrupt

1 sudden impact upon the American food industry.

1 1 believe that a gradual advance should be made over a sufficient

^ 'jiod of time for the changes, and I am thinking in terms of years.

V

; have a number of industries now who in actual practice have standt liized upon certain weights. When the overwhelming majority of

n ijindustry produces, for example, a 1-pound i^ackage, then it should

' 'Standardized and become part of the law, and those companies

! juld be given protection against others who would divert to unusual

ikage w^eights near the set standard. After a sufficient period of

jj jje, without dislocating any particular food industry, I believe that

elimination of unnecessary and unwise packages would be ac- Jiplished, and there would remain those weights which would be

r .icient from a manufacturer's and consumer's standpoint,

a; .i.liis brief discussion has but opened the door to a vast and extremely

r portant subject. There is much work ahead. I speak with admirafor the splendid pioneer work and fine contributions made by

ijiijtnbers of this Conference a decade or more ago. Perhaps it was

]]f war conditions which produced the intervening somnolent attijie, but I do hope that we will revitalize the wdiole matter, and, even

,11 ugh the road may be long, difficult, and beset with obstacles, we

t |>uld carry the torch of duty to ultimate success, ^n^. Meek: Weights and measures people all are in favor of pack-

] Jh standardization if and Avhen it can be brought about. I think most

' familiar with the efforts made by the National Conference a num-

,ni' of years ago to promote food package standardization. At that

i|ie I was Chairman of the Conference Committee on Legislation.

' held a meeting in Indianapolis, and Mr. Blickley attended this

. cting as a member of the committee. I think Ave had about 40 or 50

, lustries represented. They presented many arguments and reasons

f 5y they could not go along Avith the idea.

iioSowever, the Legislative Committee did report a food package

,,ndardization bill (Report of the 33d National Conference, 1947).

;t j action of the Conference at that time, this proposed bill was left in

i\) hands of the committe for further consideration, the idea being

: ^it it Avould be brought out Avhen there was sufficient public demand,

;( when w^e could shoAv that industry Avas in a position to go along with

][)d package standardization.

){[ am wholeheartedly in faA^or of it. I am aAvare of the arguments

ijiainst it. I am also familiar Avith many of the reasons why such

,,5:islation would be highly advantageous to the public.

VEr. Blickley : I had the pleasure of serving with Mr. Meek on that

, jimittee, and some or the arguments against standardization of food

-ckages Avere someAvhat ridiculous. At that time conditions Avere

jj iotic in the country, and I believe the time Avas not ripe to put this

jitter in the hands of industry. I think that condition has noAV 17
passed. Perhaps it would be a good idea if this 37th National Coiift ence on Weights and ISIeasures would again revive the food packa

standardization bill. I submit that as a suggestion to the Conferen^ Mr. Thompsox : I would like to ask Mr. Lrevy if he has an}^ su gestions from his research as to what steps could be taken towa':

this uniformity in packaging. \-

Mr. Levy : I think the first step is one of gaining public support|

get the public to realize what this means in dollars and cents. I thir a very fine suggestion has been made by jNIr. Blickley that this Conft

ence go on record advocating that work be done toward this goal. I have gone through the record and I find that members of this Co

ference did a fine job to arouse interest. I believe that, because tf time was not opportune, and the intervening war years took c attention to other matters which were more urgent, this project fell the way. I think it should be revived, and the first step is to follow t suggestion of Mr. Blickley. From that point on, we should have ,^ educational program.

Mr. Blickley : I will move that this Conference go on record

being in favor of reviving the effort toward standardization of fo

in package form, and that this matter be brought to the attention

the interested parties.

(The motion carried unanimously.) J] ]\Ir. Blickley: Many industries at our meeting in Indianapo

indicated that standardization could not be accomplished, that it ^

impossible. Two or three years later, the members of the flour indl

try went before the States and requested that their product be stan|;

ardized as to weights of packages. I believe that flour packages £ now standard weights in some 40 or more States. If the flour indust can do this, I do not see why any of the other food industries camf

do likewise. i (The Conference adjourned, to reconvene at 10 a. m, Wednesday, May ' 1952.) THIRD SESSION—MORNING OF WEDNESDAY, MAY 21, IS

(E. R. Fisher, Vice President, presiding)

' REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON TRADING BY WEIGHT, PRESENT

BY J. FRED TRUE, CHAIRMAN

The Conuiiittee on trading by weight has found that there is cd

siderable interest in doing away with the weight per bushel on nia|J

commodities.

At the present time there is some confusion in buying ear cdji' because of moisture content in the cob. The only solution to tl' problem is to sell ear corn b}^ the pound or hundredweight. /

grains which are now sold by the bushel can be sold by the pound

hundred weight. Grain which is re-sold to the consumer after it lif been milled whether mixed or unmixed with other grains is now sC by the pound or hundredweight. There is considerable difference 'ff the legal weight per bushel of apples and other fruits among t

States. This error can be corrected if the bushel is used only as volume measure. The weight for a given A^olume of apples or frul'i varies with the size and condition of the fruit. i We recommend that the committee be continued, that furtt^f study be made, and that the State and Federal Agencies be encorni

18
! to use the hundredweight rather than the bushel in their reports

jtforecasts.

ije further recommend that machinery companies be encouraged to

;k the rates of seeding to show pounds per acre rather than bushels

ipecks.

•e recommend that each State introduce a bill in its next legisjre that will do away with the weight per bushel for all comities.

ttlie report of the Committee on Trading by Weiglit was adopted by the

.erence.

1

. RESS BY E. C. CRITTENDEN, CONSULTANT TO THE OFFICE OF THE

DIRECTOR, NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

!iere is proposed an international organization intended to obtain

p degree of uniformity in the regulation of practical weights and

Wires in European countries. There is already an international

,nization which provides for uniformity in basic standards of

surement. The top body in that organization is the General Con-

'nce on Weights and Measures which was established by treaty in

] and now includes 33 countries. Under the General Conference

^^ave the International Committee on Weights and Measures and

International Bureau of Weights and Measures. The Interna-

)al Bureau is a laboratory located at Sevres, just outside of Paris,

,':ii keeps the prototype international standards and periodically

]pares national standards witli them.

(lie International Bureau thus provides, internationally, a service

;.lar to that given by the laboratories of the N^ational Bureau of

ridards in connection with weights and measures in this country,

[it has neither authority nor means to do anything about trade

3tices in the various countries. Each country has its own weights measures service, and it has been long recognized that the diversity

ractice which exists among European countries is a serious hancli-

'or instance, our oAvn Mutual Security Administration and other

^ernment organizations which are encouraging collaboration be- en European countries to strengthen them industrially have urged

jremoval of barriers to iDermit freedom of exchange of goods. Cuss barriers are a very serious obstacle to the elfective use of the

jiomic resources of those countries, and diversity of practice in

,ird to packaging, weighing, and other trade requirements add

;her difficulties. Recognizing that handicap, there have been dis-

(jdons for many years of the need for some organization like yours. Hiding officials of the different countries, as your Conference does

^ -e of States, counties, and cities, to bring about uniformity of prac-

, in regulations and to remove some of the obstacles to trade across yrnational boundaries.

i]j0 in 1937 the French Government called a formal international

Ijference to consider this question. It was proposed to establish an

janization which might begin by collecting information about the

jious rules and regulations and then draw up model laws and regulons, just as you have done in this country. Finally, it might even

Ijig about joint approval of equipment, because in Europe the}' go

|j:h further than we do in requiring approval of types of measuring

pees, and the fact that each country has its own types limits the

19
market of manufacturers very severely. That is particularly ti|

because in Europe the same organizations usually cover not merely t|

ordinary weights and measures but also gas and electricity meteif

Avhicli are, of course, widely used. i The 1937 conference was attended by representatives of 37 countrii|i

The widespread interest was evidenced by the fact that those countriifc ranged alphabetically from Afghanistan to Yugoslavia. HowevO!

many representatives were diplomatic staff men who knew nothitl

about the subject; when they got down to real business, delegates of I n countries, including all the important countries of Europe, sign( i resolutions looking to the establishment of an international organize 3 tion, and set up a committee to draw up definite plans for it. | : Following 1937 there came various troubles. The Chairman of t\ 1 organizing committee was a Polish official. Poland got in troub ii right aAvay, the war broke out in 1939, and nothing further was dot ! about the proposed organization until 1948. The proposal was thu

revived at the meeting of the General Conference on Weights ar-; treasures, but of the original 15 members of the organizing committji

only 5 had survived or retained their connection with weights aiji measures. \ A meeting Avas called for 1950 : by that time the Communists ha' overrun Poland and thrown out of office the man who had been hea' of the organizing committee. So a fresh start was made with a nen chairman, from Belgium. Ten countries were represented at the 191; meeting; 4 of the original 15 members were present. The committi

has now prepared a draft of a proposed treaty to set up an organizi

tion and it will be considered at a meeting in Brussels in October. :l approved it will be sent out formally by the French Government, ar maybe in the course of a feAv years there will be set up an internation

organization to do, in European countries and other parts of tin world, much the same job that you gentlemen are doing here.

Wliether this country should join or not is a matter to be decided n

the Department of State and the Senate. Xearly all the other cout

tries use the metric system of weights and measures. This, in additif to our distance, the difference of our customs and requirements, ai | the absence of a national Aveights and measures service, makes it doubf

ful AAdiether we can take an effective part, but it may be worth Avlii for our country to take part, at least as an observer, to give such he/j as Ave can, and also to see that no rules or regulations are set up th; may handicap our manufacturers or exporters unduly. If and whe

an organization develops, t]:ie details will be reported to you at lati meetings, and presumably your adA'ice will be sought regarclii

participation in it. FARM HOLDING TANKS i By H. .7. McDade, ScaJer of Weights and Pleasures, San Diego, California In i^reparing this paper, I assumed that many among you are n< acquainted witli the use or the procedure employed by the weigh j and measures official in testing such tanks.

Farm holding tanks represent a great forward stride in the mea < urement and handling of wholesale quantities of commercial mil

between the producer and the processor or creamery.

At present, there are two types of these tanks in use in Californi

namely, the conventional farm holding tank and the cold-wall tan

| 20
be tanks range in size from 300 to 3,000 gallons, and I am informed

t some are even larger. The conventional tank is constructed with

>buter wall around the stainless-steel measuring vat, allowing apiximatel}' 3 inches for insulation. The milk is cooled and aerated

We it flows into the tank. This type of tank will hold a quantity

itiilk for about 10 hours Avith a change of temperature not exceeding

F.

'he cold-wall, or refrigerated, tank (see fig. 1) is like the convenhal tank, except that, in addition to the insulation in the walls of

1 tank, refrigerating coils also are used. There is also a trough

lining around the top of the tank w4th small holes through which

milk trickles and is aerated and cooled right in the tank itself. \[hese two types are further divided into the glass gage and the

iiisuring-stick types, either of which is satisfactory. When filling

; glass-gage t^^pe with milk, the glass gage is kept closed by a valve

l!he bottom ancl is not allowed to fill until the reading is to be taken,

jis then opened wide, allowing the milk to enter the tube with a

f;ge, going beyond the true level and then settling back. This proji ure gives you an accurate reading. We must keep in mind, how1 r, that, milk being an opaque liquid, all readings must be made

iE:he top of the meniscus and not at the bottom.

;\^e have learned that, if the tube is left open and the milk allowed

<;reep up the tube as the tank is filled, the milk will stick in the dry

Je, and the reading may be one graduation less than a true reading,

der the present California code, which limits the volumetric value

.these graduations, a one-graduation error might be equal to as

oil as 2 gallons for tanks having a calibrated capacity in excess of

I gallons. For tanks of lesser capacity the resulting error might

i?qual to 1 gallon.

llie measuring-stick type is preferred by some, for various reasons.

FiGUEE 1. Farm holding tank.

Refrigerated, or cold-wall, type. 21
one heino- tlie ore:\ter ease of cleanino- as compared to the glass ga

another, the freedom from danger of breakage.

In measuring the quality of milk with the gage stick, the stick not put into the tank until the measurement is to be taken, thus obta

ing a measurement of the greatest possible accuracy.

Both types of tanks are equipped with a power-driven agitat

which is used to thoroughly mix the cream, which has risen to the t* back into the milk, so that a representative sample can be taken : a butter-fat test. It is of the greatest importance, however, that 1 agitator not be started until after the milk has been measured. To

so would create a turbulence in the tank and incorporate air into 1 milk, which would result in an inaccurate reading. I might add tl all measurements are made by the driver of the tank truck, who,

law in California, must be a licensed and bonded sampler and weigh

The graduations on both the measuring rod and the column gli gage are in terms of inches or fractions of an inch. The measuremfj on the gage is then referred to a chart that has been prepared by t'

' iuanufacturer or his agent, which converts each graduation into ter of liquid measure. Both the gage and the chart are integral parts of the tank, and ea must be carefully inspected, compared, and sealed. In testing a ta] the weights and measures official compares his findings with the me;; uring device, whether it be a gage glass or a measuring rod, and t chart as prepared by the maker. Under no conditions does he ma

the capacity indications on either the glass gage, measuring stick, ; chart. It is the duty of the weights and measures inspector to veri that the respective indications conform to known standard measu;

ments. For him to mark the graduations on the gage or chart woi

be as improper as it would be for him to place or locate the weioj

indications on the beam or chart of a scale. To give you a comparison of the accuracy of the farm holding tai as compared to the practice of measuring by the 10-gallon milk c method, which was universally used before the advent of farm holdi

tanks, I oifer you the following : Allowing for an error of one grad

ation in reading either the measuring stick or gage glass, the fa],|

holding tank Avill measure 1,000 gallons of milk with a maximi

error of 2 gallons per 1,000.

Records of creameries show that, in California, milk purchased

the creameries in 10 gallon cans averaged only 9% gallons per c£ yet they were paying for 10 gallons. This short measure was due

excess foam and dents in the cans, and equals 12.5 gallons per l,0(j|

No one ( an successfully challenge the advantage of the holding-ta;

method of handling milk from the point of accuracy of measureme]|

which is, of course, our chief concern. There is, moreover, the iid(^^ tional advantage of improved sanitation in this method of handling

the milk being kept at a temperature of between 40° and 50° F., uii, it is j^icked up by the stainless-steel insulated tanker, which will deli\,i|j

the milk to the creamery, even over the longest hauls, with a changBi

tem]:>erature not exceeding 1° F.

I When farm holding tanks were first introduced in Californ:< weights and measures officials were called upon to test and seal thej

This we refused to do, they being subdivided measures and, as suQk

not entitled to our approval. |;si The milk industry and milk-tank manufacturers were persistent

22
ll|r request that regulations be promulgated to legalize this method

itieasurement. They wanted the feeling of security that goes witli

iuse of weighing and measuring equipment that has been adequately

^jed and sealed by a competent authority.

i.fter many meetings with representatives of both the milk industry

! manufacturers of farm holding tanks, rules and regulations, tolert|3s, and specifications were drawn by James E. Brenton, Chief of the

:*eau of Weights and Measures in California. Then, after a formal

jring, these regulations, etc., were approved and became effective in

lifornia. PoUowing the presentation of this paper, a number of slides were shown l).y 'McDade and J. E. Brenton. These slides depicted various types of farm

ing tanks and testing equipments. In the discussion, points were raised

-rding (1) the possibility of frost heave in cold climates, (2) the difficulty in

; iuing rapid and accurate readings on stainless steel gage sticks, (3) methods

! istening tanks to foundations, (4) methods of testing, (5) manufacturers'

X>nsibilities, and (6) the possibility of sale by weight from farm holding

p.)

fj THE MEASUREMENT OF PETROLEUM

I By E. L. Hoffman, Socony-Yacmim Oil Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. %v. Chairman, members and guests of the National Conference on

' ghts and Measures, I would like to express my appreciation for

kind invitation extended to me by Mr. Bussey to address you today

<'he subject "The Measurement of Petroleum." In my talk I Avill 'uss some of the history of petroleum, the necessity for accurate

'usurements and also comment upon measuring practices in use

*et me take you back to the first measurement of petroleum in this

' itry ; to Saturday, August 28, 1859. You will recall that the first

»Tell was driven by Colonel Drake at Titusville, Pa. On that day

'Drake well had reached 69 feet and drilling had been stopped at point. On Sunday morning, "Uncle" Billy Smith, the driller,

k a look down the well and found a liquid standing in the pipe quite

'c the surface. He dipped some up and it was petroleum. He sent

'd to Colonel Drake in Titusville and borrowed Mrs. Smith's tub

wash boiler and kept on dipping. By the time Colonel Drake

ved, every vessel at the site was filled with oil. The next morning,

onel Drake started to search Titusville for empty whisky barrels,

collected a dozen or so and rushed them back to the well, but they

\' all filled by sundown. These whiskey barrels were made of

jd with a capacity of 42 gallons—2 gallons of the 42 being alloAved

^,tare or leakage. This Avorks out to a rough "tolerance" of 2 parts

'2, so you can see what progress has been made in "tolerance" since

j;e days.

iS the news of the Drake well spread, thousands of promoters and

Bans poured into Titusville, and soon hundreds of wells Avere iucing oil. The problem of containers Avas critical from the out-

' The wooden barrel Avas all that Avas available and the barrel faces worked night and day to keep up with the flood of oil. But

]e wooden barrels leaked more with oil than they did with whisky

'j inegar, because the oil had little effect upon the Avood, Avhereas

whisky and vinegar caused it to sAvell. To improve accuracy of

surement by reducing leakage, the infant oil industry attempted to ten up the wooden barrel, thus laying the foundation at this

23
3 i

early date for a sustained effort for souikI measiireiiient. The Eep<

of the Commissioner of Patents for the year 1863 stated, "Fonrte*

patents have been issued for more oil-tight barrels, besides as ma I for tanks and cans." As an illustration of the growth and rapid expansion of the pet

leum industry, in 1920 the quantity of crude oil produced in the Unit I States was 18.603.000,000 gallons." while in 1950 this quantity was 8 890,000,000 gallons or oyer four times greater than in 1920. If t quantity handled had been contained in a pipeline the same size as t ''Big Inch'-, its length would be sufficient to encircle the earth abc

25 times at the equator.

As eyidence of the magnitude of the demand for petroleum and

])roducts, I need only remind you that during the four days of t meeting of this Conference, tlie petroleum industry will measure o^

1 billion gallons of crude petroleum and then remeasure it about

to 25 times on its way to the customer. The complications in man}'

these measurement operations are considerable. There are oyer 1,0

yarious kinds of crude oil, some so thick they flow like the lieayiest n' lasses and some so thin they flow like water. The distance from t center of production to the center of consumption ayerages oyer 6 miles and may range as high as 8,500 miles, as in the deliyer}^ of cru

oil from Arabia. Oyer this distance it may moye by pipeline, tank

barge, tank car or truck, or a combination of these methods. F

each moyement in each conyeyance, it must be measured. It mi

also be measured many times on its way through the refineries ai- ^ through the storage terminals. While it will only be possible for i to describe these measurement operations in general, I direct you j tention to the fact that ])erhaps 90 percent of them take place, in si cession, prior to the sale to the customer and thus form a genei|^

procedure for an oyer-all check of crude oil from the well to finish' products in the customer's tank. I belieye you will agree that the most important single asset of ai ' business is the good will of customers with whom business is trar ^ acted. A company will stay in business only as long as the pub] " wants to buy its products. In the petroleum industry good will ci[ be achieyed by giying full and accurate measure on all sales of pro'-^ nets which meet established specifications. In many other industri''' this can be effected with a minimum of effort because it consists mere' ^ of a physical count of packages of yarying sizes. On the other han'l

petroleum and its products are in such general demand througlio-]

the world that a yast measurement problem is produced. The yoluir ^ of petroleum and products transported and handled by the petroleu ' industry is tremendous. The yastness of the operation of the Indi^

try, the complexity of the measurement problem and, finally, tl

yalue of crude oils and finished ]Droducts all point to the fact th

s])ecial care and attention must be giyen to measurements to insu accurate results. If these results are achieyed, customers are assure! of full measure and essential loss controls can be maintained on tl yarious phases of producing, manufacturing, transportation and ma'

keting of petroleum and its products.

The importance of accurate and careful gaging cannot be oye

emphasized. The data secured becomes the basis for all future recor(' and calculations. If the original gaging figures are incorrect, it obyious that subsequent records, reports, or inyoices will not balanc

24
> iile it may be possible to trace and correct inaccuracies in gaging,

^ : represents a costly, time-consuming procedure,

'ou might well ask why the members of this Conference should be

•rested in this subject. Primarily, State and municipal sealers of

ohts and measures participate in many important phases of measig operations of the petroleum industry. In all probability, sealers yote more of their time to activities involving the gaging of petro-

'

i in and related products than to any other single commodity. In the

;ipd place, one of the most important phases of the work done by

X hi^^ational Bureau of Standards is the establishment of standards

jell are used as the basis for measurements involving equipment

I ii as calibrated containers, steel tapes, standard thermometers and

: ^r items used by the petroleum industry.

, »uring the early expansion of the petroleum industry, facilities for

suring vast quantities of crude and products lagged in their develiient. As a result, many difficulties were experienced, some of whicli

imately reached the consumer level. Not only was there a lack of

^ormity and procedures from one company to another, but frettitly this same difference was experienced in various phases of any

'i company's operations. The inadequacy of measurement facilities

jited a condition where accurate accounting for stocks and yields

^ not possible. As a result, many oil companies realized that the

plem merited special attention. In many cases this, in turn, led to ^iormation of committees and deiDartments within the company to

,ille this problem. These committees and departments were charged

I duties the major purposes of which are the following: (1) Caliion of storage tanks and transportation media. (2) Design and

ptruction of uniform gaging and sampling equipment. (3) Estabrment of uniform procedures in the use of this equipment,

s early as 1898 the American Society for Testing Materials had

\ formed, and the American Petroleum Institute was organized in

j*). One of the important functions of these organizations is to .nulgate codes establishing uniform procedures and equipment for

-accurate measuring of petroleum and its products. The exchange

4ieasurement ideas and practices of the various segments of the

^istry is of benefit not only to the industry as a whole and the

.victual parts thereof but also to the consuming public. This

,iange of ideas and practices has, under the sponsorship of the two

jips mentioned, resulted in the issuance of the following codes

,ng many others: (1) API Gravity Tables. (2) ASTM Manual

j^deasurement and Sampling of Petroleum and Its Products. (3)

|l Code 25—Measuring, Sampling and Testing Crude Oils. (4) API

Je 1201—Code for Non-Pressure Tvpe Tank Car Quantities.

. API Code 1202—Code for Pressure Type Tank Car Quantities.

API Code 1101—ASME-API Code for Petroleum Positive Disjement Meters.

jll codes and manuals, whether issued in a tentative or final form,

^subjected to almost, constant review so that when revisions are

ssary, the changes can be effected and all members of industry

' sed.

Jhie basis for computing volumes of liquid quantities of petroleum

] its products is the incremental capacity table for the container

.Ived in any particular transaction. Therefore, before discussing

lal measurement of petroleum, I Avould like to outline for you in

neral way how the capacities of containers are determined. Ob25
viously, capacity tables must be accurate; otherwise, all subseq[u(

calculations of volumes handled will be incorrect.

Various methods, depending on the type of container being a

brated, are employed to determine the total and intermediate cap

ities of the container. In my discussion today I will consider 1 strapping method as it applies to atmospheric tanks with fixed roi (also known as cone roof tanks) as this is the most common type

tank in use today, builder's plan method as it applies to tank shi

and the liquid calibration method as it applies to barges, tank cars a^x tank trucks. ' f

Basic measurements are secured by the use of steel tapes of 1(' foot or 400-foot lengths. These measurements consist of height

the tank, its circumference at various levels, the thickness of st

])lates and, when necessary, measurement of "deadwood." "Deglj'

wood" is a term used to describe any construction detail inside of t^ tank, the presence of which decreases its liquid capacity. After \ basic measurements are secured, tank capacity tables are prepar

by determination of actual volume at the various heights measur' and interpolation of circumference measurements where necessai

If the tank is cylindrical in s]ia])e and if all cross-sectional areas f uniform., the calcidations are relatively simple. They are based .

| the standard formulas of the area of a circle and the volume of|[

cylinder.

On tank ships, total capacities for each tank and the volume

desired levels are secured b}^ calculation of cubical contents bas on measurements from builder's plans. Consideration is given

deadwood, such as pipe lines, ladders, bulkheads, etc., and the change

in incremental volume due to changes in the shape of tanks. It is interest how this is done. An engineering draftsman with considc

able experience will study the builder's plan with an apprentice, ai together they will make all the necessary calculations. This mi

take from 3 to 6 months and the resultant calculations would app^

to similar vessels of the same class. In the case of barges and tank cars, one popular method of dete mining capacities is the water calibration method. Quantities a loaded into the tanks from calibrated prover tanks. By stopping t loading operation at desired intervals and computing the quantity oi; turned from the loading tank, the volume capacity can be determini

at any level within the barge or tank car tank.

When tank trucks are first put into service, their capacities are deUh

mined by using a liquid (usually kerosene) measured from calibrati)

containers, the capacity of which has been certified. After the capacr

of each tank has been determined, capacity markers are affixed in tl proper position and the full capacity shown on the dome collar. In general, gaging procedures involve two separate steps. The fir, of these consists of actually measuring the product, and this nH|j

be done by manual or automatic means. The second step consists

temperature taking, and this ma}^ also be done manually or autj

matically.

In the actual gaging of most bulk-storage tanks, there are two ge]

erally accepted methods, namel}^, innage and outage. The sever modifications of each depend upon the type of tank to be gaged. A

innage gage is the depth of liquid in a tank measured from the surfaj'

of tlie liqiud to the tank bottom or to a datum plate attached to the tai

ii

iiii 26
|m. An outao:e gage (in the case of marine equipment, called

Xe) is the measurement of the distance bet^Yeen the surface of the

luct in the tank and the reference point, which is a fixed point or

at or near the top of a tank. These measurements are userl the tank-capacity table and temperature of the product to calcudie volume being measured.

general, measurements are secured by the use of calibrated steel

p of varying lengths in conjunction with calibrated plumb bobs,

latter have pointed ends for taking innage gages and fiat ends for

ig outage gages. The tapes in use in the United States conform

e tolerances and standards established by the National Bureau of

'dards. Tapes not meeting tolerances are withdrawn from service,

hen an innage or outage gage is taken in a nonpressure container,

'ape and bob are lowered to prescribed levels, care being taken in

ase of the innage gage to insure that the bob does not tip. On

^•e gages the measurement is read directly from the tape, while on

!g*e gages the total reading is the sum of the tape and bob readings.

\e procedures for innage and outage gages are basic and are those

^generally. In other cases, however, special types of tankage rei'. special procedures and devices to measure their contents, for

iple, the pressure lock for pressure tanks and the slip-tube gage for

^fied petroleum gas containers.

1 companies generally have made considerable progress in the

^lopment and acceptance of uniform gaging equipment and the

^Jishment of uniform procedures in the use of this equipment.

Wample, difficulties were experienced in securing accurate meas-

^ ents of volatile products because of an uneven creep on the tape

Sb, thus resulting in inflated measurements. To overcome this, a ine-level indicator paste was developed and is being used genW today. Prior to the promulgation of standardization codes, "urements were taken to the nearest ^4 ov 14 inch. The stand-

':oday is to the nearest % inch, and in some companies, to the

?st ^{q inch. The need for and the advisability of accurate readto the nearest inch becomes evident when it is realized that Yiq

L inch in a tank 50 feet in diameter accounts for 77 gallons, while

,ank 140 feet in diameter the gallonage value of this measurement

0 gallons.

\ the procedures in vogue and the standardization already ac-

)lishecl eliminate the possibility of inaccurate measurements?

iln the case of manual gaging, the human element is always pres- Consequently, oil company managements must constantly stress

]e gagers the importance of the care to be exercised when gaging,

jme instances, flexible tank bottoms cause inaccurate measureis. Every effort is made when constructing tankage to insure that tottom will remain firm and level. However, bottoms sometimes

under varying load conditions. In such cases, accuracy will be

^ly improved by maintaining a water bottom of such depth that it cover the entire bottom when flexed either up or down. This is

1 in an effort to provide a level surface to measure the volume of

a or products involved. Difficulties are also experienced in secur-

'ccurate measurement of the contents of floating roof tanks as the

:ne of product displaced by the roof is affected by friction between

dge of the roof and the tank, b}^ change of temperature due to

line, by wind, rain, snow, or ice, by settling time after pumpiiig

232094—53 3 27
product into or from the tank and by partial suspension of tlie on its supports. ; Gaging problems are considered as rlicv ari-r ;nid aro >iibje''

almost continual study. In some iu.-tanct^-. tln-c -tudie- in;' observance of the actual operation of taukMn'e and facilities ir field. At the present time the use of automatic

^

gages is being studie ^ many oil companies. Many stich devices are actually in u-e bu

genera], they are used only in connection Avitli movements of li quantities within a particular company. However, if mutually ag

upon, they can be used in connection with movements betAveen the^

panies concerned.

One stich device which has been in ttse for some time is callecb automatic float gage and consists, in general, of a float gage atta- to a wire cable which, in turn, is attached to a romjdetely tuich ^ counterweiglued measuring ta])e which regi-tei - iiinaiic uitM-ureu

and is ustndly read at ground level. Potential -ources of error ir automatic float gage inelude change in the Ijuoyaney of the llo;

' the gravity of the liquid changes, undue friction at -heaves

ground-reading ptiUey. and corrosion and distortion of the eable.

" the newer equipment these sotirces of error have to a large extent eliminated.

Another device acttuilly weighs the tank contents and is spoke ! as a hydrostatic gage. This also has the distinct advantage of ! viding the means of reading tank meastiremerit>. either at the

| of the tank or at some central point remote from the tank- themse' i This device generally uses dry air or gas to force the liquid h\

gaged out of a vertical i^ipe within the tanlv. The pressure requ ' to force the liqttid out of the pipe is registered through a gage out :} the tank or at a central gaging house liy means of a gage tilled a special, heavier-than-water liqtiid. This gage is calilirated onj

basis of water at standard temperature : therefore, all measurem | are at that temperature. By knowing the exact sj^ecilic gravity^

the liquid being gaged, the reading of the gage can be converte>f

exact feet and inches of the liquid at -tandard temperature.

Another item that must be considered in the determination of h" volumes of petroleum and its prodttcts is the temperature of the t

i contents. Accurate temperature readings are essential as they f the basis for conversion to 60^ F of quantities involved on interc"^ pany transactions and also provide an important phase of adeqi:

stock control.

Usualh' only one temperature reading is taken at the vertical ceX' of the product, althouo-li in some cases it may be necessary to se(^ more readings, as specified by API and ASTM codes on this subj;

When taking thermometer readings, care must be taken to in/

that the thermometer has been immersed in the liquid for a per

sufficiently long to attain the temperature of the liquid. Also, w' withdraAN'ing the thermometer from the tank, care mur^t be takei

avoid change in the thermometer indication, which may easily

caused by atmospheric temperature or wind blowing across the liq

contained in the cup at the base of the thermometer. This effect :l be minimized by sheltering the thermometer cup within the gage h

w^hile reading the thermometer to the nearest degree. j Tlie accuracy tolerance for thermometers, previously plus or mr

1 deg F, has i-ecently been changed to phi- or mimis lo deg F

28
iioiiK'ltM- ii>ed for ])ur})()>e^. Studies of tanks in oiu'i'ci- liave reA'ealed that ditierent temperatures prevail at ditt'ererit

5. This is especially true on tanks containing- viscous materials

oducts that must be heated to expedite their tioAv. Partially as

jult of the foregoing, oil companies are turning their attention to

liccuracy that might be secured by the use of automatic devices

jli provide the means of securing mechanically average temperai of tank contents. In most instances, the temperature readings

be taken at some central point remote from the tanks themselves,

sts of one of these devices have indicated that it has a high order

!?curacy. This device is known as an electrical resistance therieter. which measures the increase or decrease in electrical resist- in a tine copper wire caused by any chang*^ in teui] )ei'atui'(> and

iters the results of these measurements on a teiuperaturt^ iudicatoi'. device will ()])erate satisfactorily wlieii used in eoiniectif))! \\\\]\ - containing heated or unheated |)ro(hi('ts.

ae whole subject of measuring and allied operations is in a state •ntinual study, so that the latest available procedures can be ap- and the accuracy and practicability of devices can be determined

ilecisions made as to their installation and acceptance by industry

neral.

i you are aware, meters used for the dispensing of liquids are an

irtant phase of petroleinn measurements. The first meters used

, converted water meters which were accurate to about plus or

Iks 2 percent. The introduction of displacement meters and con-

'd experiment and development have brought greater perfection,

iracies now obtainable are quite remarkable. The development of

rer accuracy in measurements has made it possible to meet the

uit tolerances required by tlie various St;ite regulatory bodies, ter meters have been properly installed, by far the most important

^e requirement for proper operation, regardless of the type of

jr used, is meter proving and calibrating as frequently as necessary,

is important because not only must the oil company ascertain that

:imers of their products receive accurate measure on deliveries,

t nnist also take reasonable precautions against overloading or

ieliveries. To achieve the desired results, oil companies generally

tain proving equipment on mobile trucks that is of adequate size loth loading rack meters and tank-truck meters. In most instances, neter ma]iufacturers are also equipped with mobile calibrated

|er equipment.

le basic rec[uirements for good performance in all meter installai are that the installation shall be (1) Capable of and adapted for

^ate meter proving. (2) Conducive to the elimination of air 'apors that might become trapped or induced ahead of the meter,

provided with a suitable means of segregating dirt, scale, foreign

jcles. and water from the measured stream. (4) Such that iden-

|y the same physical conditions of equipment, liquid and operating

ucteristics can be maintained for the meters during their provings

ill exist while they are later operating normally on the metered m.

ke use of meters has tremendously increased in recent years. This

jrtictilarly true of meters used on loading racks, pipelines, and

^ trucks dispensing household heating oil. As the trend is toward

'i ler increase in the use of meters, it becomes essential and most

29
important tliat the degree of accuracy required by the weights measures authorities be maintained at all times. I haye preyiously mentioned that a code has been issued through

joint efforts of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers

the American Petroleum Institute on positiye displacement me- This code, which is further eyidence of the actiye interest in this

ject, proyides a suitable basis for the installation, proying and op

tion of positiye displacement meters suitable for measuring li( hydrocarbons to be purchased, sold, or exchanged in the petroL

industi'y or elsewhere. The proyisions are deemed applicable to p

tically all such installations. Howeyer, with respect to meters i for the measurement of retail sales, the provisions of various S

weights and measures regulations govern and shall take precede over this code. On one major pipeline in the South, the use of me

for measuring the flow of petroleum products has become indispei

ble. This pipeline transfers several petroleum products and sei different oil companies. TVlien any new product is sent through

jine, as, for example, kerosene, the meters are recalibrated, the calill tion taking the form of a factor that is applied to the meter read:; 5 Under certain conditions, the meters may be recalibrated as

" quently as twice a day. Because a meter as large as the pipeline ' ^ would be uneconomical and difficult to handle, there may be three "J four 6-inch meters in parallel on an 8-inch line, thus providing the r¥

essary flexibility in operation. ^ The measurement of petroleum presents a serious problem to

industry. The complexity of this problem, increased by the need

numerous, accurate measurements, is not generally known by the c sumers of petroleum products. Oil companies and manufacturers ^ ^ engaged in continual research so that the most accurate proceclu

" equipment, and devices can be applied in the measurement of pet

leum. Ultimately, a large share of these measurements will uncloi]^ edly be obtained by automatic or semiautomatic means. The work of the sealers in the oil industry, which for the ma

part consists of checking the capacities of various types of transp

tation media, the calibration of dispensing equipment, and the est lishment of accuracy tolerances for this dispensing equipment, I had an important influence on the development of accurate measu

ment. Tlieir activities serve the dual purpose of assuring the consun

that full measure is received and of assuring the dis]3enser of the pr* net that an equitable compensation is secured for the quantit

handled and sold. ( GRAIN WEIGHING I By David Luxdeex, State Wciphmastcr. Tracl: mid Hopper Seale Deparfmi

State of Minnesota : President Xational Scale Men's Association As this year's president of the Xational Scale Men's Associatir I deem it a great honor to represent our spendid organization at tl Conference, and I wish to take this opportunity to greet you on belu of our membership. Our annual Convention at Chicago last Mai; was one of the finest and most instructive meetings ever held In group. I feel, as I am sure all members of tlie Xational Scale Mel

Association feel, that we should work very closely with the Xatioi^jf

Bureau of Standards and representatives of weights and measu ? departments in matters relating to scales, in which we all have a co 30
.piterest. As far as scales are concerned. Ave have the same goal—

*r scales, resulting in more accurate weiglits.

rain weighing*' is, without a doubt, one of the most important

iiing functions in the country. ^Fmuv farmers weigh their grain

jeir own scales before taking it to tlie local market. At the local

; tor it is weighed when the producer sells the grain. It is usually

"heel by the local elevator when the grain is shipped to the terminal

;:ets, and at the terminal markets it is Aveighed on arrival, as Avell

,:ien shipped out. Millions of bushels of grain are Aveighed Avithin

levator itself as the grain is transferred from one bin to another,

'total amount of grain that is weighed in this country and the

>i of the grain are probably impossible to estimate accurately, but

safe to say that it runs into billions of bushels and billions of

-rs. the Minnesota Grain Weighing Department. Ave weigh approxi-

^ly 500,000.000 bushels of' grain annually. About 300.000,000

-els of this grain are Aveighed in and out of boxcars. Approxifly 175,000,000 bushels of grain are Aveighed into boats at Duluth,

^gned to points on the Great Lakes and onto barges on the MissisRiver at Minneapolis and St. Paul to points south. The balance

.iin Aveighed in truck-load lots and in transfers AA-ithin the terminal

,tor itself. You will note the tremendous amount of grain that

Sighed into boats, most of which emanates from Duluth.

w peo]Dle, liA'ing in other parts of the country, realize that, from

^andpoint of tonnage handled, the Duluth-Superior port is second

to Xew York.

might also be interesting for you to knoAA" that the largest aggre-

,ai of grain elevators in any one city in the Avorld is in Minne-

^s, where some 65 eleA^ators haA'e a total storao*e capacity in excess

^ .000,000 bushels.

J.e Minnesota Grain Inspection and Weighing Departments Avere

,'lished in 1885 by the Minnesota State Legislature, by a hnv passed

^le'hfth of March of that year. Lhider that laAv operations com-

^•ecl on the first of Atigust i885. This hiAv provides for the inspecjf grain and the Aveigliing of grain as it arrives and leaA'es terminal

'tors. The State being rather young at that time, only three were designated by the LegislatiA'e Act as Terminal Grain MarThey were Minneapolis, St. Paul, and Dttluth. The laAv, howgave authority to the Railroad and Warehouse Commission,

r which these departments function, to designate other points

erminal Markets. At the present time, Ave haA'e State grain

liing at ten markets.

might be interestino- to knoAv that this Avas the first grain depart-

. of its kind, established in the United States, Avhere inspection

-veigliing of grain was under State jurisdiction.

;ter the department Avas established, grain Aveighing Avas per-

'ed by Minnesota State Aveighers, not only in Minnesota, but in

ionsin, loAva, Xorth Dakota, Sotith Dakota, and as far Avest as land, Oregon. Since that time, most of these States have estabd their OAA'n grain inspection and Aveighing departments, and the

lesota department noAv only functions Avithin the boundaries of

Btate.

le first testing of scales in the State Avas by "Scale ExxDerts," as were called in those days, Avho Avorked under the supervision of

Btate Weighmaster, who is in charge of grain Aveighing. The

31
first so-called "Scale Expert," who now would be called a "Seal

j spector," was a man hy the name of L. D. Berr}^ He was appo ; to this p()>iii()ii ->li()illy after the department began to function. \ commenced testing scales, over Avhich grain was weighed, in terr; elevators, early in 1889. Later, he was given an assistant, with v; a great many of you are acquainted, and who has been for over . a century one of the leaders in weights and measures Avork in. country. I refer to none other than the A^enerable C. C. Neai

^Minnesota man of whom we are very proud. Mr. Neale worked n , the State Weighmaster until the Weights and Measures Depart; , Avas established in 1911, at Avhich time he was appointed the > Commissioner of Weights and Measures in Minnesota. The seal,

spectors, however, Avho tested the scales on Avhich grain and its* ])roducts were weighed remained under the supervision of the - Weighmaster.

To put it dilTerently, the Weights and Measures Department ii State of Minnesota has supervision OA^er all scales and measui

devices, except raih-oad track scales and the other scales OA-er wi

grain, its by-products, hay, straw, and coal are Aveighed, and on w

commodities the State Grain Weighing Department issues certific of Aveight to the trade. These scales are nnder the jurisdiction ol

State Weighmaster. This is a common practice at most large tern: : markets. The advantages of such an arrangement are Avell recogn

and too obvious to require comment.

We have, in Minnesota, approximately 85 State grain weighing i tions and an average of 130 State Grain Weighers. At the ternii elevators we haA^e both hopper and track scales. At some eleva^

Ave have both. The hopper scales are tested with 8,000 pound 1

knoAvn weights and, on the step-up test, to the capacity of the hop

j The tolerance on hopper scales is 14 pound per 1,000 pounds. | The State of Minnesota has Iavo State-owned Master Scales,

of these scales has a 12-foot weigh-rail and the other a 34-foot w( 1 rail. Tliese Master Scales are tested each year by the National Bui

of Standards. This is a service of real value for which we are n grateful. As far as I knoAv, these are the only Master Scales owne(i

any one State in the Union. Our Master Scales are the only onej

the northern section of the country betvreen Clearing, Illinois, j Portland, Oregon.

On our track scales, not used for grain Aveighing, Ave maintaii

tolerance of one pound per 1.000 pounds and, on track scales usedn

Aveighing grain, a tolerance of i/o pound per 1,000 pounds.

We haA^e four railroad test cars, oAvned and operated by the Sti: Tavo of these cars have a 20-foot Avheel-base, one calibrated at 82d pounds and the other at 90,000 ]:»ounds. We also haA^e tAvo 7-\i Avlieel-base test cars, eacli calibrated at 80,000 pounds. We make eAT effort to have these test cars calibrated once every month. At perio'

inteiwals Ave test all the railroad track scales with both of the

Avheel-base test cars, testing at 100,000 pounds. ] We liaA^e six scale inspectors in the department. Tavo inspec; are constantly on the road Avith the railroad test cars. Three 1 spectors Avork in jMinneapolis, St. Paul^ and suburbs. In Minneapi

we maintain a laborator}^ Avhich is used by both the Weights ' Measures Department and the Track and Hopper Scale Departm

Here Ave calibrate counterpoise Aveights and 50-pound test weig:

32
iis[)ector is assigned to testing hopper scales in Dulutli. where the

irtinent also maintains a laboratory.

-y^ test all track and hopper scales twice a 3"ear, and occasionally

•!

j often. "When a scale is taken ont of service for repairs, it is l^ted before being pnt back into service. the master scales vre calibrate onr own railroad test cars and also ailroad-owned test cars used in onr part of the country.

.r railroad-track-scale test cars are moved by the railroads, free

'narge, to whatever points we bill them. This free service is

'llatory, under the law.

'|3 have 228 hopper scales at terminal elevators and ITT railroad

: scales, of which 64 are State weight track scales. Wlien hopper

5 or track scales are used for the purpose of weighing grain,

je State weights are taken, the cost of the test is absorbed in the

'\ weighing fee. Otherwise, there is a $40.00 charge for a railroads-scale test and a $15.00 charge for a hopper-scale test, the fiscal year 1951 we made 361 railroad-track-scale tests and

'lopper-scale tests. "We effected 41 railroad-test-car standardiza-

\ and calibrated T29 counterpoise weights, 1,385 50-pound test

lits, and 28 slings. During this year we found 60 track scales and

^'pper scales out of tolerance.

'should be noted, in this connection, that our scale inspectors do

hiake any scale repairs. However, if a scale is found out of

^ance and adjustments can be made during the test by the inspector

ing the scale within tolerance, that is done.

- ly recently, new specifications were adopted by the Railroad and

^^house Commission, which provide that new railroad track scales died in Minnesota shall have a minimum capacity of To tons

ection.

Itween the semiannual tests of the track and hopper scales, the in- ors are constantly making inspections of the scales used in the

hing of grain. The objective, from the beginning, has been to

re good scales, properly installed and maintained, regularly

i-cted and tested, so that both the buyer and seller of grain can

nfident that they are receiving accurate weights.

^ track scale or State weight liopper or motor-truck scale may be

'lied in our State until the ])lans for the scale and plans for the

llation have been submitted to our department and approved,

10 railroad track scale may be removed unless application is first

h to the Railroad and Warehouse Commission and such application

loved.

.e freight charges on grain cars are fixed on the basis of the

^hts taken by the State weighers at the various terminal elevators.

::ien a car of grain is weighed, the car number, car initial, capacity

e car, seals on the car, and any leaky or bad order conditions of

ar are all noted in weight and seal record books which are kept

Q State weighers at the elevators. In addition to this, the weigher

;s out scale tickets, which are filed in the office of the W^eighing

irtment.

iQ weigher also makes a daily report, in triplicate, one copy of

h. is available, in the Weighing Department office, to the grain

I'' and the railroads. From these reports, as well as from the scale

I ts, the railroads take the weights on the cars on which they detert the freight charges. In our office, all reports of the weighers are

Ijigated and posted, according to elevators, so that, if the grain

33
trade or tlie railroads desire to clieck the cars weighed at a parti

elevator, they need not be concerned Avith any other reports. 1 the original copy of the reports, certificates of weight are typec

filed in a Post Office box maintained in the office for each grain

It is obvious that business transactions, involving millions of do

transpire ever}- day on the basis of these weight certificates ; and

the basis of all this somewhat complicated procedure is the good f properl}' installed and maintained, tested by the scale inspectors

properly handled by the State weigher, under the supervision o State Weighmaster. Minnesota was, as already noted, the pioneer in establishing a

' Grain Weighing Department. Not only was Minnesota the first

in the Union to step into this picture, but we frankly believe

Minnesota is today a leader, if not the leader, in the matter of acci weights in the weighing of one of the country's important commod

namely, grain.

It might be of interest to you, gentlemen, to knoAV that the de]

ment is self-sustaining and always has been since it began operat

A fee is charged for the weighing of each car. The fee, at the pr

time, is $2.25 for each car and $1.00 for each truck, and $1.25 for e 1,000 bushels weighed into a boat or transferred in the elevator

total fees taken in by the whole Grain Department vary from ye{(|, year, but for the fiscal year 1951-52 will exceed $1,500,000. The we

ing fees alone for this particular year will exceed $700,000 and

leave a substantial surplus at the end of the fiscal year. This department, from its inception, has been under the jurisdic

of the Minnesota Railroad and Warehouse Commission, consistin|

three elective commissioners.

I trust that the information I have given you may be of some int(' and value. I have deliberately given you considerable detail as t( grain-weighing functions of our department. If any additiona.

formation is desired, I shall be glad to furnish it. I feel and always have felt that all of us, who are in governr

service, whether it be on the local level or in State or Federal ser have a duty and responsibility to perform our work in such a mai

that we are a credit to the government for Avhich we work and a \ benefit to the citizens we serve.

do: RAILWAY TRACK SCALE TESTING PROGRAM

Iff By .J. X. Todd, Sifperintcndent, Scales and Work Equipment, Southern RaiH

System, Washington, D. C. ; I am very grateful for the opportunity to speak to you from^

standpoint of the railroads on the subject of railway track scale 1 ing. While I cannot say that I am speaking for the Associatioi'

American Railroads, because they have not been asked to give)

expression of their views, I am quite certain that they will be plej*

by any move to better relations between the railroads, the NaticJ Bureau of Standards, and those agencies in the States concerned v weights and measures. My subject is related principally to the program of testing car]' out by the National Bureau of Standards, and it seems most apf

priate to speak of it at a time when there is such a representat i gathering of weights and measures officials from throughout

country. I would like to speak not only of the program as it exists if 34
a little of its history, but also of its future. There is, in luy

iifaoii, no reason to be concerned about the future of such a beneficial,

y a necessary, activity, but it is important to keep all of you in- Sed of its function in trMde and conunei-ce; |)Mrti(^ulai-ly those of

^'1 from States where divisions of weights and measures have been

ap or expanded in recent years. Therefore, its future is something

you should know about as you may have a part in it yourself,

%her or not you actually do any testing.

is not intended at this time to make any predictions of things

;bme nor to imply that you will be brought into the actual testing

'Irack scales, because I know nothing of such a possibility. I do

'Iw that, with the increased interest of the State agencies in all

^I'ji matters, it is well for us to consider how such an interest in track

Tie testing may be served best. At this time, there are only two

jes in the country, where track scale testing is carried on with

^llpment other than that of either the railroads or the National

'^'^eau of Standards. There are special reasons for these agencies

they require the calibration services of the Bureau. Before we

^||nto the Bureau activities any further, let us see how the railroads

:nto the picture, and then we can better show how necessary is ^pBureau's place in this most worthy enterprise.

^I'lie railroad industry is one in which scales of large capacity have

hed their widest use. It is estimated that there are nearly 7,000

k scales in the country counting both those owned by the railroads

by the industries. Ten to fifteen percent of these were tested

ually for many years by the National Bureau of Standards in its .pie testing. This will be discussed later. The railroad industry

Jf bout a century and a quarter old, and the use of track scales came

ri after the beginning of the railroads. One of the great forward

)S in the field of weighing came about that time, wdien the Fairiks brothers brought out their famous platform scale. I am almost

3, from what I have seen, and I believe the scale men of the Bureau

l\ agree, there must be some of those original scales still in use.'

'': speaking seriously, we do have the extremes of good and bad on

railroads. Usually, hoAvever, the small and obsolete scales are in

' only where the service is light.

"he present-day test procedure is not very different from that fol- ed more than half a century ago. At that time a special car was

'd up and assigned for testing scales only. Today we have solidy test cars for the same purpose weighing from 30,000 to 100,000

jnds each. Test reports showing the results of testing 50 years

} are quite similar in many cases to those in use today, but the

[iracy of the scales then and now makes a different story. By

present standards most of the scales 50 years ago would have been

of tolerance. It is reported that on one railroad a scale was

•roved if the error did not exceed 400 pounds, regardless of the

load. It was about that time that the National Bureau of Stands was engaged in tests and inspections of scales of less than 10,000-

r i,nd capacity. The frequency and magnitude of errors found in

[lies of that, category led to the belief that scales of greater capacity

jild have similar errors, and of magnitude in proportion to their

.'acity. The sequel to that was for the Bureau men to follow rail- d testing of larger capacity scales, and, not having test equipment

heir own, to observe the results and to inspect the scales. 35
Many and large errors did occur and as a consequence of these

servations congressional approval was obtained for equipping

Bureau personnel so that actual testing of track scales could be

ried out by them. The first test equipment of the Bureau was c pleted in 1913, and before the end of that year 38 track scales \ tested in four eastern States, in a sort of practice run. The res I of these tests were startling, and, to show just how bad condit

were, the following is quoted in part from the annual report for

fiscal 3^ear ending June 30, 1914. The mention of any particr

State here is no reflection on it, as subsequent testing throughout

country revealed conditions equally bad elsewhere. ' Allowing for a tolerance of 0.2 of one i^ercent, which in the opinion of t Bnrean, is a fair tolerance for such scales, 80 percent of the 10 scales test j in Vermont would have been rejected; on a tolerance of 0.4 of one perceij

()0 percent would have been rejected; and on a tolerance of 1.0 perrer; 40 percent would have been rejected. ... Of the 16 scales tested at t i port of New York, 75 percent woiUd have been rejected on a tolerance . 0.2 of one percent, 56 percent on a tolerance of 0.4 of one percent, and

percent on a tolerance of one percent.

The above results clearly show the necessity for periodic inspection . such scales and indicate to some extent the great losses which may be SU; tained by the use of uninspected scales. As previously pointed out. tr inspection of railroad track scales . . . should be taken up by or under tl

supervision of the Federal Government . . . for the reason that practical I all shipments weighed upon them are interstate. A second test car was secured soon after this time. During the : lowing fiscal year, with only the original unit in operation, a sched

of tests over a widely distributed area was arranged for the purp

of obtaining the first overall picture of conditions. The Bureau 1

^ adopted a tolerance of 0.2 of 1 percent, and, of the 338 track sc? tested during the fiscal year 1915, 68 percent failed to pass. It mi«' be stated that during the succeeding 25 years of Bureau testing, ; percentage of track scales passing required tolerance rose from ab(

32 percent to about 85 percent.

The conditions found during the first year of testing were repon

to the American Railway Association, now the Association of Ame:

can Railroads, which entered into discussion with the Bureau leadi to an agreement providing for an expansion of the Bureau's activiti In recognition of the benefits accruing to the carriers, the agreeuK

provided for the free transportation of the Bureau test cars. La j on, two standard type test cars of 10,000- and 80,000-pound capac were added and during the 3'ears that followed, frequently more th, a thousand scales were tested per annum. In addition, all masi

scales were calibrated on approximately an annual basis. In general, this procedure was followed for many years without a great variation, until the second World War, when activities were cr tailed for several reasons. First, the Iavo standard test cars of 40,0(; and 80,000-pound capacity were disposed of because it was felt that t; purpose for whicli they were bought had been served. Also, the sho]_

age of x^ersonnel and the obsolescence of one of the original testh- units further reduced the extent of the testing activities. While ste; have been taken to improve conditions in some ways, the service h, not yet returned to anvtliing like that existing prior to the last Won

AVar.

'

i It might be Avell to explain briefly here what the practices are, wii

respect to tlie testing procedni'e of the IS^ational Bureau of Standard

36
liOAv the aniuial schedule is arranged. The main pur])()se of the

/feaii's work with raih-oad track scales is to calibrate tlie li) master

>k scales of the country annually, insofar as possible. The second

and of almost equal importance to the first, is to calibrate indi-

>,,fiial test cars in those areas where master scales are not easily avail-

. ^ Unfortunately, there are two large areas in the country without

4er scales, and there are some railroads in other areas which own

j^^ ^. cars but find it difficult to send them to a master scale. In both of

-j.\,pe cases test cars are calibrated by the Bureau as well as can be done.

^/p.g the best track scale available. The least important activity, but

i that serves a good purpose, is sample testing of track scales. In

. J anging the schedule each year, an effort is made to select those scales

il recently tested so as to get a broader picture of scale conditions

ally. The way is left open, however, for special requests,

he schedule Avhen prepared is submitted to the Association of

'jierican Eailroads, and by it to the member roads involved. Some

jnges are usually made, and when approved, copies of the schechile

j distributed to all concerned. Then the Bureau's test units start

j on their circuitous routes to cover the country. Points of inter-

^'nge between railroads are indicated on the schedule and each road

otified when the equipment is approaching its point of connection,

^.lally a railroad representative is present at all tests, and should,

ihout fail, be present at the calibration of a master scale,

"he same statement of purpose that I have given above in my own

guage may be stated more concisely and authoritatively by quoting

following paragraph from one of the Bureau's annual reports of

[L'k-scale testing

; The National Bureau of Staudards functions as an agency of llie United

Itates Department of Commerce. Two of its fundamental responsibilities re to provide industry and commerce witli authentic weighing and meas- 4g standards and to pursue such measures as are helpful in assuring that

1 weighing and measuring operations essential to trade and transportaI'on are performed on a uniform basis and with acceptable accuracy. The

ijiiiilway track scale testing service is the instrumentality through which

hie Bureau fulfills these important responsibilities to the rail transporta- on industry and to interstate connnerce where the wholesale marketing

'^nd distribution of materials are conducted in terms of carload weight

*(nd involve the utilization of several thousand railway track scales. "fthat, in my opinion, is an excellent statement of the high purpose

' which the railwav track scale testing service was originally

-tituted. 'SOAV that we have seen the equipment on its wa}^ let us follow it ja master scale. All master scales are quite similar although of

if'erent makes and models. Usually they are housed in heated and

lltilatecl buildings in order to have the most uniform and favorable

iclitions under Avhich to seal cars and to calibrate the scale. It is portant also, to the Bureau representative, to have such conditions,

(the job of calibration is a tedious one and one requiring great

e. Sometimes, when adjustments are required, the calibration rei^res as nuich as three days. The scale platfoim is usually 12 feet H g, and the scale has a sensitiA'e weighbeam, with 2%-pound gracll c ions generalh\ The master scale has a capacity, usually, of 100,000

I i-inds. The equipment used by the Bureau is in a large car similar to a

jlroacl baggage car and consists principally of a generator set, an

trie overhead crane, and a set of 10.000-pound weights totaling

37
Slid'

80,000 pounds. This includes an electrically driven test truck, wlr

witli an added Aveigiit, equals one 10,000-pound unit. The oi weiahts are placed on the test truck, and the test load is movec

various positions on the weighrails. The car has end doors and

crane can be extended beyond the doors so as to transfer wei^

from the interior of the car to the scale platform. ^ Ordinarily the calibration of a master scale comprises three se rate tests, each being conducted with mass standards of high ] cision. The first phase is called a maintenance test and is to de

mine whether the required qualities of performance have been mf

tained since the preceding calibration. For this test, standa

weight loads of 40,000, 60,000, and 80,000 pounds are applied to

scale, in two successive test runs, at each of five positions on the s( rails. If any adjustments or other modifications are necessary,

scale is then oiven an adjustment test. In this case, the loads rai from 30,000 t^o 80,000 pounds by 10,000-pound increments, the #

cedure being the same as before. If no adjustments or modificati are necessarj^, the maintenance and adjustment tests are combint

The tolerance for the adjustment test is one-half that of the ma|e(

tenance test, and runs from 3.7 pounds at 30,000 pounds to 6 pomfe

at 80,000 pounds. To show how accurate a master scale is, the 6-poit^

tolerance at 80,000 pounds is comparable to a 160-pound tolerai^

under the same load on an ordinary scale. The third phase of c^f bration consists in testing the counterpoise weights.

JNIost of the class one railroads perform their testi]ig with their o

test cars, the weighing being supervised by Aveighing and inspect]

bureaus representing all the railroads of an area or region. The sa bureaus super^dse weights from private scales along the line, a, these scales are tested by the railroad, usually on a free basis, if t' weights are used for revenue billing. Such scales are covered

weight agreements and weights may be used only so long as the sc; is kept in good weighing condition. The test cars thus used are seal|lie on master scales calibrated by the National Bureau of Standar

In this way, the standards of mass are transmitted to industry a commerce throughout the areas served by the railroads.

From these facts you can readily see hoAv important is the servi rendered by the National Bureau of Standards to interstate coi merce. It is, in my opinion, one of the greatest services national

in the field of Aveights and measures. But it has not recovered frc the letdown of the second World War, and the condition of our tra

scales reflects that letdoAvn. The percentage of scales found accurat|i

bears an inverse ratio to the volume of testing by the Bureau. Tji results last published by the Bureau shoAved a definite drop in t\ curve following the curtailed service. Railroad officials have alreac expressed themseh^es to the Bureau as faA^oring a return to a high)

standard of service. Many favor a return to the full service render^]

prior to the last World War. , Another matter that Avould be of help to the program of testing- one that presents a problem not easy of solution. That is the nee for Master scales in tAvo important areas of the country. One of tl areas comprises all of the NeAv England States i)lus Ncav York an New Jersey. The other area includes Texas and its neighborin

States. 1 May I say to you gentlemen that your interest in this matter \ the public interest. It may be true that you, as representatiA^es c 38
MC weights and measures departments, do not take active part in

^1 fng railroad track scales. But you should be informed on the

.^jiect and my efforts today have been directed toward that end.

(1 are the authority on the subject of weigliiiio; in your jurisdic-

' and some day you may be called on for iiiformation. You are

'jted to come and observe the calibration of our master scales, and

, testing of our track scales. May your knowledge grow and may

^ *'lfind occasion to help in this worthy enterprise.

If c^i'ing the third session of the Conference three gnests representing the

onal Burean of Standards were presented. Dr. Lyman J. Briggs, Past

,* 'ident, National Conference on Weights and Measures, and Director Emer-

'i National Bureau of Standards, greeted the delegates and made a few ex0 loraneous remarks regarding the progress of weights and measures ad-

^ litetration in the United States.

. }. Wilmer Souder, Consultant Physicist, National Bureau of Standards,

' tioned a recent survey in Costa Rica which he had made at the request of

'"J. S. Department of State to study the problems of standards and training

|!will fill their exact needs.

I'. A. T. McPherson, Associate Director, National Bureau of Standards, who

•tly supervises the activities of the Office of Weights and Measures, was

'ented to the Conference and spoke briefly. "he conference was adjourned, to reconvene at 10:00 a. m.. Thursday. :May

J 052.)

fJn the evening of Wednesday, May 21, an informal party was held at the dman Park Hotel, the Conference headquarters, for those attending the

^- erence.

tfURTH SESSION—MORNING OF THURSDAY, MAY 22, 1952

1

I (Erling Hansen, Vice President, presiding)

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

EDUCATION, PRESENTED BY CHARLES MORRIS FULLER,

; CHAIRMAN

Hie formidable obstacle that confronts too many weights and measis officials is lack of sufficient manpower and eqnipment to do a rough job. This is not only disheartening to the conscientious

ial, but it is most unfair to the people of his jurisdiction who are

H^ented from receiving the protection to which they are entitled.

L miserly attitude toward departments of weights and measures is

J;e econom}^—another example of "penny wise and pound foolish''

f money expended on this kind of law enforcement is a dividendling investment, saving the taxpayer many times its cost.

Official recognition was given this problem 2 years ago at the 30tli lional Conference, Avhen your Committee on Weights and Measures

^ication was directed to make a study on btidgetary procedures.

object of the study was to establish a yardstick, based 'on indisiible facts and figures, that could be used in support of budget

[tests for legitimate needs.

)ur first undertaking was to accumulate a large fund of relevant in- Ination. This was accomplished by corresponding Avith 127 of-

[ils, representative of both large and small departments, and located

all sections of the country. They stipplied the answers to our

ystions concerning personnel, equipment, and what they estimated

f needed in order to thoroughly cover their respective territories. The genuine interest and spirit of cooperation on the part of those

tacted was proof that here was a subject close to their hearts. It
<.rave an added iiiceMtive to our efforts to produce a couipreliens;

i'e])ort of ])ractic'al value. \ Last \-ear, the lirst portion of I lie i-epoi'l was ready for (he oHtli 1'' tional Conference. All pertinent facts, comprising over 800 itei were tabulated and the charts presented, together with an explanat:

of the same and a review of the woi'k to date. Since that time, an intensive study has been made of those statist aiul opinions. Your Committee has ]:)repared a number of reco mendations for your consideration. In arriving at these conclusio we have had the vahied assistance of W. S. Bussey, Ralph W. Smi

a.nd a considerable number of leading officials. We express our sinc(

thanks to them.

In considering the matter of personnel, I think that we will

agree that weights and measui'es should he a full-time jol). A lot harm has been done in some sections where an inspector or sealer appointed in every little town. It is merely considered as a ve small political plum. The salary does not amount to much, and lit or no work of real value is done. The general public in those plac

h.as a pretty low opinion of weights and measures. A number

these communities should join together and maintain one efficient c partment that Avould function throughout the year, or the work shou" be done by the State. There are certain factors that must be considered in estimating t personnel needed for any particular district. An area that is lieavi industrialized Avill require more time and effort than one that is most

l urjil. Therefore, any numbers arrived at, based on average requii

ments, Avill be subject to some degree of modification.

In genei'al, one inspector should he allotted for each 50,000 popu

tion or major fraction thereof.

The official in a small jurisdiction who carries on by himself nee( to make some arrangement by which the public can contact him. Th

can be provided by setting a certain time each day for taking care

his office work, Avhen he would also be available for visitors and te' phone calls. When he is in the field, calls could be transferred to iieighboring office, where a memorandum would be made of the name and numbers for his attention on returning.

Considerable thought has been given concerning economies in open

tion that can be effected in the larger departments. Although this true so far as the routine inspection work is considered, we must reco^

nize the fact that thei'e are also heavier responsibilities. The larg

department will usually maintain equipment for testing motor-trud

scales and large-capacity meters. The State generally handles th? work for the small departments that cannot justify the expenditur

for their limited operation. There is also a greater ratio of com;

])laints to investigate and prosecutions to institute in the large cities We feel that the general formula as stated above should be used. ;

While on the subject of personnel, we might well enumerate severa'' principles that have much to do Avith the successful operation of f weights and measures department.

The members of the organization should be under some form of civi service and not be dependent upon politics, either at the time of apf

pointment or for tenure in office. You cannot give fair, impartial eii forcement of hiAv and i-egulations if you are controlled by politica

influence. Neither can you haA^e efficient inspection serA^ce in a highlj

40

iih

[ill!

I
, llmical work if trained and experienced men are going to be sacri- d every time there is a cliange of administration,

piie chief and his staff should devote their entire time and energies

[weights and measures, and not be burdened with other duties.

! %y should also function as an independent unit of government and

' be under the direction of a superior whose main interest and

lapathies are with some other activity.

'Salaries at the present time, in far too many places, are less than

'j ''prevailing wage" for other positions whose responsibilities and

/ 'ties can be considered in the same rank. This must be remedied.

'|u will not attract the desired type of men, who will stay with this

K-ice for a career, if they are underpaid. Competition, today, is too

- i-.n.

. The question of salary range is one that deserves, and has received,

^reat deal of careful study. The step -advancement plan, which

.)vides for annual increases in salary over a period of years, has

'nonstrated its worth as an incentive for continuous service. Proion for several grades of employees in the larger departments, the

;4ier grades being filled from the lower ranks by promotional examitions, acts to encourage the ambitious man who is striving at all

les to do a better than average job.

Here is how one of the larger departments is set up. The entire

^anization is under civil service. Entrance is at the lowest grade

..ere the men work under close supervision. They may drive one

. the heavy-duty weight trucks and handle the weights for the senior

outy in charge; or they may assist in large-capacity meter tests, e important thing is that, while they are assigned to the heaviest,

ighest part of the job, they are also given an opportunity to learn,

night be called a trainee period.

^'^Vhen there is a vacancy in the next or intermediate grade, a pronational examination is held, and the trainee has a chance to step up

Ithat position. He is still under the supervision of a senior deputy,

't is doing such work as assisting in the testing of scales in retail

;*res and markets, or gasoline pumps in service stations.

Then, when there is an opening for a senior deputy, this is filled

! a promotional examination open to deputies in the lower ranks,

bst of the positions are in this classification. They are trained,

.perienced men who are capable of handling an}^ situation that may

jse in the field. .There are also two complaint deputies who work with women

'ppping investigators, folloAving up complaints about short weight

J measure, securing evidence, and prosecuting violators in court. |The department is divided into two sections one being scales and

.sights, and the other, gasoline and liquid-measuring devices. Each

under direction of an assistant.

A. five-step salary schedule is in operation. The employee receives

base salary on entering each position. This is automatically in-

'?ased every year until the top of the grade, the fifth step, is reached. some places, a six-step plan is used ; others have three or four.

,In studying the salary situation, your Committee has made a survey

salaries paid in governmental positions of comparable duties and

sponsibilities. It has also been mindful of wages paid by industry.

The following are recommended as minimum amounts to be paid

len first entering that grade of work, with automatic increases

41
to take place at the coinpletioii of each year of satisfactory sei until the maximum is reached. By "minimum amounts," we i that no salaries should be less than those stated. There will undc

edly be some places where, owing to living conditions or other

siderations, entrance salaries will be higher. As a rule, there

spread of 20 or 25 percent between entrance salaries on the first and tliose on the last step.

Personnel Minimum en- trance salary a month

Departments (20 or more employees)

$250

275 320

a 450 to 550

a 500 to 050

IntcMinediates- Senior deputies . . - _ Chief deputy_^_ Department head Departments (10 to 19 employees)

Deputies . _ $250 to $320

a 400 to 445

a 500 to 545 Chief deputy__. ._ . _ Department head _ Departments (less than 10 employees)

Deputies ' . $250 to $320

a 350 to 395

a 400 to 495 Chief deputy _ - Department head _ Departments (1 man)

Sealer or inspector _ . $300 to $350

Iff

fid 'mm

ill

'ir^ k:

itli ml[i

t(

IS]

[ki

a Depending on size of department.

fl

We believe that the above recommendations are equitable and!

line with present prevailing wages for comparable positions. T\i

should enable us to recruit men of excellent caliber for this valuai

service. I The subject of standards and equipment is thoroughly handled

National Bureau of Standards Handi3ook 26 (chapter 14 and appe

dix III) . No better guide can be found.

A station wagon will provide good transportation for all-arou

inspection work, especially for the small department.

Expenditures for maintenance and operation will vary greatj

according to the nature of the jurisdiction—industrial or rural, co centrated or scattered, occupying a small or large area. Thus, ^ find one department, in a compact area, where the maintenance aij o])eration will be only 12 ])ercent of the salary budget. Anoth^

department, operating over wide stretches of territory, will requi|

as much as 30 j^erceiit. The percentage for State de]3artments J usually greater on account of more travel expense. No set formuj

can be established. Provision should be made to fully take care \_ the actual expense of operating sufficient equipment to enable tl, personnel to cover the work of the jurisdiction. [ Ca])ital ontlay, of course, will depend upon the needs of a pa^

ticiilar department. It Avill be large for the department that is ju

42
ting a start and needs almost eA^erytliing ; small for tlie depart-

" lit that is well established and requires mostly replacements of work

'^'f'lipment. Every effort should be made to keep abreast with the

' pgress of industry by acquiring the type of inspection equipment

^rtt will take care of these new demands.

The Report of the Committee on Weights and Measures Education was

mimously adopted by the Conference.

PORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATION, PRESENTED BY

R. E. MEEK, CHAIRMAN

iCRETAPvY's Note.—The text of the Model Regulation for Package Marking Reuirements, which was tentatively adopted by the Conference, is not included

1 this publication. Upon request, the full text of the Regulation is availble from the Office of Weights and Measures, National Bureau of Standards,

Washington 2.5, D. C.) The principal activity of your Committee on Legislation during the

(5t year had to do with a study of existing regulations designed to

:be with problems relating to informative and correct net-content la- ing of prepackaged commodities. As a result of these studies, your

immittee is prepared to propose the tentative adoption of a regulon as authorized by Sections 7 and 19, Form 2 of the Model Law.

pirst, and by way of background, your attention should be called

the resolution adopted by the Thirty-Fourth National Conference,

•lich proposed the appointment of a Special Committee on Uni-

•m Regulations. This committee was duly appointed and reported

both the Thirty-Fifth and Thirty-Sixth IN'ational Conferences relale to its studies and recommendations. Among the recommendaQis made and accepted were two of particular interest with respect

this report.

irhe first of these two recommendations was to the effect the Na-

•nal Conference should adopt a model regulation, paralleling the

Vulations promulgated by the Federal Food and Drug Administra-

, ,TL, for the guidance of those States authorized to adopt such a

Illation under provisions of their weights and measures laws,

ice so much of the work of weights and measures officials in the

•kage field concerns food products, the importance of uniformity ween the Federal Food and Drug Administration's regulations

1 any model regulations to be adopted by this Conference cannot

'overemphasized.

The second recommendation pointed out that the Committee on dform Regidations was a temporary and not a standing Commit-

. and for this reason should be discontinued and its field of ac-

'fjity assigned to the Legislative Committee with authority to draft

1 offer for adoption such model regulations as may seem desirable

1 consistent with the Model Law.

*Vith the adoption of the report of the Special Committee on Uni-

•m Regulations by the Thirty-Sixth National Conference, which

)ort contained the two recommendations just referred to, your Comttee on Legislation accepted the new responsibility. It proceeded,

j'^its initial effort along this line, with the drafting of a proposed,

tative regulation providing for informative and correct net-content

"i»eling of all prepackaged commodities.

irhe proposed regulation, with the exception of the legal terminology

Wd at the beginning and end of the regulation, Avhich the Commit-

]' ] on Legislation is offering for your consideration, Avas taken largely

232094—53 4 43
from the regulation promuloated about ten years ago, under autlioi i of the Texas Net Container Act. It is our understanding the Te- regulation has proven to be very satisfactory in that State in cop i Avith problems relating to informative and correct net-content la

' ing 01 prepackaged commodities.

The suggested regulation was carefully drafted to cover all \\ packaged commodities and, at the same time*, not conflict with ex' ing State and Federal food and drug regulations. To avoid confli

which would certainly jeopardize enforcement, it was considered ' visable to use, in many instances, the same language as was founc i the Federal regulations. The importance of uniformity between | Federal regulations and the proposed model regulation was not o^ ' looked during the time this matter has been under consideration

the Legislative Committee. 1 The enforcement of a regulation, modeled after the Federal F<|

and Drug Regulations, would benefit from the departmental ruli: j and court decisions handed down over a period of several years. Si \ a considerable number of States have enacted food and drug legir f lion and adopted regulations virtually identical with the Federal F( \ and Drug Law and accompanying regulations, weights and measn | officials would benefit from the cooperation to be expected from St

| and Federal food and drug officials if informative net-content lal: ^ ing to be enforced by them is in agreement with existing regulations

this character.

Your committee has brought the proposed regulation to the attent' of the Federal Food and Drug Administration and a number of St J| food and drug officials, with the suggestion it be advised wherein

regulation is not in harmony with existing Federal and State n ! content-labeling requirements. Since no conflicts have been poin ' out, the committee is of the opinion no serious ones exist. The proposed regulation requires that the name of the manuf

turer, packer, or distributor appear on the label or labeling of all p

packaged commodities, as well as the business address of such mai'

facturer, packer, or distributor. It requires a statement of net c( tents on all prepackaged commodities, establishes reasonable var

tions or tolerances to be allowed, and makes exemptions as to sm|

packages. All of these provisions are set out in necessary detail. (The Committee also gave consideration to a Bill in the House of Represer

tives of the United States Congress, H. U. 7128. This is a bill to permit | transportation in interstate commerce, under certain conditions, of packagj food products without having shown on the labels thereof, the net contentSj. such packages. The recommendation of the Committee follows : )

' The committee does not recommend approval of this bill as, in ' J opinion, if the bill Avere enacted into law, it would proA^e inefficie-: unworkable, and undesirable for the following reasons : ^ l 1. At the present time the Secretary of Agriculture has only limit^

j jurisdiction over packaged foods as his jurisdiction is limited to fre_ > fruits and vegetables and to meats and meat food products movingc ^ interstate commerce. This bill, if enacted, would lead to dividjj

responsibility as to the labeling of a given product. In other won i the Food and Drug Administration would have the responsibility , the correct labeling of the product in all respects except the weige

declaration on the package Avhich would become the responsibility j ( the Secretary of Agriculture.

44
dij. Enactment of this bill wonld have the effect of repealing certain

• Hvisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act relating to eling of food products.

. Enactment of Federal legislation of this character woukl make

lifficult, if not impossible, for the various States to enforce their

- ing laws which require all prejDackaged commodities to be labeled

iidicate net contents at the time of sale or offer for sale. The provision in the bill requiring the tare weight of the packagji| material, container, or wrapper to be placed on the package is J.fvorkable because the variations in packaging materials would make

- Impractical, if not impossible, to provide an accurate tare weight

?ach package.

. Enactment of this bill would result in shifting responsibility for

I rate quantity labeling from the manufacturer or processor to the

ljuler and, at the same time, deprive the retailer the protection now

vi >i'ded him by accurate quantity labeling in the buying and selling

ommodities packaged by the manufacturer or processor. In other

• j ;ds, the retailer, upon receipt of a shipment of prepackaged comjliities, would have no way of determining if any shortages found

jhim were due to normal shrinkage, to conditions which normally

iir in good distribution practice, or were actually shortweight at

jl time shipment was made.

1. Existing Federal legislation covering the net-content marking

food sold in package form in interstate commerce is adequate, and

I activities of State and local weights and measures officials plus

I activities of the Federal Food and Drug Administration and variregulatory officials 23rovide adequate protection to the consuming

die.

i. Any additional requirements designed to give greater protection

he consuming public in the interstate shipment of food should be

:le within the framework of existing laws.

Llie Report of the Conference Committee on Legislation was adopted by the

ference. This action included tentative adoption of the Model Regulation

jPackage Marking Requirements.)

m

jl I OUR WORK IN THE FIELD

' By Alfred Di Pieeo, Superintendent of Weights and Measures, Camden,

NeiD Jersey

Weights and measures has, as we know, been in effect and practiced

)ne manner or another ever since man has existed on this earth,

attempt to explain the prehistoric methods of weighing and measig and other supplementary systems is not within my scope. Mine

jj describe to you briefly a part of the activity of the most important

\ in this great weights and measures profession, the man in the field. »y the man in the field, I mean that individual who actually goes

every day equipped with his standards, be they weights or meas3. It is fair and just at the outset that I point out just how

J)ortant this man in the field really is in the overall picture of

i( ights and measures. He is the ultimate judge of any quantity

)! Brmination. He is the man who places the weight, regardless of

, on the scale, the liquid in the measure, and the package on the

i e, to adjudge trueness and accuracy. He is the man who detects

1 cheat, presents the case before the court, and is constantly under

watchful eye of the public, because he is the man whom they see, lally carrying on the work.

45

i
We may view with pride the tremendous progress that has bee' made, and is still being made, in the field of >yeights and measmt'

The basic foundation for 90 percent of this progress which involv • changes in engineering, in the laws, and in the methods, is the result < tlie inspection of equipment, under actual operating conditions, 1 these field men. The snags that the}^ encounter in the courts, ai the response of a scale or pump when a test is applied, are the elemen

that bring out whether a law is applicable, or an article is fit f( use as an accurate measure. The reports of these tests and inspectio]

eventuall}^ find their way to these Xational Conferences, the final lir in a vast chain of cooperation that is prevalent and so necessary i; maintaining a uniform system of weights and measures throughoi'

the nation. : Our profession, you must agree, is one of the least publicized, mo I forgotten, and least appreciated in the government, be it city, count; or State. It is a fact that, in most cases, the only time our woii

is viewed with any concern is when the purchaser encounters us ; a place of business, actually applying the standards. It is then t\n

the person becomes aware of our existence and views us with

quizzical attitude, an attitude that seems to hang between the honest'

of the merchant and the mystery of the standards that we handl | It would be one of the greatest opportunities for public relatior j if we could then and there give a short instruction on our worl i the customer's alertness, and the dealer's obligation, instead of pei

initting someone to leave the scene, totall}^ oblivious to the importai

| operation that was taking place. Occasional newspaper items ai • read, passed on, and forgotten. Talks explaining our work, togethe

Avith displa3'S before civic groups, are a creditable and instructiv e means of bringing out our importance, but the viewing of me '} operating under actual conditions is one of the best means of sellin I weights and measures. Our potentiality as an agent of informatioi '< as a missionary, or an instructor, is great, due to our contacts with tL, peoi^le who are affected by our work.

It makes no difference what your title on the statutes may h( Avhether you represent State, county, city, or township ; whether yo

are an agent, inspector, superintendent, or assistant; the work i: the field, in carrj^ing out the plans and designs that are made by th-^ governing bodies, is equally important. The assignments in the fieLj are not easy, physically or technicall3\ The inspection of an ordinarj

gasoline station presents the task of carrying a test can filled wit]'* gasoline, weighing close to 50 pounds, from the pump to the under

' ground-tank pipe, for every test that is made. The ordinary statioi' liaving three pumps will mean a minimum of six trips if theiv are no discrepancies, the maximum being dependent upon the result of adjustments. The calibration or meter test of tank trucks present' a dangerous and unpleasant task, dangerous in the climbing abou;

the trucks, and unpleasant in the grime and wear and tear on clothing:

Then, too, there are heavy-duty scales, which demand the utmos

of physical exertion in every test. I enumerate these activities witl the purpose of reminding you who do the actual Avork, the reasoi

for a certain tired feeling that seems to prevail every midafternooix^

Officials, whose work confines them to the office, perhaps may fee;, that they are not playing an important part in these various opera-, tions. Accurate records of activities are one of the most important)

46
|i*(s of a well-organized department. The uniformity of the work

jiignments, proper cataloging of territories, the dissemination of

I'ormation to the public, and many other details that must emanate

Imi the office are projects that call for careful attention. The two

|;ignments, field and office, go hand in hand in cooperation, both

^|.rking in the interest of proper enforcement of laws most vital to

Ef you are one of these men assigned to a branch of the work that is TV, dirty, or unpleasant, do not feel that you are just another hired

!|ad or one of the forgotten. You are a most vital part in the weights

ji measures organization, and you should take a rightful place in the

jyanization, realize your responsibility, and apply yourself accord-

.^ly. Without you and your intense interest in the work, we would

> have the glowing reports of activities to present to the legislators,

periors, and to the public at the end of each year. We too often underrate our efficiency and responsibility in the work

il perhaps neglect to put forth thoughts or ideas that may bringbut a worth-while improvement in conditions. These suggestions

^ always appreciated and should never be underestimated. I know^

many fine conditions in the State of ^^'ew Jersey which are the

jult of accepted suggestions from men in the field. Only this year,

{extensive legislative program was presented to the State legislative

Ijlies after conferences between the divisional heads and officials |m t]ie various municipalities. Each bill w^as discussed, and, where

'•essar}', changes were made. After the bills had been presented,

{• entire weights and measures personnel was notified to contact their

iHresentatives and to apprise them of the importance of the legisla-

^jn that we had presented. This recognition of the importance of

• d men, even in the legislative phase of departmental activities, is

;i)iiething that should never be overlooked or disregarded, for they are

Jintegral part of a great department.

L^our work is demanding and has a dignified tradition. This dignity

|)uld be maintained and guarded with an intense regard, if we are to

"ther the cause of weights and measures. It would be beneficial if, |m time to time, we take an inventory of ourselves. Are we applyourselves wholeheartedly to our job? Are we establishing better

^derstanding among the dealer, the official, and the public? Are we

j! public relations agent that we should be? Lastly, and this is portant, do we treat with respect the people with whom we deal?

basionally, we should check our qualifications. Can we, with conence, perform every detail in the category of weights and measures ? II we accurately test the drug weights and glass graduates, and the

fious meters ? Can we apply tolerances where necessary, and make

hnical recommendations with confidence? These are items that

efficient officers should be able to carry on, regardless of their place

the departmental enforcement setup.

fon are the most important cog in a fine set of gears, operating a

•hly precisioned machine. If you are not perfectly fitted to this

ir, or if you are a trifle out of alinement, the entire machine is

I own askew. This indeed would be catastrophic and would curtail

honorable profession. Therefore, it is important that the link ween the field men and the superiors be one of everlasting duration,

hough at times the conditions may be trying.

sometimes the titular office is a political football. This is indeed

brtunate and slioidd be eliminated. There may be other strained

47
conditions brought about by events over wliicb we have no conti

AVe do ahvays have one consolation. Regardless of such exigencij our work is one of honesty, and. as long as we perform it in an horn'

sincere manner, time will solve the rest of our problems.

Be fair with yourself in your a])plication to your work. r>e und

standing and courteous to those whom you serve, honest and upric;

in your dealings with your superiors, and relentless to those w

attempt to destroy the rules that you enforce.

Lastly, if you have a weights and measures association, and evf ; department should have one. you shoukl be interested in its aetiviti Attend its meetings, air the mutual problems, and discuss matters ill may tend to bring about better conditions. Support the legislati'

programs that are proposed from time to time. I appreciate this opportiniity to appear on this Conference progrj

and to deliver this brief talk on one of my favorite subjects. ^ SALT LAKE CITY AND ICE CREAM

By E. C. Westwoou. Scaler, Brpd rf mcnl of Wtir/Jif.i and Measures, Salt Lc,~ Citi/. Utah

In Xovember of la-t year the Salt Lake City Commission revis' the AVeights and Mea>ui c- ( )rdiuance by the addition of a new Sectii known as "Section 6688 Ice Cream and Related Frozen Food Produc

to be Sold by AVeight."' This law was to become elTective in ^lay

this year. During the internn. between the time the law was Avritten and mai

|)ublic and the time it was actually to become ert'ective. tlic Ltali I; Cream Association entered into the picture and sti'ougly ] )!( )i e-ted i adoption. It was their contention that a weight laAv goN-tM iiiiig t'

sale of ice cream Avould be hnpractical and would iiii|)()>e upon t! t industry an almost iiiip()>>ib]e task in attempting to comply witli sik a law. In the first place, they argued, ice cream is packaged by hau

and the process, to a great extent, is guess work. As each carton » hlled the operator cuts otl:' the flow. For one individual to contim

[ this process hundreds of times each day and arrive at an exact Aveigl I in each carton would be impossible. f Ajiother problem, industry argued, wa^ that involving tlie ditiereif

solids used in the various flavors they are required to ])ro(luee. Tl

basic flavor is normally vanilla, and the addition of otliei- ingredient

such as fruits and nuts, increases the weight. Thi>. they eonteii' would necessitate the marking and weighing of each carton after

is packed. The ingredients used by the different manufactni'tu's an the volume of overrtm varie> in eacli bran.d. In order for e;nh mam

facturer to pack a certain weight ( depending on tlie overrun and tl ingredients used) he would, of necessity, be required to order coi tainers of a size to hold that desired Aveight. His competitor, usin

a different base and overrun, wotdd be i-equired to order eontainef

of a different size to pack the same amonnt of ice civani. Tlii-. the argued, would not only create a serious ])r()l)lem foi' them but woul

bring many headaches to the weights and measure- inspectors.

The problem of temperatures of the different freezing units tin ice cream is kept in. from the time it is manufactured, initil the time : is actually consmned, was argued and also the element of >hi inkag(j

These argiunents and others were used by the A>>ociation nq)resent

atives toward convincing the Commission that the laAv was impraq^

48
111. It is not my desire to burden you witli drawn-out details of

ise arguments. The pros and cons of argument liave been given

ry exhaustive treatment, and there are voluminous records on the

f'ject. TVliile there has been much public demand, as directed to

lights and measures agencies, for the adoption of sale by weight,

:en the final showdown comes, the public does not put in an appear-

•e. The result is the Association representatives usually prevail,

iji our particular fight in Salt Lake City we were a little disap-

''.nted in the retail dealers who have ahvays backed us and encouraged

sale of ice cream by Aveight. When the chips were down they did

: come forth and support the proposition as wx had hoped they

aid. After many weeks of constant interruptions by the Associa- n members the Salt Lake City Commission secured withdrawal of

, law which had not yet been in actual operation. The arguments

ntioned above had considerable weight on the ultimate action of the

;y' Conmiission, but their strongest point, in my opinion, was the

t that Salt Lake City is only one of many distributing points for

' ir product in the State of Utah, and that to have a weight law in

It Lake City and not elsewhere in the State of Utah would create

: efinite hardship on the industry and would slow down the efficient

i-^ration of dispensing their product. In addition there would be

>. expense involved in marking and labeling of cartons and the

;ingeover required in machinery. This point was strongly stressed

the Association.

ji November of last year, wdien we Avere successful in haA'ing the

e-of-ice-cream-by-Aveight law passed, Ave were elated and proud to nk that Salt Lake City was the first municipality to pass such a

:ulation. It was felt we had started the ball rolling toAvard our

imate goal of ice cream by Aveight in the State of Utah, and eventti-

;v in all of the 48 States. This, gentlemen, is still our goal. Public

nand for the sale of ice cream by Aveight is becoming more promcecl each day. More and more retailers have adopted this method

J the public is becoming more accustomed to purchasing ice cream

jthis manner. The old factor of custom, which has been so expertly

)ounded by the Association in their opposition to this law, is bejcing a lesser consideration. The argument of lack of proper ma-

;nery and weighing devices can no longer be considered a threat to ultimate goal. Modern A^'eighing devices and machinery haA^e, in

(-ent years, completely tabooed this argument. Sale by weight will

•ablish equity betAveen manufacturers and dealers and will promote

^lesty in the dispensing of this product.

in 1925 Y. F. HoA^ey, then president of the Xational Association

J Ice Cream Manufacturers, in his remarks to the 18th Xational

tiference on Weights and Measures, stated : " * the in- stry believed that the public was only interested in buying ice cream

volume." Whether this statement Avas right or wrong, I cannot say.

all probability, the public had not actually given it much thought,

lee 1925, howeA'er, many industries have streamlined their packagl and merchandising methods. This has been especially so in recent

iirs, since World War II. Many of these changes have been made by

lustry because they could see Avhere modern packaging equipment

lid better protect and better display their particular product, makj it more acceptable to the public. Many of the modern changes

re also been made because more rigid laws have been adopted by

49
our resx^ective States. Ultimately, of course, the aim is to Y)ro\

better protection for the public. It was my hope to give to the Conference, at this time, a report c ering the law after it was in force and to give you the reaction of

l)ublic and the dealers to it. I still think, regardless of what the

elation representatives say to the contrary, that it Avill be highly

ceptable to the public, and that weights and measures departme

will receive nothing but favorable comment from it. Although,

my knowledge, there are presently no laws in the United States wh

require the sale of ice cream by weight, the efforts of the weights r measures inspectors toward encouraging such method of sale is be

felt. There are man}' localities in the United States today where

tail dealers are advertising and selling by weight and are doing

with good reaction from the public. This program has been going

in Salt Lake City for the past three years. The retailers using t method advise me that public reaction to it is excellent, and the cc plaints regarding measure received are practically nil as compared

the complaints they received when they were dispensing ice cream

volume. This is also trne so far as our own weights and measures partment is concerned. In the retail establishments where this pol

has been in force I cannot recall of one complaint that has come h our office regarding short measure. With this type of reaction I c; not help but feel the ice-cream-by-weight law will soon be a reality

many localities. The sale of ice cream has been one of the bigg

headaches with which weights and measures departments have b( faced, the reason being that we have not had proper laws and re< lations to control it. I, for one, want to eliminate this difficulty, a I am sure this can be accomplished through the combined efforts

all weights and measures departments.

If you agree with my thoughts on this subject, may I take this ( portunity to offer a few suggestions, which, incorporated with yc own thoughts and ideas, will help all of us toward reaching our desii goal. (1) Every time a newspaper reporter walks into your ofi give him something to write about on this subject. (2) Whene^

you are asked to talk on Weights and Measures bring this subject ii your discussion. (3) Give a word of praise to the dealers in your ai who are using this method, and encourage others to do so. All these things go toward informing the public of the advanta^

they derive from this method of sale. The public generally does i give much thought to matters of this kind, because of the old esU

lished custom. It is second nature for an individual to walk into V

favorite ice cream parlor or fountain and request ice cream by t quart or by the pint. AVith proper publicity, through the medium'

our local newspapers, and the combined efforts of weights and mei\ ures inspectors and dealers, this habit can be changed. When t^ public is once convinced of the value they receive from sale by weigr

and the necessity for legislation to control the sale of ice cream, o^ problem will be solved. It is the desire of all weights and measui

officials, I am sure, to protect the public in its purchases of ice crea; It is the right of the public to expect this protection. Industry h- the protection of experts; the public is entitled to protection by la]

50
I Iet-weight markings of packages and cans of tobacco

] G. H. Leithauser, 8en io?^ Assistant Superintendent of Weights and Measures,

\ Baltimore, Maryland

J One of our inspectors, in the regular course of his work, reported

^, me that packages and cans of tobacco were not marked as to the

weight of the contents. As a result of this rej)ort, I wrote to

S. Bussey, Secretary, National Conference on Weights and Meas-

. ies, as follows

'i ~: -} Do you consider the Goyernment tax stamp on the outside of cans of

J ^ranger and Model tobacco as complying with Weights and Measures Laws

; 'khich say that ". . . it shall be unlawful to keep for the purpose of sale,

^ %ffer or expose for sale, or to sell any commodity in package foi-m. unless h\e net quantity of the contents be plainly and conspicuously marked on the

ic cpntside of the package in terms of weight, measure or numerical count,

j ^|?tc." These tobacco cans do not show any net weight statement on them,

^fixcept the Government tax stamp which shows that the contents of the cans

: ^re either 14 or 15 ounces.

l^^'iAs a result of my letter, I received a reply from M. W. Jensen,

psistant Chief, Office of Weights and Measures, National Bureau

j Standards. Mr. Jensen advised that Mr. Bussey was out of the

"j ^Jy. He stated further that he had investigated the matter and had

-pcussed the problem with a representative of the United States

^

.^iireau of Internal Revenue, who advised that the tax-stamp declaraj)YL literally indicated that the quantity contained was not more than

\;_ j)e weight printed on the stamp when the product left the factory.

I

jir. Jensen stated that apparently the practice of the industry is to

,^ ,dicate no net quantity upon the exterior of the can and to de]^end

,»on the tax stamp to serve in lieu of a quantity declaration. Tliis

'.'. Ipjis to be a practice of long standing. It was the opinion of the

tRce of Weights and Measures that such labeling might be question-

- ;le under strict interpretation of the provisions of the Model Law.

^ jOn receipt of this letter, I wrote the various tobacco companies as

• jllows

fij f Our Inspector reports that you are shipping packages and tins of t(>l)acc(» jto this jurisdiction not marked as to the net weight of the contents in the

• 'package.

^

j Your attention is invited to Article 20, Sections 16 (a) and 16 (h) on

3 ^page 9, ordinances relating to weights and measures, a copy of which is enclosed.

^

, Please advise us promptly what steps will be taken by your company to

* ' correct this condition.

;t; ^I received replies from the various tobacco companies, the sum-

) lary of these replies being about as follows :

it! Our pijJe smoking tobacco containers do not have any statement of the

I tweight of contents printed or lithographed on the tin containers. All such

^ ^containers, however, which leave the factory and v*^hich are shipped within

|(he continental United States bear United States Internal Revenue Stamps

jifRxed according to law across the top opening of the container. Such

i >tamps state the weight of the contents of the package to which they are

, laffixed. We believe that the presence of the excise tax stamp on the packjUges of tobacco is being accepted by States, having laws similar to the law

.of Maryland, as being the net weight declaration of the contents of the

^l)ackage.

' I From the above, you can see that the problem involved here is as

itlined in my first letter to Mr. Bussey. Does the Government tax

icimp on the outside cans of tobacco comply with weights and measj-es laws on declaration of net content of packages ? 51

t
If we decide that tlie Goveninient tax stamp could be coiistrue<', a net weight declaration, then all the weights and measures offic who have the power to do so should adopt a regulation condoning 1 practice. If, on the other hand, the Conference feels that there sho

be a definite net weight statement on the packages and cans of

bacco, I would propose that we give the tobacco companies one yeai

which to exhaust their present supply of lithographed cans. I might state here that most of the tax stamps on cans of Gran

and Velvet tobacco are covered by the lid of the can. That port

not visible includes the weight indication. Such weight indicat

does not appear on the outside of the package.

If we decide that the tax stamp does constitute a net weight ma'

ing, as required by law, I suggest that Liggett and Myers Toba

Company be notified to paste their tax stamp completely on the o side of the package so as to comply with the laAv. I liave an open mind on this subject as to whetlier or ]iot the

stamp should be construed as a net quantity declaration, but I i] that, for the sake of uniformity, all jurisdictions should settle t' question at this Conference, if practicable.

Mr. O'Conor: I am representing the P. Lorillard Compa'

manufacturers of smoking tobacco. Our position is this. We 1 that the Internal Revenue stamp is sufficient to protect the public, n 1 we feel that another declaration on the can would serve merely to c< - fuse the public. In addition, it would be a needless duplication.

To substantiate our contention, I refer 3^ou to the last paragi^apli

the report submitted by your Committee on Legislation, in which C

say existing Federal legislation covering the net content markiitii

food sold in package form in interstate commerce is adequate: ; that the activities of State and local weights and measures offic

plus the activities of the Food and Drug and various regulatory c a cials provide an adequate protection to the consuming public.

j| Tobacco tins are made in Baltimore, for example, by the Fede F Tin Company, for many sellers of tobacco. Those tins are tl i shipped empty to Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Eichmond,

Louisville, wherever they are to be ])acked. Since the can mainif; turer would be unable to designate w^hich cans are to be shipped 'ivA > given jurisdiction after having been filled, Ave feel that Mr. Leithau:

is perfectly correct when he says that we should have a uniform poli<

You gentlemen should decide either that the public is protected by t present declaration on the Internal Revenue stamp, or that sometlii

else is needed. It would be a terrific hardship and burden on t tobacco people if a special declaration were required in only one i two communities and not throughout the country. \ You might be interested in the regulations of the Internal Reven! Department with regard to the stamjDs which must be placed on 1 bacco tins. They provide that the packages must contain up to ] 15, or 16 ounces. Then they say that manufacturers are required^

put up their tobaccos, etc., in certain packages, and in no other manni'

A statutory package of tobacco means a package which contains or that article upon which the tax has been paid and no other substai or thing. The contents of a statutory package must be limited to t net number of pounds or ounces of tobacco or snuff, etc., indicated

the stamp affixed to the package.

52
think you will a^^ree that tobacco men are not going to j^ay for a ounce stamp if they are only going to put 1-1 or 15 onuces of tobacco

i(he package.

X am sure you will agree with Mr. Leithauser that the companies

i j^e been very conscientious in giving the exact weight in the package

jit is indicated by the stamp on the outside.

f[f you feel that the Internal Kevenue Stamp, which states the net

light, the net weight only, is not sufficient to protect the public, I

hlnld suggest that this be considered. It might be possible to liave tlie

i' ernal Revenue stamp contain a trifle more information.

'[At any rate, our basic position is that the public is not being con-

'jsed or deceived by the present practice, and that needless duplicaI j.n would result if we changed that practice. JMr. Kennedy: I do not agree with Mr. O'Conor that the Interna.]

I venue regulations protect the public. He used the word "limited."

uimited" means that they cannot go above the weight indicated on

1 13 stamp. It says nothing about giving less than that weight. Howler, we are having no trouble with tobacco, and they are being conS.entious about puttino- the weiglit in. As long as they do that, I pommencl that we leave them alone. When they fail to do that, let

'I pass a regulation which requires a marking on the can. Me. Blickey: It has been an accepted practice throughout the

. ates, and I know especiall}^ in Pennsylvania, that w^e recognize the

^leral stamp as a declaration of contents. However, I am certain it

t,ja violation not only of the Pennsylvania law, but of every other law

'liiich states that the net content must be declared on the outside of

f ie package.

I I would suggest that Ave place this subject in the proper committee,

1 1 them study it for a year, and bring it before the Conference next

J^ar, when a final decision can be made. In the meantime, we should

intinue to recognize the Federal stamp as a content declaration.

j;^lR. Ragland: I am Executive Secretary of Associated Tobacco

j,tanufacturers, located in Washington. We are a trade association

'hose members manufacture every type of tobacco product sold in

i|Le 48 States of this country and in many other countries throughout

jie world.

, Unlike most commodities, tobacco is under control of a governjental agency from the time the leaf is first sold by the farmer until

J|ie consumer purchases the finished product. Even the grower of

|l)bacco, in most instances, is controlled as to the amount of acreage

^3 may use in planting his crop.

' My purpose in being liere today is to submit, first, an explanation

'f why the Federal Internal Revenue excise tax stamp is suitable and

jmple indication of the net weight of a package of manufactured

>ltacco at the time of its removal from the factory and, secondly, to

'(iviest that this Conference adopt a resolution accepting this evidence

f tax payment as satisfactory compliance with those ordinances and

n\ s requiring net weight markings on packages of tobacco.

Section 2100 of the United States Code and the definitive regTihitions

isued by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue provides

All mannfactnred tobacco shall be put up and prepared by tbe manufacturer for sale, or removal for consumption, in packages of the following

(lescriiit ion ;ind in no other manner : (a) Size .... 53
This subparagraph sets forth the weight denominations cover

net weight contents of packages of tobacco.

In Section 2002 of the code yon will note that

Tlio ( 'ommissioiior slmll cnnso t<) bo i)i-p])nred suitable and special stami

for tlu> p;iyineiit of tlir tnx on t(il);i(('«) mid snuff, which shall indicate th woigiit and class ol" t lu> art icie on wliich i)a.vnient is to be made.

Article 52 of Regulation 8, which implements this section of \ code, states :

j Each package containing a statutory quantity of tobacco or snuff shal ! before removal from the bonded factory premises where made, have afhxe I thereto the proper internal revenue stamp or stamps of such denominatio i as will cover fully the tax on the net weight of the contents. ... ] (a) Every package containing 16 ounces or less of tobacco or snuff mus

be tax-paid by affixture of a single stamp of the proper class an« denomination.

Article 110 of Regulation No. 8 reads in part as follows:

Manufacturers are required to put up their tobacco, snuff, cigars anc . cigarettes in certain packages and in no other manner. . . . The content; of a statutory package must be limited to the net number of pounds o: ounces of tobacco or snuff, or the number of cigars or cigarettes, indicated! by the stamp affixed to the package. ... 1 In addition to the aforementioned controls, Article 41 of Reg ;P* lation 8 requires every manufacturer of tobacco or snufi: to keep' i book in which is entered daily an accurate account of the quantity | .« of the different kinds of manufactured tobacco and snuff produce

removed tax-paid, or in bond for export or for use as sea stores, withdrawn without payment of tax for use of the United States. addition, this record must indicate the value of all stamps purchas<

and used. Severe penalties are prescribed for those failing to comp,

with these requirements. i If this were not enough to exact compliance, please consider tJi economic aspect. I shall not dwell on this point because surely y( can understand why tobacco manufacturers would not i^ay for ai affix to packages of tobacco revenue stamps of larger denominatic;

than is actually required by the net weight involved.

The ordinary conduct of interstate trade is complex enough withoij

making matters more difficult. All sensible people are sympatliet;

with the objectives of your assignment. The clays of "caveat empto]

are outmoded, and that is only proper in this age of enlightenmen

Likew^ise, you officials who are charged with public trust of protectin

the consumer against unscrupulous purveyors should adopt a realist ( attitude in the fulfillment of your duties. Tobacco manufacturers ai; honorable businessmen, and I ask you not to place hobbles on the:; merchandising flexibility. I urge you gentlemen to advocate ill, acceptance of the Federal Revenue Tax stamp as prima facie evidenq

o f the net weight marking on packages of tobacco. \ (At the conclusion of the discussion, a motion vras made, seconded, and adopted that the matter of content labeling of packages and cans of tobacco be referrei

to the Conference Committee on Legislation for consideration and recon^ niendation.) .

|. SALE OF PEAT MOSS

*

1. By T. a. Carter, Supervisor, Division of Standards, State of Washington

We in the State of Washington, as well as persons in other States oj

the United States, feel that some regulatory action should be takei; 54
'jjbirdiug- the packaging of peat moss. We liave felt that sucli action

fukl be desirous, and that industry needs some legitimate packaging

iidards, particularly in reference to baled material. There are

-,|,ptain companies who put out baled peat moss that has a compression

%io of 21/2 to 1, and the size of the bale is 36 by 18 by 20 in. (outside

I fasurements), and that is quoted as a standard bale, and is sold as

h. Other companies make a smaller bale, and a little shorter, in

til length and width, and compress it much less, and this is also sold

a standard bale. We have thought of drawing up regulations regarding the sale of

at moss, but before doing so we have communicated with other States

ative to this subject. . Some States favor weight markings, and some

s^or measure markings. It seems that most of the States that are

)st concerned, and have made somewhat of a study of the subject, feel statement of quantity in connection with peat moss, should be in

j-ms of cubic content, that is, 7 cubic feet, 5 cubic feet, 3% cubic feet,

'jb., Avith the additional stipulation that the volume as contained in

i respective containers be compressed in a 2 to 1 ratio. The reason

tell" favoring a statement of cubic content rather than by weight is due

' the fact that weight markings in this instance can be used for the

eff^(i^petration of fraud because of the high moisture content.

ijOf course, it is to be realized that there are a great many factors to considered, and no doubt any set of regulations or laws that may

K^ii adopted will meet with objections from many sources.

[ am at this time presenting the subject of peat moss markings to

s Conference for consideration. I am sure that any action taken by

Jslflii will meet the approval of the States.

^tDiscussion of the Sale of Peat Moss was deferred until after the presentation

^ the recommendation of the Conference Committee on Methods of Sale of Com-

(lities. This will be found on pag-e 58.)

}f!

illf WIPING CLOTHS

^'"1 J. E. Beenton, Chief, Bureau of Weights and Measures, State of California 4|It is the opinion of the weights and measures officials of the State of

Ydifornia that the attempt on the part of certain persons to legalize

Op sale of wiping cloths by gross weight was an endeavor that, had it 4?ceeded, would have jeopardized every principle of honest merchanII 'sing, principles upon which the economic foundation of every civil-

'-^kd nation is based. A future argument could well be presented and

f''|fended that fruits and vegetables should be sold based on the weight

the contents and wooden crate ; bulk grain in cars sold on the basis

the combined weight of the grain and car. These possibilities may

and ridiculous, but I assure you that arguments in favor of selling

aits, vegetables, and coal on the basis of gross weight are just as

fensible as were the arguments that were advanced in an endeavor

perpetuate the mistake that we, as weights and measures officials,

^•re permitting to takfe form by our lackadaisical attitude with respect

those dealers of wiping cloths who insisted on selling their product

the basis of gross weight.

In the State of California, a bill was introduced in the State Legisj:ure, the provisions of which permitted the lawful sale of wiping

(1 ':i)ths on the basis of gross weight, meaning that the basis of settlement

)uld be the combined weight of contents and container. This pro55
posal actually ])asse(l (lie Ass(Miil)ly of our State Legislature, but ' were successful in ])re\ eiit ing any further advance.

The proponents of this bill used three princi})al arguments. Tli| ^vere :

j 1. The weights and measures officials of the State of Califom

Avere alone in their requirement tliat wiping clotlis should be sold i the ba^is of net weight, and, as a result of Avhat they claimed was a lo elfort to enforce net weight, the dealers in the State were being pen?

ized because they could not economically compete ^\iih out-of-Sta

dealers who were offering wiping cloths at a lower cost ])er pouij

based on a weigh.t that was a gross weight. Also, when wiping ra. were shi])])ed into the S(at(» I'oi- icsale, in containers beai'ing a stat ment of quantity in terms of gross weight, we could not re(]uire th the containers be remarked with a statement of quantity i-eading

terms of ner weight. It Avas also stated that the different agencies < the United States Government purchased their entire i'e(iuirement < wi])ing cloths on the basis of gross AA^eight.

We countered these respectiA^e contentions by Avriting to the Aveigh I and measures officials of tAA'-enty different cities and States, inquirii i as to their acceptance of gross Aveight in lieu of net weight in conne ; tion Avith the sale of wiping cloths. Without a single exception, tl ;i ansAvers supported, Avithout equiA'ocation or reserA^ation, the stand i, recommended by the National Conference, that Aviping rags shoul. be sold on the basis of net Aveight.

j A request AA'as made of the Attorney General of the State of Cal

fornia for an Opin.ion as to AAdiether or not AA'e could require that

statement of quantity in terms of net Aveight be placed o]i a contain^

of wiping cloths shipped from out-of-State to California for re-sa ] in California, and also Avhether or not Ave could require a dealer i! California to sell Aviping cloths on the basis of net Aveight, Avipinj

cloths that he had purchased in another State on a basis of groe

Aveight. i The Attorney General supported our Bureau in both instances. Tli containers, AAdien offered for sale in California, must bear a statemei

of quantity in terms of net Aveight, and the sale itself nnist be on th basis of net weight. (Copies of this Opinion may be obtained upo

request to Mr. Brenton.)

Mr. Bussey, our National Secretary, air-mailed a copy of Fedeni

Specification DDD-W-415, and the proAusions as contained in thi particular specification definitely refuted the claim concerning gros' Aveight purchases by Federal agencies. - The prompt replies of twenty State and city Aveights and measure

officials, the provisions of Federal Specification DDD-W-415, and < favorable Oj^inion from our oavu State counsel all combined in blocks ing any additional vote gaining, on the basis of the arguments that

have noted.

2. The Office of Price Stabilization Avould not permit the industri

to sell on a net-Aveight basis due to the fact that the price as establishec

bv that agency Avas on the basis of gross Aveight. This opinion provec

to be the opinion of one man and was not supported by the Washing

ton office of the OPS. Again, through the cooperation and assistano.

of Mr. Bussev, this argument Avas quickly and definitely refuted.

3. Their third, and final, contention Avas that tlie Aveights anf measures officials Avere permitting tlie sale of Aviping cloths on the basil' 56
.1

1 oi'oss ^Yeigllt lhrou<^"lioat the Laiited St^ites, and the practice shoukl

iTbe disturbed.

Jur reply was to the etTect tliat we were not employed to perpetuate

stakes, and tliat t]ie s;dos of \vi))iii«i; (doths must be on the basis of

, weight.

is an example of a sale by gross weight, we shall offer you the

ilowing:

county purchasing agent in a county in California ordered fifty

i-pouncl cartons of wiping cloths. The actual net weight of these

[• cartons averaged 461/2 pounds, an overcharge of 3i/4 pounds per

t^ton, making a total overcharge of 175 pounds. One hundred and

i'enty-five pounds at 25% cents per pound equals $44.62. You can

^!ll imagine the hue and cry that would have been raised had an oil -inpany deliberately short-measured this county 223 gallons of gasoe, which is the quantity that $44.62 Avould purchase at 20 cents a

J Ion. |J\Yhen ordering a bale or carton of wiping cloths, you specify "white

ping cloths'' or "colored wiping cloths." We clo not construe or

'i-ept the burlap wrappings to be either a "white wiping cloth" or a

blorecl wiping cloth," and have insisted that the weight of such

rlap wrapping and tie wires be consicierecl as part of the tare.

^L\s previously mentioned, we are of the opinion that the effort to

\;-alize the sale of wiping cloths on the basis of gross weight was an

ening wedge, and, because of this probabilit}^^, we could not afford to

' iipromise in any manner, shape, or form.

'It is probable and possible that, in the future, efforts will be made.

Tier through the medium of legislation or adoption of regulations,

'legalize the sale of wiping cloths by gross weight.

As your associates and coworkers, the county and State weights

d measures officials of the State of California urge you to fight any

di move without compromise.

.;The Conference was recessed until 2 : 00 p. m.

FTH SESSION—AFTERNOON OF THURSDAY, MAY 22, 1952

I

(.J. Fred True and R. D. Thompson, Vice Presidents, presiding)

j REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON METHODS OF SALE OF

i COMMODITIES, PRESENTED BY J. G. ROGERS, CHAIRMAN

^Premnble.—Your Committee on Methods of Sale of Commodities

esents its report for consideration and such appropriate action as

j? Conference may decide upon in relation to its several sections,

ijie principles, purposes, and policies under which this Committee

"iictions have been explained in former reports and we believe are ^w well understood. They are accordingly not being recounted here.

'The attention of this Committee was focused upon the foUowdng

!ms since the last Conference. Our recommendations in relation

^ them, as now offered for your consideration, represent what we em to be reasonable, fair, and proper solutions of the ^^roblems en-

-lecl in these various issues, as to methods of sale.

,1. Soap {Bars and Cakes).—^Should be sold by numerical count and

]e number of bars or cakes in a package should be stated on the outile of the package in a plain and conspicuous manner, provided,

. wever, that where a package contains only one bar or cake of soap

Jch declaration or statement shoukl not be required ; and provided,

57
further, that these stipuhitioiis shall not apply to medicated soa}:

required to be uiarked by Aveight under the Federal Food, Drugs an Cosmetic Act. I NoTK.—This ilein wliich h;i(l dcvrlopod ('(mti-oA tM'sy after being given wiiat W£ j assumed to be (inul action by tlie o4th National Conference was reopened at tt! 36th Conference in 1951 and after debate was i*eferred back to your Committcl

by vote of the Conference, for further study and reconsideration. Your Commi li tee now offers the foregoing recommendations for final adoption.

2. Ice Cream and Ices on Sticks.—Novelty items of ice cream an

ices frozen on sticks and sold in package form shall have the quantit

of contents declared in terms of avoirdupois net weight or in terms o net volume by fluid ounces.

Note.—The 36th National Conference adopted a recommendation that thej novelty items of frozen products when sold in package form "shall have tt quantity of contents declared in terms of avoirdupois net weight."

This was presented as Item 9 of yonr Committee's report with an appeude

note of basic reasons for the requirement. Subseipient to tbat Conference tlifj interests most directly affected made representations to this (Jommittee t reo{)en the subject for further consideration, as it was their belief that whil

w<' had acted in all sincerity of purpose, we were possibly not in possessio or had knowledge of all facts in relation to this issue, which could affect tlF decision we had reached. Consistent with adopted policy, a review of th subject was granted and the Committee then launched a research of all phast, involved. The resulting determinations were such as to conclusively show thg there are many technical ramifications and other factors related to the issn with which we were not familiar, and that our original recommendation t the Conference was premature.

Consequently what first appeared to be a simple matter to settle became on of considerable proportions and through the further facts we have gathere

has impelled this Committee to now offer the recommendation that the actio|

taken at the 36th National Conference on this item be rescinded and that tti following recommendation be. adopted in substitution: f

Ice Cream and Ices on Sticks.—Novelty items of ice cream and ices froze on sticks and sold in package form shall have the quantity of contents d( clared in terms of avoirdupois net weight or in terms of net volume by flui ounces. This now makes declaration by volume permissive, and for which full just

fication has been found. i In the interest of brevity the many technicalities and phases entering int our findings are not incorporated in this report but can be made available t any member of the Conference who desires to review them. Among the salient reasons that influenced our final decision are

(a) That public interest will best be served by the modification of a r^, strictive requirement which if confined to weight would influence and impoji an increase in cost on a popular commodity. i^^. (b) That consumer economy can be adequately protected by a simple disj placement method of test to determine the quantity by volume in items

tids kind. ilo

( c ) That it will remove any nuisance factor inherent in this issue. (d) That it will permit a method of sale with which all manufacturer! can readily conform without diflSculties that would increase the cost production. ^|to (e) That the industry will sj^steniatically and fully conform with Stat approval requirements in relation to the molds and forms it uses as measuring

media in the production of novelty frozen desserts.

(f ) That the industry has rendered full cooperation in the efforts to reac proper conclusions on this issue and manifests intention to maintain hig

ethical standards in the operations of their enterprises. c

3 rei

3. Peat Moss in Package Form (Tentative)

—The following shaT

govern the production, packaging, and sale of this commodity.

58
.1. Packaging

) Peat moss shall be put up in packages of the following sizes '[dimensions only.

,!

j

j Allowable size in package

Actual capacity oi package Length Width Depth

.[ Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum

i cubic feet in. 41

in. 39

in. 25

in. 23in. 22

in. 20 40 38 21 19 21 19 37 35 20 18 19 17

I 30 28 18 16 15 13 16 14 11 9 16 14 19 17 101/^ 81/^ 6

6 4

13 11 8 6 4

. or less (-) (-) (a) (a) n be sold in uncompressed or compressed form, provided content in cubic feet and degree of com-

[n are clearly marked on package.

!») The ratio of compression on peat moss in package form shall

hi less than two to one.

iit) There shall be an allowable tolerance in cubic content not to

^fed 3 percent of the stated package volume.

I 11. Labeling or Marking

cll packages shall be plainly and conspicuously marked with the

!itity of contents in terms of cubic feet and/or fractions thereof,

Jther with the ratio of compression, as, for example, "Contents 7

c feet", "Compression not less than 2 to 1."

> III. General Requirements and Exemptions

3at moss prepared by a process of briqueting, pelleting, or extru- with a compression ratio in excess of 5 to 1, shall be sold on a

I I'M basis with no limitation on size of package.

I )ecialty products from peat moss, such as asparagus pads, floral

)es, floral moss, insulating boards or batts or other specialized

is or preparations, shall be exempt from these recommendations.

TE.—The proper method of sale for this commodity has long been a trouble- problem to weights and measures authorities. The production and sale

?at moss has greatly expanded since the subject was first brought up in

Hits and measures channels and your committee believes there is now a

al opinion that our Conference group should take definite action about it :mt further delay.

lere has been considerable study given to this topic by quantity regulating

orities in various sections of the country, and the recommendation now sub

!d represents the consensus of those who have conveyed their determinato us.

rst consideration was given to the possibilities of a weight requirement. The

,lj hygroscopic nature of peat moss with its great moisture loss and regaiii

•rs influenced the rejection of this thought, as it was quickly recognized that

.veight method would lend itself to the perpetration of fraud. Such method

1 only be invoked with the stipulation of complete dehydration, and this in

'^obability would be prohibitive from a cost standpoint.

le by dry measurement in elements of the bushel and its subdivisions was

considered, but this too presented problems and obstacles that made this

j od unfavorable. 232094—53 5 59
Quantity representation by cubic measurement as now proposed would ai: | to offer the solution which will serve the interests of 'all concerned and the i that can be most simply applied without fear of detrimental results. ; There is one factor in our proposal that possibly could be further explored

that is in relation to the compression ratio. The two to one ratio as recomme

represents the determinations of your Committee up to the time of preparing

report. There may be practices of packaging within the industry with \\

we are not familiar and which might influence a revision upward or downwa

the compression factor. What we propose in this connection at this tim

believe to be reasonable and adaptable. It is in the nature of a standard oj for packaging and would give us something to start with by way of regub.

pending any representations from the industry that would justify an altera To provide for such contingency we, therefore, believe that tentative adopti( the recommendation would be advisable at this time and final adoption bn complished with or without changes at the 38th National Conference. ; would at least place the industry under notice that peat moss has received t

ment in weights and measures channels, so that it can anticipate and prepar : adjustments within its enterprises. ' Your committee recommends the tentative adoption of this itei

Mr. Graham : We are possibly the largest importers of peat n j operating in the United States. The proposed measurements | completely at variance with a very big share of the industry. ' of the many millions of bales imported has been marked with wei

or volume. If there is a method of exact measurement, it woulci

a great boon to the industry. However, I do not believe that I regulation as offered here should be forced onto the industry witl

further consultation and consideration of the machinery now in

Chairman True : The recommendation is for tentative action, i the problem is to be taken under advisement until the next Confere \ Mr. Endress : We are perhaps the largest American produce! < horticultural peat. In this discussion you must discriminate bet^^ i the different types of peat. The term "peat moss" includes

product put up in bales and also the product we package in b ! The latter is more of a peat humus. It is a natural organic mate j and cannot be compressed. We package it in bags and sell it volume or weight—whichever is desired. However, we think t: in making rules or regulations, you will have to discriminate betw

the different types of peat.

Mr. Turnbull: The Federal Trade Commission defines peat n

as sphagnum peat moss. That is the item before the Conferei!

Does your product come within this definition ?

I Mr. Endress : That is a question involving horticultural definit I In one bog we have sphagnum peat, but it is mixed with all of , other types of peat and loses its identity after a certain period

decomposition. I Mr. Carncross : Sphagnum peat is a peat humus. It is produ | in many points in the United States. I do not think it is inten< i that this regulation will apply to peat humus. A Federal regi

j tion requires that the term peat moss be applied only when 75 j cent of the material comes from a moss. I would say that p

regulations would in no way affect the producers of peat humu^"

Mrs. Poppel: The last gentleman is slightly in error. The F

Trade Practice rules indicate that any peat may be labeled p

moss. However, when it is more than 75* percent sphagnum, or m

than 75 percent seg, it is called "Peat Moss Seg." If we must

regulated, we want to assist in the formulation of the regulatic

We are packing in bags, 25 pounds or 50 pounds—or the equival

in cubic measurement.

60
Ir. Rafael, Mr. Goocle, and Mr. McBride commented further that the

liod of sale of peat moss seemed to be a very intricate and controversial

tect, and that, while they were in favor of tentative approval of the com-

^tee recommendation, they were convinced that considerable additional study

iconsultation must be given to the subject.)

Thereupon the Conference tentatively adopted the committee recommenon.)

I Permalite or any Material or Substance of the Nature or Char-

''^r Thereof.—When sold in package form shall bear a plain and

tspicuous declaration of quantity in terms of minimum net con-

;s expressed in terms of cubic feet and/or fractions thereof. Proiad, however, that a maximum of 15 percent over measure shall

lillowed at time of packing to compensate for volumetric shrinkage

J^ed by compression due to handling, stacking or other cause ; and

^jvided, further, that an auxiliary declaration of contents shall be

i.wed, in terms of net weight. When dual quantity markings are

iDloyed, neither shall be greater than the other in prominence or

''I % a more conspicuous position on the package.

{i^TE.—There are differences of opinion on how this commodity should be sold.

I consideration was given to the method of sale and marking by net weight, character of the product is such that it has both loss and regain factors, ght variables are, therefore, considerable and inconsistent. The hygroscopic

n-e of this product appears to be more pronounced than in other substances

I this characteristic and in which the weight method is prescribed. It is, efore, the opinion of this Committee, based on studies that have been made,

; the method of sale and representation by cubic feet should be invoked and

(bow so recommend. Further in this connection, your Committee is informed

rd^l; there are companies now marketing Permalite under the method prescribed

I <bis recommendation.

n?:. Tomatoes in Package Form.—When packed in containers or

j^s wrapped in cellophane or with transparent or "window-face"

c*s shall be marked in a plain and conspicuous manner in terms of

K ijiimum weight of contents, together with the name and location of

packer, repacker or distributor; provided, that a supplemental

Mrkin^? in terms of numerical count shall be permitted contingent

tT|ion all quantity declarations being of equal prominence as to size

I position on the package.

ioTE.—This is an instance where an industry has taken undue advantage of

^^'ral official interpretations of net weight container laws and especially in

tion to numerical count declarations. As a consequence, numerical count

' nrations on packages are now of little if any worth as a gage of value to

.

I onsumer. What can be termed random packing by count with tomatoes of

liable sizes and numerical declaration thereof, certainly is adverse under

>¥;ting circumstances to the principles and purpose of net weight container

jutes and definitely does not entitle those invoking them to any concessions

j,|jn-eby the consumer is left unprotected. The justification of now imposing

iDecific weight marking requirement on repackers of tomatoes is conclusively

f nd in the Federal Food and Drug regulations under Section 403 (f) (3) ch provides that : "Unless an unqualified statement of numerical count gives urate information as to the quantity of food in the package, it shall be plemented by such statement of weight, measure, or size of the individual

ts of the food as will give such information." What was originally a package

omatoes weighing one pound has gradually been reduced by the introduction of

tainers and trays that deliver to the consumer as little as 10 or 11 ounces, yet

Il[}h the same number of units making up their contents. Your Committee has

lored the prevailing situation from all angles, and while it has other rami- ms than those cited, we believe that what we have here presented by way

a sons, constitutes a strong brief for the adoption of the recommendation we

'^U offer. Following the presentation of this item by the Committee Chairman, conerable discussion ensued, including the following.)

61
Mr. Mahoney : I think this is more a marketing problem tha: weights and measures problem. As has already been stated, the v, of these cartons started off on a weight basis. It was found to be • practical, and now you are proposing that we go back to that meth

Mr. Kennedy : When these cartons were sold by weight in the I

trict of Columbia, we had a lot of trouble with them. I am sure t i you gentlemen will find it so in your jurisdictions when you reqi a weight on the commodity. I do not believe that you are permit ; . to require "minimum weight." If your laws are like those in $ District of Columbia, they require that tomatoes and other commodi i ii be sold by "net weight." That does not mean "minimum weigli ii I have talked with store owners and operators who are registe ;i] here. They are 100 percent opposed to this proposal. Pack j [l tomatoes by weight requires additional handling of the product, i ro additional handling causes spoilage. ; Mr. McBride: In relation to the lack of authority to say that § statement in terms of count be otherwise supplemented, the Fede i hi Code permits just that. I think we should bear in mind that, whe j weight is given, the consumer has an opportunity to exer('

selectivity.

Mr. Goode : We have already discussed the proposed Model Ee; I lation for package marking requirements. Under Section (e) (3] says, "Unless an unqualified statement of numerical count gives ' curate information as to the quantity of commodity in the package] f shall be supplemented by such statement of weight, measure, or i\

^' of the individual units of the commodity as will give such infon | tion." Section (d) (2) of this Model Kegulation states that " statement shall be expressed in the terms of weight, measure, num(

cal count, or a combination of numerical count and weight, or measi

which are generally used by consumers and users to express quant

of such commodity and which give accurate information as to quantity thereof." I believe it has been the general practice to sell a I buy tomatoes by weight.

We have had correspondence with W. A. Queen of the Federal F(

and Drug Administration, who was very agreeable to this method

sale. (After additional comment by Messrs. Mullen, Lirio, and Chairman True, i question was taken, and the Committee proposal was carried by a vote of ayes as against 24 noes.

6. Prepackaged Meats at Retail.—When sold or offered for salej

self-service markets should be marked with the net weight of conter,

the basic price per pound and the total cost of the package.

Note.—This recommendation speaks for itself. It is designed to prom

uniformity in enforcement operations which are now variable as relating to 1 subject. Those who have adopted this method of sale for meats have done

for their own interest and convenience. They should, therefore, assume

responsibility for the condition of packages as to weight and pricing so that consumer will have the means of gaging values the same as when making j chases directly at the butcher block or counter. (The Committee's tentative recommendation included the following stipi' tion : "To provide assurance of weight accuracy, all such packages should i reweighed by the merchant, manager, or employees within a lapsed time not exceed 24 hours." After considerable discussion by the delegates, the Commit

Chairman accepted the recommendation that this sentence be deleted from

j report, and the report was so amended.)

62
[r. Kennedy: It may be all right to say in accordance with the

,1 that the package should be marked with the net weight of content.

|:, the price per pound, under no law that I know of, has to be in-

;kted on the package.

:|Ir. Howard: The buyer has no comparative method of determin-

#j| values unless the price per pound is shown.

-^'ijlR. Kennedy: I do not think the weights and measures officials demand that the unit price per pound be shown on the package.

Ir. Saxton : We have had four court cases on this matter. It can

ione legally. We have this requirement in our city, by ordinance.

^!s up for consideration now by the State of Michigan.

«ilR. Slough : This proposed price requirement is the law in the

ly of Akron, and also in the City of Columbus, Ohio.

Sr. Kogers : Under the net-weight container law, the weight must

t)ear. You see the basic need for pricing, in connection witJi your

iiipackaged commodities. You have to establish a basic price to find

it ) whether you are getting proper value for your total cost. I want

pxplain that we have used the word "should," and not "shall," in

s recommendation.

\Ir. Carpenter : Gentlemen, 2 years ago I attended this Conference

jll addressed you on the subject of prepackaged meats. At tnat

|ie I dwelt on many of our problems as a retailer endeavoring to

lire proper weight determination at the time of sale. The original Committee suggestion, that every package be reweighed

iry 24 hours, is a necessity on certain items. However, that neces- does not extend throughout all of the items that are handled

the self-service basis in a package meat store. Poultry, according to our standard, and the standard issued to our

rket personnel, must be checked, not for weight alone, but also for

jidition, every 24 hours. This is the case with variety meats, such

liver, etc. We give items such as sliced luncheon meats three

^s shelf life before they have to be checked for weight and condition,

^ould be difficult to set a specific time requirement such as 24 hours

'cover the entire meat line. Sliced bacon, for example, you might

as long as 10 to 12 days without a sufficient amount of shrinkage

;urring to jeopardize the weight factor. The Committee recommendation, as amended, was unanimously adopted.)

Fractional Terms of Ounces.—When used in connection with

ftntity declarations on commodities in package form, shall be in

Iments of the ounce divisible by the number two or a power of the

fifnber two.

OTE.—The purpose of this recommendation is to prohibit the use of odd fracifjis, such as thirds and fifths of the ounce in package markings. There have n recent attempts on the part of packers of certain commodities to use terms

ich are not in coordination with the standards of weight and measurement

mally employed in commercial pursuits and by weights and measures officers, ir Committee believes that the use of odd fractional terms creates confu-

[ n ; that they would make quantity determinations difficult in enforcement

rations through the necessity for conversions ; that there is no need in pifkaging enterprises for refining fractions to elements not representative of

lifting standards; and that no benefits would accrue to the consumer.

jjjjS. Qiuintity Declaration on Commodities in Pachage Form.—Shall

flf-lude the word "net" in their marking terms relating to the contents such packages by weight or volume.

63
Note.—By tliis recommendation it is hoped to settle the mooted question ' has come up from time to time as to whether the word "net" should be requ

in quantity declarations. There have been rulings permitting the deletioj : the specific w^ord "net" regardless of the fact that laws requiring quar

declarations on commodities in package form generally stipulate that the contents shall be declared. These permissives have been given under the ii

pretation that a quantity marking of any kind implies and is intended to n l net contents and that the word "net" is not needed and, therefore, is discretior ' as to its use. There have been court decisions and legal opinions that have reversed \ interpretation, on the premise that if the word "net" is omitted from the desc' tion of the quantity of a commodity enclosed in a container, confusion can a i in the mind of the buyer as to the actual weight or volume in the package, ; give rise to possibilities for fraud. It has been further pointed out in si decisions and opinions that the statute directs in no uncertain terms that net quantity of the contents is to be marked on the outside of the package,

it follows that to mark the package as to the quantity of the commodity ( tained therein, without including the word "net" would amount to a failure comply with the mandatory direction of the statute. \ This Committee, therefore, offers this recommendation for adoption to es

lish uniform procedures among the packing interests and weights and measi

officers in relation to the terms employed in quantity markings.

(At this point the remainder of the Report of the Conference Committee

Methods of Sale of Commodities was deferred until a subsequent session of Conference. Continuation of the Report will be found on page 72.) TRAINING SCHOOLS FOR WEIGHTS AND MEASURES OFFICIALS a\

SERVICEMEN

By W. M. Hoxie, Service Manager, Bennett Pump Division, John Wood Comp( \ Muskegon, Michigan \ (Mr. Hoxie described the organization of a State-wide training school gasoline pump mechanics and weights and measures inspectors. This scl was sponsored by C. D. Baucom, Superintendent, Weights and Measures Divis ; State Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, North Carolina, and the Instil, of Government of the University of North Carolina, and was held on the cam i of the University in Chapel Hill. The various pump manufacturers participa

in the 2-day affair, at which were registered over 450 persons. Mr. Hoxie

pressed the appreciation and approval of the manufacturers for such an urn taking by a State.

REPORT OF THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE COMMITTEE ON NOME

TIONS, PRESENTED BY J. E. BRENTON, CHAIRMAN, AND ELECTL

OF OFFICERS

The Committee submitted the following nominations for office in ; National Conference to serve during the ensuing year, or until si; time as their successors are elected. i OFFICERS

For President: A. Y. Astin, Director, National Bureau of Standards. For Vice Presidents: Erling Hansen, of Minnesota ; R. D. Thompson, of Virgir j J. F. True, of Kansas ; F. M. Greene, of Connecticut ; I. M. Levy, of Chica

111. ; D. G. Nelson, of Morris County, N. J.

" For Secretary: W. S. Bussey, National Bureau of Standards. For Treasurer: G. F. Altstin, Jr., of Detroit, Mich.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

For memhers of the Executive Committee: R. E. Meek, of Indiana; J. A. Pi

ERT, of Sheboygan, Wis. ; J. M. O'Neil, of Cambridge, Mass. ; C. H. Steni

of South Carolina ; M. G. Rice, of New York ; H. E. Crawford, of Jacksonvi

Fla. ; E. C. Westwood, of Salt Lake City, Utah ; J. A. Boyle, of Maine ; J. Mahoney, of Maryland ; R. W. Searles, of Medina County, Ohio ; C. ' Fuller, of Los Angeles County, Calif. ; A. C. Samenfink, of Rochester, N. W. H. Ising, of Louisville, Ky. ; J. M. Boucher, of Washington, D. C. ; R.^, Daggett, North Girard, Erie County, Pa. 64
^Respectfully submitted. (Signed) J. E, Brenton, Chairman,

C. A. Baker,

J, F. Blickley,

J. Roy Jones,

J. J. Levitt,

C. C. Morgan,

R. J. ZlERTEN,

Committee on Nominations.

he report of the Committee on Nominations was adopted and the oflBcers elected unanimously.)

I BELT CONVEYOR SCALES

I By R. O. Bradley, Toledo Scale Co., Toledo, Ohio

it the 36tli National Conference on Weights and Measures, Leonard

^l^uire presented a paper to contribute the knowledge and experience

jlie Fairbanks Morse Co. relative to belt conveying scales. In that

i he pointed out several basic reasons why belt conveyor scales offer lendous problems in regard to accuracy. Mr. Maguire's points

well made and quite understandable. In the discussion follow-

' I his talk, he made the following statement—"It is a processing

le. Some day it may develop into a commercial scale and in some

^iiS there are conditions that are such that it could almost be classi- as a commercial scale. But generall}' speaking, it is strictly a

^ teessing or industrial machine."

^kiring the period of the last 15 years our company has had exlence with integrating belt conveyor scales. As a result of this

lerience, we have in the last 2 or 3 years incorporated two new

:ures which we claim have changed the status of belt conveyor

es from the processing class to the commercial class,

^t a meeting in February of this year, I explained those features

Ir. Maguire to see if he, as a representative of his company, would

(lee that there was probably some basis for our claim. He agreed

t there was probably some basis, but that naturally it would be

Bssary for their engineers to incorporate the features in one of their

es, in order to secure test data and evaluate the improvements,

lie first feature to be explained is very simple. It consists in feedthe speed of the carrying strand of the belt into the integrating

ice, rather than the speed of the return strand. We have proven

actual belt-speed measurements that the carrying strand on a long

)ing conveyor may travel as much as 1 percent faster than the reti strand with zero belt load, while traveling 5 to 6 percent faster

II the return strand when a belt load of 100 percent capacity is iig carried. Essentially, the integrating device on a belt conveying

^le multiplies belt speecl by belt load in pounds per unit of length,

he belt speed that is fed into the integrating device is not the same

die speed of the belt passing over the weigliino- section, the belt- ed factor, and thus the product of speed and weight, are naturally

^rror. The result of this error is always a slow reading from the

^grating device because the return strand ahvays travels slower

[n the carrying strand (provided the motor is driving the conveyor

, d pulley and not the tail pulley) . An integrating device using the

Jed of the return strand can then be accurate only at the load at ich it is tested and found accurate, as a change in load changes the

ation between the belt speed fed to the integTator and the speed of

belt passing over the scale. When the speed of the carrying strand

65
(at a point adjacent to the scale) is fed into the integrator, the

scribed error is eliminated.

The second feature is as simple in fact as the first but result: higher manufacturing cost. It involves the addition of a de

that will automatically keep the belt carrying idlers on the scaL exactly the same plane with the belt carrying idlers adjacent to

scale. When the belt lies across the scale and a leveling devic

not used, an error of 10 to 30 percent, depending on belt stifFnes relation to total load, must be balanced into the scale. If the was a good temperature compensated spring, belt tension woulc

the only remaining variable force factor on the scale. However,

belt is a very poor spring, and belt-tension effects must also be el inated. Addition of the leveling device allows balancing of the s< with or without the belt lying across the scale belt idlers with ide

cal results. Thus the effects of belt spring and belt tension are,

all practical purposes, eliminated by addition of a leveling device

We have found that incorporation of the two features explai

enables us to build belt conveyor scales that will give a weigh

accuracy for a given load that is just as accurate or even more ac rate than other approved methods of weighing the same loads.

For the reasons outlined, I believe that integrating belt convei

scales are adequate for commercial use. Further, I respectfully

gest that complete regulations regarding allowable tolerances, n imum runs, and standard tests be written in order that local wei^

and measures officials have some basis for approval of integrating 1 conveyor scales. Approximately 18 months ago we prepared a set of proposed i: grating scale regidations. Only two or three people at this meet

have seen that proposal. I know that several items in the prop(

should be altered but believe it is a starting point for making sc usable regulations.

(In answer to questions by Mr. Kerlin, Mr. Bradley explained that a pr( test procedure is difficult to arrive at, that the conveyor idlers are kepi

alinement by the application of sensing devices, and that his term "commer

accuracy" related to accuracy required of other commercial scales used in we

ing similar loads.)TESTING OF VEHICLE TANK METERS

By W. a. Kerlin, Sealer of Weights and Measures, Alameda County, Califoi We have divided the problems of testing vehicle tank meters i' three component parts, namely, Design, Location, and Operation

Calibrating Equipment. Following is a general outline of these th main divisions

DESIGN OF PROVER

1. Should meet all requirements of Handbook 45 and

ASME-API Meter Code.

2. Size and proportion should be governed b}- rates of flow f other physical conditions within the jurisdiction.

3. Must drain completely and uniformly.

4. Must not trap air. 66
Outlet valve must not leak. Must retain shape and capacity.

Interior should be protected against the elements.

Should be painted with a heat-reflecting color and paint.

LOCATION OF PROVER

:g ij. Gravity provers should be in a pit so as to approximate filling

(,ion conditions as to depth and venting.

L Prover for power-operated meters can either be elevated or be in

jit, depending upon local conditions.

Should be protected against direct sun.

^1 j OPERATIONS (making THE TEST, OR THE "hUIHAN EQUATION")

. Must have well-trained personnel,

icftl. Inspection of installation for necessary accessories, air elimiai ifor, venting, etc. Prover must be kept wet (tanks of this class are calibrated to

javer). In this factor we have two liquid characteristics to conpr ; namely, volatility and viscosity.

Tfjji:. Draining time must be constant ; elapsed time between tests when

ng volatile liquids must be reasonably constant. Temperature

ii'ict on draining time of the more viscous products such as No. 2

if jil No. 3 fuel oils must also be taken into consideration.

|. Testing of gravity meters. k Testing of power meters,

h Evaporation.

m. Temperature change, or expansion and contraction,

pift is upon evaporation and temperature change that I base my

a^arks before our general discussion. In corresponding with W. S.

ssey concerning this discussion, he stated that many jurisdictions

,lre encountering difficulties with inaccuracies in gravity meters.

;aitlemen, I doubt very much that the inaccuracies of which he speaks

% due to the meter itself, but I believe they are due to inaccuracies

sing from our own methods of testing and our provers. I say this,

: as a champion of any meter manufacturer, but as a weights and

asures official who has taken the time to isolate the inaccuracies.

ill connection with this particular problem, we have been doing

jne research that indicates that a good many of these variations are

|e to temperature changes not compensated for, plus the evaporation

f|<«!tor of a volatile testing fluid, such as gasoline. I will give some

|t data that support these beliefs. These tests were conducted in a test measure that met all requirents of the ASME-API Meter Code. In making the tests we used

'emovable fill pipe that extends to the bottom of the prover tank

"e fig. 2 ) . This feature is also shown in the latest revision of the

5ME-API Meter Code. We have made tests both with and without

jjiS fill pipe and, as it is realized that most prover tanks do not have

|ls feature, we are not presenting this to suggest that you add it to ^r equipment. We do feel quite strongly, however, that the pheImena should be given consideration in your testing work. Because

67
Figure 2. Meter pi^over for gravity meters
St provers do not have this feature, the following tests were made

:h both types

! Test 1. (Using removable fill pipe) r

1 Run Meter Size Type Rate of flow

Temperature at— Prover

Test type

:\Ieter Prover Reading Capacity

i

12 AA

in.2

2 Rotarv . _ . _ . _ gpm

60

60

° F.

6262

" F.

62

62

cu in. -2

-2

gal. 100 100 Normal.

do Do.

'EST 2. (Using open neck of prover and fill pipe removed; otherwise, same conditions existing, and

same meter) A

A

22 Rotary 60

60 62

62

6262 -44 100 -44 100 Normal.

do Do. L

EST 3. (Using open neck of prover and fill pipe removed; prover cooled by water spray to introduce temperature change; all other conditions equal, and same meter)

10 A

A

2

2 Rotarv_.. 6060

62

62

60

60 -70 -70

ino 100 Normal.

do Do.

Lis can readily be seen from an analysis of the three sets of tests Imtioned above, there was an evaporation of 42 cu in. on the second

: of tests. This same evaporation was present on the third set of

;ts, plus a 28-cu in. variation for temperature differential. Deductg the 28 cu in. for temperature, we find the results of tests 2 and 3

e the same within 2 cu in. Of course, there were many, many tests of this type made to estab-

' h, beyond a doubt, that the data presented herein is correct; not

!,'ly were many tests run, but several different makes of meters were

ed. In the tests of which I speak, there were actual meter vari-

,ions, but these did not vary more than 5 cu. in. The actual meter

j .riations were negligible when compared to the variations caused by

ijiiperature and evaporation.

] I was requested also to give information and data concerning gravity

jeter tests made from a full compartment and tests made from a

^ mpartment with just slightly more than enough fluid to complete

•e tests.

^ These tests are standard procedures in our testing plant and are of

ie "normal test" type. As you will note from the tests shown below,

kre is a slight variation in some cases, probably due to increased

pppage at slower speeds

Meter Size Type

Full head Parlia'' head

Rate of flow Error Rate of flow EiTor

A

in. 2

2

22V2

2

Rotarv .__ gpm

100

92

8580 106

95

cu in. -8

-6

-10 +2

~6+4

gpm

85

81

757096

90

cu in. —2

-6-2

+r. +6

+4

A do A do B do B

B

do

do 69
We have found very little variation in tests of this type, and I g: them to you only for purposes of discussion.

We now come to power meters and find we have the same t^ variables, plus one or two more. Let us again return to ideal con* tions and note the results.

Test 1. (Using removable fill pipe; test measures are on overhead platform, seven feet above ground) j

Run Meter Size Type Rate of flow

Temperature at— Prover

Test type Moto

Meter Prover Reading Capacity

12 BB

in.

11/2 Rotary

do gpm

32

32

0 p

64

64

0 p

6464

in. u. +4+4gal 50

50 Normaldo rpm

750

750

Test 2. (Using open neck of prover; no tube; same conditions; otherwise, same meter)

12 B

B

Rotary

do ____ 3232

646464

64 -50 -50

50

50 Normaldo

750

750

Test 3. (Motor speed the same and nozzle controlled; ideal conditions, using removable tube) B 1/2 Rotary 22 64 64 -14 50 Slow 750

Test 4. (Same unit used; ideal conditions; slow speed test using motor control)

1 B Rotary 24 64 64 -2 50 Slow... 450

Test 5. (Same operating conditions as test 2)

1 B 1/2 R Jtary 32 64 64 -82 50 Normal . .

7£0 As can be seen, the evaporation factor is still present but increase

probably due to higher nozzle velocity.

We will eliminate the temperature test, for the sake of brevity, f

we know the results of that one. The added variables on power meters depend upon whether tl; speed is controlled by nozzle or by motor. Let us look at a "slow tes taken on the same unit as tests 1 and 2. From the illustrations given we can see that the motor-controlh

test gives the more accurate result. Although neither test 3 nor 4 | out of tolerance in this case, we have found aggravated conditio],

existing on many vehicles, and it is a variable that must be taken ini consideration. ^ One more test, in which I am sure you will be interested, is the testii; of a power meter using a prover located below ground level. F(, test 5 we used the same unit. i For test 2, using the overhead 50-gal. measure, the error was mim | 50 cu in. In the pit test measure of 50 gal., the error should be tl same. This, however, is not true. With a vaporization error preser the length of drop of the liquid is also a factor; therefore, we have;

compound error produced.

It is my understanding that considerable difficulty has been expei,

enced on power meters with or without predetermined shut-off valve,

70
riie difficulty seems to be a "creep" in the meter due to the difference

pween the "'oi^erating'' pressure and the "relaxed" pressure. This

^jsep may be caused by "hose stretch." In fact, extreme caution must

j\ used in the testing of power meters to insure that tests are started

id stopped with the same hose condition. That is, if the test is begun

itli a pressurized hose, it must be terminated with a pressurized hose,

jiless this procedure is followed there will be a slight error, dependg upon the type and size of hose used. A spring-loaded backassure valve in the line at the entrance to the hose reel will minimize

IS condition to a great extent. This valve does double-duty because

reduces hose stretch and also helps the air eliminator at the tailing-off

int. Creep should not be present in equipment with predetermined shutvalves unless the valve is leaking. There are other phenomena

Resent, however, with this type of device.

[Many of you will remember the heated arguments on the floor of

? 34th Xational Conference to reduce, or cut, the tolerances on

iiolesale liquid-measuring devices as recommended by the Committee

^ Specifications and Tolerances. "While I do not wish to take issue

J'th the action of the Conference at that time, I do wish to point out

- at actually the Acceptance Tolerance was increased on "Special

,'sts" and decreased by only I214 cu in. on a 100-gal. normal test. My point in bringing this to your attention is not to campaign for

iother reduction in tolerance but to point out that a temperature

^ange in gasoline of only 1° F. from the truck compartment to the

lover will result in an expansion or contraction of a sufficient amount

nullify this reduction in tolerance. In order to even record this

duction in tolerance, the "calibration plant" or "prover" must be

Bated as a laboratory by weights and measures officials and not just

:est can.

' The test results noted indicate that, before any further reduction

' tolerances can be seriously considered, we must take into consiclera-

-J^on the two variables, evaporation and temperature change.

(After the presentation of his paper, Mr. Kerlin answered questions from the

or. These questions dealt with items brought out in the paper, and Mr.

srlin elaborated on such items.)

(The Conference was adjourned, to reconvene on Friday, May 23, 1952, at

t|: 30 a. m.)

:XTH SESSION—MORNING OF FRIDAY, MAY 23, 1952

(J. F. True, Vice President, and A. V. Astin, President, presiding)

I DR. A. V. ASTIN PRESENTED

olc (Dr. A. V. Astin, Director of the National Bureau of Standards, and newly

Bcted President of the National Conference on Weights and Measures, was

'esented to the Conference by the Chairman. Dr. Astin made the following

marks and committee appointments. He continued to preside as chairman

itil the completion of the report of the Committee on Methods of Sale of iDmmodities).

¥ Dr. Astin. I appreciate very much this honor you have conferred

fpon me, and I hope that I will be able to put in a fair amount of time

ti problems of interest to the Conference during the coming year. I know that, with Mr. Bussey available to work with, things will get

' 3ne, and you can be assured that he will be given my full support in

'fiything he wants to do in connection with the affairs of this

onference.

71
APPOINTMENT OF STANDING COMMITTEES ' It is appropriate at this time for me to amiounce appointmeii

to the several Standing Committees of the Conference.

COMMITTEE ON SPECIFICATIONS AND TOLERANCES \ I appoint Rollin E. Meek, State of Indiana, to a five-year tei to succeed Nails Berryman, State of Florida, whose term is expirii i , COMMITTEE ON METHODS OF SALE OF COMMODITIES ; I appoint George H. Leithauser, City of Baltimore, Maryland, . a five-year term to succeed Russell Ackerman, City of Minneapo' § Minnesota, whose term is expiring ; and Irvine M. Levy, City of CI |

Iji cago, Illinois, for one year to complete the term of Llewellyn R. Rop^ j City of Seattle, Washington, who has resigned because of a change ] positions with the City of Seattle.

COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATION

| I appoint Miles A. Nelson, State of Michigan, to a five-year tei to succeed C. H. Oakley, formerly of the State of Wyoming, now

employee of the National Bureau of Standards, whose term is e| piring; and Donald M. Turnbull, City of Seattle, Washington, i\ three years to complete the term of Rollin E. Meek, State of Indiai

who has resigned to accept appointment on another Conferer

Committee.

COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION

I appoint Joseph F. Blickley, State of Pennsylvania, to a five-ye

term to succeed Robert K. Slough, City of Akron, Ohio, whose term

expiring.

COMMITTEE ON TRADING BY WEIGHT i I appoint A. J. Mayer, State of Louisiana, to a five-year term i succeed Erling Hansen, State of Minnesota, whose term is expirii|j

CONFERENCE CHAPLAIN |' To serve as Conference Chaplain for the 38th National Conferen<- I reappoint R. W. Searles of Medina County, Ohio. ; REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON METHODS OF SALE OF GOMMODITII

PRESENTED BY JOSEPH G. ROGERS, CHAIRMAN

( Continued from page 64. )

,v We will now call on Mr. Rogers, of New Jersey, to continue the repc^

of the Committee on Methods of Sale of Commodities.

i Mr. Rogers : The items left over from yesterday are 9, 10, and 11

the Report of the Committee. ' 9. Preheated Fuel Oils.—This item was referred to your Committ,

by vote of the 36th National Conference for recommendation as proper method of sale for such oils. While the Committee has devot

some study to the question it has not,, up to the time of preparing tl report, reached definite conclusions to submit to the Conference, a: indulgence is, therefore, asked for continuation of our research on tl subject.

I 10. Homogenized Concentrated Milk.—Action was deferred on t Committee's recommendation covering this subject which appeared

72
.rt

till

n No. 2 in our report to the last annual Conference and was referred

k to Committee for further study.

0 further conclusions have been reached than those originally preted. The dairy interests contemplating the production of such milk

1 to have lost interest and there appears to have been no intensity in

ceeding with further developments. Under the circumstances this

^imittee feels that further consideration of this item can be

jpended pending the necessity for definite action.

jLl. Meats and Poultry in Plastic Wrappings and Casings,—For the

p:pose of clarification this Committee reopens this topic which apjired as item 3 in our report to the 36th National Conference. The

I'ommendation it contained was adopted at that time. It reads as lows

Meats and Poultry in Plastic Wrappings and Casings.—Shall be exempt

rorn net quantity declarations at packing sources and shall be sold on the

ifasis of actual net weight at time of sale; provided that each item of meat

j»r poultry so wrapped or contained shall be plainly and conspicuously marked

ivith the legend : "To Be Weighed At Time of Sale", and, w^here the weight of he wrapping or casing exceeds % ounce, the tare weight shall be plainly

|ind conspicuously marked for deduction to determine the net weight.

The Southern Weights and Measures Association through an action

its Committee on Methods of Sale of Commodities subsequently filed objection emanating from their Conference session at Richmond,

^|[ rginia, on November 7th, 1951. It was referred in report form, in- ]rporating other items, to our Committee through the Office of

|eights and Measures of the National Bureau of Standards. We

jote from the said report

^ffi 3. Meat, Poultry, Fish and Cheese in Plastic Wrappings and Casings.—

This Committee feels that commodities of variable weights in package form

I ^nd those commodities that because of their method of processing prior to

! 5ale do not lend themselves to consistent quantity declarations when in

I package form should be sold from bulk and should not be exempt from the

-1 requirement of net weight markings on individual consumer packages. This

legend—"To be weighed at time of sale," is contrary to the Model Law which

1 requires that all commodities in package form be labeled as to weight,

I measure or numerical count. Experience and tests have shown that some

j, packages of fish and cheese, even though marked with the legend, "To be

j,L weighed at time of sale," are not being weighed by some merchants when a

retail sale of these commodities is made.

Therefore, your Committee is of the opinion that this recommendaijjDn is inconsistent with the Model Law and should be referred or pended so as to be consistent.

' The Committee of the Southern Weights and Measures Association

) pears to have amplified the items under this heading in their report

1 have added fish and cheese which the adopted recommendation

d not include.

jj Dealing with the points of contention in their order as raised in the

'^>niurrer of the Southern Weights and Measures Association, we

' *uld first mention that our reasons behind the recommendation were

illy given when it was offered to the last Conference for consideraon. Those reasons we consider to be as logical and sound now as

M\y were when the Conference in its wisdom saw fit to adopt what we

Loposed.

The Committee of the Southern Association now proposes that those

jinmodities which because of their method of processing prior to sale

J o not lend themselves to consistent quantity declarations when in

iackage form should be sold from bulk and should not be exempt from

73
the requirement of net weight markings on individual consumer pa

' ages. The catch in this is the proposed sale from bulk. This wo \ presuppose that we would require the packing enterprises putting i the types of commodities involved in this controversy, to change tl methods of production and revert to packaging in barrels, tubs, pj

and crocks as employed in the era before the age in which we are n

living, and when sale from bulk was the rule and not the excepti ^ It is not difficult to visualize the reaction that would set in were now to attempt such restriction. Whether we like it or not, we m r" realize that the individual consumer package is here to stay, as we : aware that production methods along this line are increasing and ] ! decreasing. tf' The Bureau of Animal Industry of the Federal Government ]

ill already taken cognizance of methods now inherent in packaging

sential foods and has ruled that meats in casings are exempt fr ' ^ marking requirements. In this they probably were influenced by i M same reasons as those upon which the adoption of our recommendati] was based. Our action is, therefore, not without precedent. In de

ing with the matter of exemptions, however, we incorporated a p

tective factor by the stipulation that packages entitled to quant r marking concessions should bear the legend "To Be Weighed At Ti: of Sale" to place merchants under notice as to their obligations

vending such packages. As to the effect of such legend and the t servation offered that packages so marked "are not being weiglii

by some merchants when a retail sale of these commodities is mad j

i the enforcement of the instructions contained in the legend natura

becomes the obligation of local supervision at retail outlets. Its »M fectiveness would, of course, not be self-sufficient without this. On the question of the recommendation being contrary to the Moc j Law requiring packaged commodities to be labeled as to weight, me;; ure or numerical count, we agree that it is a departure not only in

this but from existing laws in State jurisdictions, but we must at t same time consider that these statutes were placed on the books lo before the packaging situation has become what it is today, with all technical and troublesome ramifications and problems. With the ci velopment of this situation it was natural that ideas for new methoi

and processes would be conceived and born. They are looked up

in the light of progress. The challenges they offer call for readjui

ments of regulatory affairs if we are not to obstruct such progre

which represents America at work. s; Your Committee is further cognizant that the contents of its recoil mendation represents new thought in relation to marking regulatio'l

under net weight container laws. However, it is a thought influence' and necessitated by evolutionary trends in the packing industry, whiil appear to justify a modification of marking requirements in certa'^ circumstances as relating to the commodities entailed in this issue. The sole purpose of our recommendation on this issue is to establii' a means by which the consumer will pay for only what he gets. At tl same time it sets up a procedure with which all engaged in packii

and trade pursuits can readily conform without detriment to consume

welfare. The consumer in fact benefits by the principles of this r commendation as it has the effect of bringing the packaged produ

back to the days when purchases were weighed at the butcher blo( or store counter and the buyer was not saddled with shrinkage lo; 74
I oh, Ave believe all agree, is the most objectionable feature in relaI 1 to packaging.

'i\As the result of our review and reconsideration of all factors inrjjijved in this issue, your Committee is of the opinion that the recomplndation as adopted by the 36th National Conference should stand

ilrbriginally constituted without amendment, and we so recommend.

yhi. Kennedy : I feel that this recommendation is entirely too broad.

now have chickens in plastic bags. I presume you call them

fjstic wrappers. They are susceptible of being marked with the

jght. I can see no reason to eliminate such items from a prepacked

inter. We must seek, and we must have, the cooperation of the

tchants. They want to cooperate. But you are throwing obstacles

[i their way whereby they cannot cooperate. I think the recombdation of last year should be reviewed and rewritten.

fij4lR. EoGERs : This will have no effect on the prepacking situation.

|e man that uses those methods must price, mark, and weigh his

"kages. This exemption is at the processing source. It is to cover

ittjns especially subject to shrinkage. The merchant sometimes finds

piraself in trouble. He buys in good faith and sees that the package

atjiproperly marked. That marking is not good because there has

rililn shrinkage during the marketing process.

njillR. Kennedy: Are you opposed to the inclusion of fish and cheese,

i included in the Southern Association recommendation?

.: i^R. Rogers : We were trying to cover two items only. We thought

o 111 most essential. We want to pursue it further. There are a

uliaiber of items of cheese that should be under the same recommendafi. There are types of cheese today which are put up in tin contain-

\ with holes. This cheese is in package form. You put a marking

f^iit today, and in several hours that marking is no longer correct. ey must weigh it when it is sold. Many commodities are handled in

:

• same manner.

^[r. Kennedy: You did not include cheese.

^Ir. Rogers: No, we did not. We were trying to comprehend the

ns sold in the package in which they are processed.

i(ij)*'lR. Kennedy : There are some fish that are processed at the point of

.(|]gin.

T iAIr. Rogers : The packers are willing to mark packages of fish, but

ii^j! marking is not valid because of shrinkage.

Tt^AlR. Kennedy: The Southern Association recommended fish and

\ iese. If you are going along with them, why not include fish and

rjiti^ese ?

J }Ir. Rogers : We are certainly not objecting at all to the inclusion

/those items, if you gentlemen want to do it.

.;!:\Ir. Kennedy: There is no recommendation to that effect.

LilijMR. Hart : I am Secretary of the Gloucester Fisheries Association,

gljDucester, Massachusetts. We are a substantial fishing port,

,jjj|),000,000 pounds a year. Of that total, 90 percent of the fish is ieted and frozen. Within the past 4 to 5 years we have developed

Ti so-called 1-pound pack. Probably from 20 to 25 percent of our

Tial pack now is in 1-pound packages. The bulk of our fish is put up

'''ijwhat we call 5- and 10-pound cartons. They contain in the case of

% 6-pound cartons five packages of fish. They will take a 5-pound

Hk, fill it with fillets, and allow a tolerance possibly of 2i/^ or 3 ounces,

lo^l e packages are wrapped. The weight is indicated on the outside

lc|tthe carton.

232094—53 6 75
The same principle applies on tlie 10-pound pack. We han

something like 65,000,000 pounds of fillets a year. It would be ph;

cally impossible to weigh your cellophane wrapped fillets at the t: of packing. We are using inserts in the carton. The insert rer "Eeweigh at time of sale." Mk. McBride : I wish to offer an amendment to the original moti

I believe this is consistent with Mr. Kennedy's remarks, and I m

that the subjects "fish and cheese" be included with the commodi

that the committee has enumerated.

Chairman Astin: Mr. Rogers indicates that he will accept t amendment.

(The motion was seconded and adopted by the Conference.) Item 11, as amended and adopted by the Conference reads as follows

Meats, Poultry, Fish, and Cheese in Plastic Wrappings and CasingsShall be exempt from net quantity declarations at packing sources ai] shall be sold on the basis of actual net weight at time of sale, provided thi each item of meat or poultry so wrapped or contained shall be plainly aE conspicuously marked with the legend : "To Be Weighed at Time of Sale and, where the weight of the wrapping or casing exceeds Vs ounce, the tai

weight shall be plainly and conspicuously marked for deduction to determii the net weight.

(The report of the Committee on Methods of Sale of Commodities was adoi' as amended.)

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPECIFICATIONS AND TOLERANC , PRESENTED BY J. P. McBRIDE, CHAIRMAN i The tentative report of the Committee has been in the hands

Conference members, and representatives of industry, for some ti: It was stated in this report that the committee would be glad

receive suggestions and to afford opportunity of hearing on the n: ters treated in the report. Sunday was devoted to hearing interes

parties, and, as a result of these hearings, your committee is offer for your consideration the final report. I shall present for y< consideration and action, the tentative report of the committee

amended by the final report.

Your Committee has had two interim meetings with the ice ere and carton manufacturing industries and one with the scale indust

Correspondence has been carried on with other affected industr

and with Conference members in relation to the various matt< This report, therefore, represents Committee conclusions in relat to matters referred to it by the 36th National Conference and to th

coming before it from other sources. TENTATIVE CODE FOR PRE-PACKAGED-ICE-CREAM MEASURE-CONTAINERS

At the 36th Conference, this code was first submitted and tentativ

adopted.

The last sentence of specification S.2.1 Capacity Poixt reads:

follows

... A pre-packaged-ice-cream measure-container shall contain its ind

cated capacity without apparent distortion from its designed regular shape

| The phraseology "without apparent distortion" is conceded to

| equivocal language and conducive to vacillating procedure wh | would result in lack of uniformity. i In this type of measure-container, cognizance must be taken of

fact that it is susceptible to distortion, and that such distortion beg f when the measure-container is assembled or shaped so as to rece ) 76
ice cream. Further distortion occurs in the filling and hardening

he product. A measure-container equal to the calculated capacity,

:efore, presents a factor of excess quantity which becomes a concern

:he weights and measures official, as it is his duty to protect the

dor as well as the consumer. It is obvious, therefore, that to require

'^^^[ntainer to be of dimensions equal to its calculated capacity, though

^6 offers an easy method of test, would not be in keeping with the

jgation of the weights and measures official to preserve the equities

jA^een all parties.

^>ne answer to the distortion problem might be to require the use

board of sufficient quality and thickness, so as to maintain rigidity,

js would involve specifications on quality of material, and it is not

! purpose of our code to enter this field. It could also be offered

|t a supporting frame should be employed when the measure-

'itainer is being filled. Inasmuch as these are single-use containers,

i economic factors of cost of the container and cost of production

3&r into consideration, as these costs would be reflected to the

fumer.

third method might be to allow the use of a container of dimenis less than the indicated capacity, and anticipate the yield to be

h as to provide for such indicated capacity. This, too, would not

Jyood weights and measures practice, as there would be a variable,

f lending on quality and thiclmess of board, as well as on shape and

fgn of the carton, and method of fill and handling. It would leave

lljin to the unscrupulous the advantage of controlling the fill with

limum distortion, and thus giving short measure.

jJsTour Committee has spent considerable time during the year on its

J fji initiative and in cooperation with the ice cream and carton

gjustries, as was its promise in the report to the 36th Conference,

f ^ were seeking to develop a uniform test procedure and a testing

^|:lium to meet this problem. n its final analysis, the question is as to whether a square, rectangu-

, or other flat-sided container could be acceptable if its calculated

iiical content was somewhat less than actual (or indicated) cubical

^ tent, provided the ice cream packed in such container was, in fact,

;jjjLal to or in excess of the indicated capacity.

jS^umerous experiments were conducted, and various tests were emj|jed, to prove the point that the required volume could be accomshed in a measure-container of these characteristics. This was

isfactorily established, but in some instances the methods employed

"e involved and somewhat complicated. Furthermore, practical fa- Hies for some of these tests would not be readily available to weights

jl measures officials for field tests. All parties were agreed that

ter is the most readily available and most satisfactory testing

dium.

We finally resolved the question of distortion to be confined to the

called normal shape which would result solely from the assembly

shaping of the container in form to receive the ice cream. It uld be the obligation of the ice cream manufacturer to fill these

itainers in a manner so as to follow the normal design and shape

|j:he container as assembled. Moreover, the manufacturer would not

apt to fill beyond this conformation, since this would cause a loss product to him.

This method of test would require that the measure-container be

^Ijted with support. The problem then was to develop a holding or 77
supporting device, for containers larger than one quart, which wc

be readily available, and into which the assembled empty carton cc be placed, so that this normal distortion on all four sides would re the supports and be thus confined when the carton was tested

capacity with water. This method, in the opinion of the Committee, offers the best

most practical means of resolving the difference between the so-ca calculated cubical content and the actual volumetric content. 1 method requires that further distortion shall be controlled by the cream manufacturer—his guide being to follow the intended des

and shape of the carton. The method also follows the test procecl

outlined in National Bureau of Standards Handbook 45 for measi

containers.

Your Committee, therefore, recommends that this code be amen

as follows:

Amend S.l. by changing the side title "Capacities" to "Units".

Amend S.2.1. to read as follows

5.2.1. Capacity Point.—The capacity of a pre-packaged-ice-cream meas

container shall be sharply defined by (a) the top edge, (b) a graduation i the top edge, or (c) the lowest portion of a shoulder, cap seat, lid seat, or in( tation near the top edge, of the container. A graduation or indentation s extend at least half-way around the circumference or across two opposite s of the container. Add a new paragraph S.2.2., as follows

5.2.2. Shape.—A pre-packaged-ice-cream measure-container shall be desig as some regular geometrical shape, and its capacity shall be determined witl

distortion from its normal assembled shape.

Add a new section, N. NOTES, to read as follows:

N. NOTES.

N.l. Testing Procedures for Water Test. ^ N.1.1. Preparation of Knocked-Down Container.—A knocked-down

packaged-ice-cream measure-container shall be properly assembled, tape shal applied to the outside of the bottom of the container, if necessary, to maim

its normal assembled shape, and melted wax shall be applied to the insidt the container to the extent necessary to make the container water tight. ( treme care should be exercised to avoid applying more wax than necessary

order that the capacity of the container may not be significantly reduced.)

N.1.2. Prevention of Distortion of Flat-Sided Container.—A pre-packaj

ice-cream measure-container having flat sides shall be, if necessary, so restrai before the actual test is begun that its sides will not bulge when it is filled v water. For containers having capacities of 1 liquid quart or less, this car accomplished by applying a metal plate or a piece of heavy cardboard to e side of the container. These pieces shall be only slightly smaller than

sides to which they are applied. They can be held securely in place by me

of rubber bands, cord, or tape. Larger containers shall be supported by a ri restraining form having a design symmetrical with the container being tes This form shall support against distortion not less than the entire area of central two-thirds of each side panel of the container, measured from botton

top. The inside width dimension of any side panel of the restraining f( shall be Vm inch greater than the corresponding outside dimension of the ( tainer. (The outside width dimension of any side panel of the container si be established by adding to the inner side center-of-score to center-of-sc dimension two thicknesses of the board used, and the sum thus obtained si be rounded off to the nearest %4 inch.) It is the understanding of your Committee that the ice cream a carton industries will proceed immediately, after the final adopt:

of this code, to establish, if possible, one size and shape for g^ll'

flat-sided ice-cream measure-containers.

78
/ith the adoption of the above amendments, your Committee

tnmends the iinal adoption of the code for pre-packaged-ice-cream

-ure-containers.

e^ted Tentative Test Procedure for Volumetric Measuring of Pre-packaged-Ice-Cream

Measure-Containers, see figures 3, 4, 5, and 6

. Carton in flat. and c. Folding back carton to break all scores. This tends to

^^re up the package and prevent propelling.

Block of vrood or box made about %2 i^^ch short of inside dimenjjjis of carton.

I Place carton over block and lock bottom.

;as 4 Apply pressure to carton bottom over form so that the full flap

I lie flush and square. Holding this down tightly apply tape (any

fcen-food locker tape will do nicely) to the center edges of carton

hown in figure 3, f

Figures. Pre-packaged-ice-cream measure-container^ gallon).

Preparation for test. 79
Figure 4. Proposed standard I'o-ffallon carton.

413^16 by 3% by 623/33 inches. Calculated cubical content 113.1689 cubic inches. Act

volumetric content by tentative test method 115.622 cubic inches outside seal, 115.1 cubic inches inside seal. g. A detergent or liquid soap is wiped on the top sides of the cart

to break the surface tension of the water used in measuring carton.

h. Using a 1.1-ml pipette (or a pipette graduated so that a kno^

vohime of wax may be measured) deposit all the wax in the corner th

hinges the full flap (bottom flap) . The carton at this time is held an angle and the carton rotated to let the wax run along the cut ed^2 of the bottom flap and back to the original starting point. Tl

should give a tight seal to the bottom.

It is recommended that a mixture of 20 percent of amorphous Wi

and 80 percent of regular paraffin be used.

i. The carton is now ready for volumetric measuring, and the on

caution suggested is that in releasing the water from the standa: measure to the carton, that it should not be done too quickly. If 1 leased too quickly, the seal is most likely to break. Fill to the stril using additional water from a graduate holding a known volume

water. If the water reaches the strike before all water is draini

from the standard measure, pour remaining water into graduate.

80

TENTATIVE CODE FOR CORDAGE-MEASURING DEVICES

Amend S.2.2., Indicating Means, to read as follows : w

S.2.2. Indicating Means.—This shall be so constructed that the proper met

of reading the indications will be readily apparent. The motion of the n i sensitive indicating element shall be continuous as material being measi}

is passed through the device ; the motion of other indicating elements maj i intermittent. If the most sensitive element of the indicating system util

' an indicator and graduations, the relative movement of these parts correspc ing to a measurement of 1 foot shall be not less than % inch. If separate ments are utilized to tally feet, tens of feet, hundreds of feet, and so on, comp

revolutions of each such element shall be accurately and definitely tallied, and

such elements shall be accurately synchronized. The indicating elements s^; be readily returnable to a definite zero indication. \ Amend Tolerance Table 1 to read as follows : I Table 1. —Maintenance Tolerances for Cordage-Measuring Devices

01

Indication of device Tolerance On over registration On under registratio

Feet 0 to 20, incl 21 to 30, incl 31 to 40, incl 41 to 50, incl Over 50Inches

12 Add 1 inch per indi- cated 50 feet.

Inches

2

34

5 Add 2 inches per

indicated 50 feet. The reason for the first amendment is that the original wording

S.2.2 is more severe than like provisions in other similar codes. Y(

Committee feels that the relative low cost per unit of the materi!

measured by these devices does not justify this extreme degree of c< trol by weights and measures officials. Furthermore, so far as Committee has been advised, no manufacturer in the United Sta

has yet produced a device which will meet the original requiremei

Your Committee believes that this proposal is reasonable and prop

The second amendment has been found necessary for the reason t] these devices must perform both forward and backward. This cau an extreme amount of backlash in the gears, etc. Therefore, a lar< tolerance to take care of the initial error is required. Also, m

deliveries through these devices will exceed 20 feet. With the adoption of the above amendments, your Committee reco mends the final adoption of the code for cordage-measuring devic

82
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS MEASURING EQUIPMENT

j|)uring the 36th National Conference on Weights and Measures,

^ettf as suggested that the Committee on Specifications and Tolerances

iij^j and make recommendations for specifications, tolerances, and

ulations covering measuring equipment for liquefied petroleum

es. At that time it was indicated that substantial assistance would

volunteered and rendered by the various industry organizations

olved. Since such assistance was not forthcoming, and since the

i^jnmittee has no facilities at its disposal for the necessary research

^9 investigation, your Committee is unable to offer recommenda-

'as at this time. Your Committee hopes that further developments

:esting equipment and procedures for liquefied petroleum gas meas- ng devices will be forthcoming in the near future. The cooperation

i assistance of industry is invited. —-::OMMENDATIONS OF THE SOUTHERN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES ASSOCIATION

the Southern Weights and Measures Association, at their Novem-

--r 1951, Annual Conference voted to submit to the National

Jpiference Committee on Specifications and Tolerances four recom- _jTidations, as follows

i^ecommendation 1.—That the conference again call upon the National Confence to eliminate from the scale tolerances the excess tolerance permitted

[scales with stabilized load-receiving elements. tecommendation 2.—That this conference recommend to the National ConI fence that serious consideration be given to the development of separate codes

'f[ tolerances for each of the following : 1, bulk plant and terminal meters

ank truck meters under pressure ; and 3, gravity meters. lecommendation S.—That this conference request the National Conference

;ive study to revising the tolerances for Retail Liquid Measuring Devices, and

it tolerances, as indicated below, be inserted in Table 1, in lieu of the present

trances, provided, however, that this amendment shall not apply to pumps

[i ing delivery hoses in excess of 15 feet.

riiij gallons cubic inches

ci'l 1/2 or less 2

! 2 4 3 5 4 5

5 5 Over 5 Add 1 cubic inch per indicated gallon. ^iiieco'mmendation 4-—That this conference request the National Conference

e.iminate in paragraph R. 5. of the Scale Regulations, the word "retail."

83
Recommendation 1 In connection with Recommendation 1, the Sonthern Associati

proposed to the National Conference last year that the special Sh

Test tolerances allowed on small-capacit}^ scales, with stabili2 load-receiving elements, as provided in T. 1.1.2. be eliminated; the r^^ son for the recommendation being that strict adherence to the T.l.l tolerances wonld lead to inconsistent resnlts. In given situations

scale with a zero error on center loading would be condemned if t

' shift-test error on the scale in question exceeded the special toleran even though the error was less than the basic tolerance on the sc; under test. This matter was considered by your Committee last year. Howev i in the absence of adequate evidence as to the extent of this conditi( i and of the industry picture in relation thereto, this matter was \r

for further study by the Committee. A report was to be made

this Conference.

A comprehensive study has been made. More than 700 tests w(

conducted by selected officials in various sections of the country, a by scale manufacturers. The results of these tests, which were cc; ducted strictly in accord with code requirements, have led us to t; conclusion that the special shift-test tolerances for small-capaci | scales, with stabilized load-receiving elements, are no longer requires ^ This matter has been discussed with the scale industry. Your Co: mittee miderstancls that the present attitude of the industry is sjm]:

thetie to this recommendation. The scale industrj^ is vitally concern

over the method to be employed in making the shift test. With t adoption of this amendment, weights and measures officials should s doubly careful to make their tests in strict accordance with the pi

visions of National Bureau of Standards Handbook 44, and as oi lined in National Bureau of Standards Handbook 37. Yo.

Committee urges all officials to cooperate fully in this respect (s fig. 7).

Your Committee recommends that tolerance T.l.l.2. of the Scf

Code be amended to read as follows

T.l.l. 2. To Shift Tests.—Basic tolerances sball be applied.

Recommendation 2

In connection with Recommendation 2, joiw Committee would poi

out that there are now separate codes for bulk plant meters (liqui

measuring device code) and vehicle tank meters (vehicle tank code

Furthermore, the same accuracy should be maintained in behalf , receivers of products from these several types of meters. We shou

avoid, insofar as possible, differentiations because of method or tyj

of device used. All of these devices handle a common product, ai the choice of devices lies with the vendor of the product. In f airne

to the receivers of the product, we feel that the present codes a, adequate.

Your Committee recommends that no action be taken on this re ommendation.

Recommendation 3 In regard to Recommendation 3, it was represented that the prese;- tolerances are not being generally observed, and that tests of the

84
)u

I

I

re pBE 7. Test-weight positions for shift test on small-capacity scales with

]( stabilized load-receiving elements.

i| ['instance between center and edge of load-receiving element—parallel to pivot line ;

,y i distance between center and edge of load-receiving element—parallel to line of staiitizing linkage ; circles indicate positions of test load equal to one-half capacity of the

[iale.

P *rices are usually made with 5-gallon standards ; that devices reach-

' the maximum tolerance of 7 cubic inches on 5 gallons would, on

' Vgressive error, be off more than the tolerances allowed on deliveries

' j 10 gallons or more. It has also been pointed out that these

trance values have not been amended since 1921.

^ 'presently, this portion of the table particularly affects retail gaso3 dispensing units. Correspondence has been had with the various

pufacturers of these units, and they have indicated to your Combtee that their devices can meet the new proposed tolerances.

\. hearing was granted by your Committee to the interested parties

[relation to this proposed change, consisting of representatives of

' petroleum industry and representatives of the Gasoline Pump

'jiufacturers Association. Objection was offered to this change

both phases of industry on the ground that the present tolerance more severe than tolerances in relation to some other types of

^asuring devices. They further argued that attendant on this type

measuring element are certain related mechanical devices which,

land of themselves, present certain problems, and that at the mont they have some doubt as to whether further perfection can be

^lieved in these related elements to accomplish compliance with

eduction in the tolerance. The further argument was advanced on

part of the petroleum industry that this reduction would entail

I them considerable expense from the maintenance standpoint. The

Ingested change is not one of great degree, and there is some ques- m in the minds of your Committee as to the possibility of improve-

|nt in devices to meet the suggested change, as well as the added

rden of maintenance of these devices. In some measure it may

85
be true that in some juridictions adequate equipment may not!

present for desirable tests. Your Committee has deliberated to gi

length and has carefully weighed all the arguments, and we rj recommended that this matter be committed to further study dur jje the ensuing year, the study to be participated in by industry as \ as by weights and measures officials. Recommendation 4

With reference to Recommendation 4, the Southern Association i

' recommended to the National Conference last year that Scale Regi , tion R. 5. be amended by striking out the word "retail". At 1

time it was the thought of your Committee that, in view of !

difficulties encountered in attaining compliance with Regulation R

which was of recent adoption, this proposed amendment was too f cipitate. It was also the opinion of your Committee that the prim: , purpose of the aforementioned regulation was consumer protectij ^ No action, therefore, was recommended by your Committee last ye 1 ij It now appears that progress has been made in the production of ]

j

if priced, compensated spring scales for use in the retail field. Al some progress has been made in the production of these scales suita

for use in the wholesale field. A hearing was held on Sunday w^

representatives of industry present, and, as a result of the heariyour Committee recommends the following amendment:

Amend Regulation R. 5. of the scale code by deleting the word "retail

| in the second line thereof. This amendment to become effective Januar?

1, 1953. The effective date of the proposed change was deferred so that ma]

facturers and users would be allowed time in which to comply w

this new requirement.

CODE FOR LIQUID-MEASURING DEVICES

It has been called to the attention of your Committee that there some confusion in the interpretation of the language in Specificati, S. 2.6., which reads as follows

S. 2.6. Air Elimination.—A meter device shall be equipped with an effec; tive mechanical air eliminator or other effective means to prevent passag

of air or vapor through the meter. This situation has precipitated lack of uniformity in methods of £. and probable inadequacy of scope of test particularly involving m^

tiple dispensing units operating from a single source of power. Tf specification as now written is intended to cover in its requiremei

each dispensing unit. This same requirement was expressed in NI

Handbook 22, Specification 5, as follows : , In a pump discharge unit, a mechanical air eliminator or other meanij

shall be installed adjacent to the meter inlet. [Italics ours.] and in NBS Handbook 29, Specification 5, the last sentence thereof,

follows : 1 * * * In a pump discharge unit, a mechanical air eliminator or othe] ; means shall be provided in such a position that it will effectively prevent the passage of air or vapor through the meter. . 86
lend S.2.6. on page 61 of the Code for Liquid Measuring Devices

. ike the last sentence thereof read as follows

a pressure-type unit, a mechanical air eliminator or other effective means

I be provided in such a position that it will effectively prevent the passage

.r or vapor through the meter.

: has been brought to the attention of the Committee that there is e confusion in interpretation of N.1.2. Testing Drafts, both

^lation to some types of retail devices and wholesale devices. The

^ent wording at the end of the first sentence reads

I* * * for other types of retail devices used for dispensing motor fuel,

(sting drafts of at least 5 gallons shall be utilized. Lpparently this language has given rise to the thought that no test

^less than 5 gallons should be made on a meter type device. This is the thought of the Committee. As you are doubtless aware, the

j7 prevalent type of retail device for dispensing motor fuels is the

called meter type. It is not necessary to regularly test this type

^ice at each indication throughout its designed delivery range,

ting drafts of 5 gallons are suggested as convenient units. It is gested that testing drafts of at least this amount shall be employed

i kiry series of tests on a meter type device. This is not intended to

vclude the testing of these devices at any other point, however.

nVe recommend that paragraph be amended, for the purpose

plarification, to read as follows

i.1.2. Testing Drafts.—The full capacity delivery and each intermediate very for which the device is designed shall be tested in the case of retail on-type and visible-type devices; for other types of retail devices used for

•ensing motor fuel, testing drafts of one or more amounts, including drafts

at least 5 gallons, shall be utilized. For wholesale devices, testing drafts

aid be equal to at least the amount delivered by the device in 1 minute at its :imum discharge rate, and shall in no case be less than 50 gallons.

The report of the Committee on Specifications and Tolerances was discussed

1 by item, as it was presented by the Committee chairman. Each amendit was acted upon individually, and, at the conclusion of the report, the Com-

^ee's recommendations were adopted as a whole.)

REMARKS OF MR. ARTHUR SANDERS

iIr. Sanders : I would like to call the attention of the Conference

two things concerning the changes which have been made in the

scale code. The first relates to the shift test. I want to emphasize

t the Specifications and Tolerances Committee asked the National

[Creau of Standards to prepare a chart showing the correct position-

; of weights in making the shift test on small-capacity scales with

bilized load-receiving elements. We believe that the chart which

. Bureau prepared should be widely distributed and publicized

ong all weights and measures inspectors. We hope to do this

ong all the sales and service people in the scale industry, so that

iryone can be operating according to the same correct procedure,

at was really the only objection that the scale industry had to this

ange in the scale code, which eliminates this special tolerance

'efig.T).

The other matter that I would like to call to your attention is the

)hibition against the use in wholesale sales of foodstuff, except

lits and vegetables, of uncompensated spring scales. We have made

extensive survey and have had many discussions with the Specifica87
tions and Tolerances Committee. I think it should be brought to

' attention of weights and measures departments all over the couni;

that there are some very good manufacturers of spring scales,

hanging tj^pe, who do not have an uncompensated spring scale. \ think all have worked toward the development of such scales, f

> ticularly the small-capacity scales. It is not such an easy mat

You do not just put a compensating spring in the old uncompensa

spring scale housing and develop a satisfactory compensated spr

' scale. I think it should be called to your attention that this progi

is not going to be easy, and that some of the manufacturers may , be able to develop satisfactory scales by the first of January 1953.

Some of our association members do have these scales. Some

them do not. The association took a neutral position on this mati

j In fairness to those manufacturers who have not been able to deve

(hese scales, I want to call this situation to your attention.

REPORT OF THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE COMMITTEE ON

RESOLUTIONS, PRESENTED BY MILES A. NELSON, CHAIRMA^

CONGRATULATIONS TO DR. A. V. ASTIN

Whereas, Dr. A, V. Astin lias been appointed Director of the National Bur

of Standards by the President of the United States ; and

Whereas, the said Dr. Astin favored the 3Tth National Conference on Weig

and Measures with a very interesting and educational talk on the activities- the National Bureau of Standards ; and . Whereas, Dr. Astin has always demonstrated a keen appreciation of ; problems facing weights and measures officials and has evidenced a sine desire to aid weights and measures officials in the development of uniform jj cedures and solving tricky problems ; Therefore, be it Resolved, That the 37th National Conference on Weights and Measures cJ gratulate Dr. A. V. Astin on his appointment and extend to him our best wis t for a progressive administration. j APPRECIATION TO DIRECTOR AND STAFF OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDAI

Whereas, Dr. A. V. Astin, Director ; W. S. Bussey, Chief of the Office of Weig

and Measures; and their very able and efficient staff have extended valua

assistance and guidance to the 37th Conference, for which the Conference very grateful ; Therefore, be it Resolved, That this, the 37th National Conference on Weights and Measui

does appreciate such cooperation and assistance from the National Bureau i Standards and wishes to make this resolution a part of the records of t Conference. APPRECIATION TO COOPERATING OFFICIALS

Whereas, the governing officials of the various States, counties, and mui

ipalities, through their manifest interest in weights and measures work, h'< made it possible for their respective jurisdictions to be represented at this 3' National Conference on Weights and Measures ; Therefore, be it Resolved, That this, the 37th National Conference on Weights and Measui

does appreciate such cooperation and assistance and wishes to make this resc tion a part of the records of this Conference. APPRECIATION TO MANAGEMENT OF HEADQUARTERS HOTEL ' Whereas, the management of the Wardman Park Hotel has done everythi

within its power to make our Conference a success ; Therefore, be it Resolved, That this, the 37th National Conference on W^eights and Measu:

does express its warmest appreciation and thanks to the management of si hotel for their cordial hospitality and cooperation during our meetings ; be further Resolved, That the Secretary of this Conference transmit a copy of tl resolution to the management of the Wardman Park Hotel. 88
APPRECIATION TO THE HON. F. JOSEPH DONOHUE

yhereas, The Honorable F. Joseph Donohue added much to the success and

liyment of our meeting by delivering a most cordial welcome to the City of

fciiington ; Therefore, be it '\esolved. That this, the 37th National Conference on Weights and Measures

[b hereby acknowledge its appreciation for the courtesies extended by Mr.

[ohue.

I APPRECIATION TO THOSE PARTICIPATING IN PROGRAM

P ibhereas, various committees, speakers, and individuals have given generously

sliheir valuable time and elforts to make the 37th National Conference on

jghts and Measures a success ; Therefore, be it tesolved. That the 37th National Conference on Weights and Measures does bby record its grateful appreciation to all who have contributed to the success

ihe Conference.

atiiphereas, the press and radio of the City of Washington have been generous

jeporting the activities of our present meeting ; and

i7hereas, the Scale Journal has likewise been generous in publishing news and

(ance notices of our present meeting ; Therefore, be it }^\,esolved, That this, the 37th National Conference on Weights and Measures,

!s hereby record its appreciation to the press and radio of the City of isMngton and to the Scale Journal.

Ik

APPRECIATION TO THE PRESS, RADIO, AND THE SCALE JOURNAL

ON INVESTIGATION FOR ACCURATE DETERMINATION OF AXLE LOADS ON

HIGHWAY VEHICLES

Vhereas, weights and measures officials throughout the nation are continually

nested to test axle load scales and loadometers and to recommend weighing

?edures in order to obtain accurate determinations of axle loads of highway

Icles ; and,

'V'hereas, there is no record of a comprehensive and scientific Investigation

,r having been made into a method for an accurate determination of axle loads highway vehicles ; and

Whereas, the extent and causes of wide variations in results of such tests of

e loads are unknown ; Therefore, be it tesolved. That this 37th National Conference on Weights and Measures recomad and request that the National Bureau of Standards, in cooperation with

States, the U. S. Bureau of Public Roads, and the trucking industry, institute

iji,iextensive and scientific investigation into the entire field of testing axle loads

i;fievise a method for accurately obtaining a determination of such loads. (Signed) Miles A. Nelson, Chairman,

nil A. C. Beckee,

If) Walter L. Daniels,

John E. Mahoney,

M. G. Rice,

Louis Snow,

Committee on Resolutions. The report of the Resolutions Committee was adopted by the Conference.)

REPORT OF THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE TREASURER,

GEORGE F. AUSTIN, JR. May 1, 1952

iance on hand May 1, 1951 $636. 47

Cdeipts : lay 25—Registration fees—1951 Conference 273 at

'i $5.00 $1,365.00

] Interest accrued 14. 35

1, 379. 35

k; Total 2, 015. 82 89
Disbursements : May 22-25, 1951—

Expenses of 36th National Conference $946. 30 National Bureau of Standards testimonial scroll 45. 00 Rubber stamp (Registration Fee) 1.44 Two receipt books at $3.30 ea 6. 60 Twelve copies "Parliamentary Law" booklets 2.45

Total expenses $1, 003 Balance on band May 1, 1952 1, Ol4 Respectfully submitted,

(Signed) George F. Austin, Treasure I (The Treasurer's report was adopted by the Conference.) \ (Upon motion of L. E. Witt, the Conference voted to authorize the Secret

to draw upon the Treasury to pay the customary and usual expenses of i Conference.) | RALPH W. SMITH MADE HONORARY LIFE MEMBER

Mr. Witt : Gentlemen, attending with us at this year's Conference an outstanding weights and measures personality. He is wearing w

inordinate pride the Conference badge of identification. It shoi

be the other way around. We are signally honored by his presei

upon this occasion. He has served the National Bureau of Standa;

for more than thirty years. He has done much for the National C< ference. He has guided us. He has written many practical hai

books, which are in fact our official manuals in the conduct of (, business. I, therefore, move that this gentleman, Kalph W. Smith,

accorded the recognition which he has so rightfully earned, and tl this 37th National Conference on Weights and Measures bestow ufl him an honorary life membership; and that the Secretary of t Conference be authorized to address a communication to Mr. Sm

apprising him of the action of the Conference.

(The motion was adopted unanimously.)

(R. W. Searles, Chaplain, closed the meeting with prayer, and the Thii seventh National Conference on Weights and Measures adjourned at 11;

a. m.)

MEETING OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

Secretary's Note.—Immediately following adjournment of the Conferei a meeting was held of the newly elected Executive Committee of the Conferei

This meeting was attended by 15 of the 24 members. Dr. A. V. Astin, Preside

presided. The following decisions were made with respect to the Thirty-eig]^

National Conference on Weights and Measures

The Conference will extend over 4 days, with two sessions on the first day, ( session on the second day, two sessions on the third day, and one session on

fourth day.

The dates for the Conference will be May 19, 20, 21, and 22, 1953. The headquarters for the Conference will be Wardman Park Hotel, Washingt

D. C. The morning session on the second day of the Conference will be held at i National Bureau of Standards if suitable arrangements can be made. Otl sessions of the Conference will be held at the headquarters hotel. The customary informal Conference party will be held on the evening of 1 second day of the Conference. Some form of special entertainment will be provided for the ladies attendi the Conference. 90
S. Biissey, Conference Secretary, was instructed to arrange the program for

friiirty-eiglith National Conference.

e Secretary was requested to arrange for an informal open house and tour

e National Bureau of Standards laboratories on the afternoon of the second

Df the Conference.

addition to the above decisions in regard to the Thirty-eighth National

ference on Weights and Measures, the Executive Committee recommended

the practice of furnishing to the delegates various interesting publicity

Lses by the National Bureau of Standards be continued and expanded,

te Committee also instructed the Secretary to furnish an appropriate HonorLife Membership card or certificate to Ralph W. Smith.

mi

PERSONS ATTENDING THE CONFERENCE

DELEGATES—STATE, CITY, AND COUNTY OFFICIALS

CALIFORNIA

James E. Beexton, Chief, Bureau of Weights

|{ and Measures, Department of Agriculture,

I Mull Building, Sacramento. TAlameda William A. Kerlin, Sealer of Weights and

Measures, 333 Fifth Street, Oakland 7.

eie jJlos Angeles Charles Morris Fuller, Sealer of Weights and

Measures, 3200 North Main Street, Los

Angeles 31. San Diego H. J. McDade, County Sealer of Weights and

Measures, 1480 "F" Street, San Diego.

til J' CONNECTICUT

:,e —— Frank M. Greene, Deputy Commissioner, Food

and Drug Commission, State Oflice Building, Hartford. Frank J. Delaney, State Inspector of Weights

and Measures, State Office Building, Hartford. Clarence F. Roberts, State Inspector of Weights

and Measures, State Office Building, Hartford. Bridgeport Louis Snow, Sealer of Weights and Measures,

925 Main Street.

Tity

Fairfield William E. Sheehy, Sealer of Weights and

Measures, County Court House, Bridgeport.

Alvin B. Coger, Deputy Sealer of Weights and

Measures, Newtown.

Ernest R. Wilson, Deputy Sealer of Weights

and Measures, P. O. Box 269, Norwalk.

Hartford Fred E. McKinney, Sealer of Weights and Measures, Hartford County Building, 95 Washington Street, Hartford. Joseph J. Fanelli, Deputy Sealer of Weights

and Measures, Hartford County Building, 95

I Washington Street, Hartford.

l\ ToUand ^ William F. Masinda, Sealer of Weights and

Measures, West Willington.

] Windham _ .John T. Bennett, County Sealer of Weights and

Measures, Box 76, Canterbury. . DELAWARE

jte _ :__ Martin L. Kinney, Regulator of Weights and

; Measures, 600 Delaware Street, New Castle. 2.32094—53 7 91
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

Department of Weights, Measures, and Markets, 300 Indiana Avenue, ^'

\ Washington

District J. Thomas Kexnedy, Director,

James G. Daxce, Deputy Director. John M. Boucher, Supervisor.

G. Stl'AET Reedee, Supervisor.

Walter W. Brandt, Inspector and Investig

Leo F. Brooks, Inspector and Investigator.

William T. Brunson. Inspector and Investig

Walter R. Cornelius, Inspector and In^ gator. Leo a. Gnotta, Inspector and Investigator.

Fenton C. Harboltr, Inspector and Investig

William H. Jennings, Inspector and Im

gator. Theodore B. Middleton, Inspector and Im

gator. Ralph A. Montgomery, Inspector and In^ gator. Bernard A. Pettit, Inspector and Investig

Francis M. Warner, Inspector and Inv

gator. WooDROw W. Wells, Inspector and Investig;

FLORIDA

State Nalls Berryman, Supervisor, Weights Measures Division, Department of Agricuh

Nathan Mayo Building, Tallaliassee. • City :

! Jacksonville Howard E. Crawford, Inspector of Weights ' Measures, 431 West Eighth Street. Miami Har\'ey E. Howard, Supervisor of Weights

INIeasures, Department of Public Welfare. GEORGIA

State John W. D. Harvey, Assistant Chemist, ^ Oil Laboratory, 524 State Office Builu

Atlanta. ILLINOIS

State John J. Levitt, Superintendent of Standi! 615 Armory Building, Springlield.

William R. Otto, State Inspector of Wei

and Measures, 505 South Clinton Sti Bloomington.

City: Chicago Irvine M. Levy, Sealer of Weights and M

ures. Room 608 City Hall. Frank J. Fitzgerald, Chief Deputy Inspectc

Weights and Measures. Room 608 City Ha

INDIANA

State ROLLiN E. Meek. Director. Division of Wei:

and Measures, Board of Health, 1330 T

Michigan Street. Indianapolis.

City

Fort Wayne James A. Hiloemann, Deputy State Inspecto

Weights and Measures, 301 South Clii Street. Gary Cleo C. Morgan, City Sealer of Weights

Measures, City Hall, Room 204. Terre Haute John T. Harper, Inspector of Weights and M

ures, 205 City Building.

County

Grant Reuben C. Parks, Inspector of Weights - Measures, Court House, Marion,

Vigo William H, Roberts, Inspector of Weights

Measures, Room 5, Court House, Terre Ha

92
IOWA

James W. Reese, Supervisor, Division of Weights

and Measures, Department of Agriculture, Des

Moines.

KANSAS

J. Fred True, State Sealer, Weights and Measures Division, Board of Agriculture, 915 Harri- son Street, Topeka.

Lew Galloway, Chairman, Weights and Measures Committee, Board of Agriculture, 915 Harrison Street, Topeka.

KENTUCKY

Ben S. Adams, Commissioner of Agriculture, Frankfort.

(tEORge L. Johnsox, Director, Division of Weights

and Measures, Department of Agriculture, New

State Capitol, Frankfort. AYiLLiAM H. IsiNG, Jr., Superintendent, Division

of Weights and Measures, Department of Public Safety, Room 3, City Hall. LOUISIANA

Alois J. Mayer, Director, Division of Weights

and Measures, Department of Agriculture and

Immigration, P. O. Box 951, Baton Rouge 1. MAINE

James A. Boyle, Deputy State Sealer, Bureau of Weights and Measures, Department of Agriculture, State House, Augusta.

Charles James Wills, Sealer of Weights and

Measures, 389 Congress Street. MARYLAND

John E. Mahoney, Superintendent of Weights

and Measures, State Department of Markets,

Board of Agriculture, University of Maryland,

College Park. Dr. Paul E. Nystrom, State Department of Markets, University of Maryland, College Park. George H. Leithauser, Senior Assistant Superintendent of Weights and Measures, 11U6 Municipal Building.

Morris Bratman, Inspector of Weights and

Measures, 1106 Municipal Building.

Edwin Edward Jaffa, Inspector of W^eights and

Measures, 1106 Municipal Building.

Frank J. Yittek, Chief Inspector of Weights and

Measures, Offutt Building. Towson 4. George A. Klein, Assistant Inspector of Weights

and Measures, OfCutt Building, Towson 4. A. Morton Thomas, Director, Department of Inspection and Licenses, Court House,

Rockville. WiLFORD Ellis Dayhoff, Inspector of Weights

and Measures, County Court House, Rockville. MASSACHUSETTS

John P. McBride, Director of Standards and

Necessaries of Life, 194 State House, Boston. 93
City

Cambridge Joseph M. O'Neil, Sealer of Weights and Mf

ures, Municipal Building. Fall River James A. Benson, Sealer of Weights and M(

ures, City Hall Annex. Maiden John J. Kelley, City Sealer of Weights i Measures. Medford William S. Vince, Deputy Sealer of Weights ; Measures, City Hall. West Springfield Gael A. .Jacobson, Sealer, Department of Weig

and Measures. County : Arlington .jAivrES J. Dolan, Sealer, Weights and Measu

Department, Arlington Town Hall, Arlingt

MICHIGAN

State Miles A. Nelson, Chief, Bureau of Market

and Enforcement, Department of Agricultu 725 State Office Building, Lansing 13. City:

Dearborn Martin C. Griefith, Councilman, City Coun

Mitchell O. Nickon, City Sealer of Weights a Measures, 4731 Korte Street. Charles H. Waller, Inspector, Department

Licenses, Weights, and Measures, Police a Courts Building. Detroit George F. Austin, Jr., Deputy Sealer of Weig]

and Measures, 740 Elmwood Avenue. William B. Heaslip, Supervising Inspector, I reau of Markets, Weights, and Measures, 7 Elmwood Avenue. Highland Park James F. Baker, City Sealer of Weights a Measures, 25 Gerald Street. Lansing Walter M. Saxton, City Sealer and Mark

master, 8.38 North Cedar. Pontiac Walter A. Baerwolf, Sealer of Weights a Measures, 8 North Perry Street. MINNESOTA

State . Erling Hansen, Supervisor, Department

Weights and Measures, Railroad and Wai'

house Commission, Corn Exchange Buildii Minneapolis 15. David Lundeen, State Weighmaster, Track a Hopper Scale Department, 320 Flour Exchan

Building, Minneapolis 15.

| Christian Christensen, Inspector, Weights a) Measures Department, 216 Corn Exchan!

Building, Minneapolis 15. Melvin C. Ilstrup, State Inspector of Weigh]

and Measures, 2124 Riverside Aveni

Minneapolis. i City: Minneapolis Edward J. Egan, Alderman-Chairman Weigh'

and Measures, Court House. I Russell S. Ackerman, Superintendent, Depai

ment of Licenses, Weights, and Measurt Room 3, City Hall.

' MISSOURI I City : University City D. J. Almon, General Inspector, City Hall. ; NEVADA ^ State A. J. Rafael, Resident Inspector, Departme i of Weights and Measures, Public Servir ^ Division, University of Nevada, P. (). Be

747, Las Vegas.

94
NEW HAMPSHIRE

C. A. Lyon, Director of Markets and Standards,

Department of Agriculture, Concord. Alfred H. Ditteich, Chief Inspector, Bureau of Weights and Measures, Department of Agriculture, Concord. Maurice W. Mullen, Inspector of Weights and

Measures, Department of Agriculture, Concord. NEW JERSEY

Joseph G. Rogers, State Superintendent, Division of Weights and Measures, 187 West

Hanover Street, Trenton 7. Archie T. Smith, Assistant State Superintendent, Division of W^eights and Measures, 187 West Hanover Street, Trenton 7. Samuel H. Christie, Jr., Senior Inspector, Division of Weights and Measures, 187 West

Hanover Street, Trenton 7. Alfred DiPieeo, Superintendent of Weights and

Measures, City Hall. Felix J. Sandri, Superintendent of Weights and

Measures, City Hall. Leonard DeRienzo, Superintendent of Weights

and Measures, City Hall. Charles P. Romano, Superintendent of Weights

and Measures, City Hall. John S. Burke, Municipal Superintendent of Weights and Measures, City Hall. Paul DeVries, Superintendent of Weights and

Measures, P. O. Box 663, Municipal Building.

Joseph Shaw, Assistant Superintendent of Weights and Measures, Municipal Building.

Joseph P. Leonard, Superintendent of Weights

and Measures, 115 Van Houten Street. W^iLLiAM J. Kehoe, Assistant Superintendent

of Weights and Measures, 115 Van Houten

Street. Alfred O. Oslund, Superintendent, Department

of Weights and Measures, 3715 Palisade Avenue. Michael J. Santimauro, Superintendent of Weights and Measures, 66 Zabriskie Street, Hackensack. Ernest E. Dawson, Assistant Superintendent of Weights and Measures, 66 Zabriskie Street, Hackensack.

Albert C. Becker, County Superintendent of Weights and Measures, City Hall, Camden.

Alfred Lirio, Superintendent of Weights and

Measures, Court House, Bridgeton.

WiNFiELD K. Thompson, Assistant Superin- tendent of Weights and Measures, Court

Hou^e, Bridgeton.

Ralph M. Bodenweiser, Superintendent of Weights and Measures, Court House, Trenton. Charles F. Sullivan, Superintendent of Weights and Measures, Room 208 Sheriff's

Office Building, New Brunswick.

Glenn L. Berry, County Superintendent of Weights and Measures, 706 Eighth Avenue,

Asbury Park. Del G. Nelson, Superintendent of Weights and

Measures, Court House, Morristown.

95
County—Continued

Passair William Miller, Superintendent of Weig

and Measures, Administration Building, Pat

son. Union James M. Dietz. Superintendent of Weights ? Measures, Court House, Elizabeth 4. NEW YORK

State Dr. Erwix Y. ]Moore. Assistant Commissioi

Department of Agriculture and Markc

State Office Building, Albany.

Cle^fext a. Baker, Director. Bureau of Weig

and Measures, Department of Agriculture g Markets. State Ofiice Building, Albany.

JoHx J. Leoxard, Supervising Inspector, N

York State Bureau of Weights and Measui

24 Griswold Avenue. Troy,

Matthew G. Rice. Inspector, Bureau of Weig'

and Measures. Department of Agriculture s Markets. S Marlette Place. White Plains. City:

Binghamton Harry A. Lasox, Sealer of Weights and Me

ures, 60 Robinson Street. Buffalo Louis J. Schuster, City Sealer of Weights a Measures, Room 5, City Hall. Jamestown Carl A. Larson. City Sealer of Weights a Measures. 1 Fenton Place. Lackawanna Johx J. Seres, City Sealer of Weights a Measures. 4 Rosary Avenue.

Rochester Anthoxy C. Samenfixk. City Sealer of Weigl

and Measures. Department of Commer

Rochester Food Terminal.

County

Erie O. F. Gaylord, County Sealer of Weights a Measures. County Hall. Buffalo. Monroe Earl D. Hlbble, Sealer of Weights and Mes

ures. Room B, 1400 South Avenue, Rochest Nassau Robert Williams, Sealer of Weights and Me

ures. Old County Court House Annex, Mineo

William Kirk, Jr., Assistant Sealer of Weig]

and Measures. Old County Court House ^- nex, Mineola.

Niagara Hexry C. Hulshoff. Sealer of Weights ai Measures. 17 High Street. Lockport.

NORTH CAROLINA

State C. D. Baucom, Superintendent, Weights a Measures Division, Department of Agricultu

415 Agriculture Building, Raleigh.

Johx I. Moore. Supervisor, Weights and Me:

ures Division, Department of Agricultu 318 Morrison Avenue, Raleigh.

NORTH DAKOTA

State J, C. GoLL, Chief Inspector, Weights and Met

ures Department, Public Service Commissi(

Bismarck.

OHIO

State Y. D. Campbell. Deputy State Sealer, Divisi

of Foods and Dairies, Department of Agric

ture, 710 State Office Building, Columbus 15. City

Akron Robert K. Slough, City Sealer, Division Weights and Measures, i02 Municipal Buildir Cincinnati , Wm. E. G. Rheix', Superintendent, Division Markets. Weights and Measures, Departme

of Safety, 2nd Floor, Market House. 96
Gabok Toth, City Sealer of Weights and Measures, 3019 Caroline Avenue. Robert W. Seaeles, Deputy Sealer of Weights

and Measures, Court House, Medina.

PENNSYLVANIA

Joseph F. Blickley, Director, Bureau of Stand- ard Weights and Measures, Department of Internal Affairs, Capitol Building, Harrisburg.

Spencer H. Seighman, Assistant Director, Bureau of Standard Weights and Measures, De- partment of Internal Affairs, Capitol Building,

Harrisburg.

I'AUL F. Watsox, City Inspector of Weights and

Measures, City Hall. Robert W. Daggett, County Inspector of Weights

and Measures, North Girard. RHODE ISLAND

Edward R. Fisher, State Sealer of Weights and

Measures, Department of Labor, State House,

Providence. James F. Corkigax, Deputy State Sealer of Weights and Measures, Department of Labor,

Providence. Armaxd E. Rexzi, Sealer of Weights and Measures, 14 Tulip Circle, Garden City, Cranston. Edward F. Moean, Superintendent of Weights

and Measures, 141 Fountain Street. SOUTH CAROLINA

J. Roy Jones, Commissioner, Department of Agriculture, P. O. Box 1080, Columbia.

Carl H. Stender, Assistant to Commissioner, De- partment of Agriculture, P. O. Box 1080, Columbia.

Alex H. Gibert, Director, Bureau of Inspection.

Department of Agriculture, P. O. Box 1080,

Columbia.

W. J. Senx, Inspector of Weights and Measures,

Department of Agriculture, Box 1080, Columbia.

SOUTH DAKOTA

Fred Lindekl-gel, Public Utilities Commissioner,

Heavy Scales Department, Pierre. TENNESSEE

Tom ^^'EBB, Sealer of Weights and Measures, 300 Demonbreun Street. Longstreet Cavett, Inspector, Management Services, Inc., 313 E. Forest Road.

TEXAS

Francis L. Goode, Chief, Division of Weights and

Measures, Department of Agriculture, Austin

14. Bernie a. Moore, Field Supervisor, Division of AVeights and Measures, D^epartment of Agriculture, Austin 14.

Pi-tie J. Vitopil, Weights and Measures Inspector, City Hall. Thomas H. Coghill, City Engineer, Department

of Public Works.

97
UTAH

Edwin C. Westwood, City Sealer of Weights i Measures, 118 East First Street. VIRGINIA

R. D. Thompson, Supervisor, Weights and M(

ures Section, Division of Markets, Departm

of Agriculture and Immigration, 1200 E Main Street, Richmond.

E. Brooks Green, Inspector of Weights { Measures, Chatham. ^ Joseph Edward Michaux, Inspector of Weig I and Measures, RED #3, Richmond.

Webster K. Tripple, Chief, Bureau of Weig

and Measures, City Market Building.

James A. Parron, Assistant Sealer of Weigj

and Measures, City Market Building.

| C. R. Thompson, City Sealer of Weights {|

Measures, City Hall. | Claude Roane Branch, Assistant Inspectorij

Weights and Measures, City Hall. | Conway C. Mundy, Chief, Bureau of Weig

and Measures, Room 121, Mosque Buildi Laurel and Main Streets. Alvin L. Brockwell, Inspector of Weights 'u Measures, The Mosque Building, Laurel l Main Streets. | M. L. Rice, Inspector of Weights and Measul

The Mosque Building, Laurel and M

Streets. .Joseph W. Higgins, Assistant Sealer of Weig,

and Measures, Arlington County Court Hoiii Ai'lington.

WASHINGTON

T. A. Carter, Supervisor, Division of Weig

and Measures, Department of Agriculture, : Old Capitol Building, Olympia. i Walter L. Daniels, Director, Division of censes and Standards, Room 100, County-C;

Building.

] Donald M. Turnbull, Supervisor, Division Licenses and Standards, Office of the Coi, troller, 100 County-City Building.

WISCONSIN

William Waterman, Supervisor, Weights i Measures Inspection, 419 S. W. State Capi^

Madison.

Felix Mayer, Sealer of Weights and Measiiio City Hall. I Louis E. Witt, Sealer of Weights and Measuf

1331 North Fifth Street. Robert J. Zierten, Sealer of Weights and M(

ures, City Hall. f J. A. Peikert, Sealer of Weights and Measui

|

Oscar E. Roeselbr, City Sealer of Weights

Measures, City Hall. A. K. Michaelson, City Sealer, DepartmentWeights and Measures, Market Square Bu

ing. WYOMING I Elvin Leeman, Superintendent, Division Weights and Measures, Department of Agric

ture, 310 Capitol Building, Cheyenne. '
DELEGATES—NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

|bctoi'*s Office

ii A. V. AsTiN, Director.

i| A. T. McPherson, Associate Director.

I L. J. Briggs, Director Emeritus.

' William S. Bussey, Chief, Office of Weights and Measures,

j Malcolm W. Jensen, Assistant Chief, Office of Weights and Measures.

I H. Haig RusselI/, Chief, Scale Section, Office of Weights and Measures,

j Charles H. Oakley, Coordinator, Office of Weights and Measures. Herbeet L. Badger, Physicist, Office of Weights and Measures.

I Mrs. K. M. Schwaez, Attorney-Editor, Office of Weights and Measures.

' Mrs. F. C. Bell, Chief Clerk, Office of Weights and Measures. John Friedman, Office of Scientific Publications,

i Bernard H. Barbour, Office of Scientific Publications. Wistry Division

John H. Eiseman, Chemist, Gas Chemistry Section,

^j-hanics Division

B. C. Keysar, Capacity, Density and Fluid Meters Section. John C. Hughes, Project Leader, Capacity, Density and Fluid Meters Section,

j Grace C. Mulligan, Physicist, Capacity, Density and Fluid Meters Section.

! Douglas R. Tate, Physicist, Engineering Mechanics Section.

. L. B. Macurdy, Chief, Mass Section.

\ T. W. Lashof, Assistant Chief, Mass Section,

lies and Metrology Division

' L. V. JuDsoN, Chief, Length Section.

' Ralph W. Ckouch, Jr., Photometry and Calorimetry Section,

'i.sultants

E. C. Crittenden.

WILMER SOUDER.

I GUESTS REPRESENTING UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

'1 Department of Agriculture

A. E. Browne, Research and Statistics Division, Fruit and Vegetable Branch,

Production and Marketing Administration, Washington 25, D. C.

.1 L. C. Carey, Fruit and Vegetable Branch, Production and Marketing Admin-

^ istration, Washington 25, D. C, Edward A. Murphy, Division of Animal Industry, Washington 25, D. C. Charles L. Richard, Supervisor of Scales and Weighing, Livestock Branch,

? 3530 South Building, Washington 25, D. C.

" R. L. Spanglee, Standardization Section, Fresh Products Standardization

and Inspection Division, Fruit and Vegetable Branch, Production and

Marketing Administration, Washington 25, D. C. D. R. Stokes, Research and Statistics Division, Fruit and Vegetable Branch,

Production and Marketing Administration, Washington 25, D. C. Department of Commerce

Oliver H. Watson, Section Chief, Scales and Balances Section, National

Production Authority, 2147 Temporary T Building, Washington 25, D. C. W. E. Braithwaite, Chief, Packaging Section, Commodity Standards Division, Washington 25, D. C.

•5. Food and Drug Administration

'I Robert A. Osborn, Chemist, Food Division, Washington 25, D. C.

j SuMNEs C. RowE, Chemist, Food Division, Washington 25, D. C. ^. Treasury Department

Norman T. Morsell, Tobacco Branch, Alcohol and Tobacco Tax Division, Bureau of Internal Revenue, Washington 25, D. C. GUESTS REPRESENTING MANUFACTURERS OF WEIGHING AND

MEASURING DEVICES

Weather Springs: J. W. Rockefeller, Jr., Engineer, 140 Cedar Street, Jew York 6, i\. Y.

lerican Meter Co. : W. V. Stockton, Jr., P. O. Box D, Wynnewood, Pa. »omer Brothers Co. : Raynor M. Holmes, Research Engineer, Newark, N. Y. :g-Erickson Corporation : L. H. Erickson, President, 469 East Ohio Street, Chicago 11, 111. *vser. Inc. : Walter M. Harks, Vice President, Fort Wayne, Ind. 99
Brodie, Ralph N., Co., Inc. C. J. McCaffeey, Vice President, Eastern Division Headquarters, 550 So

Columbus Avenue, Mount Vernon, N. Y. ' D. S. Johnson, Vice President in Charge of Sales, Oakland, Calif. ! Don \V. Kingsley, 550 South Columbus Avenue, Mount Vernon, N. Y. \ Chatillon, John, & Sons : : J. G. HUGEL, Sr., Sales Representative, 85 Cliff Street, New York 38, N.j

George C. Reiley, Vice President—Sales, 85 Cliff Street, New York 38, N ; Container Corporation of America : William W. Deissler, Jr., Sales Reseai | Manayunk, Philadelphia 27, Pa. '; Continental Can Co., Inc. : Warren D. Ayres, Assistant Product Sales Mana^ i 349 Oraton Street, Newark, N. J. Creamery Package IMfg. Co. : L. T. Gustafson, 1243 West Washington Bouleva

Chicago 7, 111. ; Dairy Equipment Co. : K. S. Hart, Madison, Wis. i Dayton Pump & Mfg. Co. :

' James F. Pease, Field Sales Manager, 500 Webster Street, Dayton, Ohio I Robert H. Sciioening, Assistant Chief Engineer, 500 Webster Street, Dayt

Ohio. Detecto Scales, Inc. :

; D. S. Hammerman, Executive Vice President, 540 Park Avenue, Brooki

5, N. Y. Mack Rapp, Vice President, 540 Park Avenue, Brooklyn 5, N. Y.

^ Mrs. Carrie G. Woodland, Representative, Woodland's Temple Groi

Fellsmere, Fla. \ Erie Meter Systems, Inc.

Paul R. Fishburn, Chief Engineer, Erie 6, Pa. Randall L. Holdridge, Manager, Air Port Fueling Division, P. O. Box 5 Erie, Pa.

j William B. Johnson, Jr., Manager of Sales, P. O. Box 559, Erie, Pa. |i Exact Weight Scale Co. :

I John Beeson, 944 West Fifth Avenue, Columbus 8, Ohio. K. B. Neff, President, 944 West Fifth Avenue, Columbus 8, Ohio, i; W. A. SciiEURER, Vice President, 944 West Fifth Avenue, Columbus 8, Oh

James F. Sullivan, Chief Engineer, 944 West Fifth Avenue, Columbus j Ohio. M. D. Varney, 944 West Fifth Avenue, Columbus 8, Ohio. |. Ex-Cell-0 Corporation, Gene R. Andre, Pure Pak Division, 1200 Oakman Boui vard, Detroit, Mich.

Fairbanks, Morse & Co.

Arthur A. Hafner, Chief Engineer, St. Johnsbury, Vt.

C. A. Hennie, Field Engineer, 657 East 25th Street, Baltimore 18, Md.

Chas. W. King, Manager Scale Department, 760 Lee Street, S. W.,

Atlanta, Ga. Leonard J. McGuire, Manager, St. Johnsbury, Vt. G. C. WoRTHLEY, Manager Scale Division, 600 South Michigan Aveni

Chicago, 111. Forschner, R. H., Co. : Ricliaed A. Forschner, 205 Third Avenue, New Yo.'

3, N. Y.

Fuller, H. J., C. O. : H. J. Fuller, President, 1371 West Third Avenue, Columb12, Ohio. i Gilbert & Barker Manufacturing Co.

Clifford A. Bellows, West Springfield, Mass. William Keay, West Springfield, Mass.

" Joseph A. Logan, Manager, Patents and Weights and Measures, We«

Springfield, Mass. ' Girton Mfg. Co. : Thomas F. Douglas, Millville, Pa. Gould Equipment Co. : Earlon W. Barrett, Representative, Portland, Me.

j Grauberg Corporation : Fred H. Fielding, Washington Representative, 1507

Street N. W., Washington, D. C. Gurley, W, & L. E. : Franklin G. Williams, Washington Representative, 55]; Nevada Avenue N. W., Washington 15, D. C. 100
.<?y. H. A., Associates. luc.

M. A. Hadley, President, 25 Pearl Street, Burlington, Vt. jlosEPH S. Petekson, General Sales Manager, 25 Pearl Street, Burlington, Vt.

irt Manufacturing Co.

KlUERAY W. Ceaig, Weights and Measures Representative, Dayton Scale

T Division, Troy, Ohio. Burns H. Deeese, General Manager, Penn Avenue at Simpson Street, Troy,

Ohio. :rxest a. Reussexzehx. Chief Scale Engineer, Dayton Scale Division. 448

J Huffman Avenue, Dayton 3, Ohio,

'^'le Scale Co.

DWiN W. Counts, Sales Engineer, P. O. Box 611, Radford, Va.

obert a. Parham, Branch Manager, 309 East Saratoga Street, Baltimore 2, Md.

IRichaed F. Stra\\% Vice President, Rutland, Vt.

jnian Mfg. Co. : Robert E. Dorman, General Manager, Automotive Division

,10. Box 69, Delphos, Ohio.

[ison Scale Co. : Allen Y. Johnson, President. 84 Walnut Street, Newark, N. J. (id-Tight Paper Container Association : Arthur W. PIowe, Jr., 1532 Lincolnberty Building, Philadelphia 7, Pa.

e. Joe, Corp. : Norman H. Thomas, Sales Manager, 601 West Twenty-sixth

*f eet. New York, N. Y.

iVel Rack Mfg. Co.. Inc. : Charles M. McCarthy, President, 24 North First

(ireet, Minneapolis 1, Minn,

ijntyre, John J., Sons : ;F. L. McIntyre, 514-16 Knorr Street, Philadelphia 11, Pa. John Lawrence McIntyre, 514-16 Knorr Street, Philadelphia 11, Pa.

,5f5uregraph Co. : Gene A. Powell, Regional Manager, 2306 Poplar Grove

(ireet, Baltimore 16, Md.

onnier Bros. Co. : Alfred C. Woodruff, Sales Representative, 324 Spring

alley Road, Springfield, Delaware County, Pa.

dy, Edward G., & Son, Inc. : Edw^ard G. Moody, Nashua, N. H.

lonal Scale Service: Mrs, E. W. Counts, OflBce Manager, Box 611, Radford,

'a. Ijonal Store Specialty Co.

jJoHN H. Landvater, Engineer, Bareville, Pa. Wallace E. Sheaffer, President, Bareville, Pa. 'aham Mfg. Co. : Carl F. Spang, Partner-General Sales Manager, Division arnes Scale Co., 591 Hillside Avenue, Needham Heights, Mass.

tune Meter Co. : Charles S. Hazard, Director of Research, 192 Jackson Avenue, Long Island

City, N. Y. H. A. Lentz, Jr., 14 Bell's Mill Road, Philadelphia 18, Pa. Walter H. Sieger, Assistant to General Sales Manager, 50 West Fiftieth

Street, New York 20, N. Y.

' Emmett F. Wehmann, Engineer, Engineering Department, 192 Jackson

Avenue, Long Island City, N. Y. npic Instrument Laboratories : Carlyle A. Crecelius, Manager, Box 62,

ive, Wash.

iens-Illinois Glass Co.. : J. D. Laird, Chief Supervisor, Quality and Specifica- ons, Toledo, Ohio.

-Tee Equipment Co.

FiR:NrAN NiEuwLANDT, Superintendent. Spencerville. Ind. ToM Partee, Vice President—Sales, Spencerville, Ind.

rless Weighing & Vending Machine Corporation

Paul W. Barras, Philadelphia District Manager, 218 Huntley Road, Upper

Darby, Pa. James J. Crosby, Vice President, 29-28 Forty-first Avenue, Long Island Citv. N. Y. n Scale Mfg. Co., Inc. : Sydney Black, President, 150 West Berks Street, Mladelphia 22, Pa.

ublic Steel Corp. : K, A. Blom, Corporation Weighing Supervisor, 1106 Reublic Building, 25 Prospect Avenue, Cleveland 1, Ohio. 101
iiockwell Manufacturing- Co.

Edward R. Eylee, Sales Engineer, 12 Mayflower Court, Baltimore, Md. ' Chas. B. Johnson, Chief Engineer, 400 North Lexington Avenue, Pittsb

8, Pa. Robert A. Johnson, Assistant Sales Manager, L. P. Gas Products, 400 ^ '. Lexington Avenue, Pittsburgh 8, Pa, James H. Judge, Sales Manager, Gasoline, Oil & Industrial Meters, 400 IN i Lexington Avenue, Pittsburgh 8, Pa. ' R. F. McCoRMicK, Chief Engineer, Gasoline and Oil Division, 400' ^' Lexington Avenue, Pittsburgh 8, Pa. Chas. H. Obrock, Sales Engineer, 7701 Empire State Building, New ^' N. Y. Sanitary Scale Co. : J. V. Farwell, III, President, 664 North Michigan Avt

Chicago, 111. Saybolt, E. W., & Co.

Justin E. Keith, Manager Pacific Division, 529 Avalon Boulevard, Wiln

ton, Calif. \ Hammond C. Spindell, 265 Bayway, Elizabeth, N. J. i Sealright Co., Inc. : Earl Foster, Chief Chemist, Fulton, N. Y. I Seraphin Test Measure Co. : T. A. Seraphin, General Manager, 1314 N

Seventh Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Sharpsville Steel Fabricators, Inc. : Charles D. Fagan, President, Sharps^

^ Pa. Smith, A. O., Corporation : Thomas C. Ficken, South East District Manager, Meter Division, 153 Na

Street, Atlanta, Ga. Wilson M. Milligan, Sales Manager, Eastern Area, Meter Division, H

Box 500, Succasunna, N. J. W. G. MosER, General Manager, Meter Division, 5715 Smithway Street, Angeles 22, Calif. Stimpson Computing Scale Co.

Frank M. Doyne, General Distributor, 468 Weaver Street, Larchmont, ]>

j John J. Waage, President, 829 Logan Street, Louisville, Ky.

Streeter-Amet Co. : Verne C. Kennedy, Jr., Supervisor of Engineering, ^ Ravenswood Avenue, Chicago 13, 111. Sutherland Paper Co. : L. J. Moore, Assistant Manager, Paraffined Ca

Division, 243 East Paterson Street, Kalamazoo, Mich.

Thatcher Glass Manufacturing Co., Inc. : James Aerandale, Director, Qu£i Control & Service Department, Elmira, N. Y. Tokheim Oil Tank & Pump Co.: William E. Louthan, Service Manager, 11 Wayne, Indiana. } Toledo Scale Co.

Stanley Q. Bennett, Manager of Service and Weights and Measures I

sion, Toledo 1, Ohio. I D. J. BouDiNOT, Industrial Sales Manager, Toledo 1, Ohio. | R. Bradley, Toledo 1, Ohio. Merrell E. Holmes, Assistant General Sales Manager, Toledo 1, Ohio. Thurlo Johnson, Assistant National Service Manager, Toledo 1, Ohio. Albert E. Jones, Divisional Manager, 223 West Exchange Street, Akro

Ohio. Byron D. Miller. Manager, Steel Industry Relations, 1156 Hanna Build Cleveland 15, Ohio.

E. C. Smith, Industrial Division, 213-215 East 27th Street, New York

N. Y. Triner Scale & Mfg. Co. : Frank A. Lang, Representative, 2714 West Twenty-i

Street, Chicago. Illinois. Troemner, Henry

Edward J. Furey, General Manager, 911 Arch Street, Philadelphia 7, P; Charles F. Rosica, Sales Manager, 911 Arch Street, Philadelphia 7, Pa.

U. S. Slicing Machine Co., Inc. : Matthew D. Ribble, Special Representati

Standard Computing Scale Division, La Porte, Ind. Yeeder-Root, Inc.

J. J. Brannick, Sales Manager, Computer Division, 915 Van Buren Str N. E., Auburn, Ind.

, Austin E. McKeever, Sales Manager, Master Meter Duplicator Divis] Hartford 2, Conn. David J. Post, Vice President, Hartford 2, Conn. Washington Scale & Equipment Co. : Aaron Yochelson, Partner, 1107 1>1 Jersey Avenue, N. W., Washington, D. C. 102
le Pump Co.

:!. F. Bateman, Chief Engineer, Salisbury, Md.

A\ O. HowLAND, Engineer, Salisbury, Md.

Liouis SoLTANOFF, Project Engineer, 302 South Boulevard, Salisbury, Md.

) Corporation : C. H. Bentley, President, Webb City, Mo.

low Gov't Std. Scale Works, Inc. : Cael E. Ehkenhardt, Secretary, 25th and

.wthorne Avenue, Terre Haute, Ind.

a, John, Co.

LoTJis G. Close, Manager, Baltimore District, Bennett Pump Division, 2127

i North Charles Street, Baltimore 18, Md.

^'illiam M. Hoxie, Service Manager, Bennett Pump Division, Broadway

and Lethan, Muskegon, Mich.

4iisTS REPRESENTING ASSOCIATIONS, BUSINESS, AND INDUSTRY,

AND RAILROADS

bican Paper Goods Co. : Lloyd W. Vibbeets, Production Superintendent,

5 ^^nsington. Conn.

rican Petroleum Institute: B. H. Loed, Jr., Assistant to Director, Division

^transportation, 1625 K Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. ated Tobacco Manufacturers: Edwaed F. Ragland, Executive Secretary,

ire 104-105 Willard Hotel, Washington 4, D. C. elation of American Soap & Glycerine Producers, Inc. : Roy W. Peet, Man-

; er, 295 Madison Avenue, New York 17, N. Y.

jQS & Durbrow, Inc. : Robert C. Read, General Manager, 165 John Street, iw York 38, N. Y.

jtic Refining Co. : Emil P. Gohn, 260 South Broad Street, Philadephia, Pa. .more & Ohio Railroad Co. : E. Kent Laweence, General Scale Inspector,

jiintenance of Way Department, Baltimore 1, Md.

-[iidian Peat Producers Association: E. E. Carnceoss, Box 699, New Westnster, B. C., Canada.

mercial Textile Mfg. Co. : Aenold S. White, General Manager, 49 K Street. W., Washington, D. C.

i £;y Industries Supply Association, Inc. : Robeet J. Hangee, 1108 Sixteenth

reet, N. W., W^ashington 6, D. C.

I Cup Co. : Aethur J. Nolan, Vice President, Easton, Pa. Standard Oil Co.

Nelson Friz, Construction and Maintenance Assistant, 15 West Fifty-first Street, New York 19, N. Y.

L. L. Kennedy, Superintendent, Construction and Maintenance, 500 North

I Broad Street, Elizabeth 3, N. J.

'line Pump Manufacturers Association : G. Denny Mooee, Managing Director,

aybar Building, 420 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, N. Y.

;ral Ice Cream Corporation : A.. H. Bayee, Vice President and Director of Research and Production,

101 Nott Terrace at Eastern Avenue, Schenectady, N. Y.

|)A. C. Fisher, Vice President and Treasurer, 101 Nott Terrace at Eastern

Avenue, Schenectady 1, N. Y.

ilcjfG. Emerson Sartain, Producer Relations, Bryant & Chapman Dairy, Division of General Ice Cream Corporation, 255 Homestead Avenue, Hartford.

I Conn.

Is Container Manufacturers Institute, Inc. : C. E. Wagner, Development

Vgineer, 8 West Fortieth Street, New York City 18, N. Y.

cester Fisheries Association : L. J. Hart, Secretary, 120 Main Street, Glouces-

?, Mass.

t Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. : R. G. Caepentee, National Meat Department.

1 West Wacker Drive, Chicago 6, 111. Oil Corporation

E. C. Dickey, Atlanta Sales Division, Gulf Building, Atlanta, Ga. W. K. McCoy, General Superintendent Marketing Equipment, Gulf Building,

f Pittsburgh, Pa.

,strial Research Syndicate : C. A. Lindsay, Director, 1305 Euclid Street, N. W.,

'ashington, D. C. irnational Association of Ice Cream Manufacturers

?RoBEET H. Noeth, Executive Assistant, 1105 Barr Building, Washington, D. C. Donald H. Williams, Assistant to Executive Secretary, 1105 Barr Building.

Washington, D. C. 103
Lily-Tulip Cup Co. : Leonakd J. Inglis, Assistant to Vice President, 122 Forty-second Street, New York, N. Y.

Lorillard, P., Co. : Herbeet R. O'Conor, Jr., 10 Light Street, Baltimore, Md

Marvadel Ice Cream Co.: John C. Krusen, Manager, 4001 Seven Mile ] Baltimore 8, Md.

Maryland-Virginia Milk Producers Association: Cecil F. Cole, Field P

sentative, 1756 K Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. Michigan Peat, Inc

Don Endress, Vice President, Capac, Mich,

Mrs. E. P. PoppEL, President, 267 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y.

^Millers National Federation:

Herman Fakler, Vice President, National Press Building, Washington,

John J. McCracken, Assistant to Vice President, National Press Bull Washington, D. C. Mock Seed Co. : Fred G. Mock, 1218 Smallman Street, Pittsburgh, Pa. National Association of Dairy Equipment Manufacturers : John Marsi

Executive Secretary, 927 Fifteenth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. National Association of Scale Manufacturers : Arthur Sanders, No. 1 Th(

Circle, Washington, D. C. National Fisheries Institute, Inc. : Charles E. Jackson, General Man

1614 Twentieth Street, N. W., Washington 9, D. C. Paper Cup and Container Institute, Inc

Dale H. Eokerman, Executive Director, 1790 Broadway, Room 702, York 19, N. Y. Robert W. Foster, Assistant Executive Director, 1790 Broadwav, New 1 N. Y. Pennsylvania Railroad

Byron R. Nelson, Eastern Region, Pennsylvania Station, 30th St Philadelphia, Pa. Millard A. Pinney, Engineer of Tests, Test Department, Altoona, Pa, Philadelphia Seed Co. : J. B. Heetzfeld, Arch and Front Streets, Philadel] Pa.

Pillsbury Mills, Inc.

Otis W. Galloway, Claim Agent, 608 Pillsbury Building, Minneapolis, ]V Bbadshaw Mintener, A^'ice President and General Counsel, 600 Pills Building, Minneapolis, Minn.

Premier Peat Moss Corp. : Malcolm T. Graham, Vice President, 535 I Avenue, New York, N. Y. Safeway Stores, Inc.

Arnold J. Anderson, Retail Operations Manager, 1845 Fourth Street, IS Washington, D. C. Edgar Balshaw, Division Manager, 1845 Fourth Street, N. E., Washing

D. C. Luke Beale, Employee Relations Manager, 1845 Fourth Street, N. Washington, D. C. Frank J. Sheehan, Manager, Public Relations, Dexter Services, 726 Jae

Place, N. W„ Washington 6, D, C, Joseph W. Upton, Price Maker, 1845 Fourth Street, N. E,, Washington, I Saybolt, J. W., Business Counsellor on Weights and Measures Laws,

Carlyle Avenue, Surfside, Miami Beach, Fla. Scale Journal Publishing Co. : Mrs. Edith J. Saybolt, 1708 East Eighty-fo

Street, Chicago 17, 111, Shell Oil Co.

B. F. Carson, Division Engineer, Baltimore, Md.

Joseph V. Hazen, Division Engineer, 37-06 Eighty-second Street, Jacl Heights, N. Y . Leonard E. Noud, Field Engineer, New York Division, 37-08 Eighty-se(

Street, Jackson Heights, N. Y.

Sinclair Refining Co, : Kenneth W. Birkin, Manager, Automotive Departn

600 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc. : E, L, Hoffman, 26 Broadway, New York 4, I' Southern Railway System

Ben F. Gilbert, Chief Scale Inspector, Room 817 Southern Railway Builc Washington, D. C.

J. N. Todd, Superintendent of Scales and Work Equipment, Office of C

Engineer, P. O. Box 1808, Washington 13, D. C, 104
-jithern Weighing and Inspection Bureau : Alfred J. Reynolds, General Super-

'isor in Charge of Weighing and Weights, 511-101 Marietta Street Building,

.jitlanta, Ga.

Kas Co. : H. W. Holland, Manager of Operations, 135 East Forty-second Street, kew York, N. Y.

J read Institute, Inc.

John Bell, Chairman, Legislation Committee, 11 West Forty-second Street, New York 18, N. Y.

J. W. Shaver, Director, 11 West Forty-second Street, New York 18, N, Y.

i David Snyder, Executive Director, 11 West Forty-second Street, New York

18, N. Y.

.king Corporation

[ Elliot Balestier, Jr., Assistant to President, 711 Bowen Building, 815

i! Fifteenth Street, N. W., Washington 5, D. C.

I William M. Sawers, 111 Bowen Building, 815 Fifteenth Street, N. W.,

: Washington 5, D. C. stern Weighing and Inspection Bureau : E. M. Curl, Room 460 Union Station,

•17 West Adams Street, Chicago 6, 111.

ii S. Arbuckle, Dairy Department, University of Maryland, College Park, Md.

arles Bauer, 328 West Ridge Road, Gary, Indiana.

jjK S. Conrad, Dairy Department, University of Maryland, College Park, Md.

• h. F. Joseph Donohue, President, Board of Commissioners, District of

;'olumbia, District Building, Washington, D. C.

|)RGE A. Howe, 112 Fourth Street, S. E., Washington, D. C.

moLjy A. Newlander, University of Maryland, College Park, Md.

lEPfl W. Nisonger, Instructor, Dairy Department, University of Maryland,

-College Park, Md.

Col. Alex Pisciotta, 3348 Gunston Road, Alexandria, Va.

" 'kry G. Smith, Wadsworth, Ohio.

:M. Smith, 700 Elm Street, Chevy Chase, Md.

OTHER GUESTS

li

lat

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1953 105

NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WEIGHTS AND

MEASURES REPORTS

Misc.

Pub. Year Price Misc.

Pub. Year Price

4 1905 OP 74 1926 OP

5 1906 OP 80 1927 OP

6 1907 OP 87 1928 OP

7 1908 OP 101 1929 OP

8 1910 OP 116 1930 OP

9 1911 OP 129 1931 OP

10 1912 OP 156 1935 OP

11 1913 OP 157 1936 OP

12 1914 OP 159 1937 OP

13 1915 OP 161 1938 OP

14 1916 OP 164 1939 OP

41 1919 OP 167 1940 550 43 1920 OP 170 1941 35<fi 48 1921 OP 186 1946

51 1922 OP 189 1947

55 1923 OP 195 1949 350 59 1924 OP 199 1950 500 70 1925 OP 202 1951 500

Where prices are given, the publication may be purchased from

e Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Wash-

»ton 25, D. C. Remittances should be made by coupons (obtainable «m the Superintendent of Documents in sets of 20 for $1 and good

til used), by money order, or check payable to the Superintendent

Documents, Government Printing Office, or by cash; and the remitnce should accompany the order. Orders should be sent to the

perintendent of Documents, and not to the National Bureau of

andards. The Publications marked OP are out of print, but may be

ailable for consultation in public libraries in large cities or in the

raries of leading universities and colleges.