The program of research on building materials and structures, carried on by the

National Bureau of Standards, was undertaken with the assistance of the Central

Housing Committee, an informal organization of governmental agencies concerned with

housing construction and finance, which is cooperating in the investigations through a committee of principal technicians.

CENTRAL HOUSING COMMITTEE ON RESEARCH, DESIGN, AND

CONSTRUCTION

A. C. Shire, Chairman, Howard P. Vermilya, Vice Chairman,

United States Housing Authority. Federal Housing Administration.

Sterling R. March, Secretary.

Pierre Bloukb, John S. Donovan,

Federal Home Loan Bank Board. Farm Security Administration.

Hugh L. Dryden, George W. Trayer,

National Bureau of Standards. Forest Service (F. P. Laboratory).

Louis A. Simon, Joseph M. DallaValle,

Public Buildings Administration. Public Health Service.

Luther M. Leisenring, George E. Knox,

Construction Division (War). Yards and Docks (Navy).

Edward A. Poynton, William R. Talbott,

Office of Indian Affairs. Veterans' Administration.

Wallace Ashby,

Bureau of Agricultural

Chemistry and Engineering.

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

STAFF COMMITTEE ON ADMINISTRATION AND COORDINATION

Hugh L. Dryden, Chairman.

Mechanics and Sound.

Phaon H. Bates, Gustav E. F. Lundell,

Clay and Silicate Products. Chemistry.

HoBART C. Dickinson, Addams S. McAllister,

Heat and Power. Codes and Specifications.

Warren E. Emley, Henry S. Rawdon,

Organic and Fibrous Materials. Metallurgy.

The Forest Products Laboratory of the Forest Service is cooperating with both

committees on investigations of wood constructions.

[For list of BMS publications and directions for purchasing, see cover page III]
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • Harry L. Hopkins, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • Lyman J. Briggs, Director

BUILDING MATERIALS

and STRUCTURES

REPORT BMS57

Roofing in the United States-—Results of

a Questionnaire

by

LEO J. WALDRON and HUBERT R. SNOKE

ISSUED SEPTEMBER 1 8, 1940

The National Bureau of Standards is a fact-finding organization;

it does not "approve" any particular material or method of construction. The technical findings in this series ot reports are to be construed accordingly.

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE • WASHINGTON • I94O

FOR SALE BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, D. C. • PRICE lO CENTS
Foreword

This report siimBiarizes the repKes to a questionnaire submitted

to the Home Owners' Loan Corporation and the Federal Housing

Administration in an effort to obtain a general picture of roofing

practices and conditions throughout the country. Information

obtained by this method is intended to supplement that obtained in

field surveys which have been previously reported in this series.

Lyman J. Briggs, Director.

[n]
Roofing in the United States —Results of a Qiiestionnaire

BY LEO J. WALDRON AND HUBERT R. SNOKE

CON

Page

Foreword ii

1. Introduction 1 II. Distribution of roofing materials 2

III. Durability of roofing materials 3 IV. Unsuited roofing materials 4

V. Restricted roofing materials 4

1. By local regulations - 4

2. By prohibitive freight rates 4

3. Other roofing material not used„ _ 4

ENTS

Page

VI. Customary roofing practices 5 VII. Valley material 5 VIII. Flashings, gutters, and downspouts 5 IX. Premature failures 6 X. Roofing nails 6 XI. Use of new types of roofing materials 6 XII. Recapitulation 7

ABSTRACT

In an effort to obtain a general picture of roofing

practices and conditions throughout the country, a

questionnaire was circulated to 148 field offices of the Home Owners' Loan Corporation and Federal Housing

Administration in 48 States and the District of Columbia. This report summarizes the combined results

of these replies. The questionnaires covered the following items:

Distribution, durability, unsuitability, and restric- tions of various roofing materials; customary roofing

practices; materials for nails, valleys, flashings, gutters, and downspouts; causes of premature roof failures; and the use of new types of roofing materials. The data are presented graphically where possible.

I. INTRODUCTION

In planning the work of the National Bureau

of Standards on roofing materials for low-cost

housing construction, a comprehensive survey

of the various types of commercial roofing materials used throughout the United States was

contemplated together with observations on

their weathering qualities on roofs of known

history in locations typical of widely diftering

climatic conditions. The program embraced

research to establish the characteristic and significant properties of roofing materials in general, the determination of the properties of

those materials whose usage is well established

to serve as a basis of comparison for newly developed materials, and the study of methods of

installing roofing materials to determine which

261300°—40 [

methods are most conducive to long service

life.Definite conclusions concerning the weathering qualities and extent of use of roofing materials can be based only on observations in the field. In two field smveys in 20 Eastern

States made dming 1938, the kinds of roofing

material were totaled for 20,841 dwellings,

along 4,038 miles of highway. The results have been published as Building Materials and

Structures Reports BMS6, Survey of Roofing

Materials in the Southeastern States,' and

BMS29, Survey of Roofing Materials in the

Northeastern States.^ These reports also dis- cuss at length the weathering qualities of the

various roofing materials and contain a total

of 96 photographs illustrating types of weathering.

The original plan to include all sections of

the country in similar surveys requhes very

considerable time, however, so it was thought

desirable to obtain a general picture of roofing

practices and conditions throughout the country

by means of questionnaires filled in by competent observers.

The Home Owners' Loan Corporation and the

Federal Housing Administration, tlnough then- representatives in the field, fm-nished an ideal

set up for this questionnaire plan. The chief

point of difference between the two questionnaires was that an attempt was made in the

1 Price 15 cents. See cover page III.

2 Price 10 cents. See cover page in.

]
one sent to the Federal Housing Administration

to secure information concerning the extent of use of some of the roofing materials that have

been developed recently. Wlien the questionnahes were circulated, these agencies maintained a total of 148 field offices, 83 representing

the Home Owners' Loan Corporation, and 65,

the Federal Housing Administration, distributed throughout the 48 States and the District

surveys have been made by representatives of the National Bureau of Standards with the

results obtained in the surveys indicates the

reliability of the data in those sections.

It should be emphasized that the material in

this report is simply a compilation of data fur- nished by others. Also that the questionnaire

method was not intended as a substitute for surveys in the field, but instead, was expected

predo/7?mate/y predommate/y prec/o/r?//7ate/y

asp/7a/t s/)ing/es n^oodjh/ng/es asp/?a/t orivooc/

S/aie

Figure 1.

Distribution o/ principal roofing materials.

1. Predominately slate, wood, or asphalt. 2. 50 percent built-up roofing. 3. Predominately tile, cement-asbestos, or asphalt.

of Columbia. Each of these offices contained

men who were thoroughly familiar with local roofing practices, usually through previous

experience in the architectural, building, roofing, or real-estate fields. The data presented herein are based upon the

combined returns from both agencies (148

offices) . In many offices several persons collaborated in furnishing the information. Wliile

the data represent the opinions of the persons

who filled in the questionnaire forms, in most

cases these were carefully considered opinions

of qualified observers. Comparison of the returns from the two sections in which field

to supplement the information obtained by such

surveys. The data are presented graphically where

possible.

The various items that were used with the

questionnaire are regiven in italic type at the

beginning of the following sections.

II. DISTRIBUTION OF ROOFING

MATERIALS

List the approximate percentage of each type of

roof on urban and on svburhan dwellings in your

district. The following materials were listed: Slate,

[2]
wood shingles, asphalt shingles, metal shingles,

cement-asbestos shingles, tile, sheet metal,

asphalt roll roofing, asphalt built-up roofing,

and coal-tar pitch built-up roofing.

The map (fig. 1) summarizes these replies

and shows the predominating roofing material on both urban and suburban dwellings in (>ach of the States of the Union.

In general, wood shingles were reported as the predominating roofing material in the

Western States, and asphalt shingles in the

Eastern States. The Mississippi River divides

the countiy roughly into two sections with re- spect to the use of these two materials. There

are, however. States in both sections where

these two materials are used to almost an equal

extent and where it is difficult to determine from the data at hand the predominating material. Some of these areas are indicated on the map. Slateproducing areas in the Middle

Atlantic States are noted.

Although other materials,

such as metal, built-up roofing,

cement-asbestos shingles, tile, and roll roofing, have comparatively wide use in certain sec- tions of the country, the data

indicate that their use is not

sufficiently large to make them

the predominating material in any one State.

- III. DURABILITY OF

ROOFING MATERIALS

List the approximate years of

service before replacement of roofs on dwellings in your district. This question referred to the types of roofs listed in section II. The average years of service

that were reported for wood

and asphalt shingles are given

in the maps (figs. 2 and 3). Geographic location appears to be a controlling factor in determining the life of asphalt shingles, as a mucli

longer life obtains in the northern section of this country than in the south. Tliis is confirmc'd

by the results of actual sui-veys in Northeastern

and Southeastern States (see footnotes 1 and 2, page 1). Twenty-six States north of the

dotted line in figure 3, which corresponds roughly to the 40th para]l(4 of latitude, reported an average life of 16 years for aspiialt sliingles; 2i States south of this line repoi'ted an average life of 12 years. That these figures would vary over a considerable range was to be expected, since in many cases factors other than the material

itself determine the ultimate service life of roofs. This is particularly true of materials whose

Figure 2.

Reported life of wood shingles, in years, averaged for each State.

Figure 3.

Reported life of asphalt shingles, in years, averaged for each State.

[31
service life is longest, such as certain types of metal, slate, and cement-asbestos.

The data reported for wood shingles do not

indicate any marked differences in the life of wood shingles in different locations.

IV. UNSUITED ROOFING MATERIALS

List roofing materials considered unsuited in

your district because of climatic conditions, and

briefly list climatic conditions.

No replies were given to this question in 45

percent of the questionnaires. The others

listed one or more materials which they considered unsuitable for roofing in their district because of some prevailing climatic condition, a total of 111 items being included in this list. The results are summarized on a percentage

basis in figure 4. Climatic conditions listed as restrictions in the use of specific roofing material were as follows: Strong winds, hail, extremes of temperature, heat, fog, salt air, and industrial

atmospheres. Materials reported as unsuited

under each of these headings were

:

Strong winds: Slate, tile, asphalt-prepared

roll roofings and shingles, and metal

roofings.

Hail: Slate, tile, asphalt-prepared roll roofings and shingles, and cement-asbestos

shingles.

Extremes of temperature: Tile, metal roofings, and asphalt shingles.

Heat: Asphalt-prepared roll roofings and

shingles, wood shingles, and built-up

roofing.

Fog, salt air, or industrial atmospheres:

Metal roofing.

Roll R.oofing 1 Metal 1 Asphalt Shingles 1 Tile 1

Built-up Roofings 1 Slate 1

Cement-asbestosShingles Wood Shingles O lO 20 30 40 Figure 4.

Percentage of materials reported as unsuited

in certain climates.

V. RESTRICTED ROOFING MATERIALS

1. By Local Regulations

List roofing material whose use is restricted by

local regulations.

Replies from 41 States and the District of Columbia, representing 66 percent of the total

replies, indicate that the use of wood shingles was restricted wituin fii-e districts of urban

areas.

2. By Prohibitive Freight Rates

List roofing materials whose use is restricted: in

your district because oj prohibitive freight rates. Fifty-four percent of the replies state that

the use of one or more of the conventional

roofing materials is restricted within their

district because of prohibitive freight rates. Four materials were mentioned a total of 128

times. The results are summarized on a per- centage basis in figure 5. Of these, slate, tile,

Slate

Tile

Cement-Asbestos Metal

1

1

1 z:

O /O 20 30 40 SO 60

Figure .5.Percentage of materials reported as restricted by prohibitive freight rates in certain locations.

and cement-asbestos material constitute 94

percent of the total. These are all of the heavy

rigid type and transportation costs would be

important factors in determining their use in locations somewhat distant from the source of supply.

3. Other Roofing Material Not Used

List roofing material not used in your district and probable reason for same. Approximately 50 percent of the replies

listed one or more materials not used in their

district. Eight materials were mentioned a

total of 111 times. The relative percentage of each is shown in figure 6. The principal reasons given for the nonuse

of some of the materials include: High initial cost of slate, tile, cement-asbestos shingles,

copper, or terne roofing ; high construction costs

[4]
Tile

Teme&OalMetal

Copper

Slate

Cement35bestosJhingh . koll Hoofing

built-up koofin^ o /o 20 30

Figure 6.

Percentage of materials reported as being unused in certain districts.

due to the excessive weights of slate or tile; appearance of metal or asphalt-prepared roll roofings; high maintenance costs of tile, metal,

or built-up roofing; lack of adaptability of

metallic roofing to the design of the structure; and limitation of built-up roofing to relatively

flat pitches.

VI. CUSTOMARY ROOFING PRACTICES

Are the following practices customary in your

district?

1. Use of ridge roll on wood-shingle roofs.

2. Use of ridge roll on slate shingle-roofs.

3. Use of beveled wood strip _

on reroofing over wood shingles.

4. Use of roll roofing on over- hang at eaves of asphalt-shingle

roofs.

5. Use of sheet metal on over- hang at eaves of other roofs.

6. Use of saturated felt under

asphalt shingles in new construction.

7. Use of saturated felt imder

asphalt shingles over an old

roof.

8. Are gutters and downspouts ever eliminated?

9. Are snow guards used?

The reports are sununarized on a percentage basis in figure 7.

are summarized on a percentage basis in tiiblc

]. They iruhcate that the chief matci'ials used

for valleys on the various roofings are: Slate—copper.

Wood shingles—galvanized metal or teme.

Tile—copper.

Asphalt shingles—roll roofing or galviini/.cd

metal.

Cement asbestos shingles—copjicr or galvai:-

ized metal.

Table 1.—Types of valley material used with variovh kinds of roofing materials

Roofing material

Valley material, average percentages reported

Copper Terne

Gal- vanized metal

Roll

roof- ing Metal 1 Miscel- laneous

Slate 75

10es

4

44

1033

715

13

947

I'J 23

34

5

5

3

1

7

15

3

1

2

Tile _ Asphalt shingles C e m e n t - a sbestos

shingles

56

1 Unclassified. VIII. FLASHINGS, GUTTERS, AND

DOWNSPOUTS

List the approximate percentage in use and

approximate years of serince before replacement

of flashings, gutters, and downspouts.

VII. VALLEY MATERIAL

List type of valley material

generally used with the various

types of roofing.

The replies to this question

Ridge rollon i^vood shingles

Ridge roll on slate shingles

5ei/e/ woodstrips on reroofing

o/er ivood s/7/r?gr/es

Ro//roofing on fai/es o/erfang

Metal on Eaves overhang

felt underasphalt sh/ngles

A/eiv construct/on

felt underssphait sh/ngies

Old constri/ct/on

flimindijon of0utters6c Downspouts

(seeteyt tor ivordfng oft/?/s questio/fj

Use ofsnoivguards

yes No

Yes

A/o

A/o

yes No

yes

/Vo

yes No

yes

yes (jometimes) No

yes I No

Figure 7. O 20 40 eo 30-Percentage of replies covering roofing practices.

roo

[5]
The combined and averaged data obtained in answer to this question are summarized in table 2. These figures are to be considered as general, since wide fluctuations in service behavior of metal flashings, gutters, and downspouts may exist within a given district, depending upon the corrosive conditions of the

prevailing atmosphere in which the particular

article is exposed, as well as on the effectiveness

of protective coatings such as paint.

Table 2.

Summary of data on flashings, gutters, and

downspouts

Flashings: Galvaniwd

Ternc Copper

Gutters: Galvanized Copper Wood

Downspouts:

Galvanized Copper

Average of replies Life

Percent Years

57 19

1844

1743

20

1744

IX. PREMATURE FAILURES

In your ojnm<yn which of the following items cause premat'ure roofj'u Uvres in your district!

(1) Faulty design.

(2) Faulty construction.

(3) Failure of material.

(4) Failure of flashings.

(5) Severe weather conditions.

This question was contained only in those

questionnaires submitted to one agency. The

results are summarized in figure 8. It appears

from these data that no one factor can be considered as prominently responsible for roof

Construction

Weathering

Flashings

Materials

Design

failures. Poor construction and severe weathering conditions, in the opinion of those answering

the questionnaire, constitute over 50 percent

of the premature roof failures.

X. ROOFING NAILS

List the type of nails generally used with slate, wood shingles, tile, asphalt shingles, and cementasbestos shingles.

This question was contained only in the questionnaires submitted to one agency.

A summary of the replies to this question is presented in table 3.

Table 3. -Type of nail used with various kinds of roofing material

Type of nail, average percentages reported

Roofing materia! Copper Gal- vanized Blue

steel

Ce- ment

coated

Miscellane- ous I

Slate 70 26 4 Wood shingles- 84 8 6 2 Tile.-_ 65 32 1 2 Asphalt shingles ... 70 5 5 Cement-asbestos shingles. .

.

63 30 2 5

O lO 20 30

Figure 8.

Percentage of replies covering roofing failures.

' Lead coated, zinc, etc. XL USE OF NEW TYPES OF ROOFING

MATERIALS

Indicate by a check in the proper column the extent of use of the roofing material listed. This question was contained only in the

questionnaire submitted to one agency.

The columns were headed "no use, slight use, moderate use, and wide use." The following

materials were listed:

1. Crimped copper shingles.

2. Other metal shingles.

3. Metal tile, copper or galvanized.

4. 10-ounce copper sheet.

5. 3- or 4-ounce reinforced copper.

6. Shingle tiles (light weight).

7. Portland cement shingles.

8. Thick asphalt mastic shingles.

9. Copper-bound asphalt shingles.

The percentage of checks in the various

columns for these materials is summarized in table 4.

[6]
Table 4. —Use of new roofing materials

Roofing material

Percentage of replies

No use Slight use Moderate

or wide use

' Crimped copper shingles 85 15 Other metal shingles... 57 38 5 Metal tiles 60 37 3 10-oz copper. __ 66 34

3-oz copper _ 71 27 2 Shingle tiles _ --. . 32 50 18 Cemert shingles.- . 38 46 16 Thick mastic shingles 10 39 « 51 Copper-bound shingles 75 20 5

' Replies apparently confused with so-called thick-butt shingles made

on a felt base.

XII. RECAPITULATION

This report summarizes the results of the

repKes to a questionnaire submitted to the

Home Owners' Loan Corporation and the

Federal Housing Administration. A number of interesting and important generalizations based on the results of the questionnaire are:

1. In general, wood shingles were reported as the predominating roofing material in the

Western States and asphalt shingles in the

Eastern States. The Mississippi River divides

the country roughly into two sections with

respect to the use of these two materials.

2. A much longer life obtains for asphalt

shingles in the northern section of this country

than in the south. Variations in the reported

life of wood shingles indicate little effect from

geographic location.

3. From the standpoint of prevailing climatic

conditions, no single roofing material can be

considered as entirely suitable in all sections of the country.

4. The use of wood shingles is usually restrict- ed within the fu'e districts of urban areas in

many States.

5. High transportation costs limit the use of heavy rigid roofing materials in locations some- what distant from the source of supply.

6. Copper, galvanized-metal, tei'ne, and

asphalt-prepared roll roofing are the principal

materials used for valley construction.

7. Copper or galvanized nails are generally

used with most types of roofings.

8. No one factor can be considered as prominently I'esponsible for roof failures. Poor

construction of roofs and severe weathering of

materials constitute more than 50 percent of premature roof failures.

9. New materials which have appeared for

roofing purposes within recent years have, as

yet, but slight use.

Washington, May 21, 1940.

o

[7]

BUILDING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES REPORTS

On request, the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington,

D. C, will place your name on a special mailing list to receive notices of new reports in this

series as soon as they are issued. There will be no charge for receiving such notices. An alternative method is to deposit with the Superintendent of Documents the sum of $5,

with the request that the reports be sent to you as soon as issued, and that the cost thereof be charged against your deposit. This will provide for the mailing of the publications without

delay. You will be notified when the amount of your deposit has become exhausted.

If 100 copies or more of any paper are ordered at one time, a discount of 25 percent is allowed. Send all orders and remittances to the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing

Office, Washington, D. C.

The following publications in this series are available by purchase from the Superintendent of Documents at the prices iadicated:

BMSl Research on Building Materials and Structures for Use in Low-Cost Housing 100 BMS2 Methods of Determining the Structural Properties of Low-Cost House Constructions.. 100 BMS3 Suitability of Fiber Insulating Lath as a Plaster Base 100 BMS4: Accelerated Aging of Fiber Building Boards 100 BMS5 Structural Properties of Six Masonry Wall Constructions 150 BMS6 Survey of Roofing Materials in the Southeastern States 150 BMS7 Water Permeability of Masonry Walls 100 BMS8 Methods of Investigation of Surface Treatment for Corrosion Protection of Steel 100 BMS9 Structural Properties of the Insulated Steel Construction Company's "Frameless-Steel"

Constructions for Walls, Partitions, Floors, and Roofs 100 BMSIO Structural Properties of One of the "Keystone Beam Steel Floor" Constructions Sponsored by the H. H. Robertson Co 100 BMSll Structural Properties of the Curren Fabrihome Corporation's "Fabrihome" Constructions for Walls and Partitions 100 BMS12 Structural Properties of "Steelox" Constructions for Walls, Partitions, Floors, and Roofs

Sponsored by Steel Buildings, Inc 150 BMS13 Properties of Some Fiber Building Boards of Current Manufacture 100 BMS14 Indentation and Recovery of Low-Cost Floor Coverings 100 BMS15 Structural Properties of "Wheehng Long-Span Steel Floor" Construction Sponsored by

Wheeling Corrugating Co 100 BMS16 Structural Properties of a "Tilecrete" Floor Construction Sponsored by Tilecrete Floors, Inc 100 BMS17 Sound Insulation of Wall and Floor Constructions 100 BMS18 Structural Properties of "Pre-Fab" Constructions for Walls, Partitions, and Floors Sponsored by the Harnischfeger Corporation 100 BMS19 Preparation and Revision of Building Codes 150 BMS20 Structural Properties of "Twachtman" Constructions for WaUs and Floors Sponsored by

Connecticut Pre-Cast Buildings Corporation 100 BMS21 Structural Properties of a Concrete-Block Cavity-Wall Construction Sponsored by the National Concrete Masonry Association 100 BMS22 Structural Properties of "Dun-Ti-Stone" Wall Construction Sponsored by the W. E. Dunn Manufacturing Co 100 BMS23 Structural Properties of a Brick Cavity-Wall Construction Sponsored by the Brick

Manufacturers Association of New York, Inc 100 BMS24 Structural Properties of a Reinforced-Brick Wall Construction and a Brick-Tile CavityWall Construction Sponsored by the Structural Clay Products Institute 100 BMS25 Structural Properties of Conventional Wood-Frame Constructions for Walls, Partitions,

Floors, and Roofs 150 BMS26 Structural Properties of "Nelson Pre-Cast Concrete Foundation" Wall Construction

Sponsored by the Nelson Cement Stone Co., Inc 100 BMS27 Structural Properties of "Bender Steel Home" Wall Construction Sponsored by The

Bender Body Co 100 BMS28 Backflow Prevention in Over-Rim Water Supplies 100 BMS29 Survey of Roofing Materials in the Northeastern States 100 BMS30 Structural Properties of a Wood-Frame Wall Construction Sponsored by the Douglas

Fir Plywood Association 100 BMS31 Structural Properties of "Insulite" Wall and "Insulite" Partition Constructions Sponsored by The Insulite Co 150 BMS32 Structural Properties of Two Brick-Concrete-Block Wall Constructions and a Concrete- Block Wall Construction Sponsored by the National Concrete Masonry Association. 100 BMS33 Plastic Calking Materials 100 BMS34 Performance Test of Floor Coverings for Low-Cost Housing: Part 1 100 BMS35 Stability of Sheathing Papers as Determined by Accelerated Aging 100

[List continued on cover page IV]
BUILDING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES REPORTS

[Continued from cover page III ] BMS36 Structural Properties of Wood-Frame Wall, Partition, Floor, and Roof Constructions with

"Red Stripe" Lath Sponsored by The Weston Paper and Manufacturing Co 10(i BMS37 Structural Properties of "Palisade Homes" Constructions for Walls, Partitions, and

Floors, Sponsored by Palisade Homes 10^ BMS38 Structural Properties of Two "Dunstone" Wall Constructions Sponsored by the W. E. Dunn Manufacturing Co lOjS BMS39 Structural Properties of a Wall Construction of "Pfeifer Units" Sponsored by the Wisconsin Units Co 100 BMS40 Structural Properties of a Wall Construction of "Knap Concrete Wall Units" Sponsored

by Knap America, Inc 10(4 BMS41 Effect of Heating and Cooling on the Permeability of Masonry Walls 10^ BMS42 Structural Properties of Wood-Frame Wall and Partition Constructions With "Celotex"

Insulating Boards Sponsored by the Celotex Corporation 10^ BMS43 Performance Test of Floor Coverings for Use in Low-Cost Housing: Part 2 100 BMS44 Surface Treatment of Steel Prior to Painting 100 BMS45 Air Infiltration Through Windows 100 BMS46 Structural Properties of "Scot-Bilt" Prefabricated Sheet-Steel Constructions for Walls,

Floors, and Roofs Sponsored by The Globe-Wernicke Co 100 BMS47 Structural Properties of Prefabricated Wood-Frame Constructions for Walls, Partitions,

and Floors Sponsored by American Houses, Inc 100 BMS48 Structural Properties of "Precision-Built" Frame Wall and Partition Constructions

Sponsored by the Homasote Co 100 BMS49 Metallic Roofing for Low-Cost House Construction 100 BMS50 Stability of Fiber Building Boards as Determined by Accelerated Aging 100 BMS51 Structural Properties of "Tilecrete Type A" Floor Construction Sponsored by the Tile- crete Co 100 BMS52 Effect of Ceiling Insulation upon Summer Comfort 100 BMS53 Structural Properties of a Wall Construction of "Munlock Dry Wall Brick," Sponsored

by the Munlock Engineering Co 100 BMS54 Effect of Soot on the Rating of an Oil-Fired Heating Boiler 100 BMS55 Effects of Wetting and Drying on the Permeability of Masonry Walls 100 BMS57 Roofing in the United States —Results of a Questionnaire 100