IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 18-2180

Filed April 3, 2019

IN THE INTEREST OF R.B.,

Minor Child,

T.B., Father,

Appellant,

L.W., Mother,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Lynn Poschner, District 

Associate Judge.

The mother and father separately appeal the termination of their parental 

rights. AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.

Richard Hollis, Des Moines, for appellant father.

Christine E. Branstad of Branstad & Olson Law Office, Des Moines, for 

appellant mother.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Anagha Dixit, Assistant Attorney 

General, for appellee State.

Karl Wolle of Juvenile Public Defender’s Office, Des Moines, guardian ad 

litem for minor child.

Considered by Vogel, C.J., Vaitheswaran, J., and Danilson, S.J.*

*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206 (2019).
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VOGEL, Chief Judge.

The mother and father both appeal the termination of their parental rights to 

their child. The mother argues the State failed to prove by clear and convincing 

evidence that grounds for termination exist under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(h) 

(2018), the district court should have granted her a six-month extension, 

termination was not in the best interests of the child, and termination was 

precluded due to relative placement and a strong bond between her and the child. 

Alternatively, the mother claims the district court should have established a 

guardianship. The father similarly argues he should be granted additional time to 

work toward reunification, termination is not in the best interests of the child, 

relative placement precludes termination, and a guardianship should have been 

established. We affirm the district court’s determinations. 

I. Background Information

R.B. was born in January 2016. The Iowa Department of Human Services 

(DHS) became involved with this family in October 2017, after concerns the mother 

was using methamphetamine while caring for R.B.1 The mother admitted to using 

marijuana and methamphetamine on and off for fifteen to twenty years. She 

reported she does not use while R.B. is in her care, but she admitted to resuming 

care within twenty-four hours after using methamphetamine. R.B. was removed 

from her mother’s care on December 20 and placed in the care of her maternal 

aunt; R.B. was later placed in the care of the mother’s cousin.

 

1 When R.B. was born, she tested positive for THC. A child protective assessment was 

created, but DHS later closed that case. 
3

The mother participated in a substance-abuse evaluation on January 11, 

2018, and while it was recommended she attend treatment, she never sought

treatment. In March, the mother’s hair-stat test was positive for 

methamphetamine. After this test, the mother refused to provide any further 

samples for hair-stat tests. The mother also struggled with mental-health issues 

but failed to properly address them. Despite hearing voices, the mother believed

she did not need to see a therapist or inform her medication provider that her 

medication did not stop the voices. In one of DHS’s reports to the court, DHS 

recounted an incident during a visit on May 16, where the mother was “yelling and 

swearing at people who were not present and looking at [R.B.] while she did this.” 

The father was incarcerated for trafficking methamphetamine at the time 

DHS began this assessment, but he was released on parole on March 9, 2018. 

After he was released, the father had a total of seven visits with R.B., one of which 

he fell asleep during. He was arrested again in August for six counts of forgery 

and was incarcerated while awaiting trial at the time of the termination hearing. 

The State filed a petition to terminate both parents’ parental rights on August 

18. On December 7, the district court found the State proved by clear and 

convincing evidence the grounds for termination under Iowa Code section 

232.116(1)(h). The mother and father both appeal. 

II. Standard of Review

We review termination-of-parental-rights proceedings de novo. In re M.W., 

876 N.W.2d 212, 219 (Iowa 2016). “We are not bound by the juvenile court’s 

findings of fact, but we do give them weight, especially in assessing the credibility 

of witnesses.” In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 706 (Iowa 2010). “We will uphold an 
4

order terminating parental rights if there is clear and convincing evidence of 

grounds for termination under Iowa Code section 232.116.” Id.; accord Iowa Code 

§ 232.117(3) (“If the court concludes that facts sufficient to sustain the petition 

have been established by clear and convincing evidence, the court may order 

parental rights terminated.”). “‘Clear and convincing evidence’ means there are no 

serious or substantial doubts as to the correctness [of] conclusions of law drawn 

from the evidence.” In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 492 (Iowa 2000).

III. Grounds for Termination

The mother argues the State did not meet its burden of proving by clear and 

convincing evidence that her parental rights should be terminated under Iowa 

Code section 232.116(1)(h). Specifically, she challenges the State’s 

establishment of the fourth requirement, which provides the child could not be 

returned to the mother’s custody “at the present time.”2 Iowa Code 

§ 232.116(1)(h)(4). She claims the only negative interaction between her and R.B. 

occurred when she yelled at the voices she heard, and she argues there is no 

indication that hearing voices eliminates her ability to parent appropriately. 

However, she does not claim R.B. could have been returned to her care at the time 

 

2

Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(h) provides termination is warranted if,

The court finds that all of the following have occurred:

(1) The child is three years of age or younger.

(2) The child has been adjudicated a child in need of assistance 

pursuant to section 232.96.

(3) The child has been removed from the physical custody of the 

child’s parents for at least six months of the last twelve months, or for the 

last six consecutive months and any trial period at home has been less 

than thirty days.

(4) There is clear and convincing evidence that the child cannot be 

returned to the custody of the child’s parents as provided in section 232.102 

at the present time.
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of the termination hearing; instead, she concedes she has “additional steps to take” 

and argues a six-month extension should have been granted. 

At the termination hearing, the mother testified that her medications only 

quieted the voices, she did not inform her medication provider she still heard 

voices, and she refused to attend therapy. The district court noted the mother, 

“continued to hear voices while testifying during the termination hearing.” Also, the 

mother has admitted to using marijuana and methamphetamine for the past fifteen 

to twenty years, but she has not sought any substance-abuse treatment. She 

testified she would care for R.B. when “coming down” from a high and stated, “I 

don’t think that the issues, per se, have anything to do with me raising my 

daughter.” A DHS worker opined that termination was appropriate since the 

mother had not fully addressed her substance-abuse and mental-health issues.

At the time of the termination hearing, the mother had not properly 

addressed her many issues and refused to acknowledge her issues affected her 

ability to parent. Additionally, the mother fails to argue R.B. could have been 

returned to her care at the time of the hearing and concedes to needing additional 

time to work toward reunification. Therefore, we agree with the district court the 

State proved by clear and convincing evidence that grounds for termination exist. 

See Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(h).

IV. Additional Time

Both parents argue the district court should have granted an additional six 

months before termination. First, the mother asserts the additional time was 

warranted because she was appointed new counsel two months before the 

termination hearing. She also argues her desire to parent, her “capacity to address 
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[substance-abuse] issues,” and her “insight into her own use” demonstrates she 

could resume care of R.B. if additional time were granted. The father argues 

additional time should be granted because, “assuming he is found not guilty with 

respect to pending criminal charges and with respect to any violation of parole 

proceedings, he will not be incarcerated.”3

Iowa Code section 232.104(2)(b) provides the court may authorize a sixmonth extension of time if it finds “the need for removal of the child from the child’s 

home will no longer exist at the end of the additional six-month period.” In its order, 

the district court noted “[v]ery little has changed since the permanency hearing.” 

With regard to the mother, the only changes noted were the mother’s visits with 

R.B. became inconsistent and the mother refused to provide hair samples for drug 

testing. The mother testified she did not believe her issues affected her ability to 

parent, refused to seek substance-abuse treatment, and refused to seek further 

mental-health treatment. At the termination hearing, a DHS worker provided that 

if the district court granted additional time, the mother would “need to engage in 

extensive mental-health treatment and address hearing of voices and talk with her 

medication management team about still hearing voices and maybe adjusting her 

 

3

In his petition, the father also claims additional time should have been granted because 

the mother has participated in mental-health services to some degree, which undermines 

the State’s assertion R.B. could not be returned to either parents’ care. He further claims 

if additional time had been granted, “both parents would have had an opportunity to 

address [DHS’s] concerns” and removal would no longer be necessary. However, the 

father may not raise arguments for the mother and may not use the mother’s progress to 

bolster his claim. See In re D.G., 704 N.W.2d 454, 459 (Iowa Ct. App. 2005) (noting 

parents may not join their arguments because “in termination of parental rights 

proceedings each parent’s parental rights are separate adjudications, both factually and 

legally”). On appeal, the father must argue why his parental rights should not be 

terminated based on his own strengths and weaknesses. See id. at 460. Therefore, we 

will only address the father’s arguments as they pertain to him. 
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medication. She would need to provide drug screens for the department and 

engage in substance-abuse treatment.” Due to the mother’s unwillingness to 

acknowledge her issues and their effects on R.B., the district court was correct in 

not granting an extension of time. See Iowa Code § 232.104(2)(b). 

With regard to the father, the district court noted he had been arrested again 

after being released for only a few months. The father’s future is uncertain 

because of the pending criminal charges. “We will not gamble with a child’s future 

by asking him [or her] to continuously wait for a stable biological parent, particularly 

at such a tender age.” In re D.S., 806 N.W.2d 458, 474 (Iowa Ct. App. 2011). His 

lack of effort to improve his situation to be able to parent R.B. supports the district 

court’s finding that additional time would not extinguish the need for removal. See 

Iowa Code § 232.104(2)(b). 

V. Best Interests of the Child

The mother and father both argue termination was not in the best interests 

of the child. The mother argues termination is not in the best interests of the child 

because of her strong bond with R.B. However, this argument is misplaced, since 

such consideration falls under Iowa Code section 232.116(3) as to why termination 

should not occur rather than the best-interests determination under Iowa Code 

section 232.116(2).4 The father claims termination is not in the best interests of 

the child because he has participated in “at least eight visits.”

 

4 The mother also asserts it is in the best interests of R.B. to either grant her additional 

time or establish a guardianship; however, these arguments are addressed in other 

sections of this opinion.
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“In considering whether to terminate the rights of a parent . . . , the court 

shall give primary consideration to the child’s safety, to the best placement for 

furthering the long-term nurturing and growth of the child, and to the physical, 

mental, and emotional condition and needs of the child.” Iowa Code § 232.116(2). 

The district court found termination was in the best interests of R.B. because of 

R.B.’s young age, the parents’ inability to resume care after nearly one year of 

offered services, the mother’s dependency on R.B. to help the mother’s mental 

health, and the father’s failure to develop a “strong or safe relationship” with R.B. 

Also, the district court noted R.B. was doing well out of her parents’ care and 

deserved permanency. We agree that termination was in R.B.’s best interests. 

See In re J.E., 723 N.W.2d 793, 802 (Iowa 2006) (Cady, J., concurring specially) 

(noting a child’s safety and need for permanency are the “defining elements” under 

the best-interests determination). 

VI. Nothing Precludes Termination

Once the State has proved grounds for termination exist, the parent 

resisting termination has the burden of proof to establish a permissive factor under 

Iowa Code section 232.116(3) precludes termination. In re A.S., 906 N.W.2d 467, 

476 (Iowa 2018). Both parents assert relative placement should preclude 

termination. Iowa Code section 232.116(3)(a) provides a court may decline to 

terminate parental rights if “[a] relative has legal custody of the child.” Here, no 

relative had “custody” of R.B., only placement during the pendency of the juvenile 

case. See In re A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 113 (Iowa 2014) (finding DHS’s placement 

of a child with a relative does not amount to legal “custody” under Iowa Code 

section 232.116(3)(a)).
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Nevertheless, “[a]n appropriate determination to terminate a parent-child 

relationship is not to be countermanded by the ability and willingness of a family 

relative to take the child. The child’s best interests always remain the first 

consideration.” In re C.K., 558 N.W.2d 170, 174 (Iowa 1997). As previously 

discussed, the mother has failed to address her issues and fails to acknowledge 

her ability to parent is affected. Also, the father’s future was uncertain, and even 

if he is found not guilty of the pending charges, he has failed to establish a 

relationship with R.B. or address his own issues. Therefore, we find R.B.’s 

placement with her relatives does not preclude termination.

The mother next argues her close bond with R.B. precludes termination. “A 

strong bond between parent and child is a special circumstance which mitigates 

against termination when the statutory grounds have been satisfied.” In re N.F., 

579 N.W.2d 338, 341 (Iowa Ct. App. 1998); see Iowa Code § 232.116(3)(c). 

However, this “is not an overriding consideration, but merely a factor to consider.” 

N.F., 579 N.W.2d at 341. The district court noted after the permanency hearing, 

the mother became inconsistent with her visits with R.B. The mother refuses to 

fully address her mental-health and substance-abuse issues and believes her 

issues do not inhibit her ability to parent. Thus, we agree with the district court, 

the bond between the mother and R.B. is insufficient to preclude termination. See 

Iowa Code § 232.116(3)(c). 

VII. Guardianship

Finally, the parents both argue the district court should have established a 

guardianship rather than terminate their parental rights. However, “a guardianship 

is not a legally preferable alternative to termination.” A.S., 906 N.W.2d at 476 
10

(quoting In re B.T., 894 N.W.2d 29, 32 (Iowa Ct. App. 2017)). In the termination 

order, the district court stated, “The arguments the parents make in support of 

guardianship relate only to the parents[’] interests and not [R.B.’s].” The district 

court also found guardianship was not appropriate given R.B.’s young age and 

found termination was in her best interests. We agree that termination in this case 

is preferred over guardianship. See id. at 478 (finding a two-year-old child is 

unable to express any preference to guardianship and determining a safe, stable 

home is in the best interests of the young child).

VIII. Conclusion

We conclude the State proved by clear and convincing evidence the 

grounds for termination of the mother’s parental rights, additional time would not 

extinguish the need for removal, termination is in the best interests of the child, 

and nothing in the record precludes termination. Furthermore, we find the district 

court appropriately rejected a guardianship.

AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.