United States Court of Appeals,

Fifth Circuit.

No. 91–6145.

Ted HIRTZ, et al., Plaintiffs–Appellees,

John M. Arrington, Catherine Cash, John Posey, and Edward Holland, Plaintiffs–Appellants,

v.

The STATE OF TEXAS, Defendant–Appellee–Appellant.

Oct. 14, 1992.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas.

Before KING, WILLIAMS, and SMITH, Circuit Judges.

JERRY E. SMITH, Circuit Judge:

I.

The plaintiffs own beachfront property on the Texas Gulf coast. Along that shoreline, the

state owns the land between the line of mean low tide and the line of mean high tide. The public has

an easement between the line of mean high tide and the line of vegetation, acquired under common

law principles of dedication, prescription, and/or custom. Because of the peculiar definition of this

type of easement, the location of the easement shifts as the vegetation line shifts.

Hurricane Alicia in 1983 and fierce spring storms in 1988 caused radical shifts in the

vegetation line along portions of the coast. The state then brought enforcement proceedings under

the Texas Open Beaches Act (the "Act") against plaintiffs and others and obtained an injunction

preventing plaintiffsfrom rebuilding or repairing their homes or improving their vacant lots, as such

construction would interfere with the public's easement in the beaches. See TEX. NAT. RES. CODE

ANN. § 61.013 (West Supp.1992).

II.

On July 11, 1988, certain of the plaintiffs, to-wit, Ted Hirtz, Pete Anselmo, Paul Force,
Harold Flatt, and their wivesfiled suit against the Attorney General of Texasin federal district court,

seeking a declaration that the Act, TEX. NAT. RES. CODE ANN. §§ 61.001–.026 (West 1978 &

Supp.1992), violates the takings clause of the Fifth Amendment. On August 15, 1988, the attorney

general moved to dismiss on the ground of abstention. The district court denied that motion on

September 14, 1988.

On October 24, 1988, the district court sua sponte substituted, as defendant, the State of

Texasfor the attorney general. Plaintiffs, without objection, filed an amended complaint naming only

the state as defendant and adding six new plaintiffs: John Arrington, Catherine Cash, Edward

Holland, Dallas Pittman, John Posey, Jr., and Chapoton/Ramsey Ltd. Partners. Prior to filing the

amended complaint, plaintiffs Anselmo and Flatt and their wives agreed to dismiss their claims.

On April 13, 1989, the state moved to dismiss the complaint on the basis of Eleventh

Amendment immunity, lack ofstanding, and lack ofsubject matter jurisdiction. The state also moved

to dismiss the claims of the six plaintiffs added in the amended complaint on a number of grounds,

including res judicata based upon prior state litigation involving those plaintiffs. On June 26, 1989,

the district court dismissed Arrington, Cash, Holland, and Posey as plaintiffs without specifying the

grounds. The court allowed Cash and Posey to amend their complaint but later dismissed their

amended pleadings as well, again without specifying the grounds.

The state and the plaintiffs moved for summary judgment. On April 30, 1991, 773 F.Supp.

6, the district court granted in part both motions. Under the court's judgment, the migration of the

public easement does not constitute a taking; as a result, Hirtz, Force, Pittman, and

Chapoton/Ramsey Ltd. Partners took nothing against the state; the state was enjoined from forcing

the plaintiffs to remove their existing structures and from preventing them from maintaining those

structures.
Arrington, Cash, Posey, and Holland appeal, challenging the order of dismissal; the state

appeals, attacking the injunction and asserting that the court should have dismissed the case on the

ground of either Eleventh Amendment immunity or abstention. Because we hold that the Eleventh

Amendment bars plaintiffs' suit, we do not reach the merits of their Fifth Amendment claim or the

abstention or res judicata issue.

III.

The Eleventh Amendment issue in this case arises from rather extraordinary circumstances.

The suit began like most federal actions seeking an injunction against enforcement of an

unconstitutionalstate statute—the plaintiffssued the attorneygeneral. On October 24, 1988, District

Judge Hughes, without reference to the Eleventh Amendment or the line of cases following the

landmark decision of Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123, 28 S.Ct. 441, 52 L.Ed. 714 (1908), sua sponte

ordered the state substituted for the attorney general as defendant. In his order, Judge Hughes

substituted the State of Texas in the caption and warned the parties that "[f]ailure to place the name

of the proper party in the style of any further pleading will result in that pleading [sic] being

disregarded."

Surprisingly, the plaintiffsfailed to object to this unusualorder. The state did not object either

but, instead, added the following footnote to the front page of its subsequent pleadings:

The State of Texas is listed as the defendant in the style of this case pursuant to the October

24, 1988 order of this Court. However, the Attorney General of Texas maintains that he is

the proper party to this case, because he represents the public, individually and collectively,

under the Texas Open Beaches Act, TEX.NAT.RES.CODE §§ 61.001–61.025....

Apparently, Judge Hughes became annoyed with this footnote, as, without warning, he signed an

order on February 28, 1989, striking eleven of the state's pleadings containing it.

The state complied with the order and finally filed a motion to dismiss on Eleventh

Amendment and other grounds on April 13, 1989. Apparently, the state's Eleventh Amendment
argument fell on deaf ears, as the district court rendered judgment on May 2, 1991, without

mentioning the Eleventh Amendment.

It is not entirely evident why Judge Hughes sua sponte ordered the substitution of the state

for the attorney general. The record does provide some evidence of his reasoning, however. During

a September 14, 1988, hearing, Judge Hughes sua sponte raised the notion of that substitution and

mentioned that he had required the same change when he was a state district judge. Of course, the

Eleventh Amendment does not apply in state court but, in thisfederal case, becomesthe central issue.

During the September 14 hearing, Judge Hughes also spoke of what he saw as the attorney

general's desire to see "his name in print." Later, in a memorandum accompanying his order striking

the state's pleadings, Judge Hughes again raised this concern, as follows:

The attorneys for Texas persist in intruding the attorney general into the party defendant's

role. The pleadings filed with the attorney general's impertinent footnote or other

self-aggrandizing intrusion will be struck.

These excerpts from the record, we think, demonstrate why Judge Hughes substituted the state as

a party: He seems to think the attorney general likes to appear as a party for the purpose of

self-promotion.

Even if—which we do not decide—there were some truth to this assertion, we do not see

how it could apply in this case. After all, the Attorney General did not bring this action; he was sued.

The Constitution provides the more salient reason why the plaintiffssued the attorney general—the

Eleventh Amendment bars suits against the state. That amendment, however, does not bar suits for

injunctive relief against state officials. Hence, countless cases have been brought against state

attorneys general in the wake of Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123, 28 S.Ct. 441, 52 L.Ed. 714 (1908).

E.g., Morales v. Trans World Airlines, ––– U.S. ––––, 112 S.Ct. 2031, 119 L.Ed.2d 157 (1992).
Ex Parte Young has been labeled one of the Supreme Court's three most important decisions

because it "established the power of the federal courts to enforce the Constitution against state

legislative and executive action." 17 CHARLES A. WRIGHT, ET AL., FEDERAL PRACTICE AND

PROCEDURE § 4231 (2d ed. 1988). Because of the decision's importance, we turn to the Supreme

Court for a brief explanation of Eleventh Amendment jurisprudence:

When the suit is brought only against state officials, a question arises as to whether

that suit is a suit against the State itself. Although prior decisions of this Court have not been

entirely consistent on this issue, certain principles are well established. The Eleventh

Amendment bars a suit against state officials when "the state is the real, substantial party in

interest...." Thus, "[t]he general rule is that relief sought nominally against an officer is in fact

against the sovereign if the decree would operate against the latter...." And, as when the

State itself is named as the defendant, a suit against state officialsthat is in fact a suit against

a State is barred regardless of whether it seeks damages or injunctive relief....

The Court has recognized an important exception to this general rule: a suit

challenging the constitutionality of a state official's action is not one against the State. This

wasthe holding in Ex parte Young ..., in which a federal court enjoined the Attorney General

of the State of Minnesota from bringing suit to enforce a state statute that allegedly violated

the Fourteenth Amendment. This Court held that the Eleventh Amendment did not prohibit

issuance of this injunction. The theory of the case was that an unconstitutional enactment is

"void" and therefore does not "impart to [the officer] any immunity from responsibility to the

supreme authority ofthe United States".... Since the State could not authorize the action, the

officer was "stripped of his official or representative character and [was] subjected in his

person to the consequences of his individual conduct...."

....

... This rationale, of course, created the "well-recognized irony" that an official's

unconstitutional conduct constitutes state action under the Fourteenth Amendment but not

the Eleventh Amendment.... Nonetheless, the Young doctrine has been accepted as necessary

to permit the federal courts to vindicate federal rights and hold state officials responsible to

"the supreme authority of the United States."

Pennhurst State School & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 101–05, 104 S.Ct. 900, 908–10, 79

L.Ed.2d 67 (1984) (citations omitted).

IV.

Accordingly, parties must sue the attorney general in order to challenge the constitutionality

of a state statute in federal court. The Eleventh Amendment bars suits against a state by a citizen of

that state or a different state. As the plaintiffs did not make proper objection when Judge Hughes
 

1We recognize that the attorneys for both sides in this case were in a difficult position with a

district judge who seemed to have his mind made up on a matter the parties had not even raised. 

Nonetheless, it is counsel's responsibility to make proper objection, even at the risk of incurring

the court's wrath. 

 

2The Supreme Court has struggled in recent years to develop a coherent theory of Eleventh

Amendment interpretation. Compare Pennsylvania v. Union Gas Co., 491 U.S. 1, 23–28, 109

S.Ct. 2273, 2286–2289, 105 L.Ed.2d 1 (1989) (Stevens, J., concurring) with id. at 29–45, 109

S.Ct. at 2286–2289 (Scalia, J., dissenting). Although one interpretation would apply the Eleventh

Amendment only to diversity suits, the Court has yet to overrule Hans v. Louisiana, 134 U.S. 1,

10 S.Ct. 504, 33 L.Ed. 842 (1890), which applies the amendment to all federal lawsuits where a

state is a party. 

 

3

See Atascadero State Hosp. v. Scanlon, 473 U.S. 234, 241, 105 S.Ct. 3142, 3146, 87

L.Ed.2d 171 (1985) ("Thus, in order for a state statute or constitutional provision to constitute a

waiver of Eleventh Amendment immunity, it must specify the State's intention to subject itself to

suit in federal court."); see also id. at 239–40, 105 S.Ct. at 3146 ("Thus, we have held that a

State will be deemed to have waived its immunity only where stated by the most express language

or by such overwhelming implication from the text as [will] leave no room for any other

reasonable construction." (Citations and single quotation marks omitted.)). 

substituted the state as a party, however, they have waived their objection.1

Given plaintiffs' waiver, the defendant is the state. Although the case involves a federal

question, the Eleventh Amendment bars the suit, absent congressional abrogation or consent or

waiver by the state. Pennhurst, 465 U.S. at 98–99, 104 S.Ct. at 907.2 None of these exceptions

applies in this case. No one has suggested congressional abrogation. The State plainly has not

consented, as it has moved to dismiss the suit. Moreover, Texas has not waived its Eleventh

Amendment immunity merely by allowing declaratory judgment actions to be brought against the

state pursuant to TEX. NAT. RES. CODE ANN. § 61.019 (West 1978).3

Thus, the Eleventh Amendment bars plaintiffs'suit. Accordingly, we VACATE the judgment

of the district court and enter a judgment of DISMISSAL.