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NBSIR 81-2351

NBS

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NDE PUBLICATIONS: 1979

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Leonard Mordfin, Editor

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Measurement Laboratory

Office of Nondestructive Evaluation

Vv/ashington, DC 20234

October 1 981

U.S. DciPARTMENT OF COMIVJERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

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NATIONAL BUREAU

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Tab1e of Contents

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1. Introduction 1

2. Bibliography and Abstracts 2

3. Subject Index 24

4. How to Obtain Copies 27

1

NDE PUBLICATIONS: 1979

Leonard Mordfin

Office of Nondestructive Evaluation

National Measurement Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, DC 20234

1. Introduction

This is the third in a series of bibliographies of NBS publications on nondestructive evaluation (NDE). Previous reports in this series have been

NBSIR 78-1557, "NDE Publications: 1972-1977" and NBSIR 80-2080, "NDE Publications: 1978". This report provides bibliographic citations for publications

that appeared in the open literature during calendar year 1979. Also included

are citations for several publications that appeared in previous years but were

not listed in the earlier compilations.

Almost all of these publications were authored by members of the NBS staff

and include papers published in non-NBS media as well as papers and reports from

the NBS publications series. A few were written for NBS media by non-NBS authors.

Many of the publications cited are based on research that was supported, in whole

or in part, by the NBS Office of Nondestructive Evaluation.

These publications address a wide variety of NDE methods, both those that

are well established in industry and some that are relatively new. For com- pleteness, several publications dealing with technologies that directly supoort

NDE, such as radiation gauging and piezoel ectricity , have been included.

The format of this report is the same as that used previously. Brief,

edited abstracts are provided for most of the publications cited. The

bibliography and the abstracts comprise Section 2 of the report. The 114

entries in the bibliography are listed in alphabetical order by the surname

of the first author.

Section 3 of the report is a subject index for the publications listed.

This index is quite comprehensive and, when used together with the abstracts

and the alphabetical bibliography, may be expected to enable readers to locate

publications of interest without difficulty.

The last section of the report provides some assistance to readers

wishing to obtain copies of specific publications listed.

1
2.

Bibliography and Abstracts

1. Anon,, Program and abstracts. First International Symposium on Ultrasonic Materials Characterization, June 7-9, 1978, National Bureau

of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD, 150 pages (1978).

This booklet contains abstracts of all the symposium papers

including those presented in the poster session.

2. Anon., NDE, LC 1080, 6 pages (Sept. 1979).

This brochure, prepared by the NBS Office of Nondestructive

Evaluation (NDE), describes the NDE Program at NBS.

3. Behrens, J. W. , Schrack, R. A., Bownan, C. D., Resonance neutron radiography using a position-sensitive proportional counter, Trans. Am. Nucl

.

Soc. 32 , 207-208 (American Nuclear Society, Hinsdale, IL, 1979).

This paper describes progress in the development of resonance neutron

radiography as a laboratory reference method for measurements for safeguarding nuclear fuel. To demonstrate and test the method a broad energy

spectrum of neutrons and a linear position-sensitive proportional counter

were used with time-of-fl ight techniques to determine the distribution of

solder between two sil ver-brazed metal disks and to measure the thickness

of the braze.

4. Berger, H. , What are the most urgent standards needs in radiography?.

Paper Summaries, ASNT Conference on Innovative and Advanced NDT Radiography,

2 pp. (American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, OH, Aug. 1977)

.

5. Berger, H. and Mordfin, L., Eds., Annual Report 1978, Office of Nondestructive Evaluation, NBSIR 78-1581, 58 pages (Jan. 1979). Order from NTIS as PB291946, $7.00.

This report summarizes the activities of the National Bureau of

Standards Nondestructive Evaluation Program. It emphasizes activities

over the Fiscal Year 1978. However, since this is the Program's first

Annual Report, some material is included to summarize activities since

the Program was formally instituted in June 1975.

6. Berger, H. , The need for better nondestructive evaluation technology,

Dimensions/NBS 63 , No. 3, inside cover (Mar. 1979).

7. Berger, H., National and international standards for NDT: To achieve

improved repeatability and measures related to performance, Proc. Ninth

World Conf. on Non-Destructive Testing, Melbourne, Australia, Nov. 18-23 , 1979, 6-3 , 12 pages (1979).

Nondestructive testing (NDT) standards provide a practical procedure

to bring some measure of reproducibility to NDT measurements. Nevertheless,

better standards are needed both to improve reproducibility and to provide

quantitative data for performance-related analyses.

2
8. Bertocci , U., Detection and analysis of electrochemical noise for corrosion

studies, Proc. 7th Int. Conf. on Metallic Corrosion, Rio de Janeiro , Brazi

1

, Oct. 4-11, 1978 , pp. 201Q-2Q2Q (ABRACO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1979).

This paper describes the work done at NBS for the study of the fluctuactions in current and potential of electrochemical systems, commonly re- ferred to as electrochemical noise. Two systems of interest to corrosion

science have been investigated, iron and aluminum, both in neutral solution.

It is shown that anodic polarization above the pitting potential increases

the noise generated by a Fe electrode. In the case of A1 , addition of

small amounts of chlorides was found to enhance the noise current by two

orders of magnitude.

9. Birnbaum, G. , Report on the symposium on nondestructive testing standards,

(Proc. ARPA/AFML Review of Progress in Quantitative NDE, Asilomar, CA,

Aug. 31”Sept. 3, 1976), AFML-TR-77-44 Report, p. 158 (Science Center,

Rockwell International, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sept. 1977).

A symposium on nondestructive testing (NDT) standards was held at

the National Bureau of Standards May 19-21, 1976. The meeting provided

the first general forum encompassing discussions on the processes by which

NDT codes, standards, and specifications become accepted, and discussions

on the status and needs that exist in all NDT methods. Major themes included standards documents, the status of standards in the major methods

used in NDT and future directions.

10. Birnbaum, G. and Eitzen, D. G., An appraisal of current and future needs

in ultrasonic MDE standards, NBSIR 79-1907, 78 pages (Oct. 1979).

The purpose of this study is to assess the current status of NDE

ultrasonic standards and calibrations and to determine current and future

needs in this area. The source material includes surveys of the literature and patents, a study of foreign practice, surveys of NBS and con- sensus standards, and a Workshop on Ultrasonic NDE Standards: "Current

Needs and Future Directions," held October 17-18, 1977 for the purpose of

implementing the objectives of this study. Reconmendations for improvement

existing standards will impact primarily on conventional pulse-echo

sybCci.'.L ar-d on transducers, the electronic system and reference blocks.

11. Blackburn, D. L., Berning, 0. W. , Some effects of base current on transistor switching and reverse-bias second breakdown. Technical Digest 1978 , pp. 671-675 (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York,

NY, 1978).

Some experimental observations of the switching characteristics and

second breakdown susceptibility of high-voltage, fast-switching power

transistors are discussed. A unique test circuit is described which permits devices to be taken into reverse-bias second breakdown many times

with little or no apparent degradation.

3
12. Blackburn, D. L., Berning, D. W. , Reverse-bias second breakdown in power

transistors, Proc. Electrical Overstress/Electrostatic Discharge Symp.,

Denver, CO, Sept. 24-27, 1979 , Ordering No. EOS-1, pp. 116-121 (IIT

Research Institute, Chicago, IL, 1979).

The construction and operation of a unique facility for testing power

transistors for reverse-bias second breakdown with minimal device degradation are described. Reverse-bias safe operating limits that have been

determined nondestructively are shown.

13. Blackburn, D. L., Semiconductor measurement technology: An automated

photovoltaic system for the measurement of resistivity variations in

high-resistivity circular silicon slices, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.),

Spec. Publ. 400-52, 41 pages (Nov. 1979) SN003-003-021 38-5, $2.00.

14. Doettinger, W. J., Burdette, H. E., Kuriyama, M., X-ray magnifier. Rev.

Sci. Instrum. 50 , No. 1, 26-30 (Jan. 1979).

A method for the magnification of x-ray radiographic images is described and demonstrated. This magnifier employs two successive asymmetric diffractions of an x-ray beam from highly perfect silicon crystals.

A device with a magnification of 25x is demonstrated for Cu radiation.

This device preserves and sometimes improves the resolution inherent in

the radiographic technique. The x-ray magnifier is particularly useful

in circumventing the relatively poor spatial resolution of electro-optical

imaging systems needed for real-time observation.

15. Boyne, H. S. , Ellerbruch, D. A., Microwave measurements of snow stratigraphy and water equivalence, Proc. 47th Annual Western Snow Conf.,

Sparks, NV, Apr. 18-20, 1979 , pp. 20-26 (1979).

'

This paper reports on a study of electromagnetic surface and subsurface scattering properties of snow using an FM-CW radar system

operating in the frequency range 8-12 GHz. The scattering properties

are interpreted and compared with the measured physical properties of

snow such as density, stratigraphy, hardness, and equivalent moisture

content.

16. Broadhurst, M. G. , Davis, G. T., Piezo- and pyroelectric properties.

Chapter 5 in Topics in Applied Physics , G. M. Sessler, 285-319

CSpringer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1979).

17. Burch, D. M. , The use of aerial infrared thermography to compare the

thermal resistances of roofs, Nat. Bur. Stand. (u.S.), Tech. Note 1107,

38 pages (Aug. 1979) SN003-003-02102-4, $2.00.

18. Choi, C. S., Prask, H. J., Trevino, S. F. , Nondestructive investigation

of texture by neutron diffraction, J. Appl. Cryst. 12 , 327-331 (1979).

Texture measurement as a function of depth with a collimated thermal

neutron beam is demonstrated for a 'two-layer' plate geometry sample with

preliminary results for a copper cone.

4
19. Chwirut, D. J., Eitzen, D. G., Toward the development of improved reference

fatigue cracks for use in ultrasonic nondestructive examination, Int. Adv.

Nondestruct. Test 6 , 179-197 (Gordon & Breach Science Publishers, MY, 1979).

A rationale for the development of well -character! zed fatigue cracks

for use as standards for advanced ultrasonic flaw evaluation systems is

presented. A loading program to generate controlled cracks and to minimize

the effects of some of these parameters is described. As determined by

these techniques, measured crack lengths are accurate within a few percent.

The specimens are being used as test objects in the development of a new technique for flaw evaluation by ultrasonics, radiography, and penetrants.

20. Chwirut, 0. J., Recent improvements to the ASTM-type ultrasonic reference

block system, NBSIR 79-1742, 54 pages (Apr. 1979). Order from NTIS as PB296044, $7.00.

Recent activities aimed toward improving the ASTM-type ultrasonic

reference block system are described. On the aluminum block system

(ASTM E 127 and MBS TM 924), efforts were focused on better definition

of the measurement equipment (transducer and instrument), the implementation of a Measurement Assurance Program and Loaner Block Service, and

modeling of the distance-amplitude relationship. It is shown that a large

increase in the precision of reference block readings is easily achievable

by implementing simple changes and controls in the measurement procedure.

On steel and titanium blocks (e.g. ASTM E-428), efforts were directed toward quantifying the extent of reproducibility possible among blocks

fabricated by both conventional drilling and by diffusion bonding.

21. Chwirut, D. J., Recent improvements to the ASTM-type ultrasonic reference

block system. Report AFML TR-79-4080, 57 pp. (Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, July 1979).

See abstract for Mo. 20.

22. Chwirut, D. J., A simple technique for visualizing transmitted or reflected

sound fields. Mater. Eval . 37 , No. 13, 29-32 (Dec. 1979).

A simple apparatus for recording transmitted or reflected ultrasonic

fields, in longitudinal or transverse section, is described. This system

has been used at the National Bureau of Standards for ultrasonic transducer characterization, material evaluation, and defect detection.

23. Clifton, J. R. and Davis, F. L., Mechanical properties of adobe, Nat.

Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 996, 45 pages (May 1979) SN003-003-

02066-4, $2.25.

A nondestructive test method, based on measurimg the penetration

resistance of adobe, was found to give reliable predictions of the com- pressive strength and moisture content of adobe specimens.

5
24. DeReggi , A. S. and Edelman, S., Piezoelectric polymer membrane stress

gage, U.S. Patent 4,166,229, 5 pages (Aug. 28, 1979).

Apparatus and method for detecting pressure variations by modulating

a preset tensile stress in a stretched thin sheet of a piezoelectric

pol;^er. The modulation is provided by the changing stress caused by an impinging acoustic signal or the like. The sheet under preset tension

acts effectively as a membrane resulting in a high output combined with a high resonance frequency and a wide operating frequency range.

25. Deutsch, S. , A preliminary study of the fluid mechanics of liquid

penetrant testing, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), 84 , No. 4, 287-292

(July-Aug. 1979).

Some aspects of the fluid mechanics of liquid penetrant testing are considered.

26. Dietz, D. R., Parks, S. I., and Linzer, M., Expanding-aperture annular

array. Ultrasonic Imaging 1 , No. 1, 56-75 (Jan. 1979).

A dynamically-focused annular array system for contact B-scanning

has been developed. The design is based on a constant F-number approach,

whereby, at short focal lengths, the aperture is increased in proportion

to the focal length. This approach allows the use of larger area array

elements, thus increasing the sensitivity of the system. Other major advantages include a substantial reduction in the time delays and refocusing

rates required for the lens synthesis with a corresponding reduction in

the electronic complexity of the system.

27. Edelman, S., Piezoelectric and pyroelectric polymer sensors. Report on Sensor Technology for Battlefield and Physical Security Applications , pp. 204-212 (U.S. Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development

Command, Fort Belvoir, VA, July 1977).

28. Edelman, S., Kenney, J. M., Mayo-Wells, J. F. and Roth, S. C., A. polymer

sensor for monitoring ball-bearing condition, MFPG - Detection, Diagnosis , and Prognosis, T. R. Shives and W. A. Willard, Eds., NBS Spec. Publ . 547,

pp. 303-314 (July 1979) SN003-003-02083-4, 57.00.

Noise spectra have been used frequently to detect faulty bearings.

This paper describes hew piezoelectric polymer sensors coupled with

spectrum analyzers make this technique more useful.

29. Eisenhauer, C. M., Gilliam, D. M., Grundl , J. A., Spiegel, V., Utilization

of standard and reference neutron fields at NBS, Proc. 2d ASTM-EURATOM

Symp. on Reactor Dosimetry: Dosimetry Methods for Fuels, Cladding, and

Structural Materials, Palo Alto, CA, Oct. 3-7, 1977, 3 , 1177-1191

(Available as NUREG/CP-0004 from the National Technical Information

Service, Springfield, VA, Oct. 1977).

6
30. Eisenhower, E. H., NBS radiation measurement assurance activities, (Proc.

8th Ann. Nat. Conf. on Radiation Control-Radiation Benefits and Risks:

Facts, Issues, and Options, Springfield, IL, May 2-7, 1 976), HEVi Publication

(FDA) 77-8021 , pp. 391-397 (U.S. Department of Health, Education, and

Welfare, Rockville, MD, Apr. 1977).

The role of the National Bureau of Standards as the national reference laboratory for radiation measurements is described.

31. Eisenhower, E. H. (ANSI Subcommittee N43-3.2), American National Standard

N538; Classification of industrial ionizing radiation gauging devices,

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Handb. 129, 29 pages (Oct. 1979) SN003-003-021 35-1

,

$1.75.

This American National Standard applies to the radiation safety

aspects of gauging devices, commonly called gauges, which use sealed

radioactive sources or x-ray tubes for the determination or control of

thickness, density, level, interface location, or qualitative or quantitative chemical composition.

32. Eitzen, D. G. , Measurement services for ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation

Dimensions/NBS 63 , No. 3, 14-16 (Mar. 1979).

This brief paper describes measurement services available from NBS

including ultrasonic transducer power output vs. frequency, ultrasonic

transducer and system power output by calorimetry, aluminum ultrasonic

reference block calibration, loaner services for transducers and reference

blocks

.

33. Eitzen, D. G., New services for calibrating ultrasonic test systems,

Machine Design , Sept. 6, 1979, pp. 3-4.

34. Eitzen, D. G., Ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation, PMTE Update 1 , No . 3 , pp. 1 , 4 (Dec. 1 979)

.

35. Eitzen, D. G. and Quinn, J., Acoustic emission, Nondestructive Evaluation

Program: Progress in 1979 , G. J. Dau et a1 , Eds., Report NP-1234-SR,

pp. 9-1 to 9-9 (Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, Dec. 1979)

36. Evans, A. G., Linzer, M. and Russell, L. R., Acoustic emission and crack

propagation in polycrystalline alumina. Materials Science and Engineering

1_5, 253-261 (1 974).

37. Fong, J. T. and Johnson, B. M., Eds., Inservice data reporting and analysis , Vol II , PVP-35 , 226- pp (American Society of Mechanical Engineers, NY, 1 979)

Together with the first volume of this set of books on inservice data

for pressure vessels, piping, pumps and valves, we have a total of eighteen

7
technical papers complete with extensive discussions and closure and two

separate chapters on symposium general discussions.

38. Fong, J. T. , Inservice data — the missing link in the exercise of judgment

in engineering decision-making, Inservice Data Reporting and Analysis, Vol.

II , PVP-35, J. T. Fong and B. M. Johnson, Eds., pp. 153-162 (American

Society of Mechanical Engineers, NY, 1979).

A simple conceptual model to identify the various components of a typical engineering decision-making process is presented. The importance

of the documentation of the inservice performance of critical engineering

systems or components is discussed within the context of this conceptual

model. The critical need for inservice data is illustrated by a case study

of a 197G regulatory decision concerning the integrity of 612 defective

girth' welds of the Trans-Alaska Oil Pipeline.

39. Garrett, D. A., Electronic imaging applied to neutron radiography.

Paper Summaries, ASNT Conference on Innovative and Advanced NOT

Radi og raphy, 1 p. (American Society for Nondestructive Testing,

Columbus, OH, Aug. 1977).

40. Garrett, D. A., Properties of imaging systems for thermal neutron

radiography. Paper Summaries, 1978 ASNT Fall Conference , pp. 64-66

(American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, OH, Oct. 1978).

Radiography utilizing thermal neutrons as the interrogating probe is

employed in the explosives, nuclear, and aerospace industries. The neutron

is a nonionizing subatomic particle. It has been this nonionizing property

that causes film imaging of spatially-modulated thermal neutron beams to

present several problems not encountered in the imaging of other radiation

beams such as x- and gamma rays, electrons and protons.

41. Garrett, D. A., The observation of electrolyte phenomena in lithium iodide

pacemaker batteries with neutron radiographic interrogation. Paper

Summaries, 1979 ASNT Spring Conference , pp. 156-157 (American Society for

Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, OH, Apr. 1979).

42. Garrett, D. A. and Ganoczy, M., The observation of electrolyte phenomena

in lithium-iodide pacemaker batteries with neutron radiographic interrogation, Semiconductor Measurement Technology: Reliability Technology for

Cardiac Pacemakers III — A Workshop Report, H. A. Schafft, Ed., NBS Spec.

Publ. 400-50, pp. 40-42 (June 1979) SN003-003-02076-1 , $4.50.

43. Golan, S. , A comparison of American and European ultrasonic testing

standards, NBSIR 79-1790, 73 pages (Aug. 1979). Order from NTIS as PB298809, $7.00.

8
I

In this work twenty-seven general ultrasonic standards from eleven

countries and international organizations v/ere reviev/ed. Thirty-seven

ultrasonic product standards from five countries were studied to evaluate

the utilization of the general ultrasonic standards, i.e., to what extent

the procedures outlined in the general standards are applied by the product

standards

.

44. Green, R. E., Jr., Electro-optical detectors and flash x-ray generators for

dynamic x-ray diffraction investigation of materials, Proc. Workshop on X-ray Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation, Stanford University , Stanford, CA, Apr. 3-5, 1978 , 165 pages (1978)

.

This paper gives a brief overview of previous work in rapid imaging

of x-ray diffraction patterns using conventional x-ray generators, flash

x-ray generators, and electro-optical detectors.

45. Greenspan, M. , Piston radiator: Some extensions of the theory, J. Acoust.

Soc. Am. 65 , No. 3, 608-621 (Mar. 1979).

Those results of the theory of the baffled, uniform-piston radiator

that can be calculated exactly are extended to some other cases, especially the simplest case of a simply supported radiator, the simplest

case ot a clamped-edge radiator and a Gaussian radiator. It is also

shown that from the solution to a problem with boundary conditions framed

in terms of velocity, the solution to a corresponding problem, having

boundary conditions framed in terms of pressure, can be obtained very

easily.

46. Gubernatis, J. E., Krumhansl , J. A., Thomson, R. M., Interpretation of

elastic-wave scattering theory for analysis and design of flaw-characteri zati on experiments: The long-wavelength limit, J. Aopl . Phys. 50, No. 5, 3338-

3345 (May 1979).

We discuss 1 ong-v;avelength scattering results for volume flaws and

idealized cracks and compare some of the results with those of the Born

approximation, which has already been calibrated by comparison to exact

calculations and experiment.

47. Harman, G. G. , Semiconductor measurement technology: Nondestructive tests

used to insure the integrity of semiconductor devices, with emphasis on acoustic emission techniques, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ . 400-59,

72 pages (Sept. 1979) SN003-003-02166-4, S3. 50.

The discussion is divided into two major sections. The first consists

of an introduction to device assembly techniques and problems followed by a review of six important nondestructive tests used during and after device

packaging to insure the mechanical integrity of completed electronic devices. The second section begins with an introduction to acoustic emission.

q
I

the status of theoj'y as it can be applied to microelectronics. Then

the published papers that have applied AE as a nondestructive test in

electronics applications will be reviewed. Finally, passive AE techniques are applied to establishing the mechanical bond integrity of

beam lead, flip chip, and tape-bonded integrated circuits as well as components in hybrid microcircuits.

48. Harman, G. G. , Non-destructive tests used to insure the integrity of

semiconductor devices with emphasis on passive acoustic techniques.

Chapter 13 in Nondestructive Evaluation of Semiconductor Materials andv

Devices, J. N. Zemel , Ed., pp. 677-738 (Plenum Press, New York, NY,

Tdt^.

See abstract for No. 47.

49. Harrje, D. T. , Grot, R. A., Instrumentation for monitoring energy usage

in buildings at Twin Rivers, Energy and Buildings, 1 , 293-299 (Elsevier

Sequoia S. A., Lausanne--The Netherlands, 1977/1978).

The measurement systems used at Twin Rivers for determining energy

usage are described. These include a weather station, systems for the

measurement of temperatures and energy-related events in a house, automated

devices to measure the air infiltration rate, and infrared thermography.

50. Hayward, E.,' Dodge, W. R., Patrick, B. H., Some experiences using a positron annihilation beam, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 159 , 289-299 (1979).

The NBS positron anni hilation-in'-fl ight facility is described, along

with the procedure for the calibration of the positron beam energy. Details

are also given of a large Nal(Tl) spectrometer used with the annihilation

photon beam.

51. Hilten, J. S., Lederer, P. S., Mayo-Wells, J. F. and Vezzetti , C. F.,

Loose-particle detection in microelectronic devices, NBSIR 78-1590, 73

pages (Jan. 1979). Order from NTIS as PB290679, $7.00.

The work described constitutes an evaluation of the test procedures

and apparatus specified in MIL-STD-883, Test Method 2020, Particle Impact

Noise Detection T.est.

52. Hust, J. G., Kirby, R. K. , Standard reference materials for thermophysical

properties. Advances in C)^yogenic Engineering 24 , K. D. Timmerhaus, R. P. Reed, and A. F. Clark, Eds. ,232-239 (Plenum Press, New York, NY, 1978).

The National Bureau of Standards has prepared over 50 certified

Standard Reference Materials for use in the area of thermophysical properties of solids. The properties that have been certified include elasticity, electrical resistivity, emittance, specific heat, thermal

10
conductivity, thermal expansion, vapor pressure, and fixed points of

the International Practical Temperature Scale. The materials include

aluminum, copper, gold, iron, tungsten, several high-temperature alloys,

alumina, silica, and several glasses.

53. Must, J. G. , Graphite as a standard reference material. Thermal Conductivity 15, V. V. Mirkovich, Ed., pp. 161-167 (Plenum Press, Nev/ York, NY,

1978).

A large number of isotropic, fine-grained graphite rods in various

diameters have been obtained for homogeneity and stability investigations.

Electrical resistivity and density measurements have been performed on numerous rods at temperatures from 4 to 300 K. Thermal conductivity

measurements have been performed on thirteen specimens at about 20°C.

These measurements show that transport property variations both between

and within these rods is relatively large. However, a correlation is

shown to exist which will allow the calculation of thermal conductivity

from simple and inexpensive electrical resistivity and density measurements

to within about + 2%.

54. Ives, L. K. , Mi crostructural changes in copper due to abrasive, dry and

lubricated wear, Proc. Int. Conf. on Wear of Materials, Dearborn, MI , Apr. 16-18, 1979, pp. 246-255 (American Society of Mechanical Engineers,

New York, NY, 1979).

Copper was exposed to wear under conditions of abrasive, dry, and

lubricated sliding contact in air. An examination of surface morphology

and subsurface microstructure v;as conducted by scanning and transmission

electron microscopy methods in order to study the detailed nature of the

wear process on a microscopic level. Wear debris fragments were also ex- amined and the results correlated with surface and subsurface observations.

55. Johnson E. G. , Jr,, Laser beam profile measurements using spatial

sampling, Fourier optics, and holography, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech.

Note 1009, 96 pages (Jan. 1979) SN003-003-0201 9-2, S2.75.

Using appropriate holography, lenses, mirrors, and a two-dimensional

array of small holes to sample the electric field of a laser pulse, we demonstrate a technique for beam profile measurements at a preselected

observation plane.

56. Johnson, E. G. , Jr., Design of a reflection apparatus for laser beam

profile measurements, Nat, Bur, Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 1015, 124 pages

(July 1979) SN003-003-02103-2, $4.00.

Measurement of both the irradiance and phase front (the beam profile)

in real time from the output of a laser has interest for control of that

beam and for efficient energy and economic design of the source and the

n
resulting optical systems. The National Bureau of Standards has begun a program to build a unit that can measure, at numerous wavelengths from

1.06 ;im to 10.6 ym, a selected spatial sample of the beam profile.

The Hartmann plate method is described briefly so that a comparison

between it and the holographic method can be made. The comparison shows

why the holographic method is best for a standard for irradiance and ' phase-front measurements.

57. Kaiserlik, J., Berger, H., McGogney, C., Timber pilings: Maintenance

and inspection; summary of a panel discussion, Proc. 4th Nondestructive | Testi ng of Wood Symp., Vancouver, WA, Aug. 28-30, 1973 , pp. 155-159

TWashington State Univ., Engineering Extension Service, Pullman, WA, 1979). I

Timber pilings are used in bridge structures and for harbor and

navigational facilities. The topic for discussion was the inspection > and maintenance of these pilings in order to prevent failures such as the

collapse of the Coos Bay bridge in Oregon in 1977 due to damage caused by

marine borers.

58. Kenney, J. M. and Roth, S. C., Room temperature poling of poly(vinyl idene

fluoride) with deposited metal electrodes, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), \ No. 6, 447-453 (Nov. -Dec. 1979).

59. Kessler, E. G., Jr., Deslatte, R. D., Sauder, W. C., Henins, A., Precise

y-ray energy standards, Neutron Capture Gamma-ray Spectroscopy , R. E. Chrien and W. R. Kane, Eds., pp. 427-440 (Plenum Publ. Corp., New York,

NY, 1979).

A number of y-ray energy standards have recently been remeasured with

respect to a visible standard wavelength with an accuracy of about 0.5 ppm.

These measurements, v/hich v;ere made on a double axis flat crystal spectrometer, established the y-ray energy scale in the 50 keV to 1 MeV region

about 40 times more accurately than it vas previously known.

60. Kirby, R. K. , Standard reference materials for thermophysical properties,

P roc. 7th Symp. on Thermophysical Properties, Gaithersburg, MD, May 10-12 , 1977 , A. Cezairliyan, Ed., pp. 949-965 (American Society for Mechanical

Engineers, New York, NY, 1977).

Standard Reference Materials can be used to develop test methods and

to calibrate measurement equipment thereby insuring the compatibility of

measurements among laboratories and assuring the long-term integrity of

quality control in manufacturi ng processes.

61. Koukhar, V. A., Maksimov, A. A., Berger, H., A comparison of NDT standards ; in the US and USSR, Proc. Ninth Wor ld Conf. on Non-Destructive Testing , Melbourne, Australia, Nov. 18-23, 1979, 6-3, 9 pages (1979).

12
An initial comparison and analysis is given for several radiographic

and ultrasonic standards of the US (ASTM) and the USSR (GOST). Differences

between standards are pointed out.

62. Kuriyama, M., Boettinger, W. J. and Burdette, H. E., X-ray residual stress

evaluation. Paper Summaries, 1978 ASNT Fall Conference , pp. 49-50 (American

Society for Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, OH, Oct. 1978).

63. Kuriyama, M. , Boettinger, W. J. and Burdette, H. E., X-ray image magnification technique developed, Dimensions/NBS 63 , No. 3, 18-19 (Mar. 1979).

Certain limitations of radiography may be overcome by use of a method

developed for magnifying x-ray images.

64. Kuriyama, M. , Boettinger, W. J. and Burdette, H. E., Real-time radiographic system performance standards. Paper Summaries, 1979 ASNT Fall . Conference , pp. 81-85 (American Society for Nondestructive Testing,

Columbus, OH, Oct. 1979).

65. Lapinski, N. P. , Reimann, K. J. and Berger, H., Fuel subassembly inspection by three-dimensional neutron radiography. Paper Summaries, 1979 ASNT

Fall Conference , pp. 235-238 (American Society for Nondestructive Testing,

Columbus, OH, Oct. 1979).

66. Ledbetter, H. M. , Collings, E. W. , Low- temperature magnetic and elasticconstant anomalies in three manganese stainless steels. The Metal Science

of Stainless Steel

s

, E. W. Collings, -H. W. King, Eds., pp. 22-40 (The

Metallurgical Society of AIME, Warrendale, PA, 1978).

Elastic properties of three austenitic stainless steels were studied

between room temperature and either liquid-nitrogen or liquid-helium

temperature. A dynamic (pulse-echo, 10 MHz) method was used to determine

longitudinal and transverse sound-wave velocities, which were converted to

elastic constants.

67. Ledbetter, H. M. and Collings, E. W., Sound velocity anomalies near the

spin glass transition in an austenitic stainless steel allov, Phvs. Lett.

72A, 53-56 (1979).

68. Ledbetter, N. M. and Moulder, J. C., Laser-induced Rayleigh waves in

aluminum, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 65 , No. 3, 840-842 (Mar. 1979).

69. Ledbetter, H. M., Orthotropic elastic stiffnesses of a boron-aluminum

composite, J. Appl . Phys. 50 , No. 12, 8247-8248 (Dec. 12, 1979).

Measuring 18 separate ultrasonic velocities in a boron-fiberreinforced aluminum-matrix composite by a 10-MHz pulse-echo technique

provides nine independent elastic-stiffness constants.

13
70. Linzer, M. , Ed., Ultrasonic Imaging 1 (Academic Press, NY, 1979).

This quarterly journal provides rapid publication for original

papers concerned with the development and application of ultrasonic techniques with emphasis on medical diagnosis. Papers deal with theoretical

and experimental aspects of advanced methods and instrumentation for

imaging, computerized tomography, Doppler measurements, signal processing,

pattern recognition, microscopy, and measurements of ultrasonic parameters.

71. Linzer, M. , Ed., Ultrasonic tissue characterization II, Nat. Bur. Stand.

(U.S.), Spec. Publ. 525, 339 pages (Apr. 1979) SN003-003-02058-3 , $5.50.

The Second International Symposium on Ultrasonic Imaging and Tissue

Characterization was held at the National Bureau of Standards on June IBIS, 1977. This volume contains papers based on 43 of the 53 talks presented. Topics covered include techniques for measurement of ultrasonic

tissue parameters, Doppler signatures, computerized tomography, signal

processing and pattern recognition.

72. Linzer, M., Parks, S. I., Norton, S. J., Higgins, F. P., Dietz, D. R.,

Shideler, R. W. , Shawker, T. H. and Doppman, J. L., A comprehensive ultrasonic tissue analysis system. Ultrasonic Tissue Characterization II, M.

Linzer, Ed., NBS Spec. Publ. 525, pp. 255-259 (Apr. 1979) SN003-003-

02058-3, $5.50.

Major elements of the system include: computerized tomography studies;

opto-acoustic visualization of ultrasonic fields, studies of propagation

through inhomogeneous media, and transducer calibration; electronic focusing,

especially annular array imaging; sensitivity enhancement, using digital

signal averaging and pulse compression techniques; computer and chirp

waveform techniques for compensation of frequency-dependent attenuation;

the SonoChromascope, a digital device for real-time acquisition, processing,

and display of B-scan images; and computer-based image processing.

73. Linzer, M. and Parks, S. I., The SonoChromascope, Proc. IFIP TC-4 Working

Conf. on Computer-Aided Tomography and Ultrasound in Medicine , J. Raviv,

J. F. Greenleaf and G. T. Herman, Eds., pp. 73-76 (North Holland Publishing

Co., Amsterdam, 1979).

74. Matula, R. A., Electrical resistivity of copper, gold, palladium, and

silver, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 8 , No. 4, 1147-1298 (1979).

In this work, recommended values for the electrical resistivity as

a function of temperature from the cryogenic region to well beyond the

melting point are given for bulk pure copper, gold, palladium, and silver.

75. Miller, E. B. and Thurstone, F. L., Linear ultrasonic array design for

echosonography , J. Acoust. Soc. Aim. 61 , No. 6, 1481-1491 (June 1977).

14
Phased-array ectiosonographic systems, currently in use in medical

diagnosis, employ pulses that are a few wavelengths long at the center

frequency. Design of such systems requires that arrays be composed of

as few elements as are consistent with acceptable resolution and low

side lobes. This paper outlines the development of a model for the field

of an idealized phased array. Arrays designed by this method offer advantages over uniform linear arrays because of the smaller number of

elements required for given azimuthal resolution and side-lobe level,

and because of reduced element interaction.

76. Miller, E. B., Eitzen, D. G., Ultrasonic transducer characterization at

the NBS, IEEE Trans. Sonics Ultrason. SU-26, No. 1, 28-37, 63-64 (Jan.

1979).

Four methods for characterizi ng ultrasonic transducers are reviewed.

These methods have been or are being developed for character! zing the

performance of ultrasonic devices operating into a water load. The

principles upon which these methods are based are electrical measurements

related to the equivalent circuit of a quartz transducer, a thermal

equivalent calorimetric method, a measurement of total radiation force,

and an electroacoustic method involving sampling the acoustic field of

a directive device.

77. Mordfin, L., Evaluating pipeline welds, Dimensions/NBS 63, No. 3, 19-20

(Mar. 1979).

The Department of Transportation is sponsoring work at the National

Bureau of Standards on the inspection and evaluation of girth welds of

the kind used in cross-country pipelines for oil and gas.

78. Norton, S. J. and Linzer, M., Ultrasonic reflectivity tomography: reconstruction with circular transducer arrays, Ultrasonic Imaging 1, No. 2,

154-184 (Apr. 1979).

An analysis is presented of backprojection-^methods for reconstructing

cross-sectional images of ultrasonic reflectivity from scattering measurements. A circular array of transducer elements is considered, using three

basic modes of data acquisition and image reconstruct! on . The point spread

function for each of these cases is derived and is shown to depend on the

shape of the acoustic pulse used.

79. Norton, S. J. and Linzer, M., Ultrasonic reflectivity imaging in three

dimensions: reconstruction with spherical transducer arrays, U1 trasoni

c

Imaqi ng 1 , No. 3, 210-231 (July 1979).

Three-dimensional backprojecti on for reconstructing acoustic reflectivity within a volume is examined. The reflectivity data are acquired by means of a spherical array of point sources-recei vers which encloses the

object under study. Reconstruction of the image is obtained by backprojecti ng the recorded pulse echo data over spherical surfaces in image

15
space. An analytical expression for the point spread function generated

by the backprojection process has been derived. This expression was evaluated for several different choices of the acoustic pulse: a narrowband

pulse, wideband pulse, and tv/o analytically derived optimum pulses which

provide the best sidelobe response.

80. Nyyssonen, D., Optical linewidth measurements on v^afers, SPIE Semin.

Proc. 135 , 115-119 (1978).

An optical scanning microscope system for accurate measurement of'

linewidth on wafers is described.

81. Nyyssonen, D. , Jerke, J. M., Linewidth measurement: From fine art to

science, Proc. Int. Electron Devi c es Meeting, Washington, DC, Dec. 4-6 , 1978, 78CH1 324-3ED , pp. 437-440 (Electron Devices Society of Institute of

Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York, NY, 1978).

Traditional methods of linewidth measurement on integrated circuit

photomasks and wafers have employed an optical microscope with some type

of measuring eyepiece. In recent years, the push to finer line geometries

has revealed systematic measurement differences between instruments as large as 1.0 ym. Modeling of linewidth measurement systems has shown

that these differences may be attributed to differences in edge detection

criteria. New techniques have been developed at the NBS for accurate

optical edge detection and calibration of other optical linewidth measurement systems.

82. Nyyssonen, D, , Jerke, J. M., Optical linewidth measurement--A basic

understanding 5 Proc. Microelectronics Measurement Technology Seminar,

San Jose, CA, Feb. 6-7, 1979 , pp. 251-266 (1979).

New techniques for accurate edge detection and calibration of

optical linewidth measurement systems are discussed.

83. Nyyssonen, D., Spatial coherence: The key to accurate optical micrometrology, Applications of Optical Coherence 194 , 34-44 (Society of PhotoOptical Instrumentation Engineers, Bellingham, WA, 1979).

The theory and instrumentation which have been developed for measurements on both photomasks and v,'afers are described. Linewidths as small as 0.5 ym can be measured with a sensitivity of 0.01 ym and an estimated

uncertainty of 0.05 ym.

84. Parks, S. I., Linzer, M. and Shawker, T. H., Further develooment and

clinical evaluation of the expand! ng-aperture annular array system.

Ultrasonic Imaging 1 , pp. 378-383 (1979).

16
85. Peterlin, A., Acoustic emission of polymers under tensile load, Probi ng

Polymer Structures, Advances in Chemistry 174, J. L. Koeniq, Ed., op. 15-

23 (1 979).

The crazes in ductile materials propagate so smoothly that the acoustical signal is not strong enough to be separated from the noise level. It

is only in very brittle material that the jumpwise craze propagation yields

acoustic bursts strong enough to be recorded easily.

86. Pielert, J. H., Gross, J. G., Technical evaluation needs for building

rehabilitation, Proc. 2d Canadian Building Congress--Rehabi 1 i tation of

Buildings, Toronto, Canada, Oct. 1 5-1 7, 1 979 , pp. 93-99 (National Resea rc

h

Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, 1979).

CBT is developing manuals which will include technical data for

building components and specific health, safety and general welfare

attributes; e.g., strength and stability, accident safety, health and

sanitation, and energy conservation. These manuals will cover: (1) test

methods for destructive and nondestructive evaluation of existing construction, (2) methods of analyses to predict the performance of existing con- struction, (3) field inspection and evaluation methodologies, (4) data on the performance of systems no longer used, and (5) data on rehabilitation

experiences

.

87. Placious, R. C. , Film classification standards and activities -- summary,

Paper Summaries, ASNT Conference on Innovative and Advanced MPT Radiography , 2 pp. (American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, OH, Aug. 1977).

88. Placious, R. C., Moser, E. S. , Holland, R.'S., Masi , F. , Status report:

A standard method for determining the efficacy of fluorescent x-ray intensifying screens, J. Appl . Photogr. Eng. 5 , 157-159 (1979).

A proposed ANSI standard for classifying radiograohic intensifying

screens has been under test at the National Bureau of Standards. This

standard establishes procedures for characterizing, on an absolute basis,

the optical spectral output of fluorescent screens per unit of incident

x-ray exposure. The testing procedure has undergone revision since an earlier status report was given. Calcium tungstate screens, however,

still form the basis of comparison in this procedure because of the

long acceptability and stable output qualities of this screen.

89. Placious, R. C., Garrett, D. A., Berger, H. and Kasen, M. B., Sizing

pipeline girth weld flaws from field radiographs (abstract only),

Paper Summaries, 1979 ASNT Spring Conference , p. 97 (American Society

for Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, OH, Apr. 1979).

90. Placious, R. P. , ASTM activity in industrial radiographic film characterization, Paper Summaries, 1979 ASNT Fall Conference , pp. 86-87 (American

Society for Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, OH, Oct. 1979).

17
91. Prosen, E. J. and Colbert, J. C., A microcalorimeter for measuring characteristics of pacemaker batteries, Sem iconductor Measurement Technology : Reliability Technoloqy for Cardiac Pacemakers III -- A Workshop Report,

H. A. Schafft, Ed., NBS Spec. Publ . 400-50, pp. 23-26 (June 1979) SN003-

003-02076-1, 54.50.

A microcalorimeter has been designed and constructed to measure the

self-discharge (or shelf life) of pacemaker batteries under load and to

measure the energy dissipation of the completed pacemaker. The design is

based on previous work using our earlier biological microcalorimeter which

could handle only small camera or watch batteries.

92. Reed, R. P., McHenry, H. I., and Kasen, M. B., A fracture-mechanics evaluation of flaws in pipeline girth welds, Welding Research Council Bulletin

No. 245, 23 pp. (Jan. 1979).

Fracture-mechanics methods were used to provide a basis for assessing

the significance of flaws in girth welds in a buried arctic oil pipeline.

Methods were assessed for estimating weld-flaw depths and arc-burn depths

from field radiographs. Various fracture-mechanics analyses were used to

calculate a series of allovable flaw-size curves. Such curves were used

to assess the significance of girth-weld flaws and arc burns.

93. Reneker, D. H., Edelman, S. , Dereggi, A., Vanderhart, D. L., A nondestructive evaluation method using piezoelectric polymer transducers and Fourier

transform vibrational spectroscopy. Science and Technology of Polymer

Process! ng , N. P. Suh and N. H. Sung, Eds., pp. 844-856 (MIT Press,

Cambridge, MA, 1979).

The noimial mode vibrational spectrum of a particular object contains

a wealth of information about the mechanical integrity of the object.

The nondestructive evaluation of objects by observation of such vibrational

spectra is facilitated by the combination of recently developed low mass,

high compliance piezoelectric polymer transducers, a synchronized method

for exciting the sample, and a small minicomputer capable of making digital

Fourier transforms.

94. Reno, R. C., Swartzendruber, L. J., Bennett, L. H., Positron annihilation study of defects in titanium, NDT Int . , pp. 224-227 (Oct. 1979).

Positron annihilation linewidth m.easurements have been used to

study defect behaviour in titanium samples which were first cold-worked

and then annealed. The’ line width for a highly deformed high purity

sample showed a gradual increase with increasing annealing temperature

up to recrystal 1 ization temperature, above which there was a rapid in- crease. In contrast, a commercially pure sample displayed a smooth increase in linewidth over the entire annealing range. Hardness measurements correlate reasonably well with the overall trend of the positron

lineshape parameter.

18
I

95. Rosasco, G. J., Roedder, E., Application of a new Raman microprobe

spectrometer to nondestructive analysis of sulfate and other ions in

individual phases in fluid inclusions in minerals, Geochim. Cosmochim.

Acta 43 , 1907-1915 (1979).

We report here the results of the application of a new instrument,

based on back-scattering, that greatly expands the range of applicability

of Raman spectroscopy to fluid inclusions.

96. Ruff, A. W., Measurements and standards for dry wear, Proc. Natl. Symp.

on Wear and Corrosion, Washington, DC, June 1979 , 4 pages (American

Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1979).

Activities currently underway to develop and provide reference

materials for wear testing, to improve wear measurement procedures

and to obtain meaningful wear data will be described.

97. Sachse, W., Hsu, N. N., Ultrasonic transducers for materials testing

and their characterization, Chapter 4 in Physical Acoustics XIV , 277-

405 (Academic Press, Inc., New York, NY, 1 979)

.

The paper is a comprehensive review of ultrasonic transducers

which are being used for materials testing and flaw detection. Emphasis

is placed on the characterization of these transducers.

The scope of this review is four-fold: (1) to consider the ultrasonic transducer coupled to various test media as an element in an ultrasonic system; (2) to survey the various methods of ultrasound transduction; (3) to summarize some of the techniques by which the characteristics of a transducer are modified; and (4) to review the techniques

for transducer characterization. The emphasis is on transduction devices

of bulk waves propagating in solids including contact, immersion and

angle beam transducers.

98. Sato, T. and Linzer, M. , Engineering aspects of medical ultrasonic

imaging -- a few new directions, Japanese J. Clinical Medicine 37,

No. 1, 148-152 (1979).

99. Schafft, H. A., Ed., Semiconductor measurement technology: Reliability

technology for cardiac pacemakers III--A workshop report, Nat. Bur.

Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 400-50, 134 pages (June 1979) SN003-003-02076-1

,

$4.50.

The workshop, third in a series, served as a forum for pacemaker

manufacturers and other interested parties to address technical questions relevant to the enhancement and assurance of cardiac oacemaker

reliability. Extended summaries are provided on the following topic

areas: microcalorimetric measurements to evaluate nondestructi vely

19
batteries used in pacemakers; neutron radiography interrogation of

lithium-based batteries; measurement of moisture; automated testing of

pacemakers; and conformal coatings for pacemaker applications.

ICOc Seltzer, S. M., X-ray source characteristics and detection efficiencies

of prototype Li xi scopes, (Proc. Lixi scope Conf . , NASA Goddard Space Flight

Center, Greenbelt, MD, July 27-28, 1978), NASA Conf . Publ . 2112, Preliminary Applications and Evaluation Results , pp. 11-14 (NASA Goddard Space

FI ight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 1978).

Important components used in the prototype Lixiscope (low-intensity

x-ray-imaging scope) are the radioactive x-ray source and the scintillator

screen. Calculated data are given pertinent to the spectra and intensity

of x-rays emitted by the encapsulated sources used. Detection efficiencies

for a rare-earth and a Csl scintillator screen are compared.

101. Shives, T. R. and Willard, W. A., Eds., MFPG - Detection, diagnosis, and

prognosi

s

, (Proceedings of the 28th Meeting of the Mechanical Failures

Prevention Group, held at San Antonio, TX, Nov. 28-30, 1978) Nat. Bur.

Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 547, 368 pages (July 1979) SN003-003-02083-4,

$7.00.

These proceedings consist of twenty-five papers from the 28th meeting

of the Mechanical Failures Prevention Group. Special emphasis is on aerospace, land based, marine and industrial applications.

102. Shorten, F. J., Ed., NBS Reactor: Summary of activities - July 1977 to

June 1978, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 995, 147 pages (May 1979)

SN003-003-02070-2, $4.50.

This report summarizes all those programs which depend on the NBS

reactor. The programs range from the use of neutron beams to study the

structure and dynamics of materials through neutron radiography and

nondestructive evaluations.

103. Spal , R., Kahn, A. H., Eddy currents in a conducting cylinder with a crack, J. Appi . Phys. 50 , No. 10, 6135-6138 (Oct. 1979).

We report calculations for the impedance of a long solenoid which

surrounds a cylinder of conducting material containing a radial surface

crack of constant depth. The calculation is accomplished by solving for

the longitudinal ac magnetic field in the interior of the "cracked" cylinder

in terms of an infinite series of cylindrical Bessel functions. The . results are tabulated in a form useful for nondestructive testing

purposes.

104. Sulouff, R. L. , Investigation of moisture measurements, failure rate and

leak rate and a study of moisture infusion, NBS-GCR-79-170, 57 pages (Aug.

1979). Order from NTIS as PB299172, $7.00.

20
A preliminary study of the relationships between moisture infusion,

leak size, and device reliability has been completed. Two sets of experiments were conducted. In one, packages constructed with a controlled leak were placed in a controlled humidity environment and the water vapor content measured as a function of time. The second experiment was a life

test in which packages were subjected to an atmosphere with 85-percent

relative humidity at 85°C. The results exhibited a great amount of scatter

Nevertheless, it can be safely concluded that present leak rate limits for

large packages are not low enough to insure that the maximum permissible

moisture level will not be exceeded during a reasonable service life.

105. Swartzendruber , L., Magnetic leakage and force fields for artificial defects in magnetic particle test rings. Proceedings of the Twelfth Symp o- sium on Nondestructive Evaluation , W. W. Bradshaw, Ed., pp. 150-162

(Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 1979).

The magnetic leakage fields caused by artificial defects have been

calculated for the case of a linear isotropic magnetic material, and

determined approximately for a non-linear material near saturation.

The force fields acting on small magnetic particles have been calculated.

Using these results, the magnetic particle surface density which evolves

around the artificial defects from a uniform low density cloud of magnetic

particles is estimated for the case of dry particles. The calculated field

and powder patterns are compared with those obtained on a typical test ring

The ability of such test rings to accurately gauge system performance is

di scussed.

106. Treado, S. J. and Burch, D. M., Evaluation of hand-held infrared thermometers for wall thermal resistance determination, NBSIR 79-1736, 26 pages

(July 1979). Order from NTIS as PB298057, S6.00.

107. VanderBrug, G. J, , Nagel, R. N., Vision systems for manufacturing, Proc

.

1979 Joint Automatic Control Conf., Denver, CO, June 17-21, 1979 , pp . 760-

770 (American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, NY," 1979).

Digital image processing and pattern recognition are providing the

basis for a growing number of attempts to achieve an automated vision

system. This paper begins with a brief historical perspective on image

processing and pattern recognition. Next a series of state of the art

examples of visual inspection systems, and then robot vision systems is

presented. The paper contains a list of other areas in manufacturing

for the application of vision systems, and concludes with an assessment

of the future of vision systems in manufacturing.

108. Vanderbrug, G. J. and Nagel, R. N,, Image pattern recognition in industrial

inspection, NBSIR 79-1764, 48 pages (Sept. 1979). Order from NTIS as PB30-108871 , $6.00.

See abstract for No. 107.

21
109. Vorburger, T. V., Teague, E. C., Scire, F. E., Rosberry, F. W,, Measurements of stylus radii, Wear 57 , 39-49 (1979).

In stylus measurements of surface texture the measured results for

roughness depends on the stylus radius. Since stylus tips are not perfectly spherical, the local radius of curvature varies significantly

over the surface K'hich makes the determination of an effective radius

difficult. Comparisons are made between three techniques: sharp-edge

traces, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. It is con- cluded that the radius scale method is accurate, unambiguous and easy to use for routine measurements in the laboratory.

a 110. Yin, L. I., Seltzer, S. M., The Lixiscope: A pocket-size x-ray imaging

system, Phys. Med, Biol. 23 , No. 5, 993-997 (1978).

This note describes a low-intensity x-ray imaging device with the

acronym Lixiscope. The high sensitivity and large gain of the Lixiscope

not only allows safe fluoroscopic examinations, but also enables the use of radioactive sources in lieu of x-ray machines. Furthermore, because

the Lixiscope produces a visible-light output image, it can be easily

recorded on fast instant-processing films or used in conjunction with

any other image recording and processing devices. As will be shown,

the small format of the Lixiscope in conjunction with a minute radioactive source provides a truly portable, nearly pocket-size fluoroscopic

system.

111. Yin, L. I., Trombka, J. I., Seltzer, S. M., A portable x-ray imaging

system for small-format applications, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 158,

175-180 (1979).

A prototype low-intensity x-ray imaging system with the acronym

l.IXlscope was built to demonstrate the feasibility of a modular approach

toward x-ray imaging in small -format applications. The prototype, including its own x-ray source, is shown to be fully portable, rugged and

pocket-sized. Preliminary results and performance characteristics are presented.

112. Young, M. , Conference on optical scattering standards, SPIE J . 181 , 133-134 (1979).

NBS should consider providing measurement services (such as well

characterized surfaces) based on a state-of-the-^art facility for precision scattering measurements and calibrations.

113. Younglove, B. A., Thermodynamic properties of nitrogen gas from sound

velocity measurements, Proc. 1st Int. S\mip. on Cryog enic Wind Tunnels , Southampton, England, Apr. 3-5, 1979 , pp. 16. 1-16.6 (1979)^

Thermodynamic properties of nitrogen gas have been calculated from

sound velocity measurements using mul tiproperty fitting techniques.

22
These new data are intended to improve existing predictive capability

of the equation of state in the low density region needed for use with

the NASA-Langley National Transonics Facility.

14. Zimmerman, J. E. , Sullivan, D. B., Superconducting devices, McGraw-Hi 1

1

Yearbook of Science and Technology , pp. 378-380 (McGraw-Hill Book

Company, New York, NY, 1979).

The history of the SQUID is reviewed with emphasis on recent

devel opments

.

23
3. Subject Index

Acoustic emission, 5, 24, 32, 35, 36, 47, 48, 51, 85.

Acoustic velocity, 66, 67, 69, 71, 113.

Adobe, 23.

Alumina, 36, 52.

Aluminum and aluminum alloys, 8,' 20, 21, 52, 68, 69.

Automated inspection, 13, 99, 107, 108.

Batteries, 41, 42, 91, 99.

Bearings, 28, 101

.

Building technology, 17, 23, 49, 57, 86, 106.

Calibration (also see Transducer calibration), 7, 9, 10, 20, 21, 32-35,

61, 112.

Calorimetry, 32, 76, 91, 99.

Cardiac pacemakers, 41, 42, 91, 99.

Chemical analysis, 95.

Composite materials, 69.

Condition monitoring (also see Acoustic emission. Wear debris analysis),

28, 41, 42, 86, 101.

Conductivi ty, electrical (see Resistivity).

Conductivity, thermal (see Thermophysical properties).

Copper and copper alloys, 18, 52, 54, 74.

Corrosion detection, 8, 99, 104.

Cracks, 19, 36, 46.

eddy currents, 5, 103.

Elastic constants, 66, 69.

Electrical testing, 11-13.

Electrochemical noise, 8.

Electronic applications, 11-13, 47, 48, 51, 80-83, 99, 104.

Electronic imaging, 39.

Electro-optical detectors, 44.

Energy conservation, 17, 38, 49, 65, 77, 89, 106.

Fatigue, 19.

Fracture mechanics, 89, 92.

GamTia rays, 59.

Glass, 52.

Gold, 52, 74.

Graphite, 53.

Hardness testing, 94.

Holography, 55, 56.

Image processing, 107, 108.

Image quality indicators, 61, 64, 87, 90.

Infrared testing (see Thermography)

.

Inservice inspection, 37, 38, 86.

Integrated circuits (see Electronic applications).

Iron, 8, 52.

24
Lasers, 55, 56, 68.

Leak testing, 47, 48, 99, 104.

Linewidth measurement, 80-83, 94.

Liquid penetrants, 5, 19, 25.

Lixi scope , 1 00, 110, 1 1 1 .• Loose-particle detection, 51.

Magnetic testing, 5, 105, 114.

Medical applications, 41, 42, 70-73, 75, 91, 98, 99, 110.

Microcalorimetry (see Calorimetry)

.

Microscopy, acoustic, 70, 71.

Microscopy, optical, 80-83, 109.

Microstructural characterization, 18.

Microwave testing, 15.

Mi 1 i tary appl ications , 18, 26.

Moisture measurement, 23, 99, 104.

Neutron

detection, 3.

diffraction, 18, 102.

fields, 29.

imaging, 39, 40, 65.

radiography, 3, 5, 19, 39-42, 65, 99, 102,

Nickel and nickel alloys, 8.

Nuclear reactors, 65.

Optical testing, 55, 56, 80-83, 107, 108, 112.

Pattern recognition, 70, 71, 107, 108.

Penetrants (see Liquid penetrants).

Performance monitoring (see Condition monitoring).

Photomasks (see Electronic applications).

Photovoltaic testing, 13.

Piezoelectric polymers, 16, 24, 27, 28, 58, 93, 101.

Pipelines, 38, 77, 89, 92.

Polyvinyl idene fluoride (see Piezoelectric polymers).

Positron annihilation, 50, 94.

Pressure vessels, 37.

Productivity enhancement (see Automated inspection).

Radiation measurement, 30, 31.

Radiography, neutron (see Neutron radi ography)

.

Radiography, x-ray (see X-ray radiography)

.

Raman spectroscopy, 95.

Real-time radiography, 14, 63, 64, 88, 100, 110, 111.

Residual stress (see Stress measurement).

Resistivity, 13, 52, 53, 60, 74.

Resonance neutron radiography, 3.

Safety , 30 , 31 . Semiconductors (see Electronic applications).

Signal processing, 26, 70-73, 84.

Silicon, 13.

Silver, 74.

25
Snow, 15.

Standards, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 19-21, 29-35, 43, 52, 53, 59-61, 64, 77, 87, 88,

90, 96, 102, 105, 112.

Steel, 20, 21, 66, 67.

Strength measurement, 23.

Stress measurement, 62.

Surface texture, 109, 112.

Thermal testing (also see Calorimetry, Thermography), 60, 106.

Thermophysical properties, 52, 53, 60, 113.

Thermography, 17, 49.

Thickness measurement, 3.

Titanium and titanium alloys, 20, 21, 94.

Transducer

arrays, 26, 72, 75, 78, 79, 84.

calibration and characterization, 10, 22, 32-35, 72, 76, 97.

Transducers

acoustic emission, 35.

polymer, 24, 27, 28, 58, 93, 101.

ultrasonic, 97.

Transistors (see Electronic applications).

Tungsten, 52.

U1 trasonic

imaging, 26, 70, 72, 73, 78, 79, 84, 98.

scattering, 46, 71, 78.

testing, 5, 7, 10, 19, 20-22, 26, 32-34, 43, 61, 70-73, 75, 78, 79, 84,

97, 98.

tomography, 70-73, 78.

velocity (see Acoustic velocity).

Ultrasonics, 45, 46, 68, 76.

Valves, 37.

Vibration testing, 28, 51, 93, 101, 108.

Visual testing, 5, 107.

Wear debris analysis, 54, 96.

Welds and welding, 38, 77, 89, 92.

Wood, 57.

X-ray

detection, 44.

diffraction, 14, 44, 59, 62, 63.

film, 87, 90, 110.

imaging, 14, 63, 100, 110, 111.

magnification, 14, 63.

radiography, 4, 5, 7, 14, 19, 61, 63, 64, 77, 87, 89, 92, 100, 110.

screens, 88, 100.

sources, 44, 100, 110, 111.

26
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NDE Publications: 1979

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