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‐ 2701

‐ cv

Jill Stuart (ASIA) LLC v. Sanei Int’l Co.

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL

EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER

JANUARY 1, 2007 IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE

OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE

32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED

WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL

APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION

“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST

SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second 1

Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley 2

Square, in the City of New York, on the 14 th day of May, two thousand fourteen. 3

4

PRESENT: AMALYA L. KEARSE, 5

RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR., 6

SUSAN L. CARNEY, 7

Circuit Judges. 8

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ 9

10

JILL STUART (ASIA) LLC, RONALD CURTIS, AS TRUSTEE 11

FOR THE STUART

‐ CURTIS FAMILY TRUST, 12

13

Plaintiffs

‐ Appellants

, 14

15

v. No. 13

‐ 2701

‐ cv 16

17

SANEI INTERNATIONAL CO., LTD., 18

19

Defendant

‐ Appellee

. * 20

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ 21

22

* The Clerk of the Court is directed to amend the caption of this case as set forth

above.2 FOR APPELLANTS: M ICHAEL J. S HEPPEARD

, Ballon Stoll Bader & 1

Nadler, P.C., New York, NY. 2

3

FOR APPELLEE: L ISA T. S IMPSON (Emily J. Green, Daniel Kahn, 4

Marc R. Shapiro, on the brief ), Orrick, Herrington 5

& Sutcliffe LLP, New York, NY. 6

7

Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the 8

Southern District of New York (Katherine B. Forrest, Judge ). 9

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, 10

AND DECREED that the judgment of the District Court is AFFIRMED. 11

Jill Stuart (Asia) LLC and Ronald Curtis, as Trustee for the Stuart

‐ Curtis 12

Family Trust (together, “Jill Stuart”), appeal from (1) the District Court’s order 13

entered on November 7, 2012 granting the motion of Sanei International Co., Ltd. 14

(“Sanei”) to dismiss Jill Stuart’s claims for unjust enrichment and breach of 15

contract, implied contract, and the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, all 16

stemming from Sanei’s allegedly unauthorized use of the Jill Stuart trademark, 17

and (2) the District Court’s June 17, 2013 order granting Sanei’s motion for 18

summary judgment on the issue of contract damages relating to Sanei’s 19

unauthorized copying and use of a Jill Stuart design and awarding nominal 20

damages only. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the facts and record of 21

the prior proceedings, to which we refer only as necessary to explain our 22

decision to affirm. 23

1. Motion to Dismiss 24

We review de novo the District Court’s partial grant of a motion to 25

dismiss. See Standard Inv. Chartered, Inc. v. Nat’l Ass’n of Sec. Dealers, Inc., 637 26

F.3d 112, 115 (2d Cir. 2011). Under New York law, which the parties agree 27

applies in this case, “the question of whether an ambiguity exists must be 28

ascertained from the face of an agreement without regard to extrinsic evidence.” 293 Reiss v. Fin. Performance Corp., 97 N.Y.2d 195, 199 (2001). “An ambiguity exists 1

where the terms of a contract could suggest more than one meaning when 2

viewed objectively by a reasonably intelligent person who has examined the 3

context of the entire integrated agreement and who is cognizant of the customs, 4

practices, usages and terminology as generally understood in the particular trade 5

or business.” Eternity Global Master Fund Ltd. v. Morgan Guar. Trust Co. of 6

N.Y., 375 F.3d 168, 173 (2d Cir. 2004) (quotation marks omitted). 7

The District Court concluded that the Permanent Assignment Agreement 8

(“PAA”), which assigned to Sanei the Jill Stuart trademark for certain categories 9

of goods in certain territories, does not contain a provision prohibiting Sanei’s 10

use of the mark on other products as to which the PAA is silent. Relying 11

primarily on Two Guys from Harrison

‐ N.Y. v. S.F.R. Realty Associates, 63 12

N.Y.2d 396, 403 (1984), which stands for the unremarkable principle of New York 13

law that a contract should be interpreted to avoid rendering any of its provisions 14

meaningless or superfluous, Jill Stuart argues that the PAA must be read to 15

contain an implicit prohibition of such unauthorized uses because any other 16

reading “renders the [PAA] meaningless, as Sanei would thus be free to use the 17

[Jill Stuart trademark] in whatever manner it desired without payment or 18

meaningful reckoning.” Appellant’s Br. 31. We disagree that the PAA’s failure 19

to provide a contract

‐ based cause of action for Sanei’s alleged trademark 20

infringement renders the PAA meaningless in the way that Jill Stuart describes. 21

To the contrary, in consideration for $45 million to the Stuart

‐ Curtis Family 22

Trust, the PAA assigns valuable intellectual property that Sanei would not 23

otherwise own. 1 24

1 Jill Stuart’s argument for an implied negative covenant under Harper Brothers

v. Klaw, 232 F. 609 (S.D.N.Y. 1916), is unpersuasive. There, the court determined4 Moreover, whereas the PAA contains an explicit prohibition against uses 1

of Jill Stuart designs that infringe Jill Stuart’s copyright, it contains no similar 2

prohibition against unauthorized uses of Jill Stuart’s trademark. This indicates 3

that the parties intended to omit such a contractual prohibition. 4

2. Motion for Summary Judgment 5

We review de novo the District Court’s grant of summary judgment. 6

Garcia v. Hartford Police Dep’t, 706 F.3d 120, 126 (2d Cir. 2013). Under New 7

York law, contract damages are intended to place the non

‐ breaching party in the 8

position it would have found itself had the contract been performed, “subject to 9

the limitations that the injury

. . . was foreseeable, and that the amount of 10

damages claimed be measurable with a reasonable degree of certainty and, of 11

course, adequately proven.” Freund v. Wash. Square Press, 34 N.Y.2d 379, 382 12

(1974). “[P]roof of consequential damages cannot be speculative or conjectural,” 13

and lost profits “must be proven with reasonable certainty and be capable of 14

measurement based upon known reliable factors without undue speculation.” 15

Bi

‐ Economy Mkt., Inc. v. Harleysville Ins. Co. of N.Y., 10 N.Y.3d 187, 193 (2008) 16

(quotation marks omitted). 17

Sanei admits that it breached the PAA by copying Jill Stuart’s Palm Tree 18

Print 1 (“Palm Print”) design and using it (1) on Sanei’s website, (2) in a 19

promotional booklet, and (3) on an iPhone cover. On summary judgment, 20

however, Jill Stuart failed to show that any of these uses caused lost profits by 21

that a copyright license, like a license of real property, implicitly prohibited the

licensee from intentionally destroying the value of the licensed property. Id. at

613. But the PAA is an assignment, not a license. Without deciding whether

New York continues to recognize an implied negative covenant in the intellectual

property context, we conclude that Harper Brothers is inapposite because Sanei

has no obligation to preserve the value of the property it purchased.5 damaging the Jill Stuart brand. Jill Stuart’s “reasonable royalty” theory also fails 1

because, even assuming that a hypothetical reasonable royalty amount could 2

support a non

‐ speculative consequential damages determination under New 3

York law, Jill Stuart failed to show sufficiently similar royalty contracts on which 4

to base such a determination. Jill Stuart having failed to show reasonably certain, 5

adequately proven, and sufficiently non

‐ conjectural consequential damages, the 6

District Court did not err in awarding nominal damages only. 7

We have considered Jill Stuart’s remaining arguments and conclude that 8

they are without merit. For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the District 9

Court is AFFIRMED. 10

FOR THE COURT: 11

Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court 12

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