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TA435 .U58 Vl44;1982 C 1 N

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Atlanta Tacoma Oakland Chicago 2 NBS BUILDING SCIENCE SERIES 144

Optimal Weatherization

of Low-Income Housing

in the U.S.^ A Research

-monstration Project

Easton

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C._2,

ARTMENT OF COMMERCE • NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS '"'Cau o»
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act ol Congress on March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology

and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts

research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau's technical work is per- formed by the National Measurement Laboratory, the National Engineering Laboratory, and

the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology.

THE NATIONAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY provides the national system of

physical and chemical and materials measurement; coordinates the system with measurement

systems of other nations and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform

physical and chemical measurement throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry,

and commerce; conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement,

standards, and data on the properties of materials needed by industry, commerce, educational

institutions, and Government; provides advisory and research services to other Government

agencies; develops, produces, and distributes Standard Reference Materials; and provides

calibration services. The Laboratory consists of the following centers:

Absolute Physical Quantities^ — Radiation Research — Chemical Physics —

Analytical Chemistry — Materials Science

THE NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY provides technology and technical ser- vices to the public and private sectors to address national needs and to solve national problems; conducts research in engineering and applied science in support of these efforts; builds and maintains competence in the necessary disciplines required to carry out this research and technical service; develops engineering data and measurement capabilities;

provides engineering measurement traceability services; develops test methods and proposes

engineering standards and code changes; develops and proposes new engineering practices;

and develops and improves mechanisms to transfer results of its research to the ultimate user. The Laboratory consists of the following centers:

Applied Mathematics — Electronics and Electrical Engineering^ — Manufacturing

Engineering — Building Technology — Fire Research — Chemical Engineering^

THE INSTITUTE FOR COMPUTER SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY conducts

research and provides scientific and technical services to aid Federal agencies in the selection, acquisition, application, and use of computer technology to improve effectiveness and

economy in Government operations in accordance with Public Law 89-306 (40 U.S.C. 759), relevant Executive Orders, and other directives; carries out this mission by managing the Federal Information Processing Standards Program, developing Federal ADP standards

guidelines, and managing Federal participation in ADP voluntary standardization activities; provides scientific and technological advisory services and assistance to Federal agencies; and

provides the technical foundation for computer-related policies of the Federal Government.

The Institute consists of the following centers:

Programming Science and Technology — Computer Systems Engineering.

'Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaithersburg, MD, unless otherwise noted; mailing address Washington, DC 20234. 'Some divisions within the center are located at Boulder, CO 80303.
Wational Bureau of Standardj

SEP 3 0 1982

NBS BUILDING SCIENCE SERIES 144

Optimal Weatherization

of Low-Income Housing in the U.S.:

A Research Demonstration Project

Richard Crenshaw and Roy E. Clark

Center for Building Technology

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, DC 20234

Sponsored by:

Community Services Administration

1200 19th St., N W

Washington, DC 20506

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

Issued September 1982
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 82-600576

National Bureau of Standards Building Science Series 144

Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Bldg. Sci. Ser. 144, ]o6 pages (Sept. 1982)

CODEN: BSSNBV

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON: 1982

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402

Price (Add 25 percent for other than U.S. mailing).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This report is the result of the cooperative efforts of many people. Among

them are

Site Coordinators - Atlanta (Larry Dodgen), Easton (Debra Hosier), Charleston,

SC (John Baker), Chicago (Harriet Lee and Romeo Ogden)

Colorado Springs (Brad Turk), Fargo, ND (Kenneth Olsen,

Bruce Hilbe and David Sharpe), Minneapolis/St. Paul

(Michael McAlister), Oakland (Toramie Cavalier), Portland,

ME (Paul Balmuth) , St. Louis (Terry Williams), Tacoma

(John Zajac and Fred Wormber) and Washington, DC

(Maurice Hutchins and Melodie Fenwick)

Mechanical Engineers - Richard Grot, Bob Beausoliel and Yui-May Chang

Economists - Robert Chapman, Steve Weber, Kimberly Barnes, Barbara Lippiatt,

Michael Boehm, Ann Hillstrom, Phil Chen

Material Engineers - McClure Godette

Computer Consultants - Scheryle Schroyer, Judy Calabrese, Larry Kaetzel

Word Processing - Ulesia Gray, Brenda Thompson

iil
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. AN OVERVIEW 3

3. OPTIMAL WEATHERIZATION 7 4 . SAMPLE SELECTION 9

5. ARCHITECTURAL OPTION SELECTION 17

6. MECHANICAL OPTION SELECTION 29

7. OPTION INSTALLATION 35

8. METERING 53

9. DATA COLLECTION 55

10. DATA ANALYSIS 61

11. RESULTS 69

12. REFERENCES 109

A. BUILDING DATA A-1

B. VALUES (FROM REGRESSION ANALYSIS) USED FOR

APPEN- CALCULATING CONSUMPTION B-1

DICES C. YEAR-TOTAL "MODIFIED" DEGREE DAYS (SEVEN-YEAR AVERAGE) .. C-1

D. ABSTRACTS OF REPORTS DOCUMENTING THE CSA WEATHERIZATION

DEMONSTRATION PROJECT D-1

iv
LIST OF TABLES

Page

1. Age Distribution of Houses in Final Sample 11

2. Distribution of Houses in Final Sample by Construction Type

(Experimental houses, only) 13

3. Distribution of Houses in Final Sample by Heating System Type

and Fuel Used (Experimental houses, only) 15

4. Fuel Prices (1977) Used in Selecting Options 20

5. Estimates of the Frequency of Replacement of Several

Architectural Options to Achieve a 20-Year Physical Life 21

6. Estimates of First Costs by Site Used in the Economic Analyses 23

7. Estimates of 20-year Costs by Site Used in the Economic Analyses ... 24

8. Optimal Weatherization Packages for Houses Heated by Natural Gas ... 25

9. Optimal Weatherization Packages for Houses Heated by Fuel Oil 26

10. Optimal Weatherization Packages for Houses Heated by Electricity,

Propane or Kerosene 27

11. Efficiency Improvement Values for Mechanical Options 32

12. Estimated Costs for Installing Mechanical Options 33

13. Mechanical Options Selected for Optimum Weatherization 34

14. Options Installed - Atlanta 36

15. Options Installed - Charleston 37

16. Options Installed - Chicago 38

17. Options Installed - Colorado Springs 39

18. Options Installed - Easton 40

19. Options Installed - Fargo 41

20. Options Installed - Minneapolis St. /Paul 42

21. Options Installed - Oakland 43

22. Options Installed - Portland 44

23. Options Installed - St. Louis 45

24. Options Installed - Tacoma 46

25. Options Installed - Washington 47

26. Thermal Deficiencies Remaining After Weatherization (65 Houses) .... 50

27. Fuel Prices (1979/80) Used to Evaluate Savings 67

28. Overall Summary Results 70

29. Site-by-Site Summary Results 71

30. Atlanta Results 77

31. Charleston Results 79

32. Chicago Results 82

33. Colorado Springs Results 83

34. Easton Results 86

35. Fargo Results 89

36. Minneapolis /St. Paul Results 92

37. Oakland Results 95

38. Portland Results 97

39. St. Louis Results 100

40. Tacoma Results 103

41. Washington Results 105

42. Fuel Unit to MBtu Conversion Factors Used 107

v
LIST OF FIGURES

Page

1. Selected sites for demonstration 5

2. Optimizing weatherlzatlon Investments 8

3. Example of graphic tracking of fuel consumption 65

4. Distribution of simple payback periods of weatherlzed houses 74

5. Scatter plot of cost effectiveness of house weatherlzatlon 75

vl
SI CONVERSION UNITS

In view of the present accepted practice for building technology in this country, common U.S. units of measurement

were used throughout the report. In recognition of the position of the United States as a signatory to the General Conference on Weights and Measures, which gave official status to the International System of Units (SI) in 1960, the table below is presented to facilitate conversion to SI units. Readers Interested in making further

use of the coherent system of SI units are referred to: NBS SP 330, 1977 Edition, The International System of Units; and ASTM E621-78, Standard Practice for the Use of Metric (SI) Units in Building Design and Construction.

CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL (SI) UNIT U.S. CUSTOMARY UNITS APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS

LENGTH

AREA

VOLUME

CAPACITY

PRESSURE

WORK, ENERGY

QUANTITY OF HEAT

POWER, HEAT FLOW RATE

meter (m) millimeter (mm)

square meter (m2)

cubic meter (m^)

cubic millimeter (mm^)

liter (L) milliliter (mL)

pascal (Pa)

megajoule (MJ)

kilojoule (kJ)

watt (W)

COEFFICIENT OF HEAT watt per square meter kelvin TRANSFER [U-value] (W/m-^'K) [ = (W/m'^' °C) ]

foot (ft)

inch (in)

square yard (yd2) square foot (ft^)

cubic yard (yd 3) cubic foot (ft3)

cubic inch (In^)

gallon (gal)

fluid ounce (fl oz)

pound-force per square inch (Ibf/in^)

kilowatthour (kWh)

British thermal unit

per hour (Btu/h)

foot pound-force

per second (fflbf/s)

Btu per hour square

foot degree Fahrenheit

(Btu/ft2'h'°F)

m 3.2808 ft m 0.0394 in

m2 1.1960 yd 2 m2 10.764 ft2

m3 1.3080 yd 3 m3 35.315 ft3

nnD 61.024 X fl oz

L 0.2642 gal mL 0.0338 fl oz

Pa 0.0015 lbf/ln2

MJ 0.2778 kWh

kJ 0.9478 Btu

W 3.4121 Btu/h

W 0.7376 fflbf/

THERMAL CONDUC- TIVITY [k-value] watt per meter kelvin (W/m* K) Btu inch per hour square

[=(W/m* "C) ] foot degree Fahrenheit

(Btu«in/ft2.hr'''F)

1 W/m2.K •= 0.1761 Btu/h«ft2. "F

1 W/m-K = 6.9335 Btu-in/h-ft2- "F

NOTES: (1) The above conversion factors are shown to three or four places of decimals.

(2) Unprefixed SI units are underlined. (The kilogram, although prefixed, is an SI base unit.)

REFERENCES: NBS Guidelines for the Use of the Metric System, LC1056, Revised November 1977; The Metric System of Measurement, Federal Register Notice of October 26, 1977,

LC1078, Revised November 1977; NBS Special Publication" 330, "The International System of Units (SI)," 1977 Edition;

NBS Technical Note 938, "Recommended Practice for the Use of Metric (SI) Units in Building Design and Construction," Revised edition June 1977; NBS Standard E621-78, "Standard Practice for the Use of Metric (SI) Units in Building

Design and Construction," (based on NBS TN 938), March 1978; ANSI Z210.1976, "American National Standard for Metric Practice;" also issued as ASTM

E380-76e, or IEEE Std. 268-1976.

vii

Optimal Weatherization

of Low-Income Housing in the U. S.:

A Research Demonstration Project

By Richard Crenshaw and Roy F. Clark

Center for Building Technology

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, DC 20234

This report describes and presents the results of the Community Service

Administration's (CSA's) Optimal Weatherization Demonstration Research Project

carried out by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS). The CSA/NBS demonstration installed both architectural (building shell) and mechanical systems building weatherization options, and achieved, when both types of options were used,

an average reduction in space heating fuel consumption of 41 percent, at an average weatherization cost of $1,862 per house.

The report explains the rationale used for selecting a sample of more than 200

houses at 12 sites across the United States, and for selecting optimal levels

of weatherization for each of the houses. It presents measured energy consumption and detailed descriptive data on the houses before and after weatherization, the percentage savings achieved, and shows the costs of infiltration,

conduction, furnace and water heater retrofits. Finally, it reports what

options actually were installed in each house, and describes how data on the

performance of those options were gathered and analyzed.

Key words: Community Action Agencies; Community Services Administration; costs

of residential weatherization; energy conservation; field measurement of building energy consumption; optimal weatherization;

residential energy consumption; weatherization.

1. INTRODUCTION

Today, the world recognizes that fossil fuels are non-renewable resources that

will become increasingly scarce. The Nation recognizes that, as this trend

continues, a country's economic well-being may be determined by its dependence

on foreign sources of fuels. In the U.S. today, virtually all of the energy

used comes directly or indirectly from fossil fuel sources. Only a small

fraction is obtained from renewable sources — such as hydroelectric, wind

power, wood burning, or direct utilization of solar energy. Furthermore,

1
within total U.S. energy usage, roughly 11 percent is consumed for the wintertime space heating of residences [12].*

The present 84 million residential units in the United States will constitute

85 percent of the Nation's inhabited dwellings in the year 2000. Experts have

estimated that the energy consumption of these buildings could be cut 40

percent with no hazard to health or safety. Reducing the energy needed to

heat these homes could have a major effect on the Nation's economy. Moreover,

for low-income people who cannot afford a further rise in the cost of fuel,

reduced energy consumption makes more money available for food and health care needs.

The Community Services Administration (CSA) was assisting a large number of

low-income families with weatherization and fuel-subsidy services, and

believed that it would be in the Nation's best interest to optimally weatherize

their houses for a twenty year period, rather than continue to subsidize fuel

payments. Twenty years was selected because it is the maximum physical life

of most of the weatherization options. CSA considered alternate sources of

energy such as wind, sun, and wood, but preliminary evaluation showed that

energy conservation through "weatherization" retrofitting offered the greatest

savings for a given cost. Moreover, it was a technology that was immediately

available. CSA decided that energy conservation measures, only, should be

installed in this Demonstration, and alternative ways of saving energy investigated later.

CSA selected the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to plan and manage a field

research effort on the weatherization of houses occupied by low-income people.

NBS was chosen for its ability to organize an interdisciplinary team, and its

experience in obtaining, testing, and analyzing data. This demonstration

offered the chance not only to measure the overall savings associated with

weatherization, but also to collect data with which to evaluate the optimization of weatherization packages. The results of that demonstration are presented in this report. It defines "optimal" weatherization, presents the

energy savings achieved through weatherization of existing houses in twelve

climate zones throughout the United States, and reports the costs associated

with that weatherization. Other reports based on the demonstration discuss

cost data [11], test methods for evaluating savings [8], comfort changes

resulting from weatherization [3] and methods of installing weatherization

options [ 7 ]

Although the project specifically sought information useful to the ten million

low-income homeowners served by CSA, its results are of value to other homeowners. For example, many of the houses selected for the demonstration are occupied by people who became low-income as a consequence of retiring from

work. Their houses — as physical structures — are probably typical of many

middle-income residences.

Numbers in brackets [] are keyed to the references in chapter 12.

2
0 The portability Is obvious—field test equipment of Fargo, ND, Conununlty Action Agency.

2. AN OVERVIEW

The Conmiunity Services Administration (CSA) and the National Bureau of Standards

(NBS) designed a demonstration/research project to measure changes in energy

consumption resulting from "optimal weatherization" of residences occupied by

low-income households. The project originally selected 222 houses for optimal

weatherization and 68 houses as a control group (i.e., measured, but not

weatherized—for "baseline" comparison), at 15 sites throughout the U.S. At

the end of the Demonstration period, only twelve sites had submitted data

for evaluation, covering 142 experimental and 41 control houses. Control

houses were selected at each site to identify changes which occurred in energy

consumption as a result of influences outside the Demonstration.

3
Of the 222 houses selected for weatherization , only 74 actually received

"optimal weatherization", that is, the installation of all (feasible) prescribed architectural and mechanical options. Sixty-eight additional houses

received architectural options only. Of the 56 houses selected for the

control group, 15 were partially weatherized by their owners or had a change

in occupants, leaving a control group of 41.

Originally, 16 sites representing all the inhabited climates in the U.S. were proposed to CSA by NBS. CSA reviewed this list (see p. 10) with NBS, and

replaced Phoenix, AZ, with Albuquerque, NM; Pittsburgh, PA; with Easton, PA;

and Boston, MA, with Portland, ME. Los Angeles, CA, was subsequently dropped

without a replacement. During the demonstration Albuquerque, New Orleans,

LA, and Miami, FL, dropped out, leaving 12 sites from which data was collected

(see figure 1, next page).

CSA identified candidate demonstration houses from local Community Action

Agencies' (CAAs') files of households eligible for CSA weatherization. (CAAs were administering fuel subsidy and weatherization grants from CSA.) Proposed

houses had to meet criteria defined by NBS, as discussed on pages 10 through

15. The most important criterion was that an accurate record of heating-fuel

consumption be available. The accuracy of the fuel records was checked by NBS

by statistically correlating fuel consumption with degree days (see page 60).

A fuel-use record giving a fuel consumption-degree day squared correlation

coefficient (R^) of 0.90 or better was considered acceptable.

In August, 1978, a week-long workshop was conducted by NBS staff to train CAA

field personnel. Field personnel first were presented with an overview and

plan of the project [5] . They then were instructed more specifically in the

types of test equipment to buy, methods of collecting building dimensions and

cost data, and methods of conducting the prescribed building tests. In the

original plan, the options and the demonstration houses were to be selected

during September, 1978, the options installed during the next six weeks, and

measurements of savings started in December, 1978. This proved unrealistic.

The only site funded for the installation of options by the fall of 1978 was Portland, ME, and therefore it was made a test site for the project. Options were installed and test procedures and data forms were field tested there

while the funding of the other sites was completed.

During the spring of 1979, the field personnel at the other sites ordered test

equipment, began pre-weatherization testing on both the experimental and control houses, and installed meters. The average cost of installing the meters

was $300 per house; the average cost of performing the heating system tests was $300 per house; and the average cost of buying the equipment for performing

other tests was $150 per house. During the testing and the installation of

meters, NBS staff visited each of the sites to determine how the work was organized and how it was being performed. When the pre-weatherization tests were completed, the results were sent to NBS, and local project coordinators began

installing weatherization options.

The NBS selected the architectural options to be installed by using modified

ASHRAE-type heat load calculations performed on a hypothetical house.

4
Figure 1. Sites selected for the demonstration.

Codes used to identity sites:

EAS Easton/Allentown/Bethlehem, PA

ALB Albuquerque , NM

ATL Atlanta, GA

CHA Charleston, SC

CHI Chicago, IL

CSP Colorado Springs, CO

FAR Fargo, ND

MIA Miami, FL

MSP Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN

NOR New Orleans, LA

OAK Oakland, CA

POR Portland, ME

STL St. Louis, MO

TAC Tacoma, WA

WAS Washington, DC (Hughesville, MD)

5
For details of the procedure used see page 69 [2] . Mechanical options were selected on the basis of calculations using pre-weatheriza '.on heating system

efficiency tests and assumed optimal mechanical system efficiencies (see page

30). Fuel and options costs particular to a site were used in the selection

of both architectural and mechanical options. The architectural options

selected varied from site to site, and from house to house depending on the

fuel used by the house, while mechanical options varied on a house-by-house

basis, depending on the type of heating system and its efficiency. After the

options were selected by the NBS, they were installed by local weatherization

crews.

Optimal weatherization, to be successful, must be more than just a list of

options to be installed. There must be a way of insuring the options are installed and used properly. This requires instructions on how to install the

options, quality control to insure proper installation, and a user's manual to

educate homeowners. To meet these needs, the project commissioned a Home

Retrofit Manual [7]. Providing quality control for weatherization and educating

the homeowner were beyond the scope of this project, but many of the procedures

and tests developed here should be helpful to such an effort.

It was the responsibility of each local CAA, using the Home Retrofit Manual , to assure that the options were installed using appropriate materials and

methods, and within cost limits set by the NBS. The local CAAs also were responsible for inspecting each house to identify and remedy any fire or health hazards, or possible code violations, before any options were installed.

During the installation of the options, another workshop was held to discuss

experience to date and any problems with the demonstration and the Home

Retrofit Manual . After this second workshop, the field personnel returned to

complete five local tasks: installation of weatherization options, postweatherization testing, obtaining building dimensions data, reading meters and

administering a questionnaire about thermal comfort and energy-related activities in the houses. Finally, after all the options were installed and the

building dimensions submitted, NBS staff visited each site again, made thermographs of insulated walls, inspected the quality of the weatherization work,

and checked the accuracy of the reported building dimensions.

6
% Blowing in wall insulation

near Washington, DC.

3. OPTIMAL WEATHERIZATION

To most people, "optimal weatherization" might mean retrofitting a house to

conserve energy in the best way possible, in one site visit. To an economist,

"optimal weatherization" means installing that level of weatherization which

will generate the greatest dollar value of net savings possible over the life

of the options. The group of options for a house is selected by determining

for each increment of weatherization whether the additional dollars saved in

fuel costs over the life of the increment, exceed the cost of installing that

increment of weatherization. The optimal level is that set of options whose

incremental cost equals the incremental savings (see figure 2). Because of

7
the introduction of new materials, changes in costs of materials and labor,

changes in the cost of fuel, differences in quality of workmanship and variation in initial condition of the house, optimal weatherization packages vary by

location and over time. The CSA/NBS investigation of "optimal weatherization"

addressed only the savings related to energy conserving weatherization strategies. There is no reason, however, why the concept of optimization cannot be

extended to solar strategies, both active and passive. Further discussion of

selecting optimal levels of weatherization is contained in the NBS report Optimizing Weatherization Investments in Low Income Housing; Economic Guidelines

and Forecasts [ 3 ]

LEVEL OF ENERGY CONSERVATION

Figure 2. Optimizing weatherization investments

8
0 Small, compact house

in Portland, ME*

4. SAMPLE SELECTION

Selecting a sample of dwellings required 1) selecting sites, 2) selecting

houses to be weatherized, and 3) selecting a control group of houses at each

site. The sites were selected primarily on the basis of information from the

American Institute of Architects (AIA) Regional Climate Analysis and Design

Data for the House Beautiful Climate Control Project [1]. The AIA project

designated climate zones based on solar radiation, temperature, wind, humidity, and precipitation. The study suggests it is more practical, and not

unreasonable, to use populated civil subdivisions within climate zones for

designating the climate zones rather than general areas, because of the problem

of identifying boundaries. It includes a recommended list of municipalities as

9
being representative of the climate zones in the U.S. They are Albany, NY;

Boston, MA; Charleston, SC; Chicago, IL; Columbus, OH; Denver, CO; Miami, FL;

New Orleans, LA; New York, NY; Phoenix, AZ; Pittsburgh, PA; Portland, OR;

St. Louis, MO; St. Paul, MN; and Washington, D.C.

The above cities were proposed to CSA, with the addition of a very cold city,

Fargo, tro, and two cities on the west coast: San Francisco, and Los Angeles,

CA. The proposed sites were reviewed by CSA with respect to the ability of

local CAAs to install weatherization options quickly and properly, and to

gather data. Cities meeting climatic and administrative criteria approved for

the Demonstration were: New Orleans, LA; Atlanta, GA; Charleston, SC; St. Louis,

MO; Oakland, CA: Albuquerque, NM (substituted for Phoenix); Minneapolis/St.

Paul, MN; Tacoma, WA (substituted for Portland, OR); Chicago, IL; Miami, FL;

Washington, DC (represented by Hughesville, MD) ; Fargo, ND; Portland, ME (substituted for Boston); Easton, PA (substituted for Pittsburgh, PA); and Colorado

Springs, CO (see figure 1.*) Miami, Albuquerque, and New Orleans were later

dropped

The houses at each site were selected by NBS from a group of houses submitted

by local CAAs. Houses were proposed by the CAAs, using criteria set by NBS to assure that the samples would exhibit a range of the parameters which might

affect energy consumption. (Identifying the range of savings that could be

achieved by optimal weatherization was one of the prime objectives of the

Demonstration). The variables considered in selecting houses were: building

size, type of construction, initial condition of house, orientation, building

shape, building age, type of heating system, percentage of glass in the wall

surfaces, and occupant behavior patterns. These variables were considered in

the following ways:

Orientation and area of glass - These were assumed to vary within the sample

of 10 to 27 houses at each site. (This can be checked in the recorded data

for the houses.)

Age - Each site was asked to submit at least three houses built before World

War I, three houses built between World Wars I and II and three built after

World War II. (See table 1 for the actual distribution of building ages across the samples.)

Occupant behavior patterns - On the assumption that behavior with respect to

winter energy use is reasonably stable for the same household, but varies from

household to household, the effects of this parameter were minimized by requiring that the same people have occupied the house from April of 1975 to the end

of the Demonstration. Houses having a change of occupants are not included in

the results reported in Chapter 11, and are identified on the building data

sheets in appendix A.

* For convenience, the sites were identified by a set of three-letter codes.

These are listed at the bottom of figure 1, page 5.

10
TOTALS

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11
Building size - This variable was normalized by expressing the energy consumption

results of the demonstration in Btu's per square foot.

Building shape - The effect of building shape on energy consumption seems minor

based on analysis of heat loss calculations. The sites were encouraged to

submit simple rectangular buildings, in order to minimize the effect of shape

and to make heat loss calculations more straightforward, therefore probably

more accurate.

Construction type - This was regarded as the most difficult variable to

consider. It involved the quality of work, as well as types of materials used,

the way the houses were built, and the way they were maintained. Each site was asked to submit at least five of each possible combination of one- or two-story

detached, two- and three-story attached, and frame, solid masonry, adobe, and

masonry veneer houses. (Five was the estimated minimum number of houses

required to predict statistically, with 95 percent confidence, what range of

savings might occur in a large population, given an expected range of 50 to 75

percent reduction in savings.) This provided nine possible combinations (12,

if adobe were included). Each site could have submitted a minimum of 45 houses.

No site, had all nine possible combinations of construction types. Table 2

shows the distributions of the final samples of houses for the demonstration.

(These numbers reflect the attrition of the sample that occurred during the

Demonstration — discussed on pages 69 and 70.)

Initial condition of the house - Because this project was intended as a demonstration of energy savings that could be achieved through optimal weatherization and not as a rehabilitation project, all houses were required to be

in a reasonable state of repair before they were accepted as part of the

demonstration.

Heating system type - Because heating systems are not particularly climate

dependent, it was necessary only to have a sample of five of each type of

heating system across all sites, rather than five at each site. Data on houses

submitted by all the sites were checked by NBS to insure that at least five

heating systems of each type were included in the sample. The heating system

types in the selected houses are presented in table 3. (Again, this is the

"end of the Demonstration" sample.)

This selection process resulted in the identification of 222 experimental

houses and 68 control houses at 14 sites across the country. The control

houses were selected from among the houses submitted by each site, in order to

measure any change in energy consumption which might occur as a result of

factors other than the weatherization work, such as an oil embargo. All measurements performed on experimental houses were also to be performed on control houses, but the latter were not weatherized.

The experimental buildings included one-story detached frame buildings at all of

the sites, and 1 1/2, 2- and 3-story frame structures at some sites. Buildings

of masonry construction were selected at eight sites, including several concrete

12
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13
stucco houses. Brick veneer buildings were included at three sites, and rowtype, attached houses in the Easton-Bethlehem-Allentown area (see table 2).

At the end of the Demonstration, 73 percent of the experimental houses were

frame, 18 percent masonry and 9 percent masonry veneer.

Thfi ages of the houses were fairly uniformly distributed from 10 to 80 years,

with a median age of about 45 years. Sixty percent of the houses used gas for

fuel, 19 percent oil, 13 percent propane, four percent kerosene, and five percent electricity. Forty two percent had forced air heating systems, 24 percent

space heaters, 16 percent hydronic or steam heat, 15 percent gravity feed

heating systems (either air or water distribution), and three percent had

electric baseboard heat (see table 3).

0 Also in Portland, ME, a large house

with large exposed surfaces.

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15

Loose insulation is installed in attic

of Colorado Springs house.

5. ARCHITECTURAL OPTION SELECTION

Architectural options are those weatherization materials and methods , such as caulking, weatherstripping , storm windows and insulation, that are applied to

the building's structure, as opposed to its heating system or water heater.

Architectural options were selected by using marginal benefit/cost analysis.

This procedure weighs future energy savings of each increment of weatherization

against the cost of that increment, using a life cycle analysis approach. The

last increment of weatherization that is cost effective over the period of

time in question is that increment at which the group of options is optimized.

All of the increments previously evaluated comprise a package called optimal

weatherization. An increment of weatherization is a unit of weatherization

17
which can be added to a building. It can be an inch of insulation, or storm

windows over single glazing, or triple glazing over double glazing. In order to

identify increments of weatherization which could be added to a house, the building was considered as areas of parallel heat flow. These are: cracks, holes,

windows, doors, roof, walls, basement walls and floors. For each of these

types of parallel heat flow, the following options were considered:

Cracks and Holes —

Seal cracks and holes

Replace broken glass

Reset glazing

Replace threshold . Weatherstrip and caulk windows

Weatherstrip and caulk doors

Windows

Storm windows

Insulating drapes

Insulating shutters

Window film

Triple glazing

Doors

Metal storm door

Second wood door

Insulated door

Roof

Various thicknesses of insulation

Walls

Various thicknesses of insulation

Basement Walls and First Floor

Carpet

R-7 insulation on basement walls

R-11 insulation in the floor

After the increments have been identified, the benefit/cost ratios associated

with each increment are established and the optimal combinations selected. For

each increment of weatherization, the benefit/cost ratio was calculated using

the following formula.

Benefit = Fuel Savings x Present Value Factor x Cost of Fuel ^)

Cost Replacement Factor x Cost of Option

The terms in the formula are explained below. The Present Value Factor takes

into account a real fuel price escalation of five percent to eight percent, a real discount rate of six percent, and a life cycle of 20 years.

18
Fuel savings - The predicted saving of fuel from architectural options was calculated in Btu's, using a modified version of the ASHRAE steady state heat

balance calculations. A summary of this approach, Including formulas, is

presented in appendix E of the CSA Weatherization Demonstration Project Plan

(reference 5) . The major differences between the ASHRAE method and the method

used in this project are that infiltration was determined from experimental dat

and degree days were calculated separately for day and night, and for the basement. The method used in this project more realistically modeled infiltration,

allowed for shutters which are open during the day and closed at night, and

allowed for basements whose temperature is closer to ground temperature than

outside air temperature. In order to allow for the interdependence between

architectural and mechanical options, expected savings from architectural

options were calculated assuming that the heating system had already been

weatherized and would operate at 50 percent efficiency for oil, 70 percent for

gas, and 100 percent for electricity. Expected savings from mechanical options were calculated assuming the load on the building was reduced by 50 percent by

the installation of architectural options.

Present value factor - The present value factor for energy savings is a number

(multiplier) that can be applied to the value of (in this case energy) cost

savings that will occur in the future, in order validly to compare those saving

to the present cost of an option. The present value factor used in formula

(I) includes the real (i.e., excluding inflation) rate of fuel price escalation

the real discount rate, and the length of life cycle of the option under study.

The project used real rates of fuel price escalation based on 1977 studies by

the Department of Defense for the management of its own buildings. These rates

depend on the type of fuel, and ranged from five percent for coal to eight

percent for oil (see [2], p. 22).

A real (i.e., excluding inflation) discount rate is that rate of interest which

reflects the time value of money. The time value of money is the difference

between the value of a dollar today and its value at some future time if

invested at a stated interest rate. That is to say, a dollar today is worth

more than a dollar in ten years, apart from inflation. The discount rate may

be used to bring any future costs and savings back to the present, so that

options with different lifetimes can be compared on an equivalent basis. Since

low-income families tend to be borrowers, the rate chosen to reflect their time

value of money was tied to lending rates. Furthermore, since lending rates

for home improvements tend to be somewhat lower than for those other goods and

services, these rates are the most appropriate for use as a reference point.

A typical lending rate for home improvements in 1978 was 12 percent. The anticipated long term (20-25 year) rate of inflation (six percent) was subtracted

from this interest rate (12 percent), to give a real discount rate of six

percent

The cost of an option over the life cycle is equal to the first cost (i.e., the

installation cost) plus any future costs resulting from maintenance, repair or replacement, discounted to a present value. A life of 20 years was used in the

demonstration for selecting the last increment for an optimal weatherization

package. An additional constraint of an 11-year payback for the whole package

of options was imposed, in order to keep the usual time within which options

19
would pay for themselves within the typical term of loans for home improvements.

The additional requirement of an 11-year payback is seldom in conflict with the

20-year optimization, because of the high savings/cost ratio of the first increments of weatherization.

Cost of fuel - Fuel cost data was obtained from CAA representatives in each of

the demonstration sites or, if the local representatives were unable to provide

up-to-date information on energy prices, local suppliers of the different types

of fuel were contacted. The prices collected in this survey are listed in

table 4. These prices included local taxes, surcharges and block rates. Block

rates are important in that they regulate the price of fuel depending on the

amount of fuel consumed. They are used for natural gas and electricity in

almost all of the demonstration cities. As a final check, the prices submitted

by all sites were compared with the prices quoted in the U.S. Bureau of Labor

Statistics' Retail Prices and Indexes of Fuels and Utilities; Residential

Usage [13]

Table 4. Fuel Prices (1977) Used in Selecting Options

ATL CHA CHI CSP EAS FAR MSP OAK POR STL TAG WAS

GAS

$/ therm .235 .263 .163 .318 .290 .216 .186 .273 .295

OIL

$/gal. .490 .469 .482 .459 .492

ELECTRIC

$/kWh .035 .037 .036 .036 .044 .015 .037

PROPANE

$/gal. .480 .490 .520

Replacement factor - Some of the architectural options are not expected to have a 20-year physical life. In order to make the present costs of all the options

compatible with the assumption of a 20-year life, the first cost of the options

must be adjusted to reflect the present value of costs of any replacements

needed within a 20-year period. A materials technologist reviewed the published

literature, surveyed other authorities in the field, and surveyed existing

standards to develop the frequency of replacement estimates listed in table 5.

Options not listed in table 5 are not expected to require any replacement

before the 20th year.

20
Table 5. Estimates of the Frequency of Replacement of Several

Architectural Options to Achieve a 20-Year Physical Life

Options Not Having

20 Year Physical Life Replacement estimate

Replace broken glass Replace 2.5% of glass area at end of 10th year.

Reset glazing Replace 10% of glazing at end of 10th year.

Low emissivity film Replace 100% of film at years 9 and 18.

Weatherstrip windows Replace

year

25% of weatherstripping at end of 10th

Caulk windows Replace

16.

25% of caulking at end of years 8 and

Insulating drapes Replace 100% of drapes at end of year 10.

Storm door Replace 25% of door cost at end of year 10.

Weatherstrip doors Replace 25% of weatherstripping at end of years

5, 10, and 15.

Caulk doors Replace 50% of the caulking at the end of the

10th year.

Replace threshold Replace 100% of the threshold at the end of the

10th year.

Attic insulation Replace 25% of blow-in insulation at end of

15th year.

Weatherstrip attic

hatch

Replace 100% at end of 15th year.

Carpet floor Replace 100% at end of years 7 and 14.

21
Cost of option - Cost estimates for the weatherization options were collected

from local community action groups or local contractors recommended by the

community action groups, and were supplemented by construction suppliers catalogs, department store catalogs, an the 1978 Means Building Construction Cost

Data Guide [14]. All estimates were on a square foot or linear foot basis for

inplace options, and included the cost of labor, material, overhead and profit.

Detailed assumptions made for each option are listed on pages 60-63 of the CSA

Weatherization Demonstration Project Plan [5]. Table 6 contains the estimated

first costs for installing weatherization options in 15 cities. Table 7 contains the 20-year cost of each option, allowing for expected replacements.

By applying formula (1) (page 18) to each increment of an option, one can evaluate

the benefit/cost ratio of those increments over 20 years. All increments with

20-year benefit/cost ratios greater than 1 were selected as part of optimal

weatherization. The architectural options selected by the economic analysis

are listed in tables 8 through 10.

The Present Value Discounted Energy Savings Factors (PVDESF) listed in tables 6

and 7 reflect 1) the life of the option, 2) the current price of the fuel,

3) the (estimated) rate of escalation of the fuel price, and 4) the discount

rate. To obtain the estimated total fuel cost savings that the package of

options should produce over either 11 or 20 years, multiply the appropriate

PVDESF by the yearly savings in fuel units.

% Caulking a window

in Charleston, SC.

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25
Table 9. Optimal Weatherization Packages for Houses Heated by Fuel Oil

SITES

CHA CHI EAS FAR MIN DOR TAG WDC

Degree Days 1904 6127 5827 9271 8310 5185 4211

OPTIONS $/gallon .52 .479 .49 .469 .482 .479 .492

20 YR-PVDFSF* 12.73 11 .73 12.00 11.48 11.80 11.24 11.73 12.04

11 YR-PVDFSF

INFILTRATION

6.41 5.90 6.04 5.78 5.94 5.66 5.90 6.07

Replace Broken Glass X X X X X X X X

Reset Glazing X X X X X X X X

Install New Threshold X X X X X X X X

Seal Structural Cracks X X X X X X X X

Weatherstrip Windows X X X X X X X

Caulk Windows X X X X X X X X

Weatherstrip Doors X X X X X X X

Caulk Doors X X X X X X X Weatherstrip Attic Hatch X X X X X X X X

WINDOWS

Storm Windows X

Storm i- Shutter X X

Triple Glazing X X X Triple + Shutter X

DOORS

Storm Door (60% Glass) X X X X

Second Wood Door X

New Insulating Door

Storm Door (30% Glass) X X

Second Wood Door " X

New Insulating Door X

ATTIC

R-11 Insulation X

R-19 Insulation

R-30 Insulation X X X X X

R-38 Insulation X X

WALLS

R-11 Insulation X X X X X X X X

BASEMENT WALLS

R-7 Insulation X X X X X X X X

* See note on p. 25

26
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27

0 Service hot water and heating systems

offer mechanical options.

6. MECHANICAL OPTION SELECTION

Mechanical options are those energy conserving retrofits that are applied to

the heating system or service hot water system. They include such things as flue dampers, electronic ignition, or a new burner or water heater. Mechanic

options also were selected using marginal benefit/cost analysis. The heating

system and hot water system were considered separately and each option was evaluated as an increment of weatherization using the life cycle analysis

approach. The options considered were:

29
Heating System

Install flue damper

Install flue restrictor

Install electronic ignition

Install two-stage gas valve

Derate furnace

Replace burner

Replace furnace

Insulate ducts and pipes

Install radiator reflectors

Install night setback thermostat

Relocate thermostat

Hot Water System

Insulate water heater

Replace water heater

Reduce hot water temperature

Install shower flow restrictor

Install water heater timer

In order to evaluate the expected fuel savings from installing an option,

furnaces, distribution systems, control systems and water heaters were evaluated by a series of tests on a house-by-house basis. The tests used are discussed in the Demonstration Plan [5], pages 42 through 54. In general, the

tests measured:

1. The steady state efficiency of the furnace before and after cleaning,

using flue gas temperatures and carbon monoxide levels. Cleaning

included tuning the furnace, balancing the distribution system, replacing

nonfunctioning traps, flow valves and air valves and installing a barometric damper if required.

2. Percent of carbon dioxide in the flue gas.

3. The amount of particulates in the exhaust gas, known as the smoke

number

4. The draft above the fire and in the flue.

5. The plenum temperatures that activate/deactivate the circulating fan.

6. The velocity and temperature of the air at each register, measured under

steady state conditions, on forced or gravity air systems.

7. The outlet and return temperatures measured under steady state conditions,

on hot water and steam systems, and inoperable cells of radiators or inoperable steam traps and air vents recorded.

8. The steady state combustion efficiency of the (fuel-fired) water heater.

30
9. The temperature of the exterior jacket of the heater and of the ambient

air In the space where the water heater Is located.

10. The temperature of hot and cold water at the faucet nearest to the hot

water heater.

11. The amount of time required to heat 20 gallons of water, to determine the

recovery efficiency of the water heater.

12. The amount of time in seconds required for shower to fill a five gallon

bucket, for the shower flow rate.

Based on the results of these tests, each option which could be physically

added to the existing heating system or hot water system was assigned a percentage efficiency improvement value (EIV) or a specific savings (see table 11).

The efficiency improvement values were then multiplied by the energy load of

the building, after the heating load had been reduced by 50 percent to allow

for architectural retrofit to calculate expected savings. These savings, and

the costs from table 12, were then entered in the formula shown in the Project

Plan [5], formula 1, page 16) to calculate benefit/cost ratios. Next, the

options were ranked and the savings recalculated to allow for reduced load

resulting from the installation of successive options. Options were selected

until the reduced load on which savings for the next option were calculated

was no longer large enough to support the initial cost of that option. The

results of this selection process are shown on table 13. This shows which

options were selected for some of the houses and which for all of the houses.

31
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34
0Basement storm window is installed in Washington, DC.

7. OPTION INSTALLATION

In order to understand the significance of the savings reported in tables 28

through 39, the reader needs some knowledge of what options were installed,

how they were installed, and some indication of the direct results of the work.

Because each house was constructed differently and had different degrees of

weatherization already in place, very few houses had the same options installed

or had all of the prescribed options installed. Tables 14 through 25, on pages 36 through 47, show which options were installed on each house.

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35
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.H cfl CO •H COO CO o M •H 1 CO 4-1

C M) QJW _QJH fa e u QJ ^ o (U )-l u Q u CO H 3 P< C c iH o o CO CO CO > H o o u <v 0) .H U M OJ 3 o V-i 4-1 QJ Q) Q < w hJ Cfl 4-1 CO ^ J3 D. e a e CO M 4-) CO 4J 4-1 Pi ^ CJ QJ M U

CO

M QJ .H rH 4J iH 4-1 rH 4-1 <D

Q !-i •H .H OJH

H QJ

C CO 4-1 x:

w QJ 3 QJG

b CO

a CC cc! 3 CD

D (0 ^ O 4-1 -H COU <c 3 Q)O

u o 60

H 4-1 T3 o 3 >^ o s 0) OJ cu QJ cu cfl CU 03 OJ •H O 4-1 4-1 CO CO rH iH 0) 3 •H < to <U x: rH fa U

p: h-l PS CO 3 U 3 3 U CO <C 3 pa

W

H

Q

Q 2 3 3 CtJ CO fa < Q

39
X X X X X X X X X X

CNI

CO X X X X X X X X

CO

CO X

X

X

X

X

X X X

X X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X X

X

00 X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X

CM X X X X X X X XCO

Csl X X X X X X X X X

csl

C\l X X X X

o

CM X X

X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X

9

;^

COo

3G

o

H

JM

2

CO

o

0)o

CO

r-Hcx

Pi

cuo

u

CO u

CO J

:3O

XIc

•H

1-1

>-l OX

J-J CO

O)

COo

oo

3

CO

o

+j

CO X.a

•HU

u

<C

•H" II u

<v

CO

H

a

o

u

X

co

•H

J-J CO

i-H

C

o

CO

Io

•HU

*-> <

w

H

to

I-i OJa-E

CO Q

j-j c>

o

OJ

(—)

CO Q

c

3

O

CO

X

4-J CO JJ

COo

e

^1

QJ x:

u

CO Xiu

CD CO

PiH

40
Table 19. Options Installed - Fargo

HOUSE NUMBERS 2 6 10 1

15 17 27 30 3? 3S 36

INFILTRATION

Seal Cracks & Holes X

Weatherstrip Windows X X X X X X X X X X

Caulk Windows X X X X X X X X

Weatherstrip Doors X X X X X X X X X X X X

Caulk Doors X X X X X X X X

Weatherstrip Attic Hatch X X X X X X X X X X X X

CONDUCTION

Triple Glazing X X X X X X X X X X X X

Attic R-38 Insulation X X X X X X X X X X X X

Wall Insulation X X X X X X X X X X X

Basement Wall, Slab or

J\Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y X X X

Insulating Shade X X X

HEATING SYSTEM

Flue or Vent Damper X X X X

Electronic Ignition X X X

Derate Furnace X X X X X X

Replace Furnace X X

Night Setback Thermostat X X X X X X X X

WATER HEATER

Water Heater Insulation X X X X X X X X X

Replace Water Heater X

Timer X X X X

Flue Damper X X X X X X X X
X

XXXX

X

X

X

X

Ln

X

X

XXX

X

XXX

Ix!

X

XXXX

X

X

XX

<f

X

X

X

XXX

<r OJ

4-1 4-1

XXXX

X

X •H

CO >—

CO 4-1

rrt o p 1 c

CO

X

XXXXX

X

X

X

CO

CO CD X X X X X X X !! H 1 ^

4-1 o CO T3 CO ><! X X X X X X X X X

Q) CN 4-1 COo

*H CJ

i~i

XXXXXX

X

XX

CM 1 0) .H

•H o X X X X X X X (TJ 1—

4-1

,__{ (1)

rrt XI

4J CO tie*

X «^

(-" c

l_( CO

CO

I—

00 b><! <s

X Ix!

Q (U *H .H

4-1 -H

<^ »^

X Ix! CO 4J

COC

CO 1^

XX b<!

X

XX •H oCS! CO

CO

CD Cs]

X 1^

X •— Ix!

X

X

X , 1 o 4-1 CO CO

,—1

XXXX

XXXX

X

(-] (J

Q 5-1

O 1 1 Q OJ

CO f2

Q 4_j

Q 4J Pi CO Q cO Q CO o w ri ,—_f 0) •H Q UD cO 4-1 1 J_) (Tt CO O CO

r ^ Q 1 1 , 1 cyo

dt—

CO

Q ] t f-* i-t 1 1 ^ CO 5-1 1—

CO

Q (Tl 4J CO •H

CO 1—' • p^ , 1 [ •H iH

m z a. & (X a 3 1—

4-1 -H

U 5 O

C o o •H •H O •H •H o CO CO CO CO o M !-i N l-l !-i u S-i Td 00 tH a G CO 5^ o H CQ cC U c U o 4-) o cn 1—

5-1

O

tH

w •HW o cn 1—•H 1 cn 4-1 o on 1 ^ 0) 5-1 o S-i H c c rH o H a 0) a> (U CJ M 0) rH Q C w

hJ CO •u j:: ^ ;3 6 CJ E CO CO COH

1—

iH 0) 4-) l-lu 4-1

Q ^4 •H 4-)

O

[Li a- CO CO CO o 4-1 CO CO

O 4-1 o Z 0) OJ OJ CO cu CO Q) o 4-) 4J CO CO C

1—

U CO <: ca

M

42
Table 21 . Options Installed - Oakland

HOUSE NUMBERS 17 19 26 31 33 34 35 38

INFILTRATION

Replace Broken Glass X X X X X X

Reset Glazing X

Replace Threshold X X X X X X X X

Seal Cracks & Holes X

Weatherstrip Doors X X X X X X X X

CONDUCTION

Attic R-19 Insulation X X X X X X X X

43
C

o

t3

c

o

•H

4-1 &

o

CM

43H

00

\0

CO

Csl

o

CN

w

COO

X X

X X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

o

H

CO

CO tHo

o

u

P3

OJu

PX X X X X X X

1 X

X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X

1

; X X X X X X X X X

I X !

X X X X X X X X X X

1 I CJ (-1 S-1 0 CO

4-1 0) 0 •H c 4-1 CO Cu c 4-1 0 CO B 0 CO 0

w CO •H iH S-I 4-1 B

OJ 0 Q 4-1 CO 3 d) CO u

iH !-i •H CO CO (X iH 0) rH o 0 4-1 0) ^ C/5 C B 3 4:: O 0 4-1 M CO 01 CO H

Q <; CO «) CO 0 Q q; CJ C

Cfl w H CO c •H 0) w 0 OJ CO h

OJ 3 Pu p- a s •H 1—1 4-1 rH H 4-1 CO c 0

en 0 •H CO •H <u 0 N CO CO CO CO CO c C ^1 0; CO x; T3 u S-i S-i S-i 23 CO 0 iH & !-i >-l OJ J-i 3 3 a. 43 H o C J-l 0 4-1 •H 0 .H m 3 CO 0 CO > 3 C33 fa •H 4-J •H w 0 CO fa 1—

•H 0 1 CO 4-1 0 fa fa 01

0) S-j 3 !-i Q u H tti c c <-{ Q u 0) 01 00 u QJ 0) S-I 0 0) M 01 3 0 OJ u CJ

CO ^ •H ^3 e CJ 6 CO e h

4-1 CO CO u

.H .H •u 1—

4-1 CO Q ^4 p- •H iH OJ 5-1 H 0) CO i-H iH 4J

CX, c« 3 CO 3 CO a 0 •H 4-1 1—CO U 0 <l 3 S-I & «)

a; OJ 0) CO (1) 01 0 4-1 4-1 CO CO 4-1 W iH OJ 0) QJ 3 •H

0:1 U 3 od CO H <: 3 eq CO Q 0^ Q

X

w

H

w

wH

<

3

X

X

X X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X X

X

X

X

u

Q)

4-1 CO u o

QJ O

4-1 Xl

CO CO QJ 3

cr

<c

(U iH

4J rH

CO CO

CO

01 C

CJ M

CO iH ^ a o

QJ

44
CM0^

vi3 in

in

ON

o

00

CO

CO

CM

00

CNI

in

Piw O

M

H

H

k4

2

O

M

H

CJQ

O

45
ix!

X! X X X i

!xi X X X

1 X tx) X X X 1

X X

X X X X X X X X

X X X X X

x: <D o O

4-1 CO rH w

CO CO O

CO Q) CO •H CO o

rH -o iH U V-i cu •H •H o rH O O 4J Xi 4-» O o O o 4J c XI Q <u u <J el bO CO ^ CO rH •H o

C (U a- w a

o •H CO o •H CO CO •H CO N XI M M !-i OQ CO H O 4.) O O 4-) O

iH CO •H CO O CO O

(1) o d) u Q CO CO M o

O O a d) i-i bO 0)

cd u CO J3 4^ cu 3 x: CO rH .H rH 4J rH rH 4-1 CO

CO CO CO CO PL, CO CO

0) <u CO (U CO CO rH

ai C/3 U 3 :^ o

oM

H

Q

O

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

u o ' ° -III

•> CO

" XI rH

CO 3

rH CO

rH <U rH <J

CO to s a

4-1 C rH

cu s

e CO OJ M

CO O

CO

X

X

X

X

w

H

>-< (/3 o

M

H

w

33

•H

CM

4J3Q

X

4-1 CO 4J

CO

]]

11 CO " -Q !1 4J

(U COu

x:

pi! WH

<JM

33

Oi3

X

X

X

X

X

o

•H

4J

CO rH3

COGu

d) +J

CO

0) 33M

a>

4-) CO

46
Table 25. Options Installed — V7ashington

HOUSE NUMBERS 2 7 41 53

INFILTRATION

Reset Glazing

Replace Threshold X X

Weatherstrip Windows X

Caulk Windows X X X X

Weatherstrip Doors X X X X

Caulk Doors X X X X

CONDUCTION

Storm Windows X X X X

Attic R-30 Insulation X X X X

Wall Insulation X X X X

Basement Wall, Slab, or Crawl Space X X X X

Install Storm Doors X X

HEATING SYSTEM

Flue or Vent Damper X X X

Derate Furnace X X

Replace Burner

Replace Furnace X

Duct & Pipe Insulation X

Night Setback Thermostat X X X X

WATER HEATER

Water Heater insulation X X X

Reduce Temperature X

Shower Flow Restrictor X X

Timer X X

Aqua Booster X

47
contractor labor, while Infiltration work was done by the CAA. Insulation work

was handled both ways. The insulation work done under contract was usually

better than that done by the CAA. In Easton for example, where both the CAA

and contract labor insulated attics, the contractor knew stair wells as well as attics had to be insulated, while the CAA did not realize that the attic stair

well was a break in the thermal envelope. A general description of the quality

of the work done for the demonstration follows.

Infiltration - All broken windows were replaced and large holes filled. Most

doors, but few windows were weatherstripped . At one site for example, only

two of 20 windows inspected were weatherstripped. This was often because the

CAA was unable to weatherstrip in-place aluminum slider windows, and wooden

windows were usually too tight to allow room for weatherstripping. Caulking

was haphazard. One CAA, for example, tried to caulk the horizontal crack

between pieces of wood siding and all of the cracks around the window trim,

while another only caulked halfway up the first floor windows because of the

limit on the height above ground at which CETA labor could work. Tacoma did

the most thorough job on infiltration. Its CAA replaced light fixtures which

leaked air into the attic, installed glass doors on fireplaces, placed styrofoam gaskets on light switches and wall outlets, installed special lock sets

to seal up open key holes, and replaced base and cap moldings.

Attic insulation - Attic insulation and storm windows were probably the best

installed of the weatherization options. However, even with attic insulation

there were several situations which made installation difficult. Low attics

and flat roof areas, for example, were difficult to reach. They were either

blown, like walls, (with uncertain results) or not done at all. Several attics

had floors in them, which limited the amount of insulation that could be

installed to between 6 and 8 inches, or R=19 to 25. Other attics were used for

storage. Stored items had to be removed before and replaced after installing

the insulation. In Minneapolis/ St . Paul, which is cold and wet, project

workers found that when insulation to R=38 was installed in attics, they needed

more ventilation than is normally supplied by builders in that area, to

prevent condensation in the attic. As many as four additional roof vents had

to be installed to insure that the attics had 1/150 of their floor area in

vent area. On the other hand, in Colorado Springs, which is cold and dry,

insulation to R=30 was installed without any attic vents and proved to be no problem.

Wall insulation - Wall insulation, either ureaformaldehyde or cellulose, was usually installed by outside contractors. Subsequent thermography showed that

10 to 20 percent of the insulation was missing in these walls [8] . The insulation was usually installed from the outside. This was preferred, to avoid the

problems of dragging hoses inside and refinishing walls to cover up holes

drilled to pump insulation into the wall. Installing insulation from the

inside was usually limited to attic walls which were inaccessible from the

outside. In Fargo, aluminum foil was found inside walls, and insulation had

to be pumped in from both the inside and outside in order to fill the wall.

Replacing siding after a wall had been insulated or sealing up access holes

seemed to be real problems. Often the exterior of the house was marred in

48
some way, and there were a few cases where plugs, used to seal holes cut for

installing insulation, popped out.

No solid masonry walls were insulated, despite the economic analysis showing

that a price as high as $3.50/ft2 could have been cost effective in Portland,

Minneapolis, and Fargo and $3.00/ft2 in Chicago and Easton. Homeowners would

not agree to have their "beautiful brick walls" covered or have their interior

spaces modified. In addition, it was hard to find a contractor who was capable

and willing to do the work.

Storm doors - The economic analysis found installation of storm doors not cost

effective ±f_ the prime door is a well weatherstripped , 1-3/4 inch, solid core door. Despite being told this, several project coordinators installed some storm doors, and homeowners were usually delighted to have their front door

"spruced up." Putting on a storm door may have generated savings which the

project was not able to evaluate by comparing heat loss through the door

before and after the storm door is installed.

Glass panels in exterior doors were considered worth double glazing if more

than a small view panel. While this could be done by installing a storm

door, it was more effective to double glaze only the window itself. One very

effective method used in the demonstration was to adhere a piece of plastic

over the prime window with magnetic tape.

Window Insulation - Usually nothing more than storm windows were installed on windows as part of the optimal weatherization package. Inconvenience seemed

to be the major hurdle to installing more then double glazing on windows. In cases where nonmoveable sashes or plastic inserts were installed for stoirm

windows to save money, they were usually removed for summer and not replaced.

In many cases where plastic film was stretched between the prime and secondary

windows to provide triple glazing, the plastic was sagging, and will probably

be removed rather than be continually re-tightened. CAA' s could not find a suitable way of double or triple glazing large panes of glass or sliding

glass doors.

Basement Insulation - Thermographs revealed that basements, crawl spaces, and

slabs on grade are areas of serious thermal leakage. Getting them properly

insulated, however, proved to be a difficult problem. Often a house has a com- bination of crawl space, slab on grade, and basement, the latter with pipes,

ducts, and non-uniform surfaces. The variety of conditions found in the

field make it difficult to arrive at a simple, uniform method for treating all

surfaces. Because of all of these problems, it is difficult to accomplish the

task cost effectively.

Overall

The quality of work, while hard to measure, probably varied widely. By the end

of the first winter after weatherization of many of the houses (1978/79), thermographic surveys of 65 houses had been conducted. In addition to "looking" for

missing wall insulation, these surveys recorded a number of other sources of heat

loss. The incidences of these energy-wasting deficiencies in the 65 houses are shown in table 26.

49
Table 26. Thermal Deficiencies Remaining After Weatherization

(65 Houses)

Problem

Insulation missing:

0-5%

5-10

10-15

15-20

20-25

25-30

30-35

Insulation shrinkage/fissures

Defective ceiling insulation

Air leakage at doors

Frame heat loss at: doors

windows

Joint heat loss: wall-wall

wall-ceiling

wall-floor

Heat loss at soffits

Heat loss at eaves Heat loss at basement /crawl space

Cold air penetration: ceiling

Percent of Houses

50

30

10

2

4

2

2

64

33

52

31

72

74

51

23

26

6

15

44

1

50
Heating and Hot Water Systems - The heating and hot water system options were usually installed by a licensed heating contractor. The options in general

seemed to be installed properly. In one case, however, a furnace flue was mistaken for a duct and insulated. In several houses flue dampers could not

be installed for lack of space between the furnace and the chimney, and in

another case the flue damper was installed five feet from the furnace. Often,

night setback thermostats were made inoperable by the homeowner pushing the

two time indicators together. In Charleston, SC, cockroaches got into the

thermostats, causing them to malfunction.

0 Spraying cellulosic insulation on a block

wall from a crawl space in Portland, ME.

51
% Metered mechanical equipment

in a typical test house.
8. METERING

0 Propane gas use is metered

in Charleston, SC.

CAA personnel (under NBS guidance) collected most of the energy-use and

energy-related data in the field, using various meters. Existing utility

meters on the house (e.g., electric, gas) or on oil trucks were used as backup in the data collection process. In general, special meters were installed on the furnace (energy source, running-time, cycle counter) and on

the hot water heater (energy source and cold water supply). These meters were usually installed by utility companies using their own meters, in some cases

at no cost, or by local heating contractors. The cost of metering the houses

averaged about $300 per house. Meters were installed as follows:

53
Furnaces and Space Heaters

1. A gas meter with one cubic foot resolution in the gas supply piping to a furnace or heater.

2. A kilowatt-hour meter with 1 KWH dial resolution in the branch circuit of an electric furnace or individual electric space heaters. (Meter constant

not to be larger than 3.6 watt-hours.)

3. A furnace running-time meter with a one minute resolution in the hot air

fan circuitry or hot water circulatory pump circuitry. In gravity circulating systems, the running-time meter will be installed in the branch

circuit to the furnace.

4. A cycle counter in the gas valve circuitry of gas furnaces (coordinate

installation with the local gas company representative).

5. For oil-fired furnaces, a cycle counter and a run time meter with a one minute resolution in the oil pump circuitry.

Water Heaters

1. A gas meter in the gas supply piping to a gas fired water heater.

2. A kilowatt-hour meter in the branch circuit of an electric hot water

heater (meter constant should not be larger than 3.6 watt-hours).

3. A running-time meter on oil pump of an oil water heater.

4. A water meter on the cold water supply to the hot water heater (meter

shall have 0.1 gallon resolution).

54
# CAA worker in Washington, DC,

completes weekly data log.

9. DATA COLLECTION

Valid measurements of actual energy use are essential to developing correct

and efficient energy conservation programs. To begin to address this need,

the CSA/NBS project collected data from across the U.S. on the energy consumed

by single family residences before and after weatherization. The project

aimed at collecting a broad range of approximate measurements for many buildings, rather than highly detailed measurements of a few buildings. The data

are intended not only to provide immediately useful field information, but also

to provide a context for future data collection efforts.

55
Several types of data were collected. These were: building dimensions, energy

consumption data, temperature data, infiltration data, cost data, heating

systems data, hot water system data, and homeowner response data.

Energy Consumption Data - Energy consumption data were collected in order to

evaluate the savings attributable to an optimal package of weatherization

options. The savings were determined by subtracting the energy consumption

of the house after weatherization (normalized to "standard" degree days)

from that of the same house before weatherization (similarly normalized).

Since this was the principal data to be reported by the demonstration, an effort was made to collect the consumption data in several ways. The redundancy would help to ensure that some reliable data would be available to evaluate savings. The same type of information which had been used for preweatherization energy use evaluation was collected from the whole house utility

meter or fuel delivery records after weatherization. In addition, each furnace

and hot water heater was supposed to be individually metered. All of these

meters were read weekly.

Given that energy consumption data could always be collected, assuming

sufficient funding, on the post weatherization condition of the house, great

effort was put into insuring that pre-weatherization whole house meter readings

were accurate. This was done by correlating fuel consumption against degree

days over a two year period , and requiring that the data be predictable by a straight line with 90 percent certainty (i.e., — squared correlation coefficient — >^ 0.90). (See pp. 9, 10 of the Project Plan [5].)

To insure that the data would be collected on a regular basis in a systematic

way, each site was asked to submit a data collection schedule. These schedules

showed on a house-by-house basis when the meters were to be read (weekly) and

when tests such as the temperature stratification and bag tests would be con- ducted (monthly) . A modified 80-column computer data coding sheet was used to

collect the weekly data. This form worked both as a data collection form and

coding form, and made it possible to key-punch the data directly from the

form.

Several problems were encountered in trying to install meters on the various

types of heating systems in the demonstration. Most gas meters had to be

modified to read to 1 cubic foot. Standard gas meters used by the utility

companies use 100 ft^. (e.g., 1 therm) as their smallest unit of measurement.

This was too large a unit to provide useful weekly data. Hot water heaters

had to be metered not only for their energy consumption, but also for water

consumption, in order to differentiate changes in energy consumption from

changes in demand for hot water.

Space heaters without electric thermostatic controls offered no means of

connecting running-time or cycle meters to the unit. Propane-fired space

heaters had a supply pipe on which a gas meter could be installed. However,

with gravity-fed kerosene heaters, no satisfactory means of obtaining measurements except at fuel deliveries was found — and these tended to be several

months apart after weatherization! Oil and kerosene flow meters of sufficient

accuracy were too expensive for the project, so oil or kerosene consumption was

56
measured using run time meters (and nozzle flow rates), verified, where possible,

with truck meter readings. Float-type gauges on oil or kerosene storage

tanks were tried, but found to be inaccurate.

The before- and af ter-weatherization consumption data are presented in

chapter II "normal year" consumption. The values obtained from the analysis

of fuel consumption records against degree days used to calculate the data are presented in appendix B.

Cost Data - Cost data were collected in order to evaluate the cost effectiveness of the various optimal packages of options. The separate costs of labor,

material, overhead and profits were collected for each architectural option.

For furnace and hot water options, the contract costs, which included labor,

material, overhead and profit, were obtained. The sum of these two equals

the total amount spent on optimally weatherizing a house. Material costs

could usually be assigned directly to a specific option. Labor costs on the

other hand, were broken down into direct labor costs which could be associated

with one particular option, and indirect labor costs which could not be assigned

to any particular options but were associated with a particular contract.

An example of an indirect labor cost is the time spent picking up building

materials at a warehouse or lumber yard. Overhead costs were those costs

incurred by a contractor regardless of whether he undertook a specific job or not (e.g., rental payments, debt service payments, payments for equipment,

payments for clerical and secretarial labor and payments for management).

To collect the data, two cost forms, presented in the Project Plan [5] (page 8), were used. The first was for collecting direct cost, charges which can be

assigned to a specific house, and the second was concerned with indirect

labor charges. Project coordinators were instructed to collect the cost data

in the field while the options were being installed. When the first forms were completed they were to be sent to NBS for review and comment. This

process made it possible for the project staff to identify any misunderstanding

or incompleteness in NBS instructions. The costs are presented as total

house costs in the result portion of this report and on a per unit basis (i.e.,

per square foot or per linear foot) in the report on cost findings [11].

Heating System Data - Data was collected on the heating systems to determine

their effectiveness at delivering useful heat to the house. Data on the heating

system was collected in three places, at the furnace, at the beginning of the

distribution system (the plenum) and at the end of the distribution system (the

registers or radiators).

Several types of heating systems had to be evaluated : forced and gravity air

systems, vented and unvented floor furnaces and space heaters, and pumped or gravity circulated steam or water systems. Data had to be collected somewhat

differently from each of these systems.

Unvented space heaters and floor furnaces, for example, not only provided

radiant heat but also dumped all of their combustion products into a house;

consequently, they were not measured, but assumed 100 percent efficient.

Vented space heaters had no distribution system and were evaluated based on

57
seasonal efficiencies calculated from combustion efficiency tests. Forced

and gravity air systemi. were originally to be evaluated based on combustion

efficiency tests, and temperature and flow rate measurements made at the plenum

and room register. Because efficiencies at the registers were often so low, on the order of 10 percent, and it was obvious that much of the heat delivered

by the furnace ended up in the heated space from air leaks in the distribution

network, it was decided to use the steady state efficiences at the furnace,

rather than at the register.

Circulating and gravity feed water systems, although their inlet and outlet

temperatures were measured and radiators inspected, also were finally evaluated on furnace efficiency, on the presumption that most heat los., from the

system remained in the house. More details on these measurements are provided

on pages 42-45 of the Project Plan [5]. Seasonal combustion efficiencies

obtained for each house are shown in appendix B of the present report.

Data were collected on carbon monoxide concentrations in rooms with unvented

space heaters. It was not unusual in mild climates to have two or three 30,000

Btu/hr unvented units in one dwelling. NBS recognized that, if houses were unduly tightened, air infiltration for heating fuel combustion would be reduced

and indoor oxygen depletion would occur. This condition could result in the

generation of hazardous amounts of carbon monoxide gas (CO). In order to inves

tigate the carbon monoxide levels associated with unvented space heaters, the

heaters were turned on "full" for 30 minutes, and a sample of house air was collected and sent to NBS for analysis. (No dangerously high CO concentrations

were found.)

Water Heating Systems Data - Data on the fuel used for heating water was collected for two reasons. One was to permit calculation of energy used for

space heating from whole house utility readings, by deducting energy used for

heating water. The other was to evaluate the effectiveness of water heater

retrofit options. Data were collected using the tests described on p. 46 of

the Project Plan [5]. These tests were designed to measure the efficiency of

the water heater at heating water, the standing losses from the storage tank

and the losses in the pipes which deliver the water to a faucet. This was done by conducting a steady state efficiency test like that done on the furnace

measuring the recovery rate of the water heater, measuring the temperature

difference between the room and the jacket of the water heater, and measuring

the temperature of the hot water at the nearest faucet. These data were used

only for selecting water heater options. The water heating data has yet to be

analyzed

Temperature and Humidity Data - In order to compare the thermal environment

before with that after weatherization, interior temperature and humidity data

were collected. Representative temperatures and humidities were collected

once a week on each occupied floor, in the attic and in the basement by reading

a thermometer installed near the center of each of these spaces. These data

were reported on the special form provided by NBS for weekly data. Detailed

data was collected once a month by measuring temperatures in each room using a digital thermometer. The temperature was measured at the ceiling, at the floor

58
and at a three foot level, in the center and at each exterior wall of each room. These data were recorded and reported on another specially-designed form.

Infiltration Data - Infiltration data were collected, to field test new methods

of measuring air infiltration in buildings, and to provide data for calculating

the energy consumption of the Demonstration houses. Infiltration data were collected using the fan and bag tests described on pages 34-35 of the Project

Plan [5] . A fan test was performed in almost all houses both before and after

weatherization. However, in many houses, not enough "before and after" bag

tests were conducted. The measured average infiltration rates are included in

appendix A of this report.

Building Dimension Data - Building dimension data were collected mainly to

provide bases for calculating energy consumption of the houses as a check on measured data. These data were collected using an NBS-developed form, shown on page 69 of the Project Plan [5]. Photos of each side of the building were collected. Building dimension data were collected by physically measuring

each structure and carefully describing wall sections. The buildings were measured in plan on the outside of each house. The length of each wall on each floor was to be measured, continually around the building. This was done

for each floor. The height of the building was arrived at by summing interior

ceiling heights. Windows were listed by orientation, and the overall rough

opening dimensions measured. When windows were measured from the inside, a bathroom or closet window was often missed. For this reason, data collectors

were instructed, when they measured the window sizes on the inside, to count

the number of windows on the outside.

Describing wall sections required a certain amount of detective work. Window

and door openings were carefully examined to determine overall wall thickness,

as a check on what the cumulative thickness of the components should be. Electric switch boxes were removed and wall cores from wall insulation were examined further to determine materials and their thickness. The most common mistake made in collecting wall composition data was to overlook structural

members and their spacing. The areas and U-values for various components of

the building before and after weatherization are presented in appendix B.

Homeowner Response Data - The CAAs used an NBS-developed questionnaire-guided

interview of each homeowner to obtain such information as: how many people were living in the house over the period of the Demonstration; whether usual

thermostat settings were different before and after weatherization; whether

thermostats tended to be set higher during unusually cold weather; whether

occupants noticed any differences in the wintertime comfort in their homes over

the period of the Demonstration; whether they changed the amount of clothes

they usually wore inside in winter over that time, and specific comfort and

temperature ratings the various rooms in the house. These data are extensively

discussed and analyzed in [3].

Thermographs - Interior thermographs of exterior walls were obtained on all

the houses in which walls were insulated as part of the Demonstration (see

tables 14 through 25).

59
0 NBS engineer makes thermograph

inside Portland, ME, house.

60
^ Meter reader is asked to ignore meter on right

which records only that electricity used

for domestic hot water.

10. DATA ANALYSIS

The objects of this project were to develop testing tools for local project

coordinators to measure energy consumption in low-income houses before and after

weatherization , to demonstrate energy savings, and to provide a much-needed data

base for further energy research. The principal new understanding that the project intended to provide concerned cost effectiveness of weatherization. The

project aimed to do this by showing that optimal weatherization could reduce

energy consumption in low-income houses by 50 percent, and that it would pay for

itself in 11 years. To this end, the fuel consumed for heating the house before

and after weatherization had to be determined, along with the cost of the

weatherization. As a further check on measured savings, building dimension's

61
were used to calculate predicted savings and homeowners responses were use to

confirm improved thermal conditions. Other project-related reports listed

in the Chapter 12 have analyzed some of the collected data.

Data analysis took place at a number of levels. First the data was reviewed as

it was received from the field, to check for obvious inconsistencies or other

problems. Then data analysis was necessary to convert field data to meaningful

information. Sulfur hexafloride and time readings, for example, are not directly

useful for evaluating air leakage. These have to be converted into infiltration

rates. Finally, data analysis was employed to combine the separate measurements

into meaningful wholes which could provide the researcher with a better understanding of the thermal performance of a residence.

Consumption before and after weatherization were determined oy analyzing preand post-weatherization fuel data. Houses for which a reliable set of preweatherization heating fuel data could not be obtained were not accepted in

the project. Post-weatherization heating fuel data was collected in a variety

of ways, to increase the chances of having reliable data for analysis. Reliable data was defined as fuel consumption readings which, when plotted against

degree days, could be fitted to a straight line, using standard regression

techniques, with an >^ .90. For most houses, the post-weatherization heating

fuel consumption data was collected in three ways: 1) by the whole house

meter (or delivery records, in the case of oil or propane); 2) by a furnace

fuel meter; and 3) by a running time meter on the furnace. As described under

meter installation, collecting the data in these ways was not always possible.

However, the strategy did give at least one measure of fuel consumed for

heating on most houses.

For the final analysis, weekly readings from the whole house utility meter

(gas or electricity) or running-time meter (for oil) were usually used, and

combined into 21 day periods to make them comparable to pre-weatherization

data. For oil-fueled houses, readings from running time meters were multiplied

by nozzle flow rate (gallons/hour), or oil supply company readings from the

trucks were used to give fuel consumption. In some cases, oil tanks were not

completely filled, or only one or two oil deliveries were made because of

reduced consumption after weatherization, thus the delivery data were insufficient to determine the after consumption. Where there were only a few oil

delivery readings during the period covered by the run-time meter readings,

they were used to check the (reported) burner nozzle size (rate). Then weekly

running-time readings could be used to derive reasonably accurate fuel consumption. Using weekly whole house consumption data was possible on most of the

houses except those in Chicago and Minneapolis/St. Paul. In Chicago and

Minneapolis, many weekly readings were missing or provided a poor fit to degree

days, and bills from the utility company had to be used.

Energy Savings

The amount of energy saved was measured in three different ways: 1) regression

analysis; 2) graphic tracking; and 3) heat load calculations. A fourth check

on results was homeowner response.

62
Regression Analysis - The regression analysis technique established, through

standard regression methods, the parameters of a simple linear model that

relates amount of fuel consumed to degree days — a measure of the amount of

coldness in a heating season.* Since the analysis technique we used allowed

the "balance point" for determining degree days to "float", and sought the

"best fit" solution, three parameters were obtained: 1) B(j, — the "intercept",

representing daily consumption with no heating load; 2) B]^ -the "slope", representing consumption per degree day, and 3) 1^ — the balance point that gave

the "best fit" of fuel consumption to degree days. Once the straight line

that best fits the data has been determined, then the B^, and T(j) can be used

to predict energy consumption, from the degree days for any given time period,

by using the following formula:

Qm = (^1 ^ ^^bm) + (^(j) X 365) - [HW] [where the same fuel is used (2)

for heating water]

where: = projected "normal" year-total space heating consumption.

Bj = The amount of fuel consumed per degree day for heating.

DD]5jj, = Degree days for the measured balance point (Tq) of the house.

Tq = The balance point of the house (roughly, the outside temperature at

which the furnace turns on)

B(j) = The base heating fuel consumption in Btu per day, which is unrelated

to degree days. It is the fuel consumed by the stove, hot water

heater, dryer, pilot light, etc.

HW = Btu's consumed for heating water.

In order to eliminate the effects of variations in climate between one year

and another and to make the data as generalizable as possible, average degree

day data for 1973-80 were used to calculate "normal year" "before" and "after"

consumption. The B^, Bq, Balance Point and HW for each house are presented

in appendix B.

Graphic Tracking - The graphic tracking technique plotted predicted fuel

consumption, calculated using the Bq, and Tq from the regression analysis

* "Degree days" are calculated on a daily basis (and cumulated) by taking the

difference between the average temperature for a day and a reference or "base"

temperature. If the day average is equal to or greater than the reference

(called "balance point") no (heating) degree days are counted for that day.

When the average lies below the balance point, the difference constitutes

the degree days for the day. Customarily, 65 °F is assumed as the base temperature. However, our analysis allowed the reference temperature to "float"

from 45°F to 85°F, and found that "balance point" value which gave the best

fit of the fuel data to degree days (as shown by the R^).

63
of pre-weatherization consumption, on a time scale through both the

pre-weatherization and post-weatherization periods (see figure 3). The actual

consumption data was superimposed on this graph. For most weatherized

houses, the actual consumption plot followed the predicted fuel consumption

line closely during the pre-weatherization period and then moved lower when

weatherization began.

By comparing the integrated area under the post-weatherization plot of actual

consumption with the area under the "predicted" plot, percentage savings was derived. These consumption figures, however, often included stove, pilot

light, water heating, as well as space heating, which would tend to reduce the

percentage savings from that obtained for space heating alone.

Heat Load Calculations - Savings were also assessed using heat load calculations,

by determining the theoretical amount of fuel consumed before weatherization and

after weatherization with ASHRAE-type calculations. The following formulas were

used for calculating fuel consumption (Qc) before and after weatherization:

Qc = [24DDb (UAc + UAi)]/Me (3)

Tb = Ti - [(I + S)/24 (UAc + UAi)] (4)

DD^ = The number of degree days in the month for the calculated balance

point (T^j) of the house (from the "before" or "after" year data, as appropriate). See formula three on this page for calculating the

balance point T]-,.

UAf, = Heat loss (in Btu per degree hour) due to conduction. It is calculated

by summing the areas times their respective U-values for all the

surfaces of the house. Areas were measured in the field and U-values

were derived from ASHRAE tables by using the field descriptions of

walls, roof and floor sections.

UAj^ = Heat loss (in Btu per degree hour) due to infiltration. It is

calculated by multiplying the volume of the building by the air changes

per hour, the specific heat of air and the density of air. Air changes

were derived by averaging the readings from the bag tests done on the

house. Infiltration rates used are shown on the tables. Where there were less than four bag tests either before and after, all were aver- aged and the same rate used both and after. Where there were only

four bag test either before or after weatherization, the same infiltration rate was used both before and after.

Mg = The mechanical efficiency of the heating system. The before and

after efficiency of the furnace derived from submitted mechanical

test data.

T-j^ = Interior temperature. An average of all the stratification tests for

the house was used for this parameter. The same number was used for

both before and after weatherization.

64
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The calculation was carried out for each month of the year before weatherization

and similarly for after weatherization. The two sets of 12 monthly figures were

added to give yearly totals used in calculating savings.

Home Owner Response - The actual success of weatherization could not be

determined from occupants' response to weatherization of their house, but the

improvement in wintertime comfort in the house, which is likely to result from

weatherization, could be evaluated. Data for this evaluation were obtained by means of a questionnaire administered to each homeowner, asking them, among

other things, to rate the wintertime comfort of their home before and after

weatherization on a scale of 1 to 5. A comfort improvement index was also

derived from the comfort ratings and such indirect indicators of comfort change

as thermostat-setting practices and amount of clothing worn in the house in

winter. Both of these measurements indicated a noticeable improvement in

wintertime comfort in the weatherized houses. Comfort change rating indexes

are reported on a house-by-house basis in the Results Tables (pp. 72-101). More

detailed discussion of these data is available in Effects of Home Weatheriza- tion on Occupant Comfort; First Report of a Field Study [3]. That report

found that the mean comfort rating for houses before weatherization was 2.75

and the mean comfort rating for the same houses after weatherization was

4.38, while the rating of the control houses changed less than 1 percent for

the same time periods.

Cost Data - Cost data were analyzed by dividing raw cost per job by the number

of square feet or linear feet in the job. The numbers derived for each house

in this way were then compared across houses in each city to identify any

large variations. When variations were found the data was rechecked with the

site for possible inaccuracies. Once the data had been checked, the amount of

money spent on infiltration, conduction, hot water heater and furnace were retotaled. These data are reported in the results tables. The per square

foot and per linear foot data is reported in Weatherization Investment Costs

for Low-Income Housing [11].

Simple payback was calculated by dividing the total cost of weatherizing a house by the product of the number of units of fuel saved times the cost per

unit shown in table 27.

66
Table 27. Fuel Prices (1979/80) Used to Evaluate Savings

ATL CHA CHI CSP EAS FAR MSP OAK PGR STL TAG WAS

GAS

$/ therm. .335 .294 .243 .433 .620 .285 .672 .430 .235 .461

OIL

$/gal. .987 .962 .980 .985 .999

ELECTRIC

$/kWh. .039 .039 .030 .035 .039 .018 .038

PROPANE

$/gal. .681 .868 .750

67
!

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\
% Stucco walls await patching

after the installation of insulation

11. RESULTS ^ Minneapolis house.

There is no doubt that weatherization can bring considerable savings for low

income households, especially weatherization which involves both architectural

and mechanical systems retrofits. Tables 28 through 41 present the results of

the project. Table 28 and 29 are summaries of those results. The results are presented in terms of costs and energy consumption data associated with each

of the houses for which adequate data was obtained. Originally 222 houses

were selected for the Demonstration experimental group and 68 houses for the

Demonstration control group. Of these, we had received adequate data at the

end of the measurement period from 142 weatherized sample houses and 42 control

houses. Houses were lost from the sample because their owners no longer

69
Table 28. Overall Summary Results

EXPERIMENTAL

ARCHITECTURAL

OPTIONS ONLY*

ARCHITECTURAL AND

MECHANICAL OPTIONS

ENTIRE

GROUP

CONTROL

GROUP

Number of Houses

Percent Savings**

Dollar Cost

Years Payback**,***

68

17

74

41

1862

6

142

31

1610

8

41

5

1336

15

* As discussed earlier in this report, houses did not receive mechanical

options for one of three reasons: 1) no options were found cost-effective

for the particular heating system, thus none were prescribed for installation. 2) Prescribed options could not be installed in the house due to some field condition. For either of these situations the house would be termed

"optimally weatherized" by the definition employed by the Demonstration,

3) The site CAA simply did not get the mechanical systems work done. Such

houses were not "optimally weatherized." Thus this column contains both

optimally- and non-optimally-weatherlzed houses.

** These are "global" averages, obtained by first adding up the total costs of

"normalized" annual fuel consumption and the total costs of weatherization

work for the houses, and then carrying out the division to obtain averages.

If one averages the individual house "percent savings" and "years payback"

figures, one obtains somewhat different overall averages. Such figures are

in a sense "biased toward the mean" — or under-weighted — since the significant difference in fuel savings between, say, a 33% reduction in a house

that started out consuming 185.3 MBtu/hr (e.g., CSP 23) and the same percentage reduction in a house that started out consuming 99.9 MBtu/yr (e.g.,

CSP 14) is not reflected. When individual house percentage savings are averaged, both of these houses contribute the same entry: 33 percent.

However, when "global" averages are calculated by first summing the actual

fuel consumption before and after, the almost twice as large fuel savings

of the first house above is better reflected in the result. The authors

feel that, in view of the wide variation exhibited by the individual house

consumption and savings figures, the "global average" percent savings and

years payback figures probably are a better guide to a weatherization project manager as to what overall results he might expect to obtain from

weatherizing , 1,000 or 10,000 houses.

*** This is simple payback, as defined on page 66.

70
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71
wanted to participate or the house was physically abandoned. Houses were lost

from the control group for the same reasons, and also in some cases, because

the house was partially weatherized. Of the 142 weatherized houses, only 74

were optimally weatherized (receiving both architectural and feasible mechanical

options)

The results show a wide range of energy savings and costs. Energy savings

range from negative to 70 percent. Costs vary from $24 to $4000. As would be

expected, the highest energy savings were achieved when both architectural

and mechanical options were installed in more northerly climates This may be

partially due to the fact that many southern homes had space heaters which

could not be upgraded. Table 28 demonstrates the significant increase in

savings when mechanical as well as architectural options were installed.

Forty-one percent was the average savings achieved by the 74 houses weatherized

with both architectural and mechanical options. This figure is about ten percent lower than the staff expected at the beginning of the project, based on calculations based on a hypothetical house. As it turned out, houses in the

north were already weatherized to a greater degree than expected when they

entered the Demonstration. Most houses in Fargo for example, had not only

R-30 insulation in the attic and storm windows, but also wall insulation.

Despite this, savings on the order of 40 percent were achieved in Fargo. Also

the level of existing weatherization in any one city could be very uneven. In some cities several houses would have storm windows, attic insulation, even wall insulation, while other houses would have no weatherization. By comparing

the list of options which were to be installed, in tables 8 through 10, with

those which were actually installed, listed in tables 13 through 24, the reader can see the great variation. These variations are probably similar to what occurs in normal weatherization, and the results, therefore, are probably

generalizible to much of the nation's single-family housing stock.

While the Demonstration documented only 40 percent savings, rather than the 50

percent estimated, savings of 50 to 70 percent seem achievable through optimal

weatherization plus "house doctoring"* and solar heating. Thirty percent of

the weatherized houses demonstrated "post" consumption levels of 9 Btu per

square foot-degree day or less. Thus, this seems an unreasonable goal for

weatherization efforts. If this level of consumption had been attained in all

of the weatherized houses, it would have resulted in an overall savings of 60

percent

House doctoring alone might achieve an additional 10 percent. The thermography

surveys and air tightness fan tests done in the Demonstration were mainly used

to evaluate the effects of the work done, rather than to improve it. The

houses could be visited again, the wall insulation filled in where it was missing, and the fan and/or thermographic equipment used to find air leaks and

* Housing doctoring uses furnace tests, fan tests and thermography for

diagnosing and prescribing cures for energy inefficient houses. The term

was first coined in the Princeton University Twin Rivers project, and later

popularized by the staff of the DoE's Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.

72
thermal by-passes, but the Demonstration research design did not Include this

step.

Originally, the researchers Intended to report the Demonstration results In

percentage savings and cost. The project, however, found no good statistical

relationship between weatherization cost and percentage fuel savings. Because

of the optimizing techniques used, more money might have intentionally been

spent on a house with a lower percentage savings and higher fuel prices, to

achieve higher dollar savings. Perhaps the best indicator of the success of

the project is the simple payback period (see page 66). The project aimed for

payback periods of 11 years. The mean payback was 11.4 years for all houses

(see figure 4). This average however is affected by a few unusally bad performers with high payback periods. A close examination of figure 4 shows that

one-half (53 percent) of the retrofit jobs demonstrated a payback period of

less than 9 years.

If the total dollars spent on all the houses is divided by the total dollars

saved, rather than averaging the individual house payback periods, an average

payback of 8 years is realized. If the total dollars spent on optimallyweatherized houses is divided by the total dollars saved by those houses, a payback period of 6 years is achieved. The achievement in the optimallyweatherlzed houses exceeded expectations, and Indicates the importance of

treating the mechanical systems as a part of weatherization efforts (see

table 28).

Table 29 and figure 5 present an overview of the data. Figure 5 shows the

correlation between dollars spent and Btu's saved on experimental and control

houses. The control houses are shown along the zero-dollar-spent line. The

data seem to fit a straight line better below $2700 than above. Along the MBtu

saved/year axis, there are more houses to the right side of the graph, representing higher savings, which received both architectural and mechanical options,

than those which received only architectural options. Along the dollars-spent

axis there is a broad distribution of both houses that received only architectural options and those that received architectural and mechanical options.

Table 29 summarizes the data in tables 30 through 41 on a city-by-city basis.

Those sites which achieved the least savings, Oakland, St. Louis, and

Minneapolis / St . Paul, were the poorest performers, in term.s both of getting

the options installed and collecting data. Atlanta is a special case in which

the field people did an excellent job, but unfortunately much of the fuel

consumption data was unusable.

Significant Information will be found, not only in the Results tables, but

also in the tables in Appendix A, Building Data. With the data in the tables,

savings can be related to Increased R-value for various building components

and to reductions in UA's. While few houses had sufficient air Infiltration

measurements made both before and after the weatherization work, averaging of

air infiltration data from any site will show: 1) clear reductions in mean

infiltration rates, 2) that infiltration rates before weatherization were generally lower than expected, and 3) that infiltration rates in the more northerly,

colder climates measured lower than those in the south. (For more information

on this subject see [15].) All of the data obviously deserves further analysis.

73
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A report which describes the data and tells where it is available has been

published by NBS [4]

Since the Demonstration began in 1977, oil prices have risen substantially,

and natural gas prices are expected to do so over the next several years. Consequently, weatherization retrofit packages that were "optimal" in 1977 are becoming increasingly "sub-optimal" (i.e., even larger investments would have

been cost-effective). On the assumption that fuel prices are increasing faster

than prices of architectural and mechanical options, 11 year or shorter paybacks

should be expected from optimal weatherization packages selected using 1981

fuel and options prices. This is probably the most significant overall finding

of this Demonstration for national energy policy makers. Community Action

Agencies, and all individual homeowners.

76
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104
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106
Table 42

Fuel Unit to ^tBtu Conversion Factors Used

1 gal. of oil = 138,700 Btu

1 gal. of kerosene 135,000 Btu

1 kWh 3,413 Btu

100 ft3 of gas 103,000 Btu

1 therm of gas 100,000 Btu

1 gal . of propane 91 ,300 Btu

1 SFC* of propane 252,100 Btu

*Standard Cubic Foot

107
0 An often overlooked problem

in a Colorado Springs house.

108
12. REFERENCES

1. American Institute of Architects, The House Beautiful Climate Control

Project . Bulletin of the AIA, 1951.

2. Chapman, Robert E., Crenshaw, Richard, Barnes, Kimberly A., and Chen,

Philip T., Optimizing Weatherization Investments in Low- Income Housing;

Economic Guidelines and Forecasts . Washington, DC: National Bureau of

Standards, NBSIR 79-1948, February 1980.

3. Clark, Roy E., Effects of Home Weatherization on Occupant Comfort; First

Report of a A Field Study . Washington, DC; National Bureau of Standards,

NBSIR 81-2335, September 1981.

4 . Clark , Roy E .

, The CSA Weatherization Demonstration Data Base; Contents

and Descriptions . Washington, DC, National Bureau of Standards, Technical

Note 1156, February 1982.

5. Crenshaw, Richard, Clark, Roy, Chapman, Robert, Grot Richard, and McClure,

Godette, CSA Weatherization Demonstrations Project Plan . Washington, DC;

National Bureau of Standards, NBSIR 79-1706, March 1979.

6. Optimal Weatherization (Proceedings of National Conference on Optimal

Weatherization, Washington, DC, December 1980). Silver Spring, MD:

Information Dynamics, Inc., July 1981.

7. Energy Resources Center, Home Retrofit Manual . Chicago, IL; University of

Illinois at Chicago Circle, May 1981.

8. Grot, Richard A. and Clark, Roy E., Techniques for Field Evaluation of

Residential Building Envelope Weatherization Retrofits . Washington, DC;

National Bureau of Standards (in press).

9. Grot, Richard A. andBeausoliel , Robert, A Study of Mechanical Options for

Weatherization . Washington, DC: National Bureau of Standards (in press).

10. Kusuda, T. K Ishii, Hourly Solar Radiation Data for Vertical and

Horizontal Surfaces on Average Days in the United States and Canada . Washington, DC, National Bureau of Standards, NBS BSS 96, April 1977.

11. Weber, Stephen F., Boehm, Michael J., and Lippiatt, Barbara C.

Weatherization Investment Costs for Low-Income Housing . Washington, DC:

National Bureau of Standards, NBSIR 80-2167, November 1980.

12. Clark, Roy E. and Hastings, S. Robert, Quantified Occupant- Use Factors

Affecting Energy Consumption in Residences . Washington, DC: National

Bureau of Standards, NBSIR 78-1501, July 1979.

13. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Prices : Energy and Food . Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics

(published monthly).

109
14. Building Construction Cost Data: 1978 . 36th annual edition. Duxbury,

MA: Robert Snow Means Co., Inc., 1977.

15. Grot, Richard A., and Clark, Roy E. , Air Leakage Characteristics and

Weatherization Techniques for Low-Income Housing . Paper prepared for

DoE/ASHRAE Conference "Thermal Performance of Exterior Envelopes of

Buildings," Orlando, FL, December 1979.

110
APPENDICES
I
APPENDIX A

BUILDING DATA

The tables presented in this appendix give descriptive data about the houses,

and the input and interim results data of the thermal load calculations. Where

assumed values had to be employed, they are so indicated with an asterisk (*).

As asterisk beside a house number signifies that pre/post energy consumption

comparisons are confounded by a change of occupants of the house during the

measurement period.

Symbols and Units Used in the Tables

Construction Type Dl

D1.5

D2

A

FR

MV

M

Detached, One story

Detached, 2nd floor partly occupied

Detached, Two story

Attached (row or duplex)

Frame

Masonry veneer

Masonry (8" of brick or block)

Heating System Type AF

AG

WP

WG

F

V

U

S

BB

/

Forced air

Gravity air

Circulated water

Gravity water

Floor furnace

Vented space (room) heater

Unvented space heater

Space heater (type?)

Electric baseboard

Indicates the heating system was replaced with a different type during

the Demonstration,

Fuel Types G

0

E

P

K

Natural gas

Oil

Electricity

Bottled gas (propane or LPG)

Kerosene

All areas are listed in square feet; all volumes in cubic feet.

Foundation Type B Basement

S Slab

C Crawl space

Roof Type G Gable

H Hip

F Flat

M Mansard

Age — of the building at time of admission to the Demonstration (1977, for

most )

A-1
Number of occupants A slash (/) indicates change during the demonstration

Infiltration Rate Air changes per hour

Solar, Interior gains MBtu per year

On houses with orientation SE, SW, NE, NW, area of window S equals area of

window SE and SW and area of window E + W equals area of window NE and NW.

Solar gains were calculated using window areas and solar data from NBS BSS 96*

[15].

Internal gains were assumed 19.40 MBtu per year, the default value used in

DOE-2

Note: Since no thermal calculations were ever carried out for the nonweatherized control houses, they do not appear in these tables. However,

the floor areas of these houses can be found in the Key Data tables

in reference [4].
ATLANTA

HOUSE NUMBER 1 1 7 93 99

GENERAL DATA

Construction Type Dl FR Dl FR Dl MV Dl FR Dl M Dl M

Htg. System Type U , VV II V BB p t\\. AF AF Fuel Space Htg. G G E G G G

Fuel Hot Water E E r r r Living Space 869 1392 1014 1170 835 1110

Volume 6948 13923 8110 9363 6680 KJ\J t I FniTnHflt*inn Tvnp Q C r\j c r\^ c Roof Type G H G G G G

Orientation N E NE W E E Ape 65 99 8 27 1 6 64

Number of Occupants 1 2/1 3 2 2/6 2 Surface Area 2139.40 3378.00 2346. 25 2633.00 .J .J % \J\J 1983-00 238 ] -00

Area of Glass 85.26 181 .29 112.09 90.09 208 . 90 91.07

Area Window S 19.37 57.03 62.04 3.59 17.08 0

Area Window E + W 41.01 91.25 19.80 68.18 157.66 69.57

Area Doors 55.00 37.82 37.79 34.30 27.42 37.52

Area Walls 805.02 1289.00 890.12 976.00 697.00 961.30

Area Basement Walls 334.40 452.00 299.00 367.00 218.00 182.00

Area Floor

859. 70 1417.00 1007.25 1.] i.\J ] 65-00 J % \J\J 831-00 \J ^ • \J\J 1110 20

BEFORE WEATHERIZATION

UA*^ 778. 7 1357 .839.1 844.731 .6 867 .0

R-Value Walls 3.50 3.54 3.98 4.87 3.35 3.17

V CI U^ V V J. 1. 1 \J. w w 0 1.01 1.01 1. 01 1.01 2.00 1.01

R-Value Floor

R~Value Basement 1.89 1.89 1.89 2.69 1.89 1 .89

R-Value Roof 6.66 5.40 3.70 6.33 6.04 5.86

R-Value Door 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.04

Infiltration Rate 1.05* 1.17 .38* 1.29* 1.27 1.06

Htg. System Eff. 1.00 1.00 1.00 .70 .57 .55

Solar f \J J. OL J- Gain's CX J_ 1.1, 0 14.20* 35.33* 20.59* 16.20* 39.62* 15.52*

Tntprim* Gain'? 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40*

Interior Temn. 76 68 73 71 11 75

AFTER X U. ^ x^ l.\, WEATHERIZATION VV XJ,£X. J. XXXJ X\, J- CJ£x.X

UA"*" 637 .4 875.4 224.8 563.5 665.8 486.8

R-Value Walls 3.50 3.54 14.98 4.87 3.35 14.17

R—Value Windows 2.22 2.00 3.22 2.00 r.43 2.00

R-Value XV » cx _L Uw- Floor X. V/ w X^ R—J-v VpIiip V a. X, UC RpQPTnpnt" JJd 0 dix^ J.1 L. 1 .89 8.89 8.89 9.69 1.89 8.89

R-Value Roof 25.45 24.40 34.70 25.33 25.04 24.86

R-Value Door 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.04

Infiltration Rate 1.05* 1.17 .38 1.29 1.27* 1.06*

Htg. System Eff. 1.00 1 . 00 1 . 00 .70 .59 . 62

Solar Gains 14.20* 35.23* 20.59* 16.20* 39.62* 15.52*

Interior Gains 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40*

Interior Temp. 76 68 73 71 72 75

* Indicates assumed values.

Conduction + infiltration. A-3
ATLANTA

31 32

Dl M Dl FR,MV

U(2) BB

P E

E E 900 1147

7200 9176

C C

H G

E S

23 10

3 5 2760.00 2552.00

231.10 224.40

51.23 96

113.40 96

36.12 39.48

692.80 936.40

316.90

900.00

900.00 1147.00

1498.3 968.7

7.63 3.20

1.01 1.01

1.63 1.89

6.18 6.01

2.04 2.04

.89* .46*

1.00 1.00

38.66* 46.45*

19.40* 19.40*

72 75

1183.9 425.3

12.78 15.20

3.22 3.22

8.63 8.89

36.18 37.01

2.04 2.04

.89 .46

1.00 1.00

38.66* 46.45*

19.40* 19.40*

72 75
CHARLESTON

HOUSE NUMBER 2

so 1 ft 1xo 90

GENERAL DATA

rionfi true t i on Tvdp D1 M U X 1 i Lf X 11 X^ X l^i mX' X M11 U X rjv

I] V V V ITC 4 V \ J Fuel Sdscg Htp

p p p p P p p Fuel Hot Water p E E E N E E Living Space 13-44 1088 1088 1276 1120 1288 1368

Volume 10752 8704 8704 9688 8960 10304 X V-/ 7 H H Foundation Type c s s c c c G Roof Type G G G G G H G

Orlentat Ion N SE SE s N E W

Aee 20 7 7 7 10 12 31

Number of Occupants 2 6/2* 8 6 8/7 7 3 Surface Area 3872.00 2668.00 2668.00 3864.00 2389.00 2694.00 3041.00

Area of Glass 140.50 108.60 107.10 137.00 145.30 190.50 172.50

Area Window S 35.50 68.80 67.30 34.00 50.20 56.60 45.00

Area Window E + W 63.00 39.80 39.80 87 .00 40.50 79.40 101.20

Area Doors 35.40 37.70 37.70 80.00 40.00 35.40 55.40

Area Walls 1008.10 1021 .70 1023.20 1095.00 766.70 810.10 1068.10

Area Basement Walls 292.00 292 .00 316.90 370.00 377.00

Area Floor 1344.00 1276.00

Area Roof 1344.00 1208 .00 1208 .00 1277 .00 1120.00 1288.00 1368 .00

BEFORE WEATHER I ZAT ION

UA 1400.8 911.5 874 .6 1203 .

891.7 1004.4 1360.0

R-Value Walls 3.17 3 . 48 3 . 46 3 . 46 3.59 3.46 2.53

R-Value Windows 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01

R-Value Floor 2.90 3.84

R-Value Basement 1.15 1.15 1.89 1.89 1.89

R-Value Roof 5.84 17.15 16.77 6.43 6.42 6.57 5.54

R-Value Door 2.22 2 .04 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.04

Infiltration Rate 1.21* 1.07* .82* 1 .04* 1.07* .93 1.49

Htg. System Eff. 1.00 .66 .57 1 .00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Solar Gains 24.03* 24.78* 24.38* 29.08* 22.94* 33.59* 35.32*

Interior Gains 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40*

Interior Temp. 73 69 73 68 71 64 72

AFTER WEATHERIZATION

UA 858.0 622 .0 624.1 808.9 627.4 741.4 830.4

R-Value Walls 3.17 3.48 3.46 3.46 3.59 3.46 2.53

R-Value Windows 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01

R-Value Floor 13.90 14.84

R-Value Basement 9.15 9.15 9.39 9.39 9.39

R-Value Roof 24.84 28.15 27.77 25.43 25.42 25.51 24.47

R-Value Door 2.22 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.04

Infiltration Rate 1.21 1.07 .82 1.04 1.07 1.14 .58

Htg. System Eff. 1.00 .59 .50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Solar Gains 24.03* 24.78* 24.38* 29.08* 22.94* 33.59* 35,32*

Interior Gains 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40*

Interior Temp. 73 69 73 68 71 64 72
CHARLESTON

25 33 39 44 47 49

Dl M Dl FR Dl MV Dl FR Dl MV Dl MV

U(2) U.V u U.V BB V

p P K p P 0 E p

p E E E

675 1020 1092 1020 1040 1026

5400 8160 8736 7140 8320 8208

c c c c c c G G G G G G

NE E SE N ? N

20 55 46 12 6 6

3 3 2/1 2 5 5 1749.00 3176 2588 2936 2481 2413

100.50 148.00 220.00 95.60 109.80 115.20

35.60 36.00 108.00 17.80 17.20 25.90

64.90 85.00 112.00 42.20 68.60 38.80

35.40 36.00 37.70 37.70 37.70 37.70

696.10 952.00 830.30 762.70 908.50 866.60

242.00 408.00 347.10

1020.00 1020.00 1040.00

675.00 1020.00 1092.00 1020.00 1040.00 1026.00

775.1 1066.9 971.5 953.0 759.63 686.7

3.46 3.48 4.08 3.23 10.31 14.61

1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01

2.93 3.33 2 .93

1.89 2.69 1.65

6.23 6.47 6.51 6.43 24.41 16.41

2.04 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.04

2.27 .84* 1.35* 1.08* .98 1.49*

1 .00 .84 1.00 1 .00 1 .00 .63

26.79* 29.17* 46.72* 14 .46* 20.30* 15.91*

19 .40* 19.40* 19.40* 19 .40* 19 .40* 19.40*

70 68 68 75 70 65

557 .2 674 .4 733.4 599 .4 479.34 480.8

3.46 3.48 4.08 3.23 10.31 14.61

1 .01 1.01 1 .01 1 .01 2.00 1 .01

13 .93 14.33 13.93

9.39 10.59 9.15

25.23 25.47 25.51 25.43 24.41 35.41

2.04 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.04

1.92 .84 1.35 1.08 .98 1.49

1.00 .84 1.00 1.00 1.00 .54

26.79* 29.17* 46.72* 14.46* 20.30* 15.91*

19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40*

70 68 68 75 70 65

A-6
COLORADO SPRINGS

House Number 7 11 13 14 17 20 23 24

GENERAL DATA

Construction Type Dl FR Dl FR Dl FR D2 FR, W Dl FR Dl FR D2 FR Dl FR

Htg. System Type AF AF F AF F F,V AF AF

Fuel Space Htg. G G G G G G G G

Fuel Hot Water G G G G G G G G

Living Space 688 833 541 1552 682 891 1568 966

Volume 5323 6664 4351 11949 5453 7841 12150 8696

Foundation Type B ,c C BC B B,C B,C B B,C

Roof Type G G G G F G G H Orientation S SE S W S S E W

Age 60 6 30 6 65 78 6 74

Number of Occupants 2 1/2 1 8/7 2 2/1 2/7 2 Surface Area 2117 .20 2610 1438 2497 1874 3132 2541 3200

Area of Glass 130 .70 95 .24 69 .58 165 .60 139 .80 105 .21 156 .00 278 .50

Area Window S 22 .50 49 .65 24 .34 0 30 .34 28 .08 0 97 .80

Area Window E + W 82 .60 45 .59 . zu 165 .60 Q t O J

1 1

. b J i JO . nnuu i J. D

^ n . jU

Area Doors 18 .50 42 .54 20 .75 26 .60 32 .82 34 .98 38 .20 19 .50

Area Walls 855 /,n . 'U 806 .20 658 .30 1290 .00 626 .80 1039 .00 1293 .00 892 .00

Area Basement Walls 128 .40 148 .80 240 .00 143 .80 - 270 .00 178 .50

Area Floor 296 .40 833 .00 - 389 .80 976 .40 - 704 .60

Area Roof 687 .50 833 .00 540 .50 775 .90 540 .90 976 .40 783 .90 1127 .50

BEFORE WEATHERIZATION

UA 531 .05 445 .9 428 .3 459 .9 775 .3 809 .4 617 .8 888 .5 R-Value Walls 4 .87 11 .58 3 .43 12 .90 4 .01 3 .77 18 .20 4 .54

R-Value Windows 1 .95 1 .61 1 .96 1 .32 1 .43 1 .71 1 .20 1 .55

R-Value Floor 5 .07 4 .17 3 .70 3 .04 4 .38

R-Value Basement 1 .81 2 .45 2 .27 1 .49 3 .37 2 .13

R-Value Roof 10 .50 18 .09 7 .67 16 .71 2 .32 18 .60 15 .88 6 .99

R-Value Door 3 .03 2 .30 2 .04 2 .04 2 .04 2 .28 2 .04 2 .53

Infiltration Rate .91 .44 .76 .62 .71 .59 1 .21 .63

Htg. System Eff

.60 .56 .57 .56 .55 .60 .60 .60

Solar Gains 29 .52* 24 .01* 17 .97* 43 .50* 32 .43* 27 .27* 40 .98 64 .59*

Interior Gains 19 .40 19 .40* 19 .40* 19 .40* 19 .40* 19 .40* 19 .40* 19 .40*

Interior Temp. 73 70 68 71 71 70 76 74

AFTER WEATHERIZATION

UA 333 .6 288 .6 198 .0 265 .9 339 .0 676 .3 409 .5 718 .9

R-Value Walls 11 .87 21 .01 14 .43 18 .70 17 .00 16 .70 23 .15 4 .54

R-Value Windows 2 .02 2 .22 2 .22 2 .02 1 .79 2 .03 2 .22 2 .02

R-Value Floor 5 .07 11 .17 3 .70 3 .04 4 .38

R-Value Basement 8 .81 9 .45 10 .13 8 .49 10 .30 2 .13

R-Value Roof 31 .51 36 .09 37 .42 34 .71 11 .91 20 .40 33 .38 27 .23

R-Value Door 3 .03 2 .30 2 .04 2 .04 2 .04 2 .28 2 .04 2 .53

Infiltration Rate 1 .00 .76 1 .03 .50 .41 1 .26 ,97 .58

Htg. System Eff. .66 .65 .66 .66 .63 .66 .67 .70

Solar Gains 29 .52* 24 .01* 17 .97* 43 .50* 32 .43* 27 .27* 40 .98* 64 .59*

Interior Gains 19 .40* 19 .40* 19 .40* 19 .40* 19 .40* 19 .40* 19 .40* 19 .40*

Interior Temp. 73 70 68 71 71 70 76 74

A-7
COLORADO SPRINGS

26 31 37 41 43 44 47 49

D1.5 FR D2 FRMV Dl FR Dl FRMV Dl FR D2 FR Dl FR Dl FR,MV

AF AF AF AF AF AF AF AF

G G G G G G G G

G G G G G G G G

1136 1581 915 649 923 1572 585 884

9298 12254 7415 5188 7386 12265 4736 7072

BC B BC C B B BC B

G G G G G G G G

N N S SE SW NE E NW

75 7 60 7 15 8 70 6

2 5/3 1 4 1/2 7/5 1 4

2174 2531 2267.70 1667.00 2006.00 •2565.00 1940.70 2057.00

158.00 158.00 247.14 89.30 100.80 166.80 225.70 88.10

22.60 81.21 41.70 50.60 58.20 83.00 69.35 37.80

99.70 0 156.10 38.70 42.60 83.80 130.16 50.30

19.30 32.32 43.90 37.30 40.00 32.40 25.80 39.00

1007.50 1279.00 703.60 687.00 832.00 1233.00 719.70 849.00

282.70 271.00 357.60 109.40 336.00 275.90

648.60. 884.00

706.60 790.60 915.00 648.60 923.00 786.20 693.50 884.00

751.8 551.2 636.2 470.3 318.2 488.0 846.7 457.8

4.31 11.53 4.31 12.34 11.02 12.34 3.94 11.83

1.44 1.27 1.70 1.63 1.69 1.28 1.19 1.62

4.15

2.13 1.69 1.81 1.47 2.57 1.47 4.15

6.06 17.95 28.99 17.93 17.95 16.94 5.42 5.91

2.30 2.04 2.09 2.47 2.50 2.55 2.49 2.04

.90 .84 .58 1.12 .31 .60 1.74 1.28

.61 .55 .62 .61 .58 .56 .61 .62

34.04* 28.22* 55.50* 23.20* 26.36* 41.41* 58.29* 20.86*

19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40*

71 73 68 73 66 70 75 71

367.8 265.9 316.7 277.5 246.5 245.1 289.0 276.0

17.20 21.90 18.20 20.90 19.42 19.20 20.99 21.21

2.14 2.22 2.02 2.02 2.02 2.22 2.22 2.22

15.15 15.15

13.13 8.75 8.81 9.87 10.87 12.47

6.14 35.32 36.99 35.32 35.95 34,94 14.17 35.91

2.30 2.04 2.09 2.53 2.50 2.55 2.49 2.04

.54 .59 .52 1.22 .76 .35 .84 .74

.63 .66 .71 .68 .65 .66 .63 .68

34.04* 28.22* 55.50* 23.20* 26.36* 41.41* 58.29* 20.86*

19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40*

71 73 68 73 66 70 75 71

A-8
EASTON

HOUSE NUMBER 1 9 9 T 9 7

GENERAL DATA

Construction Type A2 FM D2 FR D2 FR A2 M D2 FR A2 M A2 FR

Htg. System Type AF WP WP AF AG AF

Fuel Space Htg. 0 G 0 G 0 G

Fuel Hot Water G G F G G G Living Space 960 1552 1144 1993 1450 960 1290

Volume 7680 12416 9152 16940 13050 7680 11610

Foundation Type B B B B B B B Roof Type H G G G G H G

Or lentat ion N s W s NE E W

Age 65 70 7 60 75 99 60

Number of Occupants 4 4 2 1 2/1 5 2 Surface Area 2916 2076 2300 2578 2939 2620 2508

Area of Glass 238.70 189.80 162.00 209.50 180.00 144.40 194.80

Area Window S 102.20 73.00 5.40 75.20 103.70 69 .20 100.50

Area Window E + W 135.80 80.20 156.59 101.00 76.30 75.70 84.40

Area Doors 62.46 68.20 37 .62 41 .00 40.30 34.50 51 .60

Area Walls 1612 .00 1040.00 1536.00 1241 .00 1944.00 1600.00 1314 .00

Area Basement Walls 624.00 260.00 192.00 346.70 270.00 300.00 334.30

Area Floor

480 .00 776 .00 572 .00 990 .00 725 .00 480 .00 645 .00

BEFORE WEATHFRTZATTON

UA 1414.8 822 .1 604.7 895 .3 1042.5 1053 .7 786 .4 R-Value Walls 2.92 4.12 7.39 3.30 3.45 2.77 3.91

R-Value Windows 1.70 1.81 1.71 1.71 1.50 1.57 1.81

R-Value Floor

R-Value Basement 2.34 3.42 1.47 2.48 2.70 2.06 2.02

R-Valup Roof 3.59 6.44 25.12 7.81 7.20 3.54 6.46

£\. V CI J. uc: u\j\j 1. 2 .52 2.17 2.46 2 .36 2 .32 2 .28 2.35

Infiltration Rate 2.15* 1.06* .81* .37* .60* 1.86* .53*

Hte - fiv<?tpro Eff . .52 .63 .52* .47 .56 .44 .53

Solar Gains 57 .93* 37 .60* 36.66* 42.87* 44.95* 35.57* 45.92*

Tnt"PT"in'r V- X X nflinc; VJO X. 11 o 19 .40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40*

Tnterlor Tenin. 66 68 73 72 76 75 70

AFTER WFATHFRT TATTON

TTA 1295 .7 534.6 480.4 505.3 540.5 933 .8 433.1

R-Value Walls 2.92 17.12 18.39 16.30 14.45 2.77 22.91

R-Value Windows 1.70 1.81 1.71 1.71 1.50 1.57 1.81

R-Value Floor

R-Value Basement 2.34 3.42 1.47 2.48 2.70 2.06 2.02

R-Value Roof 33.59 31.44 25.12 26.81 26.20 30.54 25.45

R-Value Door 2.52 2.17 2.46 2.36 2.32 2.28 2.35

Infiltration Rate 2.15 1.06 .81 .37 .60* 1.86* .53

Htg. System Eff. .52* .58 .52* .47* .68 .44* .53*

Solar Gains 57.93* 37.60* 36.66* 42.87* 44.95* 35.57* 45.92*

Interior Gains 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40*

Interior Temp. 66 68 73 72 76 75 70
EASTON

28 31 33 39 42 44

D2 FR Dl FR Dl FR A2 M Dl FR Dl FR

AF WP WP WP A AF

0 0 0 0 E G

G F F F ? G

1720 1219 1152 1858 768 1274

13760 9750 9216 16479 6144 10195

B B s B B B

G G G F G H

E W SE s W 7 70 30 21 99 8 65

1 1 1 3 1 2 3149 2880 14878 2913 2000 3001 ^ 178.3 162.40 147.90 180.50 136.10 187.60

132.1 60.70 90.60 84.30 25.60 39.60

46.20 75.20 57.30 38.50 88.40 128.70

43.60 44.60 61.60 44.70 47.60 50.10

1794.1 1208.00 1152 .00 1530.00 896.00 1256 .00

273.1 453.00 144.00 261.80 336.00 471.00

866.0 1218.70 1152.00 979.00 768.00 1274.00

1151 .0 983.7 706.1 723.5 503.8 921.2

4.70 3 .36 4 .13 5.95 17 .35 4.79

1 .59 1.73 1.19 1.71 1.65 1.73

2.29 3.52 2.29 3.32 1.65 1.89

6.86 5.97 6.49 29.38 25.44 7.25

2.31 2.42 2.23 2.21 2.29 2.38

1.59 1.02 .21 .77* 1.04* .57*

0.45 .56 .51 .51 .52* .54

45 .80* 33 .18* 37 .17* 31 .25* 26.74* 39.55*

19 .40* 19 .40* 19 .40* 19 .40* 19.40* 19.40*

72 74 70 71 67

773 .0 463.7 362 .1 723.5 503 .8 602 .4 17 .70 16 36 17 13 5 95 17 .35 17 .79

1 .59 1.73 1 .19 1.71 1 .65 1.73

2.29 3.52 2.29 3.32 1.65 1.89

31.86 24.97 25.49 29.38 25.44 26.25

2.31 2.42 2.23 2.21 2.29 2.38

1.59 .57 .21 .11 1.04 .57

0.45* .56* .51* .51* .52* .54*

45.80* 33.18* 37.17* 31.25* Ib.lk* 39.55*

19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40*

72 74 70 71 67

A-10
FARGO

House Number 2 6 10 11 15 17 25

GENERAL DATA

Construction Type Dl FR Dl FR Dl FR Dl FR Dl FR Dl FR Dl FR

Htg. System Type AF AG/AF AG/AF AF AF AF AF

Fuel Space Htg. G 0 0 0 0 G 0

Fuel Hot Water G E E G G E G

Living Space 614 634 650 1225 969 763 684

Volume 4546 5709 5202 9800 7753 6018 5472

Foundation Type B B B B B C B Roof Type G G H G G G G

Orientation S E W N E S - S Age 50 50 50 40 40 25 50

Number of Occupants 1 2 1 1 1 1/3 2 Surface Area 1668.30 1909 .30 1721 .00 2556.00 2225.00 2018 .00 1894 .00

Area of Glass 117 .50 164 .70 96.30 169.10 187 .00 102 .10 141 .20

30 1 0 1 J m \J\J on 17 .00 30 .90

Area Window E + W 58.03 40.30 55.90 37.90 85.60 62 .50 102 .80

Area Doors 37.80 53.40 37.80 35.60 37.80 37 .20 34 .50

Area Walls 623.20 699.90 681.90 763.30 782.40 864 .70 704 .30

Area Basement Walls 289.80 357 .00 255.00 363 .00 251 .20 251 .00 330 .00

Area Floor

Area Roof 600.00 634 . 30 650.20 1225 .00 969 . 10 763 .50 684 .00

BEFORE WEATHERIZATION

UA 323.9 CIO / 518 .4 360 .8 £.11 1 644 .4 358 .9 533 .6 438 .9 R-Value Walls 19.34 7 .03 16.51 3.79 15 . 14 6 .63 5 .24

R-Value Windows 2.22 2 .22 2 .22 2 .22 2 .22 2 .22 2 .22

R-Value Floor ~ ~ R-Value Basement 1.89 1 .47 1 .47 1 .89 3 .33 1 .47 1 .89

R-Value Roof 23.28 ?o • on\J\J "^5 94 37 77 37 34 27 .31 33 .42

R-Value Door 3.03 3.03 3.03 3.03 3.03 3 .03 3 .03

Infiltration Rate .57* .51* .77* .74* .79* 1 .33* .35*

Htg. System Eff. .56 .54 .48 .61 .50* .55 .51

Solar Gains 23.05* 33.36* 19 .97* 28 .99* 36 .23* 19 .68* 33 .33*

Interior Gains 19.40* 19 .40* 19 .40* 19 .40* 19 .40* 19 .40* 19 .40*

Interior Temp. 61 66 64 65 69 66 67

AFTER WEATHERIZATION

UA 180.7 219 .1 188.4 324 .4 o "7 r\ c 270 .

276 .8 187 .8

R-Value Walls 24.74 16.93 21.91 15.79 20.54 20 .59 20 .05

R-Value Windows 3.22 3 .22 3 .22 3 .22 3 .22 3 -.22 3 .22

R-Value Floor

R-Value Basement 7.10 8 .47 9 .hi 7 . 10 o . 54 8 .89 7 .10

R-Value Roof 32.09 44.00 40.94 40.70 42.34 41 .31 41 .42

R-Value Door 3.03 3.03 3.03 3.03 3.03 3 .03 3 .03

Infiltration Rate .57 .51 .11 .74* .79 1 .33 .35

Htg. System Eff. 54 60 54 59 50* 39 46

Solar Gains 23.05* 33.36* 19.97* 28.99* 36.23* 19 .68* 33 .33*

Interior Gains 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19 .40* 19 .40*

Interior Temp. 61 66 64 65 69 66 67

A-11
FARGO

27 30 32 35 36

Dl FR Dl FR Dl FR Dl FR Dl FR

AF AF AF WP AF

0 G G G G

E G G G G

462 747 945 1225 517

3698 5979 8739 9798 4136

B B B C C G G G H G

W N S S E

50 60 50 20 15

3 1 1 3 1 1408.00 2041.00 2580.00 2504.00 1472.00

104.20 147.70 132.10 103.60 63.10

25.60 53.90 25.10 54.40 6.90

51.30 93.80 92.00 22.50 42.40

35.60 35.60 37.96 115.70 35.60

548.20 728.70 1036.00 563.90 629.30

258.00 342.00 403.00 142.20 227.50

35.00

462.30 787.30 936.00 1224.70 517.00

473.5 398.9 394.2 511.5 312.6

3.35 14.90 14.36 8.06 15.57

2.22 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.22

5.09

1.89 1.89 2.69 1.89 1.89

32.70 39.87 34.39 11.00 9.39

3.03 3.03 3.03 2.42 3.03

1.51* .66* .42* .91* .76*

47 54 55 53 52

19.99* 38.90* 28.99* 23.01* 11.82*

19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40*

67 68 70 69 68

228.5 223.8 272.5 387.3 159.0

15.16 25.46 14.36 19.06 20.97

3.22 3.22 3.22 3.22 3.22

5.09

7.10 7.10 7.78 1.89 8.14

40.70 42.87 42.39 29.16 39.39

3.03 3.03 3.03 2.42 3.03

1.51 .66 .42 .91 .76

21 60 51 64 60

19.99* 38.90* 28.99* 23.01* 11.82*

19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40*

67 68 70 69 68

A-12
MINN/ ST. PAUL

HOUSE NUMBER 1 2 3 4 8 13 20

GENERAL DATA

Construction Type D1.5 FR F2 FR Dl FR D2 FR D2 FR D2 FR Dl FR

Htg. System Type AF WP AF WG A/W V AF

Fuel Space Htg. G G G G 0/G G G

Fuel Hot Water G G G G F/G G G

Living Space 1201 1248 960 1944 1560 1680 1260

Volume 11269 10608 7680 15552 14828 13440 9450

Foundation Type B B ? B B B B Roof Type G H G G H G H

Orientation E S W S N N N

Age 70 • 60 40 80 70 80 15

Number of Occupants 4 4 6 2 2 4 4 Surface Area 2523 3664 2176 4678 3612 3392 2554

Area of Glass 187.40 169.28 112.64 186.20 221.20 166.90 195.50

Area Window S 35.60 28.08 35.60 43.01 84.50 25.50 61.31

Area Window E + W 88.60 90.09 45.20 124.05 136.70 88.46 65.14

Area Doors 40.10 38.79 37.80 78.72 74.50 40.50 38.19

Area Walls 1223.50 2376.00 873.60 2687.10 2064.00 1905.00 898.80

Area Basement Walls 233.40 6046.00 19.2.00 574.00 472.00 320.00 151.00

Area Floor _ - _ _ _ _ Area Roof 839.00 624.00 960.00 1152.00 780.00 960.00 1270.00

BEFORE WEATHERIZATION

UA 905.2 1235.4 623.4 1295.2 1179.4 931.8 753.4

R-Value Walls 3.56 3.63 4.65 4.43 5.37 5.47 3.66

R-Value Windows 1.97 1.97 2.22 2.12 2.13 2.22 2.22

R-Value Floor - - - - - - R-Value Basement 2.29 1.81 1.65 1.81 1.65 4.07 1.81

R-Value Roof 4.13 38.24 29.22 17.27 18.77 6.83 16.85

R-Value Door 3.03 3.03 2.04 2.68 2.73 3.03 3.03

Infiltration Rate .73* 1.12* 1.57* .67* 1.26* 1.14* 1.46*

Htg. System Eff

.57 .56 .58 .56 .66 .59 .63

Solar Gains 29.55* 27.58* 20.36* 39.30* 54.55* 26.46* 32.37*

Interior Gains 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40*

Interior Temp. 70 75 70 75 75 75 70

AFTER WEATHERIZATION

UA 463.9 723.8 489.0 806.9 885.2 583.2 355.5

R-Value Walls 15.56 15.63 14.67 16.43 17.37 16.49 15.66

R-Value Windows 1.97 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.22

R-Value Floor _ - - - - - R-Value Basement 2.29 1.81 1.65 1.81 1.65 4.07 1.81

R-Value Roof 31.13 38.24 42.22 45.27 45.77 38.78 43.85

R-Value Door 3.03 3.03 2.04 2.68 2.73 3.03 3.03

Infiltration Rate .73 1.12 1.57 .67 1.26* 1.14 .50

Htg. System Eff. .57 .56 .58 .56 .66 .59 .63

Solar Gains 29.55* 27.58* 20.36* 39.30* 54.55* 26.46* 32.37*

Interior Gains 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40*

Interior Temp. 70 75 70 75 75 75 70

A-13
MINN/ ST. PAUL

21 23 26 33 34 40 42 44 45 46

D2 FR D2 M D2 FR D2 FR D1.5 FR Dl FR D1.5 FR Dl FR D2 FR Dl FR

AF WG V AG WG AF WG AF AG AG

G G G G G G G G G G

G G E G G G G G G G

1816 2322 1344 672 2312 1128 1141 1314 1257 1004

17296 22114 11760 5376 18496 9024 8921 10512 10061 8032

- B B B B B B B B B G G G H H

- G H H G

S W W E S E S S S E 45 61 99 50 67 99 50 18 50 65

5 4/7 7 1 3 4 2 6 4 4

3810 4666 2934 2024 2516 2388 2549 2556 2771 2544

147.72 252.20 100.81 133.40 174.30 107.20 201.32 127.73 262.00 181.66

39.63 24.84 26.95 51.87 43.84 27.36 63.42 37.84 85.67 50.82

79.04 164.12 40.64 48.29 121.32 52.48 97.00 69.35 130.20 75.60

38.55 40.43 18.76 36.96 38.90 37.81 39.36 38.19 72.76 37.52

2264.00 2557.00 2026.00 765.60 874.90 975.00 920.32 938.60 1389.00 900.80

408 . 00 600.00 116.00 416.00 272.00 140.00 387.00 138.00 406.00 420.00

952.00 1216.00 672.00 672.00 1156.00 1128.00 1001.00 1314.00 642.00 1004.00

1008.7 1661.1 865.4 540.6 852.5 636.7 791.4 576.8 994.7 699.9

7.70 4.59 4.42 5.00 3.49 4.88 4.39 4.26 4.39 4.28

2.22 2.10 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.22 1.30 2.22

1.97 2.42 2.77 1.81 1.81 1.81 1.81 1.81 1.81 1.81

8.54 12.45 6.80 17.40 7.86 6.36 6.26 12.83 17.89 14.50

2.40 3.03 2.04 2.40 3.03 2.46 3.03 3.03 2.76 3.03

.55* 1.57 1.00* .40 .64 .73 .65 .57 1.05 .65

.53 .63 .70 .61 .60 .57 .58 .61 .57 .70*

28.74* 42.28* 16.77* 25.94* 38.97* 19.40* 39.75* 26.15* 53.52* 31.40*

19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40*

76 77 73 70 73 70 77 68 72 79

665.9 796.2 456.7 425.5 571.0 354.4 561.0 289.8 458.1 289.7

18.72 15.61 15.44 16.02 15.49 14.90 14.41 14.28 14.41 14.30

2.22 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.22

1.97 9.42 2.77 1.81 1.81 1.81 1.81 8.81 10.13 10.13

11.33 19.11 38.80 37.40 34.86 38.36 12.26 42.83 44.89 40.82

2.40 3.03 2.04 2.40 3.03 2.46 3.03 3.03 2.76 3.03

.55 .95 1.00 .50 .72 .73* .61 .57* .90 .46

.53 .63 .70 .61 .60 .57 .58 .61 .57 .70*

28.74* 42.28* 16.77* 25.94* 38.97* 19.40* 39.75* 26.15* 53.52* 31 . 40*

19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40*

76 77 73 70 73 70 77 68 72 79

A-14
ST. LOUIS

HOUSE NUMBER 5 6 7 17 28 29 34 38

GENERAL DATA

Construction Type D2 FR D2 M Dl FR Dl M D2 M D3 M D2 FR D2 FR

Htg. System Type AF AF AF AF AF WP AG/AF AF

Fuel Space Htg. G G G G G G G G Fuel Hot Water E G G G G G G G

Living Space 1039 1477 689 1938 1841 2300 1189 1568

Volume 8104 14922 6690 19347 16319 20935 13260 11961

Foundation Type S B B C B B B B Roof Type G F G F F H F H Orientation S S ? E E S E W

Age 7 55 50 60 80 80 40 99

Number of Occupants 5 7/6 2/3 4 3 2 7 8/7

Surface Area 2895.12 3789.00 2444.65 2797.00 2526.00 2477.00 2358.25 3014.00

Area of Glass 99.20 283.50 108.10 154.10 353.90 360.80 206 .40 185.90

Area Window S V / 1 . 00 22 .60 4o .54 69 . 41 11 / . 20 1 C "7 A 15.70 44.50

Area Window E + W 99.20 148.20 71.80 83.80 166.14 134.70 126.80 86.50

Area Doors 21.00 147.20 21.00 47.90 88.90 58.60 111.40 52.60

Area Walls 1348.70 2166.00 1058.82 1025.80 630.50 932.70 1186.50 1697.10

Area Basement Walls 93.18 346 .20 465.00 394.50 346.20 391.40 124.53 363 .80

Area Floor — — — Area Roof 528.36 846 .20 791 .73 1174.40 1106 .20 734 .00 729 .40 714 .80

BEFORE WEATHERIZATION

UA 787.9 1680.7 1195.1 1344.6 1287.1 1265.8 1291 .7 1502 .7 R-Value Walls 2.74 3.09 3.79 2.57 3.18 4.27 3.03 3.96

R-Value Windows 1.01 1.71 1.01 2.13 1.42 1 .38 1 .01 1 .63

R-Value Floor — R-Value Basement 1.40 2.36 2.14 2.57 2.61 2 .61 2 .72 2 .37

R-Value Roof 4.38 J . oO "i /. c J . 48 4 .10 J . J-> 0 Q 0 L.v 2 2 . DO

R-Value Door 2.04 2.33 2.22 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.50 2.04

Infiltration Rate 1.00* 1.42* 1.76* 1.03* 1.34* 1.03* 1.49* 2.33*

Htg. System Eff. .53 .56 .55 .61 .57 .54 .57 .61

Solar Gains 21.83* 52 .29* 22.06* 31 .89* 55.79* 62 .12* 32 .25* 31.35*

Interior Gains 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19 .40* 19 .40* 19 .40* 19.40* 19 . 40*

Interior Temp. 73 75 75 76 76 73 11 73

AFTER WEATHERIZATION

UA 291.2 1445.4 583.2 1042.2 960.0 1166.8 645.7 862 .9 R-Value Walls 8.74 3.09 14.79 2.57 3.18 4.27 14.03 15.96

R-Value Windows 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.13 2.22 2 .22 2 .22 2.22

R-Value Floor — 2.37

R-Value Basement 1.40 2.36 2.14 2 .57 2.61 2 .61 2 .72

R-Value Roof 34.38 33 -80 33 .80 33 . 48 34.10 3.35 32 .92 32.56

R-Value Door 2.04 2.33 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.50 2.04

Infiltration Rate 1.00* 1.42* 1.76* 1.03* 1.34* 1.03* 1.49* 2.33

Htg. System Eff. .55 .56* .50 .66 .57 .54 .57 .62

Solar Gains 21.83* 52.29* 22.06* 31.89* 55.79* 62.12* 32.25* 31.35*

Interior Gains 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40*

Interior Temp. 73 75 75 76 76 73 72 73

A-15
ST. LOUIS

40 41 42 46 49 55 56 77 92 93

D2 M Dl M D2 FR D2 M D2 FR Dl FR Dl M D2 M Dl M Dl - S FR

AF WG AF AG AF AG AF AF AF ATT Q G G G G Cl\J (1 n\j (1 p

G G G G G G G G Q

1929 1028 1271 2138 1328 784 885 1356 946 67ft 18620 9256 10695 20256 13284 6436 7085 11633 8514 541 7 B B B B B B B B B Rxj F F G F M G M G F \j N W E W N N E W w co 57 40 60 90 71 25 50 60 60 V-/ 1 4/3 1 1 2 3 5/6 4 3 2 4302.10 2831.94 2214.93 4476.00 3168.80 1943.00 2317.20 2447.64 2802.70 2001.30

304.30 230.66 171.89 218.00 174.36 142 '.05 180.00 288.80 140.96 112.90

76.40 78.80 51.13 121.50 39.12 31.25 35.90 43.10 67.96 54.40

133.70 101,00 106.70 96.50 68.60 63.00 98.39 211.10 47.40 35.90

69.80 47.90 51.00 114.20 71.23 54.20 69.48 76.55 33.90 52.80

2402.00 851.97 1409.35 298.50 1995.00 728.00 818.60 1191.39 1139.10 949.30

388.50 469.57 289.79 481.80 166.00 292.00 367.10 293.71 434.80 144.60

1137.40 1029.20 617.50 677.20 761.70 726.60 882.10 597.19 1053.80 741.80

1953.8 972.9 1223.7 1006.0 1260.9 868.5 874.7 1186.0 1130.0 884.6

3.50 2.57 3.36 3.57 3.93 3.13 3.49 3.74 3.73 3.57

1.66 1.65 1.01 1.52 1.34 1.01 1.18 1.65 1.17 1.01

2.45 3.60 1.89 1.53 2.19 1.89 2.41 2.69 2.45 1.32

4.36 6.10 3.86 3.99 3.51 4.64 4.39 3.57 3.48 3.40

2.23 2.50 2.50 2.28 2.45 2.04 2.44 2.50 2.04 2.31

1.89* 1.10* 1.56* .67* 1.26* 1.36* .83* 1.84* 1.12* .99*

.53 .60 .55 .40 .58 .59 .59 .60 .61 .57

50.59* 44.06* 37.65* 54.90* 25.94* 22.52* 31.60* 58.39* 29.26* 22.97*

19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40*

74 79 78 71 70 76 73 75 75 73

1679.8 796.8 639.9 809.9 650.6 353.5 517.2 674.9 801.3 347.6

3.50 2.57 14.36 3.57 13.93 14.13 3.49 14.74 3.73 12.17

2.22 2.22 1.01 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.22

2.45 3.60 8.89 1.53 2.19 8.89 9.41 9.69 2.45 8.32

34.36 36.10 33.86 35.99 33.51 34.64 31.29 33.57 33.48 33.40

2.23 2.50 2.50 2.28 2.45 2.04 2.44 2.50 2.04 2.31

1.89* 1.10* 1.56 .67* 1.26* 1.36 .83* 1.84 1.12 .99

.64 .60 .55 .40 .62 .64 .66 .58 .61 .54

50.59* 44.06* 37.65* 54.90* 25.94* 22.52* 31.60* 58.40* 29.26* 22.97*

19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40*

74 79 78 71 70 76 73 75 75 73

A-16
TACOMA

HOU SE NU MBER 4 21 39 45 49 55

Construction Type Dl FR Dl FR Dl FR Dl FR Dl FR Dl FR

Htg . System Type BB AF BB V V AF

Fuel Space Htg. E G E G G G ruei Hot water E G E G E E Living Space lU/z 1 £ ^ A looO 960 900 646 928

Volume ^ o o ^ 6o26 /no C 1 £ O 5168 7920

Foundation Type c c C c B C Koor lype G H F G 7 Orientation I

*^ f 7 9 ? Age oO 25 12 29 45 80

Number of OccuDant<? 4 1/2 2

1

J- X1 Surface Area 2481 3792 2326 2247 2892

Area of Glass 162.00 272.00 150.20 141.60 112.71 177.60

Area Window S 52.00 131.00 33.00 39.20 20.76 58.00

Area window t, + w

c /, r\r\ j4 . UU lb . 40 C 7 fl C 3/

19.25

Area Doors CI 1 A 51 . 10 OA AA 20 .00 Jo . /O 32 .OU Jo . 00 40 . 00

Area waxxs oo / . UU X J. jU . UU Q T Q AA QQ 7 AA oy / • UU yio • UU 1 c 0 A A 1 j2 J . UU

Area Basement Walls JOB . 00 C AO AA 502 . 00 ikZ .00 Jl 3 .00 2/2 .00 O ^ ^ AA 266 . 00

Area Floor

Area Roof T AT O AA 10/2 .00 T O / O AA 18 48 .00 960 .00 900 .00 909 .00 869 .00

BEFORE WEATHERIZATION

UA 1021 .3 1096 .638 .9 866 .

742 .0 881 .

R-Value Walls 3 .01 5 .18 8 .81 3 .89 4 . 41 4 . 31

1? «\ 7 1 1 1 A 1»7 T /I /\ T.T J\ VclJ.Uc WJ.I1UUWO ±1 . mu± X1 . mUX X . UX R-Value Floor

R-Value Basement 1.33 1.63 1.63 1.57 1.37 1.63

R-Value Roof 5.71 13.15 5.71 6.50 6.33 13.76

R-Value Door z • 0 A/. 2 . 40 Q AQ J • UJ O A/. Z • U^t 1 AT J . U J Infiltration Rate . 0 J'^ o o ^ . Jo* • / J

7 £. Htg. System Eff. 1 . 00* 1 AA* 1 .00* . 58* C 7 + C ft*

. 60*

Solar Gains 0 1 /A* 21 . 49* 29 . 63* 2J .o2* TO ^ O* 1 J . 62* 13.14* O C O 1 + 25 . 91*

Interior Gains 19 . 40* 19 . 40* 19 . 40* 19 . 40* 19 . 40* T A / A* 19 . 40*

Interior Temp. "7 O 73 68 /J /J "7 O c o 68

AFTER WEATHERIZATION

UA OCA O 350

1 4/0.4 2 Jb . o

0 o o /. J22 .

J99 . J

"5 0 7 1 R-Value Walls 1 /. AT 14.01 16 .18 19 . oi 14. 89 4.14 1 C Q

1 J . Jl

R-Value Windows 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.22

R-Value Floor

R-Value Basement 8.83 9.13 9.13 9.07 8.87 9.13

R-Value Roof 35.71 44.15 35.71 35.50 36.33 37.56

R-Value Door 2.04 2.04 2.46 3.03 2.04 3.03

Infiltration Rate .82 .63* .38 1.01 .57 .88

Htg. System Eff. 1.00* .59 1.00* .58 .57 .60*

Solar Gains 21.49* 29.63* 23.82* 13.62* 15.14* 25.91*

Interior Gains 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40*

Interior Temp. 73 68 73 73 72 68

A-17
TACOMA

81 83 87

Dl FR Dl FR D1.5 FR

BB AF u

E G G

E E G

1008 1080 546

7682 8424 4332

C C CB

F H ?

? ? ? 8 24 50

1 1 1 2350 2921 1766

160.00 221.20 138.70

34.00 31.00 45.79

45.00 189.90 48.25

28.80 39.00 32.76

824.00 1082.00 743.50

330.00 175.00 305.00

1008.00 1404.00 546.00

721.0 843.7 671.6

15.61 4.07 3.84

1.01 1.01 1.01

1.33 1.33 1.63

13.15 17.35 7.27

3.03 3.03 2.04

.35* .88* .80

1.00* .63 .59*

15.80* 41.27* 19.05*

19.40* 19.40* 19.40*

73 70 69

222.8 367.2 252.9

4.61 15.07 14.84

2.22 2.22 1.58

8.83 8.83 7.23

43.15 47.35 37.27

3.03 3.03 2.04

.35 .88 .54

1.00* .63* .59

15.80* 41.27* 19.05*

19.40* 19.40* 19.40*

73 70 69

A- 18
WASHINGTON

HOUSE NUMBER 2 7 41

GENERAL DATA

Construction Type Dl FR Dl FR Dl FR Dl . 5 FR

Htg. System Type s AF V WP

Fuel Space Htg. p 0 p 0

Fuel Hot Water E E p F Living Space 681 1056 1152 111

Volume 5A48 8448 9256 6176

Foundation Type B c c Roof Type G H G

Orientation SW N ? ? Age 29 45 40 70

Number of Occupants 1 1 1 1 Surface Area 3193 2759 2938 2514

Area of Glass 273.00 309.40 65.00 243.50

Area Window S 67.80 37.00 25.70 79.70

Area Window E + W 134.80 170.90 23.30 69.80

Area Doors 57.40 58.70 35.40 50.00

Area Walls 1135.00 952.00 1051.60 962.50

Area Basement Walls 767.30 495.00 633.60 488.00

Area Floor _ _ _ _ Area Roof 960.00 1056.00 1152.00 770.00

BEFORE WEATHERIZATION

UA 1136.1 1193.9 800.6 1018.1

R-Value Walls 4.14 3.84 4.71 4.18

R-Value Windows 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01

R-Value Floor _ _ _ _ R-Value Basement 2.57 2.57 2.57 1.89

R-Value Roof 6.38 7.27 17.28 5.34

R-Value Door 3.03 2.50 3.03 3.03

Infiltration Rate 1.29 1.83 1.02 1.15

Htg. System Eff

.60* .55* .60* .61*

Solar Gains 40.38* 38.65* 10.56* 32.33*

Interior Gains 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40*

Interior Temp. 69 71 69 74

AFTER WEATHERIZATION

UA 350.3 410.3 326.8 450.4

R-Value Walls 15.14 16.84 15.71 17.18

R-Value Windows 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.22

R-Value Floor _ _ -

- R-Value Basement 18.02 9.57 9.57 7.10

R-Value Roof 45.77 34.27 30.00 32.34

R-Value Door 3.03 3.03 3.03 3.03

Infiltration Rate .73 .74 .62 1.58

Htg. System Eff. .60* .55 .60* .61

Solar Gains 40.38* 38.65* 10.56* 32.33*

Interior Gains 19.40* 19.40* 19.40* 19.40*

Interior Temp. 69 71 69 74

A-19

APPENDIX B

VALUES (FROM ElEGRESSION ANALYSIS) USED FOR CALCULATING CONSUMPTION

ATLANTA, GA

House # Fuel Type T«i Bl B^ HW Factor

(Space/Water) CP) kBtu/DD-j kBtu/day (MBtu/yr)

1 Before G/E 63.0 31.11 20.6 0.0

After G/E 72.5 14.73 29.9 0.0

2 Before G/E 67.0 19.98 37.1 0.0

After G/E 66.5 18.23 48.4 0.0

11 Before G/G 61.5 24.10 42.2 20.0*

After G/G 59.0 23.38 59.7 20.0*

17 Before E/E 59.5 12.90 82.7 16.4

After E/E 68.0 7.12 77.5 16.4

21 Before G/G 51.5 18.13 91.7 20.0*

After G/G 60.5 4.94 74.2 20.0*

22 Before G/G 57.0 21.63 74.2 15.2

After G/G 62.5 17.61 86.5 15.2

23 Before G/G 62.0 21.73 126.7 25.2

Alter onzu . Anou 1 on Z3 . Z

29 Before G/G 60.5 22.30 181.0 20.0*

Alter Lt/ G

£ 1 ^ zuon . n*u**

31 Before P/E 58.5 26.39 75.8 0.0

Alter P/ El i J . bU 1 n7 7 lU / . / nu . nu

32 Before E/E 60.0 13.01 112.2 4.1

After E/E 66.5 8.46 106.9 4.1

CHARLESTON, SC

2 Before P/P 84.5 14.33 -62.1 10.00

After P/P 61.0 18.35 92.2 12.55

3 Before P/E 66.5 12.87 78.5 0.0

After P/E 84.5 5.39 6.4 0.0

5 Before P/E 63.0 9.50 27.4 0.0

After P/E 84.5 3.47 1.8 0.0

B-1
CHARLESTON, SC (Cont.)

rlOUSc 1r "Pi 1 £1 1 Tar r\ a xp 1

8 Before P/E 64.5 15.98 64.8 0.0

r/ E. /W.J Q HA 9 1 Q

16 Before P/E 60.0 27.30 47.5 0.0

AX t er P /v DM- . U 1 1 A9HZ .7Q nu . nw

18 Before P/- 67.5 13.60 59.3 0.0

AX LcX" P/- t / ot . J U .vj

19 Before P/- 81.5 9.04 -52.0 0.0

p /- / J • u 7 . oD iO .H u .u

20 Before • P/E 68.5 12.05 35.6 0.0

Ax cer p /tr r/ii J . JU _0 Q U . (J

21 Before P/P 73.5 9.50 55.7 20.0*

After r/ P /D .U 0 . 00 HO .0 ZU .0'*

23 Before P/E 74.0 12.87 11.9 0.0

Ax cer P /T7 P/t. 7 1 n / i .U Z/ .4 n n U . U

24 Before P/P 69.0 13.97 51.1 20.0*

' After P/P 76.5 7.40 29.2 20.0*

25 Before ~ P/- 63.5 16.43 42.0 0.0

After P/- 65.5 9.40 32.9 0.0

28 Before P/P 72.5 12.87 24.7 20.0*

After P/P 84.5 10.50 -32.9 20.0*

33 Before - K/P 70.5 23.09 -71.6 1 10.7

Before P/P 55.5 5.02 66.6

AX LcL pr//pr 1 1 "^9 Aft A X

1 X1 • Q5

39 Before P/- 79.5 10.77 45.7 0.0

After P/- 49.0 25.29 33.8 0.0

44 Before P/E 67.5 11.50 52.0 0.0

After P/E 45.0 34.88 72.1 0.0

47 Before E/E 52.0 12.32 70.0 20.0*

After E/E 45.0 10.27 62.1 20.0*

49 Before P/E 66.5 7.67 38.3 0.0

After P/E 84.5 2.01 24.7 0.0

B-2
CHICAGO, IL

House # Fuel Type HW Factor

5 Before

After

G/G

G/G

59.5

84.5

30.18

20.09

375.9

-148.3

6.5

10.6

9 Before

After

G/G

G/G

67.5

84.5

34.20

38.21

36.1

-1036.0

7.3

7.3

11 Before

After

G/G

G/G

65.0

84.5

41.92

28.84

216.3

-225.6

21.1

21.1

12 Before

After

G/G

G/G

66.0

84.5

56.44

18.02

200.8

-230.7

21.0

21.0

14 Before

After

G/G

G/G

62.5

84.5

24.10

22.87

80.3

-510.9

23.8

31.6

19 Before

After

G/G

G/G

59.0

67.0

38.83

26.37

162.7

-83.4

24.0

24.0

25 Before

After

G/G

G/G

60.5

72.0

33.48

26.88

192.6

-139.1

21.9

21.9

29 Before

After

G/G

G/G

66.0

84.5

24.31

24.21

60.8

-625.2

10.2

9.2

32 Before

After

G/G

G/G

45.0

57.5

35.12

40.07

264.7

55.6

37.2

37.2

38 Before

After

G/G

G/G

60.5

84.5

55.31

46.04

234.9

-819.9

9.3

6.6

COLORADO SPRINGS, CO

1 Before

After

G/G

G/G

66.5

65.5

17.50

15.35

88.0

136.0

20.0*

20.0*

5 Before

After

G/G

G/G

58.5

64.5

39.80

40.58

292.0

223.5

20.0*

20.0*

7 Before

After

G/G

G/G

70.0

79.0

14.50

9.99

52.0

-60.8

21.7

21.3

8 Before

After

G/G

G/G

50.5

58.0

19.90

13.08

123.0

86.5

20.0*

20.0*

B-3
COLORADO SPRINGS, CO (Cont.)

House # Fuel Type Bl HW Factor

10 Before

After

11 Before

After

13 Before

After

14 Before

After

17 Before

After

20 Before

After

23 Before

After

24 Before

After

26 Before

After

31 Before

After

37 Before

After

41 Before

After

43 Before

After

44 Before

After

47 Before

After

49 Before

After

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

67.0

63.5

61.5

55.5

57.5

79.5

63.5

45.0

58.0

83.5

49.0

65.5

61.5

45.0

70.0

45.0

57.5

84.0

59.0

76.0

57.0

70.5

60.5

79.0

52.5

59.5

65.5

67.5

68.5

78.5

69.0

56.0

21.00

18.85

13.60

8.24

10.60

9.27

18.70

16.07

15.00

9.37

20.60

10.92

21.90

22.15

32.90

27.50

26.10

18.95

23.70

8.55

22.30

14.32

14.90

8.34

25.80

14.21

19.50

9.58

26.50

15.04

15.30

9.06

31.0

52.5

85.0

52.5

103.0

-73.1

97.0

228.7

136.0

-114.3

97.0

19.6

217.0

254.4

31.0

421.3

116.0

-389.3

110.0

-18.5

159.0

-119.5

109.0

-62.8

113.0

3.1

74.0

29.9

-27.0

-210.1

102.0

88.6

20.0*

20 .'0*

20.8

22.3

13.0

13.7

53.7

53.7

16.4

16.4

14.8

14.8

20.4

20.8

26.8

33.1

21.2

21.5

12.6

12.6

14.8

14.8

38.8

36.3

19.0

12.0

24.6

37.6

14.7

17.1

27.0

23.7

B-4
EASTON. PA

House // Fuel Type ^1 B«} HW Factor

4 Before 0/G 53.5

After 0/G 53.5

12 Before G/G 64.5

After G/G 53.5

20 Before E/E 64.0

After E/E 79.5

22 Before 0/0(F)* 62.5

After 0/0(F) 84.5

23 Before G/G 60.5

After G/G 84.0

25 Before 0/G 52.5

After 0/G 61.0

27 Before G/G 63.0

After G/G 45.0

28 Before 0/G 54.5

After 0/G 53.0

31 Before 0/0(F) 60.5

After 0/0(F) 61.5

32 Before 0/0(F) 69.5

After 0/0(F) 45.0

33 Before 0/0(F) 69.5

After 0/0(F) 76.0

38 Before G/G 64.0

After G/G 60.0

39 Before 0/0(F) 69.0

After 0/0(F) 45.5

42 Before E/E 59.0

After E/E 84.5

44 Before G/G 60.0

After G/G 51.0

38.00 5.5 0.0

34.26 -2.8 0.0

27.19 59.7 39.7

22.76 201.9 39.7

8.68 23.7 20.0*

6.67 -48.9 20.0*

22.05 76.3 20.0*

14.98 -210.8 20.0*

22.35 100.9 19.72

13.80 -205.0 19.72

30.65 141.5 0.0

23.86 -66.6 0.0

20.09 79.3 24.92

22.35 99.9 24.92

24.41 52.7 0.0

24.13 41.6 0.0

16.09 86.0 20.0*

10.54 109.6 20.0*

25.10 51.3 20.0*

55.90 208.1 20.0*

14.42 26.4 20.0*

8.74 88.8 20.0*

23.48 49.4 20.0*

26.16 69.0 20.0*

24.55 87.4 20.0*

32.46 359.2 20.0*

8.28 52.5 20.0*

5.82 -55.4 20.0*

20.39 112.3 20.0*

12.88 141.1 20.0*

* Heated in Furnace

B-5
EASTON, PA (Cont.)

House # Fuel Type Bl HW Factoi

46 Before

After

0/0(F)

0/0(F)

63.0

69.5

38.97

41.47

227.5

-106.8

20.0*

20.0*

FARGO, ND

2 Before

After

6 Before

After

10 Before

After

11 Before

After

13 Before

After

15 Before

After

17 Before

After

22 Before

After

23 Before

After

25 Before

After

26 Before

After

27 Before

After

30 Before

After

G/G

G/G

0/E

0/E

0/E

0/E

0/G

0/G

G/G

G/G

0/G

0/G

G/E

G/E

G/G

G/G

0/-

0/-

0/G

0/G

G/E

G/E

0/E

0/E

G/G

G/G

56.5

64.0

60.0

65.0

84.5

64.5

48.5

84.5

60.0

75.5

84.5

77.5

69.5

64.5

66.0

68.0

45.0

59.0

45.0

66.0

72.5

65.0

84.5

66.5

56.0

68.0

13.10

8.24

14.84

6.80

12.90

7.63

14.84

9.99

16.80

12.30

10.40

9.29

11.20

8.45

10.40

9.27

36.06

23.72

13.73

9.29

12.90

10.51

8.04

5.13

14.80

7.2]

42.0

-39.1

18.0

-38.8

-245.5

-43.0

113.7

-216.4

47.0

-35.0

-141.5

-109.6

-17.0

-62.8

11.0

28.8

271.9

91.5

122.1

-30.5

-52.0

63.9

158.1

-13.9

59.0

2.1

10.0

10.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

20.0*

20.0*

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

20.0*

20.0*

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

10.9

12.8

B-6
FARGO, ND (Cont.)

House # Fuel Type ^1 B«5 HW Factor

32 Before G/G 59.0

After G/G 84.5

34 Before 0/E 47.5

After 0/E 67.5

1 35 Before g7g 59.5

After G/G 55.5

36 Before G/G 65.0

After G/G 53.0

MINNEAPOLIS/ ST. PAUL, MI

1 Before G/G 63.0

After G/G 55.0

2 Before G/G 57.0

After G/G 55.0

3 Before G/G 66.0

After G/G 78.0

4 Before G/G 63.0

After G/G 62.0

8 Before 0/0(F) 65.0

After G/G 72.5

13 Before G/G 63.0

After G/G 57.5

20 Before G/G 59.5

After G/G 55.0

21 Before G/G 65.0

After G/G 62.5

23 Before G/G 83.5

After G/G 50.5

25 Before G/G 66.0

After G/G 54.0

12.60 58.0 10.6

9.06 -151.4 10.6

12.62 77.7 0.0

10.26 -18.0 0.0

14.50 49.0 9.7

11.33 56.6 16.8

6.20 76.0 7.3

4.84 99.1 11.9

17.30 110.2 26.5

25.13 132.9 26.5

24.51 102.0 18.4

22.35 102.0 18.4

10.30 91.7 23.9

7.83 31.9 23.9

23.28 71.1 16.0

19.57 77.3 16.0

33.01 -139.7 2.5

13.39 87.6 2.5

37.49 126.7 19.0

24.10 166.9 19.0

19.47 119.5 19.9

15.55 112.3 19.9

19.98 187.5 19.4

15.45 106.1 19.4

34.09 -199.8 -49.7

39.04 476.9 49.7

17.61 92.7 20.0*

15.04 280.2 20.0*

B-7
MINNEAPOLIS/ ST. PAUL, MI (Cont.)

House # Fuel Type Bl HW Factor

26 Before

After

G/E

G/E

57.0

51.5

29.77

18.44

34.0

44.3 a.o

0.0

28 Before

After

G/G

G/G

63.5

61.0

17.72

15.55

51.5

56.6

20.0*

20.0*

31 Before

After

G/G

G/G

63.5

61.5

52.74

46.66

97.9

109.2

20.0*

20.0*

33 Before

After

G/G

G/G

64.0

60.0

21.01

12.98

50.5

87.6

11.3

11.3

34 Before

After

G/G

G/G

54.0

46.0

18.13

19.57

138.0

175.1

18.9

18.9

36 Before

After

G/G

G/G

53.0

59.0

53.35

35.02

287.4

261.6

20.0*

20.0*

37 Before

After

G/G

G/G

67.5

45.0

34.20

67.16

173.0

388.3

20.0*

20.0*

40 Before

After

G/G

G/G

49.5

45.5

19.16

10.82

131.8

156.6

30.0

30.0

42 Before

After

G/G

G/G

67.0

84.0

18.85

14.52

79.3

-61.8

19.0

19.0

44 Before

After

G/G

G/G

56.0

57.5

20.29

9.27

137.0

152.4

22.0

22.0

45 Before

After

G/G

G/G

66.5

48.0

19.88

18.33

96.8

282.2

22.3

22.3

46 Before

After

G/G

G/G

65.0

45.0

14.49

24.62

173.0

223.5

33.0

33.0

OAKLAND, OA ^

'

5 Before G/G

After ^' G/G

57.5

53.5

61.90

160.80

183.0

225.0

20.0*

20.0*

6 Before

After

G/G

G/G

60.5

61.5

46.50

38.00

226.0

186.0

20.0*

20.0*

9 Before

After

G/G

G/G

54.5

54.5

42.20

38.90

266.0

258.0

20.0*

20.0*

B-8
OAKLAND, CA (Cont.)

House // Fuel Type ^1 HW Factor

17 Before G/G 52.0

After G/G 56.0

19 Before G/G 60.5

After G/G 54.5

26 Before G/G 64.0

After G/G 67.0

31 Before G/G 63.0

After G/G 60.0

33 Before G/G 64.0

After G/G 69.5

34 Before G/G 84.5

After G/G 65.0

35 Before G/G 59.5

After G/G 58.0

37 Before G/G 84.5

After G/G 61.0

38 Before G/G 67.5

After G/G 61.0

PORTLAND, ME

7 Before 0/E 58.0

After 0/E 55.0

9 Before 0/E 69.5

After 0/E 84.5

10 Before G/G 69.5

After G/G 55.0

11 Before 0/E 60.5

After 0/E 56.5

12 Before 0/0(F) 69.5

After 0/0(F) 58.5

15 Before 0/E 52.0

After 0/E 49.5

75.30 123.0 20.0*

42.20 85.0 20.0

48.80 58.0 20.0*

94.40 113.0 20.0*

35.00 192.0 20.0*

22.50 298.0 20.0*

20.00 155.0 20.0*

28.70 179.0 20.0*

24.70 60.0 20.0*

14.40 57.0 20.0*

17.50 -206.0 20.0*

18.50 83.0 20.0*

12.50 88.0 20.0*

19.10 77.0 20.0*

31.90 -487.0 20.0*

63.50 57.0 20.0*

26.60 -3.0 20.0*

24.30 80.0 20.0*

32.73 -40.2 0.0

16.92 -19.4 0.0

30.51 -285.7 0.0

9.85 -158.1 0.0

14.80 -47,0 16.12

15.45 90.6 18.43

23.02 20.8 0.0

13.87 -11.1 0.0

28.57 16.6 20.0*

12.34 73.5 20.0*

47.85 -20.8 0.0

65.19 -18.0 0.0

B-9
PORTLAND, ME (Cont.)

House y/

16 Before

After

17 Before

After

20 Before

After

21 Before

After

23 Before

After

25 Before

After

26 Before

After

28 Before

After

29 Before

After

30 Before

After

31 Before

After

33 Before

After

Fuel Type

0/E

0/E

0/?

0/?

0/0(F)

0/0(F)

0/E

0/E

0/E

0/E

0/0(F)

0/0(F)

0/0(F)

0/0(F)

0/E

0/E

0/E

0/E

0/0(F)

0/0(F)

0/0(F)

0/0(F)

0/E

0/E

84.5

66.5

73.0

63.0

69.5

67.0

58.0

57.5

50.5

48.5

62.5

57.0

55.5

64.0

83.5

56.5

53.0

54.5

56.0

53.5

80.0

56.0

53.5

51.0

Bl

26.35

14.42

14.42

9.57

20.67

9.85

13.87

7.77

49.24

38.70

38.14

21.22

28.16

12.48

42.44

34.26

50.49

46.33

30.79

19.83

51.32

47.71

53.26

50.90

-604.7

-16.6

-124.8

-22.2

18.0

80.4

-16.6

-11.1

26.4

-15.3

292.2

148.4

194.2

38.8

-747.6

-31.9

-11.1

-20.8

174.8

101.3

-988.9

187.2

-37.4

-29.1

HW Factor

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

20.0*

20.0*

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

20.0*

20.0*

20.0*

20.0*

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

20.0*

20.0*

20.0*

20.0*

0.0

0.0

ST. LOUIS, MO

5 Before G/G

After ' ' G/G

6 Before G/G

After G/G

7 Before G/G

After G/G

58.5

53.0

59.5

64.0

61.5

65.0

16.30

22.97

62.20

55.93

34.10

19.57

166.0

197.8

86.0

93.7

160.0

80.3

53.4

53.4

27.9

27.9

45.7

45.7

B-10
ST. LOUIS, MO (Cont.)

House # Fuel Type T«5 Bl HW Factor

10 Before

After

G/G

G/G

60.5

63.5

67.00

65.40

233.0

263.7

20.0*

20.0*

17 Before

After

G/G

G/G

61.5

51.5

27.10

50.26

134.0

176.1

35.6

35.6

23 Before

After

G/G

G/G

59.5

65.0

14.90

15.86

82.0

91.7

20.0*

20.0*

28 Before

After

G/G

G/G

67.0

53.0

38.50

58.90

90.0

256.0

43.7

43.7

29 Before

After

G/G

G/G

63.5

49.5

55.30

115.10

120.0

270.0

20.0*

20.0*

34 Before

After

G/G

G/G

52.5

63.5

50.70

29.66

201.0

-16.5

31.3

31.3

38 Before

After

G/G

G/G

62.5

63.5

41.10

29.77

136.0

159.7

58.2

58.2

40 Before

After

G/G

G/G

69.5

49.0

12.60

55.93

76.0

149.3

23.9

23.9

41 Before

After

G/G

G/G

63.0

55.5

37.70

43.26

133.0

266.8

38.5

38.5

42 Before

After

G/G

G/G

62.5

57.5

32.50

19.26

73.0

138.0

19.5

19.5

46 Before

After

G/G

G/G

58.5

48.0

33.30

52.53

84.0

206.0

23.7

23.7

49 Before

After

G/G

G/G

66.5

72.5

43.90

30.38

67.0

-85.5

15.3

15.3

55 Before

After

56 Before

After

77 Before

After

92 Before

After

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

G/G

64.0

59.5

60.5

71.5

59.0

70.5

62.5

75.0

20.30

16.79

25.40

18.02

45.90

23.38

35.10

20.50

99.0

71.1

93.0

-27.8

157.0

79.3

98.0

25.8

27.6

27.6

28.9

28.9

31.4

31.4

17.4

17.5

B-11
ST. LOUIS, MO (Cont.)

House // Fuel Type T4 ^1 B<i HW Factor

93 Before G/G 62.0

After G/G 82.5

TACOMA, WA

4 Before E/E 70.0

After E/E 65.0

21 Before G/G 69.0

After G/G 78.5

37 Before E/E 61.0

After E/E 73.5

39 Before E/E 84.5

After E/E 76.0

45 Before G/G 83.5

After G/G 81.0

49 Before G/E 54.5

After G/E 80.5

55 Before G/E 67.5

After G/E 82.0

58 Before G/E - 72.5

After G/E 83.5

75 Before G/G 56.5

After G/G 62.5

76 Before E/E 54.5

After E/E 55.0

81 Before E/E 56.5

After E/E 80.5

83 Before G/E 62.0

After G/E 84.5

87 Before G/G 72.0

After G/G 62.5

98 Before G/E 53.0

After G/E 62.0

36.10 81.0 20.0*

19.98 -263.7 20.0*

11.27 106.9 28.1

10.71 93.4 24.5

29.70 -17.0 20.0*

22.35 -330.6 20.0*

9.54 39.2 20.0*

7.26 -12.9 20.0*

15.57 -254.3 7.25

9.81 -105.1 5.61

19.00 -213.0 18.84

17.61 -326.5 18.84

22.80 82.0 0.0

11.64 -191.6 0.0

21.90 -46.0 0.0

19.20 -420.0 0.0

11.60 -43.0 0.1

18.23 -450.1 0.1

15.40 27.0 20.0*

12.10 1.0 20.0*

19.26 178.3 20.0*

21.58 141.1 20.0*

18.45 214.7 29.91

9.84 -38.9 17.63

22.70 -4.0 0.0

14.73 -361.5 0.0

11.00 -11.0 12.57

9.06 42.2 11.99

28.90 73.0 0.0

12.90 28.0 0.0

B-12
WASHINGTON, DC

House # Fuel Type HW Factor

2 Before

After

6 Before

After

7 Before

After

41 Before

After

53 Before

After

57 Before

After

P/E

P/E

0/0(F)

0/0(F)

0/E

0/E

K/P

P/P

0/0(F)

0/0(F)

K/E

K/E

68.5

84.5

51.0

50.5

71.5

56.5

50.5

58.0

70.5

84.0

80.5

84.5

16.89

10.59

28.71

22.75

23.44

23.58

36.18

15.06

36.48

19.70

13.77

17.96

20.1

166.2

113.7

172.0

-66.6

41.6

128.3

84.9

212.2

-217.6

-76.9

-71.6

0.0

0.0

20.0*

20.0*

0.0

0.0

0.0

23.0

20.0*

20.0*

0.0

0.0

B-13

APPENDIX C

YEAR TOTAL 'MODIFIED' DEGREE DAYS

(Seven year average)

Heai ing season

1973--1980 (Mean) (

' CH r : 1973-1979)

UEA.STA: A8E>K ATL CHA CHI* CSP FAR MSP OAK POR STL TAC UNA* UDU*

BAL.PT:

45 1877 669 353 2604 233

4875 3771 61 2857 1848 609 947 1647

46 2019 741 401 2758 2490 5066 3946 8

3037 1974 719 1045 1773

47 2167 818 454 2917 2655 526

4125 106 3224 2104 843 1 149 1913

48 2320 901 510 3080 2827 5460 4308 138 3417 2238 978 1258 2055

49 2479 989 571 3248 3004 5662 AA3A 178 3617 2377 1 125 1374 2201

50 2643 1081 637 3420 3 latJ 4bBd 22b 3822 2520 1283 1495 2352

51 2813 1179 708 3596 66(o b0o 1 4900 2oD 4035 2667 1454 1622 2509

52 2987 1283 785 3777 DtJ f O oD r 4254 2819 1637 1755 2671

53 3167 1391 866 3963 Of f O bulb 1 AAT. 4479 2975 1832 1893 2838

54 3352 1506 952 4153 bf '41 D4oy ^.AA 4712 3136 2037 2038 301

55 3543 1627 1044 4348 by f kJ D f t) 1 CCbb 11 4951 3301 2254 2187 3189

56 3740 1753 1141 4548 Dy 1 f f yb 5196 3471 2483 2342 3373

57 3943 1886 1245 4753 7 AAA C 1 Ad b 1 40 yj^: 5449 3647 2722 2503 3563

58 4152 2025 1354 4964 f boo C2C7 b3br 1 130 5707 3828 2973 2669 3759

59 4367 2171 1469 5179 D 13b r y3a bb00 1330 5972 4014 3234 2840 3960

68 4589 2323 1591 5401 5387 8 193 6838 1 ceo lDb2 6244 4206 3505 3017 4168

61 4817 2481 1719 5628 Db4b Q AC A o4d4 r 0o2 1 r y2 6522 4404 3787 3200 4381

62 5052 2647 1853 5861 59 10 O ~7 ori 8720 733

20D0 6806 4607 4077 3389 4601

63 5293 2819 1995 6099 6181 899 1 7586 262A 7096 4816 4374 3583 4826

64 5541 2999 2143 6344 6459 9267 78A7 26 12 7392 5031 4680 3785 5058

65 5794 3186 2299 6595 6742 9547 8115 29 13 7694 5252 4992 3992 5296

66 6055 3381 2462 6851 7030 9834 8387 3224 8002 5478 5311 4207 5541

67 6322 3584 2633 71 14 7324 10127 8666 3545 8315 571

5635 4427 5793

68 6596 3796 2812 7382 7624 10426 8951 3874 8633 5950 5964 4655 6052

69 6876 4017 3000 7656 7928 10730 9241 4210 8956 6196 6297 4889 6319

70 7163 4248 3196 7937 8237 1 1033 9534 4552 9283 6448 6634 5131 6592

71 7458 4489 3401 8225 855

1 1347 9835 4898 9613 6708 6975 5380 6874

72 7758 4741 3615 8519 8869 1 1664 10142 5249 9949 6974 7319 5636 7162

73 8066 5003 3841 8819 919 1 1 1987 10455 5602 10288 7247 7666 5900 7458

74 8379 5275 4077 9126 9516 12313 10772 5958 10631 7528 8016 6172 7761

75 8698 5557 4324 9438 9847 12644 11090 6317 10974 7816 8368 6452 8069

76 9023 5846 4582 9756 10181 12978 1 1417 6676 11323 81 10 8722 6740 8382

77 9352 6144 4851 10079 10518 1331

1 1748 7036 1 1675 8412 9077 7037 8701

78 9684 6449 5130 10407 10857 13652 12084 7393 12027 8719 9434 7341 9024

79 10022 6761 5419 10739 11197 13996 12421 7759 12382 9033 9793 7652 9352

80 10363 7080 5718 11074 1 1545 14344 12763 8122 12739 9352 10152 7969 9683

81 10710 7406 6026 11414 11895 14693 13107 8485 13096 9674 10513 8292 10020

82 11056 7738 6341 11757 12247 15046 13453 3849 13456 10003 10873 8620 10361

83 11409 8076 6664 12104 12601 15400 13804 9212 13818 10337 1 1235 8953 10706

84 11765 8419 6994 12454 12958 15756 14158 9576 14180 10674 11598 9291 1 1051

85 12123 8767 7330 12806 13313 161 14 14513 9941 14543 11011 11961 9633 1 1404

* ABE: Allentown, PA (for EASTON site — which included Allentown and

Bethlehem)

CHI: Midway Airport (Chicago).

WNA: Washington National Airport.

WDU: Dulles International Airport (Washington, DC).

C-1

APPENDIX D

Abstracts of Reports Documenting the CSA Weatherizat ion Demonstration Project

This appendix presents titles, abstracts, and, for available documents, orderi

information for all current technical reports and presentations, published and

in preparation, documenting the CSA Weatherization Demonstration Project. A

useful supplement, a report on criteria for the installation of energy conser- vation measures, by Trechsel and Launey, also is included.

Items are listed alphabetically by authors' names.

D-1
R. Chapman, R. Crenshaw, K. Barnes, and P. Chen, "Optimizing Weatherization

Investments in Low-Income Housing: Economic Guidelines and Forecasts."

(NBSIR 79-1948), National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC, 1980.

This study establishes a framework for systematically analyzing the economic

viability of alternative methods of weatherizing low-income housing. These

methods include, but are not limited to, insulation, weatherstripping and

caulking, and installation of storm windows and doors. The economic framework is illustrated through the development of a series of forecasts (economic

guidelines) which show the optimal level of weatherization for low-income

residences in 15 cities across the Nation. These economic guidelines are designed to assist the Community Services Administration in carrying out its

Weatherization Demonstration Program. In particular, they are designed to

achieve a more balanced level of weatherization per dollar spent. The optimal

level of weatherization is balanced in the sense that, for a given weatherization

budget, no increase in net savings (total savings minus total costs) can be

achieved by trading one method for another.

Available from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) as PB 80-162142,

price: $11.00 for hardcopy; $3.50 for microfiche.

D-2
R. E. Clark. "The CSA Weatherlzation Demonstration Data Base: Content and

Descriptions." Washington, DC, National Bureau of Standards, Technical Note

1156, February, 1982.

The Community Services Administration (CSA) Optimal Weatherlzation Demonstration

assembled what is probably the most comprehensive collection of measurements

of actual energy use in occupied housing. The data comes from 240 houses in

12 sites. The sites cover the range of climatic conditions found in the U.S.

The data prescribed to be collected by the CSA Demonstration project included,

in addition to five years of whole-house utility consumption records, many

other energy-use and energy use-related measurements: 1) one year or more of

weekly readings of: furnace or heater consumption, run times, and cycle

counts; water heater energy consumption and hot water usage; utility (gas and

electric) meters; (representative) floor temperatures; and indoor humidity;

2) two years of monthly measurements of natural air infiltration rates and

of temperature stratification patterns in the house; 3) "before" and "after"

measurements of furnace or heater steady-state efficiency; 4) "before" and

"after" fan tests (induced depressurization of the house to measure tightness/

leakiness); 5) thermography of all insulated walls; 6) measurements of possible

leakage of heat into unheated attic spaces; 7) comprehensive "costs of

weatherlzation options" data; and 8) data about occupants' behaviors and

attitudes that may affect house energy consumption.

This report lists and describes, house-by-house, the actual information in

the data base, since not all prescribed measurements were received from all

houses in the Demonstration. It also describes the media and formats in which

the data exist. This report should facilitate the effective and efficient use

of the data by other researchers.

Available from Center for Building Technology, National Bureau of Standards,

Washington, DC 20234.

D-3
R. E. Clark. "Effects of Home Weatherization on Occupant Comfort: First Repot

of a Field Study." (NBSIR 81-2335) National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC,

1981.

This study reports preliminary examination of data testing the hypothesis that,

when existing residences are treated with weatherization retrofitting measures

intended primarily to save fuel, house occpants are likely to report improvement in wintertime comfort. Data were gathered through questionnaire-guided

interviews with individuals in 108 experimental houses and 37 control

houses. These houses, at nine sites representing a range of U.S. climates were

part of a three year National Weatherization Demonstration, sponsored by the

Community Services Administration and planned and managed by researchers at the

Center for Building Technology of the National Bureau of Standards. The

experimental houses had been weatherized to determine how much their fuel usage

could be reduced by cost-effective retrofitting. The control houses had not

been weatherized in the Demonstration. Interview topics included: thermostat

setting patterns, impressions of comparative comfort, amounts of clothing worn,

and specific comfort and temperature ratings for the house as a whole and for

individual rooms in the house. Preliminary examination of the data has focussed

on: 1) a composite "comfort change" index, comprised of: indicators of change

in comfort-related attributes of the indoor environment, amounts of clothing

worn in winter, and comfort ratings of the house and of individual rooms; 2)

the specific comfort ratings; and 3) the specific temperature ratings. The

results present strong indications of support for the hypothesis.

Available from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) , Springfield,

VA 22161 as PB 81-245-334, price: $9.50 for hardcopy; $3.50 for microfiche.

D-4
R. Crenshaw, R. Clark, R. Chapman, R. Grot, and M. Godette, "CSA Weatherization

Demonstration Project Plan." (NBSIR 79-1706), National Bureau of Standards,

Washington, DC, 1979.

This report comprises the plan of a research and Demonstration effort to

determine the fraction of energy that may be saved by installing weatherization

retrofits in poor peoples' homes throughout the United States. Two broad groups

of weatherization retrofits are considered for application in each dwelling:

1) "architectural", those affecting the building shell; and 2) "mechanical",

those affecting space heating and service hot water systems. The optimum

combination of weatherization options is defined as that set of retrofits which

maximizes net savings (the difference between savings in fuel usage and the cost

of the retrofit) over 20 years for a particulr house and climatic environment.

The retrofits will be selected through present-value benefit/cost analysis.

The savings will be established through analysis of utility billings and fuel

delivery records before and after weatherization. The report presents the

background of the Demonstration, the research tasks associated with the

Demonstration, a description of the diagnostic tests to be used, the rationale

for economic decisions, the tests for evaluating mechanical systems, and the

calculation methods used in selecting architectural options.

Available for National Technical Information Service (NTIS) as PB 293-498,

price: $6.00.

D-5
,/

Energy Resources Center. Home Retrofit Manual . Chicago, University of Illinois

1979.

A manual for the nonprofessional installer of architectural weatherization

options that discusses the following retrofits: replacing broken windows,

resetting glass, weatherstripping windows, packing and caulking of windows and

doors, fixing windows, installing plastic storm windows, installing glass storm

windows, installing window insulating shutters and panels, replacing existing

windows, installing door thresholds and bottom seals, weatherstripping doors,

installing storm doors, and replacing existing doors. For each retrofit option,

the text and illustrations cover the selection of materials, and preparation

and installation procedures.

Available as: Paul Knight. The Illustrated Guide to Home Retrofitting for

Energy Savings. New York, NY, McGraw-Hill, price: $14.95, 365 p.

D-6
Energy Resources Center. Home Evaluation Manual . Chicago, University of

Illinois, n. d.

Contains three sets of bound evaluation forms for planning and weather ization

of homes, one set each for single-family residences, multi-family buildings,

and rental units. Each booklet contains 13 evaluation forms covering occupants'

retrofit preferences, general building information (covering heating systems),

windows, doors, basements, crawl spaces, slabs-on-grade , walls, finished and

unfinished attics, holes/cracks, and mechanical systems. Descriptive material

about the household, the dwelling unit (e.g., number of rooms), temperature

(indoors), etc., is also covered.

D-7
R. A. Grot. "An Assessment of the Application of Thermography for the Quality

Control of Weatherization Retrofits," In Proceedings of Thermosense II (Second

National Conference on Thermal Infrared Sensing Technology for Energy Conservation

Programs). Falls Church, VA, American Society for Photogrammetry , 1980.

Approximately 65 single-family low-income homes in eight cities (Portland;

Maine; Minneapolis/St. Paul; Minnesota; Fargo, North Dakota;, Tacoma, Washington;

St. Louis, Missouri; Washington, DC; Atlanta, Georgia; and Charleston, South

Carolina) were retrofitted using a series of weatherization techniques which

included air infiltration reducing measures such as caulking and weatherstripping

,

adding attic insulation, installing storm windows and doors, insulating basements

and crawlspaces and insulating exterior walls with either ureaformaldehyde (UF)

foam or blown-in cellulosic insulation. Thermographic surveys of these dwellings

were performed after the weatherization work was completed in order to assess

the effectiveness of installation and to determine the percentage of wall not

insulated by the contractors and the defects which still existed in the dwelling.

It was not uncommon to find large areas of the wall still uninsulated, ceilings

with improperly installed insulation, heat losses around door and window frames,

excessive heat losses from eaves and soffits, shrinkage and fissures in the

insulation, excessive basement heat losses and air penetration into interior

cavities. Examples are presented of typical deficiencies still existing in the

dwelling, and data are presented showing the frequency of deficiencies revealed

by thermographic inspections. In an effort to assess the inspection techniques

being employed by thermographic inspection services, a comparison is made of

the results of thermal inspection by private thermographic contractors and

those performed by the National Bureau of Standards. The preliminary results

of this comparison indicate a need for further development of thermographic

inspection methods, training of thermographic inspectors and possibly the

certification of thermographic operators for the inspection of buildings.

Proceedings are available from the American Society for Photogrammetry,

105 North Virginia Avenue, Falls Church, VA 22046.

D-8
R. A. Grot and R. E. Clark, "Air Leakage Characteristics and Weather ization

Techniques for Low-Income Housing," Thermal Performance of Exterior Envel opes

of Buildings . In Proceedings of the DoE/ASHRAE Conference, December 1979.

New York, NY, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning

Engineers, 1981.

Data are presented on the air leakage characteristics of approximately 250

dwellings occupied by low-income households in 14 cities, in all major climatic

zones of the United States. Two types of measurements were used: a tracer-gas

decay technique using air sample bags, which was developed at the National

Bureau of Standards to measure natural infiltration rates of buildings; and a fan

test, developed to measure induced air exchange rates. The data presented here

show that for this group of dwellings natural air infiltration rates are distributed approximately lognormally.

The induced air exchange rates are a measure of the tightness of building

envelopes. There is little correlation between the natural air infiltration

rates and the induced air exchange rates in these dwellings, unless the buildings

are divided into classes of similar buildings. The use of fan depressurization

as a diagnostic tool to assist weatherization crews in tightening buildings is

discussed. Preliminary estimates are presented of the reduction in induced air

exchange rates that may be achieved by applying building weatherization techniques.

For the availability of this proceeding (ASHRAE SP 28) , contact the American

Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.,

345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017.

D-9
R. A. Grot and R. E. Clark. "Techniques for the Field Evaluation of Residential

Building Envelope Weatherization Retrofits." National Bureau of Standards,

Washington, DC, in preparation.

Measurement and data analysis techniques for the field evaluation of residential

building envelope weatherization retrofits being applied to approximately 200

low-income dwellings in 12 cities in the continental United States [1] are described. Techniques which use fuel bill records and weather data for predicting the past and future energy consumption of dwelling are developed, and

their application to the evaluation of the energy savings realized from groups

of weatherization retrofits is presented. Submetering requirements, simple

methods for monitoring the interior environment of a dwelling and methods for

handling the data analysis from these measurements are specified. Several

procedures for determining the air leakage characteristics of a building are developed: a simple low-cost procedure for measuring the actual air infiltration rates of each dwelling in this weatherization Demonstration using a tracer

gas and air sample bags and the measurement of tightness of a dwelling using a fan depressurization technique. The inspection of dwellings using thermographic

techniques for locating the major heat losses is discussed. The application

of thermography as a quality control tool for assessing the effectiveness of

various weatherization retrofits and methods for analyzing and representing

the results of thermographic inspections are developed. The location of not

obvious air leakage path still remaining after normal weatherization techniques

have been applied using fan pressurization and infrared thermal scanning equipment is described. Measurement techniques for determining, in the field, the

thermal conduction values of the major components of the building heating load are described and the location of heat flow sensors using the results of the

thermographic inspectors of the dwelling is treated. The determination of the

amount of temperature stratification occurring in the dwellings and methods

for analyzing temperature stratification data are highlighted. A procedure

for identifying the existence of attic bypass heat losses is discussed. Preliminary data gathered from each of these tests is included.

For availability of this document, contact Dr. R. A. Grot, Building Thermal and

Service Systems Division, Center for Building Technology, National Engineering

Laboratory, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC 20234.

D-10
R. A. Grot and R. W. Beausoliel. "Estimating Savings from Modification or Replacement of Residential Furnaces and Hot Water Heaters." National Bureau of

Standards, Washington, DC 20234, in preparation.

This report presents the methodology used in the CSA/NBS Optimal Weatherization

Demonstration for the selection of mechanical system retrofits which can be

applied in low-income housing. Simple test procedures are given for determining

the condition of the heating system, heat distribution system and domestic hot

water heater. The tests described consists of: 1) measurement of the steadystate efficiency of the heating system; 2) an energy and flow balance on the

heat distribution system; 3) a safety inspection of the heating system; 4) a combination efficiency test of the water heater; 5) a recovery efficiency test

for the water heater; and 6) measurement of the flow rate of the showers.

For the availability of this document contact Dr. R. A. Grot, Building Thermal

Performance Division, Center for Building Technology, National Engineering

Laboratory, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC 20234.

D-11
R. A. Grot, "A Low-Cost Method for Measuring Air Infiltration Rates in a Large

Sample of Dwellings," In C. M. Hunt, J. C. King, and H. R. Trechsel (Eds.)>

Building Air Change Rate and Infiltration Measurements , ASTM STP 719, American

Society for Testing and Materials, 1980, pp. 50-59.

A method for collecting air infiltration data in a large sample of dwellings is

presented. The method consists of a tracer gas dilution technique employing

air sample bags that are analyzed in a central laboratory. The method was later

applied in a Community Services Administration Optimal Weatherization Demonstration to approximately 200 dwellings at 12 sites throughout the United States.

The method will yield air exchange rates under typical heating season conditions

for each dwelling in the Demonstration. Preliminary data on air infiltration

rates in low-income housing in Portland, ME are presented.

A limited number of complimentary reprints are available from Dr. R. A. Grot,

Building Thermal and Service Systems Division, Center for Building Technology,

National Engineering Laboratory, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC

20234.

D-12
R. A. Grot. Field Techniques for Measuring the Savings of Energy Improving

Retrofits In Single-Family Dwellings . Liege, Belgium: Conference on Comparative

Experimentation of Low-Energy Houses. University of Liege, May 1981.

Instrumentation and data handling methods for determining the energy savings

from applying retrofits to existing dwellings are described. The application

of these techniques to an optimum weatherization program carried out in over 200

dwellings in 12 cities in the United States during the last four years are presented. The techniques used include methods for measuring the air infiltration rates in the dwellings, analysis of fuel records, testing of the mechanical

systems, thermographic inspections to determine the quality of workmanship,

tests for determining the existence of heat bypasses, and metering requirements.

Sample data from these tests are given and several methods using the results of

these tests for estimating the savings due to various retrofit measures are presented.

D-13
H. R. Trechsel and S. J. Launey. "Criteria for the Installation of Energy

Conservation Measures." (NBS Special Publication 606), National Bureau of

Standards, Washington, DC 20234, 1981.

Standard installation practices were developed to assist in assuring the

effectiveness and safety of energy conservation measures installed under the

Residential Conservation Service (RCS). They serve as mandatory standards

under, RCS but are recommended guides for all installations of the covered

materials and products. The criteria are being used by DoE to develop training

manuals for installers, inspectors, and energy auditors.

Part I provides information on the intended use of the practices, outlines the

RCS program, and discusses major technical and related issues that were con- sidered in the development of the standards: moisture and surface-building

retrofit, attic ventilation, electrical wiring, recessed and surface-mounted

fixtures, the use of diagnostic tools (infrared thermography, air change rate,

and window air leakage measurements), and product certification.

Part II provides the actual practices together with commentary and additional

recommendations. The products covered are loose-fill, batts and blankets,

rigid foam boards, UF foam and reflective insulations, window devices, caulks

and sealants, water heater insulation, oil burner replacements, and vent dampers.

Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,

Washington, DC 20402, as Stock #003-003-02337-0, price: $6.00.

D-14
S. F. Weber, M. J. Boehm, and B. C. Lippiatt, "Weather ization Investment Costs

for Low-Income Housing." (NBSIR 80-2167), National Bureau of Standards,

Washington, DC 20234, 1980.

This report presents the results of a project involving the collection and

tabulation of field data on the costs of retrofitting low-income houses for

energy conservation. This project is part of the Community Services Administration Weatherization Demonstration Program being carried out through the

National Bureau of Standards. The program involves the installation and evaluation of a broad range of energy conservation techniques for over 200 singlefamily houses in 14 Demonstration sites throughout the United States. The

energy conservation techniques discussed in this report consist of a variety

of architectural modifications to building envelopes for the purpose of reducing

heat losses due either to air infiltration or conduction. The methods used to

collect and synthesize the field data on the major cost components of installing

these techniques are described. An analysis of these costs is presented in

the form of summary statistics including the weighted mean and standard deviation of the unit cost of installing each architectural option in each demonstration site. The significant inter-city variation found in the mean unit cost

of most techniques suggests that unique cost estimating procedures may be

needed for each city. Possible sources of variation in the mean unit costs

are discussed. Recommendations for further research include investigating the

effect on cost that can be attributed to selected sources of variation.

Available from National Technical Information Service (NTIS) as PB-81-133829

price: $9.50 for hardcopy, $3.50 for microfiche.

D-15
R. Crenshaw. Thermal and Economic Performance of Low-Income Housing , LBL-14529

Lawrence Berkely Laboratory, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, June, 1982.

One hundred forty-two low-Income homes In 12 cities across the United States

underwent "optimal weatherization, " which included insulation, reduced infiltration, and modifications, to windows and heating systems. Average savings

of 40 percent were achieved at a cost of $1,800. After the cost-effectiveness

of optimal weatherization was measured, some houses were further upgraded with

house-doctoring, solar air collectors, circulating fans, and wood stoves; then

another set of measurements were taken. Four years of data have been collected and

analyzed. From it conclusions can be drawn about the cost-effectiveness of

introducing a combination of wood stoves, furnace retrofits, infiltration

controls, small solar air collectors, and reductions in thermal conductivity of

the building shell.

D-16
R. Crenshaw. Instrumented Audits , LBL - 14853, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory,

University of California, Berkeley, CA, August, 1982.

This paper addresses the following questions: How accurate are audits that

Include measured Indoor temperatures, infiltration rates (SF^^), and mechanical

efficiencies (Bacharach) and that use a balance point degree-hour method of

calculation? This is the type of audit that most researchers say is needed to

provide reasonable results, yet the type that most public agencies say they

have neither the time nor trained personnel to conduct.

To explore these questions, two types of calculations were performed on 110

houses at 9 sites across the U.S. and then their results compared to measured

data. The first is a simple steady-state annual heat loss calculation typical

of those found in most current residential energy audits. The second is a balance-point degree hour calculation performed on a monthly basis and

including average measured indoor temperatures, estimated internal gains, site

measured infiltration rates, and furnace efficiencies.

NBS-114A (REV. 2-8C) U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. 1. PUBLICATION OR 2. Performing Organ. Report No. 3. Publication Date BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

REPORT NO

SHEET (See instructions) NRS ESS 14A September 1982

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Optimal Weatherization of Low-Income Housing in the U. S.: A Research Demonstration

Project

5. AUTHOR(S)

Richard Crenshaw and Roy E. Clark

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS. see instructions)

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

7. Contract/Grant No.

8. Type of Report & Period Covered

Final

9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street, City, State, ZIP)

Community Services Administration

1200 19th St. , NW

Washington, DC 20506

10. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 82-600576

I I Document describes a computer program; SF-185, PIPS Software Summary, is attached.

11. ABSTRACT (/A 200-word or less factual summary of most si gnificant information. If document includes a significant

bi bliography or literature survey, mention it here)

This report describes and presents the results of the Community Service

Administration's (CSA's) Optimal Weatherization Demonstration Research Project

carried out by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS). The CSA/NBS demonstration installed both architectural (building shell) and mechanical systems building weatherization options, and achieved, when both types of options were used, an average reduction in space heating fuel consumption of 41 percent, at an average weatherization cost of $1,862 per house.

The report explains the rationale used for selecting a sample of more than 200

houses at 12 sites across the United States, and for selecting optimal levels

of weatherization for each of the houses. It presents measured energy consumption and detailed descriptive data on the houses before and after weatherization, the percentage savings achieved, and shows the costs of infiltration,

conduction, furnace and water heater retrofits. Finally, it reports what

options actually were installed in each house, and describes how data on the

performance of those options were gathered and analyzed.

12. KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by semicolons)

Community Action Agencies; Community Services Administration; costs of residential

weatherization; energy conservation; field measurement of building energy consumption;

optimal weatherization; residential energy consumption; weatherization.

13. AVAILABILITY

Unlimited

I I For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

rx~| Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

20402.

Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161

14. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

166

15. Price

USCOMM-DC 6043-P80 IJU.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 19 8 2-360-997/2239
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