###### Educator Sexual Misconduct:  

###### A Synthesis of Existing Literature

**2004**

# Educator Sexual Misconduct:

**A Synthesis of Existing Literature**

Prepared for the U.S. Department of Education

Office of the Under Secretary

Policy and Program Studies Service

By Charol Shakeshaft

 Hofstra University and Interactive, Inc.

Huntington, N.Y. 

This report was prepared for the U.S. Department of Education under Purchase Order ED-02-PO-3281.  The views expressed herein are those of the authors.  No official endorsement by the U.S. Department of Education is intended or should be inferred.

# U.S. Department of Education

Rod Paige

## Secretary

**June 2004**

This report is in the public domain.  Authorization to reproduce it in whole or in part is granted.  While permission to reprint this publication is not necessary, the citation should be: U.S. Department of Education, Office of the Under Secretary, *Educator Sexual Misconduct:  A Synthesis of Existing Literature,*Washington, D.C., 2004.

CONTENTS

1.0 Purpose and Methods of Synthesis  1

1.1 Definitions  

1.2 Scope of synthesis search  

1.3 Methods of synthesis  

2.0 Description of Existing Research, Literature, or Other Verifiable Sources  4

2.1 Categories of discourse  

2.2 Systematic studies  2.3 Practice-based accounts with first or third person descriptions  

2.4 Newspaper and other media sources 

2.5 General child sexual abuse data sets and instruments 

2.6 Availability of research 

3.0 Prevalence of Educator Sexual Misconduct 16

3.1 Sources and methods

3.2 Prevalence in the United States

3.3 Prevalence in the United Kingdom

4.0 Offender Characteristics22

4.1 Job of offenders

4.2 Sex of offenders

4.3 Age of offenders

4.4 Same-sex offenders

5.0 Targets of Educator Sexual Misconduct27

5.1 Sex of targets

5.2 Race/ethnicity of target

5.3 Disability and targets

6.0 Patterns of Educator Sexual Misconduct with Students31

6.1 Context

6.2 Selection

6.3 Maintaining secrecy and silence

6.4 Geography of abuse

7.0 Allegations and Response34

7.1 Allegations

7.2 Response to allegations

7.3 Investigative practices

7.4 False accusations

8.0 Extent and Impact of Legal Initiative37

8.1 Federal laws

8.2 State child sexual abuse laws

8.3 State sexual assault laws

8.4 State educator sexual misconduct laws

8.5 Limitations of state laws

8.6 Tenure and licensure

8.7  Fingerprinting

9.0 Effects of Educator Sexual Misconduct42

9.1 Effects on abused students: Academic, emotional and 

developmental

9.2 Effects on other students

10.0 Consequences of Allegations of Educator Sexual Misconduct44

10.1 Consequences for abusers

10.2 Consequences for targets

11.0 Union and Professional Organization Roles46

11.1 Actions of teacher unions

11.2 Actions of professional organizations

12.0 Prevention of Educator Sexual Misconduct47

12.1 Develop district and school level policies

12.2 Hiring practices

12.3 Screen employees

12.4 Assign a case coordinator and centralize information

12.5 Report all allegations to both child protection and law enforcement 

agencies

12.6 Develop thorough investigative practices

12.7 Educate employees

12.8 Educate students

12.9 Be aware of signs of educator sexual misconduct

12.10 Change state educator certification regulations                                   

12.11 Provide adequate state registry

12.12 Provide adequate federal registry

12.13 Enact and standardize state policies and statutes

12.14 Enact laws giving immunity to public employees who provide 

references           

12.15 Expand Title IX

13.0 Summary of Existing Studies and Recommendations for 51

Additional Analysis

Appendix I  Newspaper, News Wire, and Broadcast References 53

Appendix II  Surveys and Studies on Child Sexual Abuse81

Bibliography: Educator Sexual Misconduct89

# TABLES

Table 1.   Empirical Studies of Educator Sexual Misconduct    6

Table 2.   Summary of Practice-Based, First Person Reports and    9

Third Person Reports 

Table 3.   Empirical and Practice Studies of Educator Sexual Misconduct  13

Table 4.   Studies of Prevalence of Educator Sexual Misconduct in the   16

United States

Table 5.   Percent of U.S. Students Who Have Experienced Educator  20

Sexual Misconduct by Method

Table 6.   Sources for Descriptions of Offenders  23

Table 7.   Percent of Student Targets by Job Title of Offender  24

Table 8.   Sex of Offenders   25

Table 9.   Same-Sex Misconduct  26

Table 10. U.S. Sources for Descriptions of Targets  27

Table 11. Targets by Sex  28

Table 12. Targets by Race/Ethnicity vs. Sample  28

Table 13. Targets by Race/Ethnicity and Sex vs. Sample  29

Table 14. Sexual Abuse Reports by Disability Status, in Institutional Settings  30

Table 15. Sources for Descriptions of Patterns  31

Table 16. Sources for Allegations and Response  34

Table 17. Suggestions and Recommendations from the Literature for Possible                Legislation and Regulation            39

Table 18. Effects of Educator Sexual Misconduct  42

Table 19. Educator Sexual Misconduct: Data Available and Needs   51

For Future Research

# Preface

Any adult misconduct or sexual abuse in schools is of grave concern to students, parents, educators, and the Department of Education. This literature review of *sexual abuse* and *sexual misconduct* responds to the mandate in Section 5414 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA), as amended, to conduct a study of *sexual abuse* in U.S. schools. To satisfy this mandate, the Department of Education contracted with Dr. Charol Shakeshaft of Hofstra University.   Using the limited research that is available in this area, her literature review describes, among other topics:  prevalence of educator sexual misconduct, offender characteristics, targets of educator sexual misconduct, and recommendations for prevention of educator sexual misconduct.  We note that the author offers several new recommendations that may be worth considering, although some may be at odds with current law. 

Although the author’s findings are in part broader than the congressional mandate and therefore could be perceived by some as insufficiently focused, we believe that sexual misconduct in whatever form it takes is a serious problem in our nation’s schools and one about which parents and taxpayers have a right to be informed.  The Department of Education is currently investigating ways to obtain more reliable evidence on the extent of sexual abuse in schools. 

It is important to note some of the Department’s reservations about the findings in the literature review.  Specifically, the author focuses in large measure on a broad set of inappropriate behaviors designated as “sexual misconduct,” rather than “sexual abuse,” which is the term used in the statute.  Specifically, section 5414(a)(3) of the ESEA requires the Secretary of Education to conduct “[a] study regarding the prevalence of *sexual abuse* in schools. . . .”  *(emphasis added)*  The distinction between “sexual misconduct” and “sexual abuse” is significant in legal and other terms.  However, both are of concern to parents and the Department.

The author’s use of the two words interchangeably throughout the report is potentially confusing to the reader. Federal law gives separate and specific meaning to the words “sexual abuse,” and such words should not be confused with the broader, more general concept of “sexual misconduct.” Specifically, “sexual abuse” has been a defined term for over 17 years [18 U.S.C. § 2242].  It involves an act where one knowingly “causes another person to engage in a sexual act by threatening or placing that other person in fear. . .” or “engages in a sexual act with another person if that other person is—(A) incapable of appraising the nature of the conduct; or (B) physically incapable of declining participation in, or communicating unwillingness to engage in, that sexual act. . . .”  *Id.*   “Sexual abuse” carries a penalty of a fine or imprisonment for not more than 20 years, or both. *Id.*

Finally, despite some of the above reservations about this study, the Department believes that this topic is of critical importance and that releasing the report is clearly in the public’s interest. The overwhelming majority of America’s educators are true professionals doing what might be called the “essential” work of democracy.  The vast majority of schools in America are safe places.  Nevertheless, we must be willing to confront the issues that are explored in this study. We must all expand our efforts to ensure that children have safe and secure learning communities that engender public confidence.  

Eugene W. Hickok

Deputy Secretary

**Educator Sexual Misconduct:**

**A Synthesis of Existing Literature**

### 1.0 PURPOSE AND METHODS OF SYNTHESIS

Section 5414 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, as amended by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, requires “a national study of sexual abuse in schools.”  This synthesis reviews existing data which relate to educator sexual misconduct including the methods used to collect those data.  This report documents research on educator sexual misconduct, *not* advice or practice recommendations unless  supported by data.**** Using data related to sexual misconduct, the synthesis examines:

· Incidence and prevalence. 

· Offender descriptions.

· Target/victim descriptions.

· Patterns of misconduct. 

· School district responses. 

· Legal remedies.

· Effects on targets and others.

· Consequences to offenders of allegations.

· Union and professional organization roles.

· Prevention. 

### 1.1Definitions.  The phenomena examined in this synthesis include behavior by an educator that is directed at a student and intended to sexually arouse or titillate the educator or the child.  In this review, “educator” includes any person older than 18 who works with or for a  school or other educational or learning organization.  This service may be paid or unpaid, professional, classified or volunteer.  Adults covered by this review might be teachers, counselors, school administrators, secretaries, bus drivers, coaches, parent volunteers for student activities, lunchroom attendants, tutors, music teachers, special education aides, or any other adult in contact in a school-related relationship with a student.  

“Students” include any person, whatever age, in an educational institution up through 12th grade.  This review does not examine the literature on postsecondary or higher education educator-to-student sexual misconduct.

The behaviors included in the review are physical, verbal, or visual.  Examples include touching breasts or genitals of students; oral, anal, and vaginal penetration; showing students pictures of a sexual nature; and sexually-related conversations, jokes, or questions directed at students. 

“Molestation,” “rape,” “sexual exploitation,” “sexual abuse,” “sexual harassment”— 

these words and phrases are often used to describe adult-to-student sexual abuse in schools.  Shoop (2004) defines these behaviors as educator sexual exploitation. There is considerable discussion concerning the appropriate label for these actions.  While “*educator sexual abuse*” is a common reference, “*educator sexual misconduct*” is a more appropriate term for the purposes of this review.

In naming the focus of this inquiry, I use as a guide the policy of the Ontario (Canada) College of Teachers that recommends the term *educator sexual misconduct* because the phrase “educator sexual abuse” fails to include the larger set of inappropriate, unacceptable and unprofessional behaviors.  

By referring to “sexual abuse” the emphasis is placed on the victim, and the question of whether the victim did or did not suffer abuse or harm.  This is not the appropriate focus.  The proper emphasis must not be on the student, but on the teacher, who is solely responsible for his or her professional conduct” (Ontario College of Teachers, 2001, p. 3).

Using the Ontario College of Teachers “Professional Advisory on Professional Misconduct Related to Sexual Abuse and Sexual Misconduct” (2002, p. 2) as a guide, educator sexual misconduct in this review is defined as any “behavior of a sexual nature which may constitute professional misconduct.” 

(p. 1).  Included in this broad listing are several types of conduct including overt and covert actions:

· Any conduct that would amount to sexual harassment under Title IX of the (U.S.) Education Amendments of 1972.

· Any conduct that would amount to sexual abuse of a minor person under state criminal codes.

· Any sexual relationship by an educator with a student, regardless of the student’s age; with a former student under 18; with a former student (regardless of age) who suffers from a disability that would prevent consent in a relationship.  All students enrolled in the school and in any organization in which the educator holds a position of trust and responsibility are included. 

· Any activity directed toward establishing a sexual relationship such as sending intimate letters; engaging in sexualized dialogue in person, via the Internet, in writing or by phone; making suggestive comments; dating a student.  

This definition includes criminal, civil, and professional codes of conduct and responds to the missing elements in much of the literature on child sexual abuse.  This definition covers what is also commonly referred to as sexual abuse and/or  sexual harassment of children.  This definition is central to the development of future studies on educator sexual misconduct.

**1.2Scope of synthesis search.**  Using the general descriptor “educator sexual misconduct” (and its subsidiary or component behaviors), I have identified nearly 900 relevant citations including *sui generis*original studies, secondary analyses of existing data, journalistic articles, reports for professional and governmental organizations, and other related scholarship.  I searched reference databases in education, juvenile and criminal justice, social sciences, law and public policy.  

I augmented those searches by contacts through Listservs and Web site destinations.  More than 1,000 researchers, educators and policymakers were contacted to identify current studies of educator sexual misconduct.  In particular, I examined sources identified for data on educator sexual misconduct that: 

· Document frequency. 

· Describe offenders/predators. 

· Describe student targets/victims. 

· Identify patterns of misconduct.

· Detail school district responses.

· Examine legal solutions.

· Describe effects on targets.

· Document consequences for offenders.

· Detail union and professional organization involvement.

· Document prevention interventions. 

**1.3Methods of synthesis.**  Appropriate synthesis techniques depend on the design of studies and the types of data in the research literature.  Normally, a research synthesis includes search, review, categorization, frequency analysis, comparative analysis and weighting or evaluating the results.  A researcher synthesizing data usually will follow these steps:

· Assign studies to topical areas.

· Screen for studies based upon empirical data.

· Categorize by research method.

· Assess research quality and design.

· Assign confidence intervals by research design type and quality.

· Synthesize results using lists of findings, counts of expert judgments, and/or meta-analysis.  

Unfortunately, there are few empirical studies on educator sexual misconduct.  As a result, there are insufficient studies to undertake even the simple synthesis method of counting the votes, let alone to merit the more formal and rigorous methods of synthesis such as meta-analysis.  Thus, this synthesis is confined to a review of existing empirical literature and identification of issues which need initial or further study.  This report does not review discussions of best practice that are not based upon data.

**2.0 DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING RESEARCH, LITERATURE, OR OTHER**

**VERIFIABLE SOURCES**

**2.1Categories of discourse.**The citations identified can be categorized as:

· Books, government reports, and journal articles that describe systematic studies that can be replicated or verified. 

· Books, government reports, and journal articles that include first or third person accounts of cases or incidents of educator sexual misconduct within a context of practice-based knowledge.

· Newspaper or popular magazine reports of cases or descriptions of educator sexual misconduct.

2.2 **Systematic studies**.  Although I identified nearly 900 citations in the literature that discussed educator sexual misconduct in some format, there were only 14 U.S.  and five Canadian or UK empirical studies on educator sexual misconduct.   Of the U.S. studies, only one (Shakeshaft, 1994, 1995) received federal funding (U.S. Department of Education).  None of these studies—either singly or as a group—answers all of the reasonable questions that parents, students, educators, and the public ask about educator sexual misconduct, and they certainly do not provide information at a level of reliability and validity appropriate to the gravity of these offenses.  Nevertheless, the purpose and approach of these studies, which are briefly described in Table 1, are the best currently available**.**

2.2.1 **U.S. nationwide studies**.  Four studies include survey data from national samples, but only the American Association of University Women (AAUW) studies are based upon data from a representative national sample (AAUW, 1993; 2001; Cameron et al., 1986; Stein, Marshall, and Tropp, 1993; SESAME, 1997).  There are three studies which examine national samples of cases or regulations (Hendrie, 1987, 2003; Zemel and Twedt, 1999).

The AAUW *Hostile Hallways* surveys, administered to a nationwide sample of 8th- to 11th-grade students in 1993 and again in 2000, are the only studies that provide reliable nationwide U.S. data on educator misconduct.  The purpose of these two studies was not specifically to document educator sexual misconduct.  Peer sexual harassment is the primary focus of the surveys and the reports. However, the data from these studies were subjected to a secondary reanalysis which focused only on educator sexual misconduct (Shakeshaft, 2003). 

Cameron, Coburn, Larson, Proctor, Forde, and Cameron (1986) surveyed five metropolitan areas in different geographic locations to gather data on sexual attitudes, activities, and experiences.  Although not the direct focus of this inquiry, questions were included that documented respondent experience with teacher sexual misconduct.

Stein, Marshall, and Tropp (1993) analyzed results of a survey included in *Seventeen Magazine*.  Although they came from across the United States, respondents were not representative because all were female readers of the magazine who volunteered to return the survey.  

SESAME (1997) also surveyed volunteers who had been targets of educator sexual misconduct.  The respondents sample came from all parts of the United States and included both sexes but was a volunteer sample.

Hendrie examined newspaper reports of educator sexual misconduct nationwide (1998) and state criminal and education laws (1998, 2003).  Zemel and Twedt (1999) also surveyed state education departments.  

**2.2.2Regional studies**.  In addition to national coverage, there are six regional studies (Corbett, Gentry, and Pearson, 1993; Jennings and Tharp, 2003; Shakeshaft and Cohan, 1994, 1995; Willmsen and O’Hagan, 2003; Wishnietsky, 1991; Zemel and Twedt, 1999).   These focus on Texas, New York, Washington, North Carolina and Pennsylvania. 

**2.2.3  Canadian and UK studies**.   Five Canadian and UK studies provide data on educator sexual misconduct.  Cawson, Wattam, Brooker, and Kelly (2000) surveyed a random sample of young people in England on the prevalence of sexual abuse of children and included questions on the professional identity of offenders.  Freel (2003) surveyed child care providers in England, asking about their sexual attraction to children.  Gallagher (2000) in England and  Wales, Robins (1998) in Canada, and the Abuse and Disability Project (1992) in Canada, all examined public records of educator sexual misconduct.  In the Gallagher study, 20,000 referred cases to social services or the police between January 1988 and December 1992 were searched for instances of sexual abuse of students in institutional settings by those who worked in these settings.

2.3 **Practice-based accounts with first or third person descriptions.**The publications in this category describe incidents of educator sexual misconduct from a practice perspective.  The U.S. cases have been collected in a variety of ways:  Bithell (1991), Olson and Lawler (2003), Ross and Marlow (1985), and Shoop (2004) report on incidents encountered during their professional lives.  Seryak (1997), also an educator, invited adults who had experienced childhood sexual abuse to contribute their stories. 

Robins (2000) describes situations of educator sexual misconduct included in his data set of 120 cases brought before the Ontario Teachers Federation and Ontario College of Teachers as well as documenting 100 criminal cases against teachers.  Table 2 lists these accounts.

**2.4Newspaper and other media sources**.  Most public knowledge about educator sexual misconduct comes from newspaper reports.  Appendix I is a list of newspaper articles reviewed for this synthesis.  Journalists report allegations and these news stories increase public awareness.  The newspaper items excerpted below appeared in one month, February 2003, and are a small sample of the incidents that come to the attention of school and law enforcement officials.  

· Henderson, N.C.: The Henderson Count School Board agrees to pay $1.78 million to the families of 17 children who were alleged sexual victims of a former teacher assistant.

· Augusta, Wisc.:  Family alleges sexual assault of 12-year-old boy by male teacher.

· Ann Arbor, Mich.:  Male high school teacher assaults female student.

· Indiana:  Former principal of a Baptist school to be sentenced for taking an 11-year-old female student across country to have sex with her.  

· Omaha, Neb.:  Wrestling coach sentenced to 45 days in jail and required to apologize publicly to female student he assaulted.

· Sarasota, Fla.:  Former female high school assistant coach pleads no contest to unlawful sexual activity and committing a lewd and lascivious act with two students on her basketball and softball teams.

· Westminster, Colo.:  Male coach gets six years in prison for sexually assaulting seven girls on his softball team.

· Amelia, Ohio:  Former male high school administrative assistant gets 18 month sentence for having sex with female high school student.

· Hackensack, N.J.: 42-year-old female middle school teacher admits sexual intercourse with sixth-grade male student.  

· Yonkers, N.Y.:  50-year-old male Montessori teacher fondles 7-year-old student in bathroom.

· Bullhead City, Ariz.:  Male ESL teacher has sexual contact with 12-year-old female student.  Teacher is a registered sex offender in Florida.

While most articles are single reports of cases, several series which include data collection were found.   *Education Week*  produced two multipart reports of educator sexual misconduct using newspaper reports as the primary data (“A trust betrayed: Sexual abuse by teachers,” December 1998; “Trust betrayed: Update on sexual misconduct in schools,” April 2003.  Hendrie, C.  and Drummond, S., eds.).  Zemel and Twedt (1999) analyzed educator sexual misconduct in a three-part series, including results of a survey of state education departments to document the reasons behind teacher license revocations. 

Two recent series, one in the *Dallas Morning News* (Jennings and Tharp, May 2003) and the other in the *Seattle Times* (Willmsen and O’Hagan, December 2003), examined educator sexual misconduct in their respective states.  Jennings and Tharp focused on 606 cases of educator sexual misconduct from Texas State Board of Educator Certification records and Willmsen and O’Hagan targeted abuse by coaches.   In both instances, reporters commented on the difficulty of obtaining information on educator sexual misconduct.  O’Hagan and Willmsen (Dec. 14, 2003) write:

When the *Seattle Times* asked the Bellevue School District for information about teachers and coaches accused of sexual misconduct, school officials and the state’s most powerful union teamed up behind the scenes to try to hide the files.  Bellevue school officials even let teachers purge their own records at union-organized “file parties” to prevent disclosure. 

*Good Housekeeping*magazine covered educator sexual misconduct (May 2003; December 2003 follow-up) and also sponsored a write-in campaign from readers to encourage federal action to prevent educator sexual misconduct (magazines.ivillage.com/goodhousekeeping/pring/0,,572804m00,html).  

**2.5General child sexual abuse data sets and instruments**.  Appendix II lists  the most cited surveys, instruments, data sets, or reports that include data on child abuse or that are developed to collect data on child abuse.  While the studies in Appendix II  aren’t specifically focused on educator sexual misconduct, they provide insights into both sexual abuse of children by adults and methods for studying child sexual abuse.

## Many of the Appendix II studies and surveys on child sexual abuse—and certainly the most significant ones—are federally funded.  However, there are no national government funded studies that document the prevalence of educator sexual misconduct.  It is relevant to note that none of the federally funded data sets or reports on child sexual abuse listed below and/or included in Appendix II even contain questions that would enable analysis of educator sexual misconduct.  Studies examined were:

· Fast Response Survey System: Principal/School Disciplinarian Study; Violence and Discipline Problems in U.S. Public Schools; Violence and Crime at School.

· Indicators of School Crime and Safety, National Center for Educational Statistics and Bureau of Justice Statistics.

· Longitudinal Studies on Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN). Questionnaire, Children’s Bureau, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

· Metropolitan Life Survey of the American Teacher, 1999: Violence in America’s Public Schools.

· Monitoring the Future 2002, 2002, 2003, National Institute on Drug Abuse.

· National Crime Victimization Survey and School Crime Supplement, Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Center for Education Statistics.

· National Incidence Studies, National Center of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIBRS).

· National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development (NICHHD).

· National Survey of Adolescents in the United States.

· National Survey of Family Growth, National Center for Health Statistics.

· National Violence Against Women Survey, National Institutes of Justice and Center for Policy Research.

· National Youth Victimization Prevention Programs:  A National Survey of Children’s Exposure and Reactions.

· Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, Centers for Disease Control, National Institutes of Health. 

Most information on child sexual abuse comes from either child welfare or law enforcement agencies.  A typical example of how studies that report sexual abuse of children are not helpful for understanding educator sexual misconduct is the National Incidence-Based Reporting System (NIBRS).  NIBRS collects data from law enforcement agencies on reported crimes.  However, there is no category in this data set that allows   identification by professional caretaker status such as “teacher”; instead, these incidents are included in a category of “acquaintances.”  In some state data sets, cases of teacher sexual misconduct would be reported as a “nonfamily caretaker” or under another general category.

**2.6 Availability of research**.  There are 24 sources which meet the criteria for review.  These studies include systematic focus on issues related to educator sexual misconduct and/or case and practice accounts (Table 3).

## 3.0 PREVALENCE OF EDUCATOR SEXUAL MISCONDUCT  

## 3.1 Sources and methods.   Studies documenting child sexual abuse by any adult are conducted using two approaches.  Incidence studies examine child sexual abuse official reports to child protective or criminal agencies.  Prevalence studies ask children or adults if they have ever been sexually abused as a child by an adult.  Incidence rates are generally lower than prevalence, since many more children are sexually abused than report this abuse to authorities.  Only 5 to 6 percent of child sexual abuse cases become known to social services or the police (Kelly et al., 1991).

## Results of prevalence studies differ based upon definitions of sexual abuse, sample, and data collection methods but range from 13 to 34 percent of females and 7 to 16 percent of males (Freel, 2003).  Gorey and Leslie (1997), in a review of prevalence studies where they controlled for response rates and operational definitions concluded that 15 percent of women and 7 percent of men were sexually abused as children.

While there is no *national*U.S. incidence or prevalence study that has examined  educator sexual abuse as its *primary*purpose, there are seven U.S. studies using six data sets that have examined prevalence of educator sexual misconduct from either an 

ancillary or regional perspective (Table 4).  

3.1.1.1 **AAUW data and Shakeshaft secondary analysis**.  This analysis used data collected for American Association of University Women in Fall 2000 by Harris International.  Eighth through 11th grade students in the sample responded to a survey administered by trained interviewers during English classes.  The survey asked students about their experiences of various forms of sexual harassment or abuse in school using the question below.  Students responded to each of the 14 types of sexual harassment listed below by selecting one of the following frequencies:  “often,” “occasionally,” “rarely,” “never,” or “don’t know.”  The 14 stems were developed by an advisory panel of experts in the field of sexual harassment and correspond to behaviors that legally constitute sexual harassment, abuse, or misconduct.  The question focuses on experiences that occurred in school.  The gating question asked students to respond to each type of behavior, no matter who the abuser had been.  Follow-up questions for each of the behaviors identified the role of the abuser (student, teacher, other school employee, etc.) and the place where the abuse occurred.  The question asked students was:

During your whole school life, how often, if at all, has anyone (this includes students, teachers, other school employees, or anyone else) done the following things to you when you did not want them to?

· Made sexual comments, jokes, gestures, or looks.

· Showed, gave or left you sexual pictures, photographs, illustrations, messages, or notes.

· Wrote sexual messages/graffiti about you on bathroom walls, in locker rooms, etc.

· Spread sexual rumors about you.

· Said you were gay or a lesbian.

· Spied on you as you dressed or showered at school.

· Flashed or “mooned” you.

· Touched, grabbed, or pinched you in a sexual way.

· Intentionally brushed up against you in a sexual way.

· Pulled at your clothing in a sexual way.

· Pulled off or down your clothing.

· Blocked your way or cornered you in a sexual way.

· Forced you to kiss him/her.

· Forced you to do something sexual, other than kissing.

For each behavior the respondent identifies as having experienced, she or he is asked a series of follow-up questions, including the role of the offender (student, teacher, counselor, etc.), where the incident took place, and when the incident happened.   All analyses of these data are based upon the stems above, which constitute civil and criminal definitions of sexual abuse and harassment.

The sample was drawn from a list of 80,000 schools to create a stratified two-stage sample design of 2,065 8th to 11th grade students.  Trained Harris Interactive researchers administered surveys in schools to 1,559 public school students in grades 8 to 11;  505 public school 8th  to 11th grade students completed online surveys.  The sample included representative subpopulations of Latino/a, white, and African descent students.  The findings can be generalized to all public school students in 8th to 11th grades at a 95 percent confidence level with a margin of error of plus or minus 4 percentage points.  

Responses from students who indicated they had experienced one of the listed behaviors were analyzed using descriptive statistics and frequencies.  This analysis  (Shakeshaft, 2003) indicates that 9.6 percent of all students in grades 8 to 11 report contact and/or noncontact educator sexual misconduct that was *unwanted*.  8.7 percent report only noncontact sexual misconduct and 6.7 percent experienced only contact misconduct.  (These total to more than 9.6 percent because some students reported both types of misconduct.) Of students who experienced any kind of sexual misconduct in schools, 21 percent were targets of educators, while the remaining 79 percent were targets of other students.  

To get a sense of the extent of the number of students who have been targets of educator sexual misconduct, I applied the percent of students who report experiencing educator sexual misconduct to the population of all K-12 students.  Based on the assumption that the AAUW surveys accurately represent the experiences of all K-12 students, more than 4.5 million students are subject to sexual misconduct  by an employee of a school sometime between kindergarten and 12th grade. 

Possible limitations of the study would all suggest that the findings reported here under-estimate educator sexual misconduct in schools.  The limitations which might result in under reporting are:  

· Students report on their entire school career, thus making it difficult to determine prevalence by year or grade.

· Sample includes only 8th- to 11th-graders which might miss earlier incidents not remembered later. 

· Questions on educator sexual misconduct are limited.

· Analysis was broad-brushed and cursory, excluding many details of educator sexual misconduct.

· Survey only asked about incidents that were unwanted, excluding reports of misconduct that were either welcome or that did not fall into either a welcome or unwelcome category. 

**3.1.2 Cameron et al. data**.  An earlier survey of 4,340 adults examining sexual attitudes and experiences reported that 4.1 percent of respondents had a physical sexual experience with a teacher.  Respondents were asked:

Sometimes people in charge of us or who bear an especially powerful relationship to us have sexual desires for us.  For each of the following kinds of persons, we would like to know how many have made serious sexual advances to you and with how many you have had physical sexual relations (at their initiative or yours).  We would also like to know your age when either or both of these things first occurred  (p. 329).

This question was followed by a list of 36 different caretakers including secondary, elementary, and private teachers.  

The limitations, which suggest an undercount, are:

· A full range of educators was not studied.  Only teachers are included in the list of possible offenders.

· Only physical sexual misconduct was included.

· There is a possibility of nonresponse bias.  Only 45.5 percent of those sampled completed surveys.

· The sample is not proportionate to the population.  White respondents are overrepresented.  The sample sites were all metropolitan areas.

**3.1.3Corbett et al. data**.  185 students in Wake Forest and another university who were taking introductory sociology courses completed a survey on frequency of sexual harassment by a teacher in high school.  The students were asked questions both about other students and about their own experiences.  The sample was nearly equally representative of males and females and included 84 percent white, 13 percent black and 3 percent Asian students.  Limitations include the local nature of the study as well as a voluntary sample.

**3.1.4Wishnietsky 1991**.  Prior to the AAUW studies, and for a regional population, Dan Wishnietsky tried to determine the extent of sexual abuse by staff in schools, analyzing 148 responses to his survey of North Carolina 1989 high school graduates.  His findings of students who have been the targets of educator sexual misconduct are five times the rate of prevalence of those of the AAUW study. In his survey he used this definition of sexual harassment and abuse: 

Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitute sexual harassment when (1) submission to such conduct is made either explicitly or implicitly as a term or condition for academic advisement, (2) submission to or rejection of such conduct by an individual is used as a basis for academic decisions affecting such individual, or (3) such conduct has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual's academic performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive academic environment (1991, p. 167).

Wishnietsky then asked the graduates, “Based on the above definition, do you believe that you experienced sexual harassment during your high school years?”  Forty three percent reported insulting comments, looks, or gestures by a teacher; 17.5 percent reported sexual touching; and 13.5 percent reported sexual intercourse with a teacher. 

The criticisms of Wishnietsky's study are that:

· The response rate was only 49.3 percent.

· Students were asked only about sexual abuse by a teacher, leaving out administrators and other school personnel.

· Students were only asked about high school abuse, leaving out any lower grade sexual abuse.

With the exception of the weakness in the response rate, the other two criticisms argue that the results are an underestimate.

**3.1.5Stein et al. data**.  In a joint project of the Center for Research on Women at Wellesley College and the NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund, Nan Stein, Nancy L. Marshall, and Linda R. Tropp analyzed data from a sexual abuse survey published in *Seventeen Magazine*. The *Seventeen Magazine* survey asked students:

Did anyone do any of the following to you when you didn't want them to in the last school year?

· Touch, pinch, or grab you.

· Lean over you or corner you.

· Give you sexual notes or pictures.

· Make suggestive or sexual gestures, looks, comments, or jokes.

· Pressure you to do something sexual.

· Force you to do something sexual.

Of the 4,200 girls in grades 2 through 12 who voluntarily responded that they had been sexually harassed or abused during the 1992-93 school year, 3.7 percent said the abuse came from a teacher, administrator, counselor, or other member of the school staff. 

The primary criticism of this study is that:

· Sample is all female. 

· Sample is volunteer. 

· Sample is drawn from people who read *Seventeen Magazine.*

· Asked about incidents only for prior year.

**3.2Prevalence in the United States**.  As a group, these studies present a wide range of estimates of the percentage of U.S. students subject to sexual misconduct  by school staff and vary from 3.7 to  50.3 percent (Table 5).   Because of its carefully drawn sample and survey methodology, the AAUW report that nearly 9.6 percent of students are targets of educator sexual misconduct sometime during their school career presents the most accurate data available at this time.

**3.3Prevalence in the United Kingdom**.  A 2000 random probability sample of 2,869 young people between 18 and 24 in a computer-assisted survey focused on abuse and maltreatment of children (Cawson, Wattam, Brooker, and Kelley).  One section of the survey covered sexual abuse and asked respondents if they had experienced a number of behaviors and, if so, with whom.  The results of this study indicated that .3 percent of the respondents had experienced sexual abuse with a professional, a category which included priests, religious leaders, case workers, and teachers.   This is the only study available that includes prevalence data on educator sexual misconduct for the United Kingdom.

Gallagher (2000) in an incident study of 20,000 child protective referrals to social services or the police, found that less than 1 percent took place in institutional settings.  Of those, 31 percent were reports of cases in some type of institutional school setting. 

**4.0OFFENDER CHARACTERISTICS**

Terminology used to identify offenders ranges from pedophile to molester to abuser.  This confused terminology often clouds descriptions and identification of offenders.  Pedophilia is an adult psychosexual disorder “characterized by a preference for prepubescent children as sexual partners” (Herek, 2003).  Hebephilia is the sexual preference of adults for adolescents.  Both of these are diagnostic labels.  Child sexual abuse is sexual contact between adults and children and is an action.  Not all pedophiles or hebephiles engage in sexual contact with children; many never act upon their sexual preference.  And, not all sexual contact with children is delivered by a pedophile or hebephile.   Because diagnostic labels are not perfectly correlated with action, Finkelhor and Araji (1986) note that descriptions such as pedophile are not very helpful and suggest that offender sexual orientation be labeled on a scale from exclusive interest in children to exclusive interest in adult partners.  Among the cases of educator offenders studied by Shakeshaft and Cohan (1994), there were those who were exclusively interested in children or adolescents and those who were more likely to be exploiters of any sexual situation, whether children or adult.

The limited available data  (Hendrie, 1998; Jennings and Tharp, 2003; Shakeshaft, 2003; Shoop, 2004; Zemel and Twedt, 1999) indicate that teachers who sexually abuse belie the stereotype of an abuser as an easily identifiable danger to children.  Many are those most celebrated in their profession (Shakeshaft and Cohan, 1994).  

Although we do not know how many or what percent of school employees are offenders, several studies describe the employees who have been identified (Table 6) using both surveys and first or third person descriptions of incidents of educator sexual misconduct.  A number of the studies below, as well as newspaper and court reports, indicate that many are chronic predators; thus, the number of teachers who abuse is fewer than the number of students who are abused.  

**4.1  Job of offenders**.  Reflecting the reanalysis of the 2000 Hostile Hallways data (published in 2001), Table 7 documents the percent of students who have been targets of educator sexual misconduct by role of educator.  Teachers are reported most often, followed by coaches. Gallagher (2000) reported that teachers accounted for 90 percent of the school institutional sexual abuse cases in his analysis.

Teachers whose job description includes time with individual students, such as music teachers or coaches, are more likely to sexually abuse than other teachers. Jennings and Tharp found that 25 percent of the educators in Texas who were disciplined for sexual infractions involving students between 1995 and 2003 were coaches or music teachers.  Willmsen and O’Hagan found Washington state teachers who coach were “three times more likely to be investigated by the state for sexual misconduct than non-coaching  teachers.”  The AAUW data do not identify the abuser by job position in a way that can be connected to type of misconduct. 

. 

Source:  Shakeshaft, 2003; AAUW, 2001

4.2 **Sex of offenders.**  Sex of offenders is documented in three types of studies:  analysis of newspaper reports or state education disciplinary records; surveys or interviews of adults; and surveys of students.  

Three studies examined public records.  Jennings and Tharp (2003) searched educator sexual misconduct discipline proceedings of 606 teachers in Texas; 12.7 percent were females and 87.3 percent males.  The Hendrie (1998) analysis of 244 cases in newspapers in a six month period reports a higher proportion of female offenders than the later Jennings and Tharp analysis; 20 percent were female offenders vs. 80 percent who were males.  Gallagher (2000) reports 96 percent male and 4 percent female offenders.

Freel (2003) and Shakeshaft and Cohan (1994) surveyed and interviewed adults in schools.  In telephone interviews of 225 superintendents, Shakeshaft and Cohan documented that 4 percent of the educators investigated for educator sexual misconduct were females and 96 percent males.  Freel surveyed 183 child care workers in West Yorkshire, England, and found that 15 percent of men and 4 percent of women expressed sexual interest in children.  When asked if they “would have sex with a child if it was certain no one would find out and there would be no punishment” (p. 489), 4 percent of men and 2 percent of women indicated they would have sex with a child.  

In studies that ask students about offenders, sex differences are less than in adult reports.  The 2000 AAUW data indicate that 57.2 percent of all students report a male offender and 42.4 percent a female offender with the Cameron et al. study reporting nearly identical proportions as the 2000 AAUW data (57 percent male offenders vs. 43 percent female offenders).

Except for the Gallagher and Shakeshaft and Cohan studies, the reports of educator sexual misconduct by sex of offender are in contrast to the research on child sexual abuse in general.  Researchers who study child sexual abuse report a “monopoly” by male abusers (Freel, 2003).  Finkelhor (1986), in a review reports, 90 to 98 percent of females and 18 to 86 percent of males are sexually abused by a male.   Analysts speculate that female abusers might be underreported if the target is male, because males have been socialized to believe they should be flattered or appreciative of sexual interest from a female.  On the other hand, it is hypothesized that males might also underreport sexual abuse by another male, because of the social stigma of same-sex sex.  The issue of male underreporting has more relevance to the number of males that are sexually abused than to the sex of the abuser.

Analysts are more likely to explore, as a separate category, the reasons why females abuse than the reasons why being male leads to being an abuser.   For instance Hendrie (1998), Robins (1998), and Shoop (2004) discuss female offenders as a separate category.  Hislop (2001) devoted an entire book to a synthesis of the research on female sex offender, including cases of female teachers who sexually abused students (Chideckel, 1935: Larson and Maison, 1987; Peluso and Putnam, 1996).  Finkelhor and Russell (1984) assert that treating females as a special group grows out of a set of societal beliefs that sex abuse by males is “normal” (although unacceptable) while sexual abuse by females is defined as abnormal and, therefore, in need of additional discussion.  

4.3 **Age of offenders**.  Hendrie (1998) found the age of offenders ranged from “21- to 75-years-old, with an average age of 28.”  

**4.4Same-sex offenders.**Same-sex misconduct ranges from 18 to 28 percent of the reported cases, depending upon the study (Table 8).  Same-sex sex is not the same as sexual identity.  For instance, in Shakeshaft and Cohan (1994), of the 24 percent of males who targeted other males, all of the offenders described themselves as heterosexual, with most living in married or heterosexual relationships. 

Researchers have failed to find a consistent connection between sexual identification or sexual orientation label and child sexual abuse.  For instance, Jenny et al. (1994) reviewed 350 cases of child sexual abuse and found no patterns.  In another study (Freund et al., 1984), researchers found that homosexual males responded no differently to pictures of male children than did heterosexual males to pictures of female children. 

**5.0TARGETS OF EDUCATOR SEXUAL MISCONDUCT**

The matter of how to “name” students who have been sexually abused by educators is more than semantic; it is also political.  Complainant connotes a legal perspective and hints that the abuse is merely alleged.  Victim is believed by some to attach weakness to the student.  Survivor describes a process.  While I believe that all are accurate, I have chosen to use “target” in identifying students who are sexually abused by educators.  Target is a reminder that someone other than the student is responsible for the act of sexual abuse.  Table 10 lists studies, both quantitative and qualitative, in which there are data that help to describe who is targeted in schools.  

5.1 **Sex of targets**.  While the majority of students who are sexually 

targeted by educators are females, the proportions vary by type of study.  As is illustrated in Table 11, the three studies that examine formal reports (Gallagher, 2000; Hendrie, 1998; Shakeshaft and Cohan, 1994) find a higher percent of female students as targets than do the studies that ask students directly.  These findings suggest that abuse of females is more likely to be reported than abuse of males, but that the differences between the percentages of males and females who are abused may be much smaller than has been previously reported.  

The differences in reports of educator sexual misconduct by sex of target depending upon the data source need further examination, particularly in understanding reporting patterns by sex.

**5.2Race/ethnicity of targets**.  Using the Shakeshaft reanalysis of the 2000 AAUW data as a guide, students of color (African descent, American Indian, and Latina/o) are overrepresented as targets of educator sexual misconduct in comparison with their representation in the sample, while Caucasian and Asian students are underrepresented.  Students of color account for 44 percent of the targets but 33.2 percent of the sample.

Table 13 gives a breakdown of the percentage of students by race and sex who report having been sexually abused by an employee of a school district.  Females, and particularly females of color, are overrepresented as targets of educator sexual misconduct in relation to their proportion of the population.  Females are 53 percent of the sample and 57 percent of the targets of educator sexual abuse.  Females of color are 18.2 percent of the sample and 27.3 percent of those targeted.

5.3 **Disabilities and targets**.  There is scant U.S. data on sexual abuse of students with disabilities, and none on educator sexual abuse of students.  Studies do indicate that students with disabilities are more likely to be maltreated than students without disabilities (Sobsey, 1994; Sobsey, Randall, and Parrila, 1997; Sullivan and Knutson, 2000).   

Examining this question using data from the National Data Archive on Child Abuse and Neglect, Sobsey et al. (1997) found that nearly twice as many disabled girls than disabled boys were sexually abused and nearly four times as many non-disabled girls than non-disabled boys were sexually abused.  However, of those sexually abused, 53 percent of boys were disabled compared with 11.4 percent of girls.  These data don’t tell us the percent of the total population by disability that were sexually abused since this was a study looking only at children with substantiated sexual abuse.

Sullivan and Knutson (2000) were able to document the proportion of all children by disability status with substantiated reports of sexual abuse.  Merging the electronic data base of 50,278 students in the Omaha, Neb., schools system with the records from the Central Registry of the Nebraska Department of Social Services, the Nebraska Foster Care Review Board records, and the victimization records from the county sheriff and Omaha police, Sullivan and Knutson (2000) were able to document maltreatment by disability status.  Using data tables in their report, I calculated that 8.8 percent of students with disabilities vs. 2.8 percent of students without disabilities were sexually abused.   Students with behavior disorders are more than five times as likely as non-disabled students to be sexually abused, with mentally retarded students more than three times as likely.  

While very helpful, these data do not distinguish by role of offender, so there is no way to determine how many of these reported cases are examples of educator sexual misconduct.  Further, since this is a study of cases reported to the child welfare or criminal justice systems, these percentages do not include all children who were sexually abused.  

Gallagher’s UK (2000) examination of reported incidents in institutional settings, which included schools, found that students with special needs were targets in 17 percent of  the cases.   The University of Alberta Abuse and Disability Project (1992) documented that 7 percent of the sexual abuse of disabled children came from bus drivers, an important finding since children with disabilities are often transported off-site for services.  

              Numbers in table calculated from data reported in Sullivan and Knutson (2000).****

**6.0PATTERNS OF EDUCATOR SEXUAL MISCONDUCT WITH STUDENTS**

Both qualitative and quantitative sources provide information on patterns of educator sexual misconduct (Table 15).  

**6.1  Context**.  Sexual abuse of students occurs within the context of schools, where students are taught to trust teachers.  Schools are also a place where teachers are more often believed than are students and in which there is a power and status differential that privileges teachers and other educators (Shakeshaft and Cohen, 1994).  While we know very little about the contexts in which students are sexually abused by adults in schools, newspaper data and interview studies suggest that—like sexual predators anywhere—sexual abusers in schools use various strategies to trap students.  They lie to them, isolate them, make them feel complicit, and manipulate them into sexual contact.  Often teachers target vulnerable or marginal students who are grateful for the attention.  And, students that adults regard as marginal are also unlikely to be accepted as credible complainants against a celebrated teacher (Shakeshaft and Cohan, 1994).

In elementary schools, the abuser is often one of the people that students most like and that parents most trust.  The abusers of children younger than seventh grade have different patterns than those who abuse older children (Shakeshaft, 2003).   The educators who target elementary school children are often professionally accomplished and even celebrated.  Particularly compared to their non-abusing counterparts, they hold a disproportionate number of awards.  It is common to find that educators who have been sexually abusing children are also the same educators who display on their walls a community “Excellence in Teaching” award or a “Teacher of the Year” certificate.  This popularity confounds district officials and community members and prompts them to ignore allegations on the belief that “outstanding teachers” cannot be abusers (Shakeshaft and Cohan, 1994).

Many educators who abuse work at being recognized as good professionals in order to be able to sexually abuse children.   For them, being a good educator is the path to children, especially those who abuse elementary and younger middle school students (Shakeshaft and Cohan, 1994).   At the late middle and high school level, educator abusers may or may not be outstanding practitioners.  At this level, the initial acts are somewhat less premeditated and planned and more often opportunistic, a result of bad judgment or a misplaced sense of privilege (Shakeshaft and Cohan, 1994).

6.2 **Selection**.  Whether premeditated or opportunistic, selection is influenced by the compliance of the student and the likelihood of secrecy.  Because most educator abusers seek to conceal their sexual contact with students, offenders often target students that they can control.  In some cases, control is characterized by force.  However, most abuse occurs within the much subtler framework of grooming and enticement.  While almost all children respond to positive attention from an educator, students who are estranged from their parents, who are unsure of themselves, who are engaged in risky behavior or whose parents are engaged in such behavior are often targeted, not only because they might be responsive but also because they are more likely to maintain silence (Robins, 2000; Shakeshaft and Cohan, 1994).

Robins (2000) describes the process of grooming, where an abuser selects a student, gives the student attention and rewards, provides the student with support and understanding, all the while slowly increasing the amount of touch or other sexual behavior.  The purpose of grooming is to test the child’s ability to maintain secrecy, to desensitize the child through progressive sexual behaviors, to provide the child with experiences that are valuable and that the child won’t want to lose, to learn information that will discredit the child, and to gain approval from parents (Robins, 2000).  Grooming allows the abuser to test the student’s silence at each step.  It also serves to implicate the student, resulting in children believing that they are responsible for their own abuse because, “I never said stop.”  

Grooming often takes place in the context of providing a child with extras like additional help learning a musical instrument, advisement on a science project, or opportunities for camping and outdoor activity.  These opportunities not only create a special relationship with students, they are also ones for which parents are usually appreciative.  

Although not every instance of educator sexual misconduct includes a grooming phase, because grooming precedes sexual engagement, grooming has the added benefit to the abuser of being a way in which to test a child’s compliance.  Any complaint can be discredited because it does not yet constitute identifiable sexual misconduct.  Robins and others believe that grooming patterns must be better understood if educator sexual misconduct is to be prevented or detected.

6.3 **Maintaining secrecy and silence**.  Some of the children who are sexually abused by educators do not characterize what is happening as abuse.  That is not to say they don’t identify what is happening as shameful, unwanted, wrong, or frightening.  In many cases, they are told that what is happening is love.  Many abusers of children at all ages couch what they are doing to the children as love, both romantic and parental. 

Offenders work hard to keep children from telling.  Almost always they persuade students to keep silent either by intimidation and threats (if you tell, I’ll fail you), by exploiting the power structure (if you tell, no one will believe you), or by manipulating the child’s affections (if you tell, I’ll get in trouble; if you tell, I won’t be able to be your friend anymore).

Thus, childish or adolescent naiveté is taken advantage of to keep children silent.  Because many children who are targeted have previously been abused by others, the legacy of abuse increases the likelihood of silence.  Fear of discovery and punishment or shame for doing something forbidden also keep children from speaking.  Boys abused by men often don’t tell because of homophobia.

Because children often get something positive in the transaction—attention, gifts, physical pleasure, and feelings of belonging or attractiveness—they can be made to feel responsible.  Offenders use this to their advantage.

Finally, abuse is allowed to continue because even when children report abuse, they are not believed.  Because of the power differential, the reputation difference between the educator and the child, or the mindset that children are untruthful, many reports by children are ignored or given minimal attention.

**6.4Geography of abuse**.  An analysis of documentation from legal proceedings and from interviews with school officials and student targets indicates that sexual misconduct by educators occurs in the school, in classrooms (empty or not), in hallways, in offices, on buses, in cars, in the educator’s home, and in outdoor secluded areas.  Sometimes the abuse happens right in front of other students.  Within the documents found in case law, there are instances where a teacher has taken a student into a storage room attached to the classroom and had sexual intercourse while the rest of the class does seat work (Shakeshaft and Cohan, 1994; Shakeshaft, 2003).  Often teachers touch students during movies.  In one class, boys reported that the teacher would call them up to his desk at the front of the room and, one at a time, while discussing homework, would fondle each boy’s penis.  Every child in the room knew what was happening and students talked about it among themselves.  The teacher repeated this behavior for 15 years before one student finally reported to an official who would act upon the information that everyone knew (Shakeshaft and Cohan, 1994).

**7.0ALLEGATIONS AND RESPONSE**

Nine studies include data on patterns of educator sexual misconduct in schools. 

**7.1Allegations.**According to Shoop (2004), notice of educator sexual misconduct comes to the attention of school officials in five ways:  formal complaints, informal complaints, observed abuse, observed suspicious behaviors, or rumors and/or anonymous reports.   

Formal and informal complaints are most likely to originate from targets or parents of targets, although parents of a target’s friend sometime report the abuse.  Seldom is the abuse reported by a teacher, even if the child has told the teacher.

 Several studies estimate that only about 6 percent of all children report sexual abuse by an adult to someone who can do something about it.  The other 94 percent do not tell anyone or talk only to a friend.  (And they swear their friend to secrecy) (Finkelhor, Hotaling and Kerti Yllo, 1988; National Resource Center on Child Sexual Abuse, 1994).  However, a reanalysis of the AAUW data set found that 71.2 percent of students who had been targets of peer and/or educator sexual misconduct told someone, with 56.6 percent telling more than one person.  Most students told a friend (69.7 percent), followed by someone else (44.9 percent), then a parent (31.8 percent), a teacher (14.6 percent), or another school employee (14.1 percent).

When asked if they would complain to a school employee if sexually harassed by a teacher or other school employee, 71 percent  responded affirmatively.  However, among the students who were harassed by a school employee, only 11.6 percent  actually told a teacher while 10.6 percent  reported to another employee.  While some of the “other employees” might qualify as a school official who has the authority to stop the abuse, most aren’t, therefore limiting the number of incidents in which the school district can be held financially liable to fewer than 10 percent .  As discussed in greater detail below, the Supreme Court’s Title IX rulings limited liability for monetary damages for educator sexual misconduct to those instances in which, among other things, a school district official with authority at a minimum to institute corrective measures had actual knowledge of the misconduct.

While formal reports might not be made in school, informal information is passed on through rumor, innuendo, and jokes.  Often it is a friend of the target or a parent of a friend who brings the issue to school authorities.

When students do report, they almost always report incidents of contact sexual abuse—touching, kissing, hugging, or forced intercourse.  Verbal and visual abuse are rarely reported to school officials.  Of the cases that come to a superintendent’s attention, nearly 90 percent are contact sexual misconduct (Shakeshaft and Cohan, 1994).  When alleged misconduct is reported, the majority of complaints are ignored or disbelieved (Shakeshaft and Cohan, 1994).  Other students note this lack of response and conclude that teachers (or coaches or administrators) cannot be stopped (Shakeshaft, 2003).  If the school will not act, what can a mere student do?

Few students, families, or school districts report incidents to the police or other law enforcement agencies.  When criminal justice officials are alerted, it is almost always because parents have made the contact.  Thus, most cases are not entered into criminal justice information systems (Shakeshaft and Cohan, 1994).  As one consequence, abusers are subject only to informal personnel actions within the relative privacy of school employee records (Shakeshaft and Cohan, 1994).

**7.2Response to allegations.**Robins (2000) found that the most common reason that students don’t report educator sexual misconduct is fear that they won’t be believed.  Research indicates that students have good reasons to suspect they won’t be believed.  Robins documents the case of a teacher, Kenneth DeLuca, who was convicted of sexually abusing 13 students between the ages of 10 and 18 over a period of 21 years.  Nearly all of the students reported this abuse at the time.  However, school officials did not take these accusations seriously.  

Overwhelmingly, the girls experienced a disastrous response when they told about DeLuca’s behavior.  Many were disbelieved, some were told to leave schools, parents were allegedly threatened with lawsuits (129-130).

**7.3  Investigative practices.**Only one study (Shakeshaft and Cohan, 1994) has examined school district response to allegations.  This study is limited but documents that investigative skills of school administrators are poor.  In many cases, no formal investigation was conducted.  If a police investigation did occur, districts often failed to do their own reporting in terms of violations of district policy or Title IX requirements.

**7.4False accusations.**The possibility of a false accusation is included in this section because there is widespread belief that false accusations are common.  Because this is the prevailing mental model, students are often not believed.

Currently, there is no mechanism for determining how many false accusations occur.  Because many of the accusations involve behavior that might not be easily prosecuted under criminal statutes, for instance verbal and visual abuse or physical abuse that is not penetration, there is confusion about what constitutes abuse.  While this issue will be explored in more detail in a subsequent section, the distinction between a criminal offense that can be proven beyond a reasonable doubt and an incident of sexual misconduct is sometimes blurred, leaving the impression that if there is not a prosecution (or a criminal charge), the accusation must have been false.

There are no systematic studies of false accusations of educators, but studies of child sexual abuse in general indicate that false allegations are not common.  In a 1991 review of false or mistaken accusations of sexual abuse, Yates concludes that the majority of false accusations occur in custody cases and that in other circumstances, the incidence of false accusations appears rare.

In the Shakeshaft and Cohan (1995) study of 225 allegations of educator sexual misconduct, there was not one in which the actions reported weren’t proved to have happened.  Although the accuracy of student reports of educator behavior was unanimous, the meaning of the behavior differed between student and educator.  In a handful of cases, the student’s characterization of the act as sexual misconduct was labeled by the educator and administrative officials as touching with no sexual intent.  

However, both Robin (1992) and Yates (1991) have pointed out that false accusations can cause serious emotional stress to the person falsely accused.  Olson and Lawler (2003) have compiled cases in which educators have been falsely accused of maltreatment of students, including accusations of sexual abuse. Their accounts describe the harm that false accusations coupled with inadequate investigations can yield.

**8.0EXTENT AND IMPACT OF LEGAL INITIATIVES**

****When referencing the legal principles noted below, case law and Title IX regulations address "sexual harassment", not "sexual misconduct."  Therefore, the term "sexual harassment” will replace “sexual misconduct" in this section. 

****While there are several sources that present and discuss the foundations of the laws that govern educator sexual misconduct, there are no studies that examine the impact of initiatives or trace the legal reasoning of current federal law.  Therefore, this section briefly describes relevant federal and state laws and regulations, as well as professional organization policies.  Depending upon the nature of the behavior, educator sexual misconduct violates a number of federal and state laws.  

**8.1     Federal laws.**The primary federal legal remedy for sexual misconduct in schools is Title IX of the  Education Amendments of 1972.  The language of Title IX doesn’t mention sexual harassment but, rather, is a statute that prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any educational organization that receives federal funds.   Title IX provides for federal enforcement of the prohibition on sexual discrimination and the possibility of loss of federal funds for any educational institution in violation of Title IX or its regulations. 

Twenty years after the enactment of Title IX in 1972, the Supreme Court in *Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools,* 503 U.S. 60 (1992) ruled that students may seek monetary damages from schools for sexual harassment visited on them by school employees.  Although it was a breakthrough in equating sexual harassment in schools  with sex discrimination and in assigning schools monetary liability for damages, *Franklin* did not provide educators a clear framework for understanding their legal responsibilities to provide a harassment-free school.  

The Office for Civil Rights (OCR) enforces Title IX and its regulations and publishes guidelines to help schools recognize and effectively respond to sexual harassment of students in educational programs as a condition of receiving Federal financial assistance.  OCR provides technical assistance to schools in developing sexual harassment policies to clarify the responsibilities of school personnel.  Schools are responsible for prohibiting and responding effectively to sexual harassment and there are potential legal consequences for ignoring sexual harassment of students by staff or students.

The Supreme Court’s 1998 ruling in*Gebser v. Lago Vista Independent School District* (524  U.S. 274  (1998))**made it more difficult for students to secure monetary damages in staff-to-student sexual harassment cases. In *Gebser*, the Supreme Court determined that for a district to be liable for monetary damages for the sexual harassment of a student by a staff member, someone with the authority to take corrective action must have had actual knowledge of the sexual harassment and the school district must have acted with deliberate indifference to its knowledge of the discrimination.  The Court acknowledged, by contrast, the power of Federal agencies, such as the Department of Education, to effectuate Title IX’s prohibition of sex discrimination, even under circumstances that would not result in liability for monetary damages. 

In *Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education* (526 U.S. 629 (1999), the Supreme Court applied the stringent requirements found in *Gebser*to claims for monetary damages for student-on-student or peer sexual harassment.  *Davis*is the first Supreme Court ruling that affirms that school staff members can be held liable for monetary damages for peer harassment under Title IX but only if a staff member with authority to take corrective action has actual knowledge of the harassment and responds with deliberate indifference to the victim.   Additionally, in *Davis*, the justices ruled that to obtain monetary damages the harassment must be so severe, pervasive, and objectively offensive that it effectively bars the target student’s access to an educational opportunity or benefit.  

However, *Davis* left unclear a number of issues, including how “deliberate indifference” is determined.   

Prior to interpreting Title IX coverage to include sexual harassment as a form of sex discrimination, there was little in the law that was available to victims of educator sexual harassment in schools, beyond criminal statutes that were unavailable for most cases of harassment and certainly not in sexually harassing speech incidents.  By holding school districts and individual actors within schools liable for damages if they permitted a hostile and harassing environment, Title IX raised the stakes in the prevention of sexual harassment.  Teachers and administrators were on notice that if they did not intervene to stop harassment, they might become personally liable for damages.  This threat, combined with increased public awareness of both the definition of sexual harassment and the responsibilities of school personnel, has resulted in more student awareness of rights and expectations (AAUW, 2001).  However, there are no studies that examine the relationship of liability to prevention or reduction of educator sexual misconduct. 

To change the limited scope of school district liability for monetary damages educator sexual misconduct under Title IX would require federal legislation.  Justice O’Connor, writing for the majority in *Gebser*, noted that:**“Until Congress speaks directly on the subject, however, we will not hold a school district liable in damages under Title IX for a teacher’s sexual harassment of a student absent actual notice and deliberate indifference.”  

Table 17 summarizes possible federal and state initiatives that have been discussed in the literature as possible remedies to reduce educator sexual misconduct.  However, these initiatives have neither been developed nor studied.  

8.2 **State child sexual abuse laws.**   Depending upon a number of factors (age of student, age of educator, type of sexual misconduct, etc.) educators who sexually abuse might be prosecuted under a variety of statutes.  Criminal codes are not uniform 

across the states.  While all states have laws that prohibit adults from having sex with children, each state defines that crime differently.  Child sexual abuse, sexual assault, anti-stalking, and lewdness with a minor are legal categories under which state laws might exist.  For instance, if the abuse is physical and the child is younger than the age of consent (which differs by state), child sexual abuse statutes might be invoked.  If the misconduct is not physical, lewdness with a minor covers sexual acts with children 14 and under in some states.  

State laws regarding “consensual sex” (referred to generally as statutory rape laws) prohibit adult-child relationships but define childhood differently, depending upon the state.  Although research indicates that children under 17 or 18 cannot make informed choices about sex with an adult, in one state, 15-year-olds are considered to be adults; in 32 states, 16-year-olds are legally able to consent to sex under general statutory rape laws; in six states, the age is 17; and in 11, the age is 18 (Park, 2003).  I found no studies of state criminal statues that cover educators who sexually abuse students.    

8.3 **State sexual assault laws**.  While sexual assault laws prohibiting coercive or forced sex cover some types of educator sexual misconduct, these laws don’t cover all of the ways in which educators might sexually abuse students.  Anti-stalking laws also exist in all states and often cover educator sexual misconduct behavior.  As is true of the other legal categories synthesized, there were no studies exploring state sexual assault laws and educator sexual misconduct (Park, 2003).

**8.4State educator sexual misconduct laws**.  In addition to general sexual assault laws and criminal statutes prohibiting adult sexual contact with children, some states have adopted laws that specifically prohibit sexual abuse by educators or people in a position of trust.  Ohio’s Sexual Battery law (Section 2907.3) and Colorado’s Sexual Assault by One in a Position of Trust (Statute 18-3-405.3) are examples of laws that protect children 18 and under from sexual misconduct by adults in a position of trust.  As of March 2003, 27 states have laws prohibiting a person in a position of trust from sexual activity with a minor, with Iowa moving legislation forward.  Of those, two protect students up to age 15; 20 states protect students up to 17; and five have no limit on the age of students (Park, 2003).

**8.5     Limitations of state laws.**From a national perspective, there are 

several drawbacks to using state statutes to address educator sexual misconduct.  (1) Many of the laws include only students who have not reached the age of consent and the age of consent differs by state;  (2) Many do not require those found guilty under these statutes to register as sex offenders (see, for instance, Nevada Revised Statutes: Chapter 201); (3) There is no uniform legal definition of child sexual assault or criminal sexual activity from state to state; (4) There is no uniform penalty for similar actions across the states; and (5) The age of minors varies by state.  

I found no reports that codify educator sexual misconduct statutes by state.  Neither did I find studies on convictions of educators nor that examined impact on students’ behavior.  

**8.6     Tenure and licensure.**Besides federal, civil and criminal approaches to identifying and stopping educator predators, legally enforceable codes of professional conduct, generally in connection with state licensure, exist in most states.  The language in many of the states such as New York’s “conduct unbecoming a teacher” is inclusive of a wide variety of behaviors.  As a result, it is often difficult to categorize the various behaviors that have been found to be prohibited.  However, sanctions by state teacher certification agencies do provide for revocation of a professional license for misconduct (LaRue, 1996).  Like criminal approaches, these regulations vary by state.  

Most states require criminal background checks which use FBI and state records in addition to fingerprinting.  An April 2003 *Education Week*report notes that only eight states do not require these checks.  

I found no formal studies of licensure revocation in cases of educator sexual misconduct, although there are newspaper accounts that document local or state instances (see section 2.4).   Seventeen states require school officials to report any alleged educator misconduct to state education officials.  To insure safety in reporting, 17 states (although not all the same states as require reports to state officials) protect school officials from lawsuits based upon job references.

A 1996 study of tenure laws (LaRue) notes that most states include language that covers a broad range of behaviors in their statutes for revoking tenure.  Thus, educator sexual misconduct might be covered by prohibitions such as “immorality,” “conduct unbecoming a teacher,” or  “moral turpitude.”  Twelve states have no category into which educator sexual misconduct would fit.  However, LaRue found no state that specifically listed educator sexual misconduct (or language that was similar) as a reason for terminating or dismissing an employee.

National teacher associations, to date, have not included suggestions for preventing educator sexual misconduct nor conducted studies of incidence.  Suggestions for collective bargaining model language from the two national teacher unions do not specifically include language on educator sexual misconduct.  

8.7 **Laws on fingerprinting.**Many states have passed fingerprinting laws for teachers and other educational professionals.  However, there is no data about the effectiveness of such legislation for preventing or detecting sexual abusers.  

Typical of state legislation is New York State’s Chapter 180 of the Laws of 2000 regulations that require applicants for teaching and administrative certification and other employees of schools to undergo a fingerprint-supported criminal history background check.  The law went into effect on July 1, 2001, but exempted “individuals who have provided services to the covered school in the previous year” (New York State Education Department, Office of School Personnel Review and Accountability, www.highered.nysed.gov/tcert/ospra/geninfo.htm).  Volunteers, student teachers, employees in private schools, and bus drivers are also not required to be fingerprinted.  ****

**9.0EFFECTS OF EDUCATOR SEXUAL MISCONDUCT**

****The data collected by the AAUW studies offers student reports of effects of educator sexual misconduct, while the three remaining studies in Table 16 provide accounts from or about targets.

**9.1Effects on targeted students:  Academic, emotional and developmental.**Reanalysis of the AAUW data indicates that targets of educator sexual misconduct report that they suffer emotional, educational, and developmental or health effects.  At least a third of students report behaviors that would negatively affect academic achievement:   

· Avoid the teacher or other educator (43 percent).

· Do not want to go to school (36 percent).

· Do not talk much in class (34 percent).

· Have trouble paying attention (31 percent).

· Stayed home from school or cut a class (29 percent).

· Found it hard to study (29 percent).

About a quarter of students who were targets of educator sexual misconduct report academic or discipline repercussions that they attribute to the incident. 

· Thought about changing schools (19 percent).

· Changed schools (6 percent).

· Received a lower grade on a test or assignment (25 percent).

· Received a lower grade in a class (25 percent).

· Got into trouble with school authorities (25 percent).

· Felt less likely to get a good grade (23 percent).

Health effects such as sleep disorder and appetite loss were reported by 28 percent of students.  A substantial number of students report negative feelings of self worth because of the abuse.  

· Felt embarrassed (51 percent).

· Felt self conscious (39 percent).

· Less sure of self or less confident (37 percent).

· Felt afraid or scared (36 percent).

· Felt confused about identity (29 percent).

· Doubted whether could ever have a happy romantic relationship (29 percent).

For most children, being the victim of sexual misconduct does damage that lasts well into adulthood, and for most it is never fully repaired (Kendell-Tackett, 1993).  Child sexual abuse targets lose trust in adults and authority figures, suffer physical ailments and lowered immune systems, and do less well in school (Finkelhor &  Brown, 1985).  They often drop out of or avoid school.  Sexually abused children are more likely than children who are not sexually abused to be substance users as adults and to have difficulty forming intimate relationships (Finkelhor, 2001).  David Finkelhor (2001), the premier researcher of child sexual abuse, notes that the same sense of betrayal and shame that attaches to incest is found in sexual abuse by teachers where the pseudo parental relationship that the teacher plays has been sexualized.

**9.2Effects on Other Students.**In addition to costs to the targeted child, there are costs to society when educator sexual misconduct is not adequately addressed by school officials.  For instance, a report on sexual abuse in the New York City schools indicates that more than $18.7 million was paid between 1996 and 2001 to students who were sexually abused by educators, and 110 cases were still active.  Fees for attorneys and investigators are in addition to the settlement amounts (Campanile and Montero, 2001).  A 2004 report (Campanile, Jan. 20, 2004, www.nypost.com/news/retionalnews/16207.htm) lists more than 600 legal claims and lawsuits filed against New York City public schools in the three years since 2001 at a cost of hundreds of millions of dollars if the claims prevail.  If educator sexual misconduct had been prevented, the effort and resources necessary to respond to the claims might have been put to better use.  

Where educator sexual misconduct is not adequately addressed, the negative effects spread to other staff and students.  Studies of sexual harassment in the workplace indicate that the climate and culture changes when sexualization and abuse are not prevented (Shakeshaft, 1992).  There are no studies that examine the effects on school climate and the others who exist within that climate. 

Thus, the additional harm to other students as well as the cost of litigation is an area about which little is known and which would benefit from examination.

10.0CONSEQUENCES OF ALLEGATIONS OF EDUCATOR SEXUAL 

## MISCONDUCT 

The studies which include documentation of the consequences of educator sexual misconduct primarily focus on what happens after allegations are made.  Most document 

the ways in which schools and districts fail to remove abusers from the classroom.

**10.1   Consequences for abusers.**In an early study of 225 cases of educator sexual abuse in New York, all of the accused had admitted to sexual abuse of a student but none of the abusers was reported to authorities and only 1 percent lost their license to teach (Shakeshaft and Cohan, 1994).  All of the accused had admitted to physical sexual abuse of a student but only 35 percent received a negative consequence for their actions: 15 percent were terminated or, if not tenured, they were not rehired; and 20 percent received a formal reprimand or suspension.  Another 25 percent received no consequence or were reprimanded informally and off-the-record.  Nearly 39 percent chose to leave the district, most with positive recommendations or even retirement packages intact.   

Of those who left, superintendents reported that 16 percent were teaching in other schools and that they had no idea what the other 84 percent were doing.   A recent report on sexual abuse in New York City indicates that 60 percent of employees who were accused of sexual abuse were transferred to desk jobs at offices inside schools and 40 percent of these teachers were repeat offenders (Campanile and Montero, 2001). In many instances, agreements are made to avoid legal battles with the alleged abuser (Shakeshaft and Cohan, 1994). .  

Several investigative reports have publicized individual cases and the response by districts to allegations of educator sexual misconduct.  For instance, O’Hagen and Willmsen report that of 159 Washington state coaches “who were reprimanded, warned, or let go in the past decade because of sexual misconduct . . . at least 98 of them continued coaching or teaching afterward.” (Dec. 15, 2003)  Many school districts make confidential agreements with abusers, trading a positive recommendation for a resignation.  O’Hagan (2004) details two examples of coaches in Washington that illustrate this practice.  

In 1995, a Sharples Alternative School student accused tutor Sione Hefa of going to her home at 3 a.m. and forcing her to have sex with him. “At one point, he held her neck with his arm so she couldn’t get up,” according to investigative notes.  “She kept telling him she did not want to have sex with him.”  

When the district investigated, Hefa refused to answer questions, citing his Fifth Amendment rights.  His Seattle Education Association representative denied the accusations.

The district’s human-resources director later told Hefa in a letter: “The District investigation revealed that you went to the home of one of your female students at 3:00 a.m. on Sunday, January 22, 1995, you were let inside, and that you forced her to have sex with you.”

Records indicate the district suspected that Hefa may have victimized other girls.  After negotiations, the district allowed Hefa to resign, promising in writing not to tell future employers about the allegations.

In another example, O’Hagen (2004) reports that a Seattle educator, Luke Markishtum, had two decades of complaints of sex with students and providing alcohol and marijuana to students prior to his arrest for smuggling six tons of marijuana into the state.  The district paid Markishtum the remainder of his salary that year, agreed to keep the record secret, and gave him an additional $69,000.

There is little data on sentencing within states or across states.  An analysis of state of Nevada sentences in educator sexual abuse cases between 1994 and 2003 illustrates the lack of uniformity of response and consequences.  In several instances, teachers were allowed to resign from their positions after being found guilty of sexually abusing a student and received no criminal penalty.  One abuser received life in prison with the possibility of parole within five years, while an offender in a similar case was given up to 5 years probation.  We know little about the legal consequences for abusers.

**10.2Consequences for targets.**The school or district rarely prescribes a therapeutic and healing intervention for targets of educator sexual misconduct or for others in the school.  I have found no descriptions of policies and procedures that debrief other students or their parents. Neither have I been able to locate any suggestions for types of support a targeted student should receive from the school.  Most school officials report that if action is taken against the abuser, they have done all that is necessary (Shakeshaft and Cohan, 1993).

****Limited data from interviews, newspaper reports, and court documents indicate that there is often a negative public response to the student who is seeking protection from educator sexual misconduct.  Student targets report that other teachers single them out for threats.  Additionally, it is not uncommon for educators and the public to come to the assistance of the accused educator (Shakeshaft and Cohan, 1993).

**11.0UNION AND PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION ROLES**

**11.1Actions of teacher unions.**Until recently, teacher unions in many states have actively opposed legislation that would require positive identification (e.g., finger-printing) of teachers convicted of sexual abuse of students.  In most states, teachers who are already employed are exempt from regulations such as fingerprint identification.   

There is no research that documents teacher union attempts to identify predators among their members

**11.2Actions of professional organizations.**Administrative professional organizations have hosted workshops and talks at annual meetings on the topic of educator sexual abuse and the*School Administrator*, the official publication of the American Association of School Administrators, published an issue devoted to the topic.  However, specific guidance and direction to members has not been formal nor did I find evidence that professional organizations for teachers have addressed the topic for their members.

**12.0PREVENTION OF EDUCATOR SEXUAL MISCONDUCT**

Educator sexual misconduct has not been systematically addressed in schools.  While the advent of money damages to targets of sexual harassment, a result of Title IX legislation, and newspaper and other media coverage have prodded some school district officials to acknowledge educator sexual misconduct, educator sexual misconduct is still occurring.  Some believe that the rights of adults are favored over the safety of children (Sesame, 2003; Shoop, 2003).  

Because so little has been done to prevent educator sexual misconduct, it is not surprising that there are no studies of the effectiveness of prevention programs or legislation.  However, although not empirically documented, there are practices that many believe are likely to reduce educator sexual misconduct.  In New York City, under the leadership of the late Edward F. Stancik who was special commissioner for investigations, a commission assembled a list of 35 recommendations for reducing educator sexual misconduct (Final Report of the Joint Commission of the Chancellor and Special Commissioner, October 1994).  Follow-up investigations indicate that these recommendations have not been implemented.  

The following recommendations are based upon all of the literature reviewed for this report.  These suggestions are ones most often included in the professional literature. While there are no studies that examine the effectiveness of these strategies, best practice advice identifies these practices as possibly creating a climate in which educator sexual misconduct is reduced or eliminated.  

**12.1  Develop district and school level policies**.  All school districts need written policies prohibiting educator sexual misconduct and inappropriate educator-student relationships to include consensual relationships between staff and students. The behaviors prohibited should be described in the policy so that there is no ambiguity about what types of actions are unacceptable.  In addition to making clear the prohibitions against adult-to-student sex, the group United Educators (2004) has suggested that policies should include reference to:

· Descriptions of educationally appropriate touching.

· Limitations on closed-door and after-hours activities with only one student.

· Investigatory rights without formal complaint.

· Required reporting by other teachers and employees.

· Required reports of any criminal investigation or conviction during period of employment.

· Required chaperones, at least one male and one female, for off-site trips.

· Deadlines for reporting allegations with the option for waiving the time limit.

**12.2Hiring practices.**A common form should be used for all applications which includes questions on work history, identification that will facilitate background checks, and all information on criminal history. The form should include a statement that incomplete or false information can result in termination.  Interviewers should be trained to identify red flags in applicant backgrounds.

**12.3Screen employees.** Screening applicants requires multiple methods that include references, background checks, license information, and application information.  Prior to making an employment offer, personnel information from the current employer should be reviewed.  

Background checks with fingerprint screens should be completed for all current and new employees.  Where collective bargaining agreements prohibit screening of current employees, steps should be taken to change these restrictions.   While screening will not identify the majority of educators who have or will sexually abuse, it signals seriousness on the part of the district.  To make background screens more effective, those who hire should check for gaps in employment, inquire into reasons for movement between schools or districts, contact school personnel in previous sites reaching beyond those listed as references, ask direct questions, and search DWI offenses.   The social security numbers of new hires need to be verified.  Finally, all offers of employment should Include a probationary period.  

**12.4Assign a case coordinator and centralize information.**Appoint a case coordinator who handles all incidents of educator sexual misconduct.  In the most effective structure, the case coordinator is outside of district control but with regulatory authority within the district.

One reason that educator sexual misconduct continues is that in most schools and school districts there is no one person to whom all rumors, allegations, or complaints are channeled.  As a result, patterns of behavior are often not detected.  Selecting one person to whom all school personnel must report any rumor, allegation, complaint, or suspicion is helpful in insuring that no student falls through the crack and patterns of misconduct are quickly and effectively identified.  However, because the designated employee may engage in misconduct, a school district or school may want to assign more than one employee to handle allegations of educator sexual misconduct and have these employees coordinate their efforts to identify any patterns of behavior.  Also, each school receiving Federal financial assistance must designate at least one employee to coordinate its Title IX obligations.  Schools also are required by the Title IX regulations to publish a policy that prohibits sex discrimination and grievance procedures providing for prompt and equitable resolution of sex discrimination complaints.  .

Record all allegations and outcomes in employee personnel file.  Do not agree to expunge molestation findings.

**12.5Report all allegations to both child protection and law enforcement agencies.**The majority of allegations of educator sexual misconduct are not reported to the police by the school districts.  District policy should require that the allegation be reported to both the police and child protection agencies. Consult police immediately and build relationships for shared investigation.  

**12.6Develop thorough investigative practices.**Train regional investigators who can respond quickly to allegations.  Ensure that investigations are completed within 48 hours and reports are presented to school authorities, students, and parents.  Define the roles of all parties in the investigation including their notification responsibilities.  Do not terminate investigation if employee resigns.  Complete investigation and file report internally, with criminal justice authorities, and with state licensing entities.

**12.7Educate employees.**With rare exceptions, sexual abuse prevention training for educators and school staff—whether preprofessional or while on the job— does not include educator sexual misconduct.  These programs focus on what to do when sexual or any other kind of abuse or maltreatment is suspected from a source outside the school.  Therefore, additional training for educators and other staff about educator sexual misconduct is important.  Training outlines the behaviors that are not acceptable so that everyone—both those who abuse and those who do not abuse—are working from the same set of expectations.  By making expectations explicit and public, school decision makers are also helping educators understand their own responsibility in reporting behavior that does not conform to those expectations.  Thus, the training will educate employees about unacceptable behavior and to remind them of their responsibility to report abuse.

**12.8Educate students.**Like staff, students need to understand the boundaries that educators should not cross.  This is important both for students who might be targeted and for students who observe such behaviors.  Both sets of students need to know that such behavior is prohibited and that there is a person to whom they can and should report such incidents.  Materials and programs that have been developed to protect students from sexual abuse rarely include examples of predators who are educators.  Students need to know that educators might cross boundaries and what to do if this happens.

**12.9Be aware of signs of educator sexual misconduct.**To increase the possibilities for identification of educator sexual misconduct, educators, parents, and students need to know:  

· Any employee, including volunteers, might molest.

· Educator sexual predators are often well liked and considered excellent teachers.

· Special education students or other vulnerable students are often targets of sexual predators.

· Adults who have access to students before or after school or in private situations are more likely to sexually abuse students than those who don’t (coaches, music teachers, etc.).

· Physical signs of sexual abuse include difficulty walking or sitting, torn clothing, stained or bloodied underwear, pain or itching in the genital area, venereal disease, pregnancy, and changes in weight.

· Behavior indicators in students might include age inappropriate sexual behavior, late arrivals to class, changes in personality, and increased time at school with one adult.

· Rumors are an important source of information on educator sexual misconduct.

· Behaviors of adults who molest include close personal relationships with students, time alone with students, time before or after school with students, time in private spaces with students, flirtatious behavior with students, and off-color remarks in class.

**12.10Change state educator certification regulations.**State certification requirements for educators need to include required training on educator sexual abuse.  New entrants to the field need to understand the professional expectations and ethics in regard to student relationships.

**12.11Provide adequate state registry.**In most cases where educators cross boundaries, the educator does not lose her or his license.  Therefore, a national list of educators by state who sexually abuse, which is maintained by the state certification office, would be a place where future employers or parents can turn to check backgrounds.  

**12.12Provide adequate federal registry.**Currently there is no electronic federal registry that can be accessed to search for educators who have had certification and licenses suspended.  Nor is there central place that lists those who engage in sexual misconduct.  

**12.13Enact and standardize state policies and statutes.**State laws which prohibit educators who abuse their positions of trust should be implemented to include any student, no matter what age, in an educational institution.  Criminal background checks using FBI and state records along with fingerprinting should be required by all states and the information stored in a federal repository that can be accessed easily.  State laws should require school officials to report any alleged sexual misconduct or the resignation or suspension of educators accused of sexual misconduct to state education officials.  Laws protecting school officials from lawsuits for job references given should be in place in every state.  The age of consent should be standardized across states as should the definition of what constitutes child sexual abuse.

**12.14Enact laws giving immunity to public employees who provide references.**State laws that protect employers who give good-faith references on former employees will help increase the information exchange across districts.  Although state personnel laws already protect former employers in this process, additional laws will increase feelings of security.

**12.15Expand Title IX.**Make the damage intent of Title IX clear, using Title VII parameters in deciding liability.  

**13.0Summary of Existing Studies and Recommendations for**

**Additional Analysis**

****Educator sexual misconduct is woefully under-studied.  We have scant data on incidence and even less on descriptions of predators and targets.  There are many questions that call for answers.  Table 19 summarizes the research (or lack of research) synthesized in this report and suggests possible responses in each of the categories.

The report recommends a series of studies to deepen the understanding of educator sexual misconduct and strategies to prevent the abuse of students. 

**Appendix I**

**Newspaper, News Wire, and Broadcast References**

**Newspaper Accounts**

Abuse case ends in mistrial. (2003, June 20).  *The Baltimore Sun*. 

Abuse gets teacher 46 years.  (2003, June 7). *The Arizona Republic*. 

Abuse jury is told of secret taping. (2002, Dec. 13). *Evening Chronicle*. Newcastle, 

(UK). 

Accused coach has record of sex abuse (2003, Feb. 4). *Washington Post*. 

Accused molester facing another charge. (2003, April 2). *Island Packet* (S.C.).

Accused teacher quits. (1987, Sept. 17). *Newsday*, p. 37.

Ahearn L.A. (2000, Feb. 17). Giving a voice to the victims: Our criminal justice system must empower children who have been sexually abused. *Newsday*. p. B7.

Alcott, J. (1987, May 13). Mahopac teacher charged with molesting. *Gannett Westchester Newspapers*, p. 3.

Allen, J.L.  (2003, Feb. 28). Ex-coach accepts plea agreement: Jennifer Brooks takes a three-year prison term in her felony case.  *Sarasota Herald-Tribune* (Fla.).

Anthony, S. (2001, April 25). Parents search for answers after teacher is arrested; Some aren’t sure how to discuss sexual abuse. *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*. 

Area news briefs: Probation given in sex case. (1986, Feb. 12). *The Daily Star*, p. 3. 

Arrested in kid-sex.  (1991, Oct. 3).  *Daily News*, p. 28.

Attorney general: Sexual predators lurk in Ontario schools. (2000, April 7).  *The Ottawa Citizen (Canada).*

Bail is reset for teacher in sexual assault retrial.  (2003, March 14). *Cherry Hill Courier Post* (N.J.). 

Bailey, S. (2001, June 16). Youth board set to hear charges against two.  *The Birmingham News.*

Barac, L. V.  (1991, Oct. 3).  Probable cause: School district failed to handle sexual harassment. *Chaska Herald*, pp. 1, 10.

Barac, L. V.  (1990, Aug. 30).  School district accused of failure to act against sexual harassment.  *Chaska Herald*, pp. 1, 12-13.

Barrie teacher acquitted of sex assault. (2002, July 19). *Ottawa Citizen* (Canada).

Barringer, F.  (1993, June 2).  School hallways as gauntlets of sexual taunts.  *The New York Times*, p. B7.

Bartsch, P. (2003, April 14). Abuser back on the job.  *The Sunday Times* (Perth, 

Australia).  

Basler, G. (1989, Aug. 29). JC may suspend coach with pay. *Press and Sun Bulletin*, pp. 1B, 3B.

Baxter students finally to get abuse settlement.  (2003, Feb. 25). *Kennebec Journal* (Maine). 

Beaven, Stephen. (2001, Dec. 3).  Ex-Oregon city teacher sentenced for sex crimes. *The Oregonian*. p. C02.

Benham, K.  (2003, July 28).  Principal case sparks ‘uproar.’’  *St. Petersburg Times*, Fl. p. 1B

Bennett, D. (2000, Jan. 28). Grand jury to hear case.  *The News Herald*. Ashtabula, Ohio. 

Berger, J.  (1991, Oct. 11).  Cover-up charged in school official’s sex abuse case.  *The New York Times*, pp. B1, B2.

Bernstein, N. (1996, Feb. 11). Civil rights lawsuit in rape cases challenges integrity of a campus.  *The New York Times*, pp. 1, 32.

Bessent, A. E. (1991, Feb. 21). In abuse case, kids face trial too. *Newsday*, p. 29.

Bessent, A. E. (1990, June 25).  Despite record, hired to teach. *Daily News*, pp. 3, 28.

Bessent, A.E.  (1990, March 28).  Teacher convicted of sexual abuse.  *Newsday*, p. 20.

BHS teacher charged in rape case (2003, March 12). *Brookline Tab* (Mass.) 

Bill eases path for child sex-abuse suits. (2003, Jan. 15). *Louisville Courier-Journal* (Ky.). 

Blackwell, T.  (2000, April 8). Sex abuse by Teachers ‘not isolated’ report warns: Pedophile educators are allowed to move and ‘hunt’ again.  *The Ottawa Citizen*. 

Blame game:  Girl’s troubles with Internet at issue.  (2003, Sept. 6.  *The News Tribune* (Jefferson City, Mo.). 

Board hears alleged improper relationship case.  (2003, May 1).  *Ruidoso News* (N.M.).  

Bolten, K.  (2003, May 17).  State bans teacher after affair.  *Des Moines Register*.

Bolton, M.M. (2001, April 4). Professor faces additional sex abuse charges.  *The Times Union*. (Albany, N.Y.).  p. B7.

Bono, A. (Feb. 13, 2004) Picture of child sex abuse in U.S. society clouded by lack of data.  *Catholic News Service*

Boodman, S.G. (2002, July 29). How deep the scars of Abuse? Some victims crippled; others stay resilient.  *Washington Post*.  

Boomsma, J. (1993, Nov. 14). Principal recalls effort to keep matter quiet. *The Grand Rapids Press*, p. B2.

Boult, T. (1993, Nov. 14). Spared by her teacher.  *The Grand Rapids Press*, p. B3.

Bowers, C. L. (1993, Sept. 5). After 15 years of lies, Price didn't see any sense in denying anymore'.  *The Sun*, p. 1C.

Bowers, C. L.  (1993, June 10).  School knew in 1989 of rumors Price was involved with 10 girls.  *The Sun*, pp. 1B, 3B.

Bowers, C. L., and O'Brien, D., with Siegel, A. F. (1993, Aug. 10).  3rd Northeast teacher faces pupil-sex count.  *The Sun*, pp. 1B, 4B.

Bowles, P. (2001, Feb. 8). Teacher charged in city assaults.  *Newsday.*

Bowles, P., and Kowal, J.  (1995, Oct. 19).  Girl: Bus driver molested me.  *Newsday*, p. A30.

Bradley, E. (2002, Aug. 9). School district violated state law: Placing a student in a teacher’s home illegal in Wisconsin.  *The Northwestern*. (Oshkosh, Wisconsin). 

Bradley, E. (2002, June 7).  Counselor’s case differs from Mosher’s.  *The Northwestern*. Oshkosh, Wis. 

Breuer, H.  and Myerhoff, M. (2002, June 14). Girl, 16, testifies against former coach.  *Pasadena Star News*.  

Bricker, J. (2002, July 20). Sexy notes not enough to convict teacher.  *National Post*.  Canada 

Bright, M.  (2002, Nov. 17).  Surgical tags plans for sex offenders: Silicon chip to be inserted under skin.  *The Observer*. UK.  

Broderick, D.  (1993, July 9).  Parents rip ed board over sex scandal.  *New York Post*, p. 14.

Broderick, D.  (1993, July 8).  School sex shocker: Counselor had affair with 2 students.  *New York Post*, p. 2.

Brooks, A. P.  (1995, July 7).  When flirting becomes hurting in the schools.  *Austin American-Statesman*, pp. A1, A11.

Brooks, J. (2001, June 6). Coach facing more counts of sex abuse:  Total charges up to 9, concern boys under 13. *The Arkansas Democrat-Gazette*. 

Broussard, S. (1989, July 23). School bus driver in sex rap. *Daily News*, p. 14.

Buckey son to be retried. (1990, Feb. 1). *Daily News*, p. 11

Buder (1988, March 29). A pornographer given 10 years by a U.S. Judge: L.I. teacher also faces sentence in state case. *The New York Times*, p. B4.

Buettner, R.  (1995, May 11).  Teacher, teen on the run for love.  *Newsday*, p. A6.

Burke, C. (1995, June 2). Trying to punish these perverts is a joke. *New York Post*. p. 5.

Burke, C. (1992, June 13). Bronx teacher in sex shocker.  *New York Post*, p. 7.

Campanile, C. (2001, May 24). Roy’s state bill: Make schools report sex cases. *The New York Post*. 

Campanile, C. and Montero, D. (2001, Aug. 6). You pay for school assaults. *New York Pos*t.

Campbell, J.  (1996, Feb. 25).  New York disclosure law snares a school chief.  *The New York Times*, p. 37.

Camron, V.A.F. (2002, May 25). State drops sex abuse charges.  *Kane County Chronicle*. 

Cannizaro, S. (2001, June 13). Reports of child sex abuse increases; Task force helping teachers to spot signs. *The Times-Picayune*. 

Career is over for principal who says he was falsely accused.  (2003, May 31).  

*St. Louis Post-Dispatch*.  

Carmichael, A. (2001, May 17). Teacher who sent teenaged boy love letters loses teaching license. *Canadian Press*

Carmichael, A. (2001, May 16). Psychologist concedes teacher’s actions toward student were predatory. *Canadian Press*. 

Campanile, C. (Jan. 20, 2004).  Savage school halls.  *New York Post Online Edition*.

Carr, N. (2002, July 15). Crush letter ‘a joke’ teacher’s husband testifies.  *The Star*. (Barrie, Ontario, Canada).

Cassese, S.  (1992, Feb. 11).  Mom suing school for $5M in sex abuse case.  *Newsday*, p. 25.

Charge is gone, but stigma remains.  (2003, May 31).  Orange County Register (Calif.).

Charges for teacher. (1989, April 7). *New York Daily News*, p. 35.

Charlotte coach who had sex with players is freed.  (2003, Nov. 18)  *The News-Press*.  (Ft. Myers, Fla.) 

Chiles, N. and Gardiner, S.  (2001, May 5). 2 more boys say teacher molested them: Chancellor fires investigator who conducted 1998 inquiry.  *Newsday*.  

Chiles, N. and Gardiner, S. (2001, May 4). More accuse teacher.  *New York Newsday*. 

Ciotta, R. (1989, April 12). 5 accused of abuse were escorts for children's outings two staff members were charged before taking patients outside. *The Buffalo News*. 

Ciotta, R. (1989, March 9). Sex claims at child center date to '83. *The Buffalo News*, pp. A1, A11.

City, board sued over abuse-case grilling.  (1991, May 28).  *Daily News*, KSI , p. 2.

Clayton, Chris. (2002, Feb. 14).  Abuse alleged at Glenwood Center.  *The Omaha World-Herald.*p. 1A.

Clinton teacher charged with sexual assault.  (2003, June 18),  *The Hartford Courant*.  

Coach accused of molesting six girls. (2002, Dec. 4). *Chicago Daily Herald*.  

Coach accused of 7th molestation.  (2003, Jan. 10). *Chicago Sun-Times*. 

Coach accused of touching female student.  (2003, May 30).  *Sarasota Herald-Tribune*.  

Coach background checks get scrutiny. (2003, Feb. 10). *The Common**Denominator*. 

Coach guilty of molesting student.  (2003, July 13).  *The Tennessean*.  

Coach in court charged with player affair. (2003, March 12). *Morganton News Herald* (N.C.). 

Coach had run-in with girl’s folks, police say.  (2003, May 31).  *Albuquerque Tribune*.  

Coach may face private prosecution.  (2003, March 20).  *The Courier Mail*, Brisbane Australia.

Coach-player relationship is examined by SI. (2001, Sept. 6). *Philadelphia Daily News*,

Coach surrenders over alleged sex with student.  (2003, March 21),  *Phoenixville News*, Pa.

Coaches face scrutiny.  (2003, July 6).  *Florida Sun-Sentinel*. 

Cochran seeks suit dismissal.  (2003, June 6).  *The Adrian Daily Telegram* (Michigan)

Cohen, T. (2001, June 9). Suspect Loses Right to Teach Driving Course. *Portland Press Herald*

College rape trends studied. (1992, Aug. 17). *Newsday*, p. 13 

Communication is the best defense against abuse. (2003, June 17).  *The Washington Times.*  Sports. 

Complaints against teacher ignored for years. (2003, Oct. 26).  *Lawrence Journal World* (Kan.) 

Compton, J. (2002, July 31). Glen Dale parents learn to talk to kids about sexual aggression. *The Intelligencer -Wheeling News Register*. 

Cool, L.C. (2001, Aug. 8). The Bullying Epidemic. *Ladies Home Journal.*

Court rules schools can be liable for unchecked sexual harassment. (1999, May 25). *The New York Times*,  p. A24.

Court rules teacher should go to jail for sex with student. (2002, July 26). *Asbury Park Press* (N.J.).

Court upholds sentencing of LA-area coach.  (2003, Nov. 26).  *San Jose Mercury-News* (Calif.). 

Covello, D., as told to Willen, L.  (1996, February).  I was abused by my guidance counselor.  *Good Housekeeping*, pp. 70-75.

Craig, T. (2001, March 22). 2 more charge martial arts teacher with sexual abuse. *The Baltimore Sun*. 

Crombie, N. (2001, March 17). Middle school teacher charged with sexual abuse. *The Oregonian*. 

Crossing the line.  (2003, June 18).  *The Washington Times*. Sports. 

Crowd rallies to back Old Forge teacher. (2003, Sept. 25).  *Times Leader* (Pa.). 

Cummins, H. J. (1995) Crushes usually harmless, counselors say. *Newsday*, pp. 27, 29.

Cummins, H. J.  (1995, May 27).  Dealing with harassment in your child's classroom.  *Newsday*, pp. B2-B3.

Dale, C. (2003, April 16).  Teacher’s appeal denied by state education board.  *Parkersburg News and Sentinel*, W.Va.  

Dance teacher convicted.  (2003, Sept. 22).  *North Jersey Herald and News*.  (N.J.) 

Dance teacher is found guilty of sexual abuse.  (2003, July 17).  *The Baltimore Sun*. 

Dance teacher seeks new trial.  (2003, July 31).  *The Baltimore Sun*.  

Danks, H. (2001, Sept. 10).  Forest Grove School District sued over sexual abuse case.  *The Oregonian.*p. E05.

Danks, H. (2001, Jan. 5). Teacher convicted of sexual abuse.  *The Oregonian*. 

Davis, Cary. (2002, May 31). Testimony may alter teacher’s sex case.  *St. Petersburg Times*. 

Dayton teacher charged in sex assault. (2003, March 12). *Cleveland Advocate*. 

De La Cruz, J. (2002, Aug. 10). E. Rapids teacher reassigned after sex allegations. *Lansing State Journal*. 

Decades of sexual abuse alleged.  (2003, April 13).  *Canadian Press*.  

Defiant Volkers vows to keep on coaching.  (2003, April 5). *The Courier Mail* (Brisbane, Australia)

Demoretcky, T.  (1995, Oct. 3).  Warnings of sex abuse unheeded, lawyer says. *Newsday*, p. A23.

Dentzer, B.  (1996, Feb. 20).  Mistrust strains classroom relationships, experts say.  *The Citizen Register*, p. 5A.

Deopere, J. (2001, March 7). Girl’s mother sues school board over sex case. *The Ledger*. 

DeStefano, A.M.  (1992, May 25).  Kids who lie: Most sex charges against teachers prove to be false.  *Newsday*, p. 5.

Details arise of control, sex abuse at Oregon group home.  (2001, Feb. 7). *Kennebec Journal*. (Augusta, Maine). 

Deutsch, L. (1990, Jan. 19). 2 cleared in child sex rapes. *Daily News*, p. 2.

Diesenhouse, S. (1988, Jan. 31). Child sex abuse cases rising in MA. *The New York Times*, p. 43.

Dillon, S. (1994, June 28). Teacher tenure: Rights vs. discipline. *New York Times*, p. 1.

District lets accused teacher go.  (2003, July 5).  *Rockford Register Star* (Illinois). 

District severs ties with teacher. (2003, April 10). *The Arizona Republic*.  

Driving teacher accused of rape pleads innocent.  (2003, April 13).  *The Lowell Sun* (Mass.). 

Duddy, J., Sheridan, D.  (1991, May 3).  Aide held in five rapes:  Pregnant student, 14, sparks inquiry.  *Daily News*, p. 7.

Echtenkamp, J. (2002, July 16). Band director gets prison for sex abuse. *Loudon Times*

*Mirror*. 

Edelman, S. (2000, March 13). Teachers axed: One who exposed abuse pays price. *The New York Post.*

Educator gets 18 months for sex with teen. (2003, March 4). *Cincinnati Enquirer*. 

Educators scrutinize contact with students.  (1996, Feb. 20). *The Reporter Dispatch*, pp. 1, 5A.

Educators seek safeguards against child sex abuse.  (2003, July 9).  *The Oregonian*.  

Egelko. B. (2003, Feb. 24). State law opened door to sue on alleged long-ago abuse. Defense lawyers cry foul, but prosecutors point to safeguards.  *San Francisco Chronicle*.  P. B2.

Elizabeth, J. (2003, Feb. 6).  A question of quality: Paperwork and legal threats discourage teacher firings.  *Pittsburgh Post-Gazette*.  

Emerson, J., and Wait, T. F. (1989, July 29). Fallsburg delays report on abuse. *The Times Herald Record*, pp. 3, 10.

Equestrian coach begins prison term for sex assault.  (2003, July 9).  *The Hartford Courant* (Conn.). 

Evans, F. (1987, May 7). Teacher facing court, district probe. *The Smithtown News*, pp. 1, 14.

Evans, H.  (1991, May 4).  Suspect in rapes not aide.  *Daily News*, p. 6. 

Ex-coach gets probation in sex assault.  (2003, March 1). *Omaha World-Herald* (Neb.).   

Ex-coach sentenced.  (2003, July 30).  *The Virginian-Pilot* (Norfolk, Va.). 

Ex-Livingston coach jailed on child sex charges.  (2003, June 4). *The Houston Chronicle.com*

Ex-Pine View teacher pleads guilty to raping 17-year-old. (2001, April 1). *The Deseret News*..

Ex-student, administrator settle sex molestation suit.  (1995, June 27).  *The Star-Ledger*p. 20.

Ex-swim coach gets nine-year sentence.  (2001, Nov. 11). *Milwaukee Journal Sentinel.*

Ex-teacher accused of sex abuse.  (2003, June 20).  *The Syracuse Post-Standard*.

Ex-teacher charged with sexual abuse. (2001, Dec. 14).  *The Salt Lake Tribune*. p. C2.

Ex-teacher gets 7 years for abuse.  (2001, Nov. 11). *The Record*(Bergen County, N.J.). 

Experts:  Sexual predators often present benign façade.  (2003, May 1). *The Arizona Republic*, Phoenix, Ariz.

Fabbre, A. (2001, July 27). Geneva High teacher faces more charges that he sexually abused a female student. *Chicago Daily Herald*. 

Fabbre, A. (2001, July 27).  Geneva high teacher denies new sexual abuse charges. *Chicago Daily Herald.*p.1. 

Family sues over child sex assault. (2003, Feb. 23). *Eau Claire Leader-Telegram* (Wis.). 

Farrell, B.  (1993, June 24).  Probation for driver in sex abuse of boys.  *Daily News*, p. 20.

Farrell, B.  (1993, March 9).  Teacher held on sex rape.  *Daily News*, p. 16.

Father testifies about alleged abuse. (2003, Feb. 27). *Stamford Advocate* (Conn.).

Feld, J.J. and Maxey, A. (1999, Jan. 6). Teacher placed on leave: Dobbs Ferry educator ran New Castle program for third-grade boys.  *Gannett Suburban Newspapers*. (Westchester, Putnam and Rockland counties, N.Y.).

Ferris, R. (2002, Aug. 13). Questions raised about CISD official’s knowledge of teacher/student affair.  *The Courier*. (Montgomery County, Texas. 

Finn, R. (1999, March 7). Growth in women’s sports stirs harassment issue.  *The New York Times*. p. A1, 24. 

Fitz-Gibbon, J. (1994, March 15). Janitor raped me, girl, 10, testifies.  *Daily News*, p. 25.

Fitz-Gibbon, J.  (1994, March 8). PS janitor rape trial under way. *Daily News*, Metro p. 1.

Flaws in system allowed molester back in school.  (1993, Nov. 14).  *The Grand Rapids Press*, p. B1.

Florence, E.  (2000, November).  Who’s at school with your kids?  *Readers’ Digest Canada*. 

Foderaro, L.W. (2002, April 14). Conduct by a teacher causes doubt and fear. The New York Times. 

Former band director sentenced.  (2003, Oct. 24).  *Minneapolis Star Tribune*.  

Former basketball coach sentenced to prison.  (2003, Sept. 5). *The Wilmington Star News* (North Carolina).  

Former Beaverton teacher gets 10 years.  (2003, Nov. 4).  *The Oregonian*. 

Former coach is given a year in prison.  (2003, Nov. 8).  *Lorain Morning Journal* (Ohio).

Former coach pleads innocent.  (2003, July 9).  *Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune*.  

Former coach pleads not guilty.  (2003, Aug. 10).  *The Daily Democrat*. (Woodland, Calif.)

Former coach, teacher convicted.  (2003, Aug. 2).  *Dayton Daily News* (Ohio).

Former Dons coach Otis might return.  (2002, Oct. 23). *Long Beach Press-Telegram*. (Calif.). 

Former Hopatcong teacher sentenced to prison.  (2003, Sept. 26).  *New Jersey Herald*.  

Former school coach admits to using drugs with students.  (20303, June 8).  *The Seattle Post-Intelligencer*. 

Former school coach sentenced to 40 years for violating probation.  (2003, Aug. 1). *Houston Chronicle*. 

Former student seeks damages of $75,000.  (2002, Dec. 19). *Topeka Capital-Journal*.

Former teacher, coach acquitted on sex charges (2003, Feb. 3). *Macomb Daily* (Ill.).    

Former teacher faces trial in abuse case.  (2003, Sept. 9).  *The Ahwatukee Foothills News* (Ariz.)

Former teacher sentenced.  (2003, Sept. 25)..  *The Concord Monitor* (N.H.). 

Former Wauconda teacher faces felony sex charges.  (2003, Feb. 26).  *Chicago Daily Herald*.  

Former Waverly teacher sentenced.  (2003, Feb. 23).  *Towanda Daily and Sunday Review* (Pa.).  

Forrest, S. (1991, March 7). Bus driver charged in sex abuse. *Newsday*, p. 31.

Four more families sue former Clovis teacher. (2002, Oct. 23). *Amarillo Globe-News*. 

4th-graders lied about molestation. (1994, May 19).  *Newsday*, p. A19.

Frank, R. (2001, Jan. 3). Judge dismisses three of 15 charges against teacher.  *The Oregonian*

Frownfelder, D.  (2003, May 3).  Teacher pleads not guilty.  *The Lenawee Connection*/ *The Daily Telegram*.  Adrian, Mich.

Fukumoto, Ken. (2002, Feb. 11).  Failing the grade; Japanese are scandalized by a wave of arrests of schoolteachers accused of sex-related crimes. *Newsweek.*p.19.

Gaines, Judith. (2002, Jan. 13). A test of character:  When Paul Christopher became headmaster of the Berkshire school he brought with him credentials as an ethicist and champion of traditional values. Now he’s embroiled in a sexual harassment scandal. *Boston Globe.*p. 10.

Galarneau, A.Z. (2001, May 12). Parents confront teacher who molested pupils. *The Buffalo News.*

Gallagher, M.  (1992, April 16).  Abuse charge for teacher:  NY probe found no basis for girl’s sex complaint.  *Newsday*, pp. 7, 31.

Gallotto, A.A. (1995, Aug. 17).  Teacher sentenced for public masturbation.  *The Star-Ledger*, p. 41.

Gardiner, S. (2001, Jan. 19). Ex-teacher charged in sex abuse. *Newsday*.  

Garrison, J. and Hayasaki, E.  (2001, Sept. 6).  Schools roll out plans to get tough on bullies. *Los Angeles Times*.  

Gearty, R.  (1993, Sept. 22).  Cortines:  Ax pedophile:  ‘Man-boy lover’ found unfit to teach, he'll appeal.  *Daily News*, p. 8.

Gendar, A., Marzulli, J. and Goldiner, D.  (2001, May 5). P.S. sex probe expands.  *New York Daily News.*

Gendar, A. and Weir, R. (2001, May 25). Fury over silence after sex attack on Bronx students. *New York Daily News*. 

George, K. (1986, Dec. 28). Debate continues over school's handling of abuse case. *Press and Sun Bulletin*, pp. 1A, 10A.

George, K. (1986, Dec. 28). Sex-abuse law soft on schools. *Press and Sun Bulletin*, pp. 1A, 10A.

George, K. (1986, Dec. 20). SV's abuse probe draws fire. *Press and Sun Bulletin*, pp. 1A, 11A.

George, K. (1989, Oct. 6). Judge drops Hudy sex case. *Press and Sun Bulletin*, 

pp. 1A, 6A.

George, K. (1989, Sept. 26). Stanbro charged in sex cases: JC coach accused of abusing two girls at school. *Press and Sun Bulletin*, pp. 1A, 4A.

George, K. (1986, Sept. 5). Teacher accused of sex abuse. *Press and Sun Bulletin*, pp. 1A, 8A.

Gerard, W. (1992, July 11).  Molesters prey on ‘passive’ disabled women.  *Toronto Star*. A1-A2.

Gerber, J.  (1993, Nov. 14).  Nightmares awaken old feelings.  *The Grand Rapids Press*, pp. B1-B2.

Giles, D.  (1996, Feb. 22).  Girl, 10, wears wire to nail teacher who fondled her.  *New York Post*, p. 2.

Gillespie, K. (2001, June 3). Hidden and unreported: Sexual abuse of students. We admit that it goes on, but we’re not stopping it.  *The Toronto Star.*

Girl’s mother sues school, teacher. (2002, Dec. 23). *Rochester Democrat and Chronicle*. 

Giusti, M. (2001, June 3). Breach of trust: Unwrapping the saga of ‘Coach Ron.’  The *Daytona Beach News-Journal.*

Giusti, M. (2001, June 3). Private schools receive less stringent background checks.  Trust Abuse articles and media reports: *The Daytona Beach News-Journal*.  

Glaser, C.  (1993, Nov. 14).  *The Grand Rapids Press*, p. B2.

Goetz, K. (200, Sept. 28).  Net sex charges follow teacher: Popular educator faces 34 counts.  *The Cincinnati Enquirer*.

Goldberg, C.  (1995, May 21).  Betraying a trust: Teacher-student sex is not unusual, experts say.  *The New York Times*, p. 37.

Goldberg, C.  (1995, May 12).  Mother tapes video plea to teen-age girl who ran off with teacher.  *New York Times*, p. B3.

Goldberg, N.  (1994, July 2).  NY bill makes firing teachers easier.  *Newsday*, p. A8.

Goldman, D. (2001, April 2). Bullying is a horrible reality the state will not ignore. *Adweek*. p.14. 

Good, O.S. (2001, June 26). Parents of abuse victims sue: Employees are accused of knowing that founder of Boulder private school had molested students. *Rocky Mountain News*. p. 16A. 

Goodnow, C. (2002, May 21).  Nasty clique behavior among girls draws new attention.  Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 

Goodrich, R. (2001). Junior high student says gym teacher touched her repeatedly, offered her money to disrobe; but she admits she has made up stories and was angry with the man.  *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*. 

Goodstein, Laurie.  (2003, June 110.  Louisville Archdiocese to pay $25 million abuse settlement. *The New York Times*.

Goodyear, C. and Bell, E. (2002, Feb. 26). Teacher accused of sex with 16-year-old Walnut Creek student tells of 5-month affair.  *San Francisco Chronicle*. 

Gootman, Elissa. (2001, Nov. 22).  2 boys charged in sex abuse in high school locker room.  *The New York Times*. p. 2.

Gordon Fox, T. (2001, May 27). Northeast corner confronts an overload of abuse. *The Hartford Courant*. 

Grand jury indicts coach on 53 counts.  (2003, April 12).  *Dayton Daily News*, Ohio.  

Greeley, Andrew. (2001, Aug. 12). Teen boys make life dangerous for girls. *Chicago-Sun Times.*p. 38.

Gregorian, D.  (1996, June 22).  Gym teacher molested four girls:  Cops.  *New York Post*, p. 10.

Gryta, M. (1989, May 31). Former school aide gets prison term. *The Buffalo News*, p. B5.

Gryta, M. (1989, March 31). Student tells grand jury of sex with teacher aide. *The Buffalo News*, pp. A1, A4.

Gryta, M. (1989, March 30).  School sex investigation targets fired aide. *The Buffalo News*, p. B1.

Gryta, M. (1989, March 26). Ex-youth official is target of sex-probe. *The Buffalo News*, p. B3.

Guart, A.  (1993, Nov. 6).  Teachers prey on kids in sex-abuse scandal.  *New York Post*, p. 5.

Gym coach pleads guilty in molestation case.  (2003, Oct. 4). *Contra Costa Times* (Calif.).  

Haberstroh, J.  (1995, March 12).  Suspended teacher due back at work.  *Newsday*, p. A31.

Hajela, D. (1995, July 11). Ex-school psychologist sentenced in sex abuse. *Newsday*, p. A18.

Hancock, L.  (1991, Oct. 3).  Arrested in kid-sex.  *Daily News*, p. 28.

Haner, J. (1994, Jan. 8). Terrible secrets kept for 20 years. *The Sun*, p. 1A.  

Haner, J., and Hermann, P.  (1994, Jan. 9).  New sexual allegations raised against ex-teacher.  *The Sun*, p. 1A.

Hanley, R. (2003, April 9). Arrest of a popular athletic director leaves students stunned. *The New York Times*.  p. D5.

Hanley, R.  (1990, Dec. 8).  Principal fondled students, New Jersey prosecutor says.  *New York Times*, p. 28.

Hanrahan, M. (1991, April 3). He admits kindergarten rapes. *Daily News*, p. 7.

Harrison, B. (2000, March 13). Stunned students of ‘cool guy’ insist: It’s not true.  *The New York Post*. 

Hays, D., Hancock, L.  (1992, Dec. 22).  School sex abuse rap:  Say E. Harlem educator fondled 14-year-old boy.  *Daily News*, p. 3.

Hays, T.  (1995, May 19).  Teenager runs from the ‘Magic Kingdom’ to tabloid tales of taboo sex.  *The Star-Ledger*, p. 5.

Hench, D. (2001, April 7). Bonny Eagle teacher faces sex charges: The high school instructor is accused of offering alcohol to a student and having sexual contact with her.  *Portland Press Herald*.  

Henneberger, M.  (1993, Aug. 22).  Assertions of sexual harassment and a teacher is dismissed.  *New York Times*, p. 38.

Henneberger, M.  (1993, July 4).  Abuse at school is called common: Teen-agers say that both boys and girls are the victims.  *The New York Times*, p. 24.

Herbert, B. (1989, June 27). City forcing creeps on our kids. *Daily News*, p. 4.

Hernandez, R.  (1994, July 20).  Karate coach is charged with abuse: Female student, 16, says he fondled her.  *The New York Times*, B4.

Herricks teacher fired.  (1992, Dec. 23).  *Newsday*, p. 28.

Herszenhorn, D.M.  (2000, Feb. 26). Hazing is team tradition, a defendant’s lawyer says. *The New York Times*.  p. B5. 

Hessler, Carl. Jr. (2002, July 20). High school trainer denies molesting girl. *The Mercury*. (Pottstown, Pa.). 

Hildebrand, J.  (1995, March 16). Voters: Crack down in classrooms.  *Newsday*, p. A7.

Hildebrand, J.  (1994, March 15).  Four years later, teacher is fired in sex case.  *Newsday*, p. 31.

Hirschman, B. (2001, Jan. 29). Top Broward official hired teacher despite strong protest.  *South Florida Sun Sentinel.*

Hoffman, L. (2002, April 14). The priest scandal isn’t just about sex. *Newsday*. p. B8.

Hogarth, M. (2002, July 29). School’s troubled past begs questions.  *The Courier News*. 

Hoops coach gives up defense in sex case.  (2003, July 19).  *King County Journal*.  Bellevue, Wash.

House of Lords to amend sex offense bill.  (2003, June 4).  *The Guardian* (UK). 

How city bungled ‘sex teacher’ case (2001, May 6). *New York Post*. 

Howard, T. (2001, Dec. 11). Woman sues Diocese, teacher over alleged sexual abuse. *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*, p. C4.

Hu, W. (2001, July 28). Two images of a teacher at a sexual abuse trial. *The New York Times*. 

Inappropriate Headline? (2001, May 14). *The Record*. 

Indians come forward with tales of physical and sexual abuse at missionary boarding schools.  (2003, June 8).  *The Washington Post*.  

Jacobson, S. (2001, May 25).  School’s hiring has cracks.  *Orlando Sentinel*

Jahier, J.  (1993, May 4).  DA accused of ignoring rape case.  *Newsday*, p. 35.

Jefferson teacher charged with sexual abuse sues accuser (2003, Jan. 31). *Louisville Courier-Journal* (Ky.). 

Jennings, D. (2003, May 6).  Teacher’s seeming rapport with children deflected concerns.  *The Dallas Morning News*.  

Jennings, D.  (2003, May 5). Schools may soft-sell problem teachers.  *The Dallas Morning News*.

Jennings, D. (2003, May 4). Congenial young woman gained people’s confidence: Family thought she was a friend but abuse took place for 3 years.  *The Dallas Morning News.*

Jewett, C. (2002, July 19). Former band teacher given six-month term: Sentence follows guilty plea in sex case. *Washington Post*. p. LZ03.

Johnson, G. (2002, May 20). School district, police cleared in Fualaau case. *Seattle Post-Intelligencer*. 

Johnston, E. (2000, March 19). Sixth-graders admit hoax.  *Washington Post*.  p. C2.

Jones, T.  (2003, May).  The predator in the classroom: Why you can’t rely on background checks – and how to protect your kids.  *Good Housekeeping.* New York, N.Y.

Judge denies plea-bargain for teacher.  (2003, March 15).  *Parsippany Daily Record* (N.J.)  

Judge faults inequalities of sex law.  (2003, June 21).   *The Arizona Republic*. 

Judge in case of child abuse dismisses some of the charges. (1988, Oct. 13). *The New York Times*, p. 21.

Judge rejects teacher’s libel and slander lawsuit. (2002, July 25). *Union-Tribune.*

Judge scolds, jails teacher in sex case.  (2003, July 12).  *Cincinnati Enquirer*.  

Judge who gave probation in teacher sex case faces conduct panel.  (2002, June 6). Asbury Park Press.  

Jurors mark 2 years on California abuse case. (1989, April 23). *The New York Times*, p. 31.

Jury finds guilt on sex charges. (1985, Nov. 24). *The Daily Star*, p. 3.

Jury gives $108,000 to abuse student.  (2003, July 3).  *Des Moines Register*.

Kalogerakis, G. (2002, Aug. 3). Teacher acquitted, judge upbraided in sex-assault case.  *Montreal Gazette*.  

Karp, H. (2000, March). Who’s going to school with your kids?  *Reader’s Digest*, pp. 76-82.

Katz, D. M.  (1994, Oct. 30).  School districts formulating policies on sexual harassment.  *The New York Times*, pp. 1, 6-7.

Kauwell, J.  (1993, Nov. 14). *The Grand Rapids Press*, p. B2.

Keeshan, C. (2001, March 1). Former teacher/coach pleads guilty to molesting student. *Chicago Daily Herald.*

Keeshan, C. (2001, Feb. 26). Teacher faces student-sex charge. *Chicago Daily Herald.*. 

Kerrison, R.  (1993, Sept. 1).  Perverts teach our children:  Man-boy love scandal to rock city schools.  *New York Post*, pp. 7, 12.

Kershaw, S. and Morrison, D. (1997, Oct. 22). Official: No Sodomy Took Place. *Newsday*, p. 38.

Kessler, G.  (1993, Nov. 28).  Memories of abuse: Courts, therapists struggle as thousands of new cases emerge.  *Newsday*, p. 54.

Kidwell, D., Grotto, J., and Figueras, T. (2002, Sept. 8). State child-welfare payroll includes employees who have criminal pasts. *The Miami Herald*.  

Kim, A. L. (2001, Feb. 2).  Retracing steps on teacher hiring: Accusations slipped through the cracks.  *Newsday*. 

Kim, R., and Willen, L.  (1994, April 14)  Facing memories of abuse: While taping, man confronts teacher he says fondled him. *Newsday*, p. A8.

Kiss leads to a policy revision.  (1996, Oct. 9).  *The New York Times*. p. B9.

Kleinknecht, W.  (1996, March 7).  Teacher is charged with molesting children.  *The Star-Ledger*, p. 36.

Komarnitsky, S.J. (2001, Aug. 22). School district hit with sex abuse lawsuit. *Anchorage Daily News. P. B1.*

Komarnitsky, S.J. (2001, July 25). Ex-Colony teacher makes plea deal: Man charged with having sex with 17-year old. *Anchorage Daily News*. 

Komarnitsky, S.J.  (2001, April 7). Colony teacher charged with sex abuse: relationship with 17-year old yields six felonies, one misdemeanor.  *Anchorage Daily News*. 

Komarnitsky, S.J. (2001, Feb. 9).  Teacher pursued boy, troopers say: Relationship was more intimate than initially believed, court documents say.  *Anchorage Daily News*. 

Kovner, J. and Stannard, C.  (2003, Jan. 11).  Teachers accused, but they stayed on. Sexual abuse allegations did not derail 2 careers.  *Hartford Courant*.

Kramer, M. (1989, April 5). Teacher cons return to classrooms. *Daily News*, pp. 3, 27. 

L.I. child molester gets 20 to 60 years.  (1991, May 8).  *Daily News*, p. 16.

L.I. teacher charged with rape of student.  (1993, June 24).  *New York Post*, p. 16.

Labi, N. (2001, April 2). “Let Bullies Beware.” *Time*, p. 46.

Laboy, J.  (1995, June 24).  Teacher charged with lewdness.  *Newsday*, p. A18.

Lambiet, J.  (1995, Feb. 17).  Accused, he kept his teaching job.  *Daily News*, p. 32.

Lambiet, J.  (1993, Oct. 5).  Girl’s diary of abuse nails school worker.  *Daily News*, pp. 7, 10.

Lander Smith, E.  (1994, May 19).  Teacher guilty in student sex case.  *Newsday*, p. A5.

Lander Smith, E.  (1994, May 17).  Sachem teacher's sex case going to the jury.  *Newsday*, p. A22.

Lander Smith, E.  (1994, May 6).  Teen to testify at teacher's sex trial.  *Newsday*, p. A25.

Landsberg, M. (1990, Jan. 21). McMartin landmark abuse case. *Daily News*, p. 40.

Language teacher held on sexual abuse charge. (2002, Feb. 16).  *The Times Union*. p.B4.

Lawsuit against Pickens school dismissed. (2003, Jan. 16). *Greenville Courier**Online* (S.C.). 

Lawsuit filed against Dickenson County School Board.  (2003, March 19).  *Coalfield**Press*, Va.  

Leary, W. (1988, March 22). Risk of sex abuse in day care seen as lower than at home. *The New York Times*, p. 20.

Lee, F.R. (1990, Jan. 13).  Bronx principal named in cover-up is suspended.  *New York Times*, p. 31.

Lee, F. R. (1990, Jan. 12). Panel sees cover-up of teacher's assault record. *The New York Times*, pp. Bl, B5.

Lefkowitz, M. (2001, June 5). Arrests in school sex attacks. *Newsday*, p. A16.

Less of a victim? (2003, Sept. 22).  *Chicago Daily Herald*.  

Lesser, H.  (1992, Nov. 5).  Teacher under arrest:  Nab suspected molester.  *South Shore Record*, p. 11.

Levine, S. N. (1989, Aug. 23). JC coach charged with sodomy. *Press and Sun Bulletin*, pp. 1A, 8A.

Lewin, T. (1998, June 26). 1 in 8 Boys of High - School Age Has Been Abused, Survey shows. *The New York Times*, p. A11.

Lewin, T. (1996, Oct. 6). Kissing cases highlight schools’ fears of liability for sexual harassment. *The New York Times*, p.22.

Lewin, T. (1994. July 15).  Students seeking damages for sex bias: School officials around nation view lawsuits with trepidation.  *The New York Times*, p. B7..

Liability: Public school student may sue officials for sexual molestation by teacher, Superintendent and principal had affirmative duty to protect.  (1993).   *The Guardian*, pp. 5-6.

Lima, P. (2002, July 24). Prosecutor seeks jail term in teacher-pupil sex case. *North Jersey News*,.

Lima, P. (2002, July 20). Teacher-teen sex case judge reassigned. North Jersey News. 

Lima, P. (2002, June 16). Mother, step-dad say boy hurt by teacher tryst. *North Jersey News.*.

Lowe, H. (2001, June 12). No bail for teacher in sex case. *Newsday*, 

Luo, M. (2001, April 10). The Correnti files. Cops: Teacher’s computers recorded relations with girls.*Newsday*

Luo, M. (2001, April 10). Data sparse on sex abuse by educators*. Newsday*, A35.

Lynwander, L.  (1992, Dec. 27).  Sex abuse and the mentally retarded.  *New York Times*, pp. 1, 15.

Mangan, P.  (1994, June 20).  Poolside Romeo seeks lifeguard job.  *Daily News*, p. A6.

Mangan, P.  (1994, March 12).  Principal admits to sex abuse.  *Daily News*, p. 6.

Mangan, P.  (1993, Dec. 1).  Cortines plans sex abuse panel.  *Daily News*, p. 4.

Mangan, P. (1993, Nov. 23). Teacher furor over sex memo.  *The Daily News*, p. 2.

Mangan, P.  (1993, July 20).  School shrink is nabbed in boy sex.  *Daily News*, p. 5.

Mangan, P., and Siemaszko, C.  (1995, June 2).  Rudy, Cortines war as scandals erupt.  *The Daily News*, p. 5.

Markon, J. (1996, Sept. 26). Guilty plea to sexual-abuse charge. *Newsday*, p. A31.

Markon, J.  (1996, Feb. 22).  Ex-Roosevelt coach sues for $1M.  *Newsday*, p. A25.

Marshall, T. (2001, May 23). Students often fail to recognize sexual harassment by teachers.  *South Florida Sun Sentinel*. 

Marshall, T. (2001, Jan. 29). Teacher’s career marked by disturbing accusations.  *South Florida Sun Sentinel.*

Martinez, R. and Martinez, E. (2001, June 6). Boys held in school sex attacks. *The New York Post*, p. 024.

Marzulli, J. (1989, Dec. 9). Teacher charged: Say he fondled girls aged 9 to 11. *Daily News*, p. 7.

Mason, B., and Mintz, P.  (1995, June 8).  School aide arrested in alleged sex abuse.  *Newsday*, p. A24.

Mason, C.  (1994, Feb. 5).  'I have not violated any law,' teacher says.  *Press Democrat.*

Mathews, J. (2002, July 23). Protecting innocent teachers with the law. *The Washington Post..*

McFadden, R. E. (2000, Feb. 25). Eight wrestlers at high school are accused in hazing.  *The New York Times*.  p. B1.

McGrath, M. (1999, Nov. 3).  Profile of a pedophile.  *Pittsburgh Post-Gazette*, 

McGrath-Kerr, D.  (1994, Nov. 1).  Ramon pushes fight vs. sex abuse.  *Daily News*, p. 16.

McKinley, J.C. (1993, March 9) Sex activity by children brings suit against home: Woman says her complaints were ignored.  *The New York Times*, p. B3.

McLaughlin, S. (2000, June 6).  Sex with student nets prison. Judge rejects defendant’s plea for treatment.  *The Cincinnati Inquirer*. 

McLaughlin, P.  (1991, June 12).  Sex charge for janitor.  *Daily News*, p. 25.

McMenamin, J. (2001, June 29). Charges against teacher dropped; Carroll woman, 22, had been accused of child sexual abuse; 2 misdemeanor counts. *The Baltimore Sun*, p. 1A.

McMenamin, J. (2001, June 8). Third Carroll teacher arrested on sex charges: Man is accused of molesting 5 boys.  Elementary teacher is accused of sexual contact with 5 pupils.  *The Baltimore Sun*.  

McMenamin, J. (2001, May 22). Carroll schools chief ‘disgusted’ by Key High sexual abuse case: Police investigation of teacher continues.  *The Baltimore Sun*.  

McMurdo, D. (2001, Nov. 21). Jury again finds Lepley guilty in rape of students. *The Pahrump Valley Times*, Nev.

Medina, R.  (1995, Nov. 4).  Judge orders bail set for accused child molester.  *Democrat and Chronicle*, p. 2B.

Meier, B.  (1995, Feb. 27).  Sexual predators' finding sentence may last past jail.  *The New York Times*, pp. A1, B8.

Mendez, I.  (1996, April 20).  Students, staff ‘shocked’ at Lodi teacher’s arrest.  *The Star-Ledger*, p. 31.

Messing, P., Sheehy, K. (1997, Oct. 21).  Boys, ages 8 and 9, in sex attack on classmate: Cops. *New York Post*.

Metz, A., Lam, C. (1997, Oct. 23). Popular educator fondled third-grader, cops say. *Newsday*, p. A3.

MGH psychologists being investigated in priest abuse scandal.  (2003, Sept. 6).  *The Boston Herald*.  

Minneapolis teacher charged with sex abuse practiced black magic, complaint says.  (2003, May 2).  *Minneapolis Star Tribune*.  

Minnesota: State loses track of more than 2,000 sex offenders.  (2003, Jan. 10).  *St. Paul Pioneer Press* (Minn.). 

Mitchell, C.  (1994, Nov. 11).  PTA prez out after sex raps:  Lag enrages parents.  *Daily News*, p. 6.

Molestation case against ex-Redlands teacher tossed.  (2003, July 9).  *San Bernardino**Sun* (Calif.). 

Molester sentenced.  (1990, Nov. 15).  *Daily News*, p. 18.

Monahan, S. (1990, Feb. 11). Lawrence teachers get directive on ‘touching'. *The New York Times*. P. LI17.

Monsky, A., Simmons, J.  (1994, April 14).  1970s kid-sex scandal forces school big out.  *New York Post*, p. 21.

Montero, D. (2001, July 31). Girls not getting help they need.  *The New York Post*. 

Montero, D. (2001, July 31). 5 staffers you don’t want near your kids. *The New York Post*, p. 019.

Montero, D. (2001, July 31). Pervs duck weak rules. Bd. of Ed puts no teeth into abuse laws: Officials. *The New York Post*, p. 019.

Montero, D. (2001, July 30). Secret shame of our schools: Sexual abuse of students runs rampant. *The New York Post*, p. 001.

Montero, D. (2001, July 30). Student Sex Abuse Runs Rampant. *The New York Post,*

Montero, D. (2001, June 10). Why this zero-tolerance policy makes zero sense. *The New York Post*, p.012.

Morantz, David. (2002, Jan. 17).  Sex offender pleads guilty to molesting boy.  *The Omaha World-Herald.*p. 2B.

More sex abuse charges.  (2003, July 30).  *The Arizona Daily Sun*.  

Morrison, D., Kershaw, S. (1997, Oct. 22).  Official: No sodomy took place*. Newsday*, p.38.

Morton, J. (2001, July 19). Ex-teacher in Valley gets year in sex case. *Omaha World-Herald*. 

Mozzocco, J. (2000, Jan. 28).  Teacher under investigation quits. *The News-Herald*,.

Murphy, W.J. (2001, July 29). Spare child, spoil abuser – Molest victims should testify. *The Boston Herald.*

Murray, W.  (1995, June 2).  So now it’s hug-free zones?  *Newsday*, p. A45.

Murvosh, M. (2001, May 10).  Former teacher pleads guilty to sex abuse. *The Salt Lake Tribune*, p. C3.

Music teacher suspended after student sex charge.  (1996, March 28).  *The Star-Ledger*, p. 47.

Mydans, S. (1990, Jan. 20). Child abuse: some prosecutions win. *The New York Times*, p. A2. 

Mydans, S. (1990, Jan. 19). For jurors, facts could not be sifted from fantasies. *The New York Times*, p. A18.

Neal, A. (2002, June 19). Predatory teachers get a free pass. *Indianapolis Star*. 

New tool to fight violence in schools ignores gay harassment, critics charge.  (2002, Feb. 12).  *St. Louis-Dispatch*.  p. B2

1980s molestation charges against diving coach dropped.  (2003, July 15).  *San Jose Mercury News*  (Calif.).  

Noted coach’s relationships with players questioned.  (2003, Dec. 6).  *The Oregonian*

Numbers don’t tell whole story of sexual misconduct by teachers.  (2003, March 23).  *The Arizona Republic*.  

Oakville High teacher is accused of having sex with students.  (2003, March 23).  

*St. Louis Post-Dispatch*.  

O'Connor, D.  (1993, July 3).  No criminal charges filed against teacher: Former Rosemount band instructor faces civil suit over sexual conduct.  *Saint Paul Pioneer Press*, p. 1D.

Offending doctors now listed online.  (2003, July 30).  *WV Gazette* (West Virginia)

O’Hagan, M. (Feb. 23, 2004).  Teacher conduct proposal may get diluted.  *The Seattle Times*

O’Hagan, M. and Willmsen, C. (2003, December). Unregulated world of private coaching ripe for exploitation.  *The Seattle Times*.

O’Hagan, M. and Willmsen, C. (2001, Dec. 14).Coaches continue working for schools and private team after being caught for sexual misconduct.  *The Seattle Times.*

O’Shaughnessey, P.  (1992, June 13).  Teacher charged with abuse.  *Daily News*, p. 6.

Olmeda, R.A.  (1993, Sept. 24).  I learned physics from man-boy lover.  *New York**Daily  News*, p. 41.

Onley, D.S.  (1996, April 18).  Principal suspended amid teen sex assault charges.  *The Star-Ledger*, p. 38.

Ortega, Ralph. (2002, Feb. 12).  4 at troubled school busted in sex attack. *New York**Daily News, L.P.*p.14.

Osburn, Dixon. (2001, Dec. 4). Play by same rules.  *USA Today*. p. A12.

O'Shaughnessy, P. (1989, June 27).  Teacher held in sex abuse.  *Daily News*, p. 4. 

O'Shaughnessy, P. (1989, April 6). Teacher charged in child sex abuse. *Daily News*, 

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O'Shaughnessy, P. (1989, Jan. 28). Teacher nabbed: Charged with fondling 2. *Daily News*, p. 2.

Othón, N.L. (2001, April 16). Arrest of authority figures presents confusing situation for children. *South Florida Sun-Sentinel*

Ove, T. (2002, July 25). Coach denied assaults in taped statement. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.    

Ove, T. (2002, July 24). Cheerleader says coach ‘terrified’ her.  *Pittsburgh Post-Gazette*,.

Pallasch, A.M. (2001, March 28). Cicero schools face abuse suit: Dad says girl sent home with pedophile.  *Chicago Sun-Times*, p. 22.

Paquette, C. (1987, Sept. 17).  Teacher resigns on eve of hearing.  *Messenger,*Smithtown, Long Island, p. 4.

Parascandola, R. (2001, May 11).  High school student charged in 3 cases of sexual abuse. *Newsday*, p. A58.

Parascandola, R. (2001, March 15). Girls allege sex abuse at schools. *Newsday*, 

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Parents can protect kids from pedophiles.  (2003, March 16).  *South Bend Tribune* (Ind.).

Paul, K.  (1993, July 1).  Teacher fights sex-abuse verdict.  *Newsday*, p. 30.

Perez, A.J. (2002, Nov. 22). Source: Otis among Dons’ candidates. Prep basketball: Ex-coach part of group being considered for job*. Long Beach Press-Telegram*. Sports section.

Perez-Pena, R. (1997, Oct. 17). School system can be held liable in rape of girl on field trip, court appeal says. *The New York Times*, p. B4.

Perlman, S. E.  (1991, Sept. 25).  Teacher pleads guilty to endangering child.  *Newsday*, p. 32.

Perlman, S. E.  (1991, Aug. 23).  Teacher charged with abuse.  *Newsday*, p. 30.

Perlman, S. E.  (1991, May 8).  Izzo sentenced to 20-60 years:  Crowded courtroom bursts into applause.  *Newsday*, pp. 22, 24.

Perlman, S. E. (1991, March 5).  Man sentenced in sex abuse case.  *Newsday*, p. 27.

Perlman, S. E. (1991, Feb. 21).  Sobs from boy's mom at Izzo trial.  *Newsday*, 

p. 29.

Perlman, S. E. (1991, Feb. 22).  Izzo testifies, denies charges of sex abuse.  *Newsday*, p. 7.

Perlman, S. E. (1991, Feb. 28).  Izzo guilty on all sex counts.  *Newsday*, p. 8.

Perlman, S. E. (1991, Feb. 14).  Boy describes sex abuse.  *Newsday*, pp. 22, 26.

Perlman, S. E., and Mintz, P. (1991, Feb. 20). Grueling testimony: Boy in sex-abuse case grilled on statements.  *Newsday*, p. 21.

Peters, J., and Marcano, T. (1989, Feb. 4). Sex charges hit teacher. *New York Daily News*, p. 2.

Peyser, A.  (1995, May 11).  Teen and her teacher:  Administrators knew--but did nothing.  *New York Post*, pp. 5, 20.

Phillips, K.  (1991, April 16).  Sex-abuse teacher to get probation:  DA to protest at sentencing.  *New York Post*, p. 13.

Plank, D.  (1993, July 9).  Held in sex abuse.  *New York Newsday*, p. 23.

Police:  Teacher had sex with student.  (2003, May 30). *Peoria Journal Star*.  

Polner, R. (1990, Jan. 20).  Fernandez orders third principal ousted.  *New York Post*, p. 4.

Polner, R. (1990, Jan. 12).  Principal's in hot water over convicted child molester.  *New York Post*, pp. 4, 18.

Polner, R. (1990, Jan. 12).  School panel 'rips' teacher screening.  *New York Post*, pp. 4, 18.

Polner, R. (1989, Nov. 30).  Child-sex convict got job as city gym teacher.  *New York Post*, p. 23.

Porter, C. (2002, June 19). Former coach seeks pardon. *New Britain Herald*(Conn.).

Posorske, Alex. (2001, Aug. 27).  Hazelwood schools join system that traces arrests; databases will flag accused employees.  *St. Louis Post-Dispatch.*  p. 3.

Predators in the D.C. public schools.  (2003, June 6).  *The Washington Post*. 

Private school child abuse reports up 33%.  (2003, Jan. 3). *Sydney Morning Herald*. (Australia). 

Province passes student sex abuse bill. (2002, June 13). *Ottawa Citizen* (Canada).

PS 136 safety aide is charged in rape.  (1994, June 29).  *Daily News*, p. 24.

Psychiatrist in sex case to get new trial.  (2003, July 15).  *Milwaukee Journal Sentinel*.  

Psychology board hears testimony on ex-prof.  (2003, Nov. 24).  *Terre Haute**Tribune Star.*

Puit, G. (2002, Aug. 9). Former teacher admits having sex with student. *Las Vegas Review Journal*.

Quintanilla, B. (1998, July 22). Track coach faces molestation charges. *Newsday*, p. A29.

Quittner, J. (1988, May 17).  Teacher acquitted of sex-abuse charge.  *Newsday*, p. 23.

Rae, L., and  Feld, J. (1999, Jan. 5). Incident revives call for end of ban on fingerprinting of prospective teachers. *The Journal News*, *Gannett-Suburban Newspapers*, p. 1A.

Ragland, J. (2003, Feb. 23). Abusive teacher is back in custody.  *Los Angeles  Times*.  p. B8.

Raftery, T., and Weir, R. (2001, June 2). Boys charged in girl attack.  *New York Daily News*, p. 7.

Rashbaum, W.K. (2003, Jan. 28). A closer eye on the worst sex offenders. *The New York Times*.  Metro Section.

Rashbaum, W.K. (2001, June 9). Sexual abuse charge leads to Bronx Dean’s dismissal. *The New York Times*, p. B6.

Ratcliffe, H. (2001, June 27). Roxana High teacher is charged with sexual abuse of student; David Ellis has taught in district for more than 30 Years, official says. *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*. 

Ratcliffe, H. (2001, March 28). Teacher accused of assaulting teen invited him to move in authorities say; he faces charges on both sides of Mississippi. *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*. 

Reavy, P. (2001, March 3). Teacher arrest highlights flaw. *The Deseret News*. 

Reinhold, R. (1990, Jan. 19). 2 acquitted of child molestation in nation's longest criminal trial.  *The New York Times*, pp. Al, A18.  

Reisman, P. (1999, Jan. 17). Yes, Virginia, killers and sex offenders also want to teach. *Gannett Suburban Newspapers*, N.Y.

Reisman, P. (1999, Jan. 14). Sometimes, we let evil into our homes unknowingly. *Gannett Suburban Newspapers*, N.Y. 

Religious order that owns Nashua school sued (2003, Feb. 19).*The Stamford Advocate* (Conn.)  

Renewed pressure on swim coach to resign. (2003, Feb. 11). *The Age* (Australia).  

Report:  State doctors lightly punished. (2003, July 30).*The Tennessean* (Nashville, Tenn.)

Reveles Acosta, G. (2002, May 20). Schools try to improve checks on teachers. *El Paso Times*. 

Reyes, S.  (1993, March 4).  Fernandez moves vs. principal.  *Daily News*, p. 17.

Reyes, S.  (1993, Feb. 25).  Joe wants answer in child rape.  *Daily News*, p. 25.

Rieser, C. (1987, July 2).  Jury finds teacher innocent.  *Putnam Trader*, p. 1.

Robb, J. (2002, May 20). Teacher is a local matter, Curtiss says. *Omaha World-Herald*,.

Robbins, D. (2001, April 22). Out of bounds: Sexual misconduct by educators in Texas. Chronicle investigation reveals relationship of coaches and students rife with abuse.  *Houston Chronicle.com*

Robbins, D. (2001, April 22). We trust our kids to them every day. But a Chronicle investigation reveals the relationship between secondary school coaches and students is rife with abuse. Out of bounds. *The Houston Chronicle*

Rodriguez, Y.  (1992, Dec. 23).  Herricks teacher fired.  *Newsday*, p. 28.

Rohde, M. (2002, May 19).  Critics say program for abuse victims is flawed. *Journal Sentinel Staff*.  .

Rose, M. D. (1990, Feb. 13).  Why weren't we told? Parents: School acted slowly in abuse case.  *Newsday*, p. 19.

Rosenberg, H. (2002, Aug. 9). Innocent Until Named?  *Los Angeles Times.*

Roskelley, L. (2003, Feb. 14). Ogden Board won’t respond to queries. Supporters of woman who claims she was raped present questions. *Standard Examiner*. Ogden, Utah. 

Rothenberg, J.  (1995, May 19).  Teacher pulled from class as schools probe sexy lectures.  *New York Post*, p. 19.

Sahagun, D. (2002, Sept. 6). Teacher sex cases prompt call for probe.  *Las Vegas Sun*

St. Joseph teacher, coach arrested.  (2003, Aug. 3).  *Lompoc Record* (Calif.).

Salcedo, M.  (1995, Feb. 22).  Teacher in rape case popular at school.  *Newsday*, p. A20.

Salcedo, M.  (1995, Feb. 21).  Teacher held in student's rape.  *Newsday*, p. A19.

Salcedo, M.  (1993, April 9).  Agency is sued in sex-abuse case.  *Newsday*, pp. 6, 33.

Salcedo, M.  (1993, Feb. 16).  Boys’ home aide accused in sex case.  *Newsday*, pp. 4, 19.

Schemo, D. J. (2002, June 18).  Silently shifting teachers in sex abuse cases.  *The New York Times*.

School aide accused of molesting 9 kids.  (2001, June 1). *The Record*(Bergen County, N.J.).

School denies liability in suit. (2002, Dec. 16). *Concord Monitor* (N.H.).

School knew about abuse by teacher, suit claims.  (2003, Sept. 27).  *Des Moines Register.*

School perv alarm. (2003, Jan. 22). *New York Post.*

School principal charged with sexual assault of teen.  (1996, April 17).  *The Star-Ledger*, p. 27. 

School principal put on leave, was warned of teacher abuse. (2003, Jan. 22). *Arizona Republic.*

School molestation lawsuit settled. (2003, Feb. 26). *Asheville Citizen-Times* (N.C.). 

Scott, K. (2003, May 8). Young teachers not well trained in misconduct matters, critics say.  *The Arizona Republic*.

Scranton coach accused of sex crime. (2003, May 30).  *Fort Smith Times Record* (Ark.)

Scrutiny increases as teachers charged.  (2003, Sept. 27).  *The Raleigh News*

Sengupta, S.  (1995, April 30).  Bus driver accused of lewdness.  *Newsday*, p. A26. 

Sex probe coach can still work. (2003, March 3). *The Age* (Australia). 

Sexual assault charges against skating coach dropped. (2002, Dec. 4). *Chicago Daily Herald.*

Shellenbarger, P.  Misty memory: Years later, a story of abuse tears at a family.  *The Grand Rapids Press*, pp. E1-E2.

Sidney teacher resigns. (1983, Nov. 23).  *The Daily Star*, p. 3. (Tucson, Ariz.)

Simmons, J.  (1994, Sept. 19).  Union bids to reinstate principal.  *New York Post*, p. 16.

Simmons, J.  (1994, Jan. 20).  Teacher in boy-sex flap sues to get old job back.  *New York Post*, p. 4.

Sinai, R.  (2003, May 12).  Bill seeks to castrate rapists of children.  *Haaretz*(English edition).  Jerusalem, Israel.

Six Indians allege abuse at schools.  (2003, April 11).  The*Longview News Journal*, Texas.  

Skating coach surrenders on sex charges.  (2003, June 21).  *The Cincinnati Post.*

Slade, D. (2002, July 26). Mediation fails to settle sex abuse case. *Calgary Herald*. (Canada) 

Smith, A. (2003, March 1). ‘Burn in hell,’ girls tells rapist in court.  *Newsday*. p. A13.

Smith, A. (2001, Sept. 22).  Ex-teacher faces sex sentence.  *Newsday*

Smith, A. (2001, Jan. 30). DA: Big child-porn collection: Calls ex-teacher’s cache largest seized in Suffolk. *Newsday*. 

Smith, E.L.  (1994, July 19).  Jail for teacher in student’s sex abuse:  Ex-Sachem staffer gets 4 to 12 years.  *Newsday*, pp. A4, A45.

Smith, E.L.  (1994, May 17).  Sachem teacher’s sex case going to the jury.  *Newsday*, p. A22.

Smith, K. (2001, June 1). Deal made in case of sex abuse at boys home.  *Las Vegas Sun*. 

Smoke, S. (2002, Aug. 13). Saundra Smoke: Schools should define appropriate behavior. *Naples Daily News*, 

Smothers, R. (2003, Feb. 22). New Jersey teacher gets jail term in sexual assaults of girls. *The New  York Times*. p. B2.

Smyrna student wins lawsuit. (2003, July 19). *The News-Journal*.  Wilmington, Del.

Soccer coach sentenced to up to 66 years after sex abuse conviction.  (2003, June 5).  *Newsday* (N.Y.). 

Southington graduate sues former coaches. (2003, March 12). *The Hartford Courant*. 

Spencer, K. (2002, Feb. 16).  School faced tough calls on Florea.  *The Omaha World-Herald. 1A.*

Spencer, K. (2002, Feb. 9). Prosecutor: Accused teacher claimed to be doing research. *Omaha World-Herald*, p.5B.

Spencer, K. and Robb, J. (2003, Jan. 9).  Millard teacher arrested on suspicion of molesting a former student. *Omaha World-Herald*. 

Statement recanted in Delaware sex trial.  (1985, Oct. 23).  *The Daily Star*, p. 3. (Tucson, Ariz.)

Stepzinski, T. (2002, July 17).  Family sues former teacher; case centers on sexual misconduct. *Times-Union*.

Stone Lombardi, K. (2002, Jan. 27).  Long days, long hallways. *The New York Times.*p. WC. 1.

Student name principal, Winona ISD in suit.  (2003, Aug. 10).  *Tyler Morning Times*. (Texas) 

Suburban coach held on charges of sex abuse. (2002, Dec. 15). *Chicago Sun-Times*.

Sugarman, R.  (1995, March 29).  Schools sex scandal: 33 Suspended, but still near kids.  *The Daily News*, p. B5.

Suit says Laurel School knew former teacher was a danger.  (2003, March 18).  *Cleveland Plain Dealer*.

Sullivan, E.  (1992, June 25).  Officials monitored accused sex abuser.  *The Independent*, 28.

Sullivan, R. (1990, May 10).  Dean is indicted on sex charges in abuse of girl.  *New York Times*, p. B5.

Sultan, A. (2001, Jan. 31). Teacher faces criminal sex abuse charge; middle school teacher in East St. Louis allegedly fondled girl; he already has been suspended. *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*

Superintendent of school for deaf quits. (2003, Jan. 23). *The Oregonian*. 

Supporters unite behind ex-Allegany coach. (2003, June 15). *The Roanoke Times*  (Va.)

[A] Supreme trust in serious doubt.  (2003, Nov. 19).  *The Washington Post*.  

Sutton, L. (1989, Nov. 30).  Teacher is held as sex offender.  *Daily News*, p. 19.

SV acted properly (Editorial) (1987, Jan. 4). *Press and Sun Bulletin*. p. 2E.

Swim coach pleads innocent to sex abuse. (2002, Dec. 17). *Arizona Daily Sun.*

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Teacher charged with abuse of student.  (1991, Oct. 11).  *Newsday*, p. 32.

Teacher charged with sex abuse is registered sex offender in Florida.  (2002, Jan. 29). *Mohave Daily News*

Teacher charged with soliciting students.  (2003, Aug. 10).  *Fulton County News* (Pa.). 

Teacher charged with student sex was unlicensed. (2003, Feb. 5). *Minneapolis Star Tribune*.  

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Teacher convicted despite heroic send-off. (2003, July 11).  *The Age*. (Australia)

Teacher faces dismissal. (1983, Nov. 21). *The Daily Star*, p. 3. (Tucson, Ariz.)

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Teacher in morals case assigned to desk job. (1987, April 10).  *Newsday*, p. 35.

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Teichroeb, R. (2001, April 25). Decades of sex abuse plague deaf school: For generations, state’s students kept secrets.  *The Seattle Post-Intelligencer*.  

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Tumour ‘turned teacher into pedophile’ (2002, Oct. 22). *Sydney Morning Herald* (Australia).  

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Warner, P. (2001, April 5). Convicted teacher wins new trial. *The Union Leader*. 

Wasserman, E.  (1993, July 1).  Teacher’s plea is not guilty.  *Newsday*, p. 24.

Wasserman, J.  (1993, April 22).  Mom raps judge in molest case.  *Daily News*, p. KSI1.

Wasserman, J., and Landa, R. (1990, Jan. 12).  Sex abuser in JHS job.  *Daily News*, p. 5.

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Willen, L.  (1994, Dec. 1).  Redemption.  *Newsday*, p. A3.

Willen, L.  (1994, Dec. 1).  Woman regains dignity by facing alleged abuser.  *Newsday*, p. A8.

Willen, L.  (1993, Feb. 9).  Abused in school former student accuses her teacher. *Newsday*, p. 21.

Willen, L.  (1993, Feb. 5).  School bungles girl’s cry for help.  *Newsday*, p. 6.

Willen, L, and Freifeld, K.  (1995, June 2).  City aide, teacher charged in rapes.  *Newsday*, p. A23. 

Wilson, M. (2001, Sept. 6).  2 Attorneys attack Mormon church. *The Oregonian*, p. D07.

Winningest coach in Calif. history charged with 1960s molestation. (2003, Feb. 21).  *Miami Herald*. Sports.  

Winton, R.  (2001, July 20). District to pay $900,000 in molestation: Lawsuit contended that school should have known of potential sex abuse.  *Los Angeles Times*. p. 1. 

Woman alleges underage affair with ex-teacher in $5 million suit.  (2001, Nov. 17). *Milwaukee Journal Sentinel*.  

Woman coach admits having sex with teens. (2003, July 14) *The Aberdeen News*  (S.D.).

Women accuse retired coach of sex abuse. (2003, Jan. 3). *The Hartford Courant*. 

Wyatt, E. (2001, June 22).  Schools ignore plan to thwart sex abuse. *The New York Times*, p. B1.

Wyatt, E. (2001, June 3).  Sexual attacks in New York City’s schools are up sharply. *The New York Times*

Wyatt, E. (2001, May 23).  Schools show jump in reports of sex abuse. *The New York Times*, p. B1.

Wyatt, E. (2001, May 5).  Levy punishes four involved in ’98 inquiry. *The New York Times*, p.B1.

Yan, E.  (1993, June 25).  Accusers had trusted him.  *Newsday*, pp. 7, 37.

Yan, E., Topping, R.  (1993, June 24).  School sex abuse:  Sachem H.S. teacher held in case involving teens.  *Newsday*, p. 7.

Zemel, J. (1999, Nov. 2).  Dirty Secrets: Message from a pedophile. *Pittsburgh*

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Zemel, J. (1999, Nov. 2). Dirty Secrets: State education officials want legislators’ help to end sexual abuse. *Pittsburgh Post-Gazette*, 

Zemel, J. (1999, Nov. 1).  Dirty Secrets: 13 years after abuse, victim helps put teacher in jail. *Pittsburgh Post-Gazette*.

Zemel, J. (1999, Oct. 31). Dirty Secrets: Rash of Cases leads one district to take hard look at policies. *Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.*

Zemel, J. (1999, Oct. 31). Dirty Secrets’ Case Files: Emily Slee and Robin Behling. *Pittsburgh Post-Gazette*.

Zemel, J., and Twedt, S. (1999, Oct. 31). Dirty Secrets: Why sexually abusive teachers aren’t stopped. *Pittsburgh Post-Gazette*.  

**News Wire Services**

Acting Bronx High School dean charged with sexual abuse. (2001, June 9). *The Associated Press State and Local Wire*. Retrieved March 1, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database

American Fork teacher and coach sentenced for child sexual abuse. (2001, Oct. 2).  *The Associated Press State and Local Wire*.  Retrieved March 5, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database

Atlanta track coach arrested.  (2003, June 4).  *The Associated Press*. Picked up by www.accessnorthga.com

Bail for coach in sex case irks families. (2002, Dec. 27). *The Associated Press*. 

Bronx teacher indicted by grand jury in student sex case.  (2001, May 14). *The Associated Press State and Local Wire*.  Retrieved March 1, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database.

Case against basketball coach sent to grand jury. (2002, July 27).*The Associated Press State and Local Wire*. Retrieved July 29, 2002 from www.dailypress.com

Charges mount against teacher aide accused of sex offenses. (2001, March 31). *The Associated Press State and Local Wire*. Retrieved March 1, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database.

Coach accused of seducing girls: A cheerleading coach ‘seduced’ three teenage girls and their parents to arrange a trip to London. (2002, July 31). *The Associated Press State and Local Wire*. Retrieved Aug. 1, 2002 from www.phillyburbs.com

Coach suit. (2002, May 20). *City News Services*.  Los Angeles. Retrieved June 3, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database.

Coach convicted in teen sex case. (2002, Aug. 2). *The Associated Press State and Local Wire*. Retrieved Aug. 13, 2002 from www.zwire.com

Colony High teacher pleas to abuse charge.  (2001, July 25). *The Associated Press State and Local Wire*. Retrieved March 1, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database.

Colony High teacher sentenced for sexual abuse. (2001, Nov. 28). Student, mother suing boarding school over sexual abuse. (2002, Jan. 5). *The Associated Press.*

Driver’s ed teacher charged with sexual abuse. (2001, April 6). *The Associated Press State and Local Wire*. 

Edinburg teacher arrested on allegations of sexual abuse. (2002, Feb. 1).  *The Associated Press**State and Local Wire*. Retrieved March 5, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database.

Ex-school worker gets 160 years for sex abuse. (2001, July 13).  *The Associated Press*. Retrieved Feb. 25, 2002 from Circle of Trust Abuse articles and media reports: The Zero 5.0laf–The official Web site of Andrew Vachss.  www.vachss.com/help_text/archive/160_years.html

Families settle abuse lawsuit with Port St. Lucie Little League.  (2003, June 21).  *The Associated Press*.  

Families sue Pasco school in sexual abuse case.  (2001, April 24). *The Associated Press State and Local Wire*. Retrieved March 1, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database.

Father of missing girl: She “thinks she’s in love.”  (2001, May 8).  *The Associated Press*. Retrieved Feb. 25, 2002 from Circle of Trust Abuse articles and media reports: The Zero 5.0laf–The official Web site of Andrew Vachss.  www.vachss.com/help_text/archive/baptist_princ.html. 

Fired teacher’s aide gets 90-day sentence for statutory rape. (2003, Feb. 19). *The Associated Press*. syracuse.com/newsflash/regional/index.ssf?/cgi-free/getstory_ssf.cgi?n0476_BC_NY-BRF--Teacher-Rape&&news&nystatenews

Former Biloxi girls’ softball coach indicted on sex-related charges.  (2002, Oct. 24). *The Associated Press*.  

Former coach faces sex charges. (2001, Dec. 16).  *The Associated Press State and Local Wire*. Retrieved March 5, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database. 

Former Culver teacher sentenced to 45 Months on sex charges. (2001, June 23). *The Associated Press State and Local Wire*. Retrieved March 1, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database.

Former principal ordered help without bond in sex case involving girl, 11. (2001, June 13). *The Associated Press*.  Retrieved Feb. 25, 2002 from Circle of Trust Abuse articles and media reports: The Zero 5.0laf–The official Web site of Andrew Vachss.  www.vachss.com/help_text/archive/baptist_princ3.html. 

Gedda, G.  (2003, Dec. 17). U.S. tries to combat sexual abuse of kids.  *The Associated Press.*

Girls basketball coach sentenced to three years in prison. (2003, Jan. 18). *The Associated Press.*

Grand jury refuses to indict teacher accused of abusing students. (2001, June 20). *The Associated Press State and Local Wire*. Retrieved March 1, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database.

Hearing planned in sexual harassment lawsuit against soccer coach. (2003, Jan. 22). *The Associated Press*.  www.wral.com/sports/1929245/detail.html. 

High school teacher pleads guilty to sex with student. (2001, June 22). *The Associated Press State and Local Wire*. Retrieved March 1, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database.

Middle school teacher charged with sex abuse. (2001, March 17). *The Associated Press State and Local Wire*. Retrieved March 1, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database.

Mountain Shadows Montessori founder sentenced to 20 years prison. (2001, Sept. 1). *The Associated Press State and Local Wire.*Retrieved March 5, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database.

Nuckols, B.  (2001, May 24). Second Carroll County teacher accused of having sex with students.  *The Associated Press.*Retrieved March 1, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database. 

Paterson [N.J.] teacher fired for making sexual comments about female students.  (2001, Sept. 14).  *The Associated Press State and Local Wire.* Retrieved March 5, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database.

Principal caught in Las Vegas with missing girl.  (2001, May 8).  *Reuters*.  Retrieved Feb. 25, 2002 from Circle of Trust Abuse articles and media reports: The Zero 5.0laf–The official Web site of Andrew Vachss.  www.vachss.com/help_text/archive/baptist_princ2.html.

Principal charged with sexual abuse, abduction of minor. (2001, May 4). *The Associated Press State and Local Wire*. Retrieved March 1, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database.

Public school sexual assault probe expands.  (2001, May 5).  *The Associated Press State and Local Wire*. Retrieved March 1, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database.

Rabbi pleads guilty to sex crimes involving three male students. (2002, Feb. 4). City News Service. Los Angeles.

School board won’t retain coach accused of sexual abuse. (2001, May 16). *The Associated Press State and Local Wire*. Retrieved March 1, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database.

School denies prior knowledge of abuse by teacher. (2003, Jan. 2). *The Associated Press.*boston.com/dailynews/002/region/School_denies_prior_knowledge_:.shtml. 

School district settles sexual abuse lawsuit.  (2001, July 20).  *The Associated Press State and Local Wire.* Retrieved March 1, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database.

School sued over sex abuse.  (2002, Dec. 23). *The Associated Press*. www.newsday.com/news/,\local/wire/ny-bc-ny-brf--sexabuselawsu1223dec23,0,2949333.story?coll=ny-ap-regional-wire.  

Sentencing set for Indiana principal who took student to Vegas.  (2003, Feb. 27).  *The Associated Press*. www.rgi.com/news/stories/html/2003/02/27/

3552.php?sp1=rgj&sp2=News&sp3=Local+News 

Settlement approved in teacher-student sex case.  (2003, June 20).  *The Associated Press.*

Sex offender had stolen identity of dead teacher, records show.  (2001, July 8). *The Associated Press*. Retrieved Feb. 25, 2002 from Circle of Trust Abuse articles and media reports: The Zero 5.0laf–The official Web site of Andrew Vachss.   www.vachss.com/help_text/archive/stolen_id.html

Soccer coach accused of abusing young players. (2002, Jan. 24).  *The Associated Press State and Local Wire*. Retrieved March 5, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database.

State begins process of compensating abuse victims at school for deaf. (2001, Nov. 26).  *The Associated Press.*

Student, mother suing boarding school over sexual abuse. (2002, Jan. 5). *The Associated Press State and Local Wire*. Retrieved March 5, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database. 

Substitute teacher charged in sexual abuse. (2001, Feb. 17). *The Associated Press State and Local Wire*. Retrieved March 1, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database.

Teacher accused of grades-for-sex solicitation gets 90 days. (2001, March 8). *The Associated Press State and Local Wire*. Retrieved March 1, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database.

Teacher allegedly had relationship with student. (2001, May 23). *The Associated Press State and Local Wire*. Retrieved March 1, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database.

Teacher charged with sexual abuse is jailed for additional.  (2001, Feb. 8).  *The Associated Press State and Local Wire*.  Retrieved March 1, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database.

Teacher charged with sexual abuse. (2002, Feb. 15). *The Associated Press State and Local Wire.*Retrieved March 5, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database. 

Teacher executed by firing squad for child rape in central Vietnam. *The Associated Press*. Retrieved June 10, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database.

Teacher faces second set of sex charges.  (2003, June 21).  *The Associated Press*.  

www.stamfordadvocate.com/news/local/state/hc-21182105.apds.m0386.bc-ct-brf-jun21,0,111383.story?coll=hc-headalines-local-wire.  

Teacher gets 80 years for sex assaults of students. (2002, July 11). *The Associated Press.*Retrieved July 19, 2002 from www.cnn.com.  

Teacher indicted on charges of having sex with underage teen students. (2001, Feb. 7). *The Associated Press State and Local Wire*. Retrieved March 1, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database.

Teacher pleads guilty to four sex offenses. (2001, July 19). *The Associated Press State and Local Wire*. Retrieved March 1, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database.

Teacher sentenced for sexual assault. (2002, July 28). *The Associated Press State and Local Wire*. Retrieved July 29, 2002 from www.zwire.com.

Teacher sentenced to 35 years for sex assault, child porn.  (2002, May 24). *The Associated Press*. Retrieved June 3, 2002 from www.caller.com. 

Teacher sentenced: Former Coquille woman gets 5 years. (2002, July 29). *The Associated Press State and Local Wire*. Retrieved July 29, 2002 from www.theworldlink.com

**Online Media—Web Publications**

Cobb teacher charged with child molestation.  (2003, Aug. 8).  SouthernVoice.com.  (Atlanta, Ga.) 

Ex-Lady Vol Davis charged for sex with student.  (2003, Sept. 19).    sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2003./basketball/ncaa/wp,em/0919/davis.arrested.ap/.

Ex-teacher’s rape conviction upheld.  (2003, July 31).  www.nynews.com (*The Journal News:*A Gannett suburban Web-paper for Westchester, Rockland, and Putnam counties, N.Y.).  

Field, H. (2001, May 30). Investigative report: UF hired sexual predator. Florida public colleges, universities have no background check policy.  Click10.com (WPLG-TV Miami).  Retrieved Feb. 25, 2002 from Circle of Trust Abuse articles and media reports: The Zero 5.0laf–The official Web site of Andrew Vachss.  www.vachss.com/help_text/archive/uf_hired.html. 

Former coach gets life.  (2003, July 13).  *The Associated Press*.  Picked up by KVOA.-TV, Tucson, Ariz. www.kvoa.com/stories/7/7132003_6.html. 

Former Farwell basketball coach convicted of sexual assault. (2001, May 31).  *The Associated Press*.  Retrieved on June 3, 2002 from www.lubbockonline.com.  

Former state champion coach sentenced to 7 years.  (2003, June 18).  *The Associated Press*.  www.nola.com (New Orleans news online from the Times Picayune, La.). 

Herek, G.M.  Facts about homosexuality and child molestation. psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/facts_molestation.html. 

High school basketball coach convicted for having sex with teen. (2002, June 20).  *The Associated Press.*Retrieved June 25, 2002 from www.signonsandiego.com. 

Miller, A. (2003, March 2).  How kids charmed sex-rap teacher. *The New York Post*. Online Edition. 

Molestation charge dropped, but Panhandle ex-coach still jailed.  (2003, July 16).  *The Associated Press*.  www.al.com (Alabama news online)

Softball coach gets 6 years for sex assault. (2003, Feb. 19). *The Associated Press*. 

 thedenverchannel.com/news/1991639/detail.html. 

[A] suburban family in hell.  (2003, May 30).  *Salon*(www.salon.com).

Teacher gets house arrest.  (2003, Sept. 9).   www.azcentral.com/news/articles/0909-ON.html.    

Teacher gets 2 years for sex with student. (2003, June 21).  *The Associated Press*.  www.dailybulletin.com/Stories/0,1413,203~1469775,00.html. 

Teacher in abuse case gets probation.  (2002, May 24). *The Associated Press*. Retrieved June 3, 2002 from www.washingtonpost.com. 

Teacher sentenced to prison. (203, Aug. 2).  *The Associated Press*.  Seacoastonline.com  (Portsmouth, N.H., online news)

Thomas, J. (2001, April). Principal resigns amid sex probe. 11Alive.com (Atlanta).  

Valley teacher at center of sex probe reinstated.  (2003, June 6).  Penn Live.com  (Allentown-Bethlehem, Pa.).

Watson, C. (2001, June 17). Educators increasingly accused of sex crimes.  *The Oklahoman Online.*

Watson, C. (2001, June 17). Guidelines may prevent false accusations.  *The Oklahoman Online*

Youth hockey coach sentenced on molest.  (2003, June 18).  The Boston Channel WCVB-TV, Channel 5, Boston Online). 

**Broadcast News Media**

Coach acquitted of molesting player. (2003, March 12). WPVI Philadelphia.  

Ex-coach could lose teaching license. (2003, April 2). WSOC-TV News. Southington**,**Conn.

Ex-teacher, ex-student now can be together.  (2000, July 31). KOMO-TV. Seattle, Wash.

Ex-teacher wins lawsuit over sex abuse claims. (2003, Jan. 16). WAVE-TV (Louisville, Ky.). 

Flagler teacher faces sex charges.  (2001, Nov. 16). WESH News. 

Man fired from tennis club because of 20-year-old accusations.  (2003, Oct. 24).  www.wfsb.com/Global/story.asp?S=1495054  (WFSB Eyewitness News, Connecticut) 

Northern governments face lawsuits over sex crimes against students.  (2003, Oct. 17).  CBC (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation)

Olympic coach jailed for sex assaults.  (2002, Sept. 17).  BBC News.  

Parents say school didn’t do enough to protect kids from alleged molester.  (2003, April 4).  KTUL (Tulsa, Oklahoma).  

“Public School Sex Abuse: A Report Card.” (1984, Nov. 10). Transcripts from Cable News Network (CNN) Special Assignment Unit. Reporter: Larry Woods, Producer: Sandee Myers.  

School faces second suit over alleged sexual relationship between coach and student (2003, Feb. 20). NBC4, Los Angeles. 

Schools settle molestation case for $1.78 million (2003, Feb. 27).  WSOC-TV (Hendersonville, N.C.).

Soccer coach gets two years for molesting players.  (2003, June 13).    KGTV-Channel 10 News, San Diego

Students accuse Amelia High School coach of harassment.  (2003, May 2).  WCPO/ Channel 9 News.  Cincinnati, Ohio.

Teacher appears in court.  (2003, July 15).  Capital News 9 (Albany, N.Y.).  Time Warner cable station.

Teacher arraigned on sex charges.  (2001, Dec. 13). News12.com/Westchester.  

Teacher charged with sexual assault faces new allegations.  (2003, March 14). NBC-10 Philadelphia. 

Teachers told of drama tutor’s abuse. (2002, Sept. 26). BBC News.  

Teens testify against former lacrosse coach. (2003, Jan. 31). KYW Philadelphia. 

Tucker, D. (2003, May 5). Sexual abuse and Texas’ Teachers. Fox14 TV, Amarillo, Texas.

Youngsters targeted by digital bullies. (2002, April 15). BBC News. .    

**Appendix II**

**Surveys and Studies on Child Sexual Abuse**

**Bibliography**

**Educator Sexual Misconduct**

AAUW (1993). (See American Association of University Women.  *Hostile Hallways*.)

Abma, J.C., et al. (1998) *National Survey of Family Growth*.  National Center for Health 

Statistics.

*Abuse and Disability Project* (1992).  University of Alberta. Edmonton, Canada.

Abuse case ends in mistrial.  (2003, June 20). *The Baltimore Sun*.

Abuse gets teacher 46 years.  (2003, June 7). *The Arizona Republic*. 

Abuse in the schoolroom. (no date). *Federation on Child Abuse and Neglect.*

Abuse jury is told of secret taping. (2002, Dec. 13). *Evening Chronicle*. Newcastle, 

(UK). 

Accused coach has record of sex abuse (2003, Feb. 4). *Washington Post*. 

washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A26768-2003Feb4.html. 

Accused molester facing another charge. (2003, April 2). *Island Packet* (S.C.).

Accused teacher quits. (1987, Sept. 17). *Newsday*, p. 37.

Acting Bronx High School dean charged with sexual abuse. (2001, June 9). *The Associated Press State and Local Wire*. Retrieved March 1, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database

Adams, C. J. (1993, April 12).  Amendments to 8 NYCRR 83- determination of good moral character. Albany, N.Y.: The University of the State of New York, The State Department of Education.

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�  Practice guidelines can be found in Bithell, 1991; Hendrie, 1998 and 2003; Jennings and Tharp, 2003; Olson and Lawler, 2003; Robins, 1998; Ross and Marlowe, 1985; Seryak, 1997; Shakeshaft and Cohan, 1994 and 1995; Shakeshaft, 1994, 2002, 2003; Shoop, 2004; Willmsen and O’Hagan, 2003; Zemel and Twedt, 1999.

� The bibliography includes all sources that were screened for an empirical or systematic analytic  foundation. 

� AAUW 1993, 2001; Cameron et al., 1985; Corbett, Gentry, and Pearson, 1993; Hendrie, 1998, 2003; Jennings and Tharp, 2003; SESAME, 1997; Shakeshaft and Cohan, 1994, 1995; Shakeshaft, 2003; Stein, Marshall, and Tropp, 1993; Willmsen and O’Hagan, 2003; Wishnietsky, 1991; Zemel and Twedt, 1999.

� Abuse and Disability Project, 1992; Robins, S., 1998.  UK studies: Cawson, Wattam, Brooker, and Kelly, 2000; Freel, 2003; Gallagher, 2000.

� Calculated from tables in Gallagher (2000).

� Tables provided sample n’s that were used to disaggregate findings.

� However, although these are reports by students who have reported educator sexual misconduct, nearly 75 percent have also been sexually harassed by a student.  These findings should be used with caution because of the inability to disaggregate these data.  The question about reporting the misconduct and harassment focuses on all types of abuse and cannot be disaggregated by whether the report was about educator sexual misconduct or peer harassment.

�  While sexual misconduct is most often thought of as physical, verbal sexual abuse such as harassing or sexually explicit language and visual sexual abuse such as pornography or sexual gestures are more common in the school setting, but rarely reported (Shakeshaft, 2003). 

� Title IX states that "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance"  (Title IX, Section 1681).

� Arizona, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Utah, Virginia, Wisconsin (Education Week, April 30, 2003, p. 17).

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