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Annotated Bibliography of 

High-Calcium Limestone 

Deposits in the United States I 

Including Alaska, to 

April 1956 

By G. C. GAZDIK and KATHLEEN M. TAGG 

CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

GEOLOGICAL SU·RVE·Y BULLETIN 1019-1 

References on geology, areal distribution, 

results of chemical and physical tests, 

mining, utilization, reserves, and 

potential resources 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1957 
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE -INTERIOR 

F.REJ.) A. SEA~O.N, Secretary 

GEOWGICAL SURVEY 

Thomas B. Nolan, Director 

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printin~ Office 

Washin~ton 25, D. C. - Price 20 cents (paper cover} 
CONTENTS 

Page 

Abstract _____________________ · _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 67 5 

Introduction-------------------------------------------------------- 676 

BibliographY------------------------------------------------------- 677 

Index-------------------------------------------------------------- 711 

Ill 
CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HIGH-CALCIUM LIMESTONE DEPOSITS IN THE UNITED STATES INCLUDING 

ALASKA, TO APRIL 1956 

by G. C. GAZDIK and KATHLEEN M. TAGG 

ABSTRACT 

This bibliography of 226 annotated references lists publications that appeared 

before May 1956. Annotations emphasize geology, areal distribution, results of 

chemical and physical tests on samples, mining, utilization, reserves, and potential 

resources of high-calcium limestone. The index forms a cross-reference system to 

the literature cited. 

INTRODUCTION 

Preparation of this bibliography was begun by the United States 

Geological Survey early in 1954 as the result of numerous requests for 

information concerning high-grade limestone. Most of the bibliography was compiled by the junior author between March 1954 and 

September 1955. The annotation was done by the senior author during the period September 1955-June 1956. New publications were 

added until May 1, 1956. Many of the references contain further 

bibliographic information. All references in this report are published 

and can be obtained either from or through any major library. Stratigraphic nomenclature used in the annotations is that of the original 

authors and is not necessarily that of the Geological Survey. 

At present there is no universally accepted definition of high-calcium · 

limestone. A calcium carbonate content greater than 95 percent 

seems to be the most generally used figure for high-calcium limestone, 

although many authors use a figure as high as 98 percent. In this 

bibliography, references to any limestone having a calcium carbonate 

content greater than 90 percent are included. It was thought that 

by so doing the bibliography would find a broader use because many 

large consumers of high-calcium limestone do not require an extremely 

675 
676 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

high degree of purity. A few references included describe limestones 

that just approach 90 percent calcium carbonate; these references are 

only for areas deficient in high-grade limestone. 

The chemical composition of a limestone may change from one locality to another; consequently it would be presumptuous to assume that 

a formatio:n known to be a high-calcium limestone in one locality is 

consistently a high-calcium limestone throughout its extent. For this 

reason, selection of references in this bibliography was restricted to 

those that in some way indicate that the formation discussed is of high 

calcium content in the locality studied. 

The index provides a geographic cross reference system wherein 

separate lists of authors are given for each State and Alaska. A list 

at the beginning of the index under the heading, "General," refers to 

publications on limestone deposits throughout the States in general. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Abbott, C. E., 1935, A limestone mine in the Birmingham district: Am. Inst. Min. 

Metall. Eng. Tech. Pub. 666, 15 p. 

Describes mining of the Warsaw formation (Lower Mississippian) in the Muscoda 

mine of the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company, near Bessemer, Jefferson 

County, Ala. Limestone is 40 to 50 feet thick and averages more than 98 percent 

calcium carbonate. Mining, crushing and washing, and safety procedures are 

noted. Summarizes geology and includes a mine map. 

Adair, R. B., Doody, T. C., and Schoenborn, E. M., 1947, Evaluation of North 

Carolina raw materials for the production of portland cement, part 1, Preliminary laboratory investigation: N. C. State Coil., Dept. Eng. Research, 

Bull. 35, 31 p. · 

Describes physical and chemical tests of limestones and marls sampled chiefly 

along Trent and Deep Rivers. Rocks tested offer good possibilities as raw material 

for manufacture of portland cement. Table~ and analyses are included. 

Adams, G. I., Haworth, Erasmus, and Crane, W. R., 1904, Economic geology of the 

lola quadrangle, Kansas: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 238, p. 11-20, 63-69. 

The Fort Scott and lola limestones (Pennsylvanian) are utilized for cement. Discusses cement manufacturing processes. Two geologic maps, lola quadrangle, scale 

1:125,000, and a strip to the east of lola quadrangle, scale 1:125,000, are included. 

Allen, H. W., 1953, Progress report of limestone survey, Knox County [Maine], 

in Report of the State Geologist for 1951-1952: Maine Devel. Comm., p. 11-30. 

Describes geography of the Rockland, Rockport, and Union limestone belts. 

Discusses these areas, giving reserves and possible uses of deposits in each. Most 

important uses of Knox County limestones are in agriculture, in the chemical and 

cement industries, in manufacturing rock wool, and as a flux stone. The Union 

limestone belt, although small, is chiefly high-calcium limestone. Tables give limestone analyses of 40 samples from the Rockland belt, 27 from the Rockport belt, 

and a representative sample from the Union belt. A geologic map of each belt, at 

various scales, is included. 

Allen, J. E., 1946, Reconnaissance geology of limestone deposits in the Williamette 

Valley, Oreg.: Oreg. Dept. Geology and Mineral Industries Short Paper 15, 15 p. 

Summarizes geology and describes limestone deposits. Of 25 localities studied, 

3 in Polk County and 1 in Clackamas County have commercial significance. Listed 

for these deposits are owner, location, development, topography, geology, grade and 

reserves. Includes a summary of characteristics and importance of formations arranged by counties, a bibliography, analyses, index map, and three geologic maps, 

at various scales. · 

Ames, J. A., 1949, High-calcium limestones in the area served by the Baltimore and 

Ohio Railroad: Baltimore, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Co., 105 p. 

'Lists stratigraphic occurrences, areal distribution, and chemical composition of 

high-calcium limestones in New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West 

677 
678- CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

Virginia. Appendices include a discussion of the origin of limestone, uses of highcalcium limestone, summary of the stratigr'aphy of the areas covered, and glossary 

of terms. A comprehensive bibliography, some analyses, and many geologic maps, 

at various scales, are included. 

Anderson, A. L., 1928, Portland cement materials near Pocatello, Idaho: Idaho Bur. 

Mines and Geology Pamph. 28, 15 p. , · 

Reviews topography, stratigraphy, and structure. Mentions the Black Rock and 

Langston limestones (Cambrian) as most economically feasible for cement material. 

Discusses three suitable quarry sites and summarizes factors controlling location of 

cement plants. 

--- 1931, Geology and mineral resources of eastern Cassia County, Idaho: 

Idaho Bur. Mines and Geology Bull. 14, 164 p. 

Presents an extensive discussion of stratigraphy and structure. Summarizes 

topography, geologic history, mineralization, individual mines, and all types of 

building stones quarried in Cassia County. The section on limestone and marble 

includes 3 analyses of the Carboniferous limestones (Brazer and Wells formations) 

and 4 analyses of Precambrian marbles. All average more than 93 percent calcium 

carbonate. The Carboniferous limestones have not been utilized, but the· Precambrian marble has been quarried for building stone and burned for lime. There is 

sufficient quality of these rocks to form a valuable potential resource. Analyses, 

structure sections, and a geologic map, scale 1 :250,000, are included. 

Argall, G. 0., Jr., 1949, Industrial· minerals of Colorado: Colo. School Mines 

Quart., v. 44. no. 2, p. 254-274. 

Catalogues industrial nonmetallic minerals. Summarizes uses, occurrences, and 

production of each. Describes limestone operations in 23 counties. Discusses 

treatment and marketing of the limestone. Map, scale 1 : 500,000, shows construction materials and nonmetallic mineral resources of Colorado. 

Bain, H. F. See Eckel, 1905. 

Baldwin, E. M., 1947, Geology of the Dallas and Valsetz quadrangles: Oreg. Dept. 

Geology and Mineral Industries Bull. 35, 61 p. 

Dallas and Valsetz quad~angles are chiefly within Polk County with western edges 

in Lincoln County. Discusses geography, topography, stratigraphy, structure, 

physical geology, geologic history, and economics. Describes the Dallas.limestone 

(basal member of the Umpqua formation, Middle Eocene), its characteristics and 

uses. Also lists other limestones, their locations and calcium carbonate content. 

A bibliography, index map, and geologic maps of Dallas and Valsetz quadrangles, 

scale 1:62,500, are included. 

Ball, E. M., and Beck, A. W., 1937, Limestone mining in Muscoda No. 5-A unique 

underground operation in the Birmingham district: Eng. Min. Jour., v. 138, 

no. 12, p. 32-36. 

Describes history and development of mine in the Warsaw formation (Mississippian), including mining methods and hauling. The limestone is 130 feet thick 

and is 330 feet above the Clinton iron ore. Cross section of mine and diagrams of 

methods used are included. 

Ball, J. R., 1952, Geology and mineral resources of the Carlinville quadrangle: 

Ill. Geol. Survey Bull. 77, 110 p. 

Resume of physiography, stratigraphy, structure, geologic history, and economic 

geology. Describes cores and field sections. At most places limestones in the 
HIGH-CALCIUM LIMESTONE DEPOSITS IN TliE UNJTED STATES 67~ 

Carlinville quadrangle are less than 10 feet thick and not suitable for large-scale 

com,mercial operation. Analyses and geologic. map, scale 1 : 62,.500, are included. 

Banks, D. M. See Bowles, 1933, 1941. 

Barnes, V. E., 1952, High purity Marble Falls limestone, Burnet County, Tex.: 

Tex. Univ., Bur. Econ. Geology Rept. Inv. 17,27 p. 

Describes stratigraphy and areal distribution of the Marble Falls limestone 

(Pennsylvania), which has a calcium carbonate content greater than 99 percent in 

this area, and the Honeycut formation (Ordovician), which may be of economic 

value. Includes detailed description of the type section of the Marble Falls limestone, table of analyses, and two geologic maps, scale 4 inches = 1 mile. 

Bascom, Florence, and Stose, G. W., 1938, Geology and mineral resources of the 

Honeybrook and Phoenixville quadrangles, Pennsylvania: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Bull. 891, p. 106-110. 

Summarizes geography, topography, stratigraphy, structural and historical 

geology, and mineral resources. Gives location of limestone quarries in Chester 

County. Colored geologic map and structure sections of Honeybrook and Phoenixville quadrangles, scale 1 :62,500, are included. [Many other geologic maps, at 

various scales, and structure sections are included.] 

Bassler, R. S., 1905, Cement materials of the Valley of Virginia: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Bull. 260, p. 531-544. 

Presents information on general geology and suitability of various limestone beds 

in the Valley of Virginia for commercial use. Locations of favorable sites for cement 

plants are given. Analyses of samples from Augusta, Rockbridge, Rockingham, 

and Shenandoah Counties and geologic maps, scale 1 inch = about 10 miles, are 

included. 

--- 1908, Cement materials of western Virginia: Econ. Geology, v. 3, p. 503-524. 

Almost all cement materials of western -Virginia are confined to outcrops in the 

Valley of Virginia and surrounding foothills. Most important source rocks for 

cement materials are of Cambrian and Ordovician age. Cross sections, analyses, 

and small-scale map showing outcrop of Ordovician limestones and shales are included. 

--- 1909, The cement resources of Virginia west of the Blue Ridge: Va. Geol. 

Survey Bull. 2-A, 309 p. 

Discusses general geology, stratigraphy, and cement materials by individual 

county in western Virginia. E. C. Eckel contributed the chapter on materials and 

processes used in production of hydraulic cements. Fossil illustrations, analyses, 

and many geologic maps and cross sections, at various scales, are included. 

Bastin, E. S., 1906, The lime industry of Knox County, Maine: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Bull. 285-J, p. 393-400. · 

Knox County has the only limestone in Maine that is suitable for the production 

of lime. Describes physical features and occurrence of the limestone. Locates 

adjacent dolomite deposits. The limestone from a quarry at Rockland has a calcium 

carbonate content of 98.17 percent. Seven analyses and two small-scale geologic 

maps are included. 

Bates, R. L., 1939, Geology of Powell Valley in northeastern Lee County, Va.: Va. 

Geol. Survey Bull. 51-B, p. 31-94. 

Gives detailed information on stratigraphy and structure. Geography, physiography, and mineral resources are noted. The limestone of the area is used chiefly 

as agricultural lime or road metal. Some is of sufficiently high quaiity for use as a 
680 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

· flux material or for calcining, but it is· not so accessible as similar deposits elsewhere. 

The Mosheim and Lenoir limestones have the highest calcium carbonate content, 

93.12 percent. Three analyses, structural cross section across Powell Valley, and 

structural and geologic maps, at various scales, are included. 

Beach, J. 0. See English, 1940 .. 

Beatty, K. 0., and Adair, R. B., 1948, Evaluation of North Carolina raw materials 

for the production of portland cement, part 2, Small-scale production of portland 

cement: N.C. State Coli. Eng. School Bull. 42, 51 p. 

Briefly reviews laboratory investigations reported in part 1 of this paper. Both 

high- and low-grade limestone of the Trent formation was used to produce cement, 

thus proving that, with proper treatment, cement can be made from low-grade 

limestone. Discusses purification methods. Gives location of other cement raw 

materials. Describes preparation and physical properties of cement. Report 

concludes that North Carolina has suitable raw materials for cement. The most 

promising area is southern Jones and Craven Counties in the vicinity of the Trent 

River. Analyses and small-scale map showing outcrop of Trent limestone and 

Triassic shale are included. 

Beck, A. W. See Ball, 1937. 

Bengston, R. J., and others, 1950, Survey report on mineral resources of southeastern Ohio to the southeastern Ohio Regional Council: Ohio Dept. Nat. 

Res., Div. Geol. Survey, p. 44-57. 

Limestones of southeast Ohio are used chiefly as road metal and for portland 

cement. The Vanport (Pennsylvanian) and the Maxville (Mississippian) limestones 

have been utilized in the Ohillco area for portland cement. The Maxville is a highcalcium limestone, its composition and thickness vary, and its occurrance is spotty. 

The Vanport limestone is more persistent and of more uniform composition although 

only about 10 to 12 feet thick. Reserves and future uses of available limestone are 

discussed. · Includes two sketch maps of southeast Ohio, one showing the known 

occurrances of the Maxville, the other showing the occurrances of the Vanport, 

Brush Creek, and Cambridge limestones and some dolomites; production figures, 

costs and prices, uses and markets; and analyses of Vanport and Maxville limestones. 

Berry, E. W. See also Loughlin, 1921. 

--- 1947, Marls and limestones of eastern North Carolina: N.C. Dept. Conserv. 

Devel., Div. Min. Res. Bull. 54, 16 p. 

Discusses physiography, location of outcrops, and commercial development of 

marls and limestones for each of the 35 counties in eastern North Carolina. Marls 

of the New Bern and Wilmington area are described separately because of their 

persistence and higher grade. Includes analyses of limestones of many counties, 

20 partial analyses from New Bern area, and geologic map, scale 1 inch = 10 miles. 

Beyer, S. W., 1906, Supplementary report on portland cement materials in Iowa: 

Iowa Geol. Survey Bull. 3, 36 p. 

Discusses limestones of Iowa. Includes analyses of major formations and sketch 

map of Iowa showing chief localities investigated for portland cement materials. 

Blatchley, R. S., 1908, The Indiana oolitic limestone industry in 1907: Ind. Dept. 

Geology and Nat. Res., Ann. Rept. 32, p. 301-459. 

Concerns limestone in Owen, Monroe, and Lawrence Counties. Includes topography, stratigraphy, physical characteristics, and properties of the limestone. 

Quarrying and handling methods are discussed and individual quarries are described. Also included are a list of quarries, active and inactive, and their locations; 
HIGH-CALCIUM LIMESTONE DEPOSITS IN THE UNITED STATES 681 

19 chemical analyses; and geologic maps of Bedford and Bloomington districts, scale 

1 inch = 2 miles. 

Bleininger, A. V., 1904, The manufacture of hydraulic cements: Ohio Geol. Survey, 

4th ser., Bull. 3, 391 p. 

The report is concerned chiefly with the manufacture of hydraulic cements. · However, one chapter reviews the available limestones of Ohio and another chapter 

describes methods of determining the value of a depost. Four pages of chemical 

analyses are included. 

Bleininger, A. V., Lines, E. F., and Layman, F. E., 1912, Portland cement resources 

of Illinois: Ill. Geol. Survey Bull. 17, 121 p. 

Discusses portland cement materials including impurities and their effects. Roughly half of the report deals with mechanics of the manufacture of portland cement. 

Describes the stratigraphy of Illinois with special reference to portland cement materials. More than 100 analyses and locations of limestones and many clays are given. 

Boucher, L. J., 1930, Limestone quarrying at Northampton plant of the Atlas 

Portland Cement Co.: Am. Inst. Min. Metall. Eng. Tech. Pub. 272, 19 p. 

The cement rock of the Lehigh district of Pennsylvania and New Jersey is from 

the Jackson series of the Trenton limestone. Its composition is variable and its 

thickness is from 150 to 300 feet. The Atlas cement plant.at Northampton, Pa., 

is the largest in the world (1930). The article is chiefly concerned wj.th describing 

the mining procedures at the cement plant's quarry. 

Bowen, 0. E., Jr., 1950, Lime and limestone, in Mineral commodities of California: 

Calif. Dept. Nat. Res., Div. Mines Bull. 156, p. 171-176. 

The portland cement industry is the most important consumer of limestone in 

California. Bulletin discusses local limestones used in portland cement, their formation, and distribution and lists the important limestones from each district. Summarizes mining and manufacturing methods, utilization, and markets. 

Bowles, Oliver, and Banks, D. M., 1933, Limestone, part 1, General information: 

U.S. Bur. Mines Inf. Circ. 6723, 21 p. 

Reports in general on the uses of limestone, considers many of the uses of highcalcium limestone, and gives production and consumption statistics. 

---1941, Lime: U.S. Bur. Mines Inf.' Circ. 6884R, 48 p. 

Presents a history of the use of limestone, its origin, composition, and varieties. 

Gives location of major. limestone areas in the United States and describes many 

uses for high-calcium limestone. Includes statistics, economics of plant location, 

and grades of lime produced in selected counties of each producing State. Outlines 

manufacturing processes. 

Boynton, R. S., and Jander, F. K., 1952, Lime and limestone, in Encyclopedia of 

chemical technology: New York, The lnterscience Encyclopedia, Inc., v. 8, 

p. 346-382. 

Describes physical characteristics and chemical behavior of limestone. Includes 

distribution, origin, mining, quarrying, manufacturing methods, and economics of 

the limestone industry. Analyses from 16 typical areas of high calcium rocks and 

small-seal~ map of the United States showing the occurrence of high-calcium limestone and dolomite are included. · 

Branner, G. C., 1940, Mineral resources of Benton, Carroll, Madison, and Washington Counties [Ark.]: Ark. Geol. Survey, County Mineral Rept. 2, p. 33-36. 

Limestones in Benton, Carroll, Madison, and Washington Counties are used as 

building stones, road metal, limestone for burning, and agricultural lime. Of 30 
682 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

analyses, including samples from the Boone, Brentwood, and Pitkin formations, 

21 samples contain more than 95 percent calcium carbonate. "Map showing location 

of samples is included. · 

Branner, G. C., 1941, Limestones of northern Arkansas: Ark. Geol. Survey Pub., 

24 p. 

Limestones are restricted to northern Arkansas in the Interior Highlands physiographic province. They range in age from Ordovician to Pennsylvanian. DisCU3ses reserves arid value from 1889 to 1939. Lists limestone companies and 

quarries. Includes analyses and locations of 114limestone samples and small-scale 

maps. 

Brantly, J. E., 1916, Limestones and marls of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: Ga. 

Geol. Survey Bull. 21, 300 p. 

Presents a comprehensive report on physiography, structure, and stratigraphy of 

the Coastal Plain deposits. About half of the text is devoted to discussions of 

calcareous deposits considered by county. Included are history of workings, analyses, and future possibilities. Also includes information on quarrying, preparation, 

and use of limestone. Many analyses and geologic map of the Coastal Plain of 

Georgia with locations of limestone properties, scale 1 :1,000,000, are included . 

. Bryson, R. P., Fox, E. L., Larrabee, D. M., and others, 1947, Construction materials 

and nonmetallic mineral resources of South Dakota: U.S. Geol. Survey Missouri 

Basin Studies Map 12, scale 1 :500,000. 

Includes information on an outcrop of Niobrara formation (Cretaceous) that has 

been used for cement manufacture at Yankton. 

Buddington, A. F., 1926, Mineral investigations in southeastern Alaska: U. S. Geol. 

Survey Bull. 783-B, p. 58-62. 

Contains a short discussion on the readily accessible high-calcium limestone occurring in thick and extensive deposits on the islands off the west coast of Alaska 

and at the north end of Prince of Wales Island. In these areas, the Silurian limestones have the highest calcium carbonate content, ranging from 95 to 99 percent. 

Many deposits are discussed and 20 analyses are included. 

Buddington, A. F., and Chapin, Theodore, 1929, Geology and mineral deposits of 

southeastern Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 800, p. 44, 83-88, 390-393. 

Describes outcrops of important limestone beds and their physical characteristics. 

In 1928 the Pacific Coast C~ment Co.'s newly installed plant at Seattle initiated 

the use of a limestone quarried at Dall Island, Alaska. The calcium carbonate 

content averaged between 95-99 percent. 

Buehler, H. A., 1907, The lime and cement resources of Missouri: Mo. Bur. Geology 

and Mines, 2d ser., v. 6, 255 p. 

Presents a general discussion about lh:nestone and clay. Methods given for manufacturing lime and portland, natural, and pozzolean cements, also specifications for 

various uses of cement and concrete. County-by-county discussions of the lime and 

·cement matarials of Missouri including chemical analyses and the amount and type 

of development in each county. Seven pages of analyses are included. 

Burchard, E. F., 1912, Lime, in Mineral Resources of the United States for 1911, 

part 2, Nonmetals: U. S. Geol. Survey, p. 645-718. 

Includes 50 pages of analyses from nearly every State. 

--- 1940, The cement industry in Alabama: Ala. Geol. Survey Circ. 14, 32 p. 

Mentions use of Chickamauga, Bangor, Conasauga, and St. Stevens limestones and 

the Selma chalk as cement materials. Discusses cement plants, their raw materials, 
HIGH-CALCIUM LIMESTONE DEPOSITS IN THE UNITED STATES 683 

processes, and production. A few analyses and a map showing areas. of highcalcium limestone in Alabama, with portland and puzzolan cement plants located, 

are included. 

Burchard, E. F. and Chapin, Theodore, 1920, Marble resources of. southeastern 

Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 682, 118 p. 

This bulletin is primarily concerned with marble suitable for cutting and polishing 

but many analyses are included which show calcium carbonate as high as 99 percent. 

Quarries and prospects are located and described. Sketch maps show the location 

of these deposits. 

Burchard, E. F., and Emley, W. E., 1914, The source, manufacture, and use of 

lime, in Mineral Resources of the United States for 1913, part 2, Nonmetals: 

U. S. Geol. Survey, p. 1509-1593. 

Includes small-scale map of Eastern United States showing distribution of highcalcium limestone. 

Burr, A. C., Fallgatter, W. S., and MacMillan, W. W., 1950, Raw materials for the 

manufacture of portland cement in North Dakota: N. Dak. A cad. Sci. Pro c. 

1949, v. 3, p. 15-18. 

Reports o'n feasibility of a cement plant in North Dakota. Discusses Niobrara 

formation and marl deposits. Concludes that the Colgrove Butte deposits are most 

favorable. Gives cost statistics. 

Butts, Charles, 1907, Limestone and dolomite in the Birmingham district, Alabama: 

U. S. Geol. Survey. Bull. 315-G, p. 247-255. · 

The Ban.gor, Chickamauga, and Conasauga limestones and the Knox dolomite 

are used for flux stone, and in the manufacture of lime and cement. The Chickamauga (Ordovician) is the limestone used locally in the cement industry. Notes 

occurrences and includes lithologic sections and a few analyses. 

--- 1940, Description of the Montevallo-Columbiana quadrangles, Alabama: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, folio 226, 20 p. 

Includes 7 analyses of Newala limestone, which is used for cement manufacture 

at Leeds, Ala. Geologic and topographic quadrangle maps, scale 1 :62,500, are 

included. 

Butts, Charles, and Gildersleeve, Benjamin, 1948, Geology and mineral resources 

of the Paleozoic area in northwest Georgia: Ga. Geol. Survey Bull. 54, p. 

127-137. 

Report briefly describes the Paleozoic ·limestones and dolomites that occur 

throughout northwest Georgia. Analyses of 21 limestones with descriptions of 

sample locations are given. 

Butts, Charles, and Moore, E. S., 1936, Geology and mineral resources of the Bellefonte quadrangle, Pennsylvania: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 855, 111 p. 

Much high-calcium limestone occurs in this quadrangle. No cement plants have 

been built, probably because of the lack of adjacent shale beds. Includes a few 

analyses and a geologic map of the quadrangle, scale 1 :62,500. 

Butts, Charles, Swartz, F. M., and Willard, Bradford, 1939, Geology and mineral 

resources, Tyrone quadrangle [Pennsylvania]: Pa. Geol. Survey, 4th . ser., 

Topog. and Geol. Atlas 96; 110 p. . 

Limestone is the most important mineral resource. The Lowville (Ordo~cian) is the highest quality limestone in the area. Publication includes analyses for many 

Ordovician limestones in the quadrangle; geologic and topographic maps, scale 

1 :62,500; and geologic structure sections. 
.684. CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

Cady,. G. H., 1907, Cement making materials in the vicinity of La Salle, in YearBook for 1907: Ill. Geol. Survey Bull. 8, p. 127-134. 

Both natural and portland cement are manufactured in the vicinity of La Salle, 

Ill. Natural cement is made from the LOwer Magnesian limestone and portland 

cement from the La Salle limestone and the carbonaceous shale underlying it. 

The article describes thickness and outcrops of these formations. Includes analyses of 7 natural cement rock samples, 21 portland cement rock samples, and 3 

cl:ays; also small-scale map showing outcrop of cement formations and location of 

plants. 

Calhoun, F. H. H., 1915, Limestone and marl deposits of South Carolina:· S. C. 

Expt. Sta., Clemson Agr. Coli. Bull. 183,27 p . 

. . .Dhcusses briefly limestone and its use in agriculture. Possible quarry sites are 

listed. Forty-four analyses of limestones and marls, a few showing high calcium 

content, and a small-scale map showing location of limestone and marl are included. 

Calhoun, W. A. See Hinchley, 1947. ; 

Catlett, Charles, 1904, Cement resources of the Valley of Virginia: U. S. Geol. 

.: Survey Bull. 225, p. 457-462. 

· The Trenton·Iimestone,.famous as the cement rock of the Lehigh Valley of Pennsylvania, is well developed throughout the Valley of Virginia. Two .other raw 

: m.aterials also necessary in the manufacture of portland cement are readily. available; namely, shale (Hudson) and coal which is used as a fuel. Includes discussion 

. of th~ lim~ones and economic factors of the most promising undeveloped locations 

. a~d anal:VSes Qfsamples from many of these places. 

· Chapin, ·Theodore .. : .See Buddington, 1929. 

Clabaugh, S. E., Larrabee, D. M., Griffitts, W. R., and others, 1946, Construction 

. 'materials and nonmetallic· mineral resources of Wyoming: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Missouri Basin Studies Map 9, scale 1 :500,000. 

High-calcium limeston,es suitable for cement manufacture occur in the Niobrara, 

Forelle, Greenhorn, and Sundance formations and in some calcareous Tertiary sediments. 

Clapp, F. G., 1905, Limestones of southwestern Pennsylvania: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Bull. 249, 52 p. 

Describes each of the important limestones of southwestern Pennsylvania from 

. the Pocono formation (Mississippian) through the Dunkard series (Permian). 

The Vanport and Upper Freeport limestones are of sufficiently high quality for 

cement. Includes a geologic map of southwestern Pennsylvania, scale 1 inch = 20 miles; two maps of the outcrop pattern of the Vanport limestone, scale 1 inch 

= 10 miles; and many analyses • 

. Cl~k, W. B., l954,· The Cool-Cave Valley limestone deposits, El Dorado and Placer 

Counties, Calif.: Calif. Jour. ~ines and Geology, v. 50, p. 439-465. 

The Cool-Cave 'valley limestone, discussed in this report, consists of two lenses in 

the Calaveras group (P~leozoic). The limestone was used in the manufacture of 

portland cement from 1910 to 1942 and was the chief source of limestone in northern 

California from 1910 to 1930. It is uniformly high in calcium, much averaging 

about 98 pereent' calcium carbonate. Geology of the limestone and also quarrying 

. and· milling· methods ·are discussed. Gives ownerships for other limestone deposits 

together· with literature references, a.n:alyses of 45 samples from the Cool-Cave 

Valley limestone, and many analyses from other nearby limestones. Includes 
HIGH-CALCIUM LIMESTONE.DEPQ$_I'f8 J.N.:'J,'H~_ trn~TED. ~TATES-~ 

geologic maps showing the Cqol-Cave Va~~ey_lillles.t~ne:. ~cal~ appr~~imately l..i!l~h. 

= 3,000 feet. · · · · · ' · 

Cobb, E. H. See Moxham, 1953. • \,.'.~ . • ,j \ · •. 

Cook, C. W., 1912, Michigan cement, in Mineral resources of Michigan***: ·Mieh;; 

Geol. Bioi. Survey, Pub. 8, Geol. Ser. ~~ p; 337-354. · · .: ,·. 

Gives classification of cements and location of raw materials. ,. OnlY" the Trav.erse 

and the Michigan limestones ·are ~d ·for cement Includ~_list of :plants; an·~y~ 

of 4 limestones and 5 marls, one map showing loc~tion of cemerit 'plarits·: .. - . ; . 

Cooke, C. W., 1945, Geology of Florida: Fla. Geol. Survey Buil. 29, p. 111-136·.·· 

Mention is made of high calcium content of the Ocala limestone (Eocene) and the 

Mariana and Suwannee limestones (Oligocene). : These formations are shown on the 

accompanying map of Florida, scale 1: 1,000,000~ 

Cooper, B. N., 1944, Industrial limestones and dolomites in Virginia, New River-· 

Roanoke River district: Va. Geol. Survey Bull. 62, 98 p. .·. 

Presents a general discussion of physiography and stratigraphy followed by ·de-: 

tailed descriptions of areas with respect to' structUre, operating quarries, and possible' 

sites for new quarries. Also included are lithologic ~ections and maps showing oc~ 

currances of limestone and dolomite, activ~ quarries and possible. quarry. locations, 

and analyses of 89 samples. . · 

--- 1945, Industrial limestones and dolomite~ in Virginia,- Clinch Valley.district: 

Va. Geol. Survey Bull. 66, 259 p. 

Considering the quality of the available rock,. quarrying conditions,· and case of· 

fuel, the cost of producing lime in Clinch _valley is less. than in any. other section-of.th~ 

Appalachian Valley of Virginia. General geology of Clinch Valley di~t~ict pre~edes 

detailed discussion of geology and stratigraphy. by county. !~eludes many analyses, 

lithologic sections, and maps, including ge(!iogic ~aps of. the three' c-o~nties- ih' the 

district. The' scales of the county maps range from .1 inch ~. 1M 'nine~ to 1 inch:=. 

2 miles. . . · . .. . · .. . · · ·. · ·.· ·. 

Cooper, B. N., and Dietrich, R. V., 1953, Virginia mineral resources [map]: Va:. 

Eng. Expt. Sta., Va. Poly. Inst., scale 1:500,000. 

Shows areas in State that are directly underlain by limestone and ·dolomite; 

limestones and dolomites of chemical_gr3:de ~re_~esignated. ,_ · 

Crider, A. F., 1905, Cement resources of northeast. Mississippi: U .. S. Geol. Sur.vey, 

Bull. 260, p. 510-521. · 

Selma Chalk is a high-quality cement material. Some well logs ~nd analyses are 

given. 

--- 1907, Cement and portland cement materials of Mississippi:,.Miss. Geol. 

Survey Bull. 1, 73 p. 

Gives a general history of cement and lists cement materials and manufacturing 

methods. Formations ranging from Devonian to Tertiary in age are discussed. 

The Selma Chalk (Cretaceous), Jackson marl (Eocene), and Vicksburg for.matio-1,1 

(Oligocene) are discussed in detail. An~lyse~. are gi_ven. · . 

Crump, M. H., 1913, The oolitic limestones of Warren County [Ky.]~· Ky~ .Geol. 

Survey, 4th ser., v. 1, pt. 2,_p. 1037-1051. · · 

Oolitic limestones occur in the Mississippian, imme.diately, below. the Che~~er formation. They are used chiefly as a building. stone, but woUld ma~e a good stain~ 

less portland cement. Lists quarrying. ·companies, their holdings and production.; 

and describes their products. Two analyses are::given. · 
686 · 'CONTRffiUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

; .Cullen, John, 1917, Lime resources and industry in Oklahoma: Okla. Geol. Survey 

Bull. 26, ·70 p. 

Discusses the composition and uses of lime and also the types and uses of cements. 

Methods of quarrying and milling limestone are described. The limestones of 

Oklahoma range in age from Cambrian to Cretaceous. Each limestone formation is 

discussed with respect to distribution, thickness, location of quarries, and, where 

available, ·chemical analyses. A history of the Oklahoma lime industry and small-

·Scale map showing limestone areas in the State are included. 

Cushman, J. A.' See Loughlin, ·1921. 

Dale, ·T. N., 1914, The commercial marbles of western Vermont: Vt. State Geologist 

Rept. 9, for 1913-1914, p. 1-160. 

Section summarizes physical properties, origin, and areal distribution. Structure 

is described and accompanied by cross sections. Both mineralogic and commercial 

types· of marbles are noted. Important quarries are discussed. Includes five 

analyses and geologic maps of the marble belts of western Vermont, south of Salisbury, scale 1:125,000, and of the Rutland marble belt, scale 1:31,250. 

-·-- 1923, The lime. belt of Massachusetts and parts of eastern New York and 

.western Connecticut: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 744, 71 p. 

Describes, by quadrangle, the limestone and dolomite formations and notes their 

outcrops. Discusses those suitable for a good grade of finishing lime, those that 

yield a poorer quality, and those rejected by the lime hidustry. Four geologic maps 

d,istinguishing limestone from dolomite, scale 1:62,500, are included. 

-barton; N. H., 1909, Structural materials. in parts of Oregon and Washington: 

U.S. >Geol. Survey Bull. 387, p. 21-33. 

Report discusses, by county, limestones and marbles suitable for cement. The 

majority:of these are very high in calcium. Some of these deposits occur adjacent to 

natural harbors which make ocean transportation readily available. Includes 

analyses and map showing distribution of limestone in Washington and Oregon, 

scale 1 inch = about 75 miles. 

--- 1910, Cement materials in Republican Valley, Nebr.: U. S. Geol. Survey 

·Bull. 430-F, p. 381-387. 

'The only limestones suitable for cement in the Republican Valley are those of the 

Niobrara formation. They occur ·at or near the surface in Webster, Franklin, Harlan, and Furnace Counties. Includes four analyses and map showing outcrop of 

Niobrara formation, scale 1 inch = about 30 miles. 

Decker, C. E., and Merritt, C. A., 1928, Physical characteristics of the Arbuckle 

. limestone: Okla. Geol. Survey Circ. 15, 56 p. 

Describes geology of the Arbuckle formation and gives detailed lithologic section 

12 miles north of Ardmore, Carter County. One bed, more than 43 feet thick, 

averages 98. percent calcium carbonate, and another, about 143 feet thick, averages 

96 percent. The remainder of this 7 ,442-foot section is low in calcium. 

DeWolf, F. W., 1929, New Castle quadrangle, Topographic and geologic atlas of 

Pennsylvania, no. 5: Pa. Geol. Survey, 4th ser., p. 169-188. 

Describes the Vanport limestone as a valuable resource used for road material, 

flux stone, sinter stone, cement, and lime. Uniform in both thickness and purity, 

it commonly occurs in several distinct benches: the bottom two, a total of from 

5 to 10 feet, are the high-calcium limestones, averaging about 96 percent calcium 

carbonate. Individual exposures are described. In,eludes analyses and map of the 
HIGH-CALCIUM LIMESTONE DEPOSITS IN THE UNITED STATES 687 

New Castle quadrangle showing outcrop pattern of the Van port limestone, scale 

1:62,500. 

Dietrich, R. V. See Cooper, 1953. 

Diller, J. S., 1904, Mining and mineral resources in the Redding quadrangle, Ca,lifornia, in 1903: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 225, p. 176-177. 

States that the McCloud and Hosselkus limestones are high in calcium. Parts of 

the Hosselkus limestone could be used for portland cement. 

--- 1914, Mineral resources of southwestern Oregon: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 

546, p. 15-17. 

Gives the distribution and age of local limestones. Includes 10 analyses from 

Josephine and Jackson Counties, Oreg., many showing very h_igh calcium content, 

and map showing limestone outcrops, scale 1 inch = 5 miles. 

D'Invilliers, E. V., 1883, The geology of the South Mountain belt of Berks Cou~ty 

[Pa.]: Pa. 2d Geol. Survey Progress Rept.,·D-3, v. 2, pt. 1, p. 136-197. 

Notes the distribution and uses of those limestones of the Great Valley that occur 

in Berks County. Includes short descriptions of the limestone exposures giving 

physical characteristics, thickness, and dip; analyses; and maps, at various scales, 

supplementing this report in Pent:J.sylvania Geological Survey Atlas D-3. 

Doody, T. C. See Adair, 1947 .. 

Dott, R. H. See English, 1940; 1943. 

Dubins, I. M. See Runnels, 1949. 

Eardley, A. J., 1932, A limestone chiefly of algal origin in the Wasatch conglomerate, 

southern Wasatch Mountains, Utah: Mich. Acad. Sci. Papers, v. 16, p. 399-414. 

Describes a very small fresh-water lake deposit. The limestone is almost 100 

percent calcium carbonate, and has been used as an interior decoration. Smallscale map of Utah showing the location of this deposit is included. 

Eckart, R. A. See Moxham, 1953. 

Eckel, E. C., 1904, Cement-rock deposits of the Lehigh district of Pennsylvania and 

New Jersey: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 225, p. 448-456. 

Lists the Hudson shale and Trenton and Kittatinny limestones of the Lehigh district as cement resources. Notes the distribution of each of these formations. 

Discusses manufacturing processes and composition of portland cement. Gives 

analyses. 

--- 1905a, Cement materials and industry of the United States: U. S. Geol. 

Survey Bull. 243, 395 p. 

The bulletin is divided into two parts. Part 1, "Materials and manufacture of 

portland cement," is concerned with composition of portland cement, composition 

and characteristics of cement raw materials, mining methods, and manufacturing 

processes. Part 2, "Portland cement resources of the United States" includes 

sections by E. C. Eckel, E. A. Smith, J. A. Taff, H. F. Bain, W. H. Weed, E. 0. 

Ulrich, and R. S. Bassler. The States are taken up in alphabetical order and cement 

resources, both developed and undeveloped, are located and described. The cement 

industry of each State is noted. Analyses and maps are included. 

--- 1905b, Portland-cement resources of New York: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 

260, p. 522-530. 

Notes the Chazy, Trenton, Helderberg, Onondaga, and Tully limestones and 

marls of Quaternary age as being of such quantity and chemical composition to be 
688 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

important as portland cement materials. Includes chemical analyses of each of the 

above formations, their distribution, and relative usefulness as regards composition 

and location. 

Eckel, E. C., 1906, Cement resources of the Cumberland Gap district, TennesseeVirginia: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 285-I, p. 374-376. 

Mentions the Newman limestone (Mississippian) as being high in calcium and 

suitable for portland cement. Notes the proximity of rail transportation and 

the Middlesboro coal district for manufacture of the cement. Includes some 

analyses. 

--- 1913, Portland cement materials and industry in the United States: U. S. 

Geol. Survey Bull. 522, 401 p. 

Bulletin divided into three parts. Parts one and two are written entirely by 

Eckel. Part one, "The portland cement industry,". reviews types of cements, discusses their history, and gives cement industry statistics. Part two, "Raw materials 

of the portland cement industry," covers cement. materials, elaborating on limestone, its composition and impurities. It lists the types of limestone and the types 

of fuels used. A section is devoted to factors to be considered when building a 

cement plant. The third part of this bulletin, entitled, "Portland cement resources 

of the United States," has chapters contributed by E. C. Eckel, E. F. Burchard, 

A. F. Crider, G. B. Richardson, E. A. Smith, J. A. Taff, E. 0. Ulrich, and W. H. 

Weed. This part of the bulletin discusses, for each State, general geology, known 

and possible cement raw materials, and their distribution. Many analyses and 

maps are included. 

--- 1933, Limestone deposits of the San Francisco region: Calif. Jour. Mines and 

Geology, v. 29, p. 348-361. 

The Gavilan limestone of the Santa Lucia series (Paleozoic?) and the Calera 

limestone of the Franciscan series (Jurassic) are two limestones of this area of major 

interest as industrial stones. There are several others of less importance. Distribution is discussed and some outcrops and quarries described. Analyses of 31 

samples are' given. 

--- 1935, Large high-calcium deposit found in northwestern Alabama: Pit and 

Quarry, v. 27, no. 9, p. 26. 

Deposit in area near Muscle Shoals discovered and bought by Tennessee Valley 

Authority. Article states that the deposit may be the largest and purest limestone 

in the country. Includes 11 analyses; all show more than 98 percent calcium 

carbonate. 

Eckel, E. C., and Bain, H. F., 1905, Cement and cement materials of Iowa, in Ann. 

Rept. for 1904: Iowa Geol. Survey, v. 15, p. 102-124. 

High-calcium limestone occurs throughout Iowa in the following formations: 

Trenton limestone (Ordovician), Kinderhook limestone, Augusta formation, and 

St. Louis limestone (Mississippian). Analyses are given. 

Edmundson, R. S., 1945, Industrial limestones and dolomites in Virginia-northern 

and central parts of Shenandoah Valley: Va. Geol. Survey Bull. 65, 195, p. 

Emphasis is on the occurrence of high-calcium limestone and high-magnesian 

dolomite in the northern and central sections of the Valley of Virginia. Geology of 

the Valley of Virginia is discussed, but most of the report deals with industrial limestones; starting with the northernmost county of the Valley and working southward. 

Includes, for each of the nine counties, geology and stratigraphy of the local limestones with special attention to high calcium and high magnesium content. Uses 
HIGH-CALCIUM LIMESTONE DEPOSITS IN THE UNITED STATES 689 

of high-calcium limestones are listed. Also includes many lithologic sections, some 

structure sections, a geologic map of each county and analyses. 

Emley, W. E. See Burchard, 1914. 

English, S. G., Dott, R. H., and Beach, J. 0., 1940, Limestone analyses: Okla. Geol. 

Survey Mineral Rept. 5, 28 p. 

Includes brief description of chief limestone areas in the State, general information 

on the importance of limestone in the chemical industry, and list of chemical specifications for limestone in various products. Table 1lists, by county, limestone analyses with calcium carbonate content greater than 95 percent. Table 2 lists analyses 

of limestones with combined calcium and magnesium content greater than 90 percent, but magnesium content less than 10 percent. Map, scale 1 inch = about 50 

miles, shows principal limestone outcrops and indicates those of commercial thickness and quality. 

Fisher, R. B. See Hinchey, 1947. 

Galloway, J. J., 1919, Geology and natural resources of Rutherford County [Tenn.]: 

Tenn. Div. Geology Bull. 22, p. 75, 81. 

Formerly the Hermitage limestone was used for making a natural hydraulic 

cement, but its distance from fuel and transportation now makes it of little economic 

importance. Six analyses (p. 81) of the Lebanon, Ridley, and Murfreesboro limestones show high calcium content. Geologic map of Rutherford County, scale 

1 inch = 1 mile, is included. 

Gay, T. E., Jr. See Wright, 1953. 

Gildersleeve, Benjamin. See also Butts, 1948. 

--- 1946a, Minerals and structural materials of the Kentucky Reservoir area: 

TVA, Commerce Dept., Regional Products Research Div., Rept. 1, p. 13-16. 

Principal limestones occur east of the Tennessee River. Notes the Warsaw-St. 

Louis formations (Mississippian) and some Silurian formations as having a high 

calcium content. Includes 10 analyses, geologic map, and a map indicating the 

locations of minerals and structural materials in the Kentucky Reservoir area 

(scales 1 in. = about 16 mi.). 

--- 1946b, Minerals and structural materials of the Pickwick, Wilson, and 

Wheeler reservoir areas:· TV A, Commerce Dept., Regional Products Research 

Div., Rept. 2, p. 27-28. 

Most of the limestones in the area have a high calcium content. Gives three 

analyses of limestones, two exceed 98 percent calcium carbonate. Geologic map, 

scale 1 inch = 7 Yz miles is included. 

--- 1946c, Minerals and structural materials of the Guntersville Reservoir area: 

TVA, Commerce Dept., Regional Products Research Div., Rept. 3, p. 14-16. 

High-calcium limestones (Mississippian) underlie the sandstone and shale formations of Sand Mountain and other erosional remnants of the Cumberland Plateau. 

Includes limestone analyses from Marshall and Jackson Counties, Ala., and 

Marion County, Tenn., and a map, scale 1 inch = 4 miles. 

---1946d, Minerals and structural materials of the Hales Bar and Chickamauga 

reservoir areas: TVA, Commerce Dept., Regional Products Research Div., Rept. 4, 

p. 43. 

High-calcium Mississippian limesto~es occur in outliers of the Cumberland 

Plateau. Limestones in this area are quarried for the lime, chemical, and cement 

industries and for other uses. Map, scale 1 inch = about 9 Yz miles, is included. 
690 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

Gildersleeve, Benjamin, 1946e, Minerals and structural materials of southwest Virginia: TV A, Commerce Dept., Regional Products Research Div., Rept. A, 

p. 29-31. 

Notes the Mosheim, Lenoir, and Holston limestones as being high grade. The 

Mosheim, in places, is nearly 100 percent calcium carbonate. 

--- 1946f, Minerals and structural materials of east Tennessee: TVA, Commerce Dept., Regional Products Research Div., Rept. B, p. 19-20. 

. High-calcium limestones are found in the Mississippian rocks of the Cumberland 

Plateau and in the Ordovician rocks of the Great Valley. Seven analyses are included. 

--- 1946g, Minerals and structural materials of the Watts Bar and Fort Loudoun 

Reservoir areas: TVA, Commerce Dept., Regional Products Research Div., 

Rept. 5, p. 8, 21. 

Mentions·that many of the limestones of the area are high calcium. Limestone 

analyses are included in the chapter on cement. 

Glover, S. L., 1936, Nonmetallic mineral resources of Washington, with statistics for 

1933: Wash. Div. Geology Bull. 33, p. 53-61. 

Gives important limestone deposits of Washington by county. Notes those that 

are high in calcium content. 

Gordon, C. H., 1911, Cement resources and possibilities, in The resources of Tennessee: Tenn. Geol. Survey, v. 1, p. 58-69. 

Describes outcrops of the three important cement lime rocks in Tennessee which 

are the Holston marble, Lenoir (Chickamauga) limestone, and the Bangor or Newman limestone. Locates several favorable sites for cement plants. Analyses are 

included. 

Gould, C. N., 1911, Limestone, in Preliminary report on the structural materials of 

Oklahoma: Okl.a. Geol. Survey Bull. 5, p. 66-84. 

Indicates that high-calcium limestone can be found in most areas of Oklahoma. 

Maps show limestone areas: one in northern Oklahoma and one in the Arbuckle 

Mountains, scale 1 inch = 20 miles. 

Graf,· D. L., 1951, Petrology of the basal high-purity bed of the Burlington limestone: Ill. Geol. Survey Circ. 170, p. 160-164. 

A petrographic study of the high-purity, chert-free limestone occurring near the 

base of the Burlington formation in western Illinois. Discusses the major and minor 

components of the rock and the history of its formation. 

Grasty, J. S. See Mathews, 19l0. 

Gray, Carlyle, 1951, ·Preliminary report on certain limestones and dolomites of 

Berks County, Pa.: Pa. Geol. Survey, 4th ser., Progress Rept. 136, 85 p. 

Includes a short summary of local structure and stratigraphy; analyses of 366 

samples of Ordovician limestones from the Beekmantown, Annville, and Jacksonburg· 

formations; a short description of locations from which these samples were taken; 

contour diagrams of the chemical composition of some of the limestones analysed; 

and a map showing principal limestone areas of Berks County, scale· 1 inch = 2 

miles. 

-·--1952, The high calcium limestones of the Annville belt in Lebanon and Berks 

Counties, Pa.: Pa. Geol. Survey, 4th ser., Progress Rept. 140, 17 p. 

The Annville limestone, upper Cambro-Ordovician, occurs on the north limb of a 

regional anticlinorium and is exposed in a narrow east-west belt in Lebanon and 
HIGH-CALCIUM LIMESTONE DEPOSITS IN THE UNITED STATES 691 

Berks Counties, Pa. It ranges in purity from 88 percent to more than 98 percent 

calcium carbonate; most of the higher purity stone is in the western part of the belt. 

Used now in cement, steel, and chemical industries. Geologic mapping indicates 

large reserves. Includes maps: one showing the Annville outcrop, scale 1 inch = 1 

mile, and others showing certain important areas, scale 1 inch = about 600 feet; 

also cross sections. 

Griffitts, W. R. See Larrabee, 1947. 

Grimsley, G. P., 1906, Clays, limestones, and cements: W.Va. Geol. Survey, v. 3, 

p. 330-357. 

Describes the limestones of West Virginia from the Kanawha series (Pennsylvanian) through the Dunkard series (Permian). Only the Shenandoah limestone 

(Silurian) is noted as having a high calcium content. However, in places, this 

formation is a dolomite of nearly theoretical composition. Gives location of outcrops and discusses development. Includes analyses. 

--- 1916, Jefferson, Berkeley, and Morgan Counties [W. Va.]: W. Va. Geol. 

Survey County Rept., p. 361-511. 

Briefly describes limestones of the eastern panhandle counties. These limestones 

are used for furnace flux, fertilizer, glass industry, in asphalt paving and in cement. 

Includes description and analyses of marl deposits and location. of plants and 

quarries. 

A chapter concerns the chemical characteristics of the low-silic.a fluxing limestones 

in Berkeley and Jefferson Counties. Many of these flux stones are high in calcium. 

Includes location of outcrops and analyses. 

The chapter on lime and cement resources includes a general discussion of lime, 

its properties, uses, and manufacture. Notes existing cement plants and their limestone sources. Advises on locations for new plants. 

Analyses are given throughout the report. Includes maps, at various scales, under 

separate cover: one topographic and one geologic of Jefferson, Berkeley, and Morgan 

Counties, and a map of low-silica limestones in the Martinsburg area. 

Grogan, R. M., and Lamar, J. E., 1940, Agricultural limestone resources of Cumberland, Effingham, Clay, Richland, and Jasper Counties [Ill.]: Ill. Geol. Survey 

Rept. Inv. 65, 44 p. 

In Illinois the following limestones are sufficiently thick to quarry: Bogata, Newton, Omega, and Shumway. Describes thickness variations, outcrops, quantity and 

substance of overburden, general quarrying considerations, and prospecting suggestions for each of these limestones. The calcium carbonate equivalent of various 

localities and formations is given throughout the text. Many sketch maps show 

outcrops. 

Grout, F. F., Stauffer, C. R., Allison, I. S., and others, 1932, Geologic map of the 

State of Minnesota: Minn. Geol. Survey, scale 1:500,000. 

According to the explanation, Cedar Valley limestone (Devonian) has beds of 

nearly pure calcium carbonate; the Galena formation (Ordovician) is also high 

grade. 

Hale, D. J., and others, 1903, Marl (bog lime) and its application to the manufacture 

of portland cement: Mich. Geol. Survey, v. 8, pt. 3, 399 p. 

Includes theories of origin of marls and discussion of the manufacturing of portland 

cement from marl. Lists plants using marls and locates and describes their source 

areas. Includes a great many analyses and a map, scale 1 inch = 45 miles, showing 

marl deposits in lower Michigan, location of portland cement plants, and suggested 

sites for future developments. 
692 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

Ham, W. E., Dott, R. H., Burw~ll, A. L., and Oakes, M. C., 1943, Geology and 

chemical composition of the St. Clair limestone near Marble City, Okla.: 

Okla. Geol. Survey Mineral Rept. 16, 24 p. 

Gives structure, stratigraphy, and lithologic description of the high calcium and 

dolomitic St. Clair formation (Silurian). A conservative estimate of 50 million tons 

of high calcium stone is available for quarrying. Includes analyses of 18 samples 

and a map showing sample locations, quarries, and distribution of the St. Clair 

formation in Sequoyah County. 

Haworth, Erasmus. See also Schrader, 1906. 

Haworth, Erasmus, and Schrader, F. C., 1905, Portland-cement resources of the 

Independence quadrangle, Kansas: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 260, p. 506-509. 

Independence quadrangle embraces all of Montgomery County and parts of 

adjacent counties. The Drum and Piqua limestones are used here to manufacture 

cement. Analyses of nine samples of Piqua limestone are included. 

Hazenbush, G. C. See Wright, 1953. 

Heyl, G. R., and Walker, G. W., 1949, Geology of limestone near Gazelle, Siskiyou 

County, Calif.: Calif. Jour. Mines and Geology, v. 45, p. 514-520. 

Structure and stratigraphy of limestone occurring 2 to 5 miles west southwest of 

Gazelle along the North Branch of Willow Creek. Large reserves of high-grade 

stone with very little overburden are available. Only small quarries have been 

opened. Includes five analyses, a location map, and a geologic map with cross 

sections showing the Gazelle deposits, scale 3 inches = 4,000 feet. 

Heyl, G. R., and Wiese, J. H., 1949, Geology of limestone near Sonora, Tuolumne 

County, Calif.: Calif. Jour. Mines and Geology, v. 45, p. 509-513. 

Describes accessibility, general topography, and geology. The high-calcium 

limestone is found in two zones in the limestone belt; one in the east along Black 

Leg Creek, the other on the west near Sullivan Creek. Because of the crystallinity 

of the formation the limestone can be easily distinguished from the dolomite by a 

difference in the grain size: the limestone having a grain size of from 0.5 to 5 mm and 

the dolomite from 0.05 to 0.3 mm. The limestone has been quarried for the glass 

and chemical industries. Only a minor amount of the available resources has been 

mined. Includes five analyses and a geologic map and cross sections of limestone at 

Black Leg Creek, scale 3 inches = 4,000 feet. 

Hinchey, N. S., Fischer, R. B., and Calhoun, W. A., 1947, Limestones and dolomites 

in the St. Louis area: Mo. Geol. Survey and Water Res. Div. Rept. Inv. 5, 80 p. 

Gives analyses of 270 samples of Ordovician and Mississippian formations from 

17 localities. Description of sample locations includes a stratigraphic section and 

available transportation. High-calcium limestone is available. 

Hodge, E. T., 1935, Available raw material for a Pacific Coast iron industry: U. S. 

Army Corps of Engineers, Office of the Div. Engineer, North Pacific Div., 

Portland, Oreg., v. 4, App. L, p. 19-84. 

Describes and gives analyses for many deposits in Alaska, Washington, Oregon, 

and California. Some other deposits outside economic transportation range are 

mentioned. 

--- 1938, Northwest limestones, Section 3, in Market for Columbia River 

hydroelectric power using northwest minerals:. Portland, Oreg., War Dept., 

Corps of Engineers, Office Div. Engineer, North Pacific Div., 621 p. 

Discusses general geology, occurrence of limestone, quarrying, tonnage, and costs. 

Part 1, .volume 1, "Limestones of the Northwestern States," is concerned with 
HIGH-CALCIUM LIMESTONE DEPOSITS IN THE UNITED STATES 693 

Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. Part 2, volume 2, "Other limestone occurrences 

available to (or) competitive with the lower Columbia area," includes chapters on 

deposits in California, Nevada, southeastern Alaska, and British Columbia. Part 3, 

volume 2, discusses uses, technology, and available markets for limestone and lime. 

--- 1944, Limestones of the Pacific Northwest; available limestones suitable for 

calcium carbide and/or for flint glass industries: [Portland, Oreg.], Bo.nneville 

Power Administration, 104 p. 

A comprehensive report on the availability and marketability of high-calcium 

and high-purity limestones. The introduction discusses transportation costs, rail, 

ship and barge, and mining costs. Gives potential markets and their consumption. 

The areas included are the southeastern coastal Alaska, coastal British Columbia, 

all of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, western and southwestern -Montana, northwestern Nevada, and northern and coastal California. The discussion for each 

of these areas includes mileage to various markets, estimated transportation costs, 

composition of the limestone, short description of the deposit, and a map showing 

the location of the deposit. 

Hodges, P. C., 1936, Production and preparation of blast furnace flux: Am. Inst. 

Min. Metall. Eng. Tech. Pub. 668, 11 p. 

The Columbus and Delaware limestones (Devonian) are quarried at Marble Cliff 

quarry, Franklin County, Ohio. The Columbus limestone is noted as a highcalcium flux and chemical stone; the Delaware is used as :m aggregate and as railroad 

ballast. 

Hopkins, T. C., 1893, Marbles and other limestones: Ark. Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. 

for 1890, v. 4, p. 96-115, 212-356. 

The marble belt of Arkansas is in the north and northwestern part of the State. 

The high-calcium limestones of this part of the Ozark Plateau are the St. Joe marble 

and the Boone limestones, members of the Boone formation (Mississippian), and the 

Izard and St. Clair formations (Silurian). Analyses and the location and description 

of outcrops are included. 

Huner, John, Jr., 1939, Geology of Caldwell and Winn Parishes [La.]: La. Geol. 

Survey Bull. 15, p. 210-214, 284-288. 

One of the two limestone quarries in the State is in the cap rock limestone of the 

Winnfield salt dome. The limestone is used chiefly as chemical lime. Three 

analyses are given. 

Iowa Geological Survey, 1907, Analyses of limestones and chalks, in Ann. Rept. for 

1906: Iowa Geol. Survey, v. 17, p. 531-537. 

Contains more than 100 analyses of Iowa chalks and limestones arranged alphabetically by county. 

Jander, F. K. See Boynton, 1952. 

Jewett, J. M. See O'Connor, 1951. 

Jicha, H. L., Jr., 1956, A deposit of high-calcium lime rock in Valencia County, 

N. Mex.: N. Mex. Inst. Mining and Technology, State Bur. Mines and Min. 

Res., 5 p. 

An analysis of two samples of li.mestone from an area in Valencia County, 34 

miles west of Belen, shows an aggregate calcium carbonate content of 97.5 percent. 

The formation is a travertine deposited on the Chinle formation (Triassic). The 

deposit is 572 miles long and 1 mile wide. Its maximum thickness of 150 feet is in 

the northeast with a thinning to the south and west. There are estimated re-
694 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

serves of 100 million tons. Two small-scale maps, one location and one geologic, 

are included. 

Jones, W. B., 1926, Index to the mineral resources of Alabama: Ala. Geol. Survey 

Bull. 28, p. 60-74. 

Divides source areas for cement raw materials in Alabama into four groups. 

The first district, the Coosa and neighboring valleys, has available the Ordovician 

limestones and the Bangor limestone. Analyses are given of the Trenton limestone. 

The second district, the Tennessee Valley region, has 1 available the Bangor and 

Tuscumbia limestones. Analyses of the Bangor are giveh. The third district is the 

Selma chalk belt of central Alabama. The analyses show that the formation is not 

high in calcium. The fourth district is the St. Stevens limestone belt of south 

Alabama. Analyses of this formation are included 

Kay, G. M., 1943, Chemical lime in central Pennsylvania: Econ. Geology, v. 38, 

p. 188-203. 

Of the many limestones of central Pennsylvania, only the Valentine member of the 

Curtin formation is suitable for large-scale production of chemical-grade stone. 

The Valentine limestone is exposed in parts of Centre, Clinton, and Lycoming 

Counties. Includes a map showing distribution and thickness of the Curtin formation and some chemical analyses of the Valentine member. 

Kerns, W. H. See Rutledge, 1953. 

Knight, Nicholas, 1929, The chemical composition of the Burlington limestone near 

Oakville, Iowa: Iowa Acad. Sci. Proc., v. 35, p. 217-218. 

Four analyses of limestone from near Oakville, Louisa County, Iowa, are given. 

Krey, Frank, and Lamar, J. E., 1925, Limestone resources of Illinois: Ill. Geol. 

Survey Bull. 46, p. 311-334. 

The publication is concerned chiefly with limestone as a road material but includes 23 pages of chemical analyses and location of samples. Many of the limestones tested show high calcium content. 

Lamar, J. E. See also Krey, 1925; Grogan, 1940. 

Lamar, J. E., 1927, Economic geology of the limestones of Illinois: Rock Products, 

v. 30,no. 8, p. 56-59. 

Discusses Illinois limestones in chronological order. Gives uses and chemical 

and physical analyses. The formations high in calcium include the Kimmswick, 

Wapsipinicon, Burlington, Salem, St. Louis, Ste. Genevieve, and Shoal Creek 

limestones. 

--- 1929, The limestone resources of the Pontiac-Fairbury region: Ill. Geol. 

Survey Rept. Inv. 17, 27 p. 

Results of a survey of possible uses for the Pontiac limestone (Pennsylvanian). 

Notes that tltis stone is of uniform quality, has only from 1 to 5 feet overburden, and 

estimated reserves of 7.5 million tons. Discusses active quarries. Includes analyses, location map, and a map showing areas sampled. 

--- 1936, ,The economic utilization of the Burlington limestone in the Quincy 

reg~on: Ill. A cad. Sci. Trans., v. 29, no. 2, p. 170-171. 

In the Quincy region the normally cherty Burlington limestone has a 20- to 30-foot 

chert-free stratum averaging 98 percent carbonate. Because of its white color and 

high calcium content, this limestone has a variety of uses. 
HIGH-CALCIUM LIMESTONE DEPOSITS IN THE UNITED STATES 695 

Lamar, J. E., and Willman, H. B., 1931, High-calcium limestone near Morris, Ill.: 

Ill. Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 23, 26 p. 

Two high-calcium limestone deposits occur only 60 miles from Chicago and are 

adjacent to both rail and water transportation. They are in the Divine limestone 

(Ordovician). Includes one analysis and maps showing outcrops and area underlain 

by the Divine limestone and areas with less than 3 Y2 feet overburden. 

--- 1933, Results of test drilling of limestone near Morris, Ill.: Ill. Geol. Survey 

Inf. Circ. 4, 6 p. 

Four test borings were made to supplement the information given in the Illinois 

Geological Survey Report of Investigation 23 (Lamar and Willman, 1931). These 

borings show that the high calcium part of the limestone is buff to brown in color 

and only the upper 4 to 5 feet contain more than 95 percent calcium carbonate. 

The purity decreases with depth. The fact that so little of the stone is rich in calcium and that this is discolored would probably limit the use of this stone. Logs 

and analyses of cores are included. 

--- 1938, A summary of the uses of limestone and dolomite: Ill. Geol. Survey 

Rept. Inv. 49, 50 p. 

Discusses the chemical and physical properties required by many of the limestone 

industries. Many uses of high-calcium limestone are included. 

Lamborn, R. E., 1945, Recent information on the Maxville limestone: Ohio Geol. 

Survey Inf. Circ. 3, 18 p. 

The Maxville limestone is thick enough in a few places in Muskingum and Perry 

Counties to be commercial. Burned for lime to make mortar and also used as flux 

stone. Article includes lithologic sections and chemical analyses from a few important quarries. These analyses show that the calcium carbonate content varies 

considerably. 

---1951, Limestones of eastern Ohio: Ohio Geol. Survey, 4th ser., Bull. 49, 377 p. 

Detailed description of .limestone formations, by counties, includes distribution, 

economic significance, and lithologic sections. Chemical analyses given for Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, and Permian limestones that are of _unusual commercial importance or that represent some stratigraphic horizon. Map shows sample locations. 

T~ble at end of report summarizes the more than 150 analyses given in the text. 

Landes, Henry, 1906, Cement resources of Washington: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 

285-I, p. 377-383. 

Limestone is found in Washington from Puget Sound to Idaho County. Report 

describes the limestone deposits of the northern counties and includes analyses. 

Landes, K. K., 1949, Metallurgical limestone reserves in the United States: Washington, D. C., National Lime Assoc., 25 p. 

Discusses extent of metallurgical limestone reserves. State-by-State discussion 

gives important metallurgical limestones, their grade, and possibilities for production 

expansion. 

Larrabee, D. M., Clabaugh, S. E., Griffitts, W. R., and others, 1947, Construction 

materials and nonmetallic mineral resources of Colorado: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Missouri Basin Studies Map 10, scale 1 :500,000. 

The map text notes that the LeadVIlle, Madison, Timpas, and Greenhorn limestones are high in calcium but that the Timpas and Greenhorn have a tendency 

toward being clayey. 
696 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

Lincoln, F. C., 1929, Quarrying limestone in the Black Hills of South Dakota: 

Rock Products, v. 32, no. 11, p. 42-47. 

There are three sources of high-calcium limestone in the Black Hills. The Minnekahta, which is the highest purity limestone in the State, and the Niobrara are 

laterally uniform in quality. The Pahasapa is normally a dolomite but in places is 

quarried as a high calcium stone. Reviews the history of the U

1

ses of South Dakota 

limestones which include road stone, concrete, aggregate, lime, cement, etc. 

Lindgren, Waldemar, 1905, Description of the Clifton quadrangle, Arizona: U. S. 

Geol. Survey Atlas, folio 129, p. 13. 

The upper 100 feet of the Modoc formation (Mississippian) has a calcium carbonate content as high as 96 percent. Includes a geologic map, scale 1:62,500. 

Ljungstedt, 0. A. See Stose, 1932. 

Logan, C. A., 1947, Limestone in California: Calif. Jour. Mines and Geology, v. 43, 

p. 175-357. 

Reviews the origin and uses of limestone. Discusses, by county, the geology of 

the State and the history of production of limestone; gives location of existing 

quarries; and gives a -few chemical analyses. Map shows limestone deposits. 

Logan, W. N., 1911, The structural materials of Mississippi: Miss. Geol. Survey 

Bull. 9, 78 p. 

Report not chiefly concerned with high-calcium limestones but analyses from 

Tishomingo, Warren, and Wayne Counties are given. Some of these are high calcium. 

--- 1916, Preliminary report on the marls and limestones of Mississippi: Miss. 

Geol. Survey Bull. 13, p. 29-82. 

Report is primarily concerned with agricultural limestone. Includes chemical 

analyses for nearly every county in the State, some of which are high in calcium 

content. 

Loughlin, G. F., Berry, E. W., and Cushman, J. S., 1921, Limestones and marls of 

North Carolina: N.C. Geol. and Econ. Survey Bull. 28, 211 p. 

Discusses in general limestone and its physical characteristics. First, the limestone areas in western North Carolina are discussed, then those in the east. Describes in detail the distribution and availability of the limestones and gives useful 

quarrying information. Includes a section on North Carolina's position in the 

limestone and marble industry, three pages of analyses, and many county maps 

showing the distribution of limestone. 

Luttrell, E. M. See Stokley, 1952. 

McCue, J. B., Lucke, J. B., and Woodward, H. P., 1939, Limestones of West Virginia: W. Va. Geol. Survey, v. 12, 560 p. 

Marine limestones crop out mainly in the eastern panhandle and along the eastern 

boundary from Mercer County to Preston County. Fresh-water limestones crop 

out in the north-central· part of the State and, in general, are less uniform and of 

lower grade than the marine deposits. The few outcrops in the central and southwestern parts of the State generally-are too thin and low grade to be of economic 

importance. The most valuable deposits are Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian. 

A brief introduction to the history of limestone is followed by a discussion of the 

limestones of West Virginia arranged according to their geologic age. The Cambrian 

to Devonian formations are discussed by H. P. Woodward and the Mississippian 

to Permian by J. B. Lucke. These sections include distribution of the formation, 
HIGH-CALCIUM LIMESTONE DEPOSITS IN THE UNITED STATES 697 

structure, stratigraphy, lithologic sections, and some analyses. The final chapters 

were contributed by J. B. McCue. They discuss mining methods, preparation, and 

utilization of the limestone. Analyses are found on pages 379-428. Map shows 

location of samples and important limestone outcrops. 

McFarlan, A. C. . See Stokley, 1952. 

Martens, J. H. C., 1948, Possibility of shaft mining of Greenbrier limestone: W.Va. 

Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 6, 18 p. 

Notes localities in the State where underground mining of Mississippian Greenbrier limestone is feasible. It is quarried along the outcrop from Monongalia County 

to Mercer County and underlies much of the western and central part of the State. 

Six pages of analyses are included. 

Martin, G. C., 1909, The Niobrara limestone of northern Colorado as a possible 

source of portland cement material: U.S. Geol. Survey Bu.ll. 380-J, p. 314-326. 

A survey for cement materials in Boulder and Larimer Counties. Niobrara is the 

only limestone of sufficiently high calcium content for portland cement.· lncludes 

stratigraphy, lithologic sections, and analyses. Map of a part of the foothills area 

shows distribution of Niobrara formation. 

Martin, H. M., 1936, The centennial geological map of Michigan: Mich. Dept. 

Conserv., Geol. Survey Div. Pub. 39, Geol. Ser. 33, 2 pts., scale 1:500,000. 

Lists uses or possible uses of the following high-calcium limestones: the Slonington 

formation (Ordovician), the Burnt Bluff (Silurian), the Mackinac formation and 

Traverse group (Devonian), and the Bayport limestone (Mississippian). 

Mathews, E. B., and Grasty, J. S., 1910, The limestones of Maryland: Md. Geol. 

Survey, v. 8, pt. 3, p. 227-477. 

Describes the origin, types, and uses of limestone. There is a lengthy section on 

portland cement and its raw materials. Most of the report is concerned with lime 

and cement materials of Maryland. The limestones are discussed by physiographic 

province. Includes a discussion of structure, location of quarries, a description of 

other cement materials, and a map noting location of samples, scale 1 inch = 8 

miles. Many analyses are given throughout text. 

Maynard, T. P., 1912, A report on the limestones and cement materials of north 

Georgia: Ga. Geol. Survey Bull. 27, 293 p. 

Presents a short review of the origin and uses of limestones, clays, and shales; 

discussion of the differences between hydraulic limes, natural cements, and portland 

cements; and a section on the physiography, stratigraphy, and structure of north 

Georgia. The remainder of the bulletin describes the limestone and cement materials that occur in the Piedmont Plateau and the Appalachian Mountain areas of 

Georgia. Describes, by county, individual areas, gives lithologic sections, discusses economic development, and includes analyses throughout the text and a 

geologic map of the Appalachian Valley and the Cumberland Plateau, scale 1 inch = 

4 miles. 

Mellen, F. F., 1942, Mississippi agricultural limestone: Miss. Geol. Survey Bull. 46, 

20 p. 

The report is concerned only with agricultural uses of limestone but analyses appear on pages 10-13. Some of these show high calcium content. 

Miller, B. L., 1925, Limestones of Pennsylvania: Pa. Geol. Survey, 4th ser., Bull. 

M-7, 368 p. 

The preliminary discussion includes types of limestone, mineralogy, origin, and 

uses; also a chart showing the many uses of lime. 
698 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

The commercial limestones of Pennsylvania are confined to the southern part of 

the State and high-grade limestones are, in general, confined to the central and 

southeastern parts. Limestones of the southwest counties are generally too thin 

or impure to be of great importance. Even the valuable Vanport limestone of 

southwestern Pennsylvania has small reserves when compared with limestones of the 

southeastern counties. 

The main body of the report discusses Pennsylvania's limestones first by age and 

then by area. A general section on stratigraphy, structure, and topography is 

included. A formation-by-formation discussion of physical characteristics, description of quarries, and uses follows. Analyses occur throughout the text. Map, 

scale 1 : 500,000, shows limestone outcrops in Pennsylvania. 

--- 1934, Limestones of Pennsylvania: Pa. Geol. Survey, 4th ser., Bull. M-20, 

729 p. 

The first few chapters include such general information as the minerals occurring 

in metamorphosed and unmetamorphosed limestones, origin, effects of weathering, 

table of physical properties, topography of limestone areas, and uses of Pennsylvania 

limestones. Stratigraphy is discussed and a columnar section is included. Describes the limestones by counties, arranged in alphabetical order. Each county is 

preceded by a small-scale geologic map showing limestone outcrops and quarries. 

The discussion of the individual formations in places includes physical characteristics, 

lithologic sections, descriptions of quarries, available sites for new quarries, and 

analyses. Map shows limestones of Pennsylvania, scale 1:-750,000. 

Minister, P. F., 1930, Quarrying of limestone at Lime Spur, Mont.: Mining and 

Metallurgy, v. 11, no. 278, p. 108-110. 

Describes history, geology, and quarry methods. Quarry is 4Y2 miles east of 

Cardwell, Jefferson County, in limestone of the Madison formation. Most of the 

production is for the sugar industry and flux stone; it is also used for concrete aggregate and glass manufacture. The average calcium carbonate content is 98 percent. 

Moore, B. N., 1937, Nonmetallic mineral resources of eastern Oregon: U. S. Geol. 

Survey Bull. 875, p. 118-149. 

Deposits of commercial importance are limited to crystalline Paleozoic and Mesozoic limestones of the Ochoco and Blue Mountain regions and Baker, Crook, Wallowa, Grant, and Wheeler Counties. Each of these areas is discussed individually 

and geography, accessibility, structure, stratigraphy, geomorphology, and description of limestone occurrences are included. Most of the limestone of eastern 

Oregon is high calcium. Analyses are given. Geologic maps of areas are discussed. 

Moore, E. S. See Butts, 1936. 

Moore, F. H., 1935, Marbles and limestones of Connecticut: Conn. Geol. and Nat. 

History Survey Bull. 56, 56 p. 

The marbles of Connecticut are confined to the Western Highlands physiographic 

division. In general, the calcitic marble occurs south of the village of Brookfield 

and dolomitic marble to the north. A discussion of topography, weathering, stratigraphy, origin, and physical and chemical properties is included. Describes in detail 

the marbles of the northern, central, and southern sections of the marble belt, and the 

Ridgefield and smaller areas. Includes distribution, structure, and description of 

each marble. Economics, location of quarries, and age relationships are considered. 

Analyses and a small-scale map showing occurrence of marbles in Connecticut are 

included. · 

Moore, W. E., 1955, Geology of Jackson County, Fla.: Fla. Geol. Survey Geol. 

Bull. 37, p. 84-85. 

The Eocene limestones of Jackson County have a high calcium carbonate content 

and are soft and easily mined. County geologic map, scale 1:137,500, is included. 
HIGH-CALCIUM .LIMESTONE DEPOSITS IN THE UNITED STATES 699 

Moresi, C. K., 1936, Limerock, in Twelfth biennial report: La. Dept. Conserv., 

General Conserv. Bull. for 1934-35, p. 505-511. 

Limestone is quarried from the cap rock of two Louisiana salt domes, the Pine 

Prairie and the Winnfield. The rock is used for lime and road metal. Analyses are 

given. 

Morse, W. C., 1910, The Maxville limestone: Ohio Geol. Survey, 4th ser., Bull. 13, 

128 p. 

This bulletin is chiefly concerned with stratigraphy, b~t the included analyses 

indicate that the Maxville is a high-calcium limestone in Ohio. Location and 

description of exposures are given. · 

Mossom, Stuart, 1925, A preliminary report on the limestones and marls of Florida: 

Fla. Geol. Survey 16th Ann. Rept., 1923-24, p. 33-203. 

Reviews types of limestone found in Florida, their origin, uses, physical properties, 

structure, and weathering. The section on stratigraphy includes the distribution 

and uses of each limestone and marl discussed. Describes deposits by counties and 

locates operating quarries. Many analyses are given throughout the text. Map of 

Florida shows distribution of workable limestone and marl deposits, scale 1 inch = 

about 53 miles. 

Moxham, R. M., Eckhart, R. A., Cobb, E. H., West, W. S., and Nelson, A. E., 1953, 

Geology and cement raw materials of the Windy Creek area, Alaska: U. S. 

Geol. Survey open-file rept. 49 p. 

Discusses in general topography, climate, accessibility, and stratigraphy. The 

Windy Creek area is in the northern part of the Alaska Railroad region. Three 

deposits of commercial size are described. Many analyses and a geologic map of 

the Windy Creek area, scale 1 inch = about 4,500 feet, are included. Also included are maps of the three limestone areas discussed. 

Mulligan, J. J. See Rutledge, 1953. 

~elson, A. E. See Moxham, 1953. 

Oakes, M. C. See Ham, 1943. 

O'Connor, H. G., Goebel, E. D., and Plummer, Norman, 1953, Mineral resources of 

Lyon County, in Geology, mineral resources, and ground-water resources of 

Lyon County, Kans.: Kans. Geol. Survey, v. 12, pt. 2, p. 24-27. 

Gives a short discussion of uses and possible uses of the local limestones, and 

analyses and locations of 22 samples. 

O'Connor, H. G., Jewett, J. M., and Smith, R. K., 1951, Mineral resources of Chase 

County [Kans.]: Kans. Geol. Survey, v. 11, pt. 2, p. 16-19. 

Describes uses of limestone and gives locations of quarries in Chase County. 

Map, scale 1 inch = 1~ miles, shows, among other things, limestone quarries, limestone plants, location of samples, and a columnar section. Analyses of 17 samples 

are given. 

O'Hara, C. C., 1908, The cement resources of the Black Hills: S.Dak. School Mines 

Bull. 8, p. 9-27. 

Structure and area of outcrop of the high-calci~m Minnekahta limestone are discussed. A stratigraphic _column and two analys~s are included. Report contains 

maps of individual formations, and a small-scale map shows outcrop of Minnekahta 

limestone and its relation to cultural features. 

Orton, Edward, Jr., and Peppel, S. V., 1906, The limestone resources and the lime 

industry in Ohio: Ohio Geol. Survey, 4th ser., Bull. 4, p. 20-2ML 

The beginning chapters include the stratigraphy of Ohio. The limestones of 

Ohio are discussed first by their occurrence in counties and then each formation ~s 
700 ·CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF. MINERAL RESOURCES 

discussed individually as to areal ·extent and chemical and physical properties. 

Thickness, lithologic sections, analyses, location of samples, and the value of each 

limestone to the cement industry are all considered. Tables of analyses are given 

for each of the formations discussed. A small-scale geologic map of the State 

shows location of samples. 

Patton, J. B., 1949, Crushed stone in Indiana: Ind. Dept. Conserv., Div. Geology, 

Progress Rept. 3, 47 p. · · 

Describes briefly the limestones being used for crushed stone in Indiana. Quarry 

locations are listed and formations being quarried are named. Five pages of 

analyses and a map showing quarry and location of samples, scale 1 inch = 10 miles, 

are included. 

Peck, F. B., 1908, Geology of the cement belt in Lehigh and Northampton Counties, 

Pa. * * *: Econ. Geology, v. 3, no. 1, p. 37-55. 

Describes physiography, stratigraphy, and structure of the cement belt. Locates 

and describes the formations used in cement manufacture. Analyses are given throughout. Map, 1 inch = 4 miles, shows the location of plants, quarries, and outcrops. 

Peppel, S. V. See Orton, 1906. 

Pepperberg, L. J., 1909, Cement material near Havre, Mont.: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Bull. 380-J, p. 327-336. 

Approximately 5 miles south of Havre, Hill County, about 80 acres are underlain 

by a 15-foot-thick limestone giving a reserve estimate of more than 4 million tons of 

stone. This cement raw material is important because of the scarcity of other 

building materials in this area. 

Perry, E. S., 1949, Gypsum, lime, and limestone in Montana: Mont. Bur. Mines 

and Geology Mem. 29, p. 27-43. 

Limestone outcrops are confined to the western and central parts of the State. 

The Upper Madison (Mississippian) and the Meagher (Cambrian) are the two 

limestones of Montana quarried because of their high calcium content. The 

Meagher has a variable calcium content. The Tertiary marls of northern Montana, 

although not yet exploited, are nearly pure calcium carbonate. Individual quarries 

are described. Small-scale maps show distribution of limestones in Montana and 

quarry locations. A. few analyses are given. 

Perry, T. G., Smith, N. M., and Wayne, W. J., 1954, Salem limestone and associated 

formations in south-central Indiana: Ind. Geol. Survey Field Conf. Guidebook 

7, 73 p. 

Analyses of samples from stops made during the field trip are given on pages 58-71. 

Plummer, Norman. See O'Connor, 1953. 

Popoff, C. C., 1948, Investigation of the Sauk Mountain limestone deposits, Skagit 

County, Wash.: U. S. Bur. Mines Rept. Inv. 4355, 14 p. 

Deposit is located 110 miles northeast of Seattle near the towns of Sauk and 

Rockport. The limestone is probably Carboniferous. It extends from 600 to 4,500 

feet on the west and south slopes of Sauk Mountain. The beds are highly metamorphosed and faulted. A list ~f property owners is given, and individual deposits 

are discussed. Calcium oxide usually ranges between 53 and 55 percent and magnesium seldom exceeds 3 percent, but silica may be as high as 10 per cent. Numerous analyses and maps, at various scales, showing location of deposits, are included. 

--- 1949a, Investigation of limestone . deposits near Arlington, Snohomish 

County, Wash.: U.S. Bur. Mines Rept. Inv. 4393, 14 p. 

These deposits are 45 ·miles north of Seattle. A list of property owners is given, 

geology is reviewed, and individual deposits are discussed. The calcium oxide con-
HIGH-CALCIUM LIMESTONE DEPOSITS IN THE UNITED STATES 701 

tent is uniformly high and the magnesium oxide is generally less than 1 percent. 

Analyses and a map showing areal extent of the limestones and sample locations 

are included. 

Popoff, C. C., 1949b, Investigation of Whitehorse limestone deposits, Snohomish 

County, Wash.: U. S. Bur. Mines Rept. Inv. 4510, 9 p. 

Deposit is found in north-central part of Snohomish County. Lists property 

owners, discusses geology and climate. Of the three limestone deposits described, 

the Galbraith shows the highest average calcium oxide content, 51.1 percent. 

Includes analyses and maps showing areal extent of deposits and location of samples. 

Richardson, C. H., 1923, The building stones of Kentucky: Ky. Geol. Survey, 6th 

ser., v. 11, p. 259-329. 

A few high-calcium limestones are represented in these 70 pages of analyses. 

--- 1927, Cement materials of Kentucky: Ky. Geol. Survey, 6th ser., v. 29, p. 

65-154. 

Contains chapters on the history of the cement industry, types of cement, its 

composition, necessary raw materials, and its manufacture. Discusses the cement 

materials of Kentucky by dividing the State into districts. Gives for each district 

the available cement raw materials and the best locations for new cement plants. 

Some analyses are given. 

Richardson, G. B., 1908, Portland cement materials near El Paso, Tex.: U. S. GeoJ. 

Suryey Bull. 340-H, p. 413-414. 

Notes that the Carboniferous and Cretaceous limestones of the El Paso region are 

high calcium. Gives a representative analysis for each. 

--- 1909, Description of El Paso quadrangle, .Texas: U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. 

Atlas, folio 166, p. 4-5, 10. 

Notes the Hueco and Comanche limestones (Pennsylvanian) as being high calcium. Reserves available for expansion of industries using this grade of stone. 

Includes a geologic map, scale 1:125,000, and a few analyses. 

Ries, Heinrich, 1899, Limestones of New York and their economic value: N. Y. 

State Geologist 17th Ann. Rept., 1897, p. 355-467. 

Report is chiefly concerned with chemical uses of limestone. Describes the important limestones of New York by county. Includes a general section on origin, 

types, and uses of limestone. Gives analyses throughout text. 

--- 1901, Lime and cement industries of New York: N; Y. State Mus. Bull. 44, 

p. 753-849, 893-955. ' 

Describes the limestones of New York and notes the Trenton and Helderberg as 

being the most important high-calcium limestones. Includes, by counties arranged 

in alphabetical order, the areal extent, analyses, and location and description of 

quarries. Gives many tables of analyses of limestones throughout the United 

States. 

Roehm, J. C., 1946, Some high-calcium limestone deposits in southeastern Alaska: 

Alaska Dept. Mines Pamph. 6, 85 p. 

In southeastern Alaska high-calcium limestones are confined to the Silurian, 

Devonian, and certain formations of indefinite but pre-Silurian age. The Silurian 

beds are the most uniform and extensive, have the greatest thickness, and the highest 

calcium content. Much good-quality limestone suitable for large-scale production is 

readily accessible to ocean-going vessels. Discusses in detail individual areas, ineluding information about the geology, applicable mining methods, available ship-
702 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

ping and housing sites, and recommended uses for the stone. Includes analyses and 

many index maps showing the areas studied and sampled. 

Rothrock, E. P., 1931, A preliminary report on the chalk of eastern South Dakota: 

S. Dak. Geol. and Nat. History Survey Rept. I.nv. 2, 42 p. 

Gives descriptions of the Niobrara chalk, lithologic sections, and possible quarry 

sites for many areas. Includes analyses and a sketch map showing the cultural 

features and chalk outcrops. 

---1944, Mineral resources, part 3 of A geology of South Dakota: S.Dak. Geol. 

Survey Bull. 15, 255 p. 

Discusses and gives analyses of the Pahasapa, Minnekahta, and Greenhorn limestones and Niobrara chalk; all are high in calcium. Map shows mineral resources of 

South Dakota. 

Runkle, D. M., 1951, Chemical limestone: Ohio Chamber Commerce, Indus. Devel. 

Dept., Inf. Brochure 9, 7 p. 

Discusses uses of chemical limestones. Map (scale 1 in. = 30 mi.) shows the 

limestones of Ohio that might contain more than 90 percent calcium carbonate and 

their areal extent. 

Runnels, R. T., 1951, Some high-calcium limestones in Kansas: Kans. Geol. Survey 

Bull. 90, pt. 5, p. 81-104. 

Analyses of samples from 14 formations in eastern Kansas. All have greater 

than 90 percent calcium carbonate and three are over 98 percent. Discusses 

possible uses of high-calcium limestone and available quarry sites. 

Runnels, R. T., and Dubins, I. M., 1949, Chemical and petrographic studies of the 

Fort Hays chalk in Kansas: Kans. Geol. Survey Bull. 82, pt. 1, p. 8-9, 22-23. 

Gives analyses and location of samples of the Fort Hays member of the Niobrara 

formation. 

Russell, I. C., 1901, Geology and water resources of Nez Perce County, Idaho, Pt. 2: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 54, p. 120-121. 

Describes high-calcium limestone deposits along Snake and Columbia Rivers and 

gives analyses of limestones from Nez Perce County. 

Rutledge, F. A., Thorne, R. L., Kerns, W. H., and Mulligan, J. J., 1953, Preliminary 

report-nonmetallic deposits accessible to the Alaska Railroad as possible 

sources of raw materials for the construction industry: U. S. Bur. Mines Rept. 

Inv. 4932, p. 90-124. 

West Fork of Windy Creek near Foggy Pass has large tonnages of high-grade 

limestone. Includes data on accessibility, ownership, general geology, and descriPtion of deposits; logs and analyses of drill cores; small-scale maps showing geology 

and distribution of limestones; also maps of areas discussed. 

Sampson, Edward, 1928, Geology and silver ore deposits of the Pend Oreille district, 

Idaho: Idaho Bur. Mines and Geology, Pamph. 31, p. 9-10. 

The Lakeview limestone is of commercial interest because it is the only limestone 

in this area and is used for portland cement. Gives short description of deposits. 

Schoenborn, E. M. See Adair, 1947. 

Schrader, F. C. See also Haworth, 1905. 

Search, Herman, and Ranklin, Roy, 1939, The lime content of rocks of the Upper 

Cretaceous system of Osborne County, Kans. [abs.]: Kans. Acad. Sci. Trans., 

v. 42, p. 233-236. 

Analyses of the Smoky Hill and Fort Hays members of the Niobrara formation 

show that the Fort Hays has a consistantly high calcium carbonate content. 
HIGH-CALCIUM LIMESTONE DEPOSITS IN THE UNITED STATES 703 

Schrader, F. C., and Haworth, Erasmus, 1906, Economic geology of the Independence quadrangle, Kansas: U. S., Geol. Survey Bull. 296, p. 55-58. 

In discussing the growing cement industry of the Independence quadrangle .the 

Drum, Allen, Piqua, and lola limestones are mentioned·as sources of raw materials. 

The Piqua and lola limestones are noted as being persistent over wide areas and of 

uniformly high calcium content. Includes analyses and a geologic map, scale 

1 =125,000. 

Shedd, Solon, 1903, The building and ornamental stones of Washington: Wash. 

Geol. Survey Ann. Rept., 1902, v. 2, pt. 1, p. 75-133, 141-142. 

Many of these stones used for buJlding purposes have a high calcium content. 

Analyses are scattered throughout the text from pages 75-133; tables of analyses 

on pages 141-142. 

--- 1913, Cement materials and industry in the State of Washington: Wash. 

Geol. Survey Bull. 4, p. 112-251. 

Limestones are found in only a few localities of eastern Washington, and in the 

western half of the State they are found only in the north. In general, western limestones are higher grade. Discusses each county having high-calcium limestone, and 

includes a summary of topography, general geology, and individual deposits. Gives 

analyses for important localities and a location map showing cultural features, streams, 

and the known extent of the limestone. Tables of analyses are on pages 244-251. 

Sloan, Earle, 1908, Catalogue of the mineral localities of South Carolina: S. C. Geol. 

Survey, ser. 4, Bull. 2, p. 225-240, 256-261. 

Gives description and location of limestone and marble outcrops. Limestone 

analyses are on pages 256-261. 

Smith, E. A., 1903, The cement resources of Alabama: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 225, 

p. 424-447. 

The limestones suitable for portland cement in northern Alabama are the Car· 

boniferous, especially the Chester, and the Ordovician Trenton limestone. In the 

central and southern parts of the State the Selma chalk (Cretaceous) and the St. 

Stephens limestone (Tertiary) are of sufficiently high quality to be used. Tables 

of analyses are given. 

Smith, R. A., 1916, Limestones of Michigan, in Mineral resources of Michigan * * *: 

Mich. Geol. Bioi. Survey Pub. 21, Geol. Ser. 17, p. 101-311. 

Introductory chapters discuss origin, types, and uses of limestone. The stratigraphy and distribution of Michigan limestones follows. The final section describes, 

by counties, the distribution, character, and development of deposits. Analyses 

are given throughout the text. Many small-scale maps show extent of individual 

formations. 

--- 1917, The portland cement industry, in Mineral Resources of Michigan * * *: 

Mich. Geol. Bioi. Survey Pub. 21, Geol. Ser. 17, p. 132-141. 

The limestones of Michigan sufficiently pure for cement are the Bayport limestone 

(Upper Mississippian), the Traverse formation and Dundee limestone (Devonian), 

and the lower part of the Niagara (Silurian). Discusses occurrence, physical characteristics, and past and present uses of each of these formations and includes 

many tables of analyses. 

Smith, R. W., 1937, Limestone mining at Ste. Genevieve, Mo.: Am. Inst. Min. 

Metall. Eng. Tech. Pub. 902, 23 p.; Am. Inst. Min. Metall. Eng. Trans., v. 129, 

p. 76-98; 1938, Min. Technology, v. 2, no. 3. 

The high-calcium limestone quarried at Ste. Genevieve, Mo., is the upper part 

of the Spergen formation. The analyses given show the calcium carbonate content 
704: CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

to be nearly 99 percent. A sketch map shows the area where this limestone is at the 

surface. The report continues with a lengthy discussion of mining procedures. 

Smock, J. C., 1890, Building stone in New York: N.Y. State Mus. Bull. 10, p. 358. 

The report is concerned with the building stone industry. A table, opposite 

page 358, giving the results of physical and chemical tests show that many of the 

samples have a high calcium content. 

Stauffer, C. R., 1944, The geological section of the limestone mine, Barberton, Ohio: 

Am. Jour. Sci., v. 242, p. 251-271. 

The Columbus (Onondaga) limestone of Devonian age is mined at a depth of 

more than 2,300 feet at Barberton, about 40 miles south of Cleveland, Ohio. It 

yields high-calcium limestone for the Columbia Chemical Division of the Pittsburgh 

Plate Glass Co. This operation produces 1.3 million tons per year. The report 

gives a complete stratigraphic section of the shaft and discusses the key horizons. 

Includes a small-scale sketch map of Ohio showing the relation of Barberton, Ohio, 

to the cultural features and geology of the State and nine analyses of the Columbus 

limestone. 

Stauffer, C. R., and Thiel, G. A., 1933, The limestones and marls of Minnesota: 

Minn. Geol. Survey Bull. 23, 193 p. 

An introductory chapter discusses uses of limestone, dolomite, and marl. The 

main part of the bulletin is divided into two parts: the limestones and dolomites of 

Minnesota, and the marls of Minnesota. 

Part 1· reviews the origin of limestone and dolomite. The limestones and dolomites range from Cambrian to Devonian and occur in the eastern and southeastern 

parts of the State. Discussion by individual county includes lithologic sections. 

The Prosser limestone (Ordovician) in Fillmore and Olmsted Counties, the limestone 

members of the Decorah shale (Ordorician), and the Cedar Valley limestone (Devonian) are noted as high-calcium stones. Analyses are given on pages 72-73. 

Part 2 discusses origin of marl and the relation of marl deposits to types of glacial 

drift. Includes prospecting procedures, discussion by counties, sketch maps showing 

location of marl beds, and analyses for larger deposits. 

Steidtmann, Edward, 1924, Limestones and marls of Wisconsin: Wis. Geol. and Nat. 

History Survey, Econ. ser. 22, Bull. 66, 208 p. 

Discusses origin of marl, limestone, and dolomite. Stratigraphy and distribution 

included in the chapter on general geology. High-calcium limestone occurs in the 

upper Black River formation and in the lower part of the Galena formation in Grant, 

Iowa, and Lafayette Counties. Some found also in Pierce and Dane Counties. 

Index to high~calcium limestone analyses occurring in the text is given in the last 

paragraph on page 97. Some marls also have a high calcium content. Analyses 

of these are given on page 191. Discusses uses and possible uses of Wisconsin 

marls, limestones, and dolomites with emphasis on portland cement. 

Stewart, R. M. See Wright, 1953. 

Stokley, J. A., 1949, Industrial limestones of Kentucky: Ky. Geol. Survey, ser. 9, 

Rept. Inv. 2, 51 p. -

Describes uses of limestone and dolomite with emphasis on chemical uses. Gives 

table of specifications for important chemical uses and detailed discussion of stratigraphy and distribution of formations. About half the report consists of tables of 

analyses. Map shows approximate location of high-calcium limestone in Kentucky. 

Stokley, J. A., and Luttrell, E. M., 1952, High-calcium limestone in the Kentucky 

Lake area: Ky. Geol. Survey Inf. Circ. 2, 5 p. 

High-calcium limestone occurs in the Warsaw formation (Mississippian) where it 

crops out on the Tennessee River, a few miles upsteam from Kentucky Dam, Lyon 
HIGH-CALCIUM LIMESTONE,DEPOSITS IN THE UNITED 'STATES 705 

County: Locates, very generally, the extent of that part of the formation that is 

high calcium. Includes a sketch map· showing cultural features and analyses of 

47 samples. · 

Stokley, J. A., and McFarlan, A. C., 19.52, Industrial limestones of Kentucky~No. 

2: Ky. Geol. Survey, ser. 9, Rept.Inv. 4, 94 p. 

The important industrial limestone in eastern Kentucky is the Lower Chester and 

in southern and western Kentucky, the Lower Chester and the Ste. Genevieve. 

Discusses Middle and Upper Mississippian stratigraphy. Describes favorable area 

for· quarry sites. Most of report consists of analyses of limestones from quarries. 

Many of these are accompanied by pictures of the quarry faces with formations and 

members traced on the photos. Maps include one showing location and available 

information about quarries in Kentucky, and another showing approximate location 

of high-calcium limestone belts in Kentucky. 

Stokely, J. A., and Walker, F. H., 1952, High-calcium limestone in the Somerset, 

Pulaski County area [Kentucky]: Ky. Geol. Survey Inf. Circ. 3, 8 p. 

High-calcium limestone· deposit in Paint Creek formation (Mississippian) where 

it crops out near Somerset, Pulaski County. Includes maps showing cultural 

features and probable occurrence of high-calcium limestone, and analyses of 91 

samples. 

--- 1953, Industrial limestones of Kentucky-No. 3: Ky. Geol. Survey Rept. 

Inv. 8, 62 p. 

Includes recently discovered industrial limestone localities. This report adds to 

the material contained in Stokley and McFarlan, 1952. High-calcium limestone 

found in the Paint Creek, Warsaw, and Perryville formations. Extent of outcrop 

discussed and shown on maps. Most of the report consists of analyses from limestone quarries. Many pictures of the quarries are given with formations and members designated. Map shows location and data available for quarries. 

Stose, G. W. See also Bascom, 1938. 

--- 1904, Barite in southern Pennsylvania and pure limestone in Berkeley 

County, W.Va.: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 225, p. 516-517. 

Near Martinsburg, W.Va., the limestones at the top of the Cambro-Ordovician 

are very thick and pure. Quarried for use as a flux stone for Pittsburgh's steel 

industry. Two analyses show the stone to average about 97 percent calcium 

carbonate. 

Stose, G. W., and Ljungstedt, 0. A., 1932, Geologic map of West Virginia: W. Va. 

Geol. Survey, scale 1: 500,000. 

The explanation states that the Moccasin, Stones River, and Chambersburg limestones contain beds high in calcium. 

Stose, G. W., and Swartz, C. K., 1912, Description of the Pawpaw ahd Hancock 

quadrangles [Maryland-West Virginia-Pennsylvania]: U.S. Geol. Survey, Geol. 

Atlas, folio 179, p. 22. 

The Helderberg limestone is sufficiently high in calcium to be used for cement. 

The Wills Creek formation has· some shaly limestone members suitable for natural 

cement. Includes three analyses and geologic maps of the Hancock and Pawpaw 

quadrangles, scale 1:62,500. 

Stout, W. E., 1941, Dolomites and limestones of western Ohio: Ohio Geol. Survey, 

4th ser., Bull. 42, 468 p. 

Introductory chapters include a discussion of the origin and early uses of limestone 

and dolomite in Ohio. Summarizes stratigraphy. Description by individual coun-
706 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

ties which gives distribution of each limerock formation in that county. Analyses 

are given for many. Final chapters review the present uses of limestone and 

dolomite. Analyses and location of 286 samples are given in tabular form. Map 

shows location of samples. 

Stout, W. E., 1946, Mineral resources of Ohio: Ohio Geol. Surgey, 4th ser., Inf. Circ. 

1, p. 17-18. 

Notes the Brassfield,. Maxville, Van port, and locally the Columbus limestones as 

being high in calcium. Gives some information about thickness, extent, and uses. 

Swain, F. M., 1946, Geology and economic aspects of the more important highcalcium limestone deposits in Pennsylvania: Pa. State Coli., Mineral Industries 

Expt. Sta. Bull. 43, 31 p. 

The Bellefonte area in the central part of the State is the most important because 

of the great extent and the uniform quality of the Middle Ordovician, Valentine 

limestone. The other areas discussed are the Van port limestone in western Pennsylvania and the Annville and York-Thomasville in eastern Pennsylvania. Map 

shows the districts consuming limestone produced in each of these areas. Gives 

stratigraphic sections. Describes each area separately including lithologic sections, 

sketch map showing limestone outcrop and cultural features, and discussion of 

composition, reserves, and present operations. · 

Swartz, C. K. See Stose, 1912. 

Talmage, S. B., and Wootton, T. P., 1936, The non-metallic mineral resources of 

New Mexico and their economic features (exclusive of fuels): N. Mex. Bur. 

Mines and Min. Res. Survey Bull. 12, p. 60-61. 

Notes the limestone of the Magdelena formation (Pennsylvanian) in Bernalillo 

County and some of the Permian limestones in Chaves and Eddy Counties as being 

suitable for portland. cement. 

Thiel, G. A. See also Stauffer, 1933. 

Thiel, G. A;, and Stauffer, C. R., 1947, The high calcium limestones of Minnesota: 

Minn. Geol. Survey Summary Rept. 1, 13 p. 

Minnesota has limited reserves of high-calcium limestone. · The calcium content 

of the Prosser formation (Ordovician) varies considerably but in places is high. 

The Cedar Valley formation (Devonian) has the highest grade limestone in Minnesota, but it is interbedded with dolomite which increases the cost of quarrying a 

high-grade stone. Report includes lithologic sections and analyses. 

Thorn, R. L. See Rutledge, 1953. 

Toulmin, L. D., 1940, The Salt Mountain limestone of Alabama: Ala. Geol. Survey 

Bull. 46, 126 p. 

The 90-foot-thick Salt Mountain limestone (Lower Eocene) crops out for a distance of about 3 miles in Clark County. Includes nine analyses and a geologic 

map, scale 1 inch = nearly 1,000 feet. 

Trainer, D. W., Jr., 1932, The Tully limestone of central New York: N. Y. State 

Mus. Bull. 291, 43 p. 

Discusses structure, distribution, and mineral composition of the high-calcium 

Tully limestone. Includes structure contour and isopach maps of the Tully limestone in the Finger Lakes region, New York, scale 1 inch = 6 miles. 

Tucker, W. B., 1923, Limestone deposits of McCloud, Shasta County, and their 

possible value for cement material, in Report 19 of the State Mineralogist: 

Calif. State Min. Bur., p. 69-71. 

The McCloud limestone is from 200 feet to 2,000 feet thick. The most accessible 

and largest exposures of this high-calcium limestone are at Gray Rock's, near Bayha, 
HIGH-CALCIUM LIMESTONE DEPOSITS IN THE UNITED STATES '/07 

and farther north on the McCloud River opposite the United States Fishery. Available raw materials and transportation make this an excellent area for development 

of a cement industry. 

Tucker, W. B., 1929 [Lime and limestone, Kern County, Calif.]: Calif. Dept. Nat. 

Res., Div. Mines and Mining, Mining in California, v. 25, p. 70-73. 

Mentions specifically three important areas in Kern County, stating that the most 

extensive limestone deposits are in the Tehachapi Range near the town of Tehachapi. 

Briefly describes some individual limestone deposits. 

United States Geological Survey, 1933, Mineral resources of ·the Tennessee River 

Basin and adjoining areas [map]: U. S. Geol. Survey, scale 1 = 500,000. 

Map shows areas in which high-calcium limestone predominates in parts of 

Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Virginia, and minor parts of Mississippi, 

North Carolina, and West Virginia. 

Valentine, G. M., 1949, Inventory of Washington Minerals, part 1, Nonmetallic minerals: Wash. Dept. Conserv. Devel., Div. Mines and Geology Bull. 37, p. 48-51. 

Gives brief description of known limestone, marl, and trave~tine occurrences with 

indication that some are high-grade stone. These areas are shown on a map, scale 

1 inch = about 25 miles. 

Ver Steeg, Karl, and Yunk, George, 1935, Geography and geology of Kelley's 

Island: Ohio Jour. Sci., v. 35, no. 6, p. 429-431. 

Kelley's Island, in Lake Erie, is composed of Columbus limestone (Middle 

Devonian) underlain by the Monroe limestone (Upper Silurian). This island is the 

northermost locality of this high-calcium limestone. The formation in this area 

decreases in calcium content from the top down. Used for lime and as a flux stone. 

Virginia Geological Survey, 1928, Geologic map of Virginia, scale 1: 500,000. 

The Stones River, Lenoir, and Mosheim limestones are suitable for lime, lime 

products, and cement manufacture. 

Walker, F. H. See Stokley, 1952, 1953. 

Walker, G. W. See also Heyl, 1949. 

--- 1950a, Sierra Blanca limestone in Santa Barbara County, Calif.: Calif. Div. 

Mines Special Rept. 1-A, 5 p. 

Describes, in detail, the occurrence of the Sierra Blanca limestone in the upper 

Santa Yney River basin. The limestone occurs in two lenses, one 7 and the other 

18 miles north of the city of Santa Barbara. The northernmost lens reaches the 

maximum thickness, 250 feet, and the maximum purity, 98 percent. This area is 

accessible only by poor Forest Service roads, so, as yet, remains underdeveloped-but 

possible quarry sites are discussed. Includes analyses of si'x samples and a reconnaissance geologic map, scale 1 inch = 1 mile. 

--- 1950b, The Calera limestone in San Mateo and Santa Clara Counties, 

Calif.: Calif. Div. Mines Special Rept. 1-B, 8 p. 

Describes geology of the Calera limestope and its physical and chemical properties. 

Calcium carbonate content of one stratigraphic unit approaches 97 percent. Included in report are analyses of eight samples and a sketch map, scale 1 inch = 2 

miles, showing approximate distribution of the limestone. 

Wallis, B .. F., 1915, The geology and economic value of the Wapanucka limestone of 

Oklahoma: Okla. Geol. Survey Bull. 23, p. 84-88. 

Three limestones of this area-the Wapanucka, Viola, and Chimneyhill-are 

high in calcium and low in magnesium, and free from silica and iron. 
708 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ·MINERAL RESOURCES 

Wayne, W. J. See Perry, 1954. 

West, W. S. See Moxham, 1953. 

Whitlatch, G. 1., 1941, Limestone and lime: Tenn. Dept. Conserv., Div. Geology, 

Markets Circ. 10, 38 p. 

Discusses limestone specifications of various chemical industries and includes 

20 analyses of Tennessee limestones. 

Wiese, J. H. See Heyl, 1949. 

Willard, Bradford, 1931, Commercial limestones of Rhode Island: Pan-Am. Geologist, v. 56, no. 2, p.· 116-122. 

Two large limestone bodies occur in Rhode Island; they are known as the Lime 

Rock and Dexter beds. The Dexter quarry is in the town of Lincoln, 1 mile southwest of the village of Berkeley. The gray, upper part of this metamorphosed limestone is high in calcium. The structure and age of the limestone are discussed. 

Williams, I. A., 1914, .Limestone deposits in Oregon, in Mineral Resources of Oregon: 

Oreg. Bur. Mines and Geology, v. 1, no. 7, p. 52-70. 

Describes distribution of limestones in Jackson and Josephine Counties. Individual outcrops are described and some analyses are given. 

Willman, H. B. See Lamar, 1931, 1933, 1938. 

Wilson, Hewitt, and Skinner, K. G., 1937, Occurrence, properties, and preparation 

of limestone and chalk for whiting: U.S. Bur. Mines Bull. 395, p. 98-154. 

Limestones, chalks, and marbles of high carbonate content and purity are discussed by States in alphabetical order. Includes some analyses and a sketch map 

showing location of chalk and limestone in the United States. 

Wolfe, P. E., 1948, Agricultural mineral resources of New Jersey: Rutgers Univ., 

Bur. Min. Research Bull. 2, p. 18-50. 

High-calcium limestones are restricted to the northern part of the State. The 

Franklin limestone (Precambrian), Jacksonburg formation (Ordovician), some 

Silurian and Devonian formations, and Recent calcareous marl deposits have highgrade stone. Discusses each of these limestones and includes a general description 

of the formation, its areal distribution, the available transportation, a sketch map 

showing the distribution of the formation, and a table of analyses. 

Woodward, H. P., 1932, Geology and mineral resources of the Roanoke area, Virginia: Va. Geol. Survey Bull. 34, p. 121-125. 

The Mosheim limestone (Ordovician) is the only high-calcium limestone in the 

Roanoke area. It averages about 23 feet thick and is uniform in both color and 

composition. It crops out in a narrow belt in the Catawba Valley just south of the 

Catawba Sanitorium. Analyses of two samples are given. 

Wright, L. A., Stewart, R. M., Gay, T. E., Jr., and Hazenbush, G. C., 1953, Mines 

and mineral deposits of San Bernardino County, Calif.: Calif. Jour. Mines and 

Geology, v. 49, p. 166-181. 

The limestone produced in San Bernardino County is consumed largely by the 

local cement industry. The Victorville-Oro Grande district is the chief producing 

area. This district and others are described in detail. Includes a few analyses and a 

map of the county showing location of mines and mineral deposits, scale 1 inch = 

6 miles. 

Yunck, George. SeeVer Steeg, 1935. 
HIGH-CALCIUM LIMESTONE DEPOSITS IN THE UNITED STATES 709 

Anonymous, 1926, Limestone for portland cement in Greene County, N. Y.: Eng. 

Min. Jour.-Press, v. 121, no. 20, p. 805-806. 

The Coeymans and Becraft limestones of the Helderberg group are both high 

calcium, but because of its higher position in the section, only the Becraft is quarried 

at present. The problems of mining in this area are discussed and demonstrated 

by a cross section and a small-scale map showing distribution and fault traces of the 

limestones. The possibility of underground mining west of the main fault where the 

rocks are less highly contorted and faulted is discussed. 

--- 1931, To sell large limestone deposits in California soon: Rock Products, 

v. 34, no. 24, p. 83. 

Reports on a newly discovered high-calcium limestone deposit in eastern Riverside 

County, Calif. There are reserves of more than 100 million tons averaging 99.45 

percent calcium carbonate. 

General: 

Bowles and Banks 1988, 1941 

Boynton and Jander 1952 

Burchard 1912 

Burchard and Emley 1914 

Eckel 1905a, 1918 

Landes, K. K. 1949 

Wilson and Skinner 1987 

Alabama: 

Abbott 1935 

Ball and Beck 1987 

Burchard 1940 

Butts 1907, 1940 

Eckel 1985 

Gildersleeve 1946a, b, c 

Jones 1926 

Smith, E. A. 1908 

Toulmin 1940 

U. S. Geol. Survey 1938 

Alaska: 

Buddington 1926 

Buddington and Chapin 1929 

Burchard and Chapin 1920 

Hodge 1935, 1938, 1944 

Moxham and others 1953 

Roehm 1946 

Rutledge and others 1953 

Arizona: Lindgren 1905 

Arkansas: 

Branner 1940, 1941 

Hopkins 1893 

California: 

Bowen 1950 

Clark 1954 

Diller 1904 

Eckel 1933 

Heyl and Walker 1949 

Heyl and Wiese 1949 

Hodge 1935, 1938, 1944 

Logan, C. A. 1947 

Tucker 1923, 1929 

Walker, G. W. 1950a, b 

Wright and others 1953 

Anonymous 1931 

Colorado: 

Argall 1949 

Larrabee and others 1947 

Martin, G. C. 1909 

INDEX 

Connecticut: 

Dale 1923 

Moore, F. H. 1935 

Florida: 

Cooke 1945 

Moore, W. E. 1955 

Mossom 1925 

Georgia: 

· Brantly 1916 

Butts and Gildersleeve 1948 

Gildersleeve 1946c, d 

Maynard 1912 

U. S. Geol. Survey 1933 

Idaho: 

Anderson 1928, 1931 

Hodge 1938, 1944 

Russell 1901 

Sampson 1928 

Illinois: 

Ball 1952 

Bleininger and others 1912 

Cady 1907 

Graf 1951 

Grogan and Lamar 1940 

Krey and Lamar 1925 

Lamar 1927, 1929, 1936 

Lamar and Willman 1931, 1933, 1938 

Indiana: 

Blatchley 1908 

Patton 1949 

Perry and others 1954 

Iowa: 

Beyer 1906 

Eckel and Bain 1905 

Iowa Geol. Survey 1907 

Knight 1929 

Kansas: 

Adams and others 1904 

Haworth and Schrader 1905 

O'Connor, Goebel, and Plummer 1953 

O'Connor, Jewett, and Smith 1951 

Runnels 1951 

Runnels and Dubins 1949 

Schrader and Haworth 1906 

Search and Ranklin 1939 

Kentucky: 

Crump 1913 

Gildersleeve 1946a 

711 
712 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

Kentucky-Continued 

Richardson 1923, 1927 

Stokley 1949 

• Stokley and Luttrell 1952 

Stokley and McFarlan 1952 

Stokley and Walker 1952, 1953 

U. S. Geol. Survey 1933 

Louisiana: 

Huner 1939 

Moresi 1936 

Maine: 

Allen, H. W. 1953 

Bastin 1906 

Maryland: 

Mathews and Grasty 1910 

Stose and Swartz 1912 

Massachusetts: 

Dale 1923 

Michigan: 

Cook 1912 

Hale and others 1903 

Martin, H. M. 1936 

Smith, R. A. 1916, 1917 

Minnesota: 

Grout and others 1932 

Stauffer and Thiel 1933 

Thiel and Stauffer 1947 

Mississippi: 

Crider 1905, 1907 

Gildersleeve 1946a 

Logan, W. N. 1911, 1916 

Mellen 1942 

Missouri: 

Buehler 1907 

Hinchey and others 1947 

Smith, R. W. 1937 

Montana: 

Hodge 1944 

Minister 1930 

Pepperberg 1909 

Perry 1949 

Nebraska: Darton 1910 

~evada: Hodge 1938, 1944 

NewJertley: 

Eckel 1904 

Wolfe 1948 

New Mexico: 

Jicha 1956 

Talmage and Wootton 1936 

New York: 

Ames 1949 

Dale 1923 

Eckel 1905b 

Ries 1899, 1901 

Smock 1890 

Trainer 1932 

Anonymous 1926 

North Carolina: 

Adair and others 1947 

Beatty and Adair 1948 

Berry 1947 

Loughlin and others 1921 

North Dakota: Burr and others 1950 

Ohio: 

Ames 1949 

Bengston and others 1950 

Bleininger 1904 

Hodges 1936 

Lamborn 1945, 1951 

Morse 1910 

Orton and Peppel 1906 

Runkle 1951 

Stauffer 1944 

Stout 1941, 1946 

VerSteeg and Yunk 1935 

Oklahoma: 

Cullen 1917 

Decker and Merritt 1928 

English and others 1940 

Gould 1911 

Ham and others 1943 

Wallis · 1915 

Oregon: 

Allen, J. E. 1946 

Baldwin 1947 

Darton 1909 

Diller 1914 

Hodge 1935, 1938, 1944 

Moore, B. N. 1937 

Williams 1914 

Pennsylvania: 

Ames 1949 

Bascom and Stose 1938 

Boucher 1930 

Butts and Moore 1936 

Butts and others 1939 

Clapp 1905 

DeWolf 1929 

D'lnvilllers 1883 

Eckel 1904 

Gray 1951, 1952 

Kay 1943 

Miller 1925, 1934 

Peck 1908 

Stose 1904 

Stose and Swartz 1912 

Swain 1946 

Rhode Island: Willard 1931 

South Carolina: 

Calhoun, F. H. H. 1915 

Sloan 1908 

South Dakota: 

Bryson and others 1947 

Lincoln 1929 

O'Hara 1908 

Rothrock 1931, 1944 
HIGH-CALCIUM LIMESTONE DEPOSITS IN THE UNITED STATES 713 

Tennessee: 

Eckel 1906 

Galloway 1919 

Gildersleeve 1946a, c, d, f, g 

Gordon 1911 

U. S. Geol. Survey 1933 

Whitlatch 1941 

Texas: 

Barnes 1952 

Richardson, G. B. 1908, 1909 

Utah: Eardley 1932 

Vermont: Dale 1914 

Virginia: 

Ames 1949 

Bassler 1905, 1908, 1909 

Bates 1939 

Catlett 1904 

Cooper 1944, 1945 

Cooper and Dietrich 1953 

Eckel 1906 

Edmundson 1945 

Virginia-Continued 

Gildersleeve 1946e 

U. S. Geol. Survey 1933 

Va. Geol. Survey 1928 

Woodward 1932 

Washington: 

Darton 1909 

Glover 1936 

Hodge 1935, 1938, 1944 

Landes, Henry 1906 

Popoff 1948, 1949a, b 

Shedd 1903, 1913 

Valentine 1949 

West Virginia: 

Ames 1949 

Grimsley 1906, 1916 

McCue and Woodward 1939 

Martens 1948 

Stose and Ljungstedt 1932 

Stose and Swartz 1912 

Wisconsin: Steidtmann 1924 

Wyoming: Clabaugh and others 1946 

* U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1957-423222