‘Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm
00 23.4 226 22.3
a7 235 23.0 22.9

15 23.9 234 23.2
18.5 252 253 26.1
252 316 314 323
32.4 348 36.0 37.0
38.8 art 37.3 38.6
456 38.5 385 39.9
525 448 454 47a
59.3 473 48.0 494
66.2 493 50.1 B17
729 817 53.2 55.3
797 543 55.4 575
86.6 627 629 652
93.4 Ca 65.4 er7
100.1 688 689 726
107.0 m3 15 744
1138 759 766 793
1207 780 787 818
1275 786 80.3 83.0
134.2 794 80.8 86.0
1404 86.8 88.2 92.6
1478 95.8 967 101.0
154.8 98.7 99.9 1032
161.6 101.0 103.2 107.9
168.3 106.5 108.3 1128
175.2 109.1 1125 1169
181.9 109.5 1125 117.0
188.9 1129 115.9 1214
195.6 123.3 1273 1329

‘Thermacouples located al sprinkler number 2

Time Omm = 25mm = SOmm

0.0 234 230 226

47 244 23.8 23.4
15 243 24.0 23.6
185 24 290 293
252 312 33.6 33.9
32.4 340 362 368
38.8 38.5 406 4nd
456 40.2 425 43.2
52.5 444 482 464
59.3 485 53.0 53.6
662 525 554 55.2
728 559 58.4 59.0
797 587 626 63.0
86.6 62.0 649 65.8
93.4 67.0 705 70.7
100.1 66.1 68.3 683
107.0 699 753 73
113.8 72.0 787 762
1207 80.9 86.1 86.7
1275 787 a1 84.0
134.2 82.8 89.2 90.3
1at4 858 92.4 937
1478 94.4 100.7 100.8
154.8 100.3 107.3 109.0
161.6 99.1 103.2 104.2
168.3 105.1 112.0 113.4
175.2 113.2 119.8 1217
181.9 114.8 119.7 1207
188.9 115.9 12462 1267

75mm
219
22.8
227
265
32.4
373
384
404
473
497
52.3
862
586
653
683
729
743
804
815,
83.2
676
93.6
102.0
103.6
108.8
113.9
72
119.1
1244
1320

75mm
22.4
227
22.9
296
337
364
40.2
42.4
45.4
533
53.9
578
626
659
702
665
79.0
749
675
835
90.9
93.4
101.3
109.2
102.9
114.2
122.0
1188
1274

Experiment Number 15

100 mm
27
22.4
22.8
269
308
37.0
378
396
46.1
482
51.0
553
S77
63.0
66.4
697
18
78.8
79.9
823
893
916
99.0
99.1
105.3
1103
115.0
116.4
1217
1286

400 mm
22.0
228
229
295
33.9
37.0
40.5
43.4
459
54.0
54.4
59.3
63.3
668
m2
684
80.9
76.4
29.0
86.4
92.4
95.6
1016
110.2
106.0
1163
123.9
120.6
129.9

125mm
212
247
219
27.0
30.5
36.9
375
395
467
48.4
50.6
56.1
58.4
623
664
70.0
725
796
80.2
827
15
92.5
99.4
99.5
108.5
109.8
1162
176
1230
125.6

125mm
215
22.0
22.4
292
33.2
36.5
39.3
43.0
449
53.6
53.4
58.4
63.2
66.6
69.6
677
aio
757
3879
87.5
93.2
96.5
1004
1102
105.9
1159
1235
97
1288

160 mm

23
22.0
22.4
259
284
343
36.6
37.9
436
454
48.8
53.5
565
59.0
627
65.4
68.4
7A
754
784
86.1
79
92.3
93.8
99.7
101.7
109.4
1126
1166
118.9

150 mm

57

214
220
223
28.6
322
35.8
38.2
424
444
52.1
519
87.2
617
653
68.0
666
80.1
759
857
e74
92.1
94.9
98.2

106.9

105.5

113.7

1214

118.0

126.4

250 mm
204
214
213
267
25.1
29.8
33.4
33.8
404
40.2
45.0
514
52.5
54.2
56.7
59.5
620
678
688
763
844
85.9
813
72
942
93.4
102.9
113.4
1106
109.0

250 mm
205
210
212
265
247
327
297
36.8
39.6
452
42.0
513
573
56.5
al
605
676
708
787
85.8
84.5
73
90.3
89.2
98.1
99.0
108.8
108.4
116.4

350 mm
20.3
203
21.0
24.3
228
23.5
24
28.8
33.8
36.1
37.4
42.0
448
482
49.7
515
545
59.0
602
676
742
74
75.0
78.9
a72
86.9
92.2
99.2
96.3
99.5

360 mm
20.4
210
213
24.5
22.7
29.4
24
318
A
378
392
438
49.2
50.2
522
588
60.1
659
644
759
76.4
a6
83.1
02.4
88.8
90.2
94.0
101.3
107.4

450 mm
199
205
206
22.2
216
215
249
26.9
296
32.4
35.4
38.8
426
443,
473,
49.3
50.9
54.5
56.4
626
647
678
703
72.2
78.0
789
793
89.2

299

450 mm
20.0
207
210
22.4
216
237
258
28.2
343
34.0
36.7
39.5
42.4
452
486
513
54.8
87.0
58.7
63.9
69.5
724
74
765
79.4
824
82.4
976
99.2

550 mm
19.8
204
205
244
24
244
24.2
26.0
28.3
30.9
33.3
36.4
393
a5
448
48.8
48.5
50.2
53.9
58.4
58.9
628
655
68.9
70.2
745
782
782
810

550 mm
197
20.5
207
215
24.0
27
24.5
aa
297
33.4
346
36.0
39.1
423
455
ata
514
543
53.8
563
62.1
66.9
727
70.3
734
753
744
86.5
844

900 mm
18.9
196
198
19.9
19.9
20.4
218
207
22.5
229
25.3
25.1
299
315
33.4
355
363
39.0
424
448
473
518
53.9
56.3
58.1
ea
65.0
684
678
m9

900 mm
190
196
197
20.0
199
20.1
216
215
28
23.5
268
26.9
296
32.0
326
373
39.9
16
446
459
476
48.8
516
55.5
874
62.7
63.3
66.4
68.0


Experiment Number 45

183.2 45 24
190.1 52 29
198.9 37 28

121


350

Temperature in channel above burner, next
300 } to velocity probes

Temperature at
250 F Sprinkler #4

rs)
7 Temperature at
5 200 | Sprinkler #1
s
& 150
&
o
F 400
50 |
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Time (s)

Figure 17 - Ceiling jet temperature comparisons at sprinklers 1 and 4 and in the channel
above the burner, obstructed/beamed ceiling, burner in corner, slow fire growth.

450 .
Temperature in channel above burner, next
400 i"
to velocity probe
350
Temperature at
© 300 | Sprinkler #4
°°
5 250
ro Temperature at
g 200 | Sprinkler #1
€
& 150
100 1
50 1
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Time (s)

Figure 18 — Ceiling jet temperature comparisons at sprinklers 1 and 4 and in the channel
above the burner, obstructed/beamed ceiling, burner in corner, medium fire growth.

23


NISTIR 6253

Effect of an Obstructed Ceiling on the
Activation Time of a Residential Sprinkler

Robert L. Vettori

Building and Fire Research Laboratory
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8641

November 1998

U.S. Department of Commerce

William M. Daley, Secretary

Technology Administration

Gary R. Bachula, Acting Under Secretary for Technology
National Institute of Standards and Technology

Raymond G. Kammer, Director

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

NUsT

Prepared for:

U.S. General Services Administration
David J. Barram, Administrator

Public Buildings Service

Robert A. Peck, Commissioner
Washington, DC 20405


0.0 00 00
20 00 ot
90 02 02
158 02 03
22.9 o4 o4
297 o4 03
36.4 03 03
43.3 03 02
50.4 on 02
87.4 02 os
639 o4 o4
707 03 03
m7 03 o4
845 02 02
913 04 04
98.3 03 03

105.3 04 05
1123 03 03
119.3 02 02
126.2 00 ot
133.2 o4 04
139.9 04 0s
147.0 03 o4
154.0 03 0s
160.8 05 05
1677 00 04
174.4 03 04
181.4 05 o4
188.4 05 O4

Velocity probes in channels above burner
Time Channel Channel 2
00 00 0.0
20 7 1d
90 20 14
158 19 09
229 20 10
297 24 1.0
36.4 24 12
433 27 13
50.4 25 15
874 27 13
63.9 26 14
707 29 16
717 a7 15
e45, 32 19
913 at 24
98.3 42 18

105.3 32 WwW
1123 38 16
119.3 37 20
1262 40 14
1332 42 18
139.9 38 24
147.0 a9 23
154.0 44 22
160.8 34 28
1677 39 24
1744 40 24
181.4 at 28
188.4 40 26

00
00
03
03
Od
03
03
o4
03
04
o4
4
05
04
05
0s
0s
o4
os
o4
06
0s
06
o7
08
04
06
07
06

00
00
O41
O14
03
O41
02
03
02
03
03
02
os
o4
os
03
0s
04
04
05
04
07
06
06
06
o4
05
05
05

Experiment Number 44

0.0
20
90

158
22.9
297
36.4
43.3
50.1
Bal
63.9
707
WI
845
913
98.3

108.3

1123

119.3

126.2

133.2

139.9

147.0

154.0

160.8

167.7

174.4

181.4

188.4

117

0.0
00
00
00
ot
03
02
02
03
03
04
05
03
04
04
05
05
05
05
04
0s
05
05
05
06
06
04
05
06

00
00
00
090
O14
os
02
03
03
03
04
o4
03
05
04
04
04
05
04
04
04
05
05
05
05
05
03
05
06

00
0.4
04
04
02
03
ot
03
03
03
o4
0s
O4
05
05
0s
O4
06
O4
05
0s
06
06
06
0s
06
05
os
os

00
ot
ot
ot
ot
03
02
02
03
02
03
o4
04
04
04
04
04
05
04
04
04
04
05
03
04
04
04
05
05



‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm 50mm
00 25.0 287 248,
68 26.1 287 258

13.6 208 295 298
203 348 357 368
272 43.4 46.0 49.3,
33.9 602 614 656
40.8 80.0 82.4 e768
476 89.3 94.3, 101.0
543 404.3 1085 114.4
613 18 116.9 124.0
68.0 1226 131.5 137.6
749 140.0 149.9 158.2

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2

Time Omm = 25mm 50mm.
00 273 265 26.0
68 a4 269 265
236 296 30.0 30.7
20.3 40.3 44.0 447
272 53.9 585 607
33.9 60.0 628 675
40.8 827 89.0 93.1
478 89.0 93.4 96.3
54.3 96.3 100.1 1028
613 103.4 110.3 1144
68.0 134.0 144.8 150.8
749 1522 164.8 167.5
‘Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 3
Time Omm = 25mm 50mm.
0.0 272 26.8 26.1
68 272 272 26.3
136 278 273 278
203 36.1 383 378
272 470 50.8 493
33.9 52.9 60.5 567
40.8 624 70.3 672
478 604 85.1 78
54.3 83.6 99.1 eo4
613 90.6 108.4 99.4
68.0 98.9 106.0 102.0
749 103.9 131.2 1207
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm
00 26.4 25.7 256
68 273 266 267
13.6 295 293 287
203 art 385 349
272 485 465 433
339 59.0 56.1 516
408 697 68.3 658
476 78.1 735 710
54.3 94.8 872 764
613 95.6 95.4 89.9
68.0 118.2 1153 108.3
749 131.0 124.4 1122
Velocity probes at sprinkler number 4
Time = 25mm 75mm 125mm
00 0.0 00 oy
68 02 02 02
13.6 04 03 04
203 03 05 05
272 0.4 04 02

75mm
24.4
252
30.1
36.6
51.0
era
88.0
101.2
1158
1253
138.8
160.9

75mm
256
26.1
30.0
43.0
58.6
63.1
90.4
96.8
99.7
113.0
1504
1620

75mm
256
25.9
275
38.1
49.8
58.0
693
815
93.0
101.6
107.3
130.3

75mm
248
25.0
295
386
53.4
63.1
725
826
975
101.4
1207
1414

250 mm
00
04
04
05
03

Experiment Number 20

100mm 125mm =—180mm_ 250. mm
24.4 23.8 239 232
25.3 247 252 24.2
296 29.2 279 28.1
36.9 34.4 33.9 20.5
50,1 St7 48.3 467
645 63.6 605 546
86.2 85.4 819 756
98.5 96.4 944 8a7

113.4 113.4 108.7 1029
121.9 1203 114.9 104.4
134.8 134.0 128.1 1207
1585 158.4 1523 145.4

100mm 125mm 150mm = 250 mm
253 24.8 24.5 23.8
257 25.1 248 23.8
30.9 30.4 298 28.4
486 443 424 38.7
614 623 607 532
69.0 68.4 685 578
96.3 95.1 92.4 4A

101.4 102.5 101.3 90.4
104.2 104.2 105.1 977
117.9 1196 119.9 110.0
156.9 1566 153.3 129.9
168.6 166.3 164.6 187.5

100mm = 125mm = 180mm = 250 mm
250 247 248 23.8
253 246 24.3 244
274 24 278 aa
376 382 395 37.0
50.4 53.3 547 50.4
74 59.0 610 59.6
70.5 734 736 72.2
80.2 842 85.6 8a7
93.4 974 99.1 978

1027 108.1 107.6 101.4
108.0 1126 114.9 118.4
129.3 135.2 138.1 143.3

100mm 125mm = 150mm 250 mm
24.3 244 237 23.1
247 245 243, 23.8
29.1 294 29.2 288
38.5 39.7 408 40.9
S17 53.0 536 517
62.5 63.8 64.5, 606
15 13 70.9 70.5
23.4 849 85.5 03.5
96.4 97.0 974 912

101.0 103.4 106.3 99.8
1208 1238 124.4 1194
140.6 1428 143.0 133.4
Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2

Time 25mm 75mm

00 00 0.0

68 02 ot

136 03 03

203 Os 06

272 o4 03

66

360 mm
229
234
265
28.1
420
50.1
552
76.2
93.0
90.8
98.5

109.4

360 mm
22.9
22.9
26.7
26.0
36.5
52.2
53.3
70.4
772
947
1026
130.3

350 mm
23.2
236
27.0
36.1
47a
59.8
692
79.0
95.4
97.9
1236
152.8

350 mm
22.6
23.4
289
40.4
53.3
608
742
765
867
98.8
115.0
133.4

125 mm
0.0
on
03
05
08

450 mm
22.5
22.9
24.4
24.8
269
37.5
40.8
53.1
679
76.6
86.2
94.9

450 mm
22.4
22.6
24.4
24.4
263
35.5
447
56.8
647
78.0
85.5

102.0

450 mm
22.7
23.4
25.6
299
28.1
448
522
597
73.0
80.0
99.5

1257

450 mm
22.4
22.9
275
306
327
53.8
669
70.8
723
912
106.2
1227

250 mm
00
4
02
02
03

550 mm
22.3
22.7
237
240
252
32.5
38.9
49.0
62.0
72.2
79.3
87.0

550 mm
22.2
22.4
23.2
23.3
245
32.7
38.8
517
60.1
659
78.1
95.8

550 mm
222
23.4
253
258
24.3.
352
419
449
58.2
638
697
90.6

550 mm
224
228
26.8
262
275
39.9
514
59.4
653
e786

100.1
116.9

900 mm
2a
27
22.4
227
237
270
279
307
32.4
408
573
612

900 mm
21.2
22.0
22.4
223
23.0
25
26.3
31.2
39.7
art
48.0
59.9

900 mm
214
22.0
22.4
223
22.4
238
257
36.0
40.0
47.0
87.9
66.3

900 rm
216
22.3
23.0
23.5
246
257
273
296

45.2
527
62.2


‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm 50mm
0.0 270 26.8 269
29 2A 269 27.0
98 276 2A 27.0

166 293 296 30.2
234 356 95.4 36.5
303 42.2 424 440
37.0 458 48.0 516
439 568 574 606
507 659 era 70.3
87.4 70.3 763 810
644 78.4 a2t 85.9
mA 83.2 887 93.3
784 896 93.0 98.0
848 94.6 100.9 108.2
16 92.4 98,7 1026
98.5 99.2 105.1 1092

105.3 108.7 1124 1173

1122 1148 1197 1257

118.9 113.0 1236 133.3

1257 128.2 134.0 1408

‘Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 2

Time Omm = 25mm = SOmm
0.0 285 28.2 278
29 29.1 28.4 287
98 293 287 287

166 318 3S 33.4
23.4 76 36.6 38.6
30.3 46.4 47.0 48.8
37.0 48.0 488 51.4
43.9 552 559 615

507 645 675 69.4

874 688 15 754

64.4 707 70.4 76.4

mA 853 933 95.1

784 43 103.9 105.3
848 99.4 104.2 107.0
916 100.6 103.8 wn
98.5 100.8 101.5 14

105.3 1120 77 1214

1122 1166 1243 1287

118.9 130.4 138.0 1408

1257 1338 119.8 698

‘Thermocouples localed at sprinkler number 3

Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm
090 285 28.5 28.4
29 286 288 285
98 293 286 287

166 299 30.9 30.2
23.4 346 37.0 36.0
30.3 419 43.2 43.4
37.0 474 48.7 487
439 519 585 546
50.7 857 625 58.2
574 59.3 er7 635
644 668 763 m4
mA m7 75 74
784 78.5 85.2 848
84.8 83.9 94.2 886
916 83.2 90.1 92.0
98.5 90.1 972 977
105.3 90.4 101.8 99.2

75mm
264
265
265
303
37.0
43.6
525
64
18
822
872
94.4
99.9
109.9
106.3
M14
120.1
126.2
137.0
1426

75mm
Bal
wT
278
30.5
381
ara
48.0
572
677
74.0
m4
93.3
102.9
102.4
107.8
103.0
MTA
1272
136.9
58.2

75mm
278
a7
an
30.2
36.3
43.6
493
56.5
60.3
659
45
769
85.2
90.6
92.2
99.3
105.1

Experiment Number 25

100 mm.
26.2
263
26.4
30.0
367
43.2
513
60.1
70.9
79.4
85.2
18
98.0

106.4
104.0
108.8
118.3
124.0
1323
138.5

4100 mm
26.7
278
282
32.4
40.4
51.0
53.3
62.5
12
788
78.4
95.4
107.4
109.2
1149
113.9
121.8
131.0
143.5
1205

100 mm
27.0
272
272
29.7
35.8
43.5
49.4
56.4
60.2
65.6
73.4
761
866
918
94.4
101.0
105.3

125mm
25.4
256
28.7
298
37.0
436
Era
60.9
720
78
856
90.9
97.2
101.5
104.9
108.5
1170
1255
1314
140.5

125 mm
26.4
a4
270
31.0
18
50.1
518
612
18
794
748
95.6
107.3
108.6
1124
113.4
1187
1296
198.7
1133

125mm
266
269
26.8
298
366
44d
50.0
58.3
626
682
178
781
89.8
949
O77
1029
109.6

150. mm

255
259
26.1
293
35.1
415
49.4
59.8
689
76.4
2.9
89.0
95.5

101.6

102.3

105.3

1157

123.4

1278

136.6

150 mm

26.2
269
27.0
306
413,
49.6
53.3
616
724
786
70

105.2
107.9
1154
1164
1195
1289
136.7
135.4

150 mm

77

26.2
26.5
265
302
373,
45.2
50.3
585
624
68.8
76.4
798
90.4
96.5
99.9

103.5

07

250 mm
247
250
25.4
287
349
414
485
53.8
655
673
794
768
853
82.4
100.4
1026
1076
1157
1216
1338

250 mm
252
25.4
256
25
378
39.3
50.8
586
633
63.0
753
767
778
93.5

106.2
104
103.5
121.4
107.8
107.7

250 mom
25.1
256
256
29.4
26.0
432
495
867
614
68.9
753
798
90.0
98.8
103.6
104.0
1124

350 mm
284
25.4
252
266
305
38.0
445,
468
60.1
58.2
698
653
693
748
94.2
94.8
ont

107.8
106.7
113.0

350 mm
246
249
25.2
26.4
28.8
315
442
48.4
50.8
535
679
682
787
865
95.3
93.4
94.8
110.7
107.3
119.9

350 mm
24.5
247
24.9
295
34.6
39.8
46.4
55.0
605
69.2
73.2
822
897
100.4
106.6
101.9
114.0

450 mm
24.0
248
249
287
26.2
344
349
36.9
445
48.0
al
60.0
643
670
796
81.0
817
29.6
93.5
97.0

450 mm
24.3
248
25.0
25.4
25.8
306
325
36.8
455
478
544
877
66.0
74.8
79.2
82.4
85.0
94.8
94.5

100.7

450 mm
24.2
24.3
24.5
28.3
29.4
337
361
a2
464
544
568
644
732
708
863
72
88.3

850 mm
236
24.3
245
254
255
26.0
307
32.9
38.8
442
S17
579
596
64.0
nS
748
Wt
819
88.9
92.3

550 mm
23.9
24.0
24.5
24.8
25.0
28.0
313
346
424
442
50.1
525
58.0
66.2
74.0
744
73
83.9
28.2
96.3

550 mm
23.8
24.0
244
278
25.5
26.1
30.3
35.3
389
448
50.5
53.4
59.0
59.0
677
738
743

900 mm
226
23.4
23.2
23.5
236
239
267
258
265
29.0
32.8
36.8
45.8
50.4
498
si4
50.8
616
63.4
68.3

900 mm
22.9
23.2
235
235,
23.6
244
26.9
265
298
33.0
372
40.4
459
49.3
544
604
622
633
648
a7

900 mm
23.1
232
236
23.8
23.5
240
25.3
26.1
293
32.0
34d
413
45.5
492
549

60.0


Table 4— Temperature comparisons at the 1.54 m (5ft) elevation at the time of sprinkler

activation
Smooth Horizontal Unobstructed Obstructed/Beamed
Ceiling Ceiling
Bummer Fire Experiment Average Low-High | Experiment Average Low —High
position growth number temp temp number temp temp
CC) °C) (CC) (°C)
Detached Fast 41 36-48 4 61 51-76
2 38 31-44 5 57 52-63
3 40 31-46
Medium 6 52 47-59 9 64 63-65
50 46-54 10 69 67-69
8 33 48-57
Slow 11 55 47-62 14 72 68-74
12 52 45-60 15 70 69-71
13 53 48-58
Wall Fast 16 27 24 - 32 19 63 57-70
17 27 22-34 20 63 61-67
18 25 21-31
Medium 21 39 36-46 24 71 66-73
22 39 37-44 25 67 66 — 68
23 39 36-46
Slow 26 49 45 — 54 29 68 66-71
27 44 40-49 30 80 77-82
28 47 43-53
Corner Fast 31 24 22-25 34 38 28-46
32 21 20-22 35 37 32-42
33 22 21-24
Medium 36 24 22-25 39 53 46 ~ 62
37 23 21-24 40 45 43-49
38 25 22-28
Slow 41 34 29-39 44 50 47-52
42 28 24-30 4S 49 47-52
43 26 24-29

13



Experiment Number 23

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm = 100mm_— 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 580mm ~— 900 mm
0.0 218 219 224 27 218 212 218 206 210 20.8 20.3 186
17 217 27 218 215 25 24 213 205 208 206 20.1 19.4
85 224 23.4 26.3 272 266 273 28.7 28.0 266 244 208 193
15.4 26.0 382 464 476 43.0 43.9 39.2 285 234 219 244 19.4
22.2 288 448 51.0 52.6 49.2 51.0 48.0 413 32.9 28.8 22.3 193
29.0 34.0 564 62.4 628 596 596 57.3 519 445 278 218 19.4
369 377 66.5 745 755 72.4 740 a4 654 546 ana 30.1 205
427 423 735 794 78.4 756 743 m9 684 619 49.0 34.6 208
49.7 455 812 888 90.6 88.0 897 85.8 785 70.3 632 49.0 218
56.4 48.0 90.9 1022 104.6 99.5 1017 98.5 978 859 72.2 56.5 28.4
63.2 544 101.5 118 1140 108.7 107 107.2 98.4 893 TAA 57.6 32.8
70.2 586 1103 1220 125.2 1212 123.5 118.3 23 103.4 88.9 695 38.5
769 583 435 109.8 124.4 103.7 115.9 109.4 113.9 107.8 95.2 748 418
Thermocouples located af sprinkler number 2
Time Omm = 25mm = SOmm = 7Smm_— 100mm 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 550mm —- 900 mm.
0.0 20.1 223 224 222 22.2 215 207 213 210 20.6 203 19.0
17 20.1 219 224 222 224 213 216 204 209 206 202 19.0
as 20.8 269 272 279 278 28.4 272 293 26.1 23.7 212 195
184 26.9 455 45.7 ata 46.0 453 429 36.5 268 216 210 193
222 31.0 st 50.7 506 492 479 ara 419 284 256 244 193
29.0 322 573 876 59.2 88.5 59.2 585 Baa 44.3 385 263 194
359 375 70.3 70.6 m2 710 70.4 683 62.4 526 46.0 349 215
427 43.8 80.1 att 82.2 B16 798 78 64.9 602 479 39.9 23.8
497 46.8 87.8 89.4 910 90.9 89.3 8.2 807 m4 60.0 436 28.0
56.4 516 98.4 99.2 102.0 100.1 100.2 101.4 97.3 82.4 673 58.1 37
63.2 56.7 105.7 109.0 115 113.4 113.9 112.4 108.3 96.3 B14 66.4 33.5,
70.2 59.0 1145 117.0 1198 119.9 119.3 70 1120 105.2 99.9 807 38.4
769 649 1265 1297 133.7 132.8 130.2 4274 118.4 114.0 104.0 789 487
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 3
Time Omm = 25mm = S0mm_ = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm _— 150mm = 250mm = 350mm 450mm = 850mm = 800 mm.
0.0 209 214 215 215 214 214 243 24 20.8 20.4 20.4 19.0
17 209 213 242 213 212 213 213 24 20.7 20.3 20.0 19.4
85 209 214 213 213 212 212 212 244 20.9 205 202 19.2
15.4 210 224 22.6 240 22.8 235 23.0 226 22.7 213 209 196
22.2 215 298 nT 33.4 299 300 282 23.4 22.0 213 21.0 19.9
290 22.0 33.4 366 39.5 37.0 aT 36.0 14 302 28.6 275 218
35.9 226 348 422 424 397 398 387 353 40 33.2 33.2 249
427 23.4 40.4 518 52.0 49.0 497 469 426 40.4 36.1 357 285
497 24.3 48.5 572 589 56.4 S77 552 50.1 465 43.4 426 314
56.4 258 536 655 66.4 63.6 647 618 56.6 539 50.2 50.0 367
632 265 59.2 n2 740 70.6 725 693 63.8 59.0 56.7 57.0 418
702 288 623 824 832 79.4 80.5 78 m4 673 65.0 633 ant
769 299 67.0 90.2 92.4 88.2 90.4 87.0 20.3 754 726 mA 513
‘Thermocouples localed al sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm SOmm_— 75mm — 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 380mm = 450mm = 550mm = 900 mm.
00 208 212 215 215 213 244 214 242 209 203 19.9 187
17 207 24 213 212 214 2i4 22 21.0 210 205 202 19.4
85 208 244 212 242 212 242 24 210 209 206 20.1 196
154 218 273 30.2 29.7 287 283 26.9 24.3 227 21.0 208 197
222 222 33.3 357 95.4 344 338 33.1 27 26.4 233 224 203
23.0 235 373 13 414 40.4 408 405 384 32.0 30.6 289 2d
369 257 4a 505 50.1 482 484 48.2 405 38.3 36.1 33.2 214
427 27.0 55.6 56.9 56.3 53.9 549 54.7 492 457 424 40.1 223
497 28.3 56.1 59.0 59.2 59.2 605 60.4 562 52.9 482 486 25.4
564 316 654 70.9 697 675 682 Gal 62.0 59.1 55.0 535 28.7
63.2 35.1 m9 TA 768 749 76.4 75.4 654 63.3 618. 610 339
70.2 38.2 82.3 86.8 847 816 82.9 82.0 744 72.2 693 687 379
769 39.6 95.0 974 95.3 93.0 93.1 92.2 778 778 79 75.1 412
Velocity probes at sprinkler number 4 Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2
Time = 25mm = 75mm 125mm_—-250mm Time 25mm = 75mm 125mm ~—- 250mm
00 0.0 00 00 00 00 0.0 00 0.0 00

72


Experiment Number 1

Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm = SOmm = 75mm — 100mm = 125mm = 150mm =—-250mm = 350mm ~—450mm ~—«S50mm ~~ 900 mm.
0.0 166 168 168 168 168 168 168 167 166 16.5 164 16.1
61 167 170 18.6 19.1 19.8 198 186 20.9 187 74 16.6 163
13.0 223 39.7 468 46.7 446 452 42.4 37.8 275 182 17.0 167
197 28.7 586 674 66.3 645 66.1 614 556 38.8 32.4 304 184
266 35.0 70.2 786 786 763 77 744 68.5 60.5 55.7 310 178
33.4 408 825 93.1 68.8 89.0 era ert 80.1 746 678 469 19.7
40.3 492 107.3 4275 1267 126.9 1236 118.6 107.6 96.3 296 697 24.0
472 56.8 176 131.9 130.0 135.0 133.7 135.1 1228 114.8 105.0 78.3 372
53.9 62.4 1208 1477 135.4 1272 132.0 101.4 135.7 1225 116.0 93.5 472
60.9 616 1135 125.0 Wh 1123 119.2 108.2 1245 1178 107.5 95.2 513
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2
Time Omm = 25mm =— 50mm =— 75mm — 100mm = 125mm =— «150mm =—-250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 50mm =~ 00mm
00 16.7 168 168 16.9 169 169 168 168 16.8 16.7 166 16.1
61 17 237 244 244 249 25.0 247 222 196 18.0 168 163
130 24.0 49.0 507 50.9 50.1 49.0 457 35.9 275 202 73 168
197 33.0 728 747 745 737 734 699 59.5 48.8 364 316 24
26.6 38.8 85.5 298 39.4 90.5 90.9 913 ats 66.3 495 32.2 184
33.4 418 94.4 100.5 100.0 103.1 400.3, 102.9 92.9 86.4 m7 589 247
40.3 48.2 1167 121.3 1238 1278 1258 125.9 113.9 977 89.1 758 29.3
472 54.6 125.4 133.0 131.8 135.4 130.5 132.3 121.9 111.0 95.1 68.9 452
53.9 578 105.9 105.4 m7 116.0 634 109.4 125.9 126.4 114.0 98.1 54.6
60.9 50.3 100.0 96.3 98.0 1022 104.7 101.6 109.7 1158 104.7 97.5 518
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 3
Time Omm = 25mm = SOmm = 75mm — 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 360mm = 450mm «550mm 900 mm
00 166 167 16.9 169 16.9 16.9 16.9 168 166 163 16.2 164
64 166 168 17.0 17.0 169 169 168 168 166 164 16.3 16.4
13.0 169 22.3 249 244 218 216 242 19.9 182 169 167 165
19.7 18.3 30.9 386 39.0 36.1 36.4 34.3 28.8 24.9 20.7 174 168
266 20.1 46.2 58.1 59.4 887 574 54.0 49.2 442 355 29.4 219
33.4 22.2 51.3 63.3 62.9 614 63.2 60.3 54.5 494 424 38.8 27
403 256 68.8 793 79.0 760 767 730 676 596 50.2 48.3 38.7
472 278 757 95.4 95.2 918 924 er? 765 662 610 60.4 49.0
53.9 298 823 103.5 103.5 101.2 99.8 963 84.2 75 724 722 587
60.9 296 792 108.5 105.3 101.9 1024 100.2 89.0 835 82.9 02.3 599
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm = 0mm = 75mm =— 100mm = 125mm = 150mm =—-250mm = 360mm = 450mm = S50mm =~ 900mm
0.0 166 167 168 168 16.7 167 166 165 16.4 16.3 163 16.4
61 168 167 169 169 16.8 168 167 166 165 16.5 16.4 16.5
13.0 202 27 30.5 29.4 24.0 227 27 206 186 167 167 17.0
197 216 40.3 406 39.9 384 395 38.9 306 258 22.2 22.4 192
266 262 526 55.3 55.4 53.9 559 56.2 495 48.0 38.8 358 202
334 28.9 614 68.0 676 66.3 682 695 63.1 S74 497 46.3 213
40.3 36.0 813 84.9 84.2 a7 835 63.4 76.4 693 60.3 60.2 278
472 449 937 987 94.7 90.8 923 925 84.0 797 762 728 38.6
53.9 445 101.4 108.5 107.9 104.2 105.1 1055 974 94.9 90.3 86.0 475
60.9 4a7 108.5 109.5 1104 108.8 mS 1118 1047 102.4 98.7 90.1 49.3
Velocity probes at sprinkler number 1 Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2
Time = 25mm 75mm 125mm =~ 280. mm Time = 25mm 75mm = 125mm —- 250 mm
0.0 0.0 00 00 00 00 0.0 00 0.0 0.0
64 AS a4 a4 05 64 12 4 09 04
130 13 A2 10 02 13.0 14 12 12 04
197 AS 18 AT -09 197 16 16 13 04
266 18 AT a4 05 286 13 16 14 09
33.4 16 Aa a4 07 334 14 12 14 03
403 12 16 AS 08 40.3 15 15 17 o7
472 42 AS AT 08 472 13 14 14 08
53.9 08 06 0.4 05 53.9 0s 06 os 06
60.9 02 02 ot 06 60.9 o4 04 05 05

30



Experiment Number 36

‘Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 1

Time Omm 25mm = S0mm = 75mm =— 100mm = 125mm = 150mm 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 850mm = $00 mm
00 223 22.2 247 214 212 209 208 20.0 197 19.3 18.9 18.0
65 223 223 27 218 214 213 244 20.5 202 199 194 183
135 29.2 ana 39.8 42.0 427 408 39.4 286 208 203 197 185
203 418 m4 65.2 679 647 644 615 36.6 27 20.0 195 187
24 482 20.8 796 80.0 WW 757 722 49.4 214 202 19.4 189
34.0 53.2 88.1 862 ara 827 81.0 78 576 33.4 243 20.0 196
408 606 103.6 97.3 99.8 95.0 93.0 86.4 646 31.3 219 209 20.1
4ar7 60.9 1028 1020 103.9 105.2 103.4 99.0 785 602 43.0 312 214
545, 719 125.8 126.1 193.4 138.3 1406 1393 147 773 52.4 34.9 22.9
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2
Time Omm = 25mm = 80mm = 75mm =— 100mm = 125mm = 150mm =. 250mm = 350mm 450mm = 50mm = 800 mm
00 206 207 209 205 207 20.3 205 19.9 197 194 19.41 18.0
65 206 24.0 24 21.0 210 205 208 19.8 198 196 194 184
13.5 206 21.0 214 21.0 240 205 208 20.1 20.0 198 195 183
203 226 365 378 36.7 36.9 33.4 323 288 280 22 23.4 19.3
ama 253 478 50.0 506 50.8 493 48.8 a5 243 22.0 209 188
34.0 278 528 567 563 576 556 566 53.0 367 318 295 22.4
408 290 63.0 64.0 649 642 614 60.4 544 473 42.4 408 213
ary 316 678 722 723 734 695, 70.8 636 52.9 493 398 22.0
54.5 346 798 e241 83.4 a4 83.4 63.4 70 615 552 48.0 248
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 3
Time Omm = 25mm = S0mm_ = 75mm — 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm =—350mm = 450mm = 550mm = 900 mm
00 202 208 20.3 202 204 20.4 20.0 198 196 193 19.0 184
65 20.3 207 20.6 206 205 205 20.4 20.0 19.9 195 19.2 182
135 20.2 206 204 205 205 205 20.5 20.3 199 195 19.4 185
20.3 205 23.8 24.3 244 249 255 269 24.8 23.0 204 202 19.2
Bal 218 28.0 327 315 229 336 33.4 30.2 275 253 227 19.6
34.0 229 32.4 36.1 362 36.0 36.8 37.3 34.0 345 297 293 27
40.8 242 38.1 43.2 437 43.0 443 45.4 39.6 36.9 36.1 344 23.4
477 28.2 413 472 478 46.4 478 ant 444 42.8 408 40.2 236
545 257 470 53.0 546 52.4 54.0 85.2 514 478 467 46.7 24.8
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm = 80mm = 75mm = 100mm 25mm = 150mm =— 250mm = 350mm = 450mm S50 mm = 800. mm
00 203 205 205 204 20.2 20.2 202 198 195 19.0 187 18.1
65 20.4 20.8 206 205 20.3 203 20.3 19.9 195 192 189 18.3
13.5 23.3 33.2 328 327 30.7 32.2 314 27.0 253 206 199 186
203 26.3 40.8 403 405 379 38.4 36.0 26.4 226 218 20.8 18.8
Bal Bal 424 413 cre 40.0 307 384 30.5 294 243 207 18.9
34.0 29.9 524 51.9 515 483 483 468 36.6 36.1 26.8 205 19.0
408 30.6 574 565 556 53.4 53.9 53.4 442 43.3 36.6 275 195
4ar7 364 678 687 683 65.1 657 658 56.2 484 457 396 22.6
545 416 81.0 79.3 783 732 722 697 56.8 567 49.3 403 22.1
Velocity probes at sprinkler number 1 Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2
Time = 25mm 75mm 125mm == 260 mm Time = 25mm = 75mm 125mm 250mm
00 00 00 09 0.0 00 00 0.0 0.0 0.0
65 08 08 05 02 65 0.4 04 00 ot
135 16 14 1.0 02 135 o4 05 06 04
20.3 18 18 09 02 203 08 08 09 05
27a 18 14 06 03 2A 08 os o7 06
340 18 17 17 06 34.0 o7 07 o7 05
40.8 12 12 09 od 40.8 08 09 08 0s
477 16 13 14 O4 477 08 os 08 05
545 24 22 12 01 545 08 09 08 06

101



‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm
0.0 7A 178 77
27 72 78 178
96 174 18.5 20.7

16.4 20.3 30.0 34.0
23.3 232 38.3 42.0
30.2 264 496 56.6
36.9 293 553 64.9
43.9 36 624 743
50.6 344 654 73.8
575, 37.3 16 80.8
643, 39.6 74 868
mA 44a 829 937
78.4 44.0 99.2 101.4
848 art 99.7 113.6
918 54.3 105.1 S77
98.5 58.6 1235 610
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm
00 174 clad 178
27 WA 78 179
96 18.4 256 255
164 227 442 443
233 287 478 487
30.2 268 497 517
369 297 62.4 632
43.9 30.0 575 62.1
50.6 33.5 748 782
575 35.9 760 80.7
64.3 40.4 92.4 95.3
m4 433 97.4 105.0
78.1 487 117.0 119.2
84.8 516 1173 128.4
918 543 1255 129.5
98.5 56.1 124.0 686
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 3
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm
00 167 73 WT
27 169 172 75
96 167 WA 74
164 169 193 247
233 175 25.9 287
302 185 32.0 374
369 197 407 468
43.9 20.2 38.1 466
50.6 242 459 547
575 218 49.0 59.2
643 227 526 64.9
mA 235 54.9 68.8
78.1 286 63.1 178
84.8, 26.8 653 812
918 273 9 77
98.5 30.2 79.2 96.2
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm = 0mm
00 167 173 176
27 17.0 174 175
96 16.8 170 176
164 178 218 242
233 19.9 273 28.7
30.2 21.0 38.2 39.3
369 22.0 39.4 419

75mm
77
179
2h
344
418
566
64.4
17
74.4
80.1
86.3
93.4
101.4
1136
70.7
175

75m
78
179
249
448
48.5
524
63.0
602
782
80.8
96.7
103.3
174
121.4
130.2
179

75mm
77
WT
175
218
24
376
473
46.2
546
59.5
653
695
73
200
877
97.3

75mm
176
176
178
238
28.0
386
424

Experiment Number 6

100 mm
77
179
25
32.3
40.7
53.4
618
699
73.2
787
63.4
93.7
100.6
110.2
74.0
116.0

100 mm
178
179
23.9
437
482
537
64.2
631
807
83.9
978
106.2
118.5
123.3
130.9
1316

4100 mm
WT
176
176
204
26.0
368
45.1
45.0
53.4
579
63.8
679
752
78
86.1
94.5

400. mm
178
175
175
227
26.6
36.6
424

125mm
77
179
22.0
33.9
4t4
54.9
59.8
678
734
79.0
845
93.3
1025
1132
698
126.6

125mm
178
179
24.0
428
46.9
537
62.0
613
794
82.5
95.3
103.0
115.0
116.5
1287
130.4

125mm
WT
176
176
208
26.1
37.9
459
449
52.9
58.3
64.2
a7
755
78
86.2
95.4

125mm.
178
75
175
226
26.1
38.2
43.9

450 mm

177
178
21.0
MT
406
516
87.2
66.2
72.0
78.0
82.8
92.4

101.4

109.8
872

106.4

150 mm

178
79
23.9
40.7
443
536
618
63.4
79.3
83.3
945

104.8

113.4

119.2

1276

131.5

150 mm

WT
175
76
19.9
245
36.2
44.0
437
Sit
568
62.5
67.0
735
75.2
84.0
923

150 mm

37

176
176
175
22.4
253
38.1
4a7

250 mm
17.7
178
214
29.1
38.8
465
536
597
67.0
738
B10
a75
97.2
103.1
106.3
120.1

250 mm
178
179
23.3
32.9
38.5
52.8
573,
578
742
787
86.0
975

106.5
109.3
1242
1297

250 mm
178
175
176
194
198
318
39.9
39.8
474
S17
56.2
625
678
686
763
837

250 mm
178
175
175
20.8
22.4
336
19

350 mm
176
178
19.3
204
342
38.1
49.2
556
625
68.1
78.0
820
913
99.3
104.5
12407

350 mm
WT
178
20.2
246
310
45.8
48.0
62.4
618
753
ats
875
98.5
103.5
1188
126.1

350 mm
176
176
176
18.3
179
23.9
34.6
35.7
435
468
513
566
58.8
66.0
733
782

350 mm
175
174
176
195
22.4
30.3
405

450 mm
176
7S
177
18.6
25.2
34.8
453
50.1
592
653
73.0
753
3.4
93.9
102.3
1162

450 mm
177
177
177
19.0
24.5
39.7
43.2
468
547
64.5
75.2
703
86.0
92.9
12.7
102.9

450 mm
175
176
175
WT
178
245
30.6
337
378
423,
479
817
55.9
65.1
706
748

450 mm
75
174
175
178
19.5
24
345

550. mm
175
175
176
178
209
28.1
31.9
35.9
47a
545
624
644
733
86.2
83.0
95.3

550mm
177
175
177
179
223
28.0
372
418
454
45.2
64.3
55.6
758
73.9
89.6
88.4

550 mm
74
176
75
77
178
218
30.2
32.8
36.4
42.5
469
50.4
56.4
64.8,
699
787

‘550 mm
174
174
174
75
189
253
32.7

900 mm
174
173
74
758
189
187
183
22.3
22.4
253
35.4
38.7
43,3
47.0
50.3
ara

900 mm
175
174
75
WT
179
187
185
26.1
256
32.8
36.2
40.4
486
547
62.4
66.9

900 mm
174
175
175
77
178
20.6
22.8
25.3
29.9
344
39.0
M6
465
53.6
58.5
66.0

900 mm
173
74
174
wT
7
208


Experiment Number 17

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm = S0mm_— 75mm = 100 mm_— 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 50mm 300 mm.
00 20.4 20.3 203 19.8 19.9 194 197 19.0 18.9 186 184 178
03 20.7 20.6 205 202 203 19.9 20.0 19.0 188 18.4 182 18.9
72 20.7 22.0 23.6 249 26.0 257 208 27.3 235 219 218 179
144 29.4 482 54.8 536 49.1 50.8 453 33.3 26.1 20.2 192 18.4
20.8 337 56.1 615 615 7.4 585 847 52.0 444 379 25.6 18.4
27 40.5 762 83.0 836 80.0 02.9 78.0 687 56.2 42.0 25.7 187
35 52.0 100.7 113.4 1136 109.8 111.3 104.3 96.8 05.5 a7 B17 23.5
414 60.6 1167 130.3 1327 1267 128.1 121.9 176 104.6 780 568 215
‘Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 2
Time Omm 25mm = 0mm = 75mm = 100 mm_— 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 40mm = S5Omm = 900 mm
00 20.7 202 20.1 196 196 193 19.4 19.0 18.7 184 182 WT
03 20.8 206 204 198 20.2 19.7 20.2 196 19.4 192 189 179
72 22.6 285 298 310 30.8 327 327 att 288 258 213 18.2
144 316 574 583 596 59.3 59.5 55.4 494 30.0 206 19.7 185
208 40.3 71.0 718 722 18 706 69.0 63.0 49.3 387 33.3 188
27 48.4 90.4 927 95.2 O44 913 90.6 819 614 515 324 19.3
345 55.9 110.7 1108 1136 1126 114 109.0 93.9 798 740 17 25.5
a4 64.6 123.1 126.9 1294 130.2 129.0 1258 1124 93.9 7387 643 273
‘Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 3
Time Omm = 25mm 50mm — 75mm — 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 360mm = 450mm = 850mm =~ S00 mm
00 205 207 198 19.6 19.4 193 192 189 187 185 183 179
03 209 24 20.2 20.0 199 198 197 193 19.0 187 186 18.2
72 206 21.0 20.3 20.1 20.0 200 199 196 19.3 19.0 187 18.4
144 21.0 278 284 29.9 267 275 26.4 23.0 20.2 195 192 187
208 219 49 40.7 414 380 39.6 38.6 30.9 278 253 228 20.4
27 23.5 452 52.9 55.5 505 505 469 39.0 356 324 30.4 213
345 25.7 524 625 65.2 627 645 608 50.7 45.3 a5 427 247
414 28.1 632 804 843, 795 808 754 657 612 56.2 56.7 36.2
Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm = 100mm_=— 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 40mm = 50mm $00 mm
0.0 20.5 20.3 202 20.0 197 197 19.6 19.4 186 185 183 178
03 208 204 204 19.9 197 196 195 19.4 185 183 182 178
72 206 205 204 20.2 198 196 19.5 194 185 185 18.4 18.4
144 222 272 298 289 269 264 247 22.7 22.3 20.2 188 18.4
208 248 419 455 448 434 445 442 372 355 27.0 24.4 209
27 ar? 518 58.0 872 55.2 56.5 56.2 46.4 a5 374 33.5 219
34.5 316 656 70.3 698 66.6 678 66.9 872 522 494 46.3 222
aid 376 796 91.0 90.1 ars 99.5 eT 740 68.1 649 628 25.3
Velocity probes at sprinkler number 4 Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2
Time = 25mm 75mm 125mm Time = 25mm 75mm = 125mm 250 mm
0.0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
03 04 o4 01 03 Or “04 4 04
72 43 AS Aa 72 os 08 08 06
144 09 09 08 08 144 12 13 1.0 0s
20.8 AS a4 AQ 05 208 17 17 13 o7
2n7 A2 aA 07 OA 27 15 14 12 o7
34.5 a3 AS AS 07 AS 18 15 12 04
ang Aq 18 AB A2 ata 20 20 15 0s

62


Experiment Number 4

‘Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm = SOmm = 7Smm = 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = $50mm ~— 900 mm
0.0 21.0 214 213 215 213 212 212 21.3 21.0 21.0 209 20.2
68 244 21.0 213 215 242 214 21.2 214 212 214 24 203
135 22.5 234 242 253 26.2 253 24.9 28.0 73 252 233 208
203 444 432 453 466 43.9 43.5 373 29.4 244 23.0 223 21.0
272 55.3 56.2 60.1 613 613 609 52.8 479 293 23.8 225 215
33.9 696 708 759 752 727 73.0 64.2 56.1 40.2 33.9 32.0 246
408 767 765 794 787 73 772 73.2 m7 636 50.4 418 298
476 943, 95.4 1025 104.3 1025 106.2 95.2 807 659 625 53.4 34.5
54.3 1029 103.4 108.4 108.9 1075 1087 102.0 93.3 762 68.7 644 414
613 1113 1124 1188 121.5 118.4 121.8 116.4 1123 91.9 80.5 754 556
68.0 149.5 152.3 164.5 167.4 160.4 160.6 143.8 126.4 401.9 a76 B14 629

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = $50mm ~—- 900. mm
0.0 244 213 213 213 242 243 212 24.0 21.0 24.0 209 204
68 244 213 213 213 213 213 212 24.2 21.0 210 aad 20.4
135 30.0 344 43 384 379 37.0 35.0 29.4 26.0 264 22.6 214
203 44.9 50.6 50.9 51.8 50.7 487 453 30.1 23.4 227 22.0 212
272 574 626 629 64.6 642 63.9 622 52.9 38.4 244 22.8 218
339 70.4 762 766 786 77 70 75.3 63.9 485 36.3 33.2 24.5
40.8 823 897 a7 95.8 976 96.7 95.3 759 62.4 50.5 44.3 247
478 95.8 103.6 105.3 108.9 107.7 104.6 101.9 836 69.2 624 57.0 30.7
54.3 98.0 103.2 104.4 107.4 107.3 109.2 108.9 102.5 866 72 673 37.8
613 106.6 116.4 M76 121.2 1227 1248 1232 106.2 95.4 27 69.0 446
68.0 150.0 164.8 1625 162.0 160.4 1578 153.6 133.3 1025 90.3 81.0 50.3

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 3
Time Omm = 25mm = SOmm = 75mm — 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 550mm 900 mm
0.0 244 24 210 210 212 212 22 24.0 209 20.9 207 20.2
68 212 215 216 218 214 213 208 24.0 206 208 214 ata
13.5 216 218 213 210 244 212 27 244 219 213 209 200
20.3 255 235 272 260 25.1 26.1 26.9 278 284 28.3 278 2.9
272 33.5 347 385 38.4 38.5 39.9 405 405 385 343 283 224
33.9 366 396 39.3 434 424 45.0 44.8 447 46.8 43.0 427 23.9
40.8 45.4 487 49.0 50.2 515 56.0 55.6 55.4 58.3 53.4 52.9 24.4
478 425 46.3 49.2 546 S74 616 644 67.9 727 66.8 504 33.6
54.3 64.0 750 742 786 756 79.2 814 807 827 737 60.3 42.9
613 55.4 539 642 65.5 704 720 740 77 83.1 796 749 48.4
68.0 629 76.3 84.3 o78 685 95.7 100.3 98.8 105.6 95.3 816 55.4

‘Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm = 100mm =—125mm_=— 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 550mm 900 mm
00 242 243 23 213 214 242 242 244 244 209 207 202
68 212 213 213 213 2A 242 212 242 21.2 209 207 202
135 2n7 27 27 218 219 22.3 224 22.0 214 213 213 209
20.3 26.0 30.0 30.4 316 a7 32.4 32.9 32.9 32.2 288 266 22.0
272 33.4 349 357 Rial 37.8 38.9 396 407 425 39.9 34.6 222
33.9 a7 45.1 445 45.8 46.5 474 48.4 49.6 519 50.9 50.1 25.5
40.8 477 55.4 548 586 58.1 585 633 673 68.0 644 59.4 264
478 65.3 66.2 667 695 70.3 73.0 47 73.9 757 729 70.7 36.0
54.3 79 786 780 ats 787 798 795 80.3 836 81.2 784 43.2
613 677 724 722 76.4 798 818 62.4 82.9 89.5 39.9 919 64.0
68.0 796 9.4 858 96.4 105.0 106.3 108.4 14 113.0 106.9 109.7 753

Velocity probes at sprinkler number 4 Velocity probes al sprinkler number 2
Time = 25mm 75mm 125mm ~—-250mm Time 25mm = 75mm = 125mm =—-250mm
00 0.0 00 00 ) 00 0.0 0.0 00 00
68 0.4 0.4 00 0.4 68 02 02 03 02
135 08 08 05 13.5 08 08 06 on
20.3 10 09 03 203 0g 10 1.0 o7
272 08 6 03 272 10 10 10 03
33.9 09 07 0.4 33.9 08 og 09 05
408 09 08 05 40.8 og og 09 06
476 08 09 06 476 07 08 09 o4
54.3 40 09 OF 543 o7 07 08 0s

33



61
129
196
265
23.3
402
470
537
606
674
743
810

Velocity probes in channels above burner

0.0
03
0.4
05
0.9
“07
07
05
10
1.0
0.9
08

Time Channel 1

0.0

64
129
198
26.5
33.3
40.2
470
53.7
606
674
74.3
810

0.0
26
29
28
34
28
34
33
34
39
42
a7
46

ot
04
05
05
08
06
06
05
09
09
09
OF

Channel 2
00
18
18
24
18
18
24
19
22
25
34
33
27

00
04
05
05
08
05
05
04
08
05
05
05

Experiment Number 19

64
129
196
26.5
333
40.2
470
537
606
674
743
81.0

65

0.0
03
04
05
06
08
06
05
08
06
1.0
og

OA
03
05
0s
06
06
05
04
06
06
10
09

0.4
03
05
08
05
05
06
06
08
09
14
10

0.0
04
04
02
03
05
a4
02
05
03
a7
o7



Experiment Number 37

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm = S0mm_ = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm = 1SOmm = 250mm = 360mm == 450mm = 50mm =~ 800 mm.
00 223 218 214 20.8 205 203 20.2 19.6 192 188 18.4 179
57 22.4 224 219 218 218 216 213 205 200 19.4 189 178
126 30.9 485 42.5 az 427 aaa 375 28.4 212 20.1 19.4 18.0
19.4 415 n9 era 687 66.0 63.0 60.6 432 230 199 19.4 18.3
26.2 489 208 788 792 744 15 646 456 23.4 20.2 194 18.5
33.2 50.6 82.0 836 243 845 837 a4 673 388 25.2 21.0 193
40.0 54.3 877 248 86.1 636 84.5 812 615 204 214 207 202
46.8 686 115.5 113.0 1104 104.1 103.7 99.7 79.0 50.0 326 255 213
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2
Time Omm = 25mm 50mm = 75mm — 100mm = 125mm = 150mm =—- 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 550mm = 900 mm.
00 207 205 20.7 20.4 20.4 197 204 194 19.4 188 185 wT
57 207 206 20.7 202 205 20.1 204 20.1 198 198 19.0 18.4
126 207 206 20.7 203 20.5 20.1 204 20.2 197 19.3 190 182
194 228 33.9 36.0 368 378 37.0 372 92.2 28.1 26.4 255 18.9
262 254 470 48.4 49.3 499 50.1 50.0 443 278 214 208 18.6
33.2 as 515 544 548 569 55.0 56.3 49.6 412 33,7 335 23.5
40.0 29.0 533 87.0 58.0 59.1 57.6 58.7 66.7 4an7 442 427 216
468 30.8 61.2 648 646 654 63.0 633 59.0 827 497 48.1 23.3
‘Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 3
Time Omm = 25mm 50mm =— 75mm — 100mm 125mm_— 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 850mm = 900 mm.
00 202 20.4 200 200 199 198 197 19.4 19.0 188 18.6 178
57 203 206 20.4 202 20.1 202 20.4 19.9 196 192 190 179
126 203 20.7 202 20.2 20.1 204 20.1 20.1 197 194 19.4 179
194 205 22.2 228 227 22.8 23.4 245 23.8 23.2 218 198 18.3
26.2 220 294 332 313 32.9 329 33.0 30.3 27.3 24.2 22.8 19.1
33.2 22.4 an 349 357 35.2 368 36.2 346 33.8 30.0 284 224
40.0 23.4 38.9 a8 42.8 an2 a7 42.0 38.9 36.7 364 347 24.2
468 24.5 418 48.0 493 48.0 489 48.8 452 442 A158 404 24.0
‘Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm = 80mm = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm = «150mm =—-250mm = 350mm «460mm = 850mm =~ $00 mm
00 203 20.4 20.2 20.1 199 199 198 195 19.4 187 18.4 178
87 203 20.7 205 20.4 202 202 203 20.0 19.3 189 185 18.0
126 243 328 307 30.4 278 28.4 279 25.0 23.2 196 193 184
19.4 272 409 406 41.0 76 374 38.2 244 226 210 20.2 189
262 28.0 43.1 425 423 405 40.8 39.4 30.0 26.9 227 216 19.3
33.2 30.1 50.2 49.4 496 466 469 458 36.1 35.5 28.4 206 19.3
40.0 a7 587 872 56.5 536 53.4 52.2 448 413 368 2A 19.3
468 35.8 70.9 70.0 68.2 638 63.0 17 53.3 47a 448 39.4 22.4
Velocity probes at sprinkler number t Velocity probes al sprinkler number 2
Time = 25mm 75mm — 125mm —- 250mm Time 25mm = 75mm = 125mm_—-250mm.
or) 0.0 00 0.0 00 0.0 0.0 00 00 00
87 os 08 05 00 87 0.4 0.4 04 04
126 16 14 10 O41 126 04 05 05 o4
194 18 15 09 04 19.4 08 os 08 os
26.2 15 16 14 06 262 o7 08 08 06
33.2 18 18 14 07 932 06 07 06 o4
40.0 22 18 14 07 40.0 09 08 07 03
46.8 13 15 18 07 468 08 og o8 06

102



‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm.
0.0 213 24 24.2
413 214 212 22
82 25 213 212

15.0 219 220 224
21.9 30.0 30.4 32.0
287 374 372 398
38.4 429 43.0 459
42.4 494 494 50.8
49.1 559 555 58.1
56.0 592 600 62.4
628 678 672 68.8
695, 74.4 745 785
765 812 att 84.2
832 83.2 85.4 886
90.2 84.4 875 918
96.9 90.0 94.8 998
103.6 a7 100.2 107.4
110.5 109.4 110.9 115.4
73 108.8 110.3 1163

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm.
0.0 27 216 242
13 22.0 219 218
82 22.4 22.0 21.8
150 22.8 232 237
219 30.3 338 336
287 377 a7 42.4
35.4 426 453 456
42.4 497 535 53.4
49.4 56.2 60.5 607
56.0 615 656 676
628 727 765 763
69.5 726 7a4 794
765 84.0 90.7 92.2
83.2 ot 98.8 99.0
90.2 96.6 103.1 103.2
96.9 104.2 1122 1107
1036 116.9 128.7 1273
1105 1196 124.6 125.0
1173 1228 129.5 131.5
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 3

Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm
0.0 216 216 213
13 210 204 209
82 247 223 219
15.0 219 22.4 218
219 226 237 235
287 257 272 262
35.4 270 258 286
42.4 30.4 29.0 326
49.1 36.7 415 39.3
56.0 39.4 43.5 425
62.8 437 505 492
69.5 512 59.8 95.2
765 58.9 62.3 64.3
83.2 559 65.4 65.0
90.2 54.8 ott 648
96.9 566 56.3 694
103.6 60.9 66.5 70.9
1105 635, 67.4 m7
1173 73 er7 858

75mm
208
208
209
22.4
319
40.4
46.1
50.8
58.4
637
70.4
73.0
85.4
89.9
93.6
103.1
411.0
1163
118.2

75mm
24.0
214
213
236
33.9
43.5
464
52.9
614
68.8
77
799
93.8
101.3
1037
111.0
129.3
125.5
132.6

75mm
21.0
2t4
214
242
23.8
a7
30.0
34.7
416
43.4
50.1
56.9
62.4
65.4
673
722
729
758
14

Experiment Number 9

100 mm
20.7
20.7
20.8
22.0
305
39.3
aaa
49.2
567
624
68.3
73
83.4
88.2
92.0
101.7
109.2
1129
N72

100 mm
208
213
214
23.9
33.4
432
472
53.3
616
a1
79
80.9
94.0
101.6
103.2
111.6
128.3
124.9
133.0

100 mm
20.8
242
207
244
234
Bal
30.4
35.0
40.0
42.5
484
558
635
66.3
685
728
743
807
885,

125mm.
20.0
20.0
20.1
224
293
39.7
440
48.9
56.9
635
69.0
762
852
898
94.4
103.8
127
115.0
120.7

125mm
20.5
208
24
242
33.4
424
474
825
ott
69.4
76.5
80.8
93.8
101.3
102.4
110.4
128.1
1228
1325

425mm
206
24.2
20.5
212
23.6
279
30.3
36.0
M2
437
49.6
582
66.1
688
708
739
783
853
926

150 mm

203
203
205
219
26.4
36.0
40.3
457
53.4
59.5
646
70.9
813
45
90.0
98.5

106.8

108.4

1133

150 mm

20.4
20.5
22
244
324
40.3
46.4
50.0
593
68.3
749
80.3
15
98.0

100.7

107.4

1257

120.4

128.4

150 mm

43

20.5
21.0
20.7
245
23.9
27
299
355
407
444
505
59.0
66.8
mA
13
75.1
796
88.3
92.9

250 mm,
19.6
19.7
199
218
235
319
36.0
42.3
50.5
58.6
65.4
657
788
839
916
95.1

108.9
106.0
109.3

250 mm
198
20.0
20.4
249
278
33.4
332
43.9
48.4
55.1
874
70.4
796
82.5
88.4
94.7

100.1
106.5
113.0

250 mm
198
20.0
204
20.6
232
274
326
35.0
a3
44.9
515
58.8
65.5
15
72.2
748
80.8
90.4
94.3

350 mm
196
197
198
24.0
22.4
235
297
344
363
43,7
56.2
57.3
65.2
73.4
867
83.8
99.0
974

100.1

350 mm
195
197
20.0
226
22.4
229
27.0
36.4
397
Ne
art
559
65.2
66.2
75.4
83.9
0.4
92.7
100.9

350 mm
195
19.6
203
206
23.8
279
32.5
36.0
436
48.3
54.8
624
665
m7
18
74
82.6
918
96.8

450 mm
194
193
194
206
21.8
208
23.9
28.2
32.9
38.2
45.4
50.2
544
618
656
m3
82.3
ead
90.5

450 mm
192
19.5
19.5
21.0
21.0
208
247
29.4
347
40.4
45.4
S17
56.9
624
675
747
80.2
634
91.0

450 mm
194
19.7
198
20.1
22.7
24.2
29.7
38.4
44
48.4
50.3
53.8
58.9
647
687
76.4
79.5
er7
90.7

550 mm
19.4
192
193
20.0
208
205
22.9
273
31.0
36.1
397
472
50.3
56.7
606
658
682
762
817

550 mm
189
193
195
20.4
20.1
20.0
232
278
33.4
a7
ata
477
485
586
63.0
69.4
72.7
745
al

550 mm
19.0
186
195
19.2
23.2
2a7
28.3
293
403
19
468
46.4
50.9
529
era
75.4
785
842
96.3

900 mm
18.2
185
185
188
18.9
19.0
210
27
246
ast
296
35.4
42.4
48.2
47.3
508
584
614
63.1

900 mm
183
185
185
18.9
18.8
19.1
209
214
22.4
270
30.0
3A7
38.2
43.1
46.4
516
553
60.0
643,

900 mm
184
188
182
18.4
192
196
20.2
216
227
24.2
29.1
308
38.3
42.2
43.0
485
53.4
58,7
618


Experiment Number 28

14.4 280 566 70.3 729 707 72.2 705 66.2 635 63.4 62.0 49.4
1209 295 648. 770 793 766 79 75.4 698 683 662 66.1 518
1278 297 68.3 ans a4 798 ats 787 732 724 68.8 68.7 53.8

‘Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 4
Time Omm 25mm = 50mm = 75mm — 100mm 125mm — 150mm 250mm =—-350mm = 450mm = 550mm = 900 mm

00 22 213 214 214 242 22 ant 207 20.4 20.1 198 19.4
46 213 214 215 216 214 24 213 244 20.9 207 204 198
N58 22 216 216 215 213 213 214 214 2i4 207 20.2 198
182 218 246 26.5 26.4 256 286 253 23.5 23.0 212 24.0 20.0
25.2 22.2 268 292 290 284 28.9 287 244 22.6 218 aia 20.2
32.0 22.7 296 322 32.2 314 318 314 278 26.5 253 243 218
38.9 23.8 318 363 35.2 34.3 34.9 347 32.3 303 288 Bal 244
456 247 36.2 410 402 388 39.2 383 33.9 324 315 30.9 244
52.5 242 407 424 418 a7 424 420 386 353 345, 336 23.3
594 25.3 43.4 474 465 453 46.5 463 407 a6 37.0 Bal 24.8
662 266 444 494 484 46.2 46.8 458 414 att ata 40.0 26.9
734 wr B17 549 546 528 53.4 533 48.0 447 438 433 287
799 28.1 87.3 58.9 589 578 587 59.0 54.2 499 472 472 30.8
867 295 58.1 63.0 62.3 604 614 610 56.7 549 527 S17 326
93.6 305 64.3 667 663 65.4 667 66.2 59.3 586 56.5 55.4 346
100.4 318 70.2 3 18 70.8 724 724 657 617 604 58.8 37.0
107.2 32.8 674 72.7 730 724 727 725 66.9 637 626 615 396
1144 338 743 760 754 747 753 75.2 695 688 676 66.0 412
120.9 356 768 815 B10 79.7 B14 81.0 Tha 737 13 70.4 423
1278 40.4 865 85.1 85.0 843 658 85.8 80.1 782 749 734 448

Velocity probes at sprinkler number 1 Velocity probes al sprinkler number 2

Time = 25mm = 75mm — 125mm 250 mm Time = 25mm 75mm_— 125mm ~—- 260 mm

0.0 00 00 00 oo) 00 00 00 00 00
46 05 06 08 03 48 o7 08 og 0s
8 08 08 04 ot 15 o7 06 0s 03
182 07 08 06 02 18.2 08 09 08 03
25.2 10 10 10 04 252 07 07 08 o4
320 04 06 05 0.0 32.0 14 Mat 09 03
38.9 09 09 08 02 38.9 08 a7 0s 02
45.6 43 Az 09 04 45.6 13 14 10 05
525 0.9 09 06 04 525 13 09 o7 00
504 AS 13 06 04 59.4 og o7 05 o4
66.2 43 a4 A2 OT 66.2 13 14 15 08
734 AA aa 06 06 734 12 14 10 04
799 09 aa 1.0 08 73.9 14 13 12 06
867 AA AO 07 06 867 12 13 14 07
93.6 AS AT Aq A2 93.6 18 14 12 04
100.4 09 09 OT 4 100.4 1.0 09 09 o4
107.2 13 a3 09 08 107.2 08 09 09 O14
1144 07 07 04 03 1144 15 16 17 06
120.9 AA AZ 40 06 120.9 19 16 13 06
1278 0 13 AS 05 127.8 14 12 og os

85



When comparing figures 7 through 13, it may be best to describe the “ceiling jet” in the
horizontal obstructed/beamed ceiling scenario as having a flow under a beam rather than a
traditional ceiling jet as described by Alpert. Because the convective heat transfer is
proportional to the square root of the velocity, sprinkler activation is delayed by the reduced
ceiling jet velocity.

As stated in the section under instrumentation, the basic measurements for all 45 experiments
were the same. In the corner experiments for the obstructed/beamed ceiling scenario, two
additional velocity probes were installed in the first two channels formed by the ceiling joists
above the burner, figure 6. These two probes were located in the same plane as sprinkler number
1. They were centered between the joists approximately 10 cm (4 in) below the top of the ceiling
joists. Figures 14 through 16 present data on these additional velocity probes along with data
from the velocity probes located at sprinkler number 1. Comparable to figures 7 through 13, the
effect of the obstructed/beamed ceiling was to reduce the velocity significantly when compared
to those found with the smooth horizontal unobstructed ceiling. The effect of the very high
velocities produced in the channels as compared with those at sprinkler number 1 may help in
explaining why sprinkler number 4 activated first in 5 out of 6 experiments.

4.3 Effect of Fire Growth on Activation Times

The rate of fire growth also had an effect on the time to sprinkler activation. By looking at Table
2, it can be seen that for all three burner locations and both ceiling configurations that the
average time to sprinkler activation increased as the fire growth slowed.

4.4 Effect of Burner Position on Activation Times.

For the smooth horizontal unobstructed ceiling, the placement of the bumer did not have a
pronounced effect on the time to sprinkler activation. Moving the burner from the detached
position to the wall position, the effect was hardly noticeable for the fast and medium fires. For
the slow growing fire, the average activation time was actually longer. A factor that must be
taken into account is that the distance from the center of the bumer to the sprinkler is not the
same for the different burner positions, figure 5. In the detached position the sprinkler is 2.2 m
(7 ft 3 in) away from the fire, for the wall position the sprinkler is 2.4 m (8 ft) away. This
represents a 10 % increase in distance. The fast and medium fires had slightly faster activation
times on average but by looking at the individual experiment results, table 1, it can be seen the
results are virtually indistinguishable. For the comer experiments, the activation times are
noticeably faster but, in turn, the sprinkler is now closer than in either the detached position or
wall position. Another factor that may be taken into account is how the burner was placed
against the wall. In describing the effect of a wall on the plume, Zukoski [6] placed a wall across
the diameter of a circular burner, which effectively reduced it to a semi circular geometry. By
doing this the perimeter over which the plume can entrain air is reduced to 50 % of the original.
As can be seen in figure 5, when the burner was placed against the wall, a short side of the
rectangular burner was placed up against the wall. The original perimeter of the burner was 3.4
m (11 ft). By placing a short side of the burner against the wall the perimeter is only reduced by
0.7 m (28 in), a reduction of only 21 %. In this configuration, air was being entrained over 79 %


List of Figures

Figure 1 - Plan view of experimental set Up, .......-0:scssccsseesseecsssseeseecsecceessecsusseessenesnssneeenseeneeneennes 15
Figure 2 - Instrumentation set up for arrays 1 and 2.0.0... cess eecseseseeecseersreseseerencerersatereeeacerencareneaes 15
Figure 3 - Fast, medium, and slow fire growth regions. .......s.sscsssessessseresseeesseeseereessesenesseneseesees 16
Figure 4 - Calibration data for the rectangular gas DUIMET. .........0:cccecsesceseesseseesestesseseseseeseseesees 16
Figure 5 - Distances from different burner positions to sprinklers of interest. ..........0.-csceceee 17

Figure 6 - Position of sprinklers 1 and 4 relative to channels formed by ceiling

joists. Location of additional velocity probes, corner bumer position,

obstructed/beamed Ceiling. ........ cesses cesses eeseeseeseseseeereseeseeeseesneseeseeneeaseeesneseeeeeeeneee 17
Figure 7 - Ceiling jet velocity comparisons at sprinkler number 1, detached burner

position, Slow fire grOWUH. .......c.cccecessessecseeseesesseessseeesseessenesteaessenesssenssesseeseeneeseeneense 18
Figure 8 - Ceiling jet velocity comparisons at sprinkler number 1, detached burner

position, medium fire ZrOWth. ........ccccecsecsessessesseeesssseeeeenseesseesreneessereseeesesesseesseneeveseesnse 18

Figure 9 - Ceiling jet velocity comparisons at sprinkler number 1, detached burner

position, fast fire growth. ..

Figure 10 - Ceiling jet velocity comparisons at sprinkler number 1, wall burner

position, slow fire growth,
Figure 11 - Ceiling jet velocity comparisons at sprinkler number 1, wall burner

position, medium fire QroWth, ........cceccseecseseeseseessseeecseesscseessseesessseessassreseresnensseeneseenees 20
Figure 12 - Ceiling jet velocity comparisons at sprinkler number 1, wall burner

position, fast fire QrOWtH. ........csesccsecesesessessesseaseeseseessssesssatesseseasssseeneesssesseesneneenseneeneeee 20
Figure 13 - Ceiling jet velocity comparisons at sprinkler number 1, corner burner

position, fast fire QrOWE. .........cesceseeeesesesecnesseeneseesseneenseneseeneseseneeseneersaneseeneeneentensens 21

Figure 14 - Ceiling jet velocity comparisons for corner burner position, slow fire

QTOWIN. vo esessecsecsseseereseessenesneeneensanesseneenseneereeneeneeneensensens
Figure 15 - Ceiling jet velocity comparisons for corner burner position, medium

fire QrOWEH. oo. eec ses eeseeseesesseseesseseeseessesessesssssssseersansssssesssensscssessesssesesucneessenseneeneensenseneenees 22
Figure 16 - Ceiling jet velocity comparisons for corner burner position, fast fire

TOWED. ooo ececseeteseesereeseneseeeencneeeessecenesseeneaeeneasenensasenereneneeeeaseeteseseeeteecnscecsteesensueeeeene 22


45
13
18.0
25.0
318
38.7
455
62.3
59.3
660
73.0
798

09
10
AA
1.0
4A
A2
43
1.0
4
AT
AB
A2

08
07
06
40
40
40
08
06
A
AA
07
4.0

05
03
04
08
4
5
0.3
02
09
4.0
04
08

Experiment Number 7

45
13
18.0
25.0
318
387
455,
523
593
66.0
73.0
79.8

40

07
1.0
08
10
10
14
10
14
16
15
18
10



28

96
16.5
23.3
30.0
37.0
43.8
507
575
643
m2
78.0

OA
10
AQ
09
10
AA
AA
AS
4S
18
A2
AS

00
Aa
AQ
08
AA
06
AA
10
aA
43
08
08

01
02
03

00
08
0.4
08
08
05
09
05
05

Experiment Number 22

28

96
165
23.3
30.0
37.0
43.8
50.7
87.5
64.3
n2
780

7

oO
09
1A
16
14
16
18
15
18
16
1
10

ot
07
og
14
1.0
17
18
16
17
18
1.

12

ot
06
og
12
09
14
10
14
14
12
07
ey

on
03
4
Od
06
Od
o7
05
06
O4
03
os



Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm 50mm.
00 215 213 213
27 216 213 212
95 216 224 24.0

163 233 293 328

233 262 36.9 385

30.0 269 376 397
37.0 29.0 434 463
437 5 49.4 52.0
505 328 513 546
S74 34.9 55.4 59.9
643, 36.7 60.4 652
12 39.0 663 729
79 40.2 70.0 75.2
47 43.9 758 808
17 465 at4 89.2
98.5 46.7 80.1 86.4

105.3 49.8 88.9 976

1122 52.4 93.5 1022

119.0 553 96.2 103.9

125.9 Bal 102.2 WT

1327 552 86.9 523

139.5 576 84.2 109.0

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2

Time Omm = 25mm S0mm.
00 192 212 21.2
27 19.4 214 213
95 198 24.3 249

16.3 22.5 33.4 33.4
23.3 242 39.0 30.1
30.0 25.9 40.2 and
37.0 286 48.0 4a7
437 30.0 50.9 50.9
50.5 314 547 56.0
574 34.0 606 60.8
64.3 36.6 65.6 66.8
712 394 m4 724
73 392 722 73.9
84.7 435, 810 815
O17 47a 837 a8
98.5 474 87.0 882

105.3 53.2 100.5 101.7

112.2 541 1025 103.6

119.0 519 98.1 100.7

1259 874 105.6 107.2

1327 619 116.1 1179

139.5 635, 120.3 121.0

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 3

Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm
00 206 2a 206
27 208 212 205
95 206 244 204

163 207 244 205
23.3 209 249 258
30.0 242 267 305
37.0 215 30.3 348
437 219 324 365
50.5 22.0 334 388
87.4 23.2 389 46.41
64.3 232 40.5 47.0
712 237 424 506
78 24.3, 438 550

75mm
212
24
244
33.6
37.9
40.0
465
528
558
608
66.1
744
766
80.9
89.4
887
100.8
103.6
108.7
1134
er7
1122

75mm
244
213
25.7
33.8
40.4
42.8
49.5
506
588
617
682
743
744
827
853
895
102.4
105.1
103.4
110.2
120.8
1225

75mm
206
205
204
205
267
306
352
374
38.9
457
477
514
553

Experiment Number 26

100 mm
214
24.0
24.0
318
345
39
446
50.5
53.9
59.3
647
713
739
73
85.2
87.0
96.5
100.0
103.4
108.5
70.3
895

4100 mm
21.0
21.0
256
336
40.4
425
49.4
60.4
60.1
615
68.1
745
750
819
84.6
88.9
101.2
104.9
103.0
110.9
1214
121.9

100 mm
20.5
20.4
20.4
20.4
24.8
28.5
32.8
35.2
375
43.4
45.0
48,7
52.8

125mm
209
208
242
320
33.9
38.3
452
50.3
552
60.0
65.1
724
750
789
886
88.8
100.2
100.5
103.9
1107
86.4
107.4

125mm
208
208
28.6
33.1
39.7
425
487
49.4
610
603
68.2
Ta7
754
a7
633
78
100.2
104.0
104.5
1108
121.0
121.9

125 mm
20.5
20.4
204
20.5
245
286
327
49
374
43.4
45.0
49.2
53.4

150 mm

20.8
20.7
22.6
29.4
32.6
36.7
43.3
48.2
52.2
58.4
63.0
697
733
769
86.0
86.2
94.6
96,7

101.6

104.5
863
96.4

450 mm

207
207
26.1
318
38.9
413
480
49.2
605
602
674
70.4
788
B12
83.6
877
99.0
101.3,
104.5
110.7
119.0
1207

450 mm

80

205
20.4
20.4
206
234
269
32
344
36.0
as
43.3,
475,
512

250 mm
203
203
228
276
287
369
379
443
53.4
556
637
687
707
73.4
28
45
90.0
95.6
101.0
102.6
101.9
103.6

250mm
204
203
26.0
293
35.4
35.5
455
4an7
541
563
628
64.3
73.8
759
810
857
93.7
96.3
103.2
107.4
107.3
1153

250 mm
203
202
20.2
20.4
27
245
286
313
32.8
77
39.3
43.0
465

350 mm
20.0
202
218
224
27
32.9
34.0
404
49.4
54.2
86.7
637
676
69.0
75.4
808
795
97.2
98.4
99.0

100.5
99.2

360 mm
20.41
20.0
22.6
242
266
32.0
39.5
426
42.9
53.4
58.6
58.4
63.9
69.0
737
783
82.2
897
98.8
93.6
104.4,
107.6

350 mm
20.4
201
20.1
203
212
234
268
299
32.0
35.0
378
408
448

450 mm
197
20.4
213
206
204
28.1
288
310
427
474
50.9
549
59.8
57.0
635
728
788
812
96.9
93.7
692
866

450 mm
198
196
20.7
20.8
20.8
278
33.2
36.7
34.5
43.5
523
82.4
62.3
60.7
674
667
13
83.4
90.2
819
94.6

100.2

450 mm
197
197
197
20.0
206
217
25.4
28.4
30.4
33.4
373

43.1

560 mm
192
198
205
202
20.0
22.4
23.4
23.8
30.3
348
40.1
423
492
49.4
50.8
61.0
637
68.5
867
71.0
82.8
73.0

560 mm
194
193
199
197
196
22.0
23.0
aT
272
aad
393
445
542
53.4
87.0
55.0
597
m9
734
76.3
759
796

550 mm
19.3
19.4
194
198
20.1
212
24.8
28.4
30.0
337
a2
40.0
428

900 mm
75
18.4
187
183
18.2
183
18.2
19.4
190
197
22.4
248
273
29.4
32.0
365
26.5
29.9
418
450
459
48.9

900 men
178
18.4
182
179
18.0
188
19.0
204
213
218
252
268
288
22.3
344
377
39.9
41g
458
49.4
532
55.4

900 mm
77
18.0
18.0
187
193
19.8
20.1
22
238
27.0
28.4
38
338


NISTIR 6253

Effect of an Obstructed Ceiling on the
Activation Time of a Residential Sprinkler

Robert L. Vettori

Building and Fire Research Laboratory
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8641

Prepared for:

U.S. Department of Commerce U.S. General Services Administration
Technology Administration Office of Business Performance
National Institute of Standards and Technology Washington, DC 20405

Gaithersburg, MD 20899



O74
104.3
mia
1182
125.0
1318

44
39
48
40
49
55

28
25
27
33
30
33

Experiment Number 39

106



List of Tables

Table 1 — Comparison of sprinkler activation times..

Table 2 — Average activation times and percent increase in activation times

caused by obstructed/beamed Ceiling... cesses esseseseensseeesvensseseeareeersneneeneecersnenee 11
Table 3 — Temperature of the ceiling jet at the activated sprinkler at time of

ACLEVALION 0. eeceec sec eeseceeeseeseesesnesneesesceveusensesesesesssnssscsnsssesnescsneeveaceneeneseeassneensanenssanenee 12
Table 4 — Temperature comparisons at the 1.54 m (5ft) elevation at the time of

sprinkler activation ......c..ccccccesseseesseceeseseeeseenesseseseseseesssseeseesesssneereaeesseneseesseaeenssneaneaneane 13
Table 5 — Temperatures comparison at the 1.89 m (6ft) elevation at the time of

sprinkler activation.........cccscccsecsesssessseseessecssesssessesseessessscssessecsneaneessecsecseearecsnessecsseconees 14


Experiment Number 40

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 26mm = 80mm = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm = 150mm =—-250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 50mm =~ 900 mm
00 22.3 224 225 216 224 218 223 215 244 212 24 20.3
69 22.4 224 225 218 25 220 225 216 216 244 214 20.7
137 27.0 266 279 256 278 26.4 274 24.8 24.5 23.4 218 209
204 366 36.0 38.0 32.4 38.0 346 36.8 284 24.0 22.5 22.4 ana
273 39.8 407 436 37.0 433 444 464 40.7 32.0 26.4 243 213
344 52.4 513 556 486 56.1 53.5 553 49.2 34.6 253 232 244
0 554 567 619 17 63.0 594 626 60.0 43.0 242 23.6 2n7
477 604 622 66.0 554 65.0 62.4 673 643 456 266 242 217
545 63.4 66.4 698 596 69.9 65.9 70.4 66.1 498 30.2 249 22.4
614 632 671 698 629 m7 709 76.9 74a 68.2 444 312 240
68.1 833 86.2 O14 748 929 829 93.0 067 727 478 36.9 249
758.4 691 ot 95.3 258 99.2 974 102.0 95.0 824 573 41.0 25.2
a8 799 859 ard a4 92.0 94.8 101.2 1025 101.9 853 ara 25
08.6 925 101.5 106.3 O17 106.3 1015 108.2 103.9 101.4 733 ary 30.5
95.5 852 90.0 93.4 86.9 99.6 1028 108.2 113.0 1108 858 512 a8
102.3 114.4 187 1222 105.3 1235 1154 126.6 106.0 1023 788 558 367
109.2 109.4 109.5 1154 104.8 1179 1129 119.8 1127 110.7 98.2 654 40.8
115.9 120.0 1235 1274 121.3 1312 128.4 134.3 124.2 122.7 95.0 653 447
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2
Time Omm = 25mm SOmm_— 75mm — 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 360mm = 450mm = 550mm =~ 800 mm
00 204 21.0 24 20.9 2a 205 21.0 203 212 24 244 20.1
63 242 212 213 214 213 207 21.3 20.4 213 212 20.9 202
137 213 242 214 244 214 207 213 20.4 213 213 244 203
20.4 213 242 21.3 210 212 20.7 242 20.4 213 213 242 205
273 247 252 258 25.1 258 23.0 25.0 22.2 23.5 23.4 22.7 21.0
344 29.1 283 295 284 30.5, 26.1 29.9 25.0 26.8 25.6 245 214
410 31.3 30.5 334 32.5 36.2 30.2 349 272 294 25.5 244 214
arr 40.0 379 428 39.4 437 33.4 42.6 316 32.8 279 272 234
545 424 398 456 419 479 37.0 478 34.8 377 30.7 28.5 244
614 46.9 433 497 452 50.5 388 499 36.5 39.5 36.6 32.4 26.1
68.1 56.8 48.9 58.9 52.5 595 454 579 418 456 39.3 365 297
75.1 597 56.1 624 59.1 628 48.2 59.9 42.8 497 43.9 ata 319
B18 66.3 58.2 a4 62.5 nS 535 685 487 88.4 48.8 444 33.4
886 695 633 8 666 725 572 725 53.5 60.6 529 48.9 36.3
95.5 750 70.5 780 nT 78.9 587 m7 55.6 686 59.0 564 42.3
102.3 734 697 770 68.8 795 584 80.0 58.2 736 643 60.0 43.6
109.2 78 742 817 756 83.1 623 823 57.0 m9 659 608 453
115.9 767 78.0 82.3 75.0 85.2 632 855 624 76.0 70.9 628 537
Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 3
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm — 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = «260mm = 350mm = 450mm = 50mm =~ S00 mm
00 27 27 216 24 214 214 213 212 24 210 209 20.2
69 216 216 216 25 215 215 214 24 24 24 21.0 20.3
4137 217 216 215 24 214 214 214 212 24 21.0 21.0 20.3
20.4 216 22.0 224 219 22.4 226 23.2 223 25 213 242 20.7
273 285 266 264 26.3 266 272 27.8 255 23.9 224 224 21.0
344 36.2 38.4 397 cia 372 367 374 295 24.8 23.4 2a7 21.0
410 448 472 472 448 449 445 437 36.1 28.1 249 23.2 218
477 508 536 53.9 499 497 48.7 479 39.0 33.6 30.0 28.3 24.8
545 Bal 603 605 55.9 55.4 53.4 52.2 aN? 35.5 313 29.2 24.9
614 597 633 658 618 609 59.6 58.7 448 39.0 356 33.9 26.2
681 642 685 705 67.0 66.8 657 65.9 52.9 442 398 36.8 272
754 66.0 702 734 74.0 mA m0 713 57.0 49.4 439 412 32.0
818 78.0 82.7 832 78.0 75 767 756 65.1 54.5 50.1 463 347
886 60.8 057 38.4 847 B43 83.4 827 69.3 587 545 50.8 394
95.5 829 88.0 914 89.0 883 87.9 86.1 728 644 59.1 55.1 424
102.3 90.4 947 97.3 93.4 92.2 913 29.6 750 686 635 59.0 439
109.2 95.7 100.5 100.5 95.7 94.9 93.5 918 778 712 66.3 613 aad
1159 925 98.9 103.0 98.9 98.9 98.8 99.9 85.4 722 688 645 487
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm = 80mm = 75mm =— 100mm = 125mm = 150mm =— 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 50mm = S00 mm
00 22.7 228 223 22.5 22.2 224 224 215 213 24.0 209 20.4

107



10 36.99 93.88

Average RTI = 64.29(m*s)!2

This report provides test data which was obtained under an investigation concerning the
Response Time Index and the Conductivity Factor of automatic sprinklers.

In no event shall UL be responsible to anyone for whatever use or nonuse is made of the
information contained in this Report, and in no event shall UL, its employees, or its agent
incur any obligation or liability for damages, including, but not limited to, consequential
damage arising out of or in connection with the use, or inability to use, the information
contained in this Report.

This serves to terminate our work under Assignment 96NK9527.

Report by: Reviewed by:
Jennifer Owers William M. Carey
Engineer Senior Staff Engineer

28


150.8 22.3 88.4 89.5
1576 833 87.3 99.2
164.3 865 90.6 92.7
12 90.9 95.9 96.8
178.0 891 92.2 94.0
184.9 942 98.8 1027
191.7 97.3 1026 1087
198.4 1028 108.0 1097
205.3 109.8 1183 1196
212.4 111.0 1159 117.8
2190 105.9 1136 119.6
225.8 116.0 1237 1253
232.5 1216 1289 133.3

Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 3
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm.

00 266 26.5 26.1
o7 269 26.8 264
74 267 267 284
143 266 267 266
24 Bal 275 273
28.0 28.6 289 288
347 306 314 313
415 347 342 34.5,
485 372 ara or
55.2 36.6 38.1 379
62.2 397 408 40.2
68.9 38.5 43.0 408
757 405 444 437
826 434 466 46.2
393 43.0 48.0 467
96.3, 44.0 53.9 510
103.0 50.3 54.9 53.4
109.8 50.4 56.0 545
116.6 518 59.0 569
1234 54.9 63.5 et
130.2 S74 63.0 626
1374 583 683 66.1
143.9 618 70.8 675
150.8 64.0 748 705
1576 13 837 74
164.3 73.2 86.3 80.5
12 744 842 79.9
178.0 639 706 708
184.9 747 er. as
191.7 73 O17 859
198.4 797 90.5 88.4
205.3 73 97.0 92.0
2124 89.6 101.5 oT
2190 92.9 108.2 101.2
225.8 98.2 1142 1085
232.5 94.5 110.1 105.0

Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4

Time Omm = 25mm = 50 mm
00 267 265 265
07 art 27.0 26.9
74 ana 27.0 27.0

143 27.0 27.0 27.0

2a 270 Bal 272

28.0 294 29.4 29.2

347 328 92.2 308

a5 36.2 35.2 326

48.5 304 ar7 362

55.2 39.3 38.4 368

86.0
883
928
97.0
93.0

101.4

102.9

107.5

1183

1167

1192

1234

131.0

75mm
26.0
263
263
26.4
2A
288
314
342
ar
38.6
40.6
M6
443
46.9
478
50.8
546
56.1
596
62.4
632
676
696
727
794
82.0
82.4
72.8
85.6
89.6
29.0
92.8
99.0
105.1
110.4
108.6

75mm
258
26.1
265
264
2A
297
33.4
374
39.8
406

Experiment Number 29

99.9
a8
947
98.6
97.0
104.3
106.3
WS
1196
119.4
1228
123.0
135.9

100 mm
259
264
265
266
274
287
314
34.2
377
39.0
40.9
42.8
455
474
478
49.9
544
57.8
60.4
63.0
64.0
68.0
70.7
740
79.4
82.0
837
739
eh
88.9
08.2
93.9
100.5
1042
110.0
107.4

4100 mm
254
257
26.2
26.0
ara
296
33.0
36.5
39.1
40.1

ert
91.0
95.4
99.6
979
1045
104.3
109.2
1193
118.6
123.9
128.4
1315

125 mm
25.5
259
26.0
263
272
286
308
342
376
39.5
444
43.9
46.3
48.2
48.4
510
557
58.9
613
644
653
697
728
70
B17
44
86.3
75
er
93.1
on4
96.3
104.4
107.9
47
110.9

125 mm
25.1
255
260
258
73
298
33.4
366
39.5
40.3

868
90.2
94.6
99.2
98.0

103.9

104.7

1106

77

M74

1229

1278

131.8

450 mm.

25.3
256
256
259
272
288
308
346
78
402
414
443
463
48.0
484
515,
56.3
60.3
62.0
64.9
663
70.4
73.9
78
Exe)
85.2
86.4
788
88.3
942
93.1
cal

106.0

106.9

1153

114

150 mm

87

247
254
253
254
278
297
32.7
36.5
397
40.8

73
83.0
88.0
85.0
90.3
978
95.8

100.2
997

104.7

118.4

417.2

118.1

260 mm
248
245
246
248
26.3
28.1
295
32.4
36.4
39.3
405
427
459
479
51.3
528
56.7
58.9
60.5
64.9
66.2
70.3
73.9
78
82.4
824
86.0
B44
879
93.6
942
97.3
102.6
107.0
115.1
1128

250 mm
244
24.5
24.4
24.8
269
28.4
30.3
34.5
38.3
39.5

70.1
762
793
73
798
86.2
87.0
92.6
977
99.1

109.0

104.2

106.0

350 mm
238
24.4
24.2
243
287
279
28.4
282
33.4
36.5
38.0
38.4
434
472
514
526
560
566
596
64.8
65.4
70.4
74.0
78.6
80.6
82.2
86.2
84.4
89.5
96.3
96.9
100.0
108.7
109.5
1140
1185

360 mm
236
24.2
24.2
24.2
26.4
28.4
272
32.4
35.4
367

607
62.9
66.9
68.6
697
752
mI
792
B13
824
863
89.3
96.5

450 mm
23.5
237
23.9
24.0
24.5
25.9
25.8
25.0
269
28.6
306
32.0
344
At2
424
458
50.4
50.5
53.4
56.0
58.4
599
640
66.8
68.7
724
744
745
82.9
847
88.5
90.2
90.5
97.3
96.2

1037

450 mm
233
239
238
239
24.8
278
25.1
258
268
292

87.2
587
608
64.3
659
708
708
747
766
787
81.0
82.0
85.3

550 mm
23.2
235
236
238
242
245
242
24.4
287
2A
294
20.5
32.7
38.4
395
394
442
459
50.2
48.0
48.4
53.1
54.3
566
58.3
644
637
68.2
734
734
75.4
782
80.6
Era)
33.6
94.4

550 mm
23.4
23.6
235
236
244
256
244
28.2
26.4
28.4

456
49.0
50.3
50.8
535
54.8
56.8
60.1
eit
636
653
674
703

900 mm
228
23.1
234
23.0
233
233
23.1
23.3
235
237
243
253
288
279
288
30.3
323
33.4
347
36.5
38.8
426
442
46.2
468
496
514
512
542
556
60.0
614
62.6
65.1
667
686

800 mm
226
22.8
22.9
23.0
23.3
235
23.5
23.6
237
24.0


Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4

Time Omm = 25mm = SOmm.
0.0 225 22.4 22.4
30 223 22.4 22.4
98 228 247 27.0

16.6 254 329 36.9

23.5 270 368 39.3

30.3 290 418 45.3

37.3 298 458 49.9

440 32.1 490 52.8

50.8 334 53.0 56.3

578 35.0 587 59.4

646 36.5 614 674

18 412 70.4 76.3

783 43.0 73.4 80.0

85.1 444 784 86.1

92.0 459 23.9 94.7

98.8 48.5 85.1 90.6

108.6 518 937 102.1

1126 53.8 98.6 105.4

119.4 819 53.0 art

126.3 46.9 426 63.2

133.4 50.2 43.8 1027

Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2

Time Omm = 25mm = 50 mm
00 20.8 22.2 22.0
30 204 216 22.0
98 244 25.5 260
166 23.4 32.2 a7

235 259 384 376

30.3 274 436 439

373 290 50.9 S17

44.0 312 510 51.0

50.8 324 56.0 56.4

57.8 35.9 618 62.3

646 384 686 69.5

15 404 mT 18

78.3 424 754 770

85.1 437 765 74

92.0 470 85.8 872

98.8 50.4 90.4 O14

105.6 50.8 96.5 98.2

1126 82.7 100.0 103.1

119.4 545 100.0 102.0

126.3 60.1 110.9 112.6

133.4 617 1126 1143

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 3

Time Omm = 25mm = 80mm
0.0 210 24 24
3.0 244 215 212
98 2i4 215 22

166 212 227 23.0

23.5 213 262 275

30.3 246 282 344

373 219 296 335

44.0 224 313 38.6

50.8 22.4 337 39.5

578 22.9 368 43.4

64.6 233 38.3 465

18 24.0 420 525

783 243 429 526

85.1 247 474 564

92.0 254 494 613

75mm
216
219
269
379
392
458
50.9
53.9
56.8
60.4
676
76.4
812
876
96.8
907
103.3
107.4
512
a98
1087

75 mm
27
207
QA
32.4
37.9
45.0
53.6
53.3
58.3
628
19
740
7
80.3
89.3
92.8
401.1
106.7
103.1
1157
1167

75mm
24
2nd
2d
23.4
275
32
338
366
405
44.0
47.0
533

586
627

Experiment Number 27

100 mm
216
218
252
343
376
4a7
489
52.4
544
598
66.0
740
788
827
ott
88.1
99.3
103.9
425,
547
100.9

100 mm
26
248
26.2
32.4
37.0
44.8
52.0
519
582
62.9
70.5
733
73
798
a4
92.0
100.8
106.3
101.6
118.4
116.4

100 mm
209
210
210
22.3
25.1
294
32.4
34.8
39.0
424
45.4
50.9
52.7
55.4
59.7

125mm
210
213
284
35.0
76
45.0
49.4
523
55.0
60.0
674
747
80.0
04.8
94.0
886
100.2
105.4
587
fal
16

125mm
204
20.9
283
32.2
368
4ar
513
518
584
613
70.4
727
763
80.0
86.9
919
100.1
106.5
1027
1147
nA

125 mm
209
20.9
240
22.4
24.8
296
327
35.2
304
43.0
45.4
Std
53.9
564
609

150 mm

22
25
247
318
368
422
46.9
50.4
53.0
58.5
637
72.3
774
80.4
88.1
859
97.0

101.7
66.8
90.4

108.3

150 mm

213
213
253
319
374
443,
49.9
514
566
604
69.1
18
76.4
80.1
85.9
918
98.2

105.3

102.9

1138

17S

150 mm.

82

20.8
20.9
209
22.0
24.0
28.4
318
34.6
378
a7
437
496
524
546
59.2

250 mm
204
209
26.4
26.3
296
395
456
49.5
49.3
56.4
58.8
66.1
73.9
80.2
819
62.2
95.1
99.7
90.7
94.5

105.4

250 mm
20.7
20.7
25.4
316
34.2
ata
45.4
49.8
534
578
618
705
727
767
792
678
95.0
98.6
101.4
99.0
1124

250 mm
204
208
207
217
22.4
258
284
319
33.1
372
40.4
45.0
48.4
S14
558

360 mm
20.2
205
247
22.4
246
32.4
366
46.0
474
50.4
586
60.4
66.3
743
70.9
792
90.2
89.5
874
910
100.1

350 mm
203
208
242
282
258
308
372
45.2
48.9
524
56.1
64.0
648
66.1
740
82.2
82.0
a76
96.4
90.3

102.2

350 mm
20.0
20.5
20.5
218
218
24.6
265
297
319
356
395
43.4
48.0
503
549

450 mm
197
202
24.0
21.0
207
270
312
363
422
4a7
52.4
847
827
638
507
682
78
608
758
768
88.4

450 mm
19.9
203
23.4
216
215
28.1
30.4
43.9
46.3
434
453
575
584
rT
66.5
692
688
79.4
80.0
763
948

450 mm
197
203
202
209
210
22.7
258
28.9
30.9
34.4
38,7
41.0
458
484
52.6

550 mm
19.3
19.7
203
20.1
20.5
242
206
279
31.3
38.8
43.5
46.2
458
514
48.0
57.0
614
679
636
676
752

550 mm
193
199
22.2
206
203
25.6
232
36.2
357
40.9
38,7
474
50.9
512
53.3
57.9
60.0
70.8
70.4
68.8
80.8

550 mm
19.3
20.1
199
205
20.7
22.5
259
294
30.8
34.2
379
a18
445
483
52.1

900 mm
183
18.7
188
186
187
189
19.3
24
20.2
20.3
23.5
26.1
29.1
30.4
33.1
36.0
375
39.5
412
44.8
47.0

900 mm
18.2
189
192
187
19.0
19.4
195
20.9
27
22.9
24.6
25.5
29.2
295
36.2
385
39.4
4a8
473
48.4
53.7

900 mm
184
18.8
187
193
195
206
209
224
246
a7
30.0
32.3
35.7
ar7
39.4


Table 1 — Comparison of sprinkler activation times

Smooth Horizontal Unobstructed Obstructed/Beamed
Ceiling Ceiling
Burner Fire Experiment Location of sprinkler Experiment Location of sprinkler
position growth number and time to activation Number and time to activation
Detached Fast 1 Number | — 46s 4 Number 2 — 68 s
2 Number 1 — 43 s 5 Number 2 — 67s
3 Number | ~ 41 s
Medium 6 Number 1 — 88 s 9 Number 2 - 118s
7 Number | — 67s 10 Number 2 — 128s
8 Number | — 78s
Slow 11 Number 2 — 100s 14 Number 2- 191s
12 Number 1 - 117s 15 Number 2 - 195s
13 Number 1- 116s
Wall Fast 16 Number 2 — 42 s 19 Number 2 - 82s
17 Number 1 — 40s 20 Number 2 - 76s
18 Number 2 - 39 s
Medium 21 Number 2-70 s 24 Number 2 ~ 144s
22 Number 1-71 s 25 Number 2 - 123 s
23 Number | — 68 s
Slow 26 Number 1 — 129 s 29 Number 2 — 233 s
27 Number 1 - 116s 30 Number 2-232 s
28 Number 1 — 124s
Corner Fast 31 Number I - 35s 34 Number | — 72s
32 Number 1 — 29s 35 Number 4 - 67s
33 Number 1 - 29s
Medium 36 Number | ~ 54s 39 Number 4 — 133 s
37 Number 1 — 47s 40 Number 4- 112s
38 Number 1 - 54s
Slow 4l Number | — 99 s 44 Number 4 -- 190s
42 Number | — 84s 45 Number 4 — 196 s
43 Number | — 84s

10



Experiment Number 13

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm = 100mm_— 125mm 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 50mm =~ 900 mm
) 220 247 219 215 216 212 244 208 208 20.5 20.3 197
52 219 27 218 24 215 242 214 20.9 24 20.8 205 199
122 228 25.5 293 284 285 28.0 26.5 246 23.0 242 24.0 20.4
189 248 34.0 40.4 379 378 36.3 347 292 253 22.5 244 20.4
259 27.0 37.8 427 406 a7 406 405 48 297 266 25.3 206
326 284 438 513 497 485 478 463 397 36.1 314 24.0 20.3
39.4 30.1 464 52.8 492 50.7 49.2 50.3 43.4 404 36.9 30.1 205
46.3 319 50.7 597 55.6 S74 53.2 55.0 477 447 418 34.5 22.7
534 33.8 536 612 568 60.1 559 59.5 519 537 459 4nd 237
60.1 35.5 59.4 683 673 68.8 66.6 67.2 876 574 542 457 246
66.8 379 632 728 698 722 699 719 649 64.4 572 45.9 319
736 38.9 70.0 813 763 789 749 75.4 667 655 60.2 49.1 358
805 42.9 788 992 84.0 867 82.6 84.2 673 677 60.6 50.7 39.0
87.3 449 80.8 946 88.1 92.7 85.0 88.3 770 766 66.2 56.4 40.5
944 46.6 86.1 1014 96.3 98.0 92.7 96.7 80.0 81.0 734 56.6 435
101.0 478 845 99.6 97.0 102.0 96.3 101.0 84.8 856 75.0 62.0 443
107.8 49.9 91.0 105.2 99.9 1029 98.3 100.4 85.6 90.2 83.4 65.5 459
147 Sit 92.9 104.4 100.4 105.4 100.4 104.4 90.0 92.7 832 70.7 476
121.5 53.4 936 84.4 80.4 102.9 S77 93.1 76.4 92.8 84.9 745 50.5
128.2 56.4 94.8 Tre 99.1 1125 98.0 974 ott 102.6 92.2 788 543,
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm — 100mm = 125mm = 180mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 550mm = 900 mm.
00 227 224 219 216 216 214 23 21.0 20.7 205 203 197
52 225 222 224 218 216 214 216 212 210 209 208 20.1
122 244 306 315 34 34 30.4 29.9 25.0 242 233 22.4 203
189 26.9 39.4 40.1 40.1 397 378 378 292 23.8 227 218 203
25.9 292 458 480 478 472 457 45.4 39.2 29.0 258 247 206
32.6 293 473 49.0 496 4g7 48.9 48.5 445 39.3 33.2 244 206
39.4 325 50.6 518 50.1 S17 496 50.2 473 437 400 313 20.7
463 33.2 548 58.0 57.0 575 56.8 575 53.4 507 455 38.5 233
53.1 36.0 59.1 626 628 632 629 62.5 59.1 53.0 48.4 436 28.7
60.1 38.9 70.2 740 m4 740 13 728 675 627 54.0 462 29.4
66.8 16 727 73.0 73 789 75.4 79.4 73.4 679 607 479 337
736 428 79.6 eas 83.0 849 ais 845, 79.8 44 63.4 513 35.8
805 45.2 828 29g 89.0 923 913 92.8 3.1 6809 70.3 487 409
873 46.5 248 90.2 90.1 906 90.0 91.0 86.1 810 679 56.0 418
944 478 86.5 929 912 92.5 92.2 93.5 86.1 818 71.0 59.8 459
101.0 514 95.3 100.4 99.2 101.0 99.2 996 93.2 88.5 82.6 65.0 512
107.8 537 99.6 104.1 101.3 103.2 100.0 1024 96.4 92.5 84.1 708 53.4
47 55.1 101.4 105.2 103.8 1057 103.3 106.4 103.0 98.2 88.0 75.0 572
121.5 874 107.0 4.2 110.4 1119 1116 1144 113.9 106.6 92.0 774 507
1282 879 106.5 115.0 113.3 1148 1128 1178 1124 106.8 101.9 94.0 62.1
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 3

Time Omm = 25mm = S0mm = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 260mm = 350mm = 450mm = 550mm = 900 mm.
00 27 207 215 214 213 212 22 209 20.7 205 204 198
52 27 2n7 215 214 213 213 22 24 21.0 208 206 20.1
122 248 219 216 214 213 213 213 212 21.0 208 208 202
189 220 24.4 256 249 24.0 237 23.2 232 218 212 21.0 20.5
259 222 26.8 299 29.4 28.1 a7 26.5 239 224 212 ait 206
326 224 29.0 33.3 33.6 32.4 33.0 318 3206 an 288 242 22.2
304 227 33.0 383 378 36.6 368 35.8 33.9 32.3 296 79 22.4
463 23.0 36.8 418 416 40.8 att 404 379 35.8 318 30.6 253
53.1 24.2 40.9 464 467 46.4 467 45.8 436 40.8 344 33.8 27.0
60.4 24.4 a5 522 523 50.9 50.5 43.0 449 415 379 377 307
66.8 247 45.0 54.0 54.5 534 53.8 52.5 49.6 464 422 409 33.2
736 253 a5 58.6 58.6 574 582 56.8 526 478 443 43.4 373
80.5 26.1 513 616 616 60.4 606 60.0 54.9 50.9 484 48.6 39.3
87.3 269 533 66.6 66.1 638 634 60.8 54.8 515 49.9 49.3 429
944 269 $42 er7 687 678 687 75 63.3 579 53.8 53.3 473
101.0 289 648 714 18 70.4 692 676 60.5 507 586 575 478
107.8 28.9 659 76.9 763 737 736 710 647 618 606 615 53.2

52


‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm
00 202 206 208
23 20.1 206 20.7
92 21.0 27 26.4

164 38.2 59.9 573

228 488 80.9 78.0

299 616 105.8 98.8

967 13 126.6 125.2

‘Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 2

Time Omm = 25mm 50mm.
00 200 207 20.7
23 19.9 20.4 20.4
92 200 206 20.6

161 20.1 20.7 20.7

228 25.3 478 49.4

299 30.2 60.5 633

367 323 71.0 756
‘Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 3

Time Omm = 25mm 50mm.
00 204 208 207
23 20.1 20.6 206
92 203 20.7 206

16.1 204 20.7 206

28 213 263 26.9

299 23.4 355 38.8
367 246 43.0 467
‘Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 4

Time Omm = 25mm 50mm
00 203 20.9 210
23 20.1 209 210
92 203 21.0 210

16.4 247 37.0 356
228 32.7 516 49.6
299 348 619 60.5
367 408 735 734

Velocity probes al sprinkler number 1
Time = 25mm = 75mm 125mm

00 00 0.0 00
23 O41 O41 O41
92 12 12 08
164 WT 15 13
228 19 18 13
299 22 20 18
36.7 28 24 17

78

5

75

75

250

mm
208
208
287
588
819
98.2
23.5

mm
209
207
208
209
49.5
657
744

mm
207
206
207
206
269
38.4
474

mm
21.0
210
210
36.2
50.1
600
723

mm
00
o4

02
08
o7
o7
os

Experiment Number 31

100 mm
208
20.8
29.8
564
786
88,7
1198

100 mm
20.8
206
20.8
208
50.1
66.9
TTA

100 mm
20.7
20.6
20.7
20.7
26.7
98.5
45.0

100 mm
20.8
20.8
208
33.3
448
547
66.4

125mm 150mm 250mm
20.8 208 208
20.8 208 208
293 278 28.2
54.8 S17 38.5
770 73.0 53.5,
874 87.3 676
1163 108.6 785
125mm 150mm 250mm
20.9 208 208
208 206 208
209 207 207
210 207 207
465 46.9 35.4
65.2 655 603
727 749 66.4
425mm — 150mm 250mm
208 208 208
206 206 207
208 208 208
208 208 208
269 278 259
393 40.0 34.9
462 46.0 416
125mm 150mm — 250mm
208 209 207
209 208 208
209 209 207
342 334 24.3,
489 448 287
546 53.2 40.3
659 614 470
Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2
Time = 25mm 75mm
00 00 0.0
23 00 0.0
92 00 0.0
16.4 10 1.0
22.8 10 10
29.9 08 09
267 o7 or

94

350 mm
208
207
254
316
288
347
48.8

350 mm
208
208
207
207
263
46.3
53.8

360 mm
208
20.8
208
208
24.4
36.4
39.4

350 mm
208
207
208
237
256
342
46.4

125 mm
0.0
0.0
00
09
09
09
07

450 mm
208
206
2t4
217
219
225
265

450 mm
208
20.7
20.7
207
244
317
45.4

450 mm
20.7
208
207
20.7
225
30.1
368

450 mm
207
20.6
208
227
237
25.1
358

250 mm

550 mm
207
206
209
242
216
223
234

550 mm
20.8
207
208
207
229
26.1
448

550 mm
208
20.7
207
207
td
285
38.2

550 mm
208
208
208
as
228
23.5
233

900 mm
205
205
207
209
213
223
23.5

900 mm
208
207
207
208
208
24.8
237

900 mm
205
20.4
20.4
204
20.7
23.0
26.2

900 mm
20.3
203
204
208
242
218
22.0


17

8s
15.4
22.2
29.0
36.9
42.7
497
56.4
63.2
70.2
76.9

OA
05
a
Aa
AA
Aa
44
40
08
43
OT
A3

“04
06
10
AS
13
a
44
a
08
12
06
A2

02.

06
07
aq
09
1.0
13
06
06
09
05
08

0.4
On

02
06

os
10
03
03
07
07
08
08

Experiment Number 23

17

85
15.4
222
29.0
359
427
497
56.4
632
70.2
769

73

ot
08
08
1.0
12
17
18
18
13
15
17
2.0

ot
08
09
08
13
16
14
14
18
14
16
24

00
05
09
06
nD
14
1
13
17
44
1.0
16

00
02
05
04
02
08
02
os
12
00
05
03



613 aA 13
68.0 AA AA
Velocity probes in channels above burner
Time Channel 1 Channel 2
0.0 00 00
68 20 10
135 24 08
203 24 13
272 26 14
33.9 4 13
408 32 13
478 34 15
54.3 30 18
613 30 22
68.0 39 2.0

A
10

09
06

Experiment Number 4

613
68.0

34

12
12

1
13

13
13

06
02



Experiment Number 10

115.4 708 54 856 88.8 87.3 ott 92.1 095 913 86.5 85.2 612
1222 63.4 698 94.3 95.7 95.8 or7 97.0 95.0 94.4 89.9 89.4 668
129.4 724 a7 o75 936 93.8 96.5 95.2 93.4 97.6 95.0 95.6 674
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 78mm = 100mm 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm =~ 450mm = 50mm ~— 900 mm
0.0 227 227 22.7 224 224 219 216 209 20.4 19.7 195 19.3
63 227 227 228 225 223 222 219 212 204 19.9 198 196
132 230 228 228 225 222 22.4 249 213 207 20.4 20.0 197
199 29 233 233 238 24.0 24.0 24.0 237 23.4 23.0 23.3 208
26.8 242 26.4 263 272 28.0 284 289 278 27 26.4 24.2 244
336 6 312 30.4 339 334 337 33.8 32.5 33.3 319 30.5 208
403 36.0 95.5 333 40.8 39.8 40.0 397 36.8 37.0 32.6 278 223
473, 318 46 362 373 387 38.9 305 40.4 412 413, 407 239
54.0 387 382 387 397 410 42.4 429 43.4 447 43.8 444 26.7
609 397 408 413 426 434 453 466 459 487 50.4 516 299
676 484 464 46.7 483 488 50.0 517 52.9 561 54.5 56.0 32.6
74.4 St 55.3 573 877 87.2 58.5 58.1 58.9 615 60.0 612 397
813, 50.5 59.5 58.1 60.9 639 64.6 647 624 652 664 678 39.2
88.0 588 68.6 66.3 748 187 73 784 758 778 74.0 752 994
95.0 606 697 644 73.4 715 79.4 81.0 ant 856 799 78.4 48.5
1017 652 78.7 760 819 83.3 49 86.0 856 88.8 869 86.1 54.9
108.5 60.2 604 er 734 82.4 82.2 83.0 86.8 88.9 893 92.3 557
115.4 67.4 742 755 80.8 855 86.4 886 915 94.5 944 96.9 688
122.2 70.3 83.0 84.2 89.5 92.9 93.2 94.5 95.4 97.4 95.0 97.2 727
129.1 68.3 78.7 807 87.0 90.9 92.2 96.3 95.2 98.1 97.9 96.4 68.6
‘Velocity probes at sprinkler number 1 Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2
Time = 25mm 75mm = 125mm_——250 mm Time = 25mm = 75mm = 125mm ~—- 250mm
00 0.0 0.0 00 09 00 0.0 00 00 00
63 On OA on 00 63 ot on 0.0 00
13.2 04 04 0.4 03 132 0s 06 06 os
199 06 05 04 O41 19.9 06 06 05 ot
268 06 06 04 03 268 06 o7 06 03
336 06 08 05 03 33.6 05 0s 05 03
403 06 06 04 03 403 or 07 08 05
473 07 06 04 03 473, 08 07 or 05
54.0 OF 09 09 03 54.0 o4 o4 06 06
609 06 O7 06 04 609 06 06 or 04
676 08 1.0 “07 04 676 06 07 08 05
Ths 08 09 08 08 74d o7 08 08 05
813 1.0 44 08 05 313 o7 08 10 03
88.0 1.0 AA 09 05 88.0 o4 05 o7 07
95.0 09 10 OF 04 95.0 06 05 o7 06
1017 09 09 10 06 101.7 09 09 10 06
108.5 6 08 08 08 108.5 09 08 09 05
1154 8 09 OF 08 115.4 08 09 14 08
1222 0.9 AO 08 06 1222 09 08 08 03
129.4 09 40 08 06 129.1 14 14 12 07

Velocity probes in channels above bumer
Time Channel1 Channel 2

00 00 00
63 13 06
13.2 16 07
199 18 o7
268 15 0g
336 7 os
40.3 20 09
473 18 14
54.0 22 12
608 17 cn
676 26 18
74.4 3.0 14
813 29 12
88.0 19 14

46


Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm 50mm
00 217 207 244
20 217 206 213
90 22.4 208 244

158 23.4 227 24.0
2.9 27.0 25.3 279
297 3t7 279 329
364 36.3 32.4 375
43.3 38.8 365 428
50.1 424 38.2 44.9
Bal 442 397 478
63.9 474 423 514
70.7 82.5 465 56.2
W77 52.4 478 872
845 60.3 53.4 645
913 59.6 54.7 657
98.3 657 630 70.0
105.3 66.9 647 729
1123 68.7 65.1 73.4
119.3 704 a4 172
126.2 754 742 819
133.2 733 756 778
139.9 895, 84.0 94.2
147.0 789 82.5 85.9
154.0 769 787 Ea)
160.8 94.3, 90.6 103.4
1677 107.7 1018 1108
1744 99.3 927 105.5
181.4 102.0 97.3 1124
188.4 1106 106.5 1187
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2
Time Omm = 25mm 50mm.
0.0 19.8 196 195
20 197 193 216
90 24 26.5 197
158 18.9 156 185
229 19.4 166 185
297 212 236 22.4
36.4 206 178 20.5
433 23.4 243 257
50.1 243 267 234
al 28.4 24 275
63.9 33.9 76 339
707 36.4 358 MA
177 36.3 332 372
a5, 6 418 43.0
13 40.4 a4 30.5
98.3 424 5 463
108.3 444 377 49.0
3 17 547 524
1193 514 43.5 553
126.2 54.9 553 562
133.2 53.2 482 579
139.9 620 586 638
147.0 64.0 643 648
154.0 657 er7 68.6
160.8 65.4 67.0 675
1677 66.6 582 706
174.4 699 64.8 749
1814 720 Cal 783
1884 66.3 62.7 698

‘Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 3

75mm
198
202
19.9
223
244
270
325
373
363
378
40.9
447
466
Sat
515,
eit
635,
62.1
69.0
728
674
829
83.0
72
85.4
101.9
90.2
98.9
1057

75 mm
196
162
197
22.8
229
167
246
19.0
257
30.9
30.5
374
386
33.9
415
ara
474
467
477
56.1
579
60.9
605
647
649
675
710
673
685

Experiment Number 44

400 mm
206
208
208
234
24
326
385
432
44a
48.0
526
556
574
652
654
n7
19
759
81.0
843
77
94.9
88.4
857
1057
109.4
107.6
1148
1200

100 mm
198
197
20.2
20.0
20.0
20.8
22.4
24.4
259
206
347
37.0
30.3
427
440
477
516
53.4
56.3
59.5
612
665
675
704
726
744
787
795
729

125mm
19.6
199
202
22.4
254
279
336
403,
43.5
439
464
518
544
63.0
606
e78
692
12
76.4
808
783
O14
a75
863
99.5,
106.9
101.6
1106
WT

125mm
187
188
187
19.4
19.4
19.1
20.6
206
2d
24.9
269
298
317
326
36.2
387
408
39.9
43.7
443,
48.0
486
48.8
537
55.0
567
S74
615
59.9

150 mm

19.9
199
20.2
23.0
27.0
31.0
33.3
41.0
449
478
519
55.0
972
642
674
10
724
78
798
853
82.2
96.6
933
90.2
109.1
109.6
108.3
115.3
1250

150 mm

115

19.5
189
19.7
19.9
20.0
20.3
227
23.4
26.1
30.4
33.8
37.0
40.4
3
454
478
52.4
518
56.4
597
634
663
66.9
69.0
726
734
79
788
738

250 mm
189
188
19.3
20.4
218
233
256
363
a6
43.6
476
S17
54.3
61.0
638
674
699
714
TTA
748
753
e358
92.2
894
95.5

104.0
105.3
109.0
1145

250 mm
74
18.6
18.6
174
174
19.2
18.5
20.1
244
22.6
258
26.0
28.3
32.6
336
348
36.4
378
“ng
6
44.8
46.41
467
49.6
526
53.6
55.4
S77
59.5

350 mm
185
187
189
19.9
20.2
23.2
24.4
28.1
29.9
30.5
366
4n4
40.5
397
45.0
542
565
613
728
70.7
787
759
635
926
87.5
95.0
99.3
103.7
106.4

350 mm
185
152
24.6
73
18.3
19.0
20.2
19.9
278
273
33.1
33.2
35.1
36.8
410
39.3
304
474
437
519
536
57.3
622
63.4
68.0
62.3
720
672
740

450 mm
18.0
185
182
198
196
20.7
22.3
214
219
229
237
254
278
30.3
329
38.5
424
48.0
489
544
63.8
623
657
48
679
78.0
635
793
844

450 mm
178
182
188
180
183
192
20.4
214
233
245
268
278
29.4
307
343
35.4
36.5
398
40.5
45.4
482
526
56.4
573
62.2
58.1
664
636
689

550. mm
176
18.4
18.4
187
18.9
198
19.9
197
19.6
24
224
224
236
26.0
287
32.4
348
374
39.6
42.4
453
484
484
518
53.8
617
62.9
623
66.8

550 mm
72
WT
187
178
18.0
184
19.6
204
222
237
237
25.0
27.0
298
314
345
346
378
40.8
47
444
472
505
514
53.5
53.8
576
617
612

900 mm
153
16.4
162
162
16.4
174
16.2
169
16.5
16.6
18.4
18.3
18.9
20.7
205
228
228
24.8
279
297
31.0
332
35.3
36.2
39.9
410
447
464
469

900 mm
18.4
158
16.0
187
16.1
16.9
176
18.4
19.4
19.5
192
225
243,
258
26.2
28.2
286
326
326
344
373,
408
410
445,
469
454
487
508
52.1


Experiment Number 12

a34 25.0 48.9 ett 624 613 62.4 60.3 544 507 486 474 38.9
90.1 26.1 512 652 645 14 598 587 54.3 53.4 512 513 40.1
97.0 262 55.3 699 70.4 684 674 648 584 552 538 53.4 ats
103.9 26.4 59.1 74.9 743 73.0 73.7 707 647 614 584 87.4 489
110.7 Bal 59.9 14 727 728 74.0 73.0 68.1 629 602 60.8 50.8
175 28.1 70.8 80.6 80.8 794 797 73 723 679 655 648 60.7
1243 28.8 66.2 208 808 796 79.2 78 722 704 683 683 597
131.2 30.3 18 78 72 85.5 05.8 633 768 747 nS m3 647
138.1 32.0 739 92.0 92.3 90.6 913 693 82.4 798 769 75 69.1
Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm — 75mm — 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = $50 mm = 900. mm.
00 198 20.1 20.3 203 202 202 20.2 20.1 200 19.9 199 196
12 198 20.1 20.3 203 202 20.2 202 20.1 20.1 20.1 20.4 197
at 199 20.3 204 204 203 20.3 20.2 202 202 20.0 20.0 197
149 20.4 23.3 245 237 228 229 22.8 22.4 219 202 20.4 198
219 2n4 274 296 287 258 246 24.0 227 27 203 202 20.0
286 244 327 33.5 33.1 318 32.5 32.6 294 25.0 24.0 243 215
35.4 22.3 36.4 38.5 38.7 38.1 39.2 39.1 35.4 35.4 30.1 283 215
423 23.5 37.3 40.4 403 39.9 40.5 40.8 382 378 34.0 32.4 218
49.1 247 423 43.0 43.4 43.4 445 454 428 ng 36.6 35.3 218
561 25.4 449 486 49.4 49.0 50.0 50.1 465 45.0 40.8 38.5 25.2
629 26.1 514 545 545 53.8 547 54.5 50.4 48.2 44d 43.0 289
697 28.7 56.1 565 565 548 554 54.4 493, 49.8 46.4 46.4 317
766 314 578 60.4 60.5 59.4 60.2 602 56.1 55.2 49.8 48.0 337
83.4 33.7 644 65.0 644 60.9 613 599 561 56.8 53.3 515 349
90.1 33.3 626 655 657 654 666 665 633 634 585 56.5 36.9
97.0 35.4 683 720 mT 70.8 724 Tat e788 66.2 60.0 59.3 39.4
103.9 36.4 74a 76.4 768 763 778 72 68.4 er 639 62.8 42.3
107 39.0 776 14 B15 Bis 634 83.9 789 756 698 684 45.0
175 39.6 81.0 263 86.7 857 858 045 785 768 Tat 70.9 482
124.3 43.4 90.1 13 909 89.1 90.4 90.2 844 82.2 78 758 50.1
131.2 473 95.3 97.8 97.4 944 93.8 92.0 855 843 823 81.0 532
1384 857 103.7 1037 103.2 101.4 1026 1027 92.8 B72 846 83.2 588
Velocity probes at sprinkler number + Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2
Time = 25mm 75mm 125mm Time = 25mm 75mm 125mm —250. mm
00 00 00 0.0 00 0.0 0.0 00 00
12 4 02 02 12 ot ot 02 0.0
a4 08 08 06 at 08 08 o7 03
149 09 10 09 149 10 14 1.0 05
219 09 1.0 08 219 08 08 08 08
286 07 07 05 286 1.0 a4 1.0 O48
354 10 09 410 35.4 o7 07 08 05
423 OF 07 06 423 08 06 0s ot
494 10 09 06 494 09 09 08 02
56.1 09 0.9 10 56.1 08 09 09 03
62.9 1.0 A2 N2 629 09 08 06 00
697 AA Aa AA 697 09 1.0 14 05
766 07 OF 07 766 09 08 08 05
834 AZ A2 43 63.4 08 08 o7 06
90.1 09 09 06 90.1 13 12 i 04
97.0 16 a4 10 97.0 12 14 0g 06
103.9 16 AS a4 103.9 14 13 13 12
110.7 08 Ao 09 110.7 12 14 1.0 0s
175 A2 A2 1.0 175 08 08 07 03
124.3 a4 a3 09 1243 18 15 12 os
131.2 09 aA AQ 134.2 17 18 13 06
138.1 10 A2 a2 198.4 08 08 08 o7

Si


95.0
1017
108.5
1154
1222
129.1

29
33
32
3.0
28
3.0

17
17
14
17
14
15

Experiment Number 10

47


Time Channel 1

00
23
92

16.0
22.9
297
36.4
43.3
50.0
87.4
63.8
70.8
75
84.3
912
97.9

104.7

116

1184

1253

432.1

138.8

145.7

00
414
18
24
19
18
28
25
25
26
34
34
28
28
33
26
30
32
28
34
28
32
32

Channel 2
00
09
1.0
12
13
12
15
19
19
18
17
17
18
19
19
22
19
19
23
22
26
22
27

Experiment Number 24

76



‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm.
00 256 25.5 286
o7 260 26.0 26.1
74 259 260 26.2

143 26.1 26.2 26.4
244 273 273 276
28.0 275 278 28.0
347 29.1 297 30.1
415 33.5 335 34.3
485 347 35.4 357
$5.2 366 36.2 36.9
62.2 35.4 36.0 378
a9 36.1 376 39.7
751 43.2 453 48.8
826 43.5 46.0 49.4
893 48.8 514 53.8
96.3 541 556 58.5
103.0 58.5 605 63.0
109.8 60.8 624 642
1166 616 64.3 676
123.4 87.9 626 678
130.2 66.1 70.8 750
1374 697 72.3 74.0
143.9 70.0 754 78.5
150.8 738 782 ato
1576 76.0 82.0 86.5
164.3 80.3 84.2 88.0
12 82.5 7.0 15
178.0 87.6 O17 94.5
184.9 82.0 915 94.8
1917 90.4 95.0 100.4
198.4 ont 997 106.7
205.3 92.6 101.4 106.4
212.4 101.4 105.4 127
2190 1036 1108 1184
2258 107.4 1144 121.9
232.5 1144 175 1225

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2

Time Omm = 25mm 50mm

00 267 26.3 26.1

o7 272 269 2A

74 269 268 269
143 273 27.0 273
24 278 27 28.3
28.0 299 287 296
347 309 296 314
a5 33.5 33.3 387
485 36.4 36.4 WS
552 366 3585 379
622 att 415 43.8
68.9 43.2 445 45.4
757 41.0 422 44.8
82.6 4a5 46.2 487
893 510 54.5 564
96.3 56.0 58.2 59.4
103.0 56.9 59.0 612
109.8 59.2 615 638
1166 66.4 aot 70.3
123.4 67.0 68.1 m7
130.2 734 778 79.5
137.4 714 73.9 752
143.9 764 20.8 823

75mm
25.2
258
258
26.1
278
ant
30.2
34.3
35.9
36.9
37.2
40.3
49.8
50.4
54.2
59.5
63.8
658
69.3
6r7
752
743
79.7
812
87.6
88.8
928
93.5
94.4
1014
406.8
1078
1154
1207
1237
126.2

75mm
287
26.1
261
263
275
278
29.1
33.0
36.1
36.0
40.7
43.4
425
46.4
546
579
60.1
606
672
688
74
728
795

Experiment Number 29

100 mm
25.4
25.4
257
260
275
279
299
33.9
36.1
367
377
39.9
478
49.5
82.7
58.0
623
643
68.4
667
73.4
72.7
7.0
80.5
856
87.0
918
92.2
94.4
99.1
1057
106.3
112.2
172
1225
125.9

100 mm
285
264
26.1
264
285
299
318,
35.9
38.3
388
44.2
485
46.0
49.9
566
609
632
10
740
as
72
82.9

125mm
243
24.5
24.8
25.0
2A
273
293
32.9
346
35.7
36.9
39.0
463
ara
516
583
622
63.4
68.5
66.5
710
720
769
80.7
84.9
841
90.1
88.8
94.9
98.9
100.1
104.4
1126
1182
1219
1259

125 mm
252
287
255
257
278
275
305
340
373
38.0
422
46.0
466
48.4
567
60.0
634
ert
687
2
B10
782
798

150 mm.

246
249
25.4
253
28.9
202
288
318
344
36.1
374
389
454
49.2
518
566
608
642
er?
65.7
692
na
750
7383
84.0
867
892
92.2
95.2
99.1

1027

104.1

07

1155

118.4

1224

150. mm

86

25.4
257
25.4
256
280
285
313
352
5
38.4
43.4
452
472
483
56.0
59.9
63.3
66.7
698
72.3
a2
787
ara

250 mm
237
24.0
239
24.4
263
259
268
29.2
322
335
372
37.4
43.4
46.0
48.4
49.0
56.4
563
628
616
622
692
650
m7
7A
723
84.4
832
ott
94.0
95.1
101.2
108.5
nT
1128
108.4

250 mm
24.2
24.8
24.4
24.5
25.5
25.4
28.2
278
30.1
34.4
35.0
39.0
445
448
51.0
50.1
57.3
544
55.1
60.9
73.0
76.1
70.3

350 mm
23.8
24.3
24.2
24.2
24.9
24.8
25.4
272
28.0
29.3
34.4
39.0
424
446
ant
48.0
523
49.8
54.9
62.6
644
66.9
66.6
683
70.9
679
766
722
e458,
73
85.5
95.8
926
99.0

1057
978

350 mm
239
243,
242
244
24.9
25.0
25.4
25
28.3
33.4
35
33.9
410
44.9
43.4
456
49.4
53.3
56.2
589
65.4
70.0
66.1

450 mm
23.6
242
24.0
24.0
244
245
247
285
a4
28.3
33.5
37.0
35.4
375
29.0
420
44.6
448
46.3
53.6
565
534
56.2
637
607
62.0
63.8
657
732
70.0
76.1
795
789
83.5
98.2
879

450 mm
236
24.0
23.9
24.0
244
244
248
26.4
274
289
30.0
32.6
36.0
ord
433
a3
425
45.9
493
52.8
557
ert
583

550 mm
23.4
23.8
238
238
244
243
24.4
252
265
272
30.4
323
329
345
358
387
40.2
42.9
43.0
477
496
50.5
52.4
564
S77
578
61.0
628
ort
o75
723
738
7A
798
827
84.0

550 mm
23.3
237
237
237
23.9
23.8
24.4
25.4
268
28.0
289
3S
337
347
378
378
399
42.4
45.0
48.2
515
53.9
5844

900 mm
22.4
22.7
22.7
22.9
23.4
23.4
23.3
23.9
24.9
25.2
25.8
25.2
24.5
258
26.0
272
33.2
36.5
36.2
98.1
304
an
424
465
art
487
51.3
55.3
54.5
56.3
87.5
616
63.0
65.1

677

900 mm
22.7
22.9
22.9
22.8
23.0
23.0
23.2
23.8
24.4
244
24.9
252
253
28.7
28.8
a7
47
36.4
375

40.8
42.6
43.2


Experiment Number 8

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm == 50mm = 75mm =— 100mm 125mm = 150mm = 260mm = 350mm = 450mm «550mm ~—- 800. mm.
00 218 216 216 216 216 15 216 214 214 213 242 207
87 224 207 218 218 215 215 245 214 213 212 21.0 20.5

125 23.4 278 33.2 315 347 6 203 278 266 244 215 209
194 278 423, 48.0 45.6 454 aaa 42.0 388 307 243 218 244
262 306 49.0 544 519 529 51.3 519 50.0 43.4 96.5 296 226
33.0 33.4 558 648 60.9 644 60.1 623 57.8 52.3 473 32.5 247
399 36.2 654 787 722 765 mA 734 617 56.9 52.5 444 235
46.7 39.2 702 82.4 797 816 763 82.4 673 666 610 459 26.1
536 422 752 88.1 037 a76 840 89.2 79.3 82.1 734 54.0 264
60.4 456 86.0 100.3 94.5, 99.3 94.2 96.7 852 85.0 798 673 367
Gal 50.2 96.4 115 105.9 109.0 103.4 106.0 913 937 82.4 14 433
T4A 55.2 105.1 1197 114.9 1173 1120 115.0 101.0 99.5, 695 746 48.9
80.9 60.0 166 745 625 786 57.0 59.0 76.7 1095 101.3 844 518
678 614 119.5 52.0 119.5 1266 568 115.9 110.4 109.3 1087 eat 547
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2
Time Omm = 25mm — 50mm =— 75mm =— 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm =~ 550mm ~—- $00 mm
00 22.0 218 217 a7 a7 216 216 215 214 243 242 20.5
57 22.4 218 218 a7 219 218 27 218 215 25 214 2t4
125 25.4 39.2 39.3 400 39.6 39.4 386 32.4 264 226 216 212
194 30.0 ata 4an7 48.2 48.2 476 ara 429 297 225 217 242
26.2 33.2 55.4 59.3 587.9 59.3 58.7 59.5 Bal 44.9 35.8 283 218
33.0 39.2 718 73.9 73.3 74a ng 70.4 588 495 448 a4 248
39.9 39.4 730 769 753 TA 759 77.0 70.4 62.2 545, at7 226
467 43.8 784 83.0 a16 a4 834 85.9 80.5 676 622 50.9 28.2
536 473 859 90.7 88.9 90.9 897 90.0 849 767 66.3 52.3 36.2
60.4 513 99.2 106.5 105.3 108.0 105.3 105.0 98.3 88.5 80.8 587 396
674 567 107.0 113.4 108.9 115.0 109.7 113.5 101.8 95.0 836 65.3 462
T4A 624 1158 1223 118.9 1247 1186 120.3 409.3 102.0 92.4 79.0 49.6
20.9 63.0 129.9 136.6 133.9 1363 1337 1318 1208 110.9 95.9 80.1 60.5
87.8 635 121.4 1324 130.0 131.5 133.4 1382 130.2 123.4 108.3 93.0 699
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 3
Time Omm = 25mm 50mm = 7Smm = 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 380mm = 450mm = 550mm ~—- 900mm.
0.0 215 216 214 214 213 214 243 213 212 2nd 209 205
57 214 245 244 214 213 213 243 213 213 213 213 21.0
128 216 216 215 244 214 215 214 214 213 213 213 21.0
19.4 219 75 30.9 30.4 288 287 272 22.8 22.0 245 244 21.0
262 225 325 373 a7 364 372 355 298 2A 26.1 25.2 214
33.0 23.4 38.7 46.3 459 445 45.0 43.7 39.9 36.1 30.5 294 247
39.9 244 416 49.9 494 483 482 46.9 437 404 36.1 36.4 286
467 28.0 457 59.0 58.7 56.8 58.2 56.3 50.4 46.4 40.4 39.2 315
536 26.2 518 637 63.8, 62.8 634 620 55.1 49.0 45.2 43.2 35.5
60.4 272 60.5 70.2 70.2 68.5 692 68.2 61.0 544 St 492 418
Gal 27.8 57.0 172 770 727 734 714 66.0 603 58.1 Bal 476
744 28.7 655 80.5 80.0 175 78.0 76.2 748 64.8 615 61.0 514
80.9 30.6 743 93.3 92.4 89.6 884 84.9 762 70.4 674 68.4 618
878 32.7 TA 101.4 101.0 978 976 946 796 743 73.4 733 68.9
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = $S0mm ~—- 900 mm.
00 213 214 214 214 243 243 213, 242 at 210 21.0 20.8
87 215 214 215 214 242 212 212 244 21.0 21.0 20.9 205
125 214 22.7 23.6 23.3 23.4 235 23.7 228 214 204 209 205
19.4 23.9 298 318 a4 30.5 30.6 30.5 24.5 217 212 212 208
26.2 24.2 385 403 399 387 395, 38.5 305 28.2 255 242 229
33.0 25.7 424 465 465 45.7 470 ara 424 41.0 347 315 236
39.9 2A 49.0 51.3 51.0 497 508 50.6 47.0 45.4 397 39.0 233
467 28.9 545 559 56.0 545 56.1 567 53.2 516 458 43.7 26.3
53.6 32.9 646 646 637 613 62.3 eT 56.1 545 53.1 50.1 323
60.4 39.7 727 73.3 722 695 m3 m3 668 66.9 60.2 58.3 36.7
674 38.1 82.4 837 83.3 at7 035 832 743 698 64.9 637 410
744 455 85.2 860 856 03.8 249 837 79 768 740 725 456
80.9 50.5 98.2 98.6 98.4 96.9 99.0 99.0 912 858 785 76.3 496

41



Experiment Number 42

‘Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 4

Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm =— 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 460mm = 50mm =~ 900 mm.
0.0 22.4 219 215 212 24 209 20.8 203 19.9 19.4 189 183
24 22.3 219 218 216 215 213 213 208 20.4 20.0 196 187
92 24.0 a5 287 30.0 29.0 283 278 23.8 218 20.8 20.0 189
162 29.6 432 409 416 36.4 a4 35.5 287 240 20.4 199 189
23.0 35.6 540 526 827 50.4 497 464 a4 23.0 20.5 19.9 19.0
29.9 38.8 88.2 87.9 874 56.0 536 513 oat 237 20.2 197 192
367 43.2 70.4 68.4 693 66.0 63.0 58.2 463 25.9 206 20.0 19.4
43.5 453 2 704 687 66.5 65.0 or4 447 235 244 20.8 196
50.4 479 785 767 780 795 768 710 55.4 353 239 22.9 20.2
87.2 54.5 910 88.8 29.9 88.7 88.0 83.0 608 42.7 348 26.3 208
642 612 106.3 103.4 1046 103.0 98.2 92.6 75.2 50.0 337 293 24
70.9 59.8 978 952 964 95.4 955 94.8 85.4 653 39.0 315 225
m1 62.1 99.5 1002 1029 102.0 100.5 975 75.4 62.5 457 377 239
e468 70.3 1139 112.4 1136 108.8 107.6 103.3 90.2 60.1 49.9 39.9 244

Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 2
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm 75mm = 100mm_=— 125mm — 150mm =. 260mm = 350mm = 460mm = 850mm = 900 mm.
0.0 20.7 205 209 204 20.8 202 205 198 196 193 19.4 18.4
24 20.7 244 213 209 213 205 2a4 205 204 20.1 197 18.3
92 208 244 213 209 242 20.3 21.0 206 205 20.2 198 18.3
162 20.7 242 24 24 213 207 212 206 205 203 20.1 185
23.0 224 20.8 319 32.0 32.5 315 30.8 267 249 227 22.3 197
299 23.6 387 41.0 408 ana 40.4 40.4 366 245 24.0 20.8 19.0
367 25.0 450 464 457 46.9 43.8 45.3 40.7 344 25 279 22.2
43.5, 26.0 470 48.0 48.2 488 468 478 403 354 34.4 32.8 208
50.4 26.3 469 49.0 ary 498 474 495 454 403, 39.2 35.5 216
872 273 55.4 569 543 563 517 52.4 492 44.0 39.9 34.9 227
642 30.7 63.0 66.5 68.0 679 658 655 575 48.0 439 37.8 238
70.9 32.3 68.1 70.8 725 73.8 72.2 729 70.4 54.8 519 48.4 252
77 32.3 65.4 695 69.4 72.0 695 m4 685 ott 583 473 244
B46 328 726 75.4 759 75 747 763 753 687 64.0 514 315

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 3
Time Omm = 25mm 50mm = 75mm — 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 50mm =~ 800 mm.
00 202 205 204 20.4 20.3 20.4 203 20.4 198 195 192 182
24 202 206 204 20.4 205 206 206 206 203 198 197 18.4
92 203 207 206 206 205 20.6 206 206 205 20.0 19.9 185
162 202 207 205 20.5 205 20.7 207 206 206 20.0 198 187
23.0 208 243 247 246 246 245 248 22.6 218 20.5 20.4 190
299 213 254 28.3 wT 284 28.4 278 257 25.4 244 23.3 199
367 220 283 5 316 318 32.0 322 29.0 27 25.3 23.9 206
43.5 223 293 329 334 334 33.3 334 30.4 30.7 293 28.9 22.6
50.4 226 34.0 375 38.2 363 36.8 367 349 345 324 32.0 224
572 23.2 353 395 40.3 307 40.4 40.4 378 366 381 347 224
642 244 38.1 424 432 427 43.9 444 426 39.4 387 383 237
709 25.4 402 465 475 466 473 477 452 437 413 423 25.0
wT 255 427 496 50.2 50.0 513 526 50.3 478 45.4 463 252
846 263 482 56.1 57.0 553 56.6 579 54.8 52.2 50.4 498 307

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm 50mm = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm 150mm = 250mm = 360mm = 450mm = 550mm 900 mm.
00 202 206 206 20.5 203 20.2 20.1 198 19.4 19.4 187 183
24 202 209 20.9 203 207 207 208 203 20.2 199 195 185
92 204 24 aa 242 24 212 212 205 20.4 199 195 18.6
162 226 310 30.0 296 265 25.2 236 227 22.4 208 20.1 189
23.0 24.9 36.1 35.4 ue 323 316 298 284 25 209 20.4 19.4
299 24.8 362 36.2 36.0 343 34.0 33.4 286 266 227 209 192
367 244 387 39.0 38.8 36.9 wa 367 322 296 255 20.4 19.0
43.5 27.0 442 444 436 405 39.6 386 34.0 316 268 203 194
50.4 26.5 488 488 477 455 457 447 37.4 369 342 33.0 203
57.2 283 534 529 527 50.4 515 510 432 406 37.0 3S 213
642 305 556 56.9 566 548 54.9 537 43.4 43.4 38.9 342 24
70.9 299 569 578 575 587 56.1 58.5 487 403 445 40.5, 244
m7 33.4 674 670 66.6 642 65.2 44 50.1 512 480 420 272

111



Experiment Number 45

190.1 1237 1287 129.5 126.9 1295 1279 1312 119.9 105.7 14 59.5 46.3
196.9 1216 485 40.9 123.5 1272 126.4 129.4 120.4 108.5 63.4 56.9 474
Velocity probes at sprinkler number 1 Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2
Time = 25mm = 75mm 125mm ~—- 250mm Time 25mm 75mm 125mm 250mm,
0.0 00 00 0.0 00 oy 00 00 00 0.0
58 ot 04 O41 04 58 00 ot ot on
126 02 02 03 ot 126 00 ot ot 0.0
196 o4 03 o4 ot 19.6 0.0 o4 o4 of
263 02 o4 o4 03 26.3 o4 02 ot 4
332 03 03 04 o4 33.2 03 o4 03 03
39.9 03 03 04 03 39.9 02 02 03 03
487 02 03 04 04 467 a4 o4 03 02
536 02 03 0s 04 53.6 03 o4 o4 04
60.4 O41 03 04 03 60.4 o4 04 03 03
674 04 04 04 03 ers 03 02 04 03
744 02 03 04 04 744 05 05 0s 03
809 05 0s 04 03 20.9 04 04 04 02
878 02 02 0s 03 87.8 04 04 04 03
94.6 03 02 02 03 94.6 04 05 05 03
101.3 03 03 06 04 101.3 os 0s 05 03
108.3 05 04 05 04 108.3 o4 02 04 03
115.0 04 05 o7 0s 115.0 05 04 04 03
121.9 os os 05 o4 1219 o4 04 o4 03
128.7 04 03 04 03 128.7 06 06 08 03
135.4 02 02 05 0s 135.4 o4 03 05 03
1423 03 03 06 od 142.3 06 05 08 04
149.1 05 05 06 04 149.4 0s 05 06 04
156.0 o4 02 o4 02 156.0 of 04 05 04
1628 03 03 05 o4 1628 05 0s Os 04
1695 04 03 06 06 169.5 06 05 06 05
176.4 o4 03 05 04 176.4 06 05 06 o4
163.2 07 06 08 04 183.2 06 o4 06 0s
190.1 05 O48 o7 0s 190.1 06 05 06 05
196.9 03 og 08 05 196.9 06 06 06 05

Velocity probes in channels above burner
Time Channel Channel 2

0.0 00 0.0
5B 19 08
126 18 09
19.6 26 13
263 27 10
33.2 29 14
39.9 34 12
467 28 12
536 26 1.0
604 33 18
674 34 17
74.4 35 14
80.9 35 18
878 30 17
94.6 32 16
101.3 a5 18
108.3 32 22
115.0 34 19
121.9 37 24
128.7 at 16
135.4 40 25
142.3 40 22
149.1 42 23
156.0 42 26
1628 44 23
1695 43 24
1764 38 25

120


Table of Contents

List of Tables oo... ceccsssessssesseseesesesscscencseessecsssenssssnencsssessssensssssnesssnseesseeansassesesesisnesseasicaneereeseeesies iv
List Of Figures 00.0... eccecesesseseeseseesesecssseesesesecececsencsssessssssnssssessesssessssansessensesasasseeassssesseasssanensoeaveneees® v
ADSUraCt 0. ecsecesceesssseeeeseesescsecneeensssessessssesseseasssenessansasssessisaseasrssesseassasssesessosessusassesesssasesaeensoesreasieeT 1
V0 FintroductiOn eee ceceeseesseeseseeesescenenesesesnesssessssnsuesseasssseesessenessasesesssssnesssasscensasieaneeseeess 2
2.0 — Experimental Configuration..........cceccecessessecsscssssesesesessessessessesesseaseesesnesesseessenssseneseaeanenses 2
21 Tnnstrumentation oi eeeeeeeceesecesseseeneseeeseeesesenesseesesesenesssesessssnesenesnessnesisisssseensrsasseeasseetensee 2
2.2 Sprinklers... eecssceccesssesessessesseesesseseceseseessenesssescsussecseesesssseessenssissncavenassseneseenstisenssnsseeesenses 3
2.3 Gas BUIMET ......cecccssessesessesscsseeseesesssssesescsseneassnnssessecsscsessssessseneanssucaneseenesueseeaseneeneaneseaneenees 3
3.9 — Location Of Fire.......essssssssscssssessseseesssesceseecsssnceessseeessseecessstecssumeesssnsssssnsesesseeeesseeeeenenecesy 4
BO ReSUtS ec eeeeeecceccesesseseesseesessesseesessssveseessessssssessussesusseeseenecseersensssaucateasenssneneessensesessenseneenees 5
41 Effect of Obstructed/Beamed Ceiling on Activation Times ........:.::ssssseesesseereseseeeeneentees 5
4.2. Effect of Obstructed/Beamed Ceiling on Ceiling Jet Velocities ...........:cessecesesseeereeeeees 5
43 Effect of Fire Growth on Activation Times....
4.4 — Effect of Burner Position on Activation Times. .
4.5 Effect of Obstructed/Beamed Ceiling on Temperatures..
5,0 COMCTUSIONS.......seseesseessessseesneeseeseesetsneesesssscsneesscanecsucasscaneessecsuessecsuessuessecssenneeseennseaseaneesseess 8
6.0 Acknowledgements..
T.0 References ....csssessesessesssseeesseseeneecsneessvecsnecesneessresssnessneessseessseesssecssvetsneesssersseccnsecesvansssesseessnes 9
8.2 Appendix A: Determination of the Response Time Index (RTI) and Conductivity (C)
FactOT .o.cccecsssesesessesseecsecscsnencerencecsececarsevscecesecscsnsessesessssesasestessssesessssecsssseasssessnsisiesrenseseeenees 25
9.0 Appendix B — Data Set... cecccescesssessesssecstesseesnecsnecneeesecenecsesesessneeaeenaeaneeneeenseneeeeeneeneenees 29

iii


‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm
0.0 20.0 196 198
68 20.1 196 19.4

144 23 23 22.2

210 228 222 23.6

278 37.2 315 38.3

49 455 42.4 478

418 52.5 50.6 56.3

488 58.5 544 60.0

557 60.2 568 66.5

626 659 637 73.2

697 80.8 m7 85.4

765 769 73.0 84.0

836 93.3 913 97.9

905, 101.4 945 108.7

974 1037 994 107.2

104.3 1028 101.7 110.0

nt 93.5 95.9 103.4

118.2 115.7 114.9 1259

125.0 1266 125.3 136.4

131.8 148.5 148.0 1578

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2

Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm
00 19.4 19.2 193
68 19.1 19.4 193

144 190 19.0 192

21.0 192 19.2 192

278 193 19.3 196

349 214 ant 219

418 240 23.2 263

488 318 30.0 36.2

55.7 395 34.7 408
626 423 407 46.0
697 52.2 473 557
765 52.1 474 549
83.6 545 497 86.7
90.5 63.4 59.4 67.3
974 m2 63.0 732

404.3 76.4 65.1 78.4

144.4 742 68.8 78.3

118.2 799 75.0 83.0

125.0 82.4 174 86.8

1318 93.0 87.6 96.1

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 3

Time Omm = 25mm 50mm
00 19.3 19.3 494
68 192 205 202
144 18.9 185 18.6

210 189 19.3 19.0
278 20.7 222 223
49 28.4 298 308
8 37.9 40.4 a7
48.8 425 449 452
587 449 46.4 483
626 516 569 59.4
697 578 624 638
765 62.1 65.8 695
836 70.5 768 784
90.5 mS 75 B19
974 780 846 05.8

104.3 7A 83.1 877

wt 784 846 a7.

75mm
198
18.6
206
24.0
319
45.2
49.0
518
55.5
62.8
784
727
88.3
90.2
99.5
103.3
103.0
1209
1298
1467

75mm
192
19.4
19.4
19.4
193
209
248
315
358
42.0
487
49.4
50.8
625
66.8
678
710
74
82.0
394

75mm
192
19.0
18.8
19.0
212
29.4
378
43.0
46.0
538
59.0
65.0
19
79
827
047
86.4

Experiment Number 39

100 mm
198
19.4
206
272
396
49.2
558
620
66.9
754
85.0
83.1
98.6
103.4
109.0
122
1126
131.3
143.9
1574

100 mm
19.4
192
192
193
196
22.2
279
37.3
412
478
56.6
57.8
62.4
683
748
80.0
80.0
842
907
96.4

100 mm
19.4
19.2
18.7
19.0
214
28.0
oa
424
458
54.2
59.2
65.4
72.0
174
83.0
654
865

125mm
193
196
195
272
36.2
468
63.3
587
619
18
837
Bi7
935
97.3
108.2
1105
115.0
131.9
134.9
156.9

125 mm
19.0
18.8
18.7
192
19.4
203
229
28.6
30.3
36.1
39.5
42.2
459
513
558
87.3
58.8
637
66.6
723

125mm
19.2
190
187
19.1
216
28.0
36.9
416
449
53.3
58.0
633
699
766
83.0
85.9
874

150 mm

193
20.2
203
2a
39.0
46.0
55.4
59.3
66.1
76.7
85.5
86.2
98.1

104.9

WT

115.4

118.4

134.9

141.4

162.2

150 mm

193
189
190
192
197
223
278
36.0
40.0
48.4
543
567
619
655
73.0
786
80.5
82.8
897
94.9

150 mm

104

18.9
19.0
19.3
187
21.3
274
347
42.4
45.0
51.8
58.4
63.0
697
778
82.8
87.9
a78

250 mm
18.5
195
19.5
223
278
379
457
49.4
605
684
793
856
90.7
103.3
99.4
108.7
108.1
1228
118.9
148.2

250 mm
188
186
185
186
18.9
20.3
23.1
24.0
28.7
324
37.0
403
486
45.4
524
543
552
59.3
626
66.1

250 mm
188
18.3
186
186
204
233
284
336
368
38.9
478
982.4
58.4
eas
70.2
760
78.4

350 mm
18.4
185
20.2
198
24.3
23.8
30.5
39.3
472
544
64.2
67.3
82.7
90.8
7.3
96.3

105.7
1135
1144
143.0

350 mm
186
74
174
77
187
223
253
262
30.2
366
aid
488
56.3
55.4
59.5
619
689
720
78
83.4

350 mm
182
195
169
18.4
20.8
20.2
258
25.0
286
347
40.0
444
499
507
597
632
658

450 mm
178
TA
199
186
208
22.8
22.5
28.1
29.0
33.9
43.1
485
485
60.0
636
76.4
846
815
92.9
93.8

450 mm
179
174
170
174
18.4
244
23.0
23.9
2s
317
49
43.0
474
488
50.1
56.0
622
64.0
722
78

450 mm
178
176
172
18.2
203
203
215
247
255
29.4
33.4
37.2
43.5
479
546
565
60.1

550 mm
172
179
18.5
19.3
19.4
24.0
19.2
213
236
253
26.5
337
38,0
427
47.0
54.0
60.2
62.8
62.4
74.0

550 mm
173
16.9
167
168
178
20.4
214
23.1
25.0
28.0
8
379
422
45.0
495,
553
579
617
666
70.0

850 mm
173
172
16.5
77
19.41
188
200
225
24.9
28.4
33.2
38.4
a5
437
49.1
53.2
558

900 men
154
15.0
155
166
170
72
153
170
73
18.9
192
218
23.4
26.2
31.0
33.8
374
406
450
468

900 men
153
15.4
152
153
16.0
73
18.3
19.4
20.4
23.3
273
316
30.1
95.7
40.6
452
466
458
55.4
612

900 mm
156
158
154
164
169
168
WT
20.0
20.2
216
235
25.0
306
338
39.5
30.4
47


Experiment Number 19

‘Thermocouples focated at sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm —-100mm_=— 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 550mm _~—- 900. mm.
00 20.4 20.4 205 206 206 205 206 205 206 206 20.4 198
61 20.4 20.5 205 205 206 206 206 206 206 206 20.4 19.9
129 20.8 20.8 209 208 209 208 208 208 20.9 208 20.8 20.2
196 aA 28.4 307 316 314 a7 30.0 nS 267 23.4 22.3 206
26.5 40.6 40.0 428 445 435 45.0 43.4 405 339 268 218 209
33.3 545 55.5 602 617 58.8 595 575 574 468 38.0 29.3 237
40.2 648 684 75.0 762 739 743, 18 635 473 36.2 32.4 259
470 864 88.0 947 96.8 944 94.4 881 7396 634 433, 33.0 273
53.7 928 96.2 101.0 100.7 96.9 94.6 927 79.4 686 587 51.0 28.8
60.6 98.7 103.1 108.9 111.0 107.3 106.6 103.2 887 782 659 59.4 32.9
ers 122.7 130.3 1426 1448 1384 139.9 133.7 1150 90.0 TA 724 43.7
743 137.9 149.9 163.4 1678 164.2 164.0 1525 137.2 98.2 a73, 83.0 533
B10 161.9 169.5 180.5 181.2 1735 170.2 167.1 143.2 111.6 102.6 93.6 56.9

‘Thermocouples localed at sprinkler number 2
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 50mm = 900 mm.
00 206 206 207 20.7 207 207 207 206 206 208 20.4 20.0
61 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 206 207 207 20.7 20.1
129 208 209 21.0 210 213 215 27 210 208 208 209 20.3
196 28.9 29.4 35.0 354 377 375 36.9 247 236 233 219 205
265 416 a2 494 433 50.5 50.4 486 40.2 314 24.3 218 210
333 56.0 879 645 635 656 65.4 652 563 424 315 26.2 223
40.2 70.3 678 78.0 748 73.9 75.4 7.0 817 498 40.7 334 253
47.0 87.3 868 979 968 100.0 99.3 98.8 762 74 483 43.6 26.2
537 a7 906 993 99.0 101.5 101.7 1014 89.1 722 573 544 366
606 105.8 101.8 1134 110.4 1123 109.9 110.4 90.1 79.2 655 588 387
674 124.8 127.0 1447 139.0 145.9 1426 140.0 115 94.4 781 623 46.2
743 1365 131.5 1475 1455 1525 154.2 153.8 143.9 128.2 973 85.0 52.1
84.0 163.1 1617 1847 182.1 189.1 1867 185.3 1635 1408 1144 101.2 640

‘Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 3
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = TSmm = 100mm 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 550mm = 800 mm.
0.0 206 207 207 20.7 207 207 207 207 206 20.5 205 199
64 206 206 206 207 207 207 207 207 206 20.5 20.5 20.0
129 207 209 207 20.7 209 214 27 215 247 ata 20.8 202
196 328 33.3 33.5 32.0 324 324 32.9 322 287 249 23.5 209
26.5 423 449 46.0 437 434 43.8 449 43.4 36.5 23.4 217 206
33.3 454 495 518 516 S17 527 529 518 49.6 7 28.5 215
40.2 53.4 625 623 637 638 er7 673 62.4 615 527 418 226
47.0 677 753 744 TAQ 744 767 172 75.4 745 587 46.4 294
537 725 846 80.3 84.0 825 88.5 873 887 90.0 615 46.2 344
606 816 93.5, 91.2 93.0 912 94.4 93.2 93.4 932 754 608 40.0
674 847 95.0 94.8 97.5 96.3 103.4 101.3 104.2 1017 867 733 478
743 91.0 107.6 103.6 Wid 114.0 121.6 121.0 126.0 129.4 107.3 83.4 598
ato 120.9 145.6 1418 142.2 143.2 151.4 1532 150.8 196.7 103.5 84.6 689

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 7Smm_ — 100mm = 125mm 160mm =. 250mm = 360mm = 450mm = 50mm = 900 mm.
00 206 208 208 209 207 20.7 207 20.5 205 204 202 197
64 209 208 20.8 209 207 20.8 20.7 206 206 204 203 197
129 22.4 22.9 22.8 238 23.4 236 23.5 23.0 239 228 224 203
196 32.2 332 32.2 356 350 355 356 32.4 318 28.3 239 212
265 462 43.6 37.9 486 474 ara 468 43.0 385 25.2 218 214
333 52.3 49.1 453 553 533 55.0 556 53.4 827 448 35.6 24.6
402 55.0 53.4 52.6 605 618 64.0 66.8 643 655 612 any 252
470 66.8 65.9 609 63.4 2.4 348 85.2 83.0 631 688 52.4 28.1
537 799 736 mT 86.3 88.0 298 913 74 835 739 606 295
606 93.0 a76 80.3 96.0 95.5 96.3 95.8 17 93.3 e78 844 372
674 774 148 75.5 293 92.3 944 94.0 95.3 99.3 99.3 93.3 424
743 92.0 86.4 86.2 100.9 106.1 127 114.8 116.8 176 110.4 98.4 52.0
81.0 93.8 1018 102.4 1112 77 1218 1298 137.9 1429 1347 1257 58.2

Velocity probes at sprinkler number 4 Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2
Time = 25mm 75mm 125mm —- 250mm Time = 25mm == 75mm = 125mm 250 mm
or) 00 0.0 00 00 00 00 09 0.0 00

64



Experiment Number 12

Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time  Omm = 25mm_— 50mm 75mm = 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 260mm 350mm ~— 450mm ~—S5Omm — 900. mm
00 210 208 207 206 204 204 208 203 202 203 20.4 198
12 27 209 216 209 207 207 209 205 203 207 201 200
at 218 222 25.2 252 246 250 238 238 223 22.0 203 200
149 233 30.0 36.1 350 324 334 308 28.6 24.0 214 204 20.0
219 254 374 434 425 406 404 375 cred 282 213 206 204
286 28.0 442 489 478 459 458 444 40.2 338 278 253 218
354 28.0 475 54.0 53.0 50.4 50.1 484 428 382 334 264 207
423 30.6 487 556 537 54.1 $3.7 53.2 516 478 445 384 28
494 312 515 589 S74 56.7 55.9 553 53.4 515 48.0 a12 23.0
56.4 33.9 58.1 667 674 652 667 647 643 603 527 38.4 23.9
629 36.3 622 636 679 673 668 66.4 635 594 548 424 28.4
697 373 68.0 766 76.0 73.2 737 722 697 654 636 495 323
766 39.0 693 798 785 mI 78 764 742 705 644 498 34.2
634 407 Tha 86.4 85.0 83.0 a7 78.8 768 732 6 63.0 385
90.1 428 787 79 668 876 872 245 79.0 178 699 STA 39.9
97.0 456 878 = 101.3 1000 97.2 974 94.9 88.4 80.0 752 58.4 40.0

103.8 487 oat 104.2 1019 100.4 100.1 97.9 19 856 7 64.3 417
1107 518 997 1434 1033 108.0 1068 103.3 96.4 85.9 806 687 43.9
75 535 1000 1107 108.1 109.8 109.1 108.4 104.7 96.0 924 785 446
124.3 867 94.4 105.4 106.0 75.0 106.4 92.4 93.8 962 896 698 478
1312 872 100.4 11901205 115 123.4 108.0 1149 105.7 997 80.4 53.3
138.1 624 107.8 1245 126.9 7812471187 1208 1108 996 823 874

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2
Time mm 25mm 50mm 75mm = 100mm 125mm 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = $50mm = 900. mm.
00 206 206 206 205 205 204 204 203 203 202 20.41 199
12 208 205 206 206 206 205 205 204 204 203 202 198
at 212 257 26.4 262 264 250 236 24.0 230 208 204 200
149 238 38.4 3905 384 39.9 398 383 329 285 23.4 207 202
219 258 414 427 422 428 417 409 385 334 236 207 202
286 267 450 458 45.4 459 449 453 427 375 313 270 206
35.4 294 547 56.9 558 872 574 56.5 495 41.0 347 267 206
423 30.5 539 57.0 548 584 S72 58.5 56.2 49.0 440 38.0 208
494 318 586 616 593 612 596 612 565 50.2 482 43 260
56.1 M3 657 679 66.1 676 658 er7 842 572 487 420 268
62.9 36.0 645 694 668 70.4 ora 707 63.9 603 519 426 328
697 37.0 728 765 745 76.9 48 768 19 674 536 aid 35.0
766 38.2 757 80.0 766 819 789 as 78.0 748 686 540 354
834 400 80.9 84.0 820 843 82.5 83.8 81.0 76 728 58.0 412
90.1 439 93.8 98.3 963 988 94.5 ord 897 B14 8 814 429
97.0 442 94.0 98.9 965 99.0 975 98.7 959 899 763 65.4 488

103.9 45.0 945 99.4 979 99.8 98.0 998 94.5 oat 78.4 596 537
110.7 478 1004 105.5 105.4 1065 108.4 106.1 104.5 974 88.3 64.9 54.4
1175 498 011101162 1124 1791144 417.0 107.2 109.4 99.1 a4 56.4
124.3 505 108.0 1144 110001150 114.8 1152 105.4 100.2 876 764 616
131.2 54.4 1096 1135 919 1000 © 110.8 1168 = 107.2 104.6 874 ott 637
138.4 e790 119.2 1387 1286 © 135.1 134.0 1325 119.4 1107 84.0 90.0 ert

Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 3
Time = Omm = 25mm 50mm = 7Smm_— 100mm 125mm 150mm = 260mm ~— 350mm = 450mm = $5Omm 800 mm
00 196 198 20.1 20.2 202 202 20.2 20.1 20.4 20.1 200 198
12 196 200 202 202 202 202 20.2 202 20.2 20.2 20.1 20.0
et 195 199 202 20.2 202 202 20.2 20.4 202 20.2 202 20.0
149 196 aa 234 24.0 23.0 236 28 220 214 202 202 20.1
219 200 255 284 a7 26.41 259 247 21.0 205 202 202 202
286 203 273 317 324 312 313 298 278 252 239 23.8 215
35.4 208 312 37.0 373 367 378 36.4 33.2 pal 256 254 209
423 214 362 44 416 40.4 406 39.5 359 325 299 296 245
49.4 222 372 443 453 443 448 43.4 308 36.7 344 325 248
56.1 227 406 489 48.9 478 48.0 466 422 378 355 38.7 29.0
629 234 414 514 S14 50.5 51.0 50.2 464 407 395 ar7 320
6o7 235 466 554 552 536 537 523 475 442 428 425 342
766 243 464 58.5 587 874 572 58.7 49.2 468 455 452 357

50



Experiment Number 35

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm —S0mm_ = 75mm = 100mm_=— 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 550mm ~—- 900 mm.
00 19.9 19.9 20.0 20.0 20.0 199 20.0 200 20.0 20.0 20.0 19.9
14 199 20.0 20.1 20.0 20.1 20.0 204 20.1 20.0 20.0 199 20.0
80 20.2 20.3 20.3 20.2 20.3 202 203 202 202 202 20.2 20.2
148 264 262 273 248 26.9 250 285 244 232 21.0 21.0 20.7
215 467 438.1 52.2 45.0 53.5 48.4 50.0 424 359 23.0 224 213
285 596 620 667 58.0 676 659 686 66.1 519 263 248 22.2
35.2 743 757 628 722 844 819 867 022 708 292 28.7 23.0
424 99.0 98.7 104.7 956 107.3 1029 106.3 96.6 78 387 28.4 24.2
489 118.0 1185 123.5 m7 126.2 127.4 1316 1186 104.9 583 295 247
55.6 123.2 1257 133.3 77 133.4 1256 133.2 106.7 117.0 B19 48.0 278
625 1187 1228 127.9 116.6 134.5 129.9 1414 1212 123.9 928 545 28.0
693 1527 150.2 159.8 154.0 1665 162.0 167.5 145.6 143.4 1158 824 336
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2
Time Omm = 25mm — 50mm = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 50mm =—- 900 mm.
00 198 199 200 20.1 20.1 203 20.1 20.2 204 20.4 20.4 20.1
1A 19.7 198 19.9 20.0 20.0 20.1 20.0 20.3 20.0 20.0 20.1 20.0
a0 19.9 19.9 198 20.0 20.0 208 20.1 20.0 20.1 200 200 20.1
148 19.8 199 200 204 20.4 20.1 20.1 203 20.1 20.1 20.1 20.1
215 20.2 202 202 202 202 205 20.2 20.4 202 20.3 202 20.2
285 26.6 286 342 30.7 33.3 273 32.2 244 274 2A 26.5 20.3
352 33.9 332 oT 37.3 412 338 424 32.9 32.0 27.0 26.4 22.6
42.4 478 434 51.2 462 55.0 38.4 547 40.8 453 38.5 283 248
48.9 621 59.0 655 616 679 497 646 43.6 50.0 424 36.3 295
556 686 622 736 66.0 7A 53.9 742 50.2 87.4 515 453 324
62.5 737 676 79.0 71.0 80.9 565 799 564 73.3 66.2 Bal 386
69.3 82.8 747 04.8 78.8 89.5 666 a4 064 87.0 86.0 18 388
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 3
Time Omm = 25mm = S0mm_— 75mm — 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 550mm 800 mm
00 20.0 202 204 202 202 202 202 204 20.4 20.0 20.1 19.9
14 19.9 20.0 20.0 204 20.4 20.2 202 20.4 200 199 20.0 19.9
80 20.1 20.2 20.4 20.4 204 20.1 202 20.2 204 200 20.0 19.9
148 20.0 204 20.0 20.4 204 20.4 20.4 204 20.4 20.1 20.1 20.0
215 219 227 227 222 223 22.6 232 22.2 222 21.0 207 201
285 37.0 407 418 368 359 359 36.4 Bal 247 23.4 223 20.3
352 559 60.0 616 55.0 55.3 54.0 556 4au7 344 255 234 205
424 65.4 68.8 702 66.1 652 66.1 659 546 469 36.7 336 287
489 75.0 80.1 819 770 772 759 758 624 857 44.0 40.3 28.1
558 844 902 924 878 28.3 872 08.3 70.4 589 48.6 462 32.9
625 90.3 96.1 100.1 956 96.6 966 96.8 80.7 679 588 528 37.3
693 96.0 102.1 106.3 1028 103.4 103.6 1026 88.9 78 692 64.9 449
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm = 100mm 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 550mm ~— 900 mm.
00 20.1 202 20.2 202 20.41 204 20.1 20.0 20.0 19.9 20.0 197
ws 20.0 204 20.1 201 200 20.0 20.1 20.0 20.1 199 19.9 198
80 20.2 203 203 20.3 20.1 204 20.0 20.1 20.1 20.0 20.1 20.0
148 36.9 38.9 405 38.6 38.0 16 37.8 284 30.9 294 26.2 22.4
25 58.1 604 639 618 607 667 672 46.8 317 226 216 214
285 704 79.2 848 B12 813 ert 88.4 67.0 487 25.4 212 216
36.2 89.4 93.7 98.1 96.3 96.2 1028 1028 85.5 68.3 263 215 22.2
424 107.2 109.6 1152 12 109.8 wT 109.4 99.2 82.0 34.3 219 229
48.9 112.0 1157 118.4 1173 117.0 122.4 1237 mhz 106.2 70.0 475 25.4
556 131.0 1326 1366 1308 1295 131.9 129.5 121.0 105.1 69.0 457 286
625 139.4 143.7 148.2 1444 141.0 1474 1443 129.9 124.0 92.4 614 322
69.3 156.2 151.5 50.9 121.6 146.6 1678 166.1 139.1 1432 1102 692 38.3
Velocity probes al sprinkler number 1 Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2
Time = 25mm 75mm = 125mm 250 mm Time = 25mm = 75mm 125mm =—-250 mm
00 0.0 0.0 00 00 00 0.0 00 00 00
1 00 00 03 04 14 ot ot 00 ot
80 03 02 02 02 80 ot ot 0.0 ot
148 05 05 05 05 148 ot ot ) on
218 04 05 05 oa 215 06 05 06 05

99


700

Temperature in channel above burner, next
600 | to velocity probes

500 | Temperature at

Cc sprinkler #4 |
£ 400

2 Temperature at

3 sprinkler #1

& 300 | °F

E

o

&

200

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (s)

Figure 19 — Ceiling jet temperatures comparisons at sprinklers 1 and 4 and in the channel
above the burner, obstructed/beamed ceiling, burner in corner, fast fire growth.

24


3.0

2.5

Velocity (m/s)
* = we
° w °

°
a

0.0 a" L 1
75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250

Time (s)

°
N
a
a
°

+> Flat Ceiling -*- Obstructed Ceiling

Figure 11 - Ceiling jet velocity comparisons at sprinkler number 1, wall burner position,
medium fire growth.

3.0

2.5

Velocity (m/s)
= nN
a °

=
o

0.5

0.0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250

Time (s)

Flat Ceiling -+ Obstructed Ceiling

Figure 12 - Ceiling jet velocity comparisons at sprinkler number 1, wall burner position,
fast fire growth.

20


‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4

Time Omm = 25mm = SO mm
00 217 213 206
18 218 214 208
86 247 34.4 31.0

155 387 rT 549
223 43.6 m4 696
294 516 845 79.9
36.1 569 93.4 90.4
428 58.1 96.4 967
497 m7 130.7 1248
56.5 793 140.6 131.3

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2

Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm
00 202 196 197
18 203 202 202
86 203 20.1 204
155 202 20.0 204
223 224 38.1 403
29.4 25.6 492 53.0
36.1 273 55.9 58.6
428 28.3 567 58.2
497 31.0 676 712
565 36.2 881 91.0
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 3
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm
00 197 199 195
18 198 20.1 197
a6 199 202 199
155 198 20.2 199
22.3 207 25.4 273
234 22.0 29.4 33.2
36.1 228 33.3 372
428 237 39.1 434
497 246 45.7 50.8
565 263 53.2 586
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm
00 198 198 196
18 198 20.0 200
86 20.0 20.1 202
15.5 23.9 35.3 33.0
223 27.0 423 ag
29.1 28.1 444 43.4
36.1 282 496 486
428 294 58.9 58.1
497 33.3 647 655
56.5 374 756 745
Velocity probes at sprinkler number 1
Time = 25mm 75mm 125mm
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
18 0s 06 06
86 13 10 o7
155 15 14 14
223 20 18 16
29.4 16 15 13
36.4 18 17 14
428 18 16 or
497 22 24 18
565 20 20 16

75mm
203
20.4
317
Bal
703
797
92.3
O75
1278
84.0

75mm
193
198
197
196
40.7
518
874
874
722
93.3

75mm
194
197
199
20.0
26.3
324
375
449
O17
587

75mm
19.6
19.9
20.4
32.3
ant
423
48.2
56.9
aT
741

250 mm
0.0
03
02
O14
06
06
04
ot
o4
06

Experiment Number 38

100 mm
20.0
202
30.3
54.2
678
75.4
852
96.1
1229
64.3

100 mm.
195
20.1
20.1
20.1
413
52.9
581
585
732
93.5

400 mm
193
197
199
20.0
270
33.2
38.0
422
497
67.0

100 mm
19.4
19.7
203
29.4
38.9
39.3
445
536
619
mA

125mm 150mm 250 mm
19.9 197 193
20.0 197 193
289 28.9 259
512 46.4 30.5
66.2 62.0 450
724 68.0 38.4
a24 752 Sit
94.6 912 729

121.4 114.1 75
632 845, 853
125mm = 150mm 250mm.
194 193 18.8
198 19.9 195
197 20.2 19.9
195 20.1 197
39.0 38.5 Bal
50.5 50.3 43.5
554 56.7 52.2
55.8 57.4 53.2
mT 19 63.6
92.9 92.9 85.1
125mm — 150mm — 250 mm.
19.2 19.1 188
197 198 196
19.9 198 197
200 200 198
2A 272 239
338 34.5 318
38.7 39.3 365
432 43.5 30.1
50.3 50.2 452
58.1 58.4 52.4
125mm 150mm 250 mm.
193 19.2 189
196 196 192
205 204 195
295 286 229
38.9 A 26.1
39.0 383 319
45.4 438 38.5,
535 528 4a4
632 62.4 519
725 709 557

Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2

Time = 25mm = 75mm.
0.0 00 00
18 OA 0.4
86 OA 0.4

155 o7 08

22.3 og 09

29.4 08 08

36.4 07 07

42.8 08 06

497 10 10

565 10 a

103

350 mm
187
18.9
212
22.9
22.4
219
33.4
479
56.0
747

350 mm
186
193
193
193
233
26.1
a5
470
568
65.1

360 mm
185
19.4
196
196
22.4
278
348
38.2
438
49.9

350 mm
18.6
188
18.9
22.3
263
32.2
346
429
49.5
55.0

125mm
0.0
OA
oA
08
08
08
07
08
09
1.0

450 mm
18.4
18.8
189
19.2
19.6
196
219
29.4
420
46.2

450 mm
18.4
19.1
192
192
22.2
218
36.4
443
52.0
57.8

450 mm
182
19.2
193
19.4
205
244
325
36.3
418
469

450 mm
183
185
186
202
253
264
246
38.3
455
497

250 mm
00
0.4
0.4
06
06
0s
o4
04
05
05

550 mm
18.4
186
186
188
19.0
192
19.9
227
332
377

550 mm
18.1
18.9
19.0
19.4
216
24
33.4
37.0
473
50.9

550 mm
18.0
185
187
19.4
199
22.8
314
365
a5
475

550 mm
18.0
182
184
19.0
23.1
20.6
19.9
a2
424
424

900 mm
178
184
182
184
188
194
198
198
25
225

900 mm
76
179
178
179
188
188
21.8
213
23.4
313

900 mm
178
18.0
18.0
182
187
193
235
236
246
26.9

900 mm
178
178
18.0
183
187
19.4
193
20.0
218
218


‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time = Omm = 25mm = 50mm
0.0 208 208 209
52 217 262 306
124 278 433 500
188 33.2 642 792
257 39.2 749 907
325 46.0 28 © 1166
304 532 10821318
46.2 sa4 10781084
53.0 662 1468 181.0
Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2
Time = Omm = 25mm = 50mm
00 208 208 208
52 237 38.0 308
124 310 58.1 61.0
188 349 68.2 m3
25.7 427 a7 967
325 490 1085 109.6
394 5401216 1278
46.2 6101359 143.3
53.0 726 1867 1709
Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 3
Time = Omm = 25mm = 0mm
00 21.0 aa 208
52 a4 212 21.0
124 216 284 NE
188 234 398 46.1
287 247 499 59.9
325 282 87.5 743
394 296 726 887
462 312 73.0 957
53.0 35.0 15 1165
Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 4
Time = Omm = 25mm = 50mm
00 210 2a 210
52 213 212 212
124 238 29.0 318
188 287 497 523
257 307 578 646
325 342 720 758
304 40.1 813 e76
462 451 1037 107.2
53.0 523 10821158
Velocity probes at sprinkler number 1
Time = 25mm = 75mm = 125 mm,
00 00 00 0.0
52 1.0 aA aA
124 12 1.0 05
18.8 14 Ad 08
257 AS AT 16
325 413 13 08
394 16 16 16
46.2 12 42 08
53.0 Az 19 44

75mm
20.9
309
487
743
85.0
106.8
1198
95.1
155.7

75mm
209
40.4
60.9
72.2
975
107.7
1264
139.3
156.1

75mm
20.8
209
30.3
445
60.9
719
891
96.8
1155

75mm
21.0
242
31.0
52.4
641
755
87.0
108.9
M75

250 mm
00
04
02
04
06
07
06
07
04

Experiment Number 3

100 mm
20.9
308
49.9
7A
85
1123
123.8
857
1179

4100 mm
20.8
425
60.4
729
976
nn7
1299
1437
1646

100 mm
20.8
209
275
413
585
69.2
268
94.0
109.9

100 mm
209
21.0
296
498
614
738
847
103.6
115.0

125mm 150mm 250 mm
20.8 20.8 20.8
att 279 26.5
49.2 49.2 a4
740 60.4 a8
84.3 86.4 747
106.7 110.2 895
178 120.0 978
865 98.3 14

1206 134.2 99.3
125mm — 150mm 250mm
20.8 20.7 206
43.2 427 39.9
587 575 470
744 10 607
94.4 94.3 768
109.7 113.8 1108
127.3 1327 120.4
140.2 148.4 93.4
159.6 1645 146.4
125mm — 150mm — 250mm.
208 20.8 20.7
209 24.0 20.9
282 25.5 22.6
407 30.1 32.6
597 56.7 515
663 62.4 53.4
886 86.3 80.3
947 92.3 849
107.4 101.5 914
125mm = 150mm 260mm
209 209 207
209 209 20.9
29.2 28.8 247
Sit 50.8 43.4
636 62.6 53.9
756 755 68.1
ar7 86.9 80.4
104.7 103.4 e70
1206 1196 409.0
Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2
Time 25mm = 75mm
00 00 0.0
52 14 13
124 13 14
188 12 12
287 13 14
325 14 og
39.4 13 12
46.2 23 17
53.0 47 16

32

350 mm
206
237
336
48.0
614
85.6

107.8
N72
133.3

360 mm
205
279
337
50.6
650
886
108.6
1152
146.9

350 mm
206
209
224
28.4
455
48.2
72.0
78
85.3

350 mm
206
208
23.0
36.2
623
657
759
83.0
109.2

125mm
00
13
09
14
10
o7
10
14
12

450 mm
20.4
246
22.5
418
512
746
98.1
106.6
1297

450 mm
20.4
244
23.2
377
585
744
95.3
98.2
132.9

450 mm
20.5
20.4
214
260
39.9
45.8
586
66.4
79.2

450 mm
20.4
20.7
213
34.0
46.2
58.1
696
79.9
97.0

250 mm

‘550 mm
20.1
20.7
2t4
30.2
36.2
603
818
873
103.6

850 mm
20.1
22.4
209
29.0
43.0
657
782
674
1182

550 mm
20.3
20.3
205
244
37.3
425
56.6
652
787

550 mm
204
206
20.9
30.4
45.4
578
682
78
93.0

900 mm
193
193
195
206
210
25.2
28.0
435
59.6

900 mm
194
20.1
20.2
216
216
30.6
398
474
59.3

900 mm
193
198
20.4
214
26.4
32.8
447
52.1
62.8

900 mm
19.4
198
20.4
24.3
23.9
25.4
36.9
46.0
542


Experiment Number 43

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm = 60mm = 75mm ~— 100mm =—t25mm = 150mm =— 250mm = 350mm — 450mm — 550mm 800 mm.
00 218 24 208 207 208 204 203 200 196 192 189 182
34 216 24 212 210 208 208 208 205 202 199 194 186
10.2 29 24 26.1 276 279 255 249 253 236 213 197 185
172 288 442 424 434 43.0 408 39.0 270 24 202 195 184
239 343 535 524 53.1 535 S14 48.4 397 24 203 196 187
309 304 618 600 585 556 527 483 352 239 202 196 185
376 424 699 era 687 666 635 585 438 286 204 199 190
44 454 77 13 18 663 625 607 474 224 24 205 197
513 472 744 736 747 744 na 70.0 558 335 243 23.0 202
58.1 538 878 870 884 86.0 634 799 668 418 320 268 208
65.1 874 967 86.4 983 95.0 948 94.3 755 526 338 298 a4
719 614 101.2 sg 102410061007 985 788 535 383 348 224
787 605 = 1021-1007 10281004 98.9 ora 88.4 65.4 477 384 230
858 ery 3 0411231124 110.58 107.6 897 HA 514 422 238

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2
Time 0mm = 25mm S0mm = 75mm © 100mm = 125mm = 150mm 250mm 350mm 450mm — 50mm 800 mm.
00 202 20.1 203 200 202 198 204 197 194 194 190 180
34 202 203 206 203 206 204 204 200 198 198 194 184
102 202 204 206 204 206 202 204 20.1 198 196 194 184
172 202 204 207 205 207 202 205 20.1 200 198 196 184
239 213 34 326 322 334 a4 309 254 26 230 218 194
309 23.4 369 396 304 406 39.2 395 33.0 a7 210 204 19.4
378 237 40.4 433 435 447 429 437 407 305 267 272 28
444 252 457 473 478 484 472 48.1 434 aA 338 32 205
513 261 480 512 506 520 509 513 482 MS 38.0 329 216
58.1 268 503 524 519 529 512 526 495 46 “19 368 224
65.1 230 15 647 643 654 623 640 592 494 454 40.4 248
19 35 66.3 68.9 703 m2 688 697 648 556 508 46.4 244
787 318 688 724 15 738 639 723 65.4 58.4 877 anT 249
856 319 656 685 686 708 699 708 68.5 636 582 463 269

Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 3
Time Om = 25mm SOmm_— 75mm «100mm = 125mm = 150mm 250mm 350mm 450mm — 850mm 900 mm.
0.0 199 202 199 199 199 199 198 197 196 194 194 18.4
34 200 203 200 20.4 204 202 202 204 200 198 196 183
10.2 200 205 202 204 204 202 202 202 202 200 198 183
172 199 204 20.1 202 202 202 202 20.1 201 200 198 184
239 203 237 240 238 232 232 236 23.0 23 203 204 190
309 210 255 27 269 278 28.1 287 254 248 23.0 26 196
376 214 275 297 296 297 30.1 304 288 22 253 242 204
444 220 300 326 328 324 329 325 306 30.0 287 288 220
513 28 338 370 3r4 357 363 364 342 324 313 2 219
58.4 226 350 393 402 387 394 38.8 365 352 340 gar 223
65.1 229 338 409 424 aa 425 418 408 393 382 38.1 22.0
n9 240 383 448 459 447 456 450 439 429 a5 424 aT
787 250 437 506 520 st 524 526 495 470 448 447 264
256 258 473 554 875 AS 56.4 56.4 545 506 487 48.4 298

Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm = SOmm = 75mm — 100mm = 125mm = 150mm 250mm 350mm — 450mm S50 mm 900 mm
00 200 203 202 202 200 200 200 197 194 194 189 18.1
34 20.41 204 204 203 20.41 20.1 20.2) 20.0 19.9 19.6 19.4 18.4
102 204 208 206 205 203 202 20.1 200 200 198 196 186
172 aia 287 a7 274 260 26.1 287 232 23 202 200 188
239 239 343 338 337 35 310 298 24 206 202 200 190
30.9 243 74 3r4 365 345 348 348 2A 250 224 21.0 194
378 258 408 407 405 378 3T4 359 292 282 248 202 108
444 287 425 423 419 398 397 38.2 HE a 235 199 187
513 252 424 456 449 436 437 43.4 384 38.0 34.0 328 197
58.4 278 544 544 534 508 5241 S14 439 39.1 363 340 208
65.4 318 558 568 565 548 550 537 426 428 40.0 348 209
n9 299 ei 622 624 605 612 603 497 478 46.1 26.4 a7
787 325 663 66.8 666 652 662 653 556 525 483 410 26.0

113



00
54
124
19.0
257
325
394
46.4
534
598
666
735
80.3
87.0
93.9
100.7
1076
1143
121.4
128.0
1348
17
148.5
155.2
162.4
1688
1787
182.5
189.3

00

O41
02
06
OF
05
03
06
05
5
06
06
06
06
OT
O7
08
08
07
07
07
06
08
06
10
08
09
A0
aA

Time Channel 1

00
54
424
19.0
287
32.5
39.4
46.4
53.4
59.8
666
73.5
80.3
87.0
93.9
100.7
107.6
1143
421.4
128.0
134.8
1417
1485
155.2
162.1
168.8
1757
1825
189.3

0.0
18
18
15
17
20
18
22
23
20
24
24
22
24
23
27
24
24
26
24
28
23
23
25
23
28
24
30
25

09
09
AQ
‘Velocity probes in channe!s above bummer

Channel 2
0.0
06
07
07
0s
06
1.0
07
09
1.0
12
09
or
12
13
12
o7
1A
08
12
09
14
15
14
13
15
12
17
10

00

on
03
03
06
04
04
05
05
04
06
07
05
OF
07
05
OF
07
03
0.9
07
09
05
08
09
09
08
06
12

00

o4
02
01
03
02
03
03
03
03
04
04
03
03
05
04
04
03
04
05
05
05
03
07
06
06
07
05
09

Experiment Number 14

oo
54
124
190
257
32.5
30.4
46.1
53.1
59.8
66.6
735
80.3
87.0
93.9
100.7
1076
1143
12i4
128.0
134.8
1417
1485
155.2
162.1
168.8
175.7
1825
189.3

56

00
on
04
08
05
o4
05
08
08
05
05
08
05
06
08
o7
o7
08
o7
09
o7
O7
08
08
14
09
1d
o7
14

00
OA
0s
06
06
0s
05
06
0s
07
05
05
05
05
07
06
06
07
06
08
07
06
07
08
44
10
14
o7
18

00
ot
0s
06
06
05
04
06
06
07
Os
05
06
o7
08
06
06
08
o7
09
os
o7
07
09
12
14
13
09
18

00
04
04
03
03
02
O41
O41
02
04
04
02
03
04
02
on
02
06
02
04
05
o4
02
4
O4
05
o7
04
10



454 278 450
522 272 479
59.1 29.4 53.5
659 295 56.5
727 344 644
796 32.7 665
86.4 5 75.4
93.2 384 80.4

400.1 389 82.5

Velocity probes at sprinkler number 1

Time = 25mm = 75mm
00 090 00
42 04 08
2 13 12
179 13 14
249 12 13
a7 16 17
385 18 16
454 19 16
52.2 18 12
59.1 18 12
659 18 2.0
727 16 16
796 18 WwW
86.4 17 Ww
93.2 15 16

100.1 17 18

45.4
474
84.2
5887
644
679
729
80.3
854

4125 mm
00
09
07
09
07
13
13
14
07
13
16
12
13
07
12
15

445
468
544
586
636
676
m2
79.0
4.4

250 mm
00
03
00
0.4
03
03
06
04
05
04
09
or
os
02
o7
12

Experiment Number 41

42.4
453
519
56.1
611
650
68.0
78.2
80.8

423 47 46
452 44.0 384
52.6 52.3 44.0
56.3 55.8 48.0
62.4 60.5 50.1
66.0 652 53.8
6r7 er7 59.0
75.4 735 62.5
aad 80.4 676

Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2
Time = 25mm 75mm

00 00 0.0

42 0.0 0.0
112 0.0 0.0
179 08 08
249 o7 o7
wT 06 o7
38.5 05 0s
454 06 06
522 06 o7
59.1 08 08
65.9 08 08
727 os 05
796 08 08
986.4 06 06
93.2 o7 o7
100.1 09 09

110

328
304
418
434
486
52.9
583
62.8
662

125 mm
0.0
ot
on
o7
o7
or
o4
05
or
08
a7
05
08
06
07
09

255
34.2
37.9
399
458
495
54.5
605
649

250 mm
00
o4
o4
05
05
05
03
o4
05
0s
05
02
06
05
04
05

197
32.5,
35.4
346
39.5
43.6
459
542
56.5

18.9
20.0
24.0
208
23.4
25
2A
25
30.4


Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm 50mm.
00 23.0 22.8 228
23 236 23.5 236
92 237 237 238

16.0 24.4 244 244

229 283 28.0 283

297 32.8 334 344

36.4 35.8 370 387

43.3 40.7 429 445

50.0 ara 497 52.4

874 56.6 586 618

63.8 60.1 647 682

706 63.9 686 744

78 782 794 a35

84.3 80.2 858 92.4

912 86.2 90.9 955

97.9 B93 95.9 100.8

104.7 94.2 100.4 105.7

111.6 96.8 105.8 12

118.4 102.2 107.7 115

1253 946 107.0 1143

132.4 117.0 1215 125.4

138.8 127.8 130.2 136.9

145.7 131.0 143.2 153.8

‘Thermocouples localed at sprinkler number 2

Time Omm = 25mm 50mm
0.0 244 244 237
23 237 23.8 229
92 24.0 242 233
16.0 245 24.5 245

22.9 273 275 284

297 31.0 318 339

36.4 425 456 459

43.3 457 479 485

50.0 50.7 544 56.4
574 87.3 596 612
638 646 682 703
706 15 767 768
75 775 82.3 842
43 86.3 O14 916
912 93.0 100.9 1025
97.9 1047 112.8 113.0

104.7 1072 1143 115.5

111.6 1077 176 1187

1184 1155 123.4 1236

125.3 1132 1187 1207

192.4 1256 134.0 197.2

138.8 133.8 1463 147.9

145.7 148.1 1576 1573

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 3

Time Omm = 25mm 50mm.
00 24.0 23.9 235
23 246 244 238
92 24.3 244 238
16.0 243 24.2 243

22.9 27.0 28.1 28.0
297 334 36.4 35.1
36.4 38.5 402 412
43.3 418 43.9 45.4
50.0 450 479 492
871 478 53.2 52.3
63.8 467 53.0 55.0

75mm
226
23.5
23.6
244
290
34.0
40.4
455
53.4
62.6
69.0
76.2
85.0
92.8
96.2
102.0
407.1
1135
113.0
1152
1275
1397
1557

75mm
237
23.3
234
239
22
319
448
449
55.1
77
66.9
748
835
89.4
103.1
107.3
N87
116.1
1206
120.0
138.0
175
158.0

75mm
233
234
23.5
24.4
275
33.9
396
4at
48.4
53.4
568

Experiment Number 24

100 mm
226
234
235
24.4
287
344
39.2
450
514
608
67.0
Tha
83.0
91.0
94.3
997
104.9
113
1108
1125
1246.8
135.3
153.9

100 mm
23.4
228
22.9
247
282
367
46.2
49.3
59.2
636
72.4
784
era
926
106.8
113.4
118.7
118.3
128.6
128.2
140.2
152.4
146.9

400 mm
23.2
232
23.4
24.4
274
33.4
40.0
44.6
49.0
52.9
87.4

125mm
22.4
229
22.9
24.0
29.2
334
38.4
448
48.9
$87
673
74.2
a7
90.4
948
100.8
108.7
127
1133
1120
1254
130.5
155.0

125 mm
23.2
229
22.9
236
269
348
456
474
586
64.0
695
774
88.2
92.1
107.4
110.4
175
1136
1226
123.8
140.8
145.3
1247

125 mm
23.4
23.0
232
244
278
337
406
45.4
498
55.0
59.0

150 mm

223
23.4
232
24.2
28.1
33.0
39.0
43.6
49.2
59.8
658
737
20.0
89.5
92.4
96.8

103.4

109.4

118

111.0

1217

132.1

149.6

150 mm

23.0
226
225
237
272
35.9
443
48.2
58.2
64.0
696
1715
87.6
90.9
106.4
1102
1169
114.6
1226
1232
139.0
150.0
128.2

4150 mm

74

23.0
228
23.0
242
286
346
40.9
46.4
504
548
59.2

250 mm
218
22.4
22.5
24.4
26.5
315
382
40.5
42.0
54.9
572
648
786
863
90.1
868
93.0
96.3
107.1
107.0
109.7
122.0
144.5

250 mm
22.2
22.2
22.3
22.5
23.3
34.9
35.8
at4
429
528
59.3
60.5
735
73.4
92.3
83.8
106.4
100.9
110.7
106.3
1335
1214
132.4

250 mm
22.3
225
22.6
236
269
33.0
39.0
435,
48.3
55.4
607

360 mm
218
22.0
249
23.0
23.8
28.6
31.0
35.3
42.4
443
544
55.5
644
68.5
7712
74.0
785
88.9
94.2
98.3
101.9
106.0
1196

360 mm
217
22.1
22.0
22.3
22.5
259
3t7
346
38.9
479
56.0
56.0
664
70.8
754
798
86.6
92.2
106.3
103.9
115.8
112.4
126.0

360 mm
219
22.2
22.2
23.3
26.4
29.0
349
413
474
493
626

450 mm
215
216
217
22.5
23.1
23.5
258
294
344
379
434
458
50.9
54.3
610
642
70.4
747
798
833
86.4
912
103.7

450 mm
214
29
218
224
22.4
22.8
249
294
32.9
40.0
443
449
53.9
573
645,
70.0
744
79
47
92.0
92.0
96.6
1057

450 mm
218
22.0
219
22.5
258
25.1
28.2
33.6
39.2
387
45.4

550 mm
213
213
25
22.2
225
228
242
27.2
286
33.6
40.0
43.8
48.0
52.0
877
614
648
70.0
743
778
792
85.4
O17

550 mm
212
217
216
218
222
22.4
235
26.9
30.9
359
407
427
48.9
S17
59.5
64.2
672
68.6
76.8
82.9
5.4
88.8
98.5

550 mm
213
218
27
224
249
227
23.9
269
317
344
37.3

900 mm
20.5
20.7
240
204
242
218
22.7
24.0
24.8
23.8
252
270
33.1
40.3
458
474
50.4
52.8
579
625
66.0
699
739

900 mm
20.5
21.0
21.0
210
204
213
219
24.8
24.5
25.4
30.0
33.9
35.7
30.4
453
483
529
56.0
576
624
636
69.0
Tar

200 mm
207
209
209
210
242
204
24
22.2
23.3
26.7
283


The temperature of the sprinkler mount was monitored during each test and maintained at
a temperature of 20 + 0.5 °C by flowing cooling water through tubing around the mount.

It was planned to repeat the plunge test at various air velocities in the test section such
that the sprinkler would not operate at one velocity and operate within 15 minutes at a
higher velocity where the square root of the ratio of the high velocity to the low velocity
did not exceed 1.1.

RESULTS
The results of the prolonged plunge test are shown in Table | below. Since the sprinklers

operated at zero velocity, a conductivity factor of 0.25 was established for the sprinklers
in accordance with Note 3 to Paragraph 7.6.2.2.1 of ISO 6182-1.

TABLE 1 - PROLONGED PLUNGE TEST RESULTS

Sample No. Plunge Temperature, °C Operating Time, sec
1 128 804
2 128 252
3 128 724

DYNAMIC HEATING - DETERMINATION OF RESPONSE TIME INDEX (RTI):

METHOD

The Response Time Index, (RTI) of the representative sprinklers was determined using
the Sensitivity Oven Heat Test method. Twenty samples rated 155°F were subjected to
this test.

Each sample was fitted with 1 to 1.5 wraps of PTFE sealant tape and screwed into a test a
test fixture mount. The test fixture mount and sprinkler were then conditioned for at least
30 minutes at 20 + 0.5 °C.

Following the conditioning, the inlet of each sprinkler was filled with water and connected
to a source of air pressure at 4 + 1 psi. The sprinkler was quickly plunged into the oven
and its operating time was automatically recorded.

The test was repeated so that 10 samples were tested with the frame arms (1)
perpendicular to the air flow, and (2) offset 25 degrees from the parallel position to the air

flow.

The RTI of each sample was calculated using the following parameters:

26


628 513 485
696 52.6 52.4
76.5 58.5 544
83.3 58.5 56.1
90.0 644 627
96.9 674 4a
1037 657 66.4
1106 70.4 68.4
1173 778 732
124.4 178 TA2
131.0 a7 73
1378 812 172
1447 910 82.0
1515 85.4 239
158.2 94.5 90.5
165.1 100.8 947
118 1014 96.3
1787 104.2 100.0
185.5 105.2 98.0
192.3 103.4 100.9
199.2 108.9 101.9
205.9 100.4 401.4
212.9 1156 108.7
2196 1144 1154
2264 108.3 104.6
233.3 wT 106.8
Velocity probes at sprinkler number 1
Time = 25mm 75mm.
0.0 0.0 00
14 ot 0.0
84 04 02
154 03 02
22.0 03 03
288 03 03
365 04 02
424 03 03
49.4 03 04
56.1 05 05
628 “04 02
696 05 05
765 06 05
63.3 04 05
90.0 04 05
96.9 03 03
1037 05 06
1106 04 04
73 07
124.4 06
131.0 05
1378 04
1447 04
151.5 05
158.2 04
165.1 04
1718 07
1787 07
185.5 04
192.3 06
199.2 OF
205.9 06
212.9 05
219.6 OF
226.4 05

475
507
507
52.5
59.9
612
615
635
634
678
738
73.0
76.4
798
83.6
808
873
218
87.0
95.0
96.0
100.2
104.4
108.9
1017
99.5

125mm
00
4
OA
02
02
02
oA
02
04
02
03
06
0.4
0.4
03
03
0.4
03
05
06
04
0.4
03
05
05
0.4
08
05
03
08
08
09
05
07
04

549
556
596
59.8
658
698
TA2
744
B14
795
842
86.1
92.1
ott
974
105.7
104.0
106.0
108.6
107.0
113.6
108.3
118.0
1203
1129
1252

250 mm
00
00
00
00
02
02
02
03
04
04
02
03
03
04
03
03
03
“04
03
05
03
04
06
04
05
04
05
05
04
05
06
05
06
06
06

Experiment Number 30

55.4
55.0
59.0
59.8
66.0
694
74.2
740
80.2
792
84.2
856
90.9
910
95.6

104.3

103.7

108.4

108.3

107.2

110.2

110.4

116.5

1188

12

126.2

55.9 56.3 55.0
557 567 54.2
59.4 59.6 58.2
60.5 609 610
68.5 666 647
70.1 698 657
782 75.4 mA
45 744 729
80.1 785 742
798 80.3 786
849 84.3 816
869 87.8 632
919 918 e75
92.4 92.5 9.9
976 977 93,7
105.8 103.9 96.8

105.1 104.9 101.6
105.8 106.5 101.3
110.3 110.5 104.4
107.2 108.5 107.5
110.3 102 108.5
1125 138 1143
1187 119.0 1165
120.9 119.6 1162
1127 1132 116.5
1286 1297 126.1

Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2

Time = 25mm 75mm
00 0.0 00
14 OA ot
a4 o4 02
18.1 02 02

22.0 OA 02

288 03 03

355 04 03

42.4 03 03

49.1 03 03

56.1 04 03

628 03 03

696 05 05

765 06 06

83.3 03 02

90.0 od 04

96.9 06 06

1037 0s os

1106 os 05

1173 06 05

124.1 Or 06

131.0 0s 06

1378 0s 06

148.7 os 03

151.5 05 05

158.2 06 04

165.1 05 06

1718 o7 08

178.7 05 04

185.5 o4 O41

192.3 09 o7

199.2 o7 o4

205.9 07 08

2129 07 06

2196 08 08

226.4 06 05

92

Bt4
837
58.6
59.4
59.4
Bit
689
724
703
782
att
B15
a77
916
93.9
914
100.5
97.2
401.1
107.9
1122
1155
118.1
1166
119.0
1258

125 mm
00
ot
ot
02
03
03
04
04
03
04
03
o4
0s
o4
06
06
06
06
06
06
o7
o7
05
07
06
08
09
07
07
08
06
1.0
09
og
08

446
48.0
49.1
52.8
53.4
518
56.6
642
609
18
672
708
80.1
89.4
67.4
672
93.1
886
89.2

100.2

109.9

108.2

1126

110.4

1155

1157

250 mm
0.0
04
04
04
02
ot
02
03
03
02
Ot
0.4
O41
02
04
02
o4
o4
o4
04
05
o4
05
05
04
06
03
02
03
03
02

03
4
od

393
42.0
44a
517
513
50.3
53.8
S77
588
609
626
678
752
80.4
79
825
45
84.0
858
93.8

101.6
976

106.9

101.3

1128

WT

268
290
293
322
36.4
373
406
42.4
43.2
449
457
48.5
512
52.6
543
56.0
58.1
604
628
645
66.1
685
10
74s
762
766


of the perimeter of the bumer. When the burner was placed in the comer position, 50 % of the
burner perimeter is still exposed for the entrainment of air into the plume.

When considering the effect of the bumer position in the horizontal obstructed/beamed ceiling
configuration, it appears more variables need to be taken into account since it is not always the
physically closest sprinkler that activates first.

4.5 Effect of Obstructed/Beamed Ceiling on Temperatures

Table 3 gives the ceiling jet temperature at the first sprinkler to activate at the time of activation.
All the temperatures measured for the obstructed/beamed ceiling experiments are higher than the
smooth horizontal unobstructed ceiling. For the obstructed beamed ceiling configuration, it must
be noted that the temperature is that measured 0.27 m (10.5 in) below the top of the ceiling joists.
The temperatures within the channels formed by the ceiling joists would be higher. Figures 17
through 19 compare ceiling jet temperatures at sprinklers 1 and 4 along with the temperatures in
the channels above the burner in which the burner was placed in the comer position. The
location of the thermocouples within the channels are the same as the location of the additional
velocity probes that were added for the obstructed/beamed ceiling, corner burner position, figure
6.

Tables 4 and 5 list temperature readings at the time of sprinkler activation at the 1.54 m (5 ft) and
1.89 m (6 ft) elevations respectively. These heights were chosen since they represent possible
elevations that the mouth and eyes of people egressing the room might be located. In each table,
the average temperature represents the average of the four thermocouples, one at each sprinkler
location, at the specified elevation. The low-high temperature is simply the value of the lowest
temperature recorded of the four thermocouples and the highest temperature recorded of the four
thermocouples at the time of sprinkler activation. In all cases, for both the 1.54 m (5 ft) and 1.89
m (6ft) elevation, the average temperature at sprinkler activation for the horizontal
obstructed/beamed ceiling was higher than the smooth horizontal unobstructed ceiling.
Additionally, in a large majority of cases, the low temperature measured for the horizontal
obstructed/beamed ceiling was higher than the high temperature measures in the smooth
horizontal unobstructed ceiling.

As a point of reference, The National Fire Protection Handbook [10] summary of the UL 1626
test criteria [2] states:

The maximum gas or air temperature adjacent to the sprinkler 76.2 mm (3 in)
below the ceiling and 203 mm (8 in) horizontally away from the sprinkler must
not exceed 316 °C (600 °F).

The maximum temperature 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in) above the floor and half the room
length away from cach wall must be less than 93 °C (200 °F) during the entire
test. This temperature must not exceed 54 °C (130 °F) for more than a two
minute period.


Experiment Number 24

706 597 65.1 655 65. 65.3 683 688 687 692 50.8 43.2 33.0
75 682 763 724 743, 73.4 72 76.4 70 73.9 544 48.4 34.0
843 742 817 816 208 20.8 634 83.9 e12 B17 634 82.1 375
912 748 34 816 847 839 87.0 866 86.4 86.8 723 56.6 436
97.9 78.4 90.6 86.3 99.0 86.4 90.4 90.2 91.0 93.0 783 62.6 48.8
104.7 79 968 91.0 94.0 93.6 976 97.9 100.4 104.0 803 66.3 506
116 764 829 86.5 ert 876 885 90.6 100.4 105.5 77 744 528
118.4 670 99.0 987 99.3 98.9 103.9 105.3 108.2 103.3 86.4 768 565
125.3 95.2 105.0 107.7 105.8 105.1 1087 106.7 108.3 m4 944 80.3 627
132.1 972 108.7 106.0 107.4 106.9 109.0 108.2 107.8 108.9 100.5 858 63.8
1388 102.2 107.4 1184 1169 116.9 1187 173 118.0 1185 105.4 92.6 66.3
1457 1167 128.4 1324 128.9 130.8 137.4 1375 136.8 133.2 123 99.3 729

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm = S0mm = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm = 150mm 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 850mm =~ 900 mm

0.0 236 234 233 230 227 22.8 224 219 216 213 214 207

23 248 24.8 24.3 239 235 23.3 23.4 22.3 219 216 213 209
92 24.3 244 284 24.3 23.9 237 23.5 226 222 218 216 214
16.0 244 256 252 26.2 260 26.3 263 252 245 23.4 22.9 216
22.9 30.7 30.2 290 318 313 314 WS 292 289 26.0 24.0 217
297 395 or 32.8 40.6 39.2 39.3 306 344 24 239 22.8 217
36.4 409 399 36.7 448 444 456 46.4 435 384 274 25.1 229
43.3 46.4 43.4 40.0 479 ant 48.4 48.5 444 403 30.4 28.4 23.0
50.0 458 443 a7 Bia 518 523 526 50.4 49.0 ara 45 238
S74 548 524 48.0 574 56.7 568 56.9 54.4 543 42.2 38.8 250
638 618 586 497 643 634 63.9 63.9 612 58.6 50.7 449 27
706 70.4 657 56.4 13 708 13 nS 672 645 514 46.9 279
75 74.2 699 59.5 766 755 768 766 27 708 56.1 52.4 340
843 74.0 70.6 665 816 80.6 808 798 76.2 746 644 584 o74
912 792 765 69.2 681 87.0 er7 86.1 82.4 818 mA 63.3 39.4
979 903 852 72.0 93.2 918 93.4 92.5 89.2 86.3 27 636 433
104.7 19 876 816 973 974 98.7 997 96.7 98.5 789 688 463
1116 95.6 93.1 87.0 100.9 102.1 104.4 103.0 103.4 102.0 93.7 86.2 499
118.4 85.0 867 83.9 96.9 97.8 99.1 98.3 99.4 100.8 975 93.8 53.8
1253 105.0 98.0 89.0 407.2 106.8 108.9 109.8 104.4 101.6 93.4 676 567
1324 115.5 108.3 96.9 1185 178 17a 115.3 WAT 113.2 102.2 90.7 603
1388 119.5 1142 106.7 124.9 123.9 1258 1258 121.8 122.4 108.3 906 6I7
1457 1227 115.7 110.2 1935 135.7 138.4 139.0 129.1 129.9 75 107.2 667

Velocity probes at sprinkler number 4 Velocity probes al sprinkler number 2

Time = 25mm = 75mm 125mm 250 mm Time = 25mm 75mm 125mm 250mm

00 00 00 00 00 00 oy 00 0.0 00

23 O04 0.0 4 ot 23 “0.1 4 04 0.4

92 On 0.0 04 04 92 O14 4 04 0.4
160 04 03 03 04 160 02 02 02 ot
29 0.3 03 04 03 229 02 02 03 02
297 0.3 03 03 03 297 03 02 03 o4
36.4 03 03 04 03 364 02 02 03 02
43.3 4 4 03 02 433, od 04 04 02
50.0 04 04 04 04 50.0 05 04 06 02
87.4 05 05 04 04 Bal 04 04 0s 04
63.8 04 06 05 04 638 0s 04 05 02
70.6 05 06 05 04 70.6 06 06 05 03
775 05 05 04 06 175 o4 03 05 02
243 05 05 06 03 84.3 05 05 07 03
912 05 06 04 04 912 o8 05 06 08
979 05 or 04 05 979 06 06 07 03
104.7 05 05 05 05 104.7 04 os 07 06
116 Oa 05 02 05 111.6 06 os o7 04
118.4 03 05 04 05 118.4 07 05 08 04
125.3 or 07 06 05 125.3 05 05 08 03
132.1 08 07 07 06 192.1 os 06 08 03
138.8 08 09 08 08 198.8 08 05 08 03
1457 07 09 06 05 1457 o7 06 08 03

Velocity probes in channels above burner

75



Experiment Number 26

a47 246 455 55.9 77 56.0 575 55.8 S17 48.9 478 473 38.4
a7 254 520 628 640 615 627 60.8 56.9 546 496 50.7 404
98.5 26.2 53.6 62.4 647 624 63.8 62.0 584 573 55.3 55.0 444
105.3 267 563 66.8 686 667 679 658 60.8 60.4 578 56.9 45.0
1122 273 58.1 724 739 18 725 697 622 62.6 60.3 60.2 4a.4
119.0 28.4 587 758 74 754 765 44 687 67.0 644 643 514
125.9 286 59.9 774 786 760 74 753 70.0 686 68.1 683 52.2
1327 293 645, 20.3 624 792 an 79.7 TAA 706 70.4 695 558
139.5 306 70.4 879 ea4 47 86.4 837 73 758 739 73.0 56.2
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 7Smm = 100mm = 125mm = 180mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 50mm =~ 900 mm
00 206 207 207 206 205 20.5 208 202 19.9 198 192 176
27 206 20.6 20.5 205 204 20.4 204 202 20.0 197 193 18.4
95 205 20.7 206 205 203 203 204 202 20.4 198 193 182
163 206 210 218 218 22.4 22.0 220 207 204 20.4 199 187
233 214 25.9 283 275 254 24.9 23.4 22.4 215 208 204 19.4
30.0 216 30.2 30.1 293 284 284 28.4 28.7 24.3 22.5 218 197
37.0 219 312 32.7 322 314 314 30.9 278 28.0 26.3 244 20.0
43.7 228 34.2 36.8 366 355 36.4 387 316 302 28.7 28.1 20.4
50.5 233 40.7 42.0 wg 440 aT a6 37.0 34.0 a7 207 209
874 247 444 44a 444 436 44.0 435 39.0 366 48 346 224
643, 26.4 446 ara 469 462 466 46.3 42.4 40.8 387 380 248
2 26.4 497 524 523 50.7 514 51.0 463 428 416 412 26.4
79 273 56.0 58.0 578 56.4 573 87.2 518 486 45.5 455 293
847 28.9 575 60.4 607 595 605 59.8 543 513 50.3 50.0 312
917 314 616 618 603 59.0 596 58.9 53.9 542 523 52.5 33.3
98.5 314 633 68.5 77 665 679 672 602 59.9 567 573 35.6
105.3 32.4 16 18 m3 70.4 16 710 637 652 615 595 378
1122 34.2 70.8 4a 749 749 763 768 696 675 648 63.0 397
119.0 34.9 765 80.8 80.8 80.0 816 815 743 10 679 667 413
125.9 34.9 754 80.4 25 aig 34 225 73.3 739 720 na 453
1327 38.7 82.3 843 840 83.8 86.0 863 208 792 753 737 487
1395 39.2 82.8 923 929 924 94.0 93.2 837 623 788 TA 495
Velocity probes al sprinkler number 1 Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2
Time = 25mm 75mm 125mm —250 mm Time = 25mm 75mm 425mm 250mm
00 00 0.0 00 0.0 00 00 0.0 00 00
27 00 00 4 Of 27 o4 O41 00 ot
95 04 03 02 oA 95 14 09 o7 ot
163 09 08 07 O41 163 10 09 08 02
233 08 7 06 02 23.3 10 09 05 ot
30.0 08 08 07 04 30.0 10 10 06 o1
37.0 09 09 07 03 37.0 09 09 08 o4
437 10 40 42 06 437 05 o7 08 02
50.5, 44 13 09 03 50.5 14 10 09 02
874 09 09 05 04 874 13 14 14 08
643, a4 AZ 06 08 64.3 08 o7 08 06
12 08 07 aA 04 12 13 12 12 05
79 08 Aa 13 08 73 14 15 12 08
ea7 AA 13 1.0 06 847 410 og o7 06
O17 AZ A2 08 03 O17 13 14 13 06
98.5, aa ad 05 03 98.5 14 14 10 05
105.3 44 AS A2 06 105.3 09 10 14 os
112.2 Ao 09 OF 02 1122 10 12 12 07
119.0 16 AT 13 05 119.0 15 18 14 04
1259 AZ AB 08 02 1259 13 14 14 06
1327 A0 08 07 0.4 1327 10 08 o7 00
139.5 13 12 aA 06 139.5 18 19 15 06

81


2. The standard uncertainty for these temperature measurements is + 2,.2°C (+ 4.0°F) based on
manufacturer’s data.

Gas velocity measurements were recorded at sprinklers one and two using vertical arrays of bi-
directional probes. Each array consisted of four bi-directional probes. The bi-directional probes
were located 25, 75, 125, and 250 mm (1, 3, 4.9, and 9.8 in) below the ceiling, figure 2. There
were no gas velocity measurements taken at sprinklers three and four. For experiments with the
horizontal obstructed/beamed ceiling, additional bi-directional probes were placed within the
ceiling joist channels above the corner burner location, figure 6. The standard uncertainty for the
velocity measurements is + 0.1 m/s (+ 0.3 ft/s) based on manufacturer’s data for the differential
pressure transducers.

2.2. Sprinklers

The sprinklers used throughout these experiments were commercially available quick response
residential pendent sprinklers. They were all from the same manufacturer and were all the same
model. The sprinklers had glass bulb elements with an activation temperature of 68 + 2.4 °C
(154 4 5.4 °F). The response time index (RTI) for the sprinklers was 55 (m-s) '” (100 (ft-s) '),
as determined by an independent testing laboratory [4]'. When mounted under the smooth
horizontal unobstructed ceiling, the sprinklers were fully exposed and the center of the glass bulb
element was 25 mm (1 in) below the gypsum ceiling. For the experiments in which the gypsum
board was removed from the ceiling, the center of the glass bulb element was 37 mm (1% in)
below the bottom of the ceiling joists. For each experiment, 25 ml of water was placed in the
pipe to which the sprinkler was mounted in order to simulate the water that would normally be
present in the sprinkler piping system. The sprinkler system was then pressurized with air to
approximately 100 kPa (15 psi). Each sprinkler was connected to a pressure switch that was
electronically connected to a timer. The pressure switches were set at 5 kPa (1 psi) so that upon
sprinkler activation the drop in pressure would automatically stop the corresponding timer. This
provided an activation time to within + 0.1 seconds.

2.3. Gas Burner

The fire source in this experimental series consisted of a rectangular methane gas bumer with a
piloted ignition. The burner had dimensions of 0.7 m x 1.0 m (28 in x 40 in) and was 0.31 m (1
ft) high. A technical grade of methane was used, which was certified by the supplier to contain
at least 98 % methane. The flow of methane gas to the burner was controlled by a computer.
The computer was programmed to monitor the flow of methane gas through four mass flow
controllers arranged in parallel. With this configuration the heat release rate curve produced by
the burner is one that follows the fire growth rates used in the 1993 edition of National Fire
Protection Association (NFPA) 72 National Fire Alarm Code Appendix B [5]. The fast, medium
and slow fires described by this NFPA standard are based on a wide variety of fires that grow
with the square of time and are sometimes referred to as t-squared (t?) fires. A fast developing
fire is one that would take less than 150 seconds from the time of open burning until the fire
reaches a heat release rate of 1055 kW. A medium developing fire is one that would take more

' Reference 4 is attached as an appendix at the end of this report.


Experiment Number 41

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 550mm ~— 900 mm.
00 218 213 209 206 205 20.3 202 19.6 19.0 186 18.3 179
42 215 214 24.0 207 205 205 20.4 19.9 195 19.4 187 182
2 244 33.3, 30.4 335 33.3 32.2 315 26.3 2nd 196 190 18.3
179 313 514 48.8 50.4 507 48.1 457 302 22.4 196 19.0 185
249 36.1 56.3 554 56.0 535 53.4 513 36.4 238 197 19.4 187
a7 40.0 648, 623 626 60.1 58.2 548 404 223 197 192 18.6
385 433 724 714 723 683 65.8 629 446 28.1 203 195 19.0
454 440 695 686 674 664 65.1 618 475 299 207 200 19.4
52.2 50.6 795 792 178 748 72.8 70.0 878 36.6 236 222 20.0
59.1 552 90.1 80.4 928 908 899 885 75.4 50.8 337 ara 20.6
659 60.4 101.9 100.0 103.5 100.9 975 93.4 74.0 512 335 314 212
727 615 101.0 986 975 93.4 897 85.9 75.9 602 372 292 226
796 644 108.7 1077 1097 106.5 103.4 99.3 024 60.1 490 ata 23.4
864 666 108.2 107.8 108.1 105.1 105.4 101.4 84.4 70.9 488 40.4 25.0
93.2 69.8 1106 116 8 m3 114 109.0 98.6 a7 512 416 275
100.1 727 119.3 174 78 116.2 1143 152 99.2 89.1 747 469 293

‘Thermocouples localed at sprinkler number 2
Time Omm = 25mm — 50mm = 75mm =— 100mm 125mm = 150mm = 260mm = 350mm == 450mm = 50mm =~ 900 mm.
0.0 20.2 20.0 20.2 197 199 19.4 197 19.4 188 186 185 178
42 20.1 20.4 205 20.0 205 199 200 200 19.6 194 192 18.4
112 203 20.2 205 199 20.5 19.9 20.4 20.4 195 193 192 18.2
179 203 202 205 199 20.5 19.7 202 19.9 196 19.4 193 18.4
249 26 368 373 36.5 36.0 32.9 322 24.6 233 22.6 215 18.8
317 23.4 378 39.9 40.3 412 397 39.8 92.1 233 22.5 219 19.2
38.5 248 43.5 456 459 469 456 467 43.6 4 28.5 a7 225
45.4 257 487 50.3 50.2 50.4 495 495 46.9 368 346 337 212
522 268 48.1 508 50.2 52.5 498 52.7 513 418 385 348 22.4
58.1 27 544 564 875 874 559 87.0 56.2 48.4 439 396 22.2
659 307 65.1 667 676 68.9 68.8 698 66.1 50.0 465 396 23.3
727 92.6 683 m4 734 74.8 732 73.8 69.8 564 54.1 447 23.2
796 32.4 669 693 70.0 m4 704 m7 at 622 59.3 499 274
864 35.4 76.0 806 82.4 83.1 Bit 827 748 663 607 497 29.9
93.2 35.0 72 783 794 80.3 784 80.5 TA 682 65.0 59.9 374
1004 36.6 795 83.9 85.4 86.6 845 86.4 3.4 74 70.8 65.7 37.0

Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 3
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm — 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 850mm =~ 900 mm.
00 19.7 20.0 19.6 196 195 195 194 19.2 18.9 187 18.5 179
42 196 20.1 19.9 199 19.9 20.0 20.0 20.0 197 194 192 18.0
12 20.0 20.3 19.9 19.9 199 20.0 20.0 20.0 19.8 19.4 19.2 18.0
79 19.9 20.3 19.9 20.0 20.0 204 20.0 20.0 19.9 198 192 183
249 206 24.3 28.1 24.8 247 247 24.8 229 22.0 20.7 20.0 19.4
317 212 259 295 28.5 294 294 204 26.2 254 22.8 22.5 194
38.5 220 297 322 32.3 nT 36 313 286 282 26.8 259 20.3
454 223 30.6 338 34.0 335 337 342 32.4 319 20.6 30.1 219
52.2 229 35.4 388 40.0 38.4 38.9 38.8 349 33.8 33.4 327 218
594 23.4 35.4 39.9 40.8 307 40.5 40.4 38.4 38.2 35.9 36.2 222
659 237 376 42.6 442 428 444 443 42.0 44 39.7 397 23.4
727 24.0 394 457 48.4 467 48.4 479 47.0 460 44.0 448 aT
796 259 443 514 523 51.9 53.5 545, 514 506 484 478 26.6
86.4 26.4 497 579 59.5 al 58.0 582 55.5 55.3 52.6 523 316
932 28.4 508 614 623 612 623 623 583 565 55.6 55.9 37.0
100.4 293 53.0 63.4 638 644 653 66.3 62.9 609 59.3 59.1 39.2

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 360mm = 450mm = 550mm — 900 mm.
00 199 20.0 199 199 196 196 195 19.4 189 185 182 179
42 197 20.4 201 20.1 200 200 20.0 195 194 188 185 182
n2 20.1 20.5 205 205 203 20.2 20.1 197 194 194 18.9 18.5
179 22.0 313 30.4 298 278 269 248 22.0 248 205 195 186
249 235 34.9 348 347 326 326 319 235 23.8 212 20.1 187
317 244 36.0 365 36.3 349 35.1 34.6 286 252 224 20.3 189
385 268 418 40.4 39.5 370 365 36.1 314 30.8 252 198 188

109


16

98.5
105.3
1122
1189
1257

34
23
33
40
33

24
22
24
27
23
26

Experiment Number 25

79


1182 86.8 a4 94.5
125.0 93.8 954 100.9
131.8 ora 102.9 106.1

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm.

00 197 197 197

68 19.7 19.9 19.9
144 20.4 214 214
24.0 36.3 a7 38.7
278 44d 442 46.4
349 52.9 53.3 $5.0
418 57.4 58.4 613
488 66.8 67.8 70.3
557 73.0 73.6 76.3
626 787 793 ata
697 85.5 86.4 29.9
765 952 97.2 99.1
838 104.4 103.6 104.0
90.5, 104.0 105.6 109.4
97.4 wi 1129 116.4
104.3 147 1158 118.9
144 118.7 119.2 1222
1182 1226 1255 1298
125.0 1328 136.4 139.1
1318 141.4 143.8 1475

Velocity probes at sprinkler number 1

Time = 25mm 75mm 125mm
00 0.0 00 00
68 02 ot ot

14.4 03 03 03

21.0 04 03 03

278 05 05 06

34.9 o4 os 08

a8 03 04 06

488 05 0s o4

56.7 o4 04 05

626 06 06 o7

637 02 ot 05

765 08 o4 05

836 06 06 06

90.5 05 06 o7

O74 03 03 or

104.3 03 03 07

M14 05 o7 10

1182 03 o4 05

125.0 o7 10 03

1318 06 05 08

Velocity probes in channels above burner

Time Channel 1 Chane! 2
0.0 00 00
68 19 10

144 27 12

210 3.0 12

278 28 18

349 32 22

418 34 22

488 33 18

557 32 19

626 36 22

697 37 23

765 44 29

836 44 3.0

90.5 35 28

90.7
96.3
1017

75mm
20.0
204
218
39.3
478
56.0
634
m7
778
83.9
92.1
99.5
104.6
112.3
1194
1198
1219
1324
1387
148.0

250 mm
00
00
03
04
03
03
os
03
03
05
08
03
04
03
os
06
o7
05
o7
o7

Experiment Number 39

903
962
101.9

100 mm
196
196
aid
347
455
53.8
623
703
757
83.4
92.4
979
104.5
1128
172
1185
1202
131.0
1376
1477

902 887 759
96.3 96.7 83.8
100.3 99.1 85.9
425mm 150mm 250. mm
196 196 19.1
19.6 19.4 19.0
214 218 22.3
33.0 344 26.8
483 453 39.4
535 53.4 45.4
62.4 60.9 533
694 a8 587
754 75.0 67.0
e2.1 82.2 739
18 92.0 782
975 987 805
103.3 103.3 97.4
4113.4 1145 102.4
116.8 1168 108.1
74 1196 107
119.2 118.7 115.0
129.1 129.6 119.0
135.8 134.8 1247
176 148.8 139.2
Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2
Time = 25mm = 75mm
0.0 00 00
68 0.0 ot
144 00 04
21.0 O14 o4
278 o4 o4
49 03 o4
418 05 05
48.8 os 03
587 06 05
626 05 05
a7 o4 04
765 0s 06
836 05 05
90.5 05 06
974 06 06
104.3 06 06
44 06 0s
118.2 06 04
125.0 o7 06
131.8 or 07

105

ord
19
77.0

350 mm
183
186
22.0
23.0
30.7
28.9
36.4
43.4
53.6
54.9
64.9
746
813
92.8
89.6
98.4

1016
108.9
123.0
135.3

125mm
00
ot
ot
ot
o4
04
05
03
05
05
05
06
Os
07
06
06
06
06
o7
08

663
69.0
19

450 mm
174
WT
20.6
244
196
20.4
203
223
30.2
348
38.5
398
82.7
63.0
673
73.4
14
85.4
104.9
114.3

250 mm
00
00
0.0
ot
03
03
02
02
04
03
04
05
os
os
od
06
04
0s
0s
o7

58.8
65.5
687

550 mm
‘aE
166
-282785.7
‘ee
227.4
-8309233.1
“23174744

-241170.2
3728.41

43.4
50.1
547

900 mm
152
16.4
169
164
158
16.3
168
73
187
20.4
212
235
26.4
292
32.4
36.0
40.0
42.4
438
487


Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm = SOmm
00 263 26.2 264
14 27.0 26.9 al
a4 27.0 267 268

18.4 28.0 28.4 283

22.0 302 30.2 305

288 35.0 347 36.0

35.5 388 39.5 41.0

42.4 5 42.2 433

494 42.2 44.0 45.4

56.1 426 454 472

62.8 487 518 546

696 53.8 56.4 583

76.5 613 627 647

83.3 605 624 648

90.0 616 65.0 682

96.9 m2 73.8 765

103.7 720 749 788

1106 745 768 80.0

73 77 80.0 828

124.4 827 85.1 89.0

131.0 855 29.0 925

1378 872 915 95.6

1447 93.1 95.6 99.4

151.5 94.3 97.9 101.7

158.2 94.0 96.4 994

165.4 99.3 104.4 109.4

18 101.8 106.5 6

1787 105.8 1129 76

185.5 115.4 1166 120.0

1923 117.0 119.2 1227

199.2 121.9 129.4 135.1

205.9 1229 125.0 130.0

212.9 123.0 4274 131.5

2196 121.9 126.2 133.4

226.4 120.4 1272 1348

233.3 130.2 139.7 1453

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2

Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm.
0.0 278 27.0 26.8
14 28.2 a4 278
B4 286 274 278

154 297 292 29.4
22.0 315 U6 334
288 34.0 38 356
385 374 398 413
424 43.0 45.7 472
49.1 48.5 467 488
56.4 487 50.2 53.4
628 54.0 56.1 58.5
696 Bal 56.2 59.0
765 614 645 68.0
633 660 69.0 72.0
90.0 705 74.4 754
969 737 73 79.4

103.7 784 823 849

110.6 ans 80.6 84g

1173 82.3 86,7 88.4

124.4 693 92.0 93.9

131.0 90.8 92.8 957

1378 86.0 913 46

1447 927 94.2 976

75mm
26.0
266
26.4
284
308
36.9
444
43.3
453
49.4
553
59.1
66.2
657
692
788
80.5
807
835
89.6
93.5
95.8
1013
1028
997
108.1
413.4
119.9
123.0
126.0
138.4
133.4
1335
136.0
136.8
1473

75mm
26.1
268
268
282
31.0
33.3
40.0
46.2
479
27
579
567
678
70.1
724
767
84.0
795
e75
90.9
92.9
ot
94.8

Experiment Number 30

100 mm
258
265
26.3
285
30.5
355
407
424
448
493
54.0
586
647
65.4
68.0
763
788
798
att
ars
915,
93.6
99.3,
100.1
101.9
107.0
110.7
118.4
1195
124.1
134.0
130.7
129.4
131.4
193.9
143.7

400 mm
26.2
27.0
269
29.3
33.8
36.9
42.4
48.3
51.0
547
59.9
613
70.9
72.8
75.4
80.6
86.4
847
90.0
95.7
96.2
956
99.5

125 mm
24.8
25.2
28.4
278
299
33.9
403
wo
442
497
53.1
57.0
65.8
65.2
68.2
77
80.3
79
79.7
84.4
90.8
92.8
101.3
100.4
98.5
96.8
18
1196
1193
1227
134.4
1344
129.0
1315
131.0
143.8

125 mm
28.7
262
26.4
29.1
32.0
36.4
42.2
478
515
55.6
59.5
60.8
70.8
726
740
74
854
813
289.5
94.3
95.5
96.0
99.5

150 mm

25.4
259
258
28.0
299
33.3
39.0
412
445
48.0
527
S77
644
646
669
748
768
784
799
849
897
92.0
98.4
100.5
101.0
108.4
1102
1136
116.4
120.4
128.3
128.2
1258
128.2
131.5
139.7

4150 mm

90

28.7
28.4
28.3
29.0
32.4
36.1
418
46.9
512
54.7
59.1
614
695
m4
73.8
79.0
84.5
83.0
80.4
93.4
93.9
95.6
99.3

250mm
240
244
246
267
265
305
36.4
334
426
475
516
520
573
653
65.4
705
69.0
624
706
728
845
785
67
927
940
00
101.0
1065
109.5
1124
1218
116
4170
1226
1224
1934

250 mm
247
252
253
283
269
35.4
375
40.7
43.8
48.1
558
58.1
597
568
597
642
650
752
788
76.0
824
92.0
90.9

350 mm
24.0
249
249
25.4
25.4
259
29.2
334
404
46.4
48.4
53.8
817
546
60.4
593
596
604
627
66.0
73
12
82.0
893
822
872
90.1
986
93.6
100.5
1027
110.6
103.8
106.6
1077
107.9

350 mm
24.2
24.9
24.9
258
259
31.0
32.4
35.3
404
428
49.4
512
637
533
528
618
607
634
18
737
781
83.0
84.2

450 mm
237
248
248
249
249
25.2
278
298
33.5,
407
402
409
43.0
473
50.3
535
54.9
57.0
60.4
59.4
64.3,
65.0
66.9
177
726
808
818
858
857
90.3
915
947
96.8
96.4
99.4

101.0

450 mm
237
24.8
246
25.3
252
262
28.0
296
32.9
36.4
409
444
459
49.9
49.0
58.1
55.0
59.8
626
676
688
71.0
73.4

550 mm
235
24.4
245
246
246
24.9
287
284
313
33.2
364
386
a4
444
48.9
499
524
55.2
56.1
567
60.8
63.0
63.2
69.3
686
mA
764
80.2
625
86.0
867
89.3
93.4
92.9
95.3
or

550 mm
23.4
242
243
247
248
255
265
283
314
343
378
40.8
425
44g
46.1
498
80.7
555
58.1
632
63.9
656
689

900 mm
226
23.4
235
23.8
236
237
245
267
26.4
25.3
269
283
349
356
384
39.0
a2
43.6
458
466
472
518
54.0
584
573
567
612
66.0
65.8
70.1
70.0
724
793
787
80.4
80.1

900 mm
226
23.5
236
237
237
24.0
24.5
250
249
269
272
29.4
34.4
368
387
40.1
43.2
446
456
463
517
518
536


Experiment Number 15

195.6 128.7 134.3 1358 1355 137.9 136.6 134.2 1265 144 1023 844 13
‘Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 3
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 550mm — 900 mm
00 23.8 235 23.4 226 22.2 218 215 208 203 200 196 19.4
47 24.0 239 238 233 227 223 22.4 215 213 21.0 205 198
15 24.1 240 239 23.4 228 223 220 21.6 214 21.0 207 20.0
185 242 24.2 24.2 239 236 23.4 23.5 227 22.4 216 212 20.2
252 25.0 256 286 262 287 259 256 25.4 255 243, 243 20.3
92.4 28.0 296 282 287 28.4 288 29.2 294 298 25.4 218 20.2
388 29.4 30.3 306 307 302 30.4 308 30.9 at 274 24.3 20.8
456 29.0 30.3 313 318 19 32.2 32.7 33.0 344 316 286 249
52.5 30.0 318 32.3 326 33.4 33.5 33.8 96.2 357 34.1 32.4 219
59.3 358 39.3 374 376 372 383 38.4 308 38.8 37.0 36.9 23.9
66.2 339 35.8 35.9 36.6 378 389 39.0 40.4 416 39.0 374 24
729 340 38.6 387 408 40.1 42.4 42.8 427 444 425 424 292
797 389 45.4 439 462 449 449 45.0 456 487 45.9 449 294
86.6 42.3 45.7 432 458 455 al 46.8 46.8 493 476 475 32.9
93.4 42.8 46.9 458 48.0 478 497 50.2 517 528 50.8 490 33.9
100.1 418 448 475 49.0 50.2 525 53.4 55.0 877 53.0 479 367
107.0 49.2 56.2 54.8 566 56.0 582 58.3 58.1 613 56.6 817 7S
1138 529 59.4 592 60.2 59.6 620 622 624 629 56.8 52.6 40.5
1207 515 56.4 583 60.0 59.8 618 62.6 629 653 619 58.1 425
1275 55.4 619 62.4 634 629 649 656 65.1 67.0 642 62.4 444
134.2 576 64.3 65.0 658 666 70.9 70.4 674 678 65.8 74 487
141.4 58.1 663 65.4 67.0 672 703 71.0 m7 725 ag 67.8 498
1478 628 724 727 73.4 729 758A 76.4 757 76.4 69.1 636 518
154.8 60.1 635 659 ora 70.5 732 749 759 78.0 749 742 526
161.6 63.3 705 73.2 754 756 784 80.4 80.0 34.4 739 73 5A2
168.3 70.8 80.2 787 810 80.3 839 85.2 82.8 85.1 79.4 78.4 878
1752 696 824 a5 843 82.6 855 art 896 90.4 810 78.8 60.4
181.9 758 852 867 886 885 913 92.8 92.5 947 885 02.9 647
188.9 72.5 818 85.9 ag4 887 912 919 92.9 973 937 857 67.0
195.6 24 93.4 94.2 101.1 98.0 102.3 100.5 100.7 102.9 98.4 93.9 68.9
‘Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm = 100mm_— 125mm = 180mm = 250mm =—-350mm = 450mm = $50mm 900. mm
090 23.2 23.0 229 224 29 218 213 206 199 19.6 193 19.1
47 23.8 236 236 229 22.4 224 219 213 206 202 200 19.6
Ws 23.9 23.7 23.6 232 229 22.6 22.4 214 20.7 203 20.4 19.7
185 238 24.0 239 238 236 23.7 23.8 235 237 23.4 216 202
25.2 26.2 269 26.5 2a 279 284 289 a4 26.9 258 284 204
32.4 266 280 279 28.4 285 288 288 29.0 30.4 28.3 26.0 20.5
38.8 att 3207 297 318 347 324 33.0 92.2 32.6 314 286 215
456 32.7 32.2 312 372 36.5 36.8 366 35.1 uo 33.3 29.4 215
52.5 36.3 358 35.2 36.9 374 377 38.0 375 384 36.8 368 22.9
593 a7 35.7 364 a7 a74 38.4 38.9 402 42.3 412 397 22.4
66.2 380 38.3 37.2 40.3 40.7 ana 42.0 422 430 425 40.0 24.2
72.8 ag 418 a7 467 467 ara 478 46.0 46.0 442 437 26.3
797 39.9 40.9 416 423 42.3 43.4 444 45.4 469 474 46.5 30.8
86.6 37.0 412 413 442 457 465 ant 48.1 49.0 497 50.4 32.4
93.4 39.0 458 46.4 50.0 518 523 52.3 62.0 517 514 518 342
100.1 B17 56.0 56.6 585 55.1 556 554 55.0 562 55.9 566 347
107.0 490 52.3 5t4 53.4 53.4 53.9 54.9 55.2 578 60.3 607 36.9
1138 492 51.0 527 52.9 52.7 53.9 547 74 595 602 62.0 40.4
120.7 607 56.7 565 64.0 642 658 674 653 662 634 622 42.3
1275 56.9 588 585 61.0 63.4 653 659 65.4 672 66.1 670 46.3
134.2 60.0 ott 60.6 647 66.7 679 693 693 730 72.7 724 45.4
144.4 60.1 60.2 59.1 612 63.5 644 657 a4 70.8 19 733 58.3
1478 541 S77 573 647 678 70.4 727 737 767 75.4 765 59.4
154.8 667 740 70.2 778 793 79.4 80.9 81.0 635 80.2 79.3 58.5
1616 608 634 65.1 era 68.9 70.4 712 745 75 17 81.0 628
168.3 678 73.4 18 782 B15 826 839 46 76 87.2 89.2 625
175.2 729 20.9 799 84.0 86.0 86.8 88.1 86.8 29.8 92.4 93.4 613
181.9 665 753 734 75.4 807 823 a4 84.0 867 867 92.5 1S

58


‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm 50mm.
0.0 218 215 214
54 22.6 22.4 22.4

12.4 228 226 226
19.0 247 253 26.2
25.7 a7 32.0 337
32.5 36.4 36.3 76
39.4 38.6 38.7 40.3
46.1 ar7 396 40.7
83.1 439 45.0 466
59.8 50.2 503 513
66.6 53.2 53.9 558
735 873 576 59.5
80.3 598 604 626
87.0 643, 647 67.0
93.8 68.4 687 nA
100.7 68.8 70.4 73.0
107.6 76.4 766 80.1
1143 782 790 81.0
1214 857 art 925
128.0 838 a76 919
1348 907 915 95.0
1417 ar7 916 953
148.5 927 95.4 99.0
155.2 1028 105.2 109.7
162.1 100.7 403.4 105.9
1688 1142 1149 119.0
1757 116.7 4 1233
1825 1167 1195 123.4
1893 1242 1269 1329

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2

Time Omm = 25mm 50mm

00 223 22.1 218

54 23.0 227 228
424 233 234 23.2
19.0 285 313 314
287 33.3 36.4 36.0
325 a7 407 408
39.4 40.7 433 442
46.4 443 468 470
534 48.7 49.0 497
59.8 515 545 544
666 556 582 58.0
735 58.1 617 62.2
80.3 620 657 66.3
67.0 12 758 758
93.9 70.9 742 744
100.7 768 819 82.3
107.6 805 855 85.3
1143 850 912 912
121.4 aos 95.1 95.4
128.0 89.6 935 945
134.8 94.4 100.5 101.3
aT 102.4 108.2 109.3
148.5 100.9 105.2 108.0
186.2 110.2 118.4 1178
162.1 1167 124.9 1252
168.8 1168 121.4 123.3
1787 121.0 1267 1268
1825 123.2 128.8 128.9
189.3 130.0 136.4 1375

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 3

75 mm
ant
219
224
268
34.0
378
410
a5
474
519
570
598
634
668
722
732
B12
Bit
944
93.8
96.1
96.5
100.4
1.5
107.2
120.4
124.4
124.9
133.3

75mm
214
223
23.3
30.7
374
413
45.8
473
50.9
55.1
595
626
66.8
770
75.8
837
86.4
93.4
96.7
94.8
1027
109.3
407.2
119.2
1278
125.4
128.8
129.4
139.7

Experiment Number 14

100 mm
214
218
219
264
32.4
378
407
407
46.2
512
565
57.9
62.2
63.8
70.8
728
784
79.5
90.6
92.8
944
96.3
98.5
109.4
104.7
116.1
120.9
1222
130.4

100 mm
214
22.2
23.8
29.8
372
408
455
472

125mm
205
ana
213
270
324
76
408
a6
4aTA
519
S74
587
617
65.1
16
737
79.0
80.1
917
93.2
944
968
99.8
nt
107.8
116.5
120.9
1253
1307

125mm
244
218
234
29.0
26.7
402
449
46.6
505
538
614
627
674
753
787
82.5
84.5
89.0
93.6
94.6
103.1
104.2
106.9
1164
1253
127.4
1273
128.4
1405

150 mm

20.8
214
216
258
298

38.4
ana
448
496
53.8
887
58.3
625
678
705
745
759
83.9
86.0
89.3
92.8
94.4

1038

105.5

5

114.9

119.1

125.6

150 mm

54

24
216
232
28.1
36.5
39.4
444
46.0
49.3
53.4
59.8
613
663
73.2
750
81.0
82.6
86.9
90.6
93.2
102.0
101.2
105.4
123
1244
1252
1255
126.3
1386

250 mm
203
209
21.0
25.7
253
31.0
363
MS
44.0
478
513,
50.5
55.2
58.4
644
689
72.2
739
786
B18
84.9
887
89.1
96.9

105.1
106.6
108.7
1204
1207

250 mm
20.6
24.0
223
26.9
297
337
38.4
40.4
42.7
46.3
49.0
55.9
575
619
70.4
722
68.2
760
778
88.2
92.9
856
88.8
916
103.5
1120
109.6
176
1223

350 mm
202
210
att
247
22.4
236
32.0
35.0
365
395,
43.8
43.8
516
523
562
596
664
656
mA
737
718
832
ett
B48
89.2
92.6
98.4
108.0
108.0

350 mm
204
207
214
238
237
278
292
337
35.2
407
418
475
49.5
513
58.4
59.1
626
678
720
786
767
85.1
858
90.3
90.5
96.8
98.0
104.5
1137

450 mm
19.9
207
208
238
27
215
247
28.0
316
367
39.0
41.0
48.8
477
50.9
540
599
59.3
638
678
708
786
752
78
813
17
886
920
98.0

450 mm

20.5
208
218
212
22.3
264
314
33.4
wT
30.1
425
46.4
482
52.9
556
604
62.0
62.1
68.8
73.0
760
80.1
818
20.9
88.3
919
973

1017

550 mm
198
205
207
219
22
213
238
26.9
305
33.8
36.2
38.5
43.6
444
47.0
494
535
563
58.1
629
645,
707
70.4
72.0
76.3
74
802
85.0
875

550 mm
19.9
20.4
205
20.9
20.9
207
257
29.2
314
36.1
37.0
408
43.2
45.9
494
52.9
53.5
553
872
614
644
692
73.4
770
THA
818
867
898
92.0

900 mm
192
196
198
199
198
20.2
22.2
22.0
23.4
255
28.4
317
33.4
36.5
39.4
408
44.0
449
49.1
49.6
546
53.2
613
626
643
644
658
m7
18

900 mm
192
194
198
20.1
20.0
203
22.2
27
22.2
23.4
247
28.0
314
329
36.4
413
444
458
479
49.7
512
52.4
55.4
603
628
655
68.5
18
729


1200

Fast fire

1000 growth
= region
x . 7
‘@ 800 Medium fire
& growth region
% 600
os
3 Slow fire
o 400 growth region q
3
x=

200

0 . A __ 1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Time (s)

Figure 3 - Fast, medium, and slow fire growth regions.

1200

Fire growth with Fire growth with

1000

800

600

Fire growth with
alpha = 0.00293

400

Heat Release Rate (kW)

200

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Time (s)

Figure 4 - Calibration data for the rectangular gas burner.

16


‘Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 4

Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm
00 22.8 226 224
63 22.9 226 22.4

13.2 233 23.4 229
199 26.5 268 278

268 35.4 354 378

336 40.2 408 43.0

40.3 479 ant 50.1

473 52.3 53.2 558

54.0 57.9 58.3 607

60.9 596 612 645

676 666 692 743

744 76.4 ed e20

813 22.3 44 89.4

88.0 299 a4 96.4

95.0 95.1 974 1017

101.7 107.0 110.2 1188

108.5 108.8 111.0 116.2

115.4 13 115.9 120.9

122.2 114.9 118.5 1245

129.1 115.7 119.3 1235

‘Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 2

Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm
00 29 23.2 22.4
63 23.2 23.3 22.5

132 23.8 23.9 23.5
199 279 29.9 29.8

26.8 35.1 37.8 38.0

336 39.8 423 43.3

40.3 434 46.2 465

473 50.0 53.9 542

54.0 56.7 62.4 62.5

60.9 58.3 61.0 635

676 676 724 73.1

74.4 75.0 a2 83.0

813 853 907 93.0

88.0 678 90.9 915

95.0 946 1022 103.3

101.7 103.6 113.9 nT

108.5 175 127.2 1283

1154 1220 129.8 131.0

1222 1202 1258 1254

129.4 132.9 1417 142.2

Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 3

Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm
00 22.9 228 224
63 22.8 229 22.9

132 23.0 229 228
19.9 23.4 23.4 23.4

26.8 247 26.4 25.4

336 269 28.9 28.9

40.3 315 34.0 33.9

473 30.0 313 332

54.0 427 46.6 456

60.9 412 478 463

676 466 52.6 515

74d 48.5 87.2 587

81.3 53.3 60.2 63.5

88.0 50.5 54.4 59.3

95.0 616 72.2 70.4

1017 64.9 787 765

108.5 787 14 85.1

75mm
22.2
22.2
22.6
aT
375
445,
50.1
56.1
609
66.1
785
829
893
974
103.0
1166
77
1222
126.5
126.4

75mm
22.9
229
23.8
29.7
376
43.0
45.4
53.2
62.8
62.6
73.4
82.6
93.2
91.3
4047
115.9
1272
130.0
125.6
139.9

75mm
22.4
22.7
226
23.0
26.4
298
34.1
34.2
48.3
475,
55.9
566
645
605
784
798
882

Experiment Number 10

100 mm:
22.0
22.0
22.4
26.5
35.9
43.2
485
545
59.0
65.4
745
80.2
878
95.1
1014.2
112.4
114.5
119.4
126.2
122.7

100. mm
217
22.4
236
296
a2
435
46.3
529
644
64.3
75.8
85.0
94.5
93.4
107.4
118.0
128.6
1307
1266
142.4

100 mm
218
225
22.4
22.9
26.0
297
345
346
448
ata
55.1
58.1
64.4
618
727
783
867

425 mm
216
218
219
260
359
435
48.4
55.0
58.5
658
743
79.4
8.4
96.4
101.6
1129
1150
120.1
1208
1248

125mm
249
22.0
23.5
287
36.0
43.4
449
52.0
636
65.5
760
84.9
94.2
94.8
107.0
1158
128.0
1283
127.0
139.2

125mm
215
22.0
22.0
228
269
296
342
36.1
455
50.4
575
606
659
653
76.1
80.2
88.4

150 mm

215
247
21.9
24.8
316
40.1
449
510
55.0
626
69.1
73.0
at2
90.3
95.4

104.4

109.3

113.3

121.3

120.4

150 mm

213
27
23.3
28.4
34.5,
424
438
50.7
626
65.9
758A
83.2
93.3
947
106.3
1143
124.5
126.1
126.3
1375

150 mm

45

21.3
218
247
22.7
26.5
295
34.8
369
47.0
51.2
56.9
ett
68.0

79
812
88.9

250 mm
207
209
212
257
24.8
36.0
28.8
423
48.9
53.9
64.6
634
783
82.1
90.5
94.9
101.6
114.0
116.3
M74

250 mm
20.8
212
218
25.7
26.2
338
385
422
575
63.2
72.0
75.0
769
866
983
101.2
106.4
109.2
117.9
124.6

250 mm
208
21.0
204
22.6
262
30.4
336
386
449
515
566
612
67.3
684
778
84s
91.0

350 mm
20.3
208
21.0
24.9
227
227
30.9
355
39.5
45.0
53.2
58.2
67.2
6
764
788
92.5,
1037
97.9
1058

350mm
203
20.7
244
23.6
226
274
29.3
344
454
497
556
633
648
796
797
89.8
90.8
96.9
m2
105.2

350 mm
20.4
208
21.0
225
26.4
309
33.9
408
449
517
59.0
626
69.0
734
797
69.2
90.0

450 mm
20.0
20.4
20.7
22.5
247
218
26.3
320
366
403
478
53.2
60.1
65.0
69.1
736
818
90.8
90.4
946

450 mm
200
205
20.8
22.4
24.4
248
26.7
30.7
36.9
434
487
54.3
558
68.4
m3
82.2
82.8
896
101.2
96.8

450 mm
20.2
20.5
20.7
219
258
29.2
33.5
348
39.0
30.9
526
588
63.2
68.8
18
80.1
174

550 mm
198
20.2
20.4
215
204
215
259
307
382
73
448
495
55.5
56.6
617
68.0
746
60.9
83.2
854

550 mm
198
203
206
21.0
209
216
26.2
292
340
39.5
45.0
49.4
524
59.9
59.3
708
m7
82.0
88.0
84.7

550 mm
20.0
20.1
203
224
256
266
325
344
33.6
35.4
514
48.0
54.2
655
65.4
652
70.4

900 mm
18.9
195
196
199
197
204
22.8
23.6
244
278
28.1
38.4
30.4
420
496
54.8
54.6
627
65.0
70.4

900 mm
19.2
195
196
19.6
198
20.5
227
247
24.0
29.2
32.5
35.5
39.8
448
477
52.3
57.9
624
672
695

900 mm
19.4
198
197
20.1
20.1
20.1
218
23.4
23.0
297
33.2
34.7
39.5
42.8
48.4
50.4
56.8


259 20.2 33.5
32.7 219 40.0
295, 249 440
464 259 50.6
532 297 546
59.9 293 rT
659 332 63.4
737 374 68.0
80.6 382 756
874 443 648
94.2 38.8 799

101.4 43.8 937
1078 474 97.0

Velocity probes at sprinkler number 1

Time = 25mm 75mm
00 00 00
53 09 09

122 09 09

19.0 a4 10

259 OF 08

327 40 10

395 44 A3

46.4 08 09

532 09 09

59.9 AS A2

69 A2 A2

737 10 AA

806 14 AS

era td AA

94.2 1.0 1.0

101.4 A6 16

107.8 14 AA

125

35.6
42.8
ArT
523
565
61a
655
68.0
73
44
84.2
95.4
986

00
08
06
04
05
08
07
a4
06
08
13
08
AS
09
08
a4
12

35.8
427
472
514
56.5
622
656
686
78
827
849
95.0
98.6

250 mm
00
03
02

03
03
08
04
02
05
04
06
08
09
05
05
08

Experiment Number 11

8
42.4
46.4
49.8
55.9
616
642
677
762
784
84.4
922
967

36.4 368 326
438 43.9 307
467 465 427
50.7 49.9 449
567 686.7 516
63.0 63.4 555
645, 637 58.5
68.1 677 619
778 786 748
73.0 787 725
86.0 86.2 789
92.2 90.6 80.5
98.2 975 86.3

Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2

Time = 25mm 75mm
00 00 0.0
53 10 08

122 08 09
19.0 12 09
259 09 09
327 14 10
305 09 08
46.4 14 1
532 412 12
599 09 08
669 12 14
737 12 44
806 1a 14
74 15 13
942 13 15
401.4 19 20
107.8 12 12

49

125

29.4
38.8
408
422
485
543
567
59.9
72.2
70.8
768
80.0
836

00
o7
og
06
09
09
09
08
08
09
08
09
14
12
15
16
1.0

253
32.4
36.4
39.9
432
52.1
539
59.0
641
66.8
726
764
80.0

250 mm
0.0
02
03
on
o7
o7
4
02
4
03
o4
03
os
o7
08
06
06

24.8,
30.7
34.8
38.6
45.0
51.0
526
567
63.0
649
70.8
747
80.1

20.3
197
196
214
a4
30.8
34.0
36.6
39.6
418
45.0
48.9
52.4


Experiment Number 25

1122 95.9 1025 104.9 106.4 108.6 127 113.4 1126 411.2 92.1 83.7 616
118.9 96.0 110.0 106.7 109.5 1107 118.4 116.4 1170 119.0 974 85.4 68.6
128.7 872 974 101.0 108.5 108.9 143 118.8 123.4 123.0 110.2 95.3 69.1
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm 180mm = 250mm = 850mm = 450mm = 850mm =~ 900 mm
0.0 28.1 278 278 27.0 265 262 258 248 243 24.0 237 228
29 286 284 283 275 266 26.2 25.7 253 247 244 23.9 23.2
98 287 285 284 27s 270 268 26.4 256 24.9 24.4 23.8 23.3
166 300 297 295 302 30.2 30.9 30.8 30.0 303 30.3 30.0 24.0
234 40.8 38.9 367 a7 a4 a7 415 38.3 355 art 28.7 23.9
303 478 445 39.8 478 466 47a 463 446 ag 298 a4 25.0
370 525 492 439 53.4 523 53.2 53.4 494 48.3 35.2 318 252
43.9 590 55.4 490 610 59.2 60.3 60.1 56.1 533 473 424 287
507 626 583 524 643 629 637 64.9 624 62.4 526 445 268
S74 666 645 608 665 656 659 66.3 658 66.4 60.1 53.4 30.0
644 73.0 16 677 743 73.4 740 732 m2 736 624 55.7 322
m4 73.9 18 666 775 78.0 793 795 78.4 798 726 627 348
78.1 763 709 691 803 798 825 827 842 653 792 75.4 407
848 29.5 42 47 14 90.9 919 92.0 99.4 879 TA 755 437
916 99.5 945 03.4 1028 101.4 102.0 101.9 977 947 827 71.3 479
98.5 99.4 957 84.4 107.3 105.9 108.0 108.7 105.2 99.7 88.0 775 55.0
105.3 107.2 98.8 912 109.8 109.9 1103 1107 108.6 107.6 97.8 833 567
1122 101.5 956 aa7 1077 107.2 1076 108.5 107.2 109.8 105.8 91.0 58.0
118.9 110.9 104.0 96.9 115.6 1166 118.6 120.0 116.4 1154 104.6 96.3 645,
1257 115.8 108.4 102.4 1229 12462 126.3 128.0 1249 122.4 106.3 95.7 669
Velocity probes al sprinkler number 1 Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2
Time = 25mm 75mm = 125mm_—250 mm Time = 25mm = 75mm = 125mm_—-250 mm
00 00 00 0.0 00 00 00 00 00 00
29 00 ot 00 o4 29 0.0 0.4 00 ot
98 04 02 03 02 98 03 03 03 o4
166 04 03 03 02 166 ot ot 02 ot
23.4 02 02 03 04 23.4 05 05 os ot
30.3 03 04 03 02 30.3 03 02 03 02
37.0 04 04 04 4 37.0 os 04 06 02
43.9 04 06 08 04 439 04 od 05 02
50.7 05 06 05 04 50.7 02 02 05 02
574 06 08 04 05 874 04 o4 05 oa
644 05 05 04 03 644 07 06 08 03
m4 06 OF 08 05 744 05 0s 06 o4
784 06 06 05 78.4 05 os 06 03
348 06 05 04 848 o7 05 06 03
916 05 03 05 916 05 06 08 03
98.5 05 03 04 98.5 05 05 07 05
108.3 07 08 04 1083 05 03 08 05
1122 09 OT 05 1122 08 08 08 03
1189 06 05 05 1189 05 as o7 02
1287 07 OF 05 05 1287 08 a8 1 or

Velocity probes in channels above burner
Time Channel 1 Channel 2

00 00 00
29 13 10
98 16 10
166 24 18
234 18 14
30.3 24 22
37.0 23 28
43.9 23 19
807 27 24
87.4 24 19
644 34 26
74 23 23
784 26 20
048 32 24

78



Table 2 — Average activation times and percent increase in activation times caused by
obstructed/beamed ceiling

Burner Fire growth Average time to Average time to Percent increase in
position activation smooth activation activation time
unobstructed obstructed/beamed caused by
ceiling ceiling obstructed/beamed
(s) (s) ceiling
Detached Fast 43 68 56
Medium 78 123 58
Slow 111 193 74
Wall Fast 40 79 96
Medium 70 134 92
Slow 123 233 89
Corner Fast 31 70 124
Medium 52 123 137
Slow 89 193, 117

11



Experiment Number 13

1147 30.2 nS 798 793 73 759 735 era 658 648 65.0 554
1215 29.9 66.0 822 22 B15 #25 80.6 732 70.3 679 69.0 626
1282 7 nr 90.1 90.0 874 86.7 829 749 127 24 710 608

Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4
Time 0mm 25mm — 0mm = 75mm — 100mm_— 125mm — 150mm 250mm 350mm =~ 450mm — $50 mm_— 800. mm

00 215 215 215 25 212 212 2a 208 206 203 201 196
52 24 218 24 213 aia aa 212 210 21.0 207 205 200
122 218 216 215 214 212 212 212 210 209 207 205 201
18.9 234 27 284 269 252 250 244 233 226 aa 208 202
258 233 301 316 313 30.4 304 303 268 254 28 219 205
328 233 339 358 36.0 35.3 365 365 33.2 320 281 26.5 28
304 248 36.2 40.1 399 39.2 397 396 361 353 a4 294 27
463 260 393 433 43.1 420 426 427 40.4 38.3 346 338 216
53.4 264 446 458 46.41 457 ats 478 443 429 379 36.6 25.0
60.1 278 49.7 50.3 499 490 498 49.1 444 435 427 a4 266
668 288 52.5 544 542 53.4 549 548 494 473 46.0 45.1 306
736 330 567 56.4 587 544 547 541 48.9 50.0 497 49.5 334
80.5 33.9 629 626 625 610 623 625 587 59.6 53.0 513 349
873 398 70.2 70.4 700 68.2 694 69.0 61.0 604 56.8 55.7 36.5
94.4 36.0 743 745 748 728 738 730 669 625 60.7 60.0 38.2
101.0 38.0 795 80.9 804 784 799 796 18 687 650 65.2 412
107.8 384 782 793 80.0 787 804 802 73.4 18 69.0 66.7 445
1147 43.8 B49 856 e47 823 83.2 83.0 167 758 724 706 478
1215 438 874 879 876 86.6 88.0 87.0 80.2 79.2 768 738 508
1282 43.0 899 943 934 18 924 16 866 83.9 79.0 78.0 53.0

Velocity probes al sprinkler number 1 Vetocity probes at sprinkler number 2

Time = 25mm = 78mm = 125mm ~—- 250mm Time 25mm = 78mm = 125mm 250 mm

0.0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0.0 00
52 07 08 06 03 52 oz o7 o7 06
122 07 07 07 04 122 1A 10 06 03
189 09 09 07 04 189 os 09 06 o4
259 07 07 04 0.4 259 06 o7 O48 on
326 06 06 04 04 326 os o7 0s on
394 08 07 on 02 394 09 08 08 O4
463 1.0 10 03 02 463 o7 o7 08 03
534 08 08 05 02 53.4 09 os 09 05
60.4 09 08 04 60.1 08 08 08 05
668 1.0 06 02 668 12 1 og 06
736 12 08 03 736 09 09 08 06
80.5 08 05 03 805 14 09 08 05
873 13 aa 06 873 14 10 09 08
94.41 43 413 07 944 12 12 08 03
101.0 14 at 03 101.0 12 44 10 0s
107.8 413 A2 08 107.8 13 12 12 09
1147 43 1.0 04 147 o7 08 14 os
1215 aa oa 04 1215 14 ra 4 06
1282 A2 44 05 1282 15 14 rf 06

53



Figure 17 - Ceiling jet temperature comparisons at sprinklers 1 and 4 and in the

channel above the burner, obstructed/beamed ceiling, burner in comer,

slow fire growth.
Figure 18 — Ceiling jet temperature comparisons at sprinklers 1 and 4 and in the

channel above the burner, obstructed/beamed ceiling, burner in comer,

medium fire growth... cee ceeeceeeeesesseseeneseeeessseeeeneeeseeesssseseeasesseeassesessesneasseeseeesreaesee 23
Figure 19 — Ceiling jet temperatures comparisons at sprinklers 1 and 4 and in the

channel above the burner, obstructed/beamed ceiling, burner in corner,

fast fire QrOWt. 2.0... cece ccesseseeeeseeeseeeeteeeseeesecesenseseseeeerssesesessssessssseeeessesssseseeeteeesseses 24

vi


Experiment Number 22

Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4

Time Omm 25mm = 60mm = 75mm = 100mm 125mm = 180mm = 250mm = 350mm = «450mm = 60mm = 900 mm.
00 217 a7 22.0 27 218 214 216 212 212 20.7 202 18.4
28 27 218 218 216 216 243 215 21.0 21.0 20.8 20.4 19.1
96 219 228 253 264 259 26.3 249 ara 254 227 209 19.3
165 258 359 397 397 366 36.9 346 307 22.9 215 21.0 192
233 29.0 442 48.4 488 464 47.0 444 38.9 303 27.0 227 197
30.0 333 54.4 588 588 587 87.5 584 438 377 32.8 244 196
370 370 648 71.0 729 697 724 68.5 66.9 53.4 442 33.0 206
438 416 75.0 83.0 826 79.3 787 765 76.41 694 56.0 387 20.8
507 444 804 885 89.0 854 86.7 842 79.4 732 625 465 215
575 50.0 923 101.3 103.3 98.4 100.3 947 92.2 B17 70.8 506 25.1
643 542 104.3 1158 474 1123 113.2 107.0 103.5 927 a3 59.0 an
12 56.7 106.6 118.0 1219 116.9 1205 116.4 109.9 100.9 86.9 674 38.5
780 606 83.9 1144 113.2 59.3 1204 95.4 474 106.7 90.6 12 42.9

‘Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 2
Time Omm 25mm 50mm = 75mm — 100mm_=— 125mm = 150mm =. 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 550mm — 900 mm.
00 199 22.0 224 22.3 22.0 218 218 244 213 208 206 186
28 198 244 215 27 217 216 216 210 210 209 206 186
96 215 296 298 30.9 30.4 308 30.0 30.4 266 25.4 215 186
165 262 43.0 43.4 443 443 43.8 437 375 313 249 208 183
23.3 295 484 492 50.6 50.2 496 483 45.4 37.0 292 257 187
30.0 348 644 64.4 63.8 626 613 603 55.5 44.8 338 219 188
37.0 38.6 734 18 73.4 705 675 667 87.9 507 449 37a 247
438 422 72 78 795 785 7A 758A 70.1 59.6 496 398 23.2
507 486 887 89.9 92.3 ot4 89.6 877 795 67.0 S74 487 268
575 498 102.3 105.3 109.6 1097 106.8 1055 101.4 82.0 al 457 30.5
643, 56.0 108.4 109.9 Wh m3 110.9 410.0 96.1 80.6 607 837 322
12 637 123.9 127.4 130.3 1298 127.6 1257 113.2 98.2 83.3 642 382
78.0 617 102.7 105.2 90.4 98.9 865 66.2 102.6 100.9 90.3 66.3 aaa

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 3
Time Omm 25mm 50mm 7Smm = 100mm_— 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 360mm == 450mm = 50mm = 900 mm.
i) 20.9 216 216 216 215 216 25 213 24 20.8 205 186
28 21.0 215 213 214 213 214 213 242 208 205 203 188
96 24.0 215 213 243 212 213 213 244 209 206 203 18.3
16.5 209 22.0 223 235 226 23.0 22.7 22.2 22.0 212 209 19.2
233 216 298 336 34.3 342 344 286 227 22.4 27 245 20.2
30.0 222 32.9 388 399 a5 38.2 36.1 32.2 313 284 274 22.2
37.0 227 36.7 42.4 434 405 414 39.9 36.1 3S 332 33.4 23.8
43.8 237 40.5 50.9 515, 483 49.0 46.3 412 383 36.1 36.2 24.8
507 24.9 470 59.5 595 556 587 535 48.0 453 428 427 ant
575 259 52.3 692 688 645 653 616 53.3 50.8 49.2 49.0 35.5
643 269 57.3 762 76.9 14 mS 68.1 59.0 867 553 55.9 38.4
m2 28.4 679 824 84.3, 797 81.0 769 679 644 620 624 439
78.0 296 6a. 857 078 82.7 63.4 B17 73.9 R27 Tha 707 50.9

Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm «= 7Smm_— 100mm_=— 125mm = 150mm =—-250mm = 350mm = 460mm = 50mm = 900 mm
09 207 214 213 244 213 214 213 2t4 21.0 206 20.1 184
28 207 210 24 244 244 212 212 21.0 210 206 202 188
96 20.8 204 212 242 212 212 214 21.0 208 20.7 204 19.0
165 218 289 283 288 24 273 268 249 24.3 a7 20.9 19.5
233 22.6 33.9 345 33.9 324 32.4 318 25 24.8 22.2 213 204
20.0 23.4 389 40.0 40.0 389 40.1 396 348 322 29.3 24 220
37.0 25.3 443, 49.2 489 469 478 472 39.5 378 349 329 215,
43.8 26.6 53.9 58.0 B77 55.9 566 559 473 433, 39.5 386 22.4
507 287 56.4 618 62.0 612 623 614 52.4 49.4 48.1 466 253
875 32.9 70.9 736 72.8 697 703 687 585 54.4 52.1 S17 298
643 33.6 748 80.0 79.4 765 174 768 a8 656 614 603 33.4
m2 36.5 72 05.9 85.9 85.0 e7.3 86.5 785 727 692 673 37.3
78.0 378 06.3 93.7 93.8 91.0 92.1 90.8 81.0 75 749 744 419

Velocity probes at sprinkler number 1 Velocity probes al sprinkler number 2
Time = 25mm 75mm = 125mm —-250 mm Time = 25mm 75mm = 125mm_—-250mm
0.0 00 0.0 0.0 00 00 00 00 00 00

70


8 Appendix A: Determination of the Response Time Index
(RTY) and Conductivity (C) Factor

The attached is Underwriters Laboratory’s report and test data obtained during their investigation
of the Response Time Index and Conductivity Factor for the quick response residential sprinkler
used in these experiments.

As requested, we have prepared a summary of the Response Time Index, (RTI) and
Conductivity Factor, (C) generated on the sample automatic sprinklers submitted. The
tests were conducted in accordance with the Standard for the Requirements and Methods
of Test for Sprinklers, ISO 6128-1.

SAMPLES:

Representative standard orifice automatic sprinklers utilizing a 3.0 mm glass bulb in the
68°C (155 °F) temperature rating were provided by the National Institute of Standards
and Technology.

DETERMINATION OF CONDUCTIVITY FACTOR (C):

METHOD

Sample sprinklers were fitted with 1 to 1.5 wraps of PTFE sealant tape and screwed into a
test fixture mount. The test fixture mount and sprinkler were then conditioned for at least
30 minutes at 20 + 0.5°C.

Following the conditioning, the inlet of each sprinkler was filled with water and connected

to a source of air pressure at 4 + 1 psi. The sample was then plunged into the oven test
section which was preheated to a temperature of 128 °C.

25


Experiment Number 21

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time = Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm = 150mm =—250mm 360mm 450mm ~—- 50mm 900. mm
00 213 212 213 210 209 206 206 20.1 199 196 193 78
17 214 212 aa 209 208 205 205 200 199 198 192 18.1
85 214 218 238 254 254 260 248 26.4 227 208 198 18.3
154 25.4 348 383 389 35.1 359 336 7 23 204 195 18.2
222 282 a4 435 440 424 435 45 394 28 29.0 28.4 186
29.0 33.4 56.2 623 616 555 56.2 50.6 449 394 308 224 184
360 372 63.3 684 695 669 673 637 59.8 524 442 249 194
427 394 709 mI 174 729 754 nT 679 56.9 49.2 33.1 208
496 418 764 86.2 878 86.2 86.2 828 752 703 622 435 207
56.4 46.6 898 992 1003 96.1 976 93.2 86.2 797 708 S77 30.3
63.2 S14 e407 115 106.3 10531043 101.0 93.6 743 555 319
70.2 $63 1058 «= 1180641122134 109.7 995 96.1 740 628 384

Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2
Time mm = 25mm = SOmm_— 75mm — 100mm 125mm =~ 150mm = 250mm 350mm 450mm =—-S50mm 900 mm
0.0 214 215 24 21.0 210 206 206 204 199 198 193 18.0
17 24 219 a7 28 213 207 205 203 20.1 198 194 183
8s 24 283 284 295 284 a7 276 290 254 238 200 187
15.4 239 505 49.2 492 arr 467 437 353 228 207 195 182
222 313 508 505 499 48.1 459 444 387 313 273 244 185
290 33.7 sT4 579 587 58.1 874 56.0 52.0 427 320 24 185
36.0 39.1 677 685 705 69.4 68.0 676 66.1 594 49.4 366 200
427 442 849 86.5 874 862 839 795 73.2 63.4 520 394 226
496 488 88.9 903 927 a4 88.9 885 766 674 578 436 235
56.4 536 © 100.2, 101.8 10451058 10471016 88.1 782 614 449 302
632 se5 1021331153113. 07 96.7 a7 673 55.2 324
702 e736 011561751168 11431136 = 106.8 = 1006 B15 637 36.0

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 3
Time = Omm = 25mm = S0mm = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm 360mm 450mm = -S50mm 900. mm
cr) 207 210 206 206 205 205 204 202 200 196 194 tat
17 207 aid 206 205 203 202 202 200 199 197 193 184
8s 206 21.0 205 205 205 205 205 203 204 198 194 185
184 207 27 27 227 218 24 24 a7 215 206 20.1 188
222 24 286 308 313 28.4 279 260 23 24 205 199 190
230 a7 334 372 387 362 368 wT 298 267 257 26.0 222
36.0 25 m2 428 434 40.4 40.0 385 M7 33.0 34 318 222
427 232 405 486 49.4 487 474 454 403 78 356 354 252
49.6 249 48.0 617 629 58.1 $8.1 550 49.4 444 423 420 307
56.4 2527 546 650 66.2 636 638 e14 SAT 514 48.6 497 356
632 aA 556 732 740 692 692 653 599 56.9 555 553 38.8
702 28.0 603 81.0 e241 174 78.9 752 688 658 633 638 45.7

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = .25mm_—SOmm_— 75mm — 100mm 125mm_— 160mm ~— 250mm — 350mm ~— «450mm ~—-SVmm —- $00 mm
09 204 207 207 207 205 204 204 200 198 192 189 18.1
17 208 208 206 205 203 203 202 199 197 194 192 18.4
as 205 207 206 205 203 203 203 20.0 198 195 192 183
184 212 258 294 284 24 269 258 233 224 203 198 186
222 222 323 35.0 345 33.0 33.3 327 284 263 224 218 193
280 235 385 413 404 388 397 397 345 308 292 26.2 215
36.0 249 423 468 463 448 454 456 40.4 36.0 344 316 210
427 212 55.2 56.1 557 54.0 55.1 548 455 408 a0 388 212
496 28.4 544 58.4 582 875 58.9 579 507 48.3 468 465 247
564 319 58.8 678 612 65.1 66.2 652 544 528 624 52.0 290
632 357 805 813 797 764 765 758 610 593 59.0 58.0 333
702 375 807 864 B44 B16 823 CR) 684 676 679 667 37.3

Velocity probes at sprinkler number 1 Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2
Time = 25mm 75mm = 125mm 260 mm Time 25mm = 75mm = 125mm —-250. mm
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
17 o4 04 00 17 ot of on 00
85 06 09 00 as 12 4 07 02
154 aA 09 06 154 13 14 07 os
222 07 08 03 222 07 08 09 on

68



Experiment Number 16

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm 50mm = 75mm =: 100 mm_— 125mm = 180mm = 260mm = 350mm = 450mm = 550mm =~ 800 mm
00 212 212 214 244 244 21.0 21.0 208 208 20.5 20.3 195
25 242 212 212 212 244 210 24.0 209 207 204 20.1 19.4
94 216 242 29.9 32.0 318 315 28.9 29.4 258 248 22.2 19.6
163 275 423 496 498 455 476 42.6 308 264 27 21.0 198
23.4 344 60.4 705 10 64.0 638 573 499 345 30.0 28.7 20.3
30.0 40.8 6 833 838 78.8 80.5 74.8 739 663 609 437 204
36.8 ara 94 100.5 1025 96.2 1007 93.6 89.5 759 658 444 26.1
437 55.2 1097 1229 1218 1167 1176 115 102.8 887 748 55.3 235
506 58.0 at 686 674 100.9 913 47 128.5 109.3 96.2 69.5 29.7
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2
Time Omm 25mm = 50mm = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 260mm = 350mm 450mm = 550mm 800 mm
0.0 207 210 244 21.0 240 21.0 21.0 20.8 206 205 20.2 19.4
25 208 24.0 24 21.0 210 21.0 209 208 207 206 20.3 195
94 23.2 356 356 347 322 32.4 305 275 237 218 20.8 198
163 319 52.9 515 51.0 497 473 448 39.8 32.4 218 206 199
23.4 39.3 70.0 698 70.0 693 688 65.0 559 40.0 329 292 205
30.0 44.0 889 09.6 15 O17 907 28.0 82.9 59.2 423 4 208
36.8 58.8 1120 1129 115.0 114.3 m4 107.9 93.6 80.2 674 46.8 25.5
437 12 1474 149.1 149.0 146.3 1293 119.0 108.8 764 m8 538 26.0
50.6 778 145.2 1528 163.7 164.1 1617 160.7 160.7 128.4 96.3 59.9 355
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 3
Time Omm 25mm 0mm 75mm — 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 260mm = 350mm = 450mm = S60mm = 800. mm
0.0 214 28 214 214 213 212 24 208 206 20.4 202 196
25 214 218 242 212 212 212 2a 209 20.6 20.4 202 198
94 215 219 213 213 212 213 212 21.0 20.8 20.7 203 198
163 207 ad 286 289 26.0 259 248 239 22.4 21.0 208 199
23.4 224 34.9 36.4 374 33.9 3a 32.0 279 257 23.4 224 206
30.0 244 464 54.3 56.2 51.0 53.0 482 40.1 366 att 318 23.2
368 258 50.7 65.0 648 60.0 60.9 569 49.4 467 44.0 420 28.0
43.7 288 666 B44 857 795 813 78.1 663 60.0 56.0 549 337
50.6 a7 792 937 963 928 957 912 80.5 734 713 682 386
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm — 100mm 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 550mm = 800 mm
00 216 218 216 215 213 213 2.2 209 206 204 20.1 19.4
25 207 218 215 213 214 212 23 21.0 207 204 204 19.4
94 2n7 218 216 218 213 213 213 21.0 20.8 205 203 19.7
16.3 23.2 298 33.9 93.3 306 29.2 279 26.1 24.8 219 21.0 20.2
23.4 249 att 439 435 419 wr 408 348 319 267 246 218
20.0 2d 50.1 589 58.0 55.3 56.4 544 45.4 412 386 345 233
36.8 30.5 599 70.0 696 66.3 688 683 574 52.2 472 443, 239
437 waa 698 80.7 80.3 794 819 813 666 648 58.8 56.1 255
50.6 40.4 881 101.0 100.6 98.6 101.4 100.2 849 80.8 723 69.5 33.8
Velocity probes at sprinkler number 1 Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2
Time 25mm = 75mm = 125mm —- 250mm Time = 25mm = 75mm = 125mm = 250. mm
0.0 00 00 0.0 00 0.0 0.0 00 0.0 00
25 00 04 04 00 25 02 02 02 02
94 aa 10 07 02 a4 ca) 1.0 0g 04
163 a4 aA 07 OA 163 13 13 13 07
23.1 15 AS 0 05 23.1 14 44 08 03
30.0 12 a4 08 02 30.0 18 15 12 03
368 16 AS 07 02 36.8 16 16 14 1.0
437 AS AS 09 09 437 23 22 19 05
50.6 a4 2 06 06 50.6 13 18 16 03

61


3.0

2.5

XN
ro

1.5

Velocity (m/s)

=
o

0.5

0.0 :
i) 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250

Time (s)

Flat Ceiling -* Obstructed Ceiling

Figure 7 - Ceiling jet velocity comparisons at sprinkler number 1, detached burner
position, slow fire growth.

3.0

2.5 1

Velocity (m/s)
= = wv
° w °

2
uw

0.0 _ am . A A A
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
Time (s)

> Flat Ceiling -* Obstructed Ceiling

Figure 8 - Ceiling jet velocity comparisons at sprinkler number 1, detached burner
position, medium fire growth.


Experiment Number 5

Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm = SOmm = 75mm — 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 550mm ~—- 900 mm.
00 200 20.1 202 202 202 20.0 20.2 200 20.3 20.2 20.0 19.9
59 20.4 202 203 203 20.3 204 20.2 20.4 202 20.2 202 20.0
127 28.4 26.3 288 292 293 304 25.7 253 227 214 208 205
195 486 477 512 50.2 46.4 467 396 265 22.9 213 212 209
26.4 613 622 66.8 667 64.3 648 55.3 462 275 223 22.8 212
33.2 727 742 788 75 737 m7 637 526 398 MS 33.2 242
40.1 a74 86.4 88.9 ard 84.6 859 795 71.2 56.1 4a7 38.7 276
46.9 93.8 946 98.2 100.4 99.6 104.1 96.4 92.2 710 59.4 50.8 28.2
536 110.3 109.5 114.9 1147 110.9 118 104.3 944 84.4 69.3 59.1 35.1
606 108.2 113.7 119.1 123.0 1247 123.9 1154 103.8 90.2 80.2 738 42.3
673 146.3 150.0 161.0 161.9 156.9 187.4 1413 129.8 106.2 897 634 62.2
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm 75mm =— 100mm = 125mm = 180mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 550mm =~ 900mm.
0.0 202 20.3 204 203 204 20.4 20.3 20.2 204 203 203 19.9
59 202 20.4 205 204 204 20.4 20.3 202 204 203 203 20.4
127 296 35.9 37.0 395 397 397 374 314 244 23.0 218 205
195 42.2 47.0 46.2 44.0 43.0 444 39.4 32.3 228 219 214 208
264 52.8 566 877 59.6 60.2 596 58.9 550 356 224 219 214
33.2 70.4 73 795 795 81.0 73.7 787 676 516 419 33.9 24.3
40.1 758 84.4 86.6 89.5 90.5 90.4 89.1 766 3874 507 39.8 259
469 975 106.4 1057 108.0 107.6 107.2 105.2 895 68.2 599 565 34.3
536 103.8 111.2 1124 1133 1152 1145 1144 105.1 85.2 705 64.4 38.4
606 116.9 127.4 130.4 1319 133.2 134.0 131.9 120.9 100.3 83.0 72.0 455
673 143.2 1547 158.7 162.2 168.5 170.0 168.4 149.3 WT 94.2 628 52.0
‘Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 3
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 360mm = 450mm = 50mm ~—- 900 mm.
00 204 20.5 206 207 207 208 20.7 20.7 206 204 203 19.9
59 206 20.6 207 208 208 20.8 20.7 206 205 20.4 204 20.0
127 207 20.8 208 208 208 20.9 209 20.9 207 206 205 202
195 25.4 235 263 27.0 26.9 275 28.2 279 296 a4 264 238
28.4 274 285 318 323 32.6 33.4 34.0 36.3 37.0 344 30.4 216
93.2 348 33.6 38.8 40.3 40.5 422 43.0 447 49.4 46.4 387 226
40.4 412 470 486 50.9 518 556 58.6 58.9 oat 56.6 543 253
46.9 477 56.9 58.3 58.9 615 65.1 66.2 67.4 706 62.5 550 355
53.6 638 78.4 19 a4 755 79.4 807 808 842 76.0 632 36.9
60.6 638 16 75.4 80.0 80.3 023 837 858 89.3 4.5 19 469
673 62.5 978 94.0 99.0 98.4 103.1 107.4 104.5 111.0 99.2 e73 552
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm = 180mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = S50mm =~ 900 mm.
00 204 204 20.3 20.6 205 20.5 205 203 20.2 200 19.9 198
59 205 204 203 206 204 205 205 20.4 203 20.2 20.0 199
127 207 20.7 205 20.7 205 205 206 242 21.0 206 20.4 203
195 23.7 25.7 26.3 288 29.0 295 30.4 314 34.4 316 26.3 234
264 31.3 36.5 37.3 a7 378 38.5 395 38.7 427 403 37.8 222
33.2 39.4 43.4 43.0 457 45.3 48.0 484 48.1 512 50.7 516 26.2
40.1 40.2 468 46.4 Sit 57.9 598 63.5 654 678 62.0 59.5 287
46.9 60.2 605 644 667 709 728 73.9 784 ata 73 737 36.6
536 60.2 66.5 682 n2 728 744 76.9 809 85.9 82.9 82.4 39.4
60.6 747 826 80.4 878 88.1 89.0 ond 92.5 96.0 94.6 96.2 58.4
673 742 96.8 943 103. 108.3 1077 1104 1108 1148 110.1 107.3 629
Velocity probes at sprinkler number 1 Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2
Time = 25mm = 75mm = 125mm 250 mm Time 25mm = 75mm 125mm —- 250. mm
00 00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 00 00 00 0.0
59 02 OA O41 O41 59 o4 02 02 02
127 0.9 09 OF 02 127 09 09 os 05
195 0.9 09 8 05 19.5 09 09 07 04
26.4 1.0 1.0 08 04 26.4 09 14 1 06
33.2 OF OB 09 06 33.2 06 07 07 08
40.1 07 09 09 07 40.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 o7
46.9 AZ 42 10 04 46.9 09 10 14 06

536 09 10 06 53.6 08 08 os 07

35



Experiment Number 14

Time Omm = 25mm = S0mm = 75mm =— 100mm = 125mm = 150mm =—-250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 550mm = 900 mm
0.0 224 22.4 22.0 218 213 aid 212 207 20.5 202 20.0 19.4
54 225 218 220 219 222 224 22.0 20.9 206 202 19.4 19.9
124 228 22.5 224 22.4 222 22.4 219 204 20.8 204 19.6 20.1
19.0 23.1 23.0 225 22.9 23.3 235 234 22.5 22.3 218 244 20.5
257 266 287 26.1 272 22 28.2 28.0 27.0 25.4 234 223 207
32.5 282 294 29.4 29.8 298 290 285 296 30.3 28.4 aA 208
39.4 30.1 323 32.0 32.2 328 33.4 33.0 a7 32.4 30.0 26.4 212
46.1 290 274 322 329 329 32.5 324 33.8 35.6 33.9 314 22.6
53.4 329 329 374 3e4 38.7 38.4 38.0 36.2 37.0 35.8 346 218
598 389 NS 412 426 42.0 424 424 414 422 389 348 25.6
666 329 342 378 367 375 378 39.5 43.4 46.4 429 370 aA
735 36.1 a7 434 43.6 447 A786 488 49.0 483 448 ana 269
003 39.8 42.2 452 467 478 483 49.4 496 51.0 46.4 436 32.4
87.0 450 506 54.5 55.0 534 637 53.2 515 524 50.6 482 358
93.9 416 467 50.2 50.7 519 53.0 541 548 573 54.0 525 36.4
100.7 444 488 50.0 514 54.6 56.1 56.9 568 587 573 55.8 377
1076 50.9 57.8 60.3 614 612 628 625 622 624 59.1 575 M12
1143 48.9 587 593 612 ett 63.4 636 642 658 647 58.9 43.4
121.4 50.7 56.9 59.9 619 64.0 67.0 68.0 689 709 655 67 454
128.0 877 672 67.0 m4 697 714 71.0 740 740 70.0 685 48.4
134.8 629 16 m4 736 726 75.2 75.3 74.0 785 726 663 478
a7 60.1 68.4 708 TAs 759 786 785 78.4 796 728 68.2 52.9
1485 56.3 614 68.9 708 748 72 769 765 187 747 737 53.8
155.2 63.9 73.2 728 799 78 83.5 810 797 827 794 813 55.0
162.1 667 754 72 833 82.2 cvs) 845 85.2 90.2 83.0 792 58.8
168.8 67.8 nT 758 79.0 20.8 849 85.1 85.5 915 888 858 60.6
1757 767 288 879 94.3, o14 94.3 94.2 93.7 100.5 93.6 86.6 66.3
182.5 759 85.0 878 93.4 93.9 98.0 98.0 98.1 102.1 945 49 672
189.3 843 96.1 93.6 99.6 98.0 1022 101.4 1015 104.4 93.2 84.5 68.1
Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm = SOmm = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm = 150mm =—-250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 850mm =~ 900. mm
00 22.0 219 219 216 24 210 20.8 20.4 20.0 198 19.5 193
54 225 22.4 224 22.0 216 215 214 210 20.7 20.4 203 199
12.4 22.8 227 227 22.4 219 21.8 215 212 20.8 204 20.2 19.9
19.0 22.9 232 23.4 232 230 232 23.4 23.4 23.3 23.5 233 203
257 249 264 257 283 283 285 28.5 284 286 26.2 226 203
32.5 264 24 274 293 30.4 31.0 a4 313 316 29.6 285 205
39.4 33.2 32.5, 347 387 36.1 36.6 363 339 33.8 319 266 218
46.1 312 312 344 WS 33.4 33.5 34.0 344 35.2 36.1 342 219
53.1 34.6 368 36.0 40.3 402 40.9 408 402 a4 397 38 23.4
59.8 36.9 ar7 37.0 39.2 399 40.4 406 40.5 423 420 428 259
66.6 455 43.2 413 48.1 490 498 50.8 479 457 426 43.4 273
735 45.2 422 a7 496 50.6 513 S17 50.1 493 457 426 295
203 403 40.0 40.0 458 479 49.0 50.3 817 529 537 536 30.4
87.0 a8 a7A 456 49.2 52.2 53.0 539 53.3 55.4 536 534 a7
93.9 475, 474 472 579 585 597 598 597 60.7 60.0 564 372
100.7 466 50.6 483 515 534 545 56.5 60.2 635 617 584 393
107.6 545 58.7 543 59.0 602 615 63.0 63.4 668 656 649 39.4
1143 48.4 518 554 56.3 603 607 622 a7 657 668 657 485
424.4 50.3 Ea 576 60.0 620 627 645 658 650 659 677 45.8
128.0 50.6 576 583 613 65.5 66.0 694 686 739 732 723 53.4
134.8 553 60.3 607 65.1 66.4 69.3 699 70.9 748 744 ns 49.4
a7 620 724 708 742 763 776 79.4 784 79.8 79.4 79.2 558
1485 587 63.0 624 70.1 749 752 768 810 27 82.3 835 59.9
155.2 667 69.5 676 mA 738 762 784 att 62.2 ots 849 608
162.41 657 69.0 8 724 745 768 794 81.0 853 844 85.3 66.4
168.8 659 a7 752 86.9 89.5 92.3 94.4 92.9 94.4 91g 90.9 619
1757 66.9 855 ant 897 943 95.1 965 97.3 98,7 95.5 94.3 650
1825 697 74 80.2 844 cial 299 16 92.7 95.1 95.0 97.0 73.1
189.3 723 B82 68.1 94.9 99.6 101.9 103.9 104.7 107.0 1027 104.1 744
Velocity probes at sprinkler number 4 Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2
Time = 25mm 75mm = 125mm 250mm Time = 25mm 75mm 125mm ~—-250 mm

55


3.0

YxooN
o a

Velocity (m/s)
a

1.0
0.5
0.0 —_
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250

Time (s)
+ Flat Ceiling -* Obstructed Ceiling

Figure 13 - Ceiling jet velocity comparisons at sprinkler number 1, corner burner position,
fast fire growth.

7
Velocity in channel above burner,

6 obstructed/beamed ceiling

5
zg
£4
o Velocity at sprinkler 1, smooth
233 horizontal unobstructed ceiling
>

2 Velocity at sprinkler 1,

obstructed/beamed ceiling
1
0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
Time (s)

Figure 14 - Ceiling jet velocity comparisons for corner burner position, slow fire growth.

21


62.2 426 409
68.9 43.8 425
757 463 445
82.6 483 453
893 489 478
96.3 52.4 50.9

103.0 56.1 535
109.8 58.4 567
1166 58.6 568
123.4 597 59.0
130.2 698 66.0
137.4 710 66.0
143.9 728 16
150.8 706 693
157.8 70.4 68.1
164.3 768 726
2 82.0 784
178.0 776 79.0
184.9 784 748
1917 80.8 82.5
198.4 822 85.4
205.3 957 918
2124 96.9 ot8
219.0 100.0 95.0
225.8 1105 103.1
2325 110.2 109.5

Velocity probes at sprinkler number 1

Time = 25mm == 75mm
0.0 0.0 0.0
07 0.0 0.0
74 01 oy

143 02 02

214 04 0.4

28.0 02 02

347 04 03

41s 03 03

485 03 03

852 0.3 0.3

622 02 03

68.9 03 03

757 03 03

826 05 5

893 05 06

96.3 04 04

103.0 Oa 04

109.8 03 05

116.6 04 04

1234 05 04

130.2 05 05

197.4 02 04

143.9 05 O05

150.8 04 05

1576 03 04

164.3 05

w2 08

178.0 0.4

184.9 08

191.7 05

198.4 05

205.3 0.4

212.4 0.4

2190 OF 06

2258 05 06

37.0
40.5
40.9
426
444
496
497
52.3
526
53.5
59.8
592
674
646
66.0
696
708
784
737
76.2
79.9
88.8
84.6
923
a4

104.3

125 mm
0.0
00
00
02
02

02
02
03
02
02
04
02
03
05
05
03
03
04

03
03

0.4
04
05
04
03
04
02
0.4
05
04
05
04

448
44.3
4an7
50.3
627
54.1
586
608
a6
66.2
na
732
743
781
73.1
812
83.9
846
B15
ora
95.3,
99.4

101.9

104.3

114.0

115.4

250 mm
00
0.0
0.0
04
0.0
0.0
04
04
02
03
03
03
02
03
03
0.4
05
03
03
02
04
03
03
05
03
05
03
05
04
04
05
05
“04
05
04

Experiment Number 29

43.8
43.9
472
49.8
519
53.9
87.9
60.9
619
66.5
mA
27
734
768
738
82.1
44
86.8
ans
913
95.3
99.4

101.6

103.9

1124

114.2

440 43.3 408
443 444 425
a7 475 454
50.1 50.4 48.8
522 525 505
544 548 535
583 583 563
612 606 586
63.0 637 619
67s 679 659
ne 18 675
737 740 705
733 737 720
78 768 748
747 755 750
23 82.3 20.9
85.9 86.0 83.2
art 876 86.7
825 45 86.8
93.6 947 92.5
97.3 99.4 98.1

1006 102.2 98.8
102.9 105.1 103.0
105.4 1082 © 105.2,
1126 1110 107.4
1149 1147 111.0

Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2

Time = 25mm 75mm
00 00 00
o7 4 00
7a 4 00

143 O41 on

214 on 00

280 of o4

3A 03 02

aS 02 02

485 02 02

552 02 03

622 03 03

689 on 02

157 0.4 02

826 03 04

893 o4 03

96.3 O48 06

103.0 03 03

1098 05 4

1166 06 0s

123.4 0s 0s

1302 03 02

4374 0s 05

143.9 05 o4

1508 06 06

1576 04 04

1643 05 o7

412 05 0s

178.0 06 06

1849 05 0s

1917 04 03

198.4 0s 0s

205.3 06 o4

2124 o7 05

219.0 05 05

2258 06 0s

88

36.7
416
43.8
467
49.5
537
54.8
58.1
619
65.0
64.9
68.4
70.0
742
770
80,7
636
887
88.1
92.8
987

100.5

104.6

105.8

102.9

M12

125mm
0.0
00
0.0
ot
00
02
02
03
02
03
03
03
o4
o4
03
o7
0s
04
os
05
05
06
05
08
08
08
08
07
07
0s
o7
06
o7
08
08

32.0
346
353
385
435
49.8
497
50.4
526
58.1
S47
58.1
60.0
685
T4A
71.0
m4
844
85.0
89.6
92.6
915
94.7
976
896

103.0

250 mm
00
0.4
0.4
ot
04
o4
O14
02
o4
OA
02
03
03
03
02
O4
O48
03
03
02
03
03
02
04
O4
0s
03
03
os
02
os
02
06
05
03

30.3
32.7
337
36.5
39.3
464
46.0
456
485
48.9
514
53.2
56.4
58.5
733
63.0
63.8
17
766
80.2
817
TTA
807
846
86.0
908

247
28.6
262
Bal
275
292
313
33.3
342
35.8
37.3
39.4
a5
437
447
46.2
485
50.8
513
523
53.4
56.0
59.4
608
628
653


ee 546 1073
Velocity probes at sprinkler number 1
Time 25mm 75mm

00 00 cr)

87 40 10

125 A 10

19.4 “2 aA

262 08 A0

33.0 10 09

39.8 Aa 10

467 a4 14

53.6 13 42

604 08 12

674 18 16

744 413 2

809 “7 AG

878 AA 1.0

109.8

125 mm
00
09
08
08
ad
06
06
AA
07
44
13
08
13
04

Experiment Number 8

106.3 107.8 106.8 97.4
Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2
Time = 25mm 75mm

0.0 00 0.0

87 08 o7

125 10 14

19.4 13 14

26.2 14 14

33.0 09 1.0

39.9 14 1a

46.7 08 07

536 10 14

60.4 1.0 44

Gal 13 12

TAA 12 14

80.9 13 13

878 14 12

42

93.4

125 mm
0.0
05
08
12
1.0
10
1
06
09
09
14
10
12
08

897

250 mm
00
ot
02
06
o4
o4
o7
Or
04
o4
05
os
04
os

85.9

53.9


Experiment Number 27

98.8 26.1 519 62.6 657 635 647 63.3 592 srt 556 557 43.0
105.6 269 553 68.5 16 68.4 706 68.1 63.4 63.0 59.4 584 448
1126 278 612 743 768 728 747 72.4 659 648 620 62.5 48.0
119.4 28.2 62.1 763 780 760 774 748 688 67.0 649 65.1 50.1
1263 288 63.3 796 820 795 att 786 726 70.4 694 69.3 513
133.4 30.3 648 82.8 850 B15 03.4 ana 72 4A 72.4 72.3 57.0

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm = SOmm_— 75mm — 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 50mm = 800. mm

00 209 244 21.0 240 208 207 206 20.3 19.9 195 192 183
30 21.0 214 21.0 244 210 209 20.8 205 202 20.0 195 187
98 24.0 214 214 24.0 208 209 20.8 20.5 20.4 20.1 196 187
16.6 242 229 24.0 242 24.0 24.4 239 22.0 222 209 20.4 192
235 22.0 255 278 276 268 267 25.7 22.2 224 24 20.5 194
30.3 219 30.5 322 319 31.0 342 31.0 278 265 25.0 23.0 206
37.3 22.5 326 366 363 355 35.8 353 318 30.8 28.0 26.2 202
44.0 23.4 35.5 38.7 39.0 38.6 39.4 387 942 32.8 30.9 299 20.1
50.8 237 40.8 43.4 432 no 425 422 36.2 342 338 33.0 21.0
578 25.0 455 46.9 464 45.7 467 468 440 38.4 368 362 22.5
646 259 494 519 516 50.4 513 50.9 427 41.0 406 395 253
m5 276 51.8 56.0 54.8 53.4 54.3 533 475 46.0 43.8 426 28.1
783 296 57.8 59.1 58.4 56.7 S77 575 525 502 46.9 46.2 30.3
85.1 296 58.1 648 65.1 63.8 647 629 544 53.0 52.2 50.9 318
92.0 305 64.3 66.0 66.1 64.9 659 655 567 565 56.1 542 33.2
98.8 320 712 724 18 70.2 70.8 70.4 623 606 50.4 58.3 36.4
105.6 336 70.4 766 76.4 748 755 753 666 637 619 14 37.0
1126 340 755 797 739.0 73 783 778 70.4 683 ors 659 39.0
1194 36.9 79.2 83.3 832 81.9 83.2 83.3 45 72.2 70.4 685 aT
126.3 373 B12 845 4.4 833 244 44 78 767 737 728 43.6
1334 40.0 20.0 eat 83.7 837 863 87.0 Exa) 808 759 754 476

Velocity probes at sprinkler number 1 Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2

Time = 25mm = 75mm 125mm —-250 mm Time 25mm = 75mm 125mm —-250 mm
00 00 00 00 00 0.0 0.0 00 0.0 00
30 04 02 04 o4 30 of ot o4 02
98 05 06 06 03 98 06 05 og 03

16.6 08 09 10 0.3 16.6 09 09 08 o4

235 09 07 06 On 235 10 og o7 05

30.3 08 07 0.4 04 30.3 0g 08 06 oF

373 10 08 05 02 37.3 12 12 os 03

440 aA A2 2 08 44.0 14 14 08 4

50.8 08 08 05 02 50.8 12 14 og o4

97.8 1.0 09 08 O4 578 14 13 13 12

648 A2 1.0 09 04 646 1 09 06 0.4

15 aA 43 12 0 m5 13 13 4 08

78.3 09 09 06 04 783 12 12 09 02

85.1 09 08 04 03 85.1 15 14 12 06

92.0 A2 a4 A2 08 92.0 15 13 12 09

98.8 AS AS 09 03 98.8 18 15 14 o4

105.6 OT 40 13 05 105.6 13 14 og 0.4

1126 Or 40 07 05 1126 15 12 09 05

119.4 Ad 45 ad 07 119.4 15 13 09 02

126.3 ad 13 09 04 1263 12 1.0 12 or

133.4 AA A2 07 0.4 133.4 16 14 12 05

83


Experiment Number 15

181.9 23 14
188.9 34 12
195.6 28 14

60


Experiment Number 28

‘Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 50mm —_ 800 mm
00 22.7 223 22.4 219 218 212 244 205 205 20.2 199 19.0
46 228 22.8 23.0 226 22.5 22.0 22.4 208 21.0 20.8 204 193
M5 23.5 262 287 290 27.0 278 256 25.2 25.1 24.2 22.4 195
182 25.5 33.4 36.6 366 327 333 316 267 22.5 212 207 193
25.2 273 38.9 42.3 426 39.9 408 38.0 36.1 255 23.0 215 197
32.0 293 43.9 476 472 445 452 413 373 30.4 264 214 198
38.9 298 459 494 50.3 485 49.7 467 446 426 38.0 244 20.1
45.6 a7 48.9 52.1 52.3 50.7 51.0 499 474 428 367 278 242
525 346 555 596 597 87.2 879 552 52.3 45.9 37.0 29.0 264
59.4 369 59.9 65.1 65.4 62.9 628 60.9 55.9 510 436 352 215
66.2 30.4 63.9 69.0 709 70.4 708 678 666 60.9 496 410 247
73.4 420 nS 75 78.2 737 746 714 666 618 827 436 272
73.9 428 73.4 806 82.0 79.4 816 785 76.1 672 607 469 297
86.7 45.2 782 245 04.9 82.6 833 82.0 785 70.9 62.1 469 318
93.6 473 845 912 92.4 29.3 90.4 85.9 an? 758 638 506 32

100.4 49.1 846 913 93.8 94.1 968 918 90.9 B42 737 54.0 36.0
107.2 518 90.1 978 98.5 95.1 96.2 93.9 are Baa 75.3 647 379
114.4 53.4 94.4 1037 104.5 100.7 1027 99.0 ort 895 76.3 649 40.5
1209 56.1 100.0 1087 111.0 106.8 109.5 106.6 100.4 946 78.4 676 43.0
1278 589 60.3 449 50.5 27 634 542 897 880 86.1 67.3 436

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2
Time Omm = 25mm SOmm = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 50mm = 900 mm.
00 204 22.4 222 22.0 22.0 204 27 213 207 203 19.9 192
46 209 22.0 22.5 23.5 214 23.2 28 219 216 212 207 195
"8 227 30.7 29.8 307 304 26.0 276 25.9 23.9 22.7 22.0 198
182 245 374 36.3 348 366 375 344 327 255 216 207 197
252 269 a6 410 422 a5 374 39.8 38.2 280 23.6 222 199
32.0 285 43.4 433 458 429 415 43.4 414 363 28.2 287 199
38.9 29.1 474 46.5 492 458 450 45.3 ata 37.8 299 222 20.0
456 294 ara 48.6 50.9 492 53.4 498 487 452 395 30.1 214
525 33.9 875 574 584 59.5 555 58.1 53.9 454 419 316 23.2
594 38.3 68.0 68.0 670 Dal 696 643 565 512 443, 365 23.4
662 373. 66.5 657 683 676 64.0 672 620 55.4 48.4 40.5 28.4
734 39.9 752 759 784 766 807 75.3 728 66.3 579 48.3 282
799 43.2 176 786 80.5 818 848 80.7 769 73.8 672 487 296
86.7 448 818 82.4 05.4 85.1 att 84.5 a3 738 504 486 30.9
936 45.3 846 86.1 852 e77 90.0 872 62.3 47 m4 576 344
100.4 49.0 88.0 90.1 937 92.9 91.0 919 85.1 789 698 602 40.6

107.2 52.2 98.2 99.8 101.3, 100.9 402.0 98.2 90.1 20.1 733 637 407
114.4 54.3 101.0 103.0 105.5 104.7 107.9 103.3 99.1 90.0 789 673 454
120.9 574 109.0 110.7 109.8 115 108.5 108.3 101.2 947 854 69.2 48.3
1278 60.0 108.4 1118 109.9 733 78.4 95.0 100.0 944 823 686 494

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 3
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 360mm 450mm =— 0mm 800 mm.
0.0 213 216 213 213 212 24 240 208 206 20.3 20.0 192
46 244 218 25 215 214 24 214 212 204 209 20.8 195
15 214 218 216 27 216 216 216 213 2t4 20.9 20.7 196
182 215 23.3 24.0 204 23.5 237 238 23.0 226 214 24.0 20.0
282 216 267 278 290 273 273 267 23.0 22.0 213 204 20.4
32.0 22.0 28.4 312 315 299 297 287 27.0 262 245 23.8 219
38.9 224 29.0 32.4 333 32.0 323 314 30.1 202 267 26.5 218
45.6 226 32.2 36.5 376 358 36.3 382 327 312 297 297 23.5
525 22.8 327 38.9 40.5 39.1 396 38.3 35.6 335 37 319 25.4
59.4 233 372 425 43.4 wd 42.4 5 389 382 38.6 36.2 29.4
662 237 40.5 469 482 458 478 46.4 424 419 392 38.4 314
73.4 24.3 408 82.7 53.7 515 523 50.5 46.7 458 426 418 32.8
79.9 248 42.9 53.0 55.3 637 545 53.3 48.9 465 449 450 34.9
867 25.2 463 58.0 59.8 875 59.3 575 53.5 506 494 49.2 38.4
93.6 28.1 54.6 626 645, 613 62.5 614 567 53.5 525 52.4 413

100.4 274 53.3 74 678 656 66.3 647 610 58.9 56.1 564 43.8
1072 276 55.5 689 n8 688 706 688 634 598 59.0 586 468

84


196.9 794 77 84.5
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 3
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm.
00 197 198 193
58 205 206 20.3
126 204 20.7 20.4
196 20.5 20.7 20.4
263 210 216 22.0
332 238 25.0 26.1
39.9 28.3 30.7 32.3
467 318 33.7 36.1
536 344 364 38.1
60.4 36.0 38.1 409
674 38.2 40.6 44.0
4A 408 43.9 479
809 43.9 472 505
a78 474 50.6 538
94.6 49.4 514 576
101.3 52.5 56.2 598
108.3 56.0 60.0 639
115.0 57.4 607 665
121.9 60.8 649 688
128.7 625 66.1 nT
136.4 64.5 678 754
1423 672 12 768
149.1 687 725 203
156.0 69.5 722 806
1628 758 a6 86.3
169.5 76.4 813 872
176.4 80.6 86.2 92.0
183.2 79.0 isa) 90.7
190.1 a28 867 95.4
196.9 89.1 95.0 101.4
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm = 50 mm.
0.0 209 208 206
58 216 24 24
126 223 224 225
19.6 30.5 289 329
263 38.1 35.7 39.8
332 42.2 413, 443,
39.9 456 45.4 475
467 49.2 487 518
53.6 53.4 52.7 559
60.4 566 548 58.4
74 594 58.9 628
744 635 628 675
80.9 678 67.0 71.0
7.8 na m4 750
94.6 70 758 80.8
101.3 787 782 4.1
108.3 86.1 849 90.8
115.0 87.4 86.9 93.1
121.9 913 90.2 942
128.7 912 ond 96.1
135.4 95.9 96.3 1024
1423 974 100.3 107.2
149.1 100.7 1016 105.3
156.0 103.9 104.9 1105
1628 108.9 1077 1145
169.5 113.5 1144 1207
1764 113.4 77 123.6
1832 124.9 123.2 131.9

79.2

75mm
193
20.2
20.3
203
215
245
295
337
36.8
386
40.8
443
47.0
50.0
53.8
56.4
597
62.2
645
673
70.4
72.2
753
768
807
82.4
857
864
90.4
94.8

75mm
20.5
24.0
22.2
308
38.1
429
464
503
548
56.4
60.7
66.0
69.2
73.3
782
82.4
88.2
90.7
918
944
997
1037
103.3
108.5
114.3
116.8
120.2
129.5

Experiment Number 45

85.2

4100 mm
193
202
203
203
27
24.0
295
333
35.0
38.4
40.1
436
46.1
49.6
53.4
556
59.1
a5
63.9
66.4
a7
m2
747
76.3
798
a7
846
85.9
89.2
93.6

100 mm
204
206
222
30.5
374
42.4
46.3
504
54.3
56.3
60.3
657
685
727
778
62.1
87.0
90.2
918
94,7
99.5
104.8
103.7
108.1
1118
172
1228
1298

4125 mm
192
202
20.2
203
218
233
289
323
340
37
38.6
424
449
484
526
546
58.1
605
63.1
65.0
685
69.9
744
762
73.0
att
832
54
892
924

125mm
20.0
20.4
223
29.0
35.9
an7
459
497
541
556
596
644
68.2
724
769
81.0
853
08.2
90.0
94.2
98.3
102.8
1027
107.8
1100
1153
1195
1276

150 mm

19.4
20.4
202
202
222
23.0
28.2
318
329
37.0
378
40.4
43.3
472
514
53.4
87.2
59.3
6t7
627
665
ert
73.3
754
774
79.8
82.4
83.8
96.3
90.5

450 mm

119

197
202
22.0
299
378
43.8
48.5
52.5
562
566
614
66.2
70.0
745
794
83.0
87.3
90.9
914
96.5
100.4
104.8
108.2
110.6
113.9
1178
122.3
131.6

63.2

250 mm
188
197
19.9
199
214
21.8
23.8
26.7
28.5
29.8
30.9
32.8
36.4
39.7
43.4
443
46.4
50.0
526
535
54.3
55.9
612
639
66.0
679
mA
13
723
76.2

250 mm
18.9
19.3
22.8
25.0
20.8
335
38.6
424
48.4
475
50.2
55.0
604
65.0
68.0
14
739
74
788
637
89.4
93.7
95.9
98.8
99.6

102.4
107.3
1158

752

350 mm
18.4
192
195
196
204
24.0
215
234
257
26.5
a4
297
32.8
356
378
398
417
437
46.4
48.1
50.0
52.0
537
S74
58.7
62.0
646
64.8
67.0
68.5

360 mm
18.3
19.0
22.0
244
214
226
26.9
29.1
317
62
388
444
484
487
50.4
522
527
536
615,
68.4
ha
73.4
784
803
85.2
676
93.6
96.3

Gal

450 mm
182
18.9
19.0
19.0
20.5
203
206
247
244
249
258
a7
30.6
337
356
ara
38.9
42.7
437
444
476
49.4
514
53.4
556
578
596
616
65.1
653

450 mm
18.4
188
20.8
22.8
20.1
196
197
213
242
23.8
ara
30.0
31.8
32.0
35.2
36.9
383
40.3
424
a7s
497
509
527
543
614
62.1
67.3
65.4

61.0

550 mm
18.0
188
18.9
189
203
19.9
19.9
207
22.9
24.4
255
263
290
32.2
33.9
35.5
36.6
39.2
40.5
42.4
45.0
474
49.2
Sid
53.4
55.4
587
603
612
626

560 mm
178
18.4
20.0
20.8
19.1
18.9
19.1
196
199
204
244
245
266
28.1
318
33.5
344
36.7
38.6
402
445
473
469
50.0
50.9
53.1
567
555

900 mm
172
178
WT
178
186
188
187
194
20.6
214
22.0
22.4
23.2
23.6
24.6
272
30.0
30.2
a7
346
363
366
373
39.4
424
aaa
46.1
48.1
50.1
50.4

900 mm
175
79
183
184
18.0
18.4
186
188
189
192
203
209
215
223
232
247
27.0
29.1
30.4
32.0
33.3
35.0
36.4
38.1
39.1
a4
a6
44.0


NisT-114 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (ERB USE ONLY)

(REV. 6-93) NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY ERB CONTROL NUMBER DIVISION
ADMAN 4.09 G

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No, NISTIR 6253

INSTRUCTIONS: ATTACH ORIGINAL OF THIS FORM TO ONE (1) COPY OF MANUSCRIPT PUBLICATION DATE NO. PRINTED PAGES
AND SEND TO: WERB SECRETARY, BUILDING 820, ROOM 125 November 1998

TITLE AND SUBTITLE (CITE IN FULL)
Effect of an Obstructed Ceiling on the Activation Time of a Residential Sprinkler

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Building and Fire Research Laboratory, Fire Safety Engineering Division

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ABSTRACT (A 2000-CHARACTER OR LESS FACTUAL SUMMARY OF MOST SIGNIFICANT INFORMATION. iF DOCUMENT INCLUDES A SIGNIFICANT BIBLIOGRAPHY
OR LITERATURE SURVEY, CITE IT HERE. SPELL OUT ACRONYMS ON FIRST REFERENCE.) (CONTINUE ON SEPARATE PAGE, IF NECESSARY.)

A series of 45 experiments were conducted to compare the effects of two different ceiling configurations on the activation times of a
quick response residential pendent sprinkler. The two ceiling configurations consisted of a smooth horizontal unobstructed ceiling and a
horizontal ceiling obstructed by parallel beams measuring 0.038 m (1.5 in) wide by 0.24 m (9.5 in) deep and spaced 0.41 m (16 in) on
center. For each of the two ceiling configurations, the fire source, a computer controlled methane gas burner, was placed in three
different locations within the fire compartment and 2.1 m (7 ft) below the ceiling. Additionally, for each burner location, the flow of
methane gas to the burner was supplied in such a way as to give three different fire growth scenarios. For the smooth horizontal
unobstructed ceiling three experiments were performed for every burner position and fire growth rate. For the horizontal
obstructed/beamed ceiling there were two experiments for every bumer position and fire growth rate. Measurements taken include the
time to sprinkler activation, temperature and velocity of the ceiling jet at the sprinkler of activation, and temperatures and ceiling jet
velocitics at various other locations and elevations within the fire compartment. The horizontal obstructed/beamed ceiling increased
sprinkler activation time by 57% to 137% depending on the experimental setup.

KEY WORDS (MAXIMUM OF 9; 28 CHARACTERS AND SPACES EACH; SEPARATE WITH SEMICOLONS; ALPHABETIC ORDER; CAPITALIZE ONLY PROPER NAMES)
Beams, ceiling jets, corners, fire growth, residential sprinklers, sprinkler response, sprinkler systems, tenability limits,

wall fires

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9 Appendix B — Data Set

Data from all 45 experiments is given in this appendix. For all 45 experiments, the following
data are listed. All thermocouple data at sprinklers 1, 2, 3, and 4. All ceiling jet velocity data at
sprinklers 1 and 2. For the obstructed/beamed ceiling in which the bumer was placed in the
corner, data from the two velocity probes located within the ceiling joists above the burner is
also given. For the smooth horizontal unobstructed ceiling experiments the distance labels at the
top of each column represents the distance below the ceiling the instrument was located. For the
horizontal obstructed/beamed ceiling experiments the gypsum board on the ceiling was removed
exposing the ceiling joists. Since none of the original instrumentation was moved, the distance
labels at the top of each column represent the distance below the ceiling as if the gypsum board
ceiling was still in place.

29


4 Results

4.1 Effect of Obstructed/Beamed Ceiling on Activation Times

Table 1 is a comparison of the sprinkler activation times between the smooth horizontal
unobstructed ceiling and the horizontal obstructed/beamed ceiling. The burner position and fire
growth rate for the 45 experiments are listed. For each bumer position and fire growth rate, the
location of the first sprinkler to activate and its activation time is also listed. By taking the
simple average of the three activation times for the smooth horizontal unobstructed ceiling
scenario and the two activation times for the horizontal obstructed/beamed ceiling scenario, table
2 was constructed. Table 2 presents the percent increase in activation time caused by the
obstructed/beamed ceiling. As can be seen from table 2, the effect of the obstructed/beamed
ceiling was to increase the sprinkler activation time for all scenarios. It is interesting to note
from table 1 that when the burner was placed in the comer position, under the horizontal
obstructed/beamed ceiling configuration, sprinkler number 4 activated first in five out of the six
experiments. Figure 5 shows the distance from the bumer to both sprinklers 1 and 4. The radial
distance to sprinkler number 4 is twice as far as to sprinkler number 1. When exposed, the
ceiling joists form channels beneath the ceiling. Due to the nature of the construction, the ceiling
joists overlap each other on top of the I beam, figure 6. Although sprinklers 1 and 4 are in the
same plane, they are in different channels. Sprinkler number 4 is in the seventh channel away
from the burner. Sprinkler number | is in the sixth channel. A two zone fire model would not be
able to predict this type of phenomenon. In order to predict this type of event one would have to
utilize a computer field model such as one being developed at the National Institute of Standards
and Technology that uses Large Eddy Simulation techniques for fire [8].

4.2 Effect of Obstructed/Beamed Ceiling on Ceiling Jet Velocities

With the removal of the gypsum board from the ceiling, exposing the ceiling joists, the effective
height from floor to ceiling now becomes 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in). With the gypsum board removed,
the sprinklers are now located 0.27 m (10.5 in) below this new ceiling height. This alone
removes the sprinkler from the hottest part of the ceiling jet as described by Alpert [9] as being
in the top 1 % of the floor to ceiling height. Another effect that the ceiling joists had was to slow
the ceiling jet velocity dramatically at the sprinkler. Figures 7 through 9 show the effects the
obstructed/beamed ceiling had on the ceiling jet velocity for the experiments in which the burner
was in the detached position. Figures 10 through 12 show the effects the obstructed/beamed
ceiling had on the ceiling jet velocity for the experiments in which the bummer was in the wall
position. For these figures, 7 through 12, the ceiling jet velocities for the smooth horizontal
unobstructed ceiling are the average obtained from the top velocity probe at sprinkler number 1
from the three experiments. The velocities for the horizontal obstructed/beamed ceiling are the
average obtained from the top velocity probe at sprinkler number 1 from the two experiments.
For the experiments in which the burner was placed in the corner only one figure is shown,
figure 13. This is a comparison of the ceiling jet velocity for a fast growing fire. There are no
comparisons for the medium and slow growing fires since at sprinkler number 4 there were no
velocity probes. The horizontal obstructed/beamed ceiling velocity in figure 13 is based on the
one experiment in which sprinkler number 1 activated.


Experiment Number 9

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4

Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 380mm ~— «450mm ~—« 850mm ~—- 900 mm.
0.0 216 216 246 212 207 206 203 19.9 19.4 192 189 18.8
13 207 27 27 242 207 206 20.4 20.4 196 19.3 194 18.6
82 22.0 218 218 243 20.9 207 20.5 202 196 193 19.4 187
15.0 22.3 22.4 224 218 215 215 214 20.9 20.4 199 195 19.0
219 233 23.8 238 247 249 252 26.1 25.4 259 245 24.4 197
28.7 26.2 276 274 28.4 28.8 29.3 29.9 30.4 37 208 23.5 196
35.4 29.0 296 293 30.8 314 32.4 327 337 364 32.9 Bal 207
424 30.9 31.9 227 338 337 343 348 HS 35.9 36.1 36.0 225
49.1 39.8 98.1 378 39.4 39.6 40.2 412 412 42.0 416 43.4 244
56.0 43.9 46.0 45.2 455 447 48.5 474 478 50.3 495 48.5 25.7
62.8 447 51.0 508 556 56.8 578 57.0 53.6 55.4 56.4 55.5 30.8
69.5 512 53.0 542 54.8 545 56.2 58.0 56.4 58.4 58.4 606 35.9
76.5 53.7 587 S74 656 66.2 ert 687 675 70.4 66.8 614 34.5
83.2 Std 556 55.2 623 65.3 656 673 10 738 734 mA 38.3
90.2 837 620 603 676 682 686 70.2 727 76.0 754 759 44.9
96.9 55.4 627 59.3 685 748 768 788 60.6 83.2 00.8 80.2 45.3
103.6 13 759 74.8 836 856 ard 898 698 90.8 09.3 886 55.0
110.5 85.7 93.1 913 98.0 976 974 99.1 984 100.9 93.5 898 54.0
1173 723 83.0 80.0 90.7 928 93.6 93.2 93.8 98.4 995 98.9 628
Velocity probes af sprinkler number 4 Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2
Time = 25mm 75mm 125mm ~—- 250. mm Time = 25mm 75mm 125mm ~—.250 mm
0.0 00 00 00 0.0 00 0.0 0.0 00 0.0
13 00 O41 04 o4 13 00 0.0 00 0.0
82 OA 0.4 OA o4 82 00 on o4 on
15.0 08 05 04 0.3 15.0 os 04 04 03
219 06 06 4 218 os 06 06 03
287 07 07 05 03 28.7 06 06 o7 03
35.4 08 09 08 03 35.4 06 os 0s 03
424 07 08 08 on 42.4 06 06 06 03
49.4 OT 08 08 05 49.4 05 o7 09 05
56.0 07 0.9 08 05 56.0 06 08 08 04
62.8 07 08 09 06 628 06 06 o7 05
695 09 1.0 08 0.3 695 08 og 08 03
765 08 07 08 03 765 o7 08 10 o7
83.2 07 09 OT 07 832 09 09 09 0s
90.2 07 09 08 08 90.2 07 08 09 0s
96.9 07 40 AA 0.8 96.9 07 07 08 o4
103.6 08 10 0.9 05 1036 09 03 14 05
110.5 09 1.0 08 04 1105 og 08 09 0s
u73 08 1.0 07 07 73 o7 08 1.0 08

Velocity probes in channels above burner
Time Channel 1 Channel 2

0.0 0.0 0.0
13 os 02
82 18 08
15.0 24 08
219 16 og
287 19 09
35.4 19 og
42.4 18 13
49.4 26 14
56.0 24 17
628 28 07
695 23 10
765 25 1
83.2 26 14
90.2 27 14
96.9 24 12
103.6 29 13
110.5 24 1.0
1173 27 13

44



than 150 s, but less then 600 s from the time of open burning until the fire reaches a heat release
rate of 1055 kW. A slow developing fire is one that would take 600 or more seconds from the
time of open burning until the fire reaches a heat release rate of 1055 kW. A mathematical
representation for these curves is as follows:

00)
Q = at’

Where: Oo = heat release rate (kW)

a = coefficient (kW/s’)
t = time (s)

Figure 3 shows the area bounded by the theoretical fast, medium and slow fire growth curves.
For the purpose of this experimental series, a fast fire reached 1055 kW in 150 seconds which
corresponds to an @ equal to 0.0468 kW/s?. A medium fire reached 1055 kW in 300 seconds,
which corresponds to an @ equal to 0.0117 kW/s?. A slow fire reached 1055 kW in 600
seconds, which corresponds to an @ equal to 0.00293 kW/s’. Before the experiments were
conducted, the rectangular gas burner was calibrated using the principals of oxygen consumption
calorimetry. Figure 4 demonstrates the repeatability obtained with the gas bumer during these
calibration tests. The three theoretical fire growth curves used in this experimental series are
overlaid with data obtained from the respective burner calibration tests. For each fire growth
rate, two calibration tests were performed.

3 Location of Fire

In addition to varying the heat release rate of the fire, the rectangular burner was placed in three
different locations within the room. These locations are as follows; in the open or away from
any wall (detached experiment), against a wall (wall experiment), and in a corner (corner
experiment). Figure 5 shows the distance from the burner to the sprinklers of interest for each
burner location. The effect of placing the burner against a wall or in a corner of the room is to
restrict the entrainment of air into the plume [6,7]. When the bumer is placed away from a wall
or what would be considered in the open, cool room air is entrained into the plume from all
directions. By placing the burner adjacent to one or more walls, the area over which this cool
room air can be entrained into the plume is reduced. One result of this reduction in entrainment
is higher flame heights. Since the fuel requires the same amount of air to complete the oxidation
process a greater distance is now needed for the fuel vapors to mix with the smaller quantity of
air that is entering the plume. With these higher flame heights there is now less distance from
the tip of the flame to the bottom of the hot upper layer for the plume to entrain cool air. The
higher plume temperatures that result from the reduced cool air entrainment cause similar
increases in the upper layer temperatures.


439 23.9 45.0
506 25.1 52.3
575 28.9 594
643 30.1 66.4
mA 36.0 726
784 38.0 795
B48 410 85.8
918 455 92.3
98.5 487 99.9

Velocity probes at sprinkler number 4
Time 25mm 75mm

00 0.0 0.0
27 02 02
96 1.0 07
16.4 09 06
233 A2 aA
302 AZ AA
36.9 14 A3
439 08 40
50.6 AS AS
97.5 09 1.0
64.3 aA 12
mA 40 al
78.4 AA AS
048 18 AG
918 46 Ad
98.5 42 A2

46.9
53.6
60.4
673
745
813
86.6
93.2

1027

125 mm
00
02
0.4
“07
A2
A3
aA
10
10
08
09
10
AS
A3
AQ
Aa

478
53.0
60.0
673
749
813
86.9
93.0

1025

250 mm
00
00
03
06
03
05
07
O41
05
03
03
05
09
0.4
09
07

Experiment Number 6

46.8
518
58.6
653
733
79.5
854
90.5
99.7

479 48.3 45.5
527 52.4 48.2
59.8 604 572
67.4 67.9 63.0
749 748 684
812 ats 73
76 73 834
92.5 92.2 866

1028 103.9 98.1

Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2

Time = 25mm = 75mm
0.0 0.0 00
27 02 of
96 og 09

16.4 10 08
233 14 10
302 08 08
36.9 14 14
43.9 o7 o7
506 12 14
875 09 09
643 ut 12
mA 14 14
784 12 18
84.8 14 12
91.8 14 16
98.5 13 13

38

440
44.8
524
58.8
646
76.1
12
86.2
93.6

125 mm
00
O41
08
07
10
or
12
06
14
09
1.0
14
14
13
14
14

39.2
426
472
53.4
596
683
27
79.5
85.4

250 mm
0.0
on
03
01
05
04
05
03
o4
06
05
08
07
04
09
06

374
as
46.0
52.3
58.3
64.8
70.8
768
836

20.4
244
30.5
33.2
36.6
39.9
443
49.8
537


‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm
0.0 206 200 20.4
58 214 21.0 212

126 215 210 212

196 228 229 23.0

263 282 286 30.2

33.2 33.0 332 357

39.9 38.2 379 403

467 40.6 42.2 45.0

536 404 413 43.2

60.4 43.4 44.0 473

74 456 468 492

TAA 514 51.1 55.2

80.9 532 55.3 60.2

87.8 58.6 612 65.4

94.8 604 624 66.7

101.3 60.0 60.4 658

108.3 63.9 66.1 710

115.0 722 745 797

121.9 69.0 70.4 73.4

128.7 79.0 e241 85.9

138.4 79.4 81.0 55

1423 748 788 822

149.1 727 757 7A

156.0 82.0 2.4 90.7

1628 e76 e79 95.4

169.5 97.3 100.3 103.6

176.4 97.3 104.2 1077

183.2 102.4 104.0 144

190.4 106.5 1096 1173

196.9 1144 1198 1248

‘Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 2

Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm
00 195 192 193
58 20.1 197 20.2
126 20.2 198 20.2
19.6 202 19.9 20.2

263 203 20.0 20.2
33.2 204 20.4 206
399 23.8 23.4 247
467 24.8 24.4 26.2
53.6 297 278 308
60.4 30.6 287 320
674 35.7 329 367
744 38.6 35.2 399
20.9 385, arr 40.8
a78 38.4 372 413

94.6 454 418 463

101.3 456 429 476

108.3 46.1 443 49.9

115.0 50.3 48.3 529

121.9 503 495 542

1287 547 528 574

136.4 S74 549 585

1423 56.4 553 597

149.4 67 602 640

156.0 66.2 623 685

1628 66.1 625 690

169.5 67.4 644 70.0

176.4 13 674 73.3

183.2 73.0 696 772

1904 75.4 724 785

75mm
188
19.8
198
21.0
247
28.5
322
377
36.0
413
ats
449
46.2
529
533
52.3
559
646
627
722
m4
18
727
788
86.0
88.8
90.1
90.8
104.4
109.4

75mm
188
196
195
19.8
196
20.0
233
244
28.0
298
33.0
353
384
382
424
45.3
455
49.4
490
12
553
58.8
626
62.1
61.0
653
688
m4
14

Experiment Number 45

400 mm
20.3
212
215
23.3
3205
353
38.8
448
448
493
52.6
56.3
620
653
67.0
667
729
808
76.8
a74
86.0
85.2
81.2
948
97.3
104.4
25
1137
1205
1256

100 mm
192
203
203
203
202
207
25.4
266
312
329
36.9
40.6
42.0
42.2
478
50.0
51.0
53.0
55.6
58.4
59.0
61.0
657
63.0
696
n2
743
80.2
798

125mm
19.3
20.3
202
219
24
32.4
36.4
42.2
429
466
48.7
52.2
56.0
59.7
63.0
597
66.6
727
a7
15
B19
80.2
837
O17
93.9
100.2
104.5
108.5
116.2
120.4

125mm
183
19.0
19.0
19.0
19.4
193
216
226
282
aA
29.2
30.9
32.9
33.2
364
38.9
386
42.4
a7
43.8
467
474
52.3
52.1
515
537
S74
61.0
619

150 mm

20.1
212
215
23.2
28.9
348
art
445
48.4
50.0
544
56.4
618
656
66.2
656
725
789
788
867
87.3
87.8
ara
o74
98.5

105.8

27

1145

123.2

1257

150 mm

118

19.0
204
202
20.1
204
208
246
26.5
30.4
32.6
36.4
395
412
424
48.4
486
50.5,
St7
558
568
887
608
655
Gal
686
703
733
80.2
80.9

250 mm
194
203
20.2
att
244
283
30.4
40.7
45.1
488
473
512
57.9
56.0
618
617
674
73,3
766
78.4
and
79.4
90.2
89.9
93.6
96.2
97.8
101.4
110.6
144

250 mm
178
184
185
185
186
194
20.4
213
215
254
27.0
292
297
313,
328
35.3
a7
ar
38.7
39.4
43.4
447
483
50.6
512
51.0
55.5
582
59.3

350 mm
18.5
19.4
196
206
207
26.4
258
278
29.9
38.9
43.4
46.5
48.1
49.4
53.0
87.4
56.4
613
679
664
729
798
89.8
86.3
92.0
89.2
92.1
92.4
102.4
104.1

350 mm
18.4
19.3
19.4
19.4
19.4
207
22.2
245
244
278
28.0
30.4
312
367
379
40.1
437
43.3
44.9
468
St
548
872
610
644
657
er7
686
74.0

450 mm
18.4
19.0
19.2
193
19.7
23.4
219
207
208
222
244
278
313
34.4
398
at
39.7
444
49.2
512
58.1
63.0
70.0
69.5
736
785
742
74
806
813

450 mm
18.4
19.1
192
192
193
208
215
23.8
22.7
25.0
25.2
26.3
28.4
31.8
33.8
36.4
38.9
397
a4
429
46.0
50.0
50.2
55.0
58.4
603
628
63.9
65.2

550 mm
18.0
190
194
19.4
19.3
203
20.4
199
20.2
23
224
239
258
28.0
319
325
348
36.1
38.1
406
43.8
458
46.6
49.3
54.1
58.6
59.3
60.0
638
64.6

550 mm
178
187
189
19.0
19.0
199
212
22.3
215
22.8
244
25.7
28.0
32.4
32.4
34.8
372
38.9
ant
422
437
46.2
478
508
523
556
96.1
58.7
59.5

900 mm
173
18.0
18.0
182
18.3
185
18.5
18.4
187
187
194
20.4
20.7
24.0
22.9
23.7
247
28.7
278
29.5
a7
33.9
36.1
WT
397
40.4
418
43.0
443
478

900 mm
WA
176
75
WT
18.0
18.7
194
195
198
209
24
235
255
QA
275
26.8
285
322
32.7
33.7
36.5
iad
38.0
419
447
415
46.3
48.6
499


> 0.9 m

Stairs
to

upper
e4 03 floor 2.7m

4.2m a >
o1 WY 2 [

Vea a Wy 7 _ 1.6m

=

Figure 5 - Distances from different burner positions to sprinklers of interest.

0.41 m
&
= Sprinkler #4
Additional
| Velocity Probes
I Beam
&
CJ A
a | = [— =
| Sprinkler #1
t | 644 1)
g (A Burner

Figure 6 - Position of sprinklers 1 and 4 relative to channels formed by ceiling joists.
Location of additional velocity probes, corner burner position, obstructed/beamed ceiling.

17


Table 3 — Temperature of the ceiling jet at the activated sprinkler at time of activation

Smooth Horizontal Unobstructed Obstructed/Beamed
Ceiling Ceiling
Burner Fire Experiment — Location of sprinkler and | Experiment Location of sprinkler and
position growth number ceiling jet temperature number ceiling jet temperature
CC) (°C)
Detached Fast 1 Number 1 116 4 Number 2 165
2 Number | 118 5 Number 2 153
3 Number 1 108
Medium 6 Number 1 102 9 Number 2 130
7 Number | 108 10 Number 2 139
8 Number 1 111
Slow 11 Number 2 118 14 Number 2 136
12 Number | 100 15 Number 2 133
13 Number | 93
Wall Fast 16 ‘Number 2 138 19 Number 2 162
17 Number 1 114 20 Number 2 165
18 Number 2 118
Medium 21 Number 2 114 24 Number 2 155
22 Number 1 106 25 Number 2 138
23 Number 1 106
Slow 26 ‘Number 1 102 29 Number 2 129
27 Number 1 99 30 Number 2 126
28 Number 1 100
Corner Fast 31 Number 1 121 34 Number | 154
32 Number 1 131 35 Number 4 148
33 Number | 143
Medium 36 ‘Number 1 124 39 Number 4 144
37 Number | 116 40 Number 4 131
38 ‘Number | 137
Slow 41 Number | 118 44 Number 4 129*
42 Number | 112 45 Number 4 125
43 Number | 109

*Thermocouple at sprinkler malfunctioned. This value obtained from the thermocouple located
25 mm (1 in) below the sprinkler.

12


Effect of an Obstructed Ceiling on the Activation Time of a Residential Sprinkler

Robert L. Vettori

Abstract

A series of 45 experiments were conducted to compare the effects of two different ceiling
configurations on the activation times of a quick response residential pendent sprinkler. The two
ceiling configurations consisted of a smooth horizontal unobstructed ceiling and a horizontal
ceiling obstructed by parallel beams measuring 0.038 m (1.5 in) wide by 0.24 m (9.5 in) deep
and spaced 0.41 m (16 in) on center. For each of the two ceiling configurations, the fire source,
a computer controlled methane gas burner, was placed in three different locations within the fire
compartment and 2.1 m (7 ft) below the ceiling. Additionally, for each burner location, the flow
of methane gas to the burner was supplied in such a way as to give three different fire growth
scenarios. For the smooth horizontal unobstructed ceiling three experiments were performed for
every burner position and fire growth rate. For the horizontal obstructed/beamed ceiling there
were two experiments for every burner position and fire growth rate. Measurements taken
include the time to sprinkler activation, temperature and velocity of the ceiling jet at the sprinkler
of activation, and temperatures and ceiling jet velocities at various other locations and elevations
within the fire compartment. The horizontal obstructed/beamed ceiling increased sprinkler
activation time by 57 % to 137 % depending on the experimental setup.

Key Words: beams; ceiling jets; corners; fire growth; residential sprinklers; sprinkler response;
sprinkler systems; tenability limits; wall fires


69 228 229
137 30.9 32.6
204 479 480
273 54.8 56.0
344 608 615
41.0 18 72.2
4ar7 796 B16
545 85.7 86.7
614 88.9 69.1
684 100.0 99.0
751 108.4 109.8
a8 2 113.6
88.6 124.0 1242
95.5 125.0 1267

102.3 1309 131.4
109.2 1326 130.9
415.9 125.6 128.0

Velocity probes at sprinkler number 4

Time 25mm 75mm
00 0.0 00
69 02 03

137 04 04

204 o4 03

273 04 o4

34.1 04 05

a0 04 04

ary 03 04

545 02 02

614 05 04

68.1 on 03

75.1 ot 00

818 03 03

88.6 03 02

95.5 om 04

102.3 05 0s

109.2 04 05

115.9 0.4 OA

Velocity probes in channels above bumer

Time Channel 1 Channel 2
0.0 00 00
69 22 12

137 28 17

204 29 13

273 a7 17

344 34 17

410 39 20

477 39 18

545 39 24

64 44 24

68.4 44 23

754 36 29

818 46 19

886 36 28

955 44 26

1023 38 27

109.2 52 34

1159 54 32

225
340
497
S77
644
749
82.4
90.8
o17

100.3

113.0

1178

1272

130.7

193.4

134.0
449

125 mm
0.0
03
o4
O4
o4
06
04
05
05
05
06
04
05
04
06
07
07
04

22.7
35.5
48.1
56.6
64.3
732
ans
88.7
919
98.8

1137

116.2

124.4

130.1

132.2

133.9

1169

250 mm
00
03
ot
03
02
08
02
O41
04
05
03
04
06
06
05
o7
06
06

Experiment Number 40

22.2
334
46.4
55.4
653
19
815
88.4
93.8

100.3

113.0

76

128.5

131.2

1323

134.5

1259

223 22.3
319 33.4
426 46.4
54.0 567
627 656
a4 72.8
783 82.0
87.0 919
913 956
994 100.9

110.0 1133

47 1194

120.5 124.2

128.4 134.0

1303 133.9

1317 134.4

1299 136.9

21.9
25
344
442
53.1
613
678
TTA
B44
90.6
98.3
105.4
109.9
415.2
1185
122.4
125.0

Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2

Time 25mm,

0.0 00
69 ot
137 oO
20.4 on
273 04
344 04
41.0 05
4ar7 o4
545, 05
614 0s
68.1 o7
75.4 06
818 06
88.6 os
955 05
102.3 05
109.2 05
1159 0s

108

75mm
00
ot
on
02
05
05
04
04
o4
05
oF
06
06
03
05
04
05
05

215
298
26.0
319
40.2
39.3
483
56.9
73.4
753
76.0
86.3
89.6
98.0
104.5
1075
119.0

425mm
00
0.4
ot

02

05

0s

0s
0s
0s
06
o7
06
o4
06
05
06
os

214
293
229
22.4
23.4
227
240
308
Eval
45.0
45.4
516
57.0
642
67.0
754
81.0

250 mm
00
00
00
O41
05
05
04
04
05
og
08
06
0s
05
05
03
02
og

21.0
28.1
22.4
214
218
27
249
28.4
92.7
333,
38.0
447
473
534
56.2
60.0
63.9

20.6
22.8
214
ana
244
213
218
22.8
249
26.0
274
313
33.7
379
40.5
40.9
44.8


33.9
408
476
54.3
613
68.0
749

Velocity probes in channels above bumer

08
“07
08
05
08
AQ
09

Time Channel 4

00

68
136
20.3
22
33.9
40.8
478
543
613
68.0
49

00
22
24
33
38
32
26
30
39
40
46
44

Or
08
08
06
07
10
1.0

Channel 2
090
14
18
20
24
28
22
25
25
30
24
34

04
03
05
08
04
07
08

02
03
08
05
05
06
OT

Experiment Number 20

339
40.8
478
54.3
613
68.0
749

67

07
06
08
08
08
09
09

o7
o7
o7
07
07
09
08

o7
08
o7
07
08
12
09

02
03
02
03
05
o7
04


Velocity in channel above burner,

obstructed/beamed ceiling
; N

g
— 4 Velocity at sprinkler 1, smooth
> horizontal unobstructed ceiling
oO
9
3 3
Velocity at sprinkler 1,
2

obstructed/beamed ceiling

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
Time (s)

Figure 15 - Ceiling jet velocity comparisons for corner burner position, medium fire
growth.

7
6
4——— Velocity in channel above burner,

5 obstructed/beamed ceiling
g
£4
> Velocity at sprinkler 1, smooth
9 horizontal unobstructed ceiling
3 3

2 Velocity at sprinkler 1,

obstructed/beamed ceiling
1
0 —_
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200

Time (s)

Figure 16 - Ceiling jet velocity comparisons for corner burner position, fast fire growth.

22


5 Conclusions

The effect of this obstructed/beamed ceiling configuration was to increase the activation time for
the first sprinkler. This was true for all burner locations and fire growth rates. No effort was
made in this experimental series to determine what effect this obstructed/beamed ceiling would
have on the activation times of additional sprinklers. Additionally, for the obstructed/beamed
ceiling configuration there was an increase in temperature at the 1.54 m (5 ft) and 1.89 m (6 ft)
elevations creating a potentially greater hazard within the room.

This experimental series was limited to only one depth and spacing of ceiling joists. There are
many different sizes and methods for the construction of ceiling joists. Future research needs to
be conducted to understand the effects different obstructed/beamed ceilings have on fire growth,
suppression, and gas generation.

6 Acknowledgements

Appreciation is extended to Dan Madrzykowski, Jay McElroy, Laurean Delauter, Gary
Roadarmel and Tamra Belsinger of the Building and Fire Research Laboratory for setting up and
conducting these experiments. In addition, appreciation is extended to Henry J. Singer and
Stewart Levy of GSA’s Office of Business Performance for their support of this project.



Oven Velocity, m/s:

Operation Bath Temperature, °C:
Room Ambient Temperature, °C:

Oven Air Temperature, °C:
Mount Temperature, °C:
Conductivity Factor, (C):

RESULTS

1.765
67.53
23.89
135
20
0.25

The results of the Dynamic Heating Test are contained in Tables 2 and 3.

TABLE 2 - PLUNGE OVEN RESULTS
Frame Arms Perpendicular to Air Flow

Sample No. Response Time, sec

SVemrudAVaAwWwn

Average RTI = 55.78(m*s)!2

TABLE 3 - PLUNGE OVEN RESULTS

24.46
21.43
19.91
25.66
19.15
22.03
19.97
25.42
23.71
20.39

RTI (m*s)!2

61.42
53.82
49.99
64.44
48.08
55.31
$0.14
63.83
59.54
51.20

Frame Arms Offset 25 Degrees From the Parallel Position to the Air Flow

Sample No. Response Time, sec
1 27.93
2 23.68
3 22.68
4 17.39
5 30.74
6 21.11
7 31.14
8 17.97
9 23.65

27

RTI, (m*s)!2

70.88
60.10
57.58
44.13
78.03
53.57
79.04
45.61
60.03


‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm = SO mm.
00 217 216 21.0
42 220 219 212

144 40.3 74.0 67.0

178 875 100.9 98.2

248 648 116.2 1108

315 859 165.2 148.7

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2

Time Omm = 25mm 50 mm.
00 20.5 20.0 202
42 205 202 20.5

WA 20.5 203 206

178 254 518 54.6

248 298 606 66.4

aS 337 74.0 20.9

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 3

Time Omm = 25mm 50mm
00 20.1 203 197
42 203 204 20.1

44 203 205 202

178 247 296 316

248 236 393 420

315 262 515 554

‘Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 4

Time Omm = 25mm 50mm
00 204 20.0 199
42 204 206 205

WA 266 40.2 388
78 32.0 544 534
248 36.0 645 645,
315 424 83.2 624

Velocity probes at sprinkler number 1
Time 25mm = 75mm = 125mm.

00 00 00 00
42 16 13 10
WA 20 WT 15
178 24 22 20
24.8 23 22 10
315 24 24 1.6

5

1

cy

75

mm
207
207
724
990
128
955

mm
196
20.1
203
587
658
80.8

mm
195
20.1
20.1
306
424
55.4

75mm

250

198
205
38.4
53.4
64.0
80.3

0.0
02
04
04
02
13

Experiment Number 33

100 mm
203
206
708
94.1
105.4
1332

100 mm
199
205
205
56.1
683
83.1

100 mm
19.3
20.0
20.4
314
42.0
53.4

100 mm.
196
20.2
343
489
59.7
74.8

125mm 150mm 250mm.
204 198 19.3
20.3 20.3 196
678 627 art
O17 83.5 53.6
1018 93.9 56.9
136.0 94.4 612
125mm — 150mm 250mm
19.3 19.6 18.9
199 203 197
20.1 203 19.6
53.5 514 426
659 68.0 63.2
80.3 826 724
125mm 150mm 250 mm.
192 19.4 188
20.0 19.9 196
20.1 20.1 19.9
313 327 283
427 444 387
54.2 559 46.4
125mm 150mm 250mm.
19.5 19.4 19.0
20.2 202 19.6
34.6 3a 284
49.4 47.0 318
612 598 444
76.0 748 67.3
Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2
Time 25mm = 75mm
00 00 00

42 OA O41
444 10 14
178 08 08
248 09 os
WS 03 og

96

350 mm
19.0
192
20.0
259
263
296

350 mm
187
195
19.4
23.9
472
633

350 mm
187
192
196
26.3
368
43.2

350 mm
187
19.1
229
296
424
535

125mm
00
0.4
1.0
08
08
08

450

450

450

450

250

mm
187
19.4
196
207
217
239

mm
188
193
19.3
235
35.4
837

mm
186
187
188
23.4
323
39.4

mm
185
187
208
259
299
427

mm
0.0
o4
09
08
08
08

550 mm
18.6
189
19.4
202
207
23.0

550 mm
183
189
19.0
226
43
508

560 mm
186
186
18.6
209
308
396

550 mm
18.4
18.5
193
237
222
NS

900 mm
182
185
19.0
198
20.7
22.4

900 mm.
18.1
18.3
18.5
18.7
25.4
23

900 mm
18.3
18.5
18.5
186
208
28.7

900 mm
18.3
18.4
18.7
194
20.41
21.0


Experiment Number 29

232.5 03 04 0.4 04 232.5 07 07 09 o7
‘Velocity probes in channels above bummer
Time Channel 1 Channel 2

00 00 00
o7 0.0 00
74 12 08
143 16 07
244 1.6 13
28.0 15 08
347 18 14
as 17 16
48.5 15 12
55.2 24 13
622 17 16
68.9 23 14
18.7 17 16
82.6 24 14
89.3 20 13
96.3 24 18
103.0 20 17
109.8 19 15
1166 25 WT
123.4 28 20
130.2 24 16
137.4 29 17
143.9 25 19
150.8 27 20
1576 24 22
164.3 27 Ww
12 24 24
178.0 22 23
184.9 24 17

1917 28 20
198.4 32 20

205.3 34 18

242.4 36 18

2190 34 19

2258 33 17

232.5 34 19

89



10.

References

Bill, R. G., Kung, H. C., Brown, W. R., Hill, E. E., Effects of Cathedral and Beamed
Ceiling Construction of Residential Sprinkler Performance. Factory Mutual Research
Corporation, International Association of Fire Safety Science, Proceedings June 13-17
1989, P 643-653.

Underwriters Laboratory Inc., UL 1626 Standard for Residential Sprinklers for Fire
Protection Service, Second Edition. September 30, 1994.

National Fire Protection Association, National Fire Protection Association 13D Sprinkler
Systems in One and Two Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes 1993 Edition,
National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA 02269.

Underwriters Laboratory Inc., Determination of the Response Time Index (RTI) and
Conductivity (C) Factor. Project Number 96NK9527 April 1996.

National Fire Protection Association, National Fire Protection Association 72 Standard
National Fire Alarm Code Appendix B. 1993 Edition. National Fire Protection
Association, Quincy, MA 02269.

Zukoski, E. E., Kubota, T., and Cetegen, B., Entrainment in Fire Plumes. NBS-GCR-80-
294, National Bureau of Standards, November 1980.

Alpert, R. L., and Ward, E. G., Evaluating Unsprinklered Fire Hazards. Factory Mutual
Research Corporation, Norwood, MA, SFPE TR 83-02, FMRC J. I. 01836.20, August
1982.

McGrattan, K. B., Baum, H. R., Rehm, R. G., Large Eddy Simulations of Smoke
Movement, Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 30, p 161-178.

Alpert, R. L., Calculations of response Time of Ceiling Mounted Fire Detectors. Fire
Technology, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp 181-195, August 1972.

National Fire Protection Association, National Fire Protection Association Fire Protection
Handbook 18" Edition Section 6 p 191, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy,
MA 02269


Experiment Number 32

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time mm = 25mm = 80mm = 75mm — 100mm = 125mm ~— 150mm =— «250mm 350mm — 450mm — 550mm 800 mm
00 219 215 208 204 202 199 197 19.4 188 187 184 180
52 220 218 210 206 203 202 204 194 189 188 195 18.4
124 43.8 768 18 750 722 695 ead 219 202 190 18.6
198 544 88.3 858 a9 208 79.2 746 513 242 244 197 193
257 M4 1A AT 125312071138 103.4 633 25.0 222 205 202
325 638 96.9 740 633 626 107.9 818 694 284 23.3 217 224
Thermocouples localed at sprinkler number 2
Time = Omm = 25mm = SOmm = 75mm = 100mm_=— 125mm = 150mm — 250mm 350mm = 450mm ~—-S50mm ~—- 800mm
00 206 202 202 197 198 195 196 18.9 187 185 183 178
52 206 203 205 200 204 199 202 195 190 187 196 18.0
124 207 203 205 200 205 198 203 197 194 189 186 18.0
18.8 268 513 528 526 53.4 51.0 497 397 2s 256 235 188
257 316 er2 710 696 710 69.0 70.0 629 458 36.0 334 227
325 35.1 a7 830 809 856 805 634 744 548 527 51.0 208
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 3
Time 0mm = 25mm — 50mm = 75mm ~— 100mm 125mm ~— 150mm = 250mm 350mm 450mm S50 mm 800 mm
00 202 204 199 198 196 195 194 190 186 184 18.3 178
$2 203 205 20.1 20.4 204 201 20.4 198 195 194 18.9 18.4
124 203 206 202 204 204 204 201 198 196 192 190 18.1
188 216 293 305 293 235 237 307 2A 243 223 204 18.6
257 233 75 402 aa 413 425 436 398 352 313 295 196
325 257 469 516 519 50.1 50.1 515 46 424 39.0 387 254
Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 4
Time = Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm 350mm — 450mm = $50 mm — 900 mm
00 203 202 200 199 196 195 194 190 185 183 18.4 179
52 203 204 203 202 199 198 197 194 187 185 182 18.1
124 283 429 408 294 339 32.8 307 246 244 21.0 193 18.6
188 334 530 524 524 472 473 458 303 292 255 238 193
257 364 e14 603 59.7 55.2 548 524 390 304 259 24 20.0
325 40.0 78 765 766 70.6 702 689 515 50.9 387 302 206
‘Velocity probes at sprinkler number 4 Velocity probes a sprinkler number 2
Time 25mm 75mm © 125mm 250. mm Time 25mm = 75mm 125mm = 250 mm
00 0.0 090 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
52 15 14 44 06 52 oA On ot ot
124 16 16 12 o4 124 10 10 08 08
18.8 24 23 24 oa 108 10 10 10 0s
257 24 24 14 os 257 09 09 o7 0s
325 22 19 18 os 325 09 10 og 06

95



Experiment Number 35

285 a4 05 06 07 285 O4 05 06 06
95.2 05 o4 o7 06 35.2 o4 06 06 05
424 05 o4 0s 03 424 06 08 06 04
489 o4 04 05 04 489 06 07 07 05
55.6 04 05 08 0s 558 os 04 05 05
625 07 o7 14 08 625 os o8 09 07
693 07 06 09 07 693 05 o7 08 08

Velocity probes in channels above burner
Time Channel 1 Channel 2

0.0 0.0 00
1 16 16
80 33 15
148 37 18
215 39 19
285 a7 28
352 56 32
424 45 33
489 4g 35
556 87 36
62.5 87 47
693 70 59

100



Experiment Number 44

Time = Omm=—-25mm_—SOmm = 75mm — 100mm = 125mm = 150mm =—-250mm = 350mm = 450mm «550mm 900 mm
00 198 20.0 198 197 196 196 194 187 18.4 179 172 154
20 198 204 202 199 194 194 196 190 184 184 178 160
90 203 200 20.4 200 201 198 198 190 184 182 178 163
158 200 200 197 198 199 201 197 192 186 183 178 164
229 204 20.4 198 199 20.1 202 198 193 189 185 18.0 166
297 214 222 22.2 218 216 215 219 212 240 199 192 173
364 245 255 262 253 255 255 25.4 218 205 195 18.6 474
433 295 a7 324 302 293 289 284 242 222 207 198 WT
501 344 356 36.0 344 34 337 33.4 266 232 216 206 192
a) 358 374 383 363 363 355 AT 288 242 228 22.4 197
639 373 387 407 389 387 378 366 296 258 239 235 200
707 414 437 454 43.0 433 426 a7 323 284 264 253 208
m7 448 466 anT 459 459 453 442 365 318 289 279 216
845 ara 488 507 483 474 464 459 389 343 30.9 303 227
913 51.0 524 534 S14 50.9 50.0 486 412 362 335 322 245
98.3 514 54.0 56.5 542 533 525 50.8 420 383 357 346 285
1053 567 593 61.0 58.3 577 srt 553 462 407 372 359 29.4
1123 58.4 60.4 64 608 606 598 596 486 43.9 40.4 379 297
119.3 58.0 63.0 645 628 614 610 58.0 50.3 456 43.3 40.3 318
1262 63.0 66.1 688 666 66.1 658 638 524 476 450 43.2 32.3
133.2 66.4 629 n8 692 696 697 692 584 52.0 48.0 453 349
139.9 68.9 723 736 708 70.4 696 678 595 BAT 495 476 38.2
147.0 6 749 78.4 752 755 748 746 613 549 522 49.2 394
154.0 733 75 80.9 78.4 79 772 764 64.7 587 548 524 407
1608 787 822 85.0 e12 aia 80.5 80.0 65.4 597 STA 55.0 45.0
1677 837 872 e768 836 82.8 819 813 70.2 630 585 56.3 440
1744 844 86.1 876 843 84.2 839 828 m2 636 60.8 57.3 43.3
1814 878 923 95.6 90.7 807 88.9 88.4 787 658 634 61.0 48.6
1984 928 97.0 99.2 95.0 945 935 912 782 696 646 618 504
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4
Time = mm = 25mm_=— 50mm = 78mm — 100mm _=— 125mm = 150mm 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = S5Omm = 900 mm
09 21.3 seat 21.0 213 206 205 200 194 18.4 176 169 157
20 214 -1748284.9 212 214 208 206 20.4 193 184 173 75 16.1
90 21.6 -2565136.5 215 218 21.0 210 204 196 187 186 178 164
158 236 — -458.9 238 240 232 233 232 226 224 227 209 170
229 323 -111807.7 334 339 334 323 322 264 249 a3 190 165
297 36.7 -5816863.3 393 407 394 394 389 305 253 186 477 164
364 422-3825 443 455 437 440 443 34.9 243 19.4 178 163
433 47.9 -44976695 48.5 502 49.9 494 493 38.5 292 195 187 170
50.1 12 -72507.1 523 526 518 519 510 428 304 203 190 169
57.4 53.9 -66535.5 56.1 584 56.6 57.0 572 469 324 230 205 182
639 58.3 -1452358.2 60.0 614 59.6 600 58.9 489 366 250 223 188
707 626 © -2326.1 636 645 639 640 634 545 39.0 244 222 193
m7 664 548 68.5 694 678 678 672 592 427 269 24.0 198
845 696 -29527688 732 TAT 740 73.2 27 628 498 30.9 272 210
913 712 -31985.4 738 767 758 76.1 76.4 658 504 340 295 223
983 80.5 -2984767.6 816 819 B15 ant 813 70.4 524 372 317 24.0
1053 792-7238 80.9 82.0 B17 622 ate m5 58.2 386 337 255
1123 84.4 -1349416.9 86.8 883 878 88.1 88.3 759 48 439 36.1 278
1193 88.3 -420478.3 919 928 924 19 919 798 649 46.0 397 293
126.2 872 -15405.9 89.9 932 93.4 934 93.1 84d 98 492 425 315
133.2 94.2 478 975 989 990 98.1 972 86.1 742 53.0 444 33.5
1399 98.3 -52475.0 1014 1026 102.0 101.8 100.0 90.9 753 547 472 353
147.0 102.0 -167261.0 1072 108.4 106.4 1057 104.4 44 832 598 516 374
154.0 1026 -294496.3 1059 1077 1085 108.9 109.0 976 86.9 603 516 383
1608 109.3 -115853.7 113.4 113901125 142.2 1114 928 88.5 624 529 408
1677 1168 = 5655 12091223, 1209 119.4 1198 105.0 950 666 573 423
174.4 1194-8388 121.4 1224 1247 124.5 1268 1116 96.9 688 579 419
181.4 125.0 -697638.2 1285 1284 126.4 126.2 1255 16.4 104.7 80.8 59.9 446
168.4 1308 — -§29.0 1312 1310-1292 1283 129.0 4977 104.7 75 607 478
Velocity probes al sprinkler number 1 Velocity probes al sprinkler number 2
Time 25mm 75mm 125mm — 250mm. Time 25mm = 75mm = 125mm 260 mm

116


Experiment Number 18

Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm — 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = «450mm = SS0mm =~ 900. mm
0.0 199 196 197 19.3 194 19.0 193 186 18.6 183 179 172
03 20.0 199 20.0 198 197 193 19.4 188 18.5 182 79 173
72 20.1 20.3 213 22.1 233 249 23.8 25.5 23.4 206 18.5 175
141 26.4 42.0 516 539 459 487 440 362 216 193 183 WT
20.8 354 62.6 695 704 649 659 596 55.3 424 343 26.4 18.4
278 408 792 281 88.1 as 832 789 738 558.1 38.9 24.4 183
3S 58.4 108.2 1196 1202 1124 1128 104.1 a77 782 62.0 36.0 213
M5 585 1146 1274 1285 120.4 1222 1155 100.4 96.6 80.4 529 209
Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm =— 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 360mm = 450mm = 50mm =~ 900 mm
0.0 203 19.7 196 192 192 188 19.0 186 18.3 18.1 178 173
03 204 20.0 199 193 19.7 192 19.5 189 18.6 183 18.0 176
72 23.0 33.4 329 333 32.0 318 299 26.8 228 197 18.4 176
144 344 S74 55.9 574 578 565 54.0 511 314 20.9 185 179
208 39.5 687 690 699 679 67.0 65.1 619 50.7 35.7 312 184
278 496 94,3 96.2 984 97.0 95.0 93.0 85.9 70.2 58.0 33.0 189
345 597 118.0 167 119.6 118.4 1178 115.3 74 84.2 656 460 26.0
a5 682 64.4 127 579 1107 100.5 98.8 109.1 976 89.4 18 246
‘Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 3
Time Omm = 25mm 50mm = 75mm =— 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 260mm = 360mm = 450mm = 50mm = S00 mm
00 198 201 192 19.0 189 189 188 18.5 18.3 18.0 178 74
03 20.1 204 198 19.4 193 193 193 19.4 188 185 18.4 18.0
72 19.9 203 196 195 19.4 193 19.3 19.4 189 187 182 18.1
144 20.2 273 282 30.9 267 2A 24.8 22.5 222 203 19.4 182
208 an 333 383 39.8 26.4 363 33.6 28.4 26.5 219 212 188
278 22.3 409 470 487 45.3 457 447 396 36.0 317 32.0 27
345 244 50.3 614 64.0 615 624 597 827 468 42.0 418 268
5 28.1 634 852 86.9 B18 636 782 684 624 585 56.1 33.5
‘Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm_=— 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 850mm =~ 900 mm.
00 197 196 19.4 19.3 19.4 19.0 19.0 187 183 180 178 173
03 19.9 198 196 19.4 194 19.0 19.0 188 183 18.0 178 73
72 19.9 19.9 197 197 19.4 19.3 192 187 18.4 79 178 1716
144 232 29.5 327 32.4 297 279 26.0 22.8 214 205 187 179
20.8 244 443 487 457 42.8 43.2 424 348 31.0 266 26.1 24.0
27.8 279 513 545 541 627 54.8 545 455 444 38.0 33.1 22.4
345 322 73.4 767 75.0 70.0 18 13 598 536 492 458 22.0
415 38.2 825 893 88.4 54 a76 86.1 70.7 66.1 63.8 627 23.8
Velocity probes at sprinkler number 1 Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2
Time = 25mm 75mm = 125mm —- 250 mm Time 25mm = 75mm 125mm —250 mn
00 00 00 00 0.0 00 00 0.0 0.0 00
03 04 00 04 0.0 03 ot 01 ot o4
72 09 10 09 03 72 og 08 08 04
14.4 AS A2 05 O4 144 17 17 15 1
208 16 46 AS 10 208 17 7 16 09
278 19 19 0.0 278 16 13 a 06
345 09 42 05 345 20 17 12 04
415 06 09 08 5 1.0 12 14 09

63



29.0
36.0
427
49.6
56.4
63.2
70.2

43
1A
08
A2
40
42
AT

12
16
40
49
Aa
43
18

08
A2
09
08
Az
AB
Ad

06
08
04
02
08
O41
1.0

Experiment Number 21

290
36.0
427
496
564
632
70.2

69

13
13
14
18
14
7
18

12
14
15
17
12
13
16

10
14
13
16
10
1
18

08
08
05
14
o7
08
08


Table 5 — Temperatures comparison at the 1.89 m (6ft) elevation at the time of sprinkler

activation
Smooth Horizontal Unobstructed Obstructed/Beamed
Ceiling Ceiling
Burner Fire Experiment Average Low-High | Experiment Average Low — High
position growth number temp Temp number temp temp
eC) (°C) CO) (°C)
Detached Fast 1 69 59-77 4 89 82-111
2 68 58-80 5 89 82-106
3 72 59 ~ 83
Medium 77 67-85 9 87 78 — 100
7 2B 61-80 10 90 85-97
8 74 65-80
Slow Il 75 68 — 82 14 93 84-106
12 73 65 — 80 15 91 84-100
13 71 66-76
Wall Fast 16 52 52-53 19 103 85 129
7 59 55-64 20 100 88-119
18 54 46-62
Medium 21 64 63 - 67 24 97 90 ~ 103
22 65 62-67 25 93 91-96
23 67 61—76
Slow 26 74 69-77 29 89 84-96
27 67 64-71 30 101 96-112
28 69 67-72
Corner Fast 31 30 23-40 34 60 55-69
32 31 21-42 35 66 60-72
33 32 22-44
Medium 36 42 35-48 39 72 69-76
37 38 26-45 40 63 62-65
38 43 36-49
Slow 41 56 46-65 44 63 61-68
42 46 40-51 45 61 57-64
43 45 41-47

14



Experiment Number 34

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm 50mm = 75mm — 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm =—350mm = 450mm 550mm =— 900. mm
00 192 193 19.4 195 19.4 193 19.4 19.3 19.0 187 18.2 16.3
49 19.4 19.3 19.3 19.4 193 193 193 193 19.4 187 18.3 166
17 20.0 200 199 198 202 199 19.9 198 20.1 196 19.3 72
185 30.4 27.0 324 28.6 33.5 30.0 314 23.0 222 2t4 20.3 178
25.4 52.3 494 874 a7 58.2 568 56.5 372 296 244 213 18.9
324 684 653 740 703 73.8 nS 698 586 40.0 24.2 225 18.2
39.0 787 754 82.5 47 87.9 e75 90.6 840 605 258 23.5 185
458 749 747 758 65.4 79.2 80.3 85.5 835 786 63.2 a7 192
526 a7.4 99.5 104.8 89.8 107.9 105.0 413.3 103.6 944 65.1 287 20.9
59.5 109.3 103.5 1168 102.8 1165 1143 4178 106.6 1007 781 45.4 23.9
66.2 1262 1262 140.4 131.9 1453 138.6 144.6 143.4 1419 100.6 518 258
73.4 170.1 1625 179.2 166.7 183.2 180.9 1868 167.5 1406 93.4 62.0 28.4
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm = 150mm =—-250mm =—-350mm = 450mm = S50mm —_ 900. mn
00 193 19.4 19.4 19.6 19.5 197 19.4 19.5 19.3 19.0 18.5 182
49 19.41 194 195 196 195 196 19.4 195 19.4 187 18.3 18.3
7 19.3 195 198 196 195 196 19.8 195 19,4 187 18.3 165
185 19.4 196 196 196 196 197 196 195 19.4 186 182 166
254 19.7 20.1 20.9 21.0 214 205 20.9 198 19.9 19.9 19.2 178
324 26.0 278 29.5 298 a6 264 att 245 27.0 255 23.0 19.2
39.0 0 38.2 45.2 403 455 345 43.8 295 30.7 245 22.3 196
458 536 514 579 S11 593 403 57.8 38.3 424 319 29.4 23.3
526 588 513 62.6 534 65.1 438 645 435 544 447 36.2 25.5
595 695 620 732 65.4 759 55.1 742 49.0 593 479 43.4 273
662 79.4 72.4 838 77 O47 638 82.3 55.2 638 55.0 49.5 38.4
734 9.4 886 97.9 952 101.4 744 100.3 63.1 789 aT Bal 447
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 3
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 50mm 300 mm.
0.0 199 200 197 195 19.4 195 19.4 19.3 192 189 186 16.4
49 198 20.0 197 19.4 19.4 19.4 194 193 19.4 188 184 167
7 199 199 196 194 193 19.4 19.4 193 19.4 188 18.3 168
18.5 196 197 196 195 19.4 194 19.4 193 192 189 184 169
25.4 23.4 24.5 253 239 244 246 26.4 23.4 20.9 207 24 184
32.1 36.9 40.3 5 38.0 386 388 a7 35 250 222 242 184
39.0 50.9 56.1 56.9 62.1 52.4 51.0 515 426 32.0 242 22.4 193
45.8 66.0 696 709 648 647 63.0 63.8 498 408 345, 34 235
526 18 754 786 734 15 70.1 665 55.4 459 403 369 244
59.5 789 348 88.4 a28 83.0 813 82.2 644 52.5 465 425 270
66.2 86.0 93.2 976 923 922 o14 91.0 m7 672 56.3 513 378
73.1 98.8 107.8 109.8 103.5 104.6 104.1 105.4 916 765 65.2 59.4 478
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm = 100mm_— 125mm 180mm =—-250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 550mm = 900. mm
00 195 19.5 196 19.6 19.4 19.4 194 192 19.0 18.4 180 16.4
49 192 194 195 19.5 193 194 19.4 193 192 18.6 184 166
7 198 19.9 198 19.9 19.7 20.4 21.0 247 214 20.4 199 18.0
185 483 50.5 50.7 484 468 457 439 337 272 227 213 18.2
25.4 612 60.4 62.6 606 619 63.0 63.6 529 464 244 204 174
324 732 73.4 768 754 78 770 7A 70.3 623 26.1 202 179
390 873 87.6 92.4 18 94.7 941 94.9 810 65.0 aT 205 19.4
458 104.3 103.3 104.1 101.5 100.6 100.5 100.7 972 829 36.3 227 207
526 109.8 110.3 112.8 1104 108.5 1106 109.0 103.6 93.4 636 36.1 23.4
595 119.9 1225 125.0 1236 123.9 122.4 123.0 1165 104.1 73.4 468 26.4
66.2 138.5 1427 149.4 444.1 149.7 148.2 148.5 133.4 1253 85.3 52.0 297
734 130.5 139.8 150.2 149.2 151.3 1507 1525 143.9 148.4 1162 73.8 37.2
Velocity probes at sprinkler number 1 Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2
Time 25mm 75mm 125mm ~—-250 mm Time = 25mm 75mm 125mm = 260 mm
0.0 00 00 00 cr) 0.0 00 00 00 00
49 on 00 00 0.0 4g 0.0 on on ot
WT 03 04 o4 03 “U7 00 o4 ot O41
185 0s 06 07 0s 185 ot OA ot ot
254 03 05 o7 06 25.4 03 04 08 08

97



3.0 ¥ .

2.5

N
o

1.5

Velocity (m/s)

=
°

Ss
a

0.0
tt) 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250

Time (s)

Flat Ceiling -* Obstructed Ceiling

Figure 9 - Ceiling jet velocity comparisons at sprinkler number 1, detached burner
position, fast fire growth.

3.0 r

2.5

Velocity (m/s)
= = Nn
° a o

bad
a

0.0 + :
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250

Time (s)

+ Flat Ceiling -* Obstructed Ceiling

Figure 10 - Ceiling jet velocity comparisons at sprinkler number 1, wall burner position,
slow fire growth.


Experiment Number 11

Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time Omm 25mm = SOmm_ = 75mm = 100mm_=— 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = §50mm =~ 900 mm.
0.0 182 78 176 176 75 174 174 172 170 168 167 163
53 183 178 WT 77 WT 176 176 75 1714 173 17.0 167
122 205 314 386 373 35.3 387 315, 279 23.0 192 175 16.8
19.0 248 40.8 46.0 463 43.2 43.7 40.5 36.3 252 192 176 16.9
253 274 486 55.6 56.1 534 53.4 484 air 36.9 30.5 244 19.3
327 288 514 55.9 562 54.3 549 53.1 49.4 43.5 396 285 18.0
395 313, 587.0 655 652 632 62.0 615 52.5 49.4 48.4 388 188
464 34.0 62.6 698 70.8 708 na a4 66.3 59.1 53.5 6 219
53.2 36.2 683 756 749 729 732 732 2 68.3 60.5 50.1 24.8
59.9 379 70.4 174 774 764 774 76.1 75.0 73.0 685 50.4 34
669 412 79.4 683 87.0 852 85.2 a4 B13 78.5 m5 56.9 337
737 429 842 957 94.9 91.0 912 88.8 835 82.4 74 648 368
806 453 90.8 102.3 1018 98.1 99.4 96.5 913 90.2 810 68.3 36.9
87.4 50.7 98.3 1108 108.5 1057 108.3 104.5 945 89.0 23.9 739 416
94.2 518 101.4 118.4 1192 119.4 118.0 1128 109.9 100.7 92.2 78.0 43.0
101.4 550 109.7 120.9 1208 1173 1185 1155 108.8 101.7 a14 025 477
107.8 53.0 625 1144 1026 86.2 103.0 90.4 1024 100.3 99.0 845 514
Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2
Time Omm = 25mm S0mm_— 75mm = 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 550mm =~ 800 mm.
0.0 18.1 178 173 72 72 72 WA 170 16.9 168 167 16.4
53 182 wT 175 176 18.4 184 18.9 20.8 19.4 18.0 174 169
122 22.3 374 38.2 382 38.5 384 367 30.9 257 185 72 17.0
19.0 25.4 45.2 45.5 449 449 43.3 424 34.2 246 20.5 183 174A
259 269 475 489 490 49.3 48.5 ara a6 352 286 22.7 18.0
327 275 512 53.9 535, 55.5 545 55.6 523 454 40.7 28.7 177
39.5 314 501 62.1 607 626 59.8 61.0 55.0 53.4 485 40.8 213
46.4 32.4 667 708 698 724 m4 m4 662 588 559 475 25.3
53.2 36.1 76.1 80.3 808 82.7 80.3 209 78 692 613 424 312
59.9 38.3 78.4 856 82.4 86.6 82.0 85.3 20.6 TIA 692 48.2 326
66.9 414 89.9 92.7 93.1 947 93.9 94.3 90.0 a28 47 53.8 36.0
737 424 944 992 98.9 102.4 97.3 4014 99.0 18 045 69.0 44.8,
806 457 95.5 1025 102.3 104.9 103.0 103.9 98.4 94.8. 845 678 49.5
B74 467 101.3 107.7 107.4 111.6 1103 106 104.9 96.5 90.3 761 516
94.2 496 107.4 111.9 27 115.0 113.2 1128 108.6 102.4 92.3 786 59.1
101.4 53.9 119.2 123.6 121.5 123.9 423.1 1213 1136 108.4 92.2 757 62.4
107.8 545 1124 1193 115.0 127.0 1237 1236 1154 105.8 96.2 622 638
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 3
Time Omm = 25mm 0mm = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = $50 mm = 900 mm
0.0 174 173 72 172 74 17.0 170 16.9 167 166 166 165
53 174 174 78 175 175 174 74 172 174 17.0 169 167
122 75 18.6 20.0 205 195 20.1 193 19.4 18.2 172 17.0 167
19.0 179 24.4 273 268 25.3 24.4 234 19.6 183 175 173 16.9
259 185 286 32.2 319 att 313 303 28.4 236 216 209 19.2
327 19.3 37.0 444 453 43.4 444 a8 38.0 334 28.0 282 19.9
395 199 40.0 43.8 42.4 402 39.1 74 344 328 312 299 23.4
46.4 203 40.2 492 49.6 482 483 465 39.8 366 368 34.3 273
53.2 214 444 56.1 55.9 53.3, 533 52.0 46.5 405 30.4 39.4 28.9
59.9 223 4a7 603 58.9 568 56.9 545 49.2 47a 439 429 36.2
69 23.4 493 60.4 612 60.0 607 59.2 517 50.2 47.0 46.2 Riad
737 24.4 52.2 666 65.4 647 oat 617 556 53.9 50.7 497 42.0
806 255 556 724 72.4 70.2 706 686 624 616 58.4 587 459
era 26.4 659 79.2 794 73 75 746 65.2 607 60.0 59.0 49.4
94.2 26.5 644 80.2 ato 79.8 79.7 763 68.0 637 644 64.5 55.3
101.4 29.0 a7 80.7 797 788 79.3 765 6a4 687 679 68.1 612
107.8 285 m2 90.0 99.2 875 876 85.8 802 778 734 73.0 62.1
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4
Time Omm 25mm = 50mm — 75mm — 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm == 450mm = $50 mm 800 mm
00 174 73 173 173 72 174 174 169 168 167 166 16.4
53 175 7S 176 176 174 174 73 72 17.0 16.9 167 166
122 183 216 244 23.9 228 23.1 229 214 19.0 72 170 16.9
19.0 188 26.4 ara 269 287 26.1 25.1 19.0 176 174 7A WA

48


Experiment Number 30

2333 05 08 04 06 233.3 06 05 08 03
Velocity probes in channels above burner
Time Channel 1 Channel 2

0.0 00 0.0
14 14 1
84 18 09
18.4 18 1.0
220 18 14
288 WT 14
35.5 26 17
42.4 22 15
49.1 23 17
56.1 24 16
62.8 25 17
696 23 18
76.5 23 19
83.3 23 16
90.0 26 17
96.9 28 18

1037 3.0 18

110.6 29 24

1173 30 16

124.1 24 19

131.0 27 20

137.8 22 24

1447 30 19

151.5 32 20

158.2 32 7

165.1 26 17

118 22 25

178.7 29 26

185.5 29 24

192.3 25 23

199.2 34 24

205.8 32 20

2128 36 17

2196 34 24

226.4 26 24

2333 37 27

93



‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm.
00 19.0 19.0 19.4
03 19.4 19.0 19.0
72 19.5 23.4 287
14.0 244 423 52.0

20.8 NS 59.0 676

aT 38.2 752 865

34.5 448 90.8 108.9

414 53.0 1185 138.6

482 59.4 122.9 108.5

55.0 62.5 1248 135.4

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2

Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm.
0.0 19.0 193 192
03 192 195 193
72 213 317 338

14.0 26.4 490 516
208 33.3 732 75.4
a7 40.1 868 89.0
345 448 107.8 115.9

414 541 1208 1277

482 57.9 1316 136.8

85.0 608 1346 140.8

‘Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 3

Time Omm = 25mm 50mm
00 183 18.4 186
03 184 18.6 188
72 184 18.6 18.8
14.0 188 268 30.2

208 20.3 35.0 447

@n7 22.3 50.8 60.1

34.5 25.0 a4 68.4

4nd 275 ert 89.0

482 30.4 766 100.3
55.0 32.0 80.8 105.4
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 4

Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm
00 184 189 18.9
03 18.4 187 188
72 186 189 19.4

140 219 28.9 29.0
208 25.0 443 49.0
27 28.4 57.8 612
345 317 655 69.3
414 a5 82.5 93.8
48.2 476 104.9 107.0
55.0 52.0 1124 114.9
Velocity probes at sprinkler number 1
Time 25mm 75mm = 125mm.
00 or) 00 00
03 02 0.2 03
72 a4 12 a4
140 A2 13 A2
20.8 43 13 07
a7 aA Ad A3
345 AT AS A2
414 18 48 13
48.2 AZ 10 0.9
55.0 1.0 08 08

75mm
19.0
19.0
29.2
52.4
66.8
856
108.9
134.7
533
107.4

75mm
19.4
193
343
52.7
757
885
113.6
1263
83.3
1465

75mm
187
18.9
18.9
28.9
428
615
676
89.9
1025
106.4

75mm
18.9
188
19.0
28.4
478
60.3
687
93,7
104.9
118.4

250 mm
00
02
08
03
04
o4
06
07
03
04

Experiment Number 2

100 mm
19.0
18.9
29.4
614
646
81.2
103.8
125.9
100.4
135.2

100 mm
19.4
19.4
34.2
525
762
90.4
1152
1298
119.0
151.5

100 mm
187
189
189
259
39.6
57.9
648
86.1
99.2
101.9

100 mm
188
187
189
24.9
45.1
58.2
66.3
91.0
101.9
112.3

125mm 150mm 250 mm
19.0 18.9 18.9
18.9 18.9 189
297 272 24.4
52.9 488 465
672 644 852
822 787 69.1
998 97.2 82.9

125.2 119.6 120.0
1152 947 1173
137.0 106.2 140.3
125mm 150mm 250 mm
19.4 19.4 189
192 19.2 19.4
a7 318 28.6
514 513 42.9
745 748 65.4
887 88.7 77
107.4 109.6 98.0
1237 126.1 1153
857 103.3 124.2
149.4 147.0 1323
425mm 180mm 250 mm
187 187 186
189 188 187
189 189 18.9
25.7 237 214
40.7 377 31.0
59.8 565 482
644 618 55.3
88.2 827 748
401.4 96.5 86.9
100.7 96.8 85.8
125mm 150mm 250 mm
188 188 18.7
188 188 187
188 188 189
244 23.8 218
46.0 46.4 39.1
59.5 57.4 48.4
679 68.3 632
90.5 87.9 18
104.5 105.1 95.0
1135 N27 100.0
Velocity probes al sprinkler number 2
Time 25mm 75mm
00 00 00
03 02 02
72 10 09
14.0 13 14
20.8 o7 10
2n7 14 14
34.5 12 12
4an4 18 15
48.2 og 08
55.0 08 07

31

360 mm
18.8
189
2t4
292
416
60.0
738
107.5
118.5
131.5

350 mm
188
18.9
22.8
36.1
456
64.9
80.9
104.4
92.6
1266

350 mm
186
187
18.9
21.0
26.0
437
50.1
ett
74
80.5

350 mm
187
18.8
18.8
206
285
44.0
616
657
04.4
96.9

125mm
00
02
o7
10
1.0

450 mm
187
188
198
24.0
377
54.4
665
92.9
1125
1198

450 mm
187
187
19.4
21.0
30.6
872
10
88.1
107.8
1120

450 mm
18.5
187
19.0
19.2
224
36.5
44.0
556
666
76.4

450 mm
18.6
187
188
19.0
267
40.1
527
616
82.9
93.9

250 mm

550 mm
187
188
19.0
193
33.2
314
468
766
74
108.0

550 mm
187
186
19.0
19.4
347
37.0
58.6
70.8
528
98.0

550 mm
185
188
189
19.41
20.1
327
42.8
54.8
66.5
76.6

550 mm
185
18.6
188
190

99.2
50.3
63.1
79.0
90.3

900 mm
186
186
18.7
18.9
23.0
209
233
26.2
42.0
53.8

900 mm
185
18.5
187
19.0
20.3
203
30.0
368
458
549

900 mm
185
187
18.9
19.1
19.4
279
3h7
408
52.4
646

900 mm
18.4
185
189
19.2
22.0
22.4
24.4
32.9
44.9
56.2


9.2 m

2.4 m t 4.4 m 1 > 0.9 m
Instrumentation orray Stairs
14 om to
upper
— a4 O38 floor 27m
2.8 9 pS Sy 5.6 m
etached ?
Ty —
iL Commer ol 9 ayy, a2

\ strumentation

1.6m

~ Wall
Y Ya os)
0.7 my aaa
Figure 1 - Plan view of experimental set up.
pf? mm _ typ. pe mm_ typ.
125 mm 150 mm
250 mm 250 mm
350 mm
450 mm
550 mm
© 900 mm

Figure 2 - Instrumentation set up for arrays 1 and 2.


Experiment Number 15

188.9 662 759 79 818 86.2 672 88.6 296 912 88.0 927 75.4
195.6 78 88.2 883 93.9 98.9 100.8 101.9 101.4 103.2 101.8 101.0 691
Velocity probes at sprinkler number 1 Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2
Time = 25mm 75mm 125mm 250mm. Time = 25mm = 75mm 125mm ~—-250 mm
00 00 0.0 00 0.0 0.0 00 00 00 00
47 04 o4 04 0.4 47 0.4 04 00 Or
5 03 03 03 03 15 03 o4 O4 02
18.5 05 04 04 04 185 08 05 04 OA
252 05 0S 05 03 252 os o4 04 02
32.1 0.4 03 03 O41 32.4 06 05 05 ot
38.8 04 04 04 02 38.8 03 03 03 02
456 05 05 05 03 45.6 05 05 04 on
525 06 07 04 52.5 05 05 05 03
59.3 08 06 03 593 0s 05 06 03
66.2 05 08 04 662 or o7 06 02
72.9 05 04 03 729 06 06 O7 04
797 07 06 “0.4 797 06 0s 05 03
86.6 07 04 03 86.6 06 o7 o7 03
93.4 OT 05 02 93.4 08 09 09 06
100.1 07 OT Oa 100.1 06 o7 08 06
107.0 08 08 05 107.0 05 05 06 o4
1138 07 4 04 113.8 07 07 or 03
1207 06 4 03 1207 05 05 o7 06
1275 07 07 05 1275 05 o4 06 02
134.2 04 04 05 134.2 06 o7 08 04
1414 08 08 04 1414 06 05 0s o4
1478 08 06 0.4 147.8 09 09 10 O41
154.8 08 08 05 1548 o7 o7 09 o4
1616 09 08 04 161.6 08 08 09 o4
168.3 aA 08 06 168.3 08 09 09 04
175.2 08 07 05 1752 05 06 08 o7
181.9 08 07 06 181.9 06 o7 09 05
188.9 “07 07 07 188.9 08 a7 10 06
195.6 07 10 08 “07 195.6 08 08 1.0 06

Velocity probes in channels above bumer
Time Channel Channel 2

0.0 00 0.0
ar 4 06
nS 14 05
185 13 05
252 17 06
32.4 14 08
38.8 16 10
456 16 10
52.5 24 10
59.3 18 10
662 18 10
729 23 08
797 23 08
86.6 20 14
93.4 18 18

100.1 20 08

107.0 2.0 14

413.8 26 o7

1207 3.0 12

127.5 22 12

134.2 19 12

144.4 26 42

1478 22 17

154.8 25 13

161.6 24 18

168.3 28 14

175.2 27 13

59



46 350 70.4
Velocity probes at sprinkler number 1

Time = 25mm 75mm
0.0 00 00
24 03 05
92 09 o7
16.2 14 14
23.0 18 18
299 20 18
36.7 13 15
43.5, 14 44
50.4 7 13
872 12 18
64.2 20 24
70.9 17 1.6
77 19 1.6
84.6 15 15

18

125mm
00
06
08
og
13
13
14
06
09
18
18
14
14
44

m4

250 mm
00
on
04
ot
07
03
03
02
02
04
04
02
08
03

Experiment Number 42

689 702 688 56.9
Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2
Time = 25mm 75mm

0.0 00 0)

24 OA 00

92 04 00

162 05 06

23.0 07 08

29.8 06 06

36.7 06 o7

43.5 05 06

50.4 08 07

87.2 08 08

64.2 08 08

709 06 07

77 05 06

846 or 07

112

55.9

125mm
0.0
00
00
06
07
06
06
06
06
08
07
06
06
07

523

250 mm
00
o4
O41
06
05
04
04
04
o4
o4
05
o4
05
05

42.8

256


856 34.8 688
Velocity probes at sprinkler number 1
Time = 25mm = 75mm

00 00 00

34 on on

102 09 09

172 14 12

239 13 10

309 14 14

378 14 13

444 WT 18

513 18 16

58.1 1 cI

65.1 15 18

19 19 18

787 17 17

85.8 15 18

70.6

125mm
00
02
03
10
09
10
a7
14
re)
09
17
14
12
15

250 mm
00
o4
02
02
o4
o4
O41
02
03
06
06
05
03
10

Experiment Number 43

68.3 696 692 58.3
Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2
Time = 25mm 75mm

00 00 0.0

a4 OA 00

102 OA 0.0

72 05 0s

23.9 07 a7

30.9 06 06

376 07 07

444 05 05

513 05 06

58.1 o7 08

654 o7 07

19 o7 07

787 06 06

856 06 06

114

56.0

125mm
0.0
of
ot
05
07
06
07
05
07
08
07
07
06
07

536

250 mm
Cr)
00
00
05
o4
o4
05
04
04
03
03
o4
06
06

46.1


1 Introduction

There is little quantitative information on the effect beams or other ceiling obstructions have on
the activation time of quick response residential sprinklers [1]. Residential sprinklers are only
listed for use under smooth horizontal unobstructed ceilings [2,3]. The objective of this study
was to determine the effect that a horizontal obstructed/beamed ceiling configuration had on the
activation times of a residential sprinkler.

The ceiling jet is usually defined as the gas flow beneath the ceiling surface directed radially
away from the fire plume, which is driven by the buoyancy of the hot combustion products. For
smooth horizontal unobstructed ceilings, temperature and velocity distributions vary both
radially away from the fire center and vertically below the ceiling. Sprinkler response is
primarily a function of the physical properties of the sprinkler thermal element, its mounting, and
the temperature and velocity of the ceiling jet that flows around it. One of the effects that ceiling
obstructions such as beams and joists have is to significantly alter the flow of the ceiling jet.

2 Experimental Configuration

These experiments were conducted at the Building and Fire Research Laboratory Annex
Building 534. The fire compartment consisted of a room 9.2 m x 5.6 m (30 ft x 18 ft) with a
ceiling height of 2.4 m (8 ft), figure 1. The walls were constructed of a wood frame covered with
12.7 mm (0.5 in) gypsum board and the floor was concrete. A hollow steel door measuring 0.91
m x 2.1 m (3.0 ft x 6.8 ft) opened to the outside. The air gap under the door measured 25 mm (1
in). This door was closed for all experiments. A stairway of wood construction led to an upper
floor that had the same dimensions as the fire compartment. There was no vent from this upper
floor. For the smooth horizontal unobstructed ceiling experiments, the ceiling was also covered
with 12.7 mm (0.5 in) gypsum board. For the horizontal obstructed/beamed ceiling, the gypsum
board on the ceiling was removed exposing the 0.038 m x 0.24 m (1.5 in x 9.5 in) wood joists
that were spaced 0.41 m (16 in) on center. These ceiling joists spanned the width of the room;
supported in the center by a 0.10 m x 0.18 m (4 in x 7 in) steel I beam that spanned the length of
the room. The steel I beam was supported at either end by the wood frame wall and along its
length by two steel 0.064 m (2.5 in) lolly columns. The flooring material for the upper floor
consisted of 1.22 m x 2.44 m (4 ft x 8 ft) sheets of 12.7 mm (0.5 in) thick plywood nailed
directly to the top of the ceiling joists. Four quick response residential pendent sprinklers were
installed on the ceiling in accordance with NFPA 13D, Sprinkler Systems in One and Two
Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes [3]. The location of the four sprinklers, numbered 1
through 4, is also shown in figure 1.

2.1. Instrumentation

Temperature measurements were made with 0.51 mm (0.02 in) nominal diameter type K
thermocouples. Standard thermocouple instrumentation for all 45 experiments consisted of four
vertical arrays of thermocouples, one array located next to each sprinkler, figure 1. Each array
was comprised of 12 thermocouples located 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 250, 350, 450, 550, and
900 mm (0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.9, 4.9, 5.9, 9.8, 13.8, 17.7, 21.7, and 35.4 in) below the ceiling, figure


151.5 93.7 100.3 103.0
158.2 98.5 103.6 105.9
165.1 105.2 1105 1129
118 109.9 116.7 1208
1787 1136 120.6 1238
185.5 1223 1295 1314
1923 73 1207 125.1
199.2 124.0 130.7 132.7
205.9 130.0 137.7 140.0
2129 130.0 137.6 140.1
2196 131.0 138.1 118
226.4 129.8 136.7 140.6
233.3 136.4 123.1 82.41
‘Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 3
Time Omm = 25mm 50mm
00 279 279 275
14 278 282 28.4
a4 27 286 282
184 288 288 287
220 30.8 30.7 307
288 35.8 36.1 366
355 38.9 406 406
42.4 416 42.3 427
49.4 40.1 42.9 427
56.4 457 484 478
62.8 469 542 50.3
696 48.5 556 53.4
765 526 56.9 563
83.3 54.0 597 58.3
90.0 607 64.0 632
96.9 597 645 63.4
103.7 59.2 68.3 637
1106 627 686 675
1173 65.1 767 m8
1244 62.2 687 694
131.0 752 79.0 790
1378 754 866 90.2
1447 75 857 aig
151.5 798 90.5 85.4
158.2 88.6 975 95.1
165.1 88.8 973 96.1
171.8 92.2 97.0 96.4
1787 95.7 1077 101.9
185.5 76.3 85.1 887
1923 Exe) 93.3 93.7
199.2 972 1142 107.4
205.9 101.8 113.8 1126
2129 102.9 1157 113.0
219.6 96.7 103.4 103.9
226.4 98.1 107.0 106.3
233.3 102.0 121.2 114.0
‘Thermocoupies located at sprinkler number 4

Time Omm = 25mm 50mm
or) 24 2A ara
14 aT 27.6 276
a4 276 276 278
15.4 28.8 286 202
22.0 32.8 32.3 314
288 374 375 344
365 43.4 40.8 26.4
42.4 45.4 428 38.9
49.1 46.4 45.4 4n7
56.1 498 475 444

101.3
104.5
113.4
1206
1234
130.9
123.4
131.0
138.7
139.3
1414
1372

630

75 mm
269
278
278
288
314
36.3
405
428
438
48.0
S17
54.8
874
587
63.6
64.8
674
687
72.9
70.8
80.5
84.0
84.9
ars
96.2
965
99.0
107.0
93.2
96.2
1125
167
115.4
109.3
1125
120.9

75mm
26.3
269
269
289
339
399
444
457
488
82.4

Experiment Number 30

108.7
108.1
115.0
1236
127.4
133.4
128.9
134.0
143.6
141.6
146.9
142.4

93.6

100 mm
26.4
273
274
285
314
36.5
406
43.0
443
479
82.2
55.4
575
59.3
63.9
65.5
66.6
697
729
73.4
80.3
844
86.4
896
958
96.5
100.4
106.0
95.2
O77
1122
118.6
1153
1106
1154
119.1

100 mm
257
26.2
26.3
286
333
387
432
45.2
48.3
519

104.6
107.6
1135
1223
126.2
1317
128.4
134.7
139.6
139.8
146.4
1395
1149

125mm
259
268
269
287
313
364
40.9
43.2
457
49.4
541
568
58.9
606
653
672
686
722
754
70
82.9
86.7
88.8
93.1
98.9
99.4
1025
109.4
98.4
1015
1165
122.0
1184
115.5
121.4
1253

125 mm
253
259
259
28.8
335
39.1
43.4
452
48.6
52.8

105.0
108.5
113.4
121.2
126.0
1314
1298
1333
140.4
138.4
146.7
139.9
1279

150 mm

255
26.4
266
28.0
37
36.8
412
43.4
46.4
497
54.9.
872
59.6
os
66.2
674
68.3
73.4
755
785
84.2
86.6
88.6
93.9
98.9

100.4

103.9

109.4
99.5

103.4

1155

124.0

1183

1187

1223

1252

150 mm

91

25.0
255
25.5
289
33.0
304
43.3
45.1
487
53.0

95.2
100.4
101.4
103.3
113.4
113.0
1217
120.4
116.9
118.9
126.0
126.5
N44

250 mm
247
25.4
255
26.7
30.8
343
39.2
42.2
45.4
498
53.6
569
585
615
646
675
696
742
768
784
83.3
86.8
69.1
94.4
98.8
100.4
104.1
110.4
106.3
1108
116.0
122.4
1186
1227
125.4
1273

250 mm
24.4
25.1
25.1
a7
31.0
96.5
408
434
ara
50.9

90.2
96.7
93.7

101.0

103.5

104.1

106.3

1164

109.2

1108

1058

1178

10.7

350 mm
24.2
249
25.0
267
3205
30.9
36.2
ana
459
468
478
55.8
58.1
62.2
65.0
679
19
748
778
76.2
82.3
844
096
913
99.1
1028
102.3
109.6
1095
1138
118.0
1163
1206
1262
129.0
129.6

350 mm
23.9
249
248
275
289
32.2
36.4
393
448
50.5

78.5
82.6
83.6
85.0
86.8
91.8
97.6

103.3
98.5

101.2
99.2

101.4

101.4

450 mm
23.8
24.5
24.8
25.6
28.9
26.2
278
att
38.7
378
403
438
474
50.9
54.9
613
643,
637
674
653
6
698
47
72
858
89.2
era
95.4
103.4
104.0
105.4
101.3
1122
1135
109.4
1136

450 mm
23.5
24.5
24.8
28.8
272
284
275
30.4
347
99.2

nT
73.9
750
74
80.7
847
892
91.0
93.6
93.6
95.3
96.6
97.9

550 mm
23.4
244
24.3,
25.1
287
25.4
26.2
287
30.9
34.0
36.8
394
442
488
49.2
534
54.9
566
608
596
63.2
63.2
647
694
72.2
769
762
806
on
28.3
93,1
910
93.3
99.2
953
96.0

550 mm
23.3
24.4
244
249
24.8
246
27.0
288
335
359

53.8
59.2
62.4
632
64.0
66.5
69.5
729
747
714
78.9
79.2
82.8

900 mm
22.8
23.3
235
24.0
23.9
23.6
244
248
248
26.5
282
30.3
312
349
36.2
372
40.0
16
472
50.4
50.9
53.5
827
579
57.8
609
62.0
62.1
66.8
687
70.7
73.3
75.0
75.0
74
80.0

900 mm
22.8
233
23.5
23.8
23.8
24.4
24.8
24.6
247
256


Experiment Number 5

606 AQ Sa 08 05 606 10 08 09 06

673 AB 13 08 06 673 1.0 12 14 08
Velocity probes in channels above bummer

Time Channel 1 Channel 2

00 00 00
59 17 o7
127 23 13
195 24 13
26.4 26 14
332 27 18
40.4 28 16
46.9 17 15
536 32 17
60.6 44 24
673 42 14

36



Experiment Number 34

32.4 05 o7 0s o4 924 05 o7 06 04
39.0 02 03 0s 05 39.0 06 06 05 04
458 0s o7 08 a4 458 05 06 06 04
52.6 05 06 or 06 526 06 06 05 04
595 06 06 08 06 595 06 07 o7 08
662 06 06 08 o7 66.2 08 08 08 06
734 08 08 10 10 734 0g 08 o7 05

‘Velocity probes in channels above burner
Time Channel Channel 2

00 0.0 i)
43 26 WT
WT 32 13
185 34 24
25.4 45 24
32.1 48 24
39.0 45 a4
458 49 29
526 43 29
59.5 50 3.0
66.2 48 46
734 87 46

98



Experiment Number 7

‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 1

Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm =— 150mm =—-250mm 350mm = «450mm =~ 550mm ~— 900mm
00 216 215 218 213 21.3 244 ta 20.8 205 20.4 202 19.4
45 207 216 216 ahd 214 242 213 209 20.8 206 205 197
na 23.0 295 36.4 36.3 36.0 366 35.4 34.6 30.4 26.3 223 20.0
18.0 276 450 517 50.8 4a7 495 477 nS 287 226 213 20.1
25.0 344 544 622 60.6 59.0 58.3 565 48.9 40.2 34.2 26.4 207
318 33.8 623 m9 70.4 69.2 69.2 ere 602 49.0 419 299 206
387 375 694 790 787 756 732 728 609 56.1 524 448 23.2
455 423 82.0 95.1 92.4 o14 90.0 89.9 787 69.5 622 514 243,
52.3 465 90.9 102.8 98.2 98.9 94.6 95.5 83.6 e3.4 79.9 60.0 33.0
593 506 98.7 1126 108.9 109.6 1076 107.9 98.8 93.3 22.4 66.6 38.9
66.0 58.4 108.4 126.3 1205 1253 119.7 121.6 110.3 105.3 975 7A 448
73.0 585 108.0 92.8 95.5 873, 96.5 1157 1123 1143 107.6 87.8 53.2
798 643 119.3 149.5 1447 96.9 108.3 131.3 128.8 121.0 100.3 855 576
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 2
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm =— 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 260mm = 350mm = 450mm = 550mm ~—- 900. mm.
0.0 22.2 217 218 215 214 213 21.2 209 208 206 204 196
45 22.5 218 218 216 245 24 214 21.0 208 207 205 196
13 287 419 43.4 43.9 442 43.5 428 36.0 28.3 228 22.0 20.0
18.0 29.4 473 49.4 49.4 50.2 49.4 489 455 338 259 21.3 20.1
25.0 327 58.5 60.4 610 606 60.7 595 52.4 43.5 35.4 244 21.0
318 35.4 667 TA 697 13 699 70.8 654 523 449 30.7 20.7
38.7 39.0 754 arg 79.4 022 ais 83.1 742 628 53.4 44.9 26.9
455 478 95.6 98.3 977 98.2 93.6 95.9 88.2 737 643 485 30.3
523 462 92.9 99.3 95.9 99.3 95.3 98.4 912 89.9 78.1 523 39.2
59.3 523 110.9 1167 1124 1165 109.3 116.3 109.4 106.7 937 69.0 414
66.0 56.5 1274 135.3 1329 135.9 131.3 193.8 117.0 105.3 93.8 78.7 51.0
73.0 626 123.9 133.4 129.2 128.0 131.5 132.9 1205 110.0 106.4 86.8 60.4
798 624 128.3 1447 134.5 198.9 134.6 1398 134.2 1223 109.4 823 68.0
‘Thermocouples located at sprinkler number 3
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm =— 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 50mm ~— 900 mm.
00 25 25 213 24.2 242 214 2t4 210 209 20.6 20.3 195
45 216 216 21.3 212 244 2t4 244 20.9 206 20.4 20.2 198
11.3 217 22.4 226 233 22.4 23.4 22.4 22.3 21.3 20.8 206 200
18.0 224 289 32.4 322 30.0 29.6 27.0 22.8 215 24.0 209 20.3
25.0 229 34.8 42.0 424 40.3 40.7 38.6 35.2 263 249 23.8 22.7
318 23.7 434 512 50.6 48.4 482 46.3 43.3 40.9 35.3 32 233
387 24.8 46.2 50.5 50.8 498 50.5 49.5 48.4 433 38.5 37.3 28.4
455 26.6 53.2 59.3 604 59.6 60.4 59.5 568 498 428 429 33.6
62.3 274 549 702 a4 66.8 66.3 64.5 604 546 50.4 48.4 387
59.3 28.4 60.4 758 76.0 746 752 727 668 60.2 587 55.5 442
66.0 29.4 657 805 79.6 770 77 763 69.0 65.0 616 60.0 53.4
73.0 317 749 94.6 92.4 a76 867 83.4 756 70.4 675 68.4 59.0
79.8 323 754 98.2 98.7 96.4 974 94,2 82.2 77 756 78.1 677
‘Thermocouples located al sprinkler number 4
Time Omm = 25mm = 50mm = 75mm = 100mm = 125mm = 150mm = 250mm = 350mm = 450mm = 850mm = 900. mm
0.0 213 213 213 242 21.0 240 21.0 207 205 203 20.0 19.4
45 213 24.3 212 242 21.0 24.0 21.0 20.9 208 206 203 199
13 214 214 213 215 220 224 224 213 209 207 206 202
18.0 236 31.0 335 326 30.8 29.9 27.0 228 22.2 22.0 242 20.4
25.0 28.2 410 aad 437 423 429 424 334 30.4 30.3 28.2 22.7
318 263 44.9 50.2 49.9 484 496 49.2 444 43.4 987 35.6 22.3
387 28.4 50.9 55.5 545 52.8 533 534 46.2 449 44.0 aT 23.3
455 318 656 657 64.9 632 64.4 634 554 544 48.2 473 297
52.3 35.4 724 745 737 16 73.0 19 62.0 585 56.5 54.3 363
593 39.6 82.2 44 eat e20 842 84.2 756 70.2 648 63.0 42.2
66.0 466 916 93.4 92.9 895 918 90.6 795 75.8 725 69.4 46.3
73.0 519 101.4 101.9 101.4 99.4 101.8 102.9 94.4 93.4 83.4 B19 50.8
798 542 111.0 1147 1135 1114 113.4 111.9 100.3 95.8 a7 89.0 548
Velocity probes at sprinkler number 1 Velocity probes at sprinkler number 2
Time = 25mm == 75mm 125mm — 250 mm Time = 25mm = 75mm —125mm_—-260 mm
00 00 0) 00 00 00 0.0 00 0.0 00

39