Importation of Fresh Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Shelled 

or in Pods, from Jordan into the Continental United States

A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Risk Assessment

February 14, 2011

Version 2

Agency Contact:

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300

Raleigh, NC 27606
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 ii

Executive Summary

In this risk assessment we examined the risks associated with the importation of fresh beans

(Phaseolus vulgaris L.), in pods (French, green, snap, and string beans) or shelled, from the 

Kingdom of Jordan into the continental United States. We developed a list of pests associated 

with beans (in any country) that occur in Jordan on any host based on scientific literature, 

previous commodity risk assessments, records of intercepted pests at ports-of-entry, and 

information from experts on bean production. This is a qualitative risk assessment, as we express 

estimates of risk in descriptive terms (High, Medium, and Low) rather than numerically in 

probabilities or frequencies.

We identified seven quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway of introduction. We estimated 

Consequences of Introduction by assessing five elements that reflect the biology and ecology of 

the pests: climate-host interaction, host range, dispersal potential, economic impact, and 

environmental impact. We estimated Likelihood of Introduction values by considering both the 

quantity of the commodity imported annually and the potential for pest introduction and 

establishment. We summed the Consequences of Introduction and Likelihood of Introduction

values to estimate overall Pest Risk Potentials, which describe risk in the absence of mitigation.

Five pests had High pest risk potentials, and two had Medium pest risk potential as follows: 

Type Organism Taxonomy Pest Risk 

Potential

Arthropods Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae High

Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae High

Liriomyza huidobrensis Blanchard Diptera: Agromyzidae High

Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae High

Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae High

Lampides boeticus Linnaeus Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae Medium

Fungus Phoma exigua var. diversispora 

(Bubák) Boerema

Ascomycete: Mitosporic 

fungi

Medium

For pests with High pest risk potential, mitigations beyond port-of-entry inspection are strongly 

recommended, and may be necessary for pests with Medium pest risk potential. We listed risk 

mitigation options here (Appendix A). Detailed examination and choice of appropriate 

phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk are part of the pest risk management phase within 

APHIS and are not addressed in this document.
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 iii

Table of Contents

Executive Summary...................................................................................................................... ii

1. Introduction............................................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Background.......................................................................................................................... 1

1.2. Commodity information....................................................................................................... 1

2. Risk Assessment ........................................................................................................................ 2

2.1. Initiating Event..................................................................................................................... 2

2.2. Assessment of Weediness Potential of Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)............................... 2

2.3. Current Status, Decision History, and Pest Interceptions.................................................... 4

2.4. Pest Categorization - Identification of Pests of Beans in Jordan ......................................... 5

2.6. Consequences of Introduction............................................................................................ 22

2.7. Likelihood of Introduction................................................................................................. 32

2.8. Pest Risk Potential and Conclusion ................................................................................... 35

3. Author and Reviewers............................................................................................................ 36

4. Literature Cited ...................................................................................................................... 36

5. Appendices............................................................................................................................... 52

Appendix A. Risk management options for importation of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) from 

Jordan into the continental United States.................................................................................. 52

Appendix B. Countries with permitted entry of beans into the United States.......................... 56

Appendix C. Decision sheets for Phaseolus spp. and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). ................. 58

Appendix D. Pest interceptions on beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) entering the United States..... 61

Appendix E. Predicted distribution of Liriomyza huidobrensis in the conterminous United

States......................................................................................................................................... 70

Appendix F. Predicted distribution of Maconellicoccus hirsutus in the conterminous United 

States......................................................................................................................................... 71

Appendix G. Field pest management, post-havest practices, and Standard packinghouse 

procedures described for beans produced in Jordan (Jordan Ministry of Agriculture, 2008) .. 72
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 1

1. Introduction

1.1. Background

This risk assessment was prepared by analysts at the Center for Plant Health Science and 

Technology (CPHST) office in Colombia, Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), Animal and 

Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). We 

examined potential pest risks associated with the importation of fresh beans (Phaseolus vulgaris 

L.), in pods (french, green, snap, and string beans) or shelled, from Jordan into the continental 

United States. This pest risk assessment is pathway-initiated because it is based on the risks 

associated with the importation of this commodity. This risk assessment is qualitative: we 

express risk in descriptive terms (High, Medium, and Low) rather than in probabilities or 

frequencies. The methodology and rating criteria are explained in the Guidelines for PathwayInitiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000).

International plant protection organizations such as the North American Plant Protection 

Organization (NAPPO) and the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) of the United 

Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) provide standards for conducting pest risk 

Analyses (e.g., IPPC, 2009: ISPM #2, #11). The methods we used to initiate, conduct, and report 

this plant pest risk assessment are based on these standards. Biological and phytosanitary terms 

used in this document are in accordance with those in the Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms 

(IPPC, 2009: ISPM #5). The IPPC standards describe three stages of pest risk analysis: Stage 1 

(initiation), Stage 2 (risk assessment), and Stage 3 (risk management). A pest risk assessment is a 

component of an overall pest risk analysis; this document satisfies the requirements of IPPC 

Stages 1 and 2.

1.2. Commodity information

Beans originated in Central and South America and were widely disseminated in North and 

South America before European exploration (Rhodes, 2006). The beans belong to the Fabaceae 

family (NRCS, 2007). This plant species is currently cultivated and naturalized worldwide 

(NGRP, 2007; Wiersema and León, 1999). The genus Phaseolus (sensu stricto) includes 55 

species; five have been domesticated (Debouck, 1994). Phaseolus vulgaris is one of the most 

important legumes and is used as a pulse and as a green vegetable. It supplies edible young pods 

(french, green, snap, or string beans), unripe seeds (shell beans), or dried, mature seeds (dry 

beans), as well as valuable forage (the whole plant). In some parts of the tropics, young leaves 

are used as spinach, and in temperate regions, common bean is grown mainly for the green 

immature pods that are eaten as a vegetable, and are also canned and frozen (Bailey, 1976; 

CABI, 2007).

The fruits of bean plants are narrow and 20 cm (8 in) long, flat or nearly cylindrical; the seeds 

are elongate or globose and about 1.3 cm (0.5 in) long. The seeds are red, brown, black, white, or 

mottled (Bailey, 1976). Pod texture is described as either leathery or stringless. Leathery pods 

have reduced parchment tissue, and are used to produce both dry seed and green beans, as they 

remain tender until the rapid phase of seed growth occurs. Stringless pods remain tender when 

seeds are large and are extensively traded as a frozen product (CABI, 2007). 
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 2

According to the Jordan Ministry of Agriculture, beans are produced in the Jordan Valley and 

Highlands. The Jordan Valley (north, middle, and south) receives about 250-360 mm of rain 

annually. In the highlands (mainly Baqa area and Yadodeh), annual rainfall is between 300 and 

700 mm (EHKJ, 2004; Haddad, 1983; Jordan Ministry of Agriculture, 2007). 

Most bean plantations in Jordan (98 percent) are cultivated using drip irrigation, in either open 

field plantations (OFP) or protected under standard plastic tunnels (SPT). In 2006, the total area 

planted was 235.4 ha, 202.4 ha in OFP and 33 ha in SPT (Jordan Ministry of Agriculture, 2007). 

Total production was 3,307 tons: 2,404 tons from OFP, and 903 tons from SPT. 

The most commonly cultivated bean varieties in Jordan are Pronko (United States), Kentucky 

(United States), Leader (United States), Markony (Italy), Romano (Netherlands), and Destinctin 

(Chile) (Jordan Ministry of Agriculture, 2007).

Field pest management, post-harvest practices, and standard packinghouse procedures are 

described for beans produced in Jordan (Jordan Ministry of Agriculture, 2008) (Appendix G).

2. Risk Assessment

The conceptual model for this analysis is APHIS’s Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk 

Assessments, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000). In this risk assessment, the first five risk elements are 

combined to estimate the Consequences of Introduction. To estimate the risk associated with the 

Likelihood of Introduction we evaluated pests based on six sub-elements. Together, the 

Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction values estimate the Pest Risk 

Potential. 

2.1. Initiating Event

This commodity-based pathway-initiated assessment is in response to a request made by the 

Kingdom of Jordan (EHKJ, 2004) to USDA to authorize the importation of Fresh Beans, in pods

or shelled which may present a potential plant pest risk. In this case, importation into the 

continental United States of beans grown in Jordan is a potential pathway for the introduction of 

plant pests. USDA has regulatory authority for the importation of fruits and vegetables from 

foreign sources into the United States (7 CFR § 319, 2009).

2.2. Assessment of Weediness Potential of Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

The results of the weediness screening for Phaseolus vulgaris did not prompt a weed-initiated 

risk assessment (Table 1).
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Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 3

Table 1. Assessment of weediness potential of beans.

Commodity scientific name: Phaseolus vulgaris Linnaeus 

Common name: Beans

Synonyms (NRSC, 2007):

Phaseolus aborigineus Burkart (= Phaseolus vulgaris var. aborigineus)

Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. humilis Alef. (NRCS, 2007)

Phaseolus vulgaris var. mexicanus Freytag

Phaseolus vulgaris var. vulgaris: P. compressus DC., P. compressus var. carneus G. Martens,

P. compressus var. cervinus G. Martens, P. compressus var. ferrugineus G. Martens, P.

ellipticus var. albus G. Martens, P. ellipticus var. aureolus G. Martens, P. ellipticus var. 

helvolus Savi, P. ellipticus var. mesomelos Haberle, P. ellipticus var. pictus Caval., P.

ellipticus var. spadiceus G. Martens, P. gonospermus var. oryzoides G. Martens, P.

gonospermus var. variegatus Savi, P. nanus L., P. oblongus var. albus G. Martens, P.

oblongus var. spadiceus Savi, P. oblongus var. zebrinus G. Martens, P. sphaericus var. 

atropurpureus G. Martens, P. sphaericus var. minor G. Martens, P. vulgaris var. albus

Haberle, P. vulgaris var. nanus G. Martens, P. vulgaris var. niger G. Martens, P. vulgaris var. 

ochraceus Savi, P. vulgaris var. variegatus DC., P. zebra var. carneus G. Martens, P. zebra

var. purpurascens G. Martens 

Family: Fabaceae

Common Names: beans, common bean, caraota, feijao, field bean, french bean, frijol, garden 

bean, green bean, haricot bean, kidney bean, navy bean, pinto bean, poroto, red bean, snap 

bean, string bean, white beans, and waxbean (NMSU, 2005; NRCS, 2007; PPQ, 2008a).

Phase 1: 

Phaseolus vulgaris is reported in 18 states of the continental United States: Connecticut, 

District of Columbia, Florida, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maine, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, 

New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Rhode Island, North Carolina, South Carolina, Wyoming, 

Utah, and Virginia (NRCS, 2007). It is considered to be widely distributed in the continental

United States.

Phase 2: Invasive / Weed Status: Listing as weed:

NO Geographical Atlas of World Weeds (Holm et al., 1991a).

NO World’s Worst Weeds (Holm et al., 1991b).

NO World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution (Holm et al., 1997).

NO Weed Science Society of America List (WSSA, 2007).

NO Federal Noxious Weed List (PPQ, 2006).

NO Economically Important Foreign Weeds (Reed, 1977).

NO Identification of disseminules listed in the Federal Noxious Weed Act (Gunn and 

Ritchie, 1988).

NO Global Invasive Species Database (ISSG, 2007).

YES A Global Compendium of Weeds (Randall, 2007).

NO Invasive Species of the World (Weber, 2003).

NO Alien Plant Invaders of Natural Areas (Swearingen, 2007).

NO Noxious Weeds in the United States and Canada (Skinner et al., 2007).

NO State Regulated Noxious Weeds (NPB, 2007).

Other: Scientific literature, Internet sources, etc.:

NO AGRICOLA (AGRICOLA, 2007), CAB (CABI, 2007), AGRIS (AGRIS, 2007).
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Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 4

NO Florida's Invasive Species List, Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (FLEPPC, 2007).

NO Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (Forest Service, 2007).

Phase 3:

Phaseolus vulgaris is widely prevalent in the continental United States and the answer to one

of the above questions is yes. In this case, according to the APHIS PRA Guidelines, Version 

5.02 (PPQ, 2000), additional comments on findings in the text are provided:

- In the “Global Compendium of Weeds” (Randall, 2007), it is considered a weed in Mexico, 

Puerto Rico, and southern Florida.

Conclusion: We proceeded with the pest risk assessment for the following reasons: 1)

Phaseolus vulgaris is listed as a world economic plant and is widely naturalized and cultivated 

for its edible seeds (Wiersema and León, 1999); and 2) this plant is not under official control 

in the continental United States.

2.3. Current Status, Decision History, and Pest Interceptions

2.3.1. Current status

Beans have been authorized for entry from the following countries: all countries of the West 

Indies [Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominica, 

Dominican Republic, Grenada; Guadeloupe and St. Barthelemy, Haiti, Jamaica; Martinique, 

Montserrat, St. Eustatius or the Netherlands Antilles, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, St. 

Martin (France and Netherlands), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Turks and Caicos Islands, 

and Virgin Islands, British], Aruba, Belgium, Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El 

Salvador, France, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Italy (including Sicily), Japan, Korea, Mexico, 

Morocco, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Romania, Senegal, Spain, 

Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela (see Appendix B for details about common 

name cited, if accepted as pod or shelled, port-of-entry, and special procedures) (PPQ, 2008a). 

2.3.2. Decision history

Prior decision history data sheets regarding the import of Beans into the United States are 

described in Appendix C. Data without clear information (particularly the date) were not 

included in this table and correspond to the following countries with their respective comments if 

described: Argentina, British Honduras (Belize), Costa Rica, Dominica, the Dominican 

Republic, Dutch Guiana, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Panama, Peru, and the Virgin Islands 

(approved entrance but with special restriction: Nov-Mar); Egypt, Portugal, Romania (rejected); 

Cuba (rejected entire year); and Grenada, Holland, Jamaica, and Mexico (without any comment) 

(CPHST, 2008a). 

2.3.3. Pest interceptions 

We listed pest interceptions from 1984 to 2007 on beans from different countries. Most of the 

intercepted pests belonged to insects in the Coleoptera and Lepidoptera families (Appendix D) 

(PestID, 2011). Because most of the Coleoptera were pests that infest dry grain, we did not

include them in the pest list.
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 5

2.4. Pest Categorization - Identification of Pests of Beans in Jordan

Below we present information on pests associated with beans (in any country) that occur in 

Jordan and neighboring countries (i.e., Egypt, Israel, Iraq, Saudi Arabia,and Syria). We based the 

assessment on these countries as well as Jordan to include potential pests throughout that

ecological region (Near East) where fresh beans are grown (Table 2). The data includes (1) the 

presence or absence of these pests in the continental United States and pertinent citations for that 

distribution, (2) pertinent citations supporting the association of the pest with beans (3) the 

association of the pest with plant parts and pertinent citations showing that association, (4) the 

quarantine status of the pest in the continental United States, and (5) whether the pest is likely to 

follow the pathway into the United States on beans (pod or shelled).

Table 2. Pests reported on pod or shelled beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) anywhere in the world and present 

in Jordan and neighboring countries (on any host).

Pest Distribution1 Host plant 

association2

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association3,4

Follow 

pathway4

ARTHROPODS

Arachnida

Acari: Tenuipalpidae

Brevipalpus californicus 

(Banks)

JO (Fauna europaea, 

2004);US (CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Brevipalpus obovatus 

Donnadieu

JO (Fauna europaea, 

2004);; US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Acari: Tetranychidae

Eutetranychus orientalis

(Klein)

JO (Bolland et al., 

1998)

Bolland et al., 

1998

Yes L (CABI, 

2007)

No

Tetranychus cinnabarinus

Boisduval

JO, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Tetranychus urticae Koch JO (CABI, 2007; 

EHKJ, 2004); US 

(Bolland et al., 1998; 

CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007; 

EHKJ, 2004

No N/A N/A

 

1 Only geographic distribution in the continental United States, Jordan, and its neighboring countries is considered. EG = 

Egypt, IS = Israel, IR = Iraq, JO = Jordan, SA = Saudi Arabia, SY = Syria, US = United States. Specific U.S. States were 

listed only for quarantine pests: CA = California FL = Florida, and HI: Hawaii.

2 Reported on beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and some Phaseolus spp.

3 Acronyms used for plant parts: F = Fruit, F/P= Fruit or/and pods; Fl = Flowers; L = Leaf, P= Pods, R = Root, S = Stem, Sd= 

Seeds, and Sh= Shoots.

4 N/A = Not Applicable. Even if non-quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phytosanitary measures against these 

pests would not be justified considering the pest already occurs in the United States. Therefore, information on plant part 

association is not needed for non-quarantine pests.
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 6

Pest Distribution1 Host plant 

association2

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association3,4

Follow 

pathway4

INSECTA

Coleoptera: Bostrichidae

Rhyzopertha dominica 

(Fabricius)

JO (AQIS, 2001: 

EPPO, 1999); US 

(CABI, 2007; Guedes

et al., 1997)

Koehler, 1999 No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Bruchidae

Bruchus rufimanus Boheman JO (AQIS, 2001; 

EPPO, 1999); US 

(Ebeling, 2002)

Fraval, 1997 No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) JO, US (CABI, 2007) Avidov and 

Harpaz, 1969

No N/A N/A

Aulacophora foveicollis Lucas;

Syn = Raphidopalpa 

foveicollis Lucas

EG, IR, IS, SA (CABI, 

2007) 

CABI, 2007 Yes F, L, P, S 

(CABI, 2007)

No5

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Hypera postica Gyllenhal JO (AQIS, 2001); US 

(CABI, 2007; Radcliffe 

and Flanders, 1998)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Sitona lineatus Linnaeus JO (Abdel-Dali, 2007); 

US (Clement, 2004) 

Fraval, 1997c; 

Graham, 2007

No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Nitidulidae

Carpophilus dimidiatus 

Fabricius

JO (AQIS, 2001; 

EPPO, 1999); US 

(Walker, 2007a)

Mason, 2004 No N/A N/A

Carpophilus hemipterus 

Linnaeus

JO (AQIS, 2001; 

EPPO, 1999); US 

(CABI, 2007 Walker, 

2007b)

Mason, 2004 No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae

Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) JO (AQIS, 2001; 

EPPO, 1999); US 

(Walker, 2006)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Tribolium confusum Jacquelin 

du Val

JO (AQIS, 2001; 

EPPO, 1999); US 

(Walker, 2007c)

Phaseolus sp.: 

Maes et al., 

1991

No N/A N/A

 

5 Aulacophora foveicollis larvae attack roots, young seedlings, and fruits in contact with the ground (Avidov and Harpaz, 

1969). This pest is described as an external feeder, with larval stages easily detectable by visual inspection of fruits and 

pods (CABI, 2007). Therefore, A. foveicollis is highly unlikely to remain with the commodity through harvest and standard 

handling and processing.
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 7

Pest Distribution1 Host plant 

association2

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association3,4

Follow 

pathway4

Diptera: Agromyzidae

Chromatomyia horticola

Goureau; Syn = Phytomyza 

horticola Goureau; P. 

atricornis Meigen

JO (Fauna europaea, 

2004) 

Phaseolus sp.:

CABI, 2007

Yes L, S (CABI, 

2007)

No

Liriomyza bryoniae Kaltenbach JO (Abdel-Dali, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes L, S 

(Dempewolf, 

2004)

No

Liriomyza huidobrensis 

Blanchard

JO (CABI, 2007; 

EPPO, 2005a); US 

(CA) (CABI, 2007; 

Malipatil, 2007; 

Scheffer, 2000) 

CABI, 2007 [Yes]

6

P (Steck, 

2008); L, S 

(CABI, 2007, 

Dempewolf, 

2004)

Yes

Liriomyza sativae Blanchard JO (CABI, 2007; 

EPPO, 2005a); US 

(CABI, 2007; 

Dempewolf, 2004)

CABI, 2007; 

Dempewolf, 

2004

No N/A N/A

Liriomyza trifolii Burgess JO (CABI, 2007; 

EPPO, 2005a); US 

(CABI, 2007; 

Dempewolf, 2004)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Melanagromyza sojae

(Zehntner)

JO (Fauna europaea, 

2004)

Phaseolus sp.:

Dempewolf, 

2004

Yes L, S 

(Dempewolf, 

2004)

No

Ophiomyia phaseoli Tryon Syn 

= Melanagromyza phaseoli 

Coquillet

JO (Fauna europaea, 

2004); US (HI) (CABI, 

2007; Cousins, 2008)

Dempewolf, 

2004

Yes L 

(Dempewolf, 

2004); R, S 

(CABI, 2007)

No

Diptera: Anthomyiidae

Delia platura (Meigen) JO (Fauna europaea, 

2004); US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Diptera: Tephritidae

Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) JO (AQIS, 2001; CABI, 

2007; EPPO, 1999; 

EPPO and CABI, 

1997a), US (HI) 

(CABI, 2007)7

Phaseolus sp.:

CPHST, 2008a; 

Liquido et al., 

1990

[Yes] F, P (Liquido 

et al., 1990) 

No8

 

6 Brackets “[ ]” indicate that this is a quarantine significant species with limited distribution in the United States.

7 Ceratitis capitata is only present in the United States in Hawaii (CDFA, 2003). This fruit fly is not established in California 

(Guidicipietro, 2003). Although this pest has been introduced periodically into the continental United States, first in 

Florida (1929) and most subsequent infestations in California and Florida, it has not become established in the continental 

United States (Bergsten et al., 1999). In California, C. capitata infestations have been detected since 1975, all of which 

have been declared eradicated (Lance and Gates, 1994). A National Exotic Fruit Fly Detection Program is run 

cooperatively by APHIS and U.S. states susceptible to fruit fly establishment in order to prevent the establishment of C. 
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Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 8

Pest Distribution1 Host plant 

association2

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association3,4

Follow 

pathway4

Dacus ciliatus Loew JO (CABI, 2007) Phaseolus sp.:

White and 

Elson-Harris, 

1992

Yes F, P (CPHST, 

2008a)

No9

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) JO (CABI, 2007; 

EHKJ, 2004; EPPO, 

1999); US (CABI, 

2007; Miller et al., 

2000)

CABI, 2007;

Pereira et al., 

2004

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Aphididae

Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji JO (Fauna europaea, 

2004);, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)

Syn = A. onobrychis Boyer 

de Fonscolombe

JO (CABI, 2007; 

EHKJ, 2004); US 

(CABI, 2007; Jensen et 

al., 1999)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Aphis craccivora Koch JO (CABI, 2007; 

EHKJ, 2004); US 

(CABI, 2007; Jensen et 

al., 1999)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Aphis fabae Scopoli JO (CABI, 2007; 

EHKJ, 2004); US 

(CABI, 2007; Jensen et 

al., 1999)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Aphis gossypii Glover JO (AQIS, 2001; CABI, 

2007; EPPO, 1999); US 

(CABI, 2007; Jensen et 

al., 1999)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Aphis nerii Boyer de 

Fonscolombe

JO (Abdel-Dali, 2007); 

US (Jensen et al., 1999)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

 

capitata, thereby ensuring pest-free status (Bergsten et al., 1999; Lance and Gates, 1994).

8 C. capitata is highly unlikely to follow the pathway because: 1) none of the cited references in Liquido et al. (1998), which 

indicated that P. vulgaris was a host for C. capitata, included field or laboratory infestation data, 2) beans are not a 

confirmed host of C. capitata (Liquido et al., 1990), and 3) in over 37 years of surveys, C. capitata has never been 

intercepted on P. vulgaris (Liquido et al., 1990). Based on this evidence, C. capitata is highly unlikely to follow the 

pathway and we do not further analyze this pest.

9 Phaseolus vulgaris as a host plant of Dacus ciliatus was reported by Munro (1984), and described by Hancock (1989) and 

White and Elson-Harris (1992) as an “unusual host.” Quilici and Jeuffraut (2001) reviewed the host plants of eight 

tephritid fruit fly species, including D. ciliatus, found in Mauritius, La Reunion, and the Seychelles. Out of 101 plant 

species in the review, 16 cucurbitaceous and one solanaceous species were listed as host plants, but none were in Fabaceae 

(Leguminosae). Munro (1984), Kapoor (1970), and Shaheen et al. (1973) reported that the primary host plants of D. 

ciliatus belong to family Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae, with the cucurbit crops being more preferred (Matanmi, 1975; 

Orian and Moutia, 1960). Dacus ciliatus has never been intercepted in P. vulgaris (PestID, 2011). Based on the stated 

evidence, we think D. ciliatus is highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial shipments of P. vulgaris (Liquido, 

2011), and therefore we did not further analyze it.
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 9

Pest Distribution1 Host plant 

association2

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association3,4

Follow 

pathway4

Aphis spiraecola Patch JO (CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007; Jensen et 

al., 1999)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Aulacorthum solani Kaltenbach JO (Blackman and 

Eastop, 2000), IS; US 

(Jensen et al., 1999)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Macrosiphum euphorbiae 

Thomas

JO (CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007; Jensen et 

al., 1999)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Myzus persicae Sulzer JO (CABI, 2007; 

EHKJ, 2004; EPPO, 

1999); US (CABI, 

2007; Jensen et al., 

1999)

Phaseolus sp.:

CABI, 2007

No N/A N/A

Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale 

(Sasaki)

JO (CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007; Jensen et 

al., 1999)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Pentatomidae

Dolycoris baccarum L. IR (Linnavuori, 2008), 

IS (CABI, 2007; 

Hodková et al., 1989)

CABI, 2007; 

Panizzi et al., 

2000

Yes F, L, Sd 

(Panizzi et 

al., 2000)

No10

Nezara viridula Linnaeus JO (Abdel-Dali, 2007); 

US (Arnett, 2000; 

CABI, 2007)

Phaseolus sp.:

Liebenberg, 

2002

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) JO (Fauna europaea, 

2004);; US (CABI, 

2007)

Phaseolus sp. 

CABI, 2007

No N/A N/A

Maconellicoccus hirsutus 

(Green) 

Syn = Phenacoccous 

hirsutus Green

JO (Halaybeh and 

Katbeh-Bader, 2010); 

EG, SA (CABI, 2007); 

US (CA, FL, HI)

(CABI, 2007) 

CABI, 2007; 

Mani, 1989

[Yes] F, Fl, L, S, P 

(CABI, 2007)

Yes

Planococcus citri (Risso) JO (Ben-Dov, 2006); 

US (Ben-Dov, 2008)

Ben-Dov, 2008 No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus longispinus 

Targioni Tozzetti

JO, US (Ben-Dov,

2008)

Phaseolus sp. 

Ben-Dov, 2008

No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Crambidae

Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) Syn 

= Pyrausta nubialis (Hübner)

JO (AQIS, 2001); US 

(Capinera, 2008)

Burkness et al., 

2002; CABI, 

2007

No N/A N/A

 

10 Dolycoris baccarum extrude sap from developing seeds; infested plants produce degenerated and empty seeds (Panizzi et 

al., 2000). Therefore, D. baccarum is highly unlikely to remain with the commodity through harvest and standard handling 

and processing.
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 10

Pest Distribution1 Host plant 

association2

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association3,4

Follow 

pathway4

Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae

Tuta absoluta (Povolny) JO (Omari, 2010;

Russell IPM Ltd., 2010)

EPPO. 2009; 

PPQ, 2010

Yes L (PPQ, 

2010)

No

Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae

Lampides boeticus Linnaeus JO (CABI, 2007, 

Katbeh-Bader et al., 

1998), US (HI) (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007; 

Grund, 2002

Yes F (CABI, 

2007) Fl, P 

(Grund, 

2002)

Yes

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) JO (CABI, 2007; 

EHKJ, 2004); US 

(CABI, 2007; Capinera, 

2006)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Agrotis segetum Denis & 

Schiffermüller

JO (CABI, 2007) Liebenberg, 

2002

Yes L, S (Fraval, 

1997a; 

Liebenberg, 

2002)

No

Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper) JO (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes F/P, L 

(CABI, 2007)

Yes

Helicoverpa armigera 

(Hübner)

JO (CABI, 2007; 

EPPO, 1999)

CABI, 2007; 

Liebenberg, 

2002; NPPS, 

2006

Yes F/P, L 

(CABI, 

2007), Sd 

(Liebenberg, 

2002)

Yes

Helicoverpa sp. JO (PestID, 2011) PestID, 2011 Yes F (Pest ID, 

2007)

Yes

Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) JO (AQIS, 2001); US 

(EPPO and CABI, 

1997b; Robinson et al., 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Mamestra brassicae (L.) IS, JO (PestID, 2011), 

SY (CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 Yes F (CABI, 

2007; PPQ, 

2002)

No11

Peridroma saucia (Hübner) IS, SY; US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) JO (CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007; Robinson 

et al., 2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Spodoptera littoralis 

(Boisduval)

JO (CABI, 2007; 

EPPO, 2005a)

CABI, 2007; 

EPPO, 2005a

Yes F/P, L 

(CABI, 2007)

Yes

 

11 Mamestra brassicae has been intercepted from Jordan only once, on a commodity other than beans (PestID, 2011). This is 

insufficient evidence that this insect actually occurs in Jordan. Therefore, this pest is highly unlikely to follow the 

pathway.
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 11

Pest Distribution1 Host plant 

association2

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association3,4

Follow 

pathway4

Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) JO (CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007; Robinson

et al., 2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae

Cynthia cardui Linnaeus

Syn = Vanessa cardui

JO (Fauna europaea, 

2004); US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

Cadra cautella Walker JO (CABI, 2007); US 

(Arbogast and Chini, 

2005; CABI, 2007; 

Robinson et al., 2007)

Phaseolus sp. 

Solis, 1986

No N/A N/A

Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke) EG, SA; US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Sphingidae

Acherontia styx (Westwood) JO (CABI, 2007) Phaseolus sp. 

Robinson et al., 

2007

Yes L (CABI, 

2007)

No

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Cydia nigricana Fabricius JO (EHKJ, 2004); US 

(Robinson et al., 2007)

EHKJ, 2004 No N/A N/A

Orthoptera: Acrididae

Locusta migratoria Linnaeus JO (CABI, 2007) Phaseolus sp. 

CABI, 2007; 

Munakata, 1977; 

ISPI, 2008)

Yes F/P, Fl, L, S, 

Sd (CABI, 

2007)

No12

Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål) JO (CABI, 2007) Dirsh, 1974 Yes F/P, Fl, L, S, 

Sd, Sh 

(CABI, 2007)

No13

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom) JO (PestID, 2011), IR, 

IS (CABI, 2007); US 

(Mound, 2006, 

Nakahara and Foottit, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

 

12 Locusta migratoria preferentially attacks plants in the Poaceae family (CABI, 2007). Beans are only minor hosts, because 

they are only attacked when Poaceae plant species or other monocotyledons are not available (CABI, 2007). This pest is a 

highly mobile external feeder, oviposits in pods in the ground (Hill, 1983), and is large (males: 35-40mm, and females: 40-

50mm). For these reasons, it is highly unlikely to remain on the commodity through standard handling and processing.

13 Adults of S. gregaria have color patterns varying between green, yellow, and sometimes black, and its size varies from 6-

8cm (Cerda and Cermeli, 1988). Schistocerca gregaria migrates in a solitary or gregarious phase. Based on this 

information, this pest is highly unlikely to remain on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and 

processing.
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 12

Pest Distribution1 Host plant 

association2

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association3,4

Follow 

pathway4

Megalurothrips sjostedti 

Trybom

SA (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes Fl, L, P 

(CABI, 2007; 

Plant Health 

Australia, 

2009; Varela 

et al; 1999)

No14

Thrips tabaci (Lindeman) JO (CABI, 2007; 

EHKJ, 2004); US 

(CABI, 2007; Mound, 

2007)

EHJK, 2004 No N/A N/A

BACTERIA and PHYTOPLASMS15

Pectobacterium atroseptica

(van Hall) Gardan et al., 

comb. nov.

Syn = Erwinia carotovora 

subsp. atroseptica (van Hall) 

Dye (Enterobacteriales: 

Enterobacteriaceae)

JO (Abdel-Dali, 2007); 

US (Bradbury, 1986)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Pectobacterium carotovorum

subsp. carotovorum (Jones) 

Hauben et al., comb. nov.;

Syn = Erwinia carotovora

subsp. carotovora (Jones) 

Bergey et al.

(Enterobacteriales: 

Enterobacteriaceae)

JO (CABI, 2007); US 

(Bradbury, 1986)

Phaseolus sp. 

CABI, 2007

No N/A N/A

Pseudomonas marginalis pv.

marginalis (Brown) Stevens 

(Pseudomonadales: 

Pseudomonadaceae)

EG (CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. 

phaseolicola (Burkholder) 

Gardan et al. 

Syn = P. syringae pv.

phaseolicola (Burkholder) 

Young et al.

(Pseudomonadales: 

Pseudomonadaceae)

JO (EHKJ, 2004; 

EPPO, 1999); US 

(Bradbury, 1986)

Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi 

(Sackett) Young et al.

(Pseudomonadales: 

Pseudomonadaceae)

JO (EHKJ, 2004); US 

(Bradbury, 1986)

EHKJ, 2004 No N/A N/A

 

14 Megalurothrips sjostedti infest flowering stages and has young fruits preference (CABI, 2007; Mound, 2005). These pods 

are aborted prematurely or become scarred and unmarketable (CABI, 2007; Varela, 1999). Therefore, M. sjostedti is not 

expected to remain with fresh beans through harvest and standard handling and processing.

15 Bacteria classification and nomenclature are written according to Euzéby (2008) and NCBI (2008).
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 13

Pest Distribution1 Host plant 

association2

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association3,4

Follow 

pathway4

Pseudomonas syringae pv.

syringae van Hall 

(Pseudomonadales: 

Pseudomonadaceae)

JO (Abdel-Dali, 2007); 

US (Bradbury, 1986)

Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Pseudomonas syringae pv.

tabaci (Wolf and Foster) 

Young et al.

(Pseudomonadales: 

Pseudomonadaceae)

JO (Abdel-Dali, 2007); 

US (Bradbury, 1986)

Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Pseudomonas viridiflava 

(Burkholder) Dowson 

(Pseudomonadales: 

Pseudomonadaceae)

JO (CABI, 2007); US 

(Bradbury, 1986, 

CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Rhizobium radiobacter 

(Beijerinck and van Delden) 

Young et al. (Rhizobiales: 

Rhizobiaceae)

JO (CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. 

alfalfae (Riker et al.) 

Vauterin et al.

(Xanthomonadales: 

Xanthomonadaceae)

SY (CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. 

phaseoli (Smith) Vauterin et 

al.

Syn = X. campestris pv. 

phaseoli (Smith) Dye 

(Xanthomonadales: 

Xanthomonadaceae)

JO (CABI, 2007; 

EPPO, 2005a); US 

(CABI, 2007)

Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

FUNGI and STRAMENOPILES16

Alternaria alternata (Fr.) 

Keissl.

Syn = A. tenuis Nees 

(Dothideomycetes:Pleosp

orales)

JO (EHKJ, 2004); US 

(Farr et al., 2007)

Farr et al., 2007; 

Schwartz, 2005a

No N/A N/A

Alternaria brassicicola 

(Schwein.) Wiltshire 

(Dothideomycetes: 

Pleosporales)

IS, SA, EG (CABI, 2007); 

US (CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Aspergillus flavus Link 

(Eurotiomycetes: 

Eurotiales)

JO (Abdel-Dali, 2007); US 

(Farr et al., 2007)

Farr et al., 2007 No N/A N/A

 

16 Fungi classification and nomenclature are written according to the NCBI Taxonomy Homepage (NCBI, 2008) and Index 

Fungorum (CABI Biosciences et al., 2007).
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 14

Pest Distribution1 Host plant 

association2

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association3,4

Follow 

pathway4

Aspergillus niger Tiegh.

(Eurotiomycetes: 

Eurotiales)

JO (Abdel-Dali, 2007; 

EPPO, 1999); US (Farr et 

al., 2007)

Farr et al., 2007 No N/A N/A

Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) Tu 

and Kimbr.

Syn = Corticium rolfsii 

Curzi (Agaricomycetes: 

Atheliales)

JO (AQIS, 2001); US 

(CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 

2007)

Farr et al., 2007 No N/A N/A

Botryotinia fuckeliana (de 

Bary) Whetzel

Syn = Botrytis cinerea

Pers. (Leotiomycetes: 

Helotiales)

JO (EHKJ, 2004; EPPO, 

1999); US (Farr et al., 

2007)

Farr et al., 2007; 

Schwartz, 2005a

No N/A N/A

Botryosphaeria rhodina

(Berk. & M.A. Curtis) 

Arx

Syn = Lasiodiplodia 

theobromae (Pat.) Griffon 

& Maubl.

(Dothideomycetes: 

Botryosphaeriales)

JO (AQIS, 2001); US (Farr 

et al., 2007)

Carmichael et 

al., 2007

No N/A N/A

Botrytis fabae Sardiña 

(Leotiomycetes: 

Helotiales)

JO (Abdel-Dali, 2007); US 

(CA) (CABI, 2007; Farr et 

al., 2007; Koike, 1998); 

(CT) (Horst, 2001); NY 

(Zitter, 2005)

CABI, 2007; No N/A N/A

Choanephora cucurbitarum 

(Berk. & Ravenel) Thaxt.

(Zygomycetes: 

Mucorales)

IR; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Cochliobolus lunatus R.R. 

Nelson & Haasis 

(Dothideomycetes: 

Pleosporales)

EG, IR, SA; US (CABI, 

2007)

Phaseolus sp. 

CABI, 2007 

No N/A N/A

Cochliobolus sativus (S. Ito 

& Kurib.) Drechsler ex 

Dastur

Syn = Helminthosporium 

sativum Pammel, C.M. 

King and Bakke 

(Dothideomycetes: 

Pleosporales)

JO (AQIS, 2001; EPPO, 

1999); US (CABI, 2007; 

Farr et al., 2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum truncatum 

(Schwein.) Andrus & 

W.D. Moore 

(Ascomycetes: 

Phyllachorales)

EG, SA; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 15

Pest Distribution1 Host plant 

association2

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association3,4

Follow 

pathway4

Corticium rolfsii Curzi

Syn: Sclerotium rolfsii

(Basidiomycetes: 

Polyporales)

JO (AQIS, 2008; EPPO, 

1999); US (CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Diaporthe phaseolorum var. 

sojae (Lehman) Wehm.

(Ascomycetes: 

Diaporthales)

EG, IS; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Erysiphe betae (Vaňha) 

Weltzien

Syn = E. polygoni DC.

(Leotiomycetes: 

Erysiphales)

JO (CABI, 2007; EHKJ, 

2004; EPPO, 1999); US 

(CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 

2007)

Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Fusarium phaseoli (Burkh.) 

T. Aoki & O'Donnell 

(Sordariomycetes: 

Hypocreales)

JO (Haddad, 1983); US 

(Farr et al., 2007)

Farr et al., 2007; 

Haddad, 1983

No N/A N/A

Fusarium oxysporum 

Schltdl.

(Sordariomycetes: 

Hypocreales)

JO (CABI, 2007; EPPO, 

1999); US (CABI, 2007; 

Farr et al., 2007)

CABI, 2007; 

Farr et al., 2007

No N/A N/A

Glomerella cingulata 

(Stoneman) Spauld. & H. 

Schrenk

Syn = Colletotrichum 

gloesporioides (Penz.) 

Penz. and Sacc.

(Sordariomycetes: 

Hypocreales)

JO (AQIS, 2001; EPPO, 

1999); US (CABI, 2007; 

Farr et al., 2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Glomerella lindemuthiana 

Shear

Syn = Colletotrichum 

lindemuthianum (Sacc. & 

Magnus) Briosi & Cavara 

(Sordariomycetes: 

Phyllachorales)

JO (Abdel-Dali, 2007; 

EHKJ, 2004); US (CABI, 

2007; Farr et al., 2007)

Farr et al., 2007; 

Schwartz, 2005a

No N/A N/A

Gibberella avenacea R.J. 

Cook 

Syn = Fusarium 

avenaceum (Fr.: Fr.) Sacc.

(Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales)

IR, IS, EG; US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) 

Petch (Sordariomycetes: 

Hypocreales)

JO (AQIS, 2001; EPPO, 

1999); US (CABI, 2007; 

Farr et al., 2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 16

Pest Distribution1 Host plant 

association2

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association3,4

Follow 

pathway4

Haematonectria 

haematococca (Berk. and 

Broome) Samuels and 

Rossman

Syn = Fusarium solani 

(Mart.) Sacc.; Nectria 

haematococca Berk. and 

Broome 

(Sordariomycetes: 

Hypocreales)

JO (AQIS, 2001; Haddad, 

1983); US (Farr et al., 

2007)

Haddad, 1983 No N/A N/A

Leveillula taurica (Lév.) G. 

Arnaud (Leotiomycetes: 

Erysiphales)

IR, IS (CABI, 2007; 

EPPO, 1999); US (CABI, 

2007; Farr et al., 2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Mycosphaerella cruenta 

Latham (Ascomycetes, 

Mycosphaerellales)

EG, IR, SA; US (CABI, 

2007)

Phaseolus sp. 

CABI, 2007

No N/A N/A

Nematospora coryli Peglion 

(Saccharomycetes, 

Saccharomycetales)

IR, US (CABI, 2007) Phaseolus sp. 

CABI, 2007

No N/A N/A

Penicillium italicum 

Wehmer (Eurotiomycetes: 

Eurotiales)

JO (Abdel-Dali, 2007); US 

(Farr et al., 2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Phoma exigua var.

diversispora (Bubák) 

Boerema (Ascomycete: 

Mitosporic fungi)

JO (Abdel-Dali, 2007) Allen et al., 

1996; Schwartz, 

2005b, 

Schwartz, 2008, 

Farr and 

Rossman, 2010 

Yes17 L, P, S, Sd 

(Snowdon, 

1992)

Yes

Phoma pinodella (Jones) 

Morgan-Jones & Burch 

(Ascomycete: Mitosporic 

fungi)

EG, SY; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Podosphaera xanthii

(Castagne) U. Braun & 

Shishkoff

Syn = Sphaerotheca 

fuliginea (Schltdl.) 

Pollacci (Leotiomycetes: 

Erysiphales)

JO (Al-Jaa'freh, 1990); US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Phytophthora cryptogea 

Pethybr. & Laff.

(Oomycetes: 

Peronosporales)

JO (CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

 

17 Phoma exigua var. diversispora is considered a reportable pest (NIS, 2008). 
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 17

Pest Distribution1 Host plant 

association2

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association3,4

Follow 

pathway4

Pythium aphanidermatum

(Edson) Fitzp.

(Oomycetes: Pythiales)

JO (Abdel-Dali, 2007); US 

(Farr et al., 2007)

Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Pythium debaryanum Hesse 

(Oomycetes: Pythiales)

JO (Abdel-Dali, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Pythium irregulare Buisman 

(Oomycetes: Pythiales)

IR, IS, EG; US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Pythium myriotylum 

Drechsler (Oomycetes: 

Pythiales)

IS; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Pythium ultimum Trow 

(Oomycetes: Pythiales)

JO (CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 

2007)

Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Rosellinia necatrix Berl. ex 

Prill. (Sordariomycetes: 

Xylariales)

JO (EPPO, 1999; Haddad, 

1983); US (CABI, 2007; 

Farr et al., 2007)

Phaseolus sp. 

CABI, 2007

No N/A N/A

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

(Lib.) de Bary 

(Leotiomycetes: 

Helotiales)

JO (CABI, 2007; EHKJ, 

2004; EPPO, 1999); US 

(CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 

2007)

Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Thanatephorus cucumeris 

(A.B. Frank) Donk

Syn = Rhizoctonia solani 

J.G. Kühn 

(Agaricomycetes: 

Cantharellales)

JO (AQIS, 2001; EPPO, 

1999; Haddad, 1983); US 

(CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 

2007)

Farr et al., 2007; 

Schwartz, 2005a

No N/A N/A

Thielaviopsis basicola 

(Berk. & Broome) 

Ferraris

Syn = Chalara elegans 

Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr.

(Ascomycetes: 

Microascales)

EG, IS; US (CABI, 2007) Phaseolus sp. 

CABI, 2007

No N/A N/A

Uromyces appendiculatus F. 

Strauss

Syn = U. phaseoli G. 

Winter (Pucciniomycetes: 

Pucciniales)

JO (AQIS, 2001; EHKJ, 

2004; EPPO, 1999); US 

(CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 

2007)

Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Uromyces viciae-fabae 

(Pers.) J. Schröt.

(Pucciniomycetes: 

Pucciniales)

JO (AQIS, 2001; EHKJ, 

2004); US (CABI, 2007; 

Farr et al., 2007)

EHKJ, 2004; 

Farr et al., 2007

No N/A N/A

Verticillium dahliae Kleb.

(Sordariomycetes: 

Phyllachorales)

JO (CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 

2007)

Farr et al., 2007 No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 18

Pest Distribution1 Host plant 

association2

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association3,4

Follow 

pathway4

MOLLUSCA

Theba pisana (Müller)

(Helicidae)

JO (CABI, 2007); US 

(CA) (Garrison, 1993)

Garrison, 1993 [Yes] L, S, Sh 

(Fraval. 

1997d)

No

Helix aspersa Muller 

(Helicidae)

EG, IS, SY, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 Yes18 F, P, L, R, S 

(CABI, 2007)

No19

NEMATODES20

Ditylenchus dipsaci Kühn 

(Anguinidae)

JO (CABI, 2007; EPPO, 

2005a); US (Ferris, 2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Helicotylenchus dihystera 

(Cobb) Sher 

(Hoplolaimidae)

JO (PestID, 2011); US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Helicotylenchus multicinctus 

(Cobb) Golden 

(Hoplolaimidae)

JO (CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Helicotylenchus 

pseudorobustus (Steiner) 

Golden (Hoplolaimidae)

JO (CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Heterodera cajani Koshy 

(Heteroderidae)

EG (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes R (CABI, 

2007)

No

Heterodera glycines

Ichinohe (Heteroderidae)

EG, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Heterodera schachtii A. 

Schdmit (Heteroderidae)

JO (CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007; Ferris, 2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Hoplolaimus seinhorsti Luc 

(Hoplolaimidae)

EG (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes R (CABI, 

2007)

No

Meloidogyne arenaria Neal 

(Chitwood)

(Meloidogyninae)

JO (Abdel-Dali, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007)

Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Meloidogyne hapla 

Chitwood 

(Meloidogyninae)

EG, IS; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Meloidogyne incognita 

(Kofoid and White) 

Chitwood 

(Meloidogyninae)

JO (CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007)

Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Meloidogyne javanica 

(Treub) (Meloidogyninae)

JO (CABI, 2007; EHKJ, 

2004); US (CABI, 2007)

Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Pratylenchus brachyurus 

(Godfrey) Filipjev and 

Schuurmans Stekhoven 

(Pratylenchidae)

JO (Abdel-Dali, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007)

Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

 

18 This organism is only actionable if intercepted on material going to AL, FL, or Puerto Rico (PestID, 2011).

19 Because of its large size, this mollusk pest is highly likely to be removed during the post-harvest process.

20 Nematode classification and nomenclature are written according to NEMAPLEX by Ferris (2007).
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 19

Pest Distribution1 Host plant 

association2

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association3,4

Follow 

pathway4

Pratylenchus penetrans 

(Cobb) Chitwood and 

Oteifa (Pratylenchidae)

JO (Abdel-Dali, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007)

Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Pratylenchus thornei Sher 

and Allen 

(Pratylenchidae)

JO (CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Pratylenchus vulnus Allen 

& Jensen (Pratylenchidae)

EG, IS; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

VIRUS

Alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus 

(AMV) (Bromoviridae)

JO (CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007)

Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Bean common mosaic 

necrosis potyvirus 

(BCMNV)

Syn = Bean common 

mosaic potyvirus 

(BCMV) (Potyviridae)

JO (Abdel-Dali, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007)

Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Bean leafroll luteovirus 

(BLRV) (Luteoviridae)

JO (Abdel-Dali, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007)

Brunt et al., 

1996

No N/A N/A

Bean yellow mosaic 

potyvirus (BYMV)

(Potyviridae)

JO (CABI, 2007; EHKJ, 

2004); US (CABI, 2007)

Brunt et al., 

1996; Schwartz, 

2005a

No N/A N/A

Beet curly top curtovirus 

(BCTV) (Geminiviridae)

IS, EG (CABI, 2007); US 

(Büchen-Osmond, 2008)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Broad bean mottle 

bromovirus (BBMV)

(Bromoviridae)

JO (Abdel-Dali, 2007) Brunt et al., 

1996

Yes L, S (Brunt et 

al., 1996)

No

Broad bean wilt comovirus

(BBWV) (Fabaviridae)

JO (CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007)

Brunt et al., 

1996

No N/A N/A

Cowpea mild mottle virus 

(CPMMV) (Tentative 

Carlavirus: Tentative 

Flexiviridae)

JO (CABI, 2007; EPPO, 

2005a)

Schwartz, 

2005a; Coutts, 

2005

Yes L, S, P 

(CABI, 2007)

No21

Cucumber mosaic 

cucumovirus (CMV)

(Bromoviridae)

JO (CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007)

Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

 

21 We concluded that CPMMV is highly unlikely to follow the pathway for the following reasons: 1) CPMMV is not 

persistent in Bemisia tabaci and its biotypes (CABI/EPPO, 1997; Almeida et al., 2005); thus, transmission from pods is 

highly unlikely. 2) Seed transmission has been demonstrated only once under experimental conditions (Brunt and Kenten, 

1973; cited by Coutts, 2005; Jeyanandarajah and Brunt, 1993). 3) Seeds in fresh beans for export are not physiologically 

mature (whether they contain the virus or not); therefore, they will not grow into a plant that could serve as a source of 

inoculums for the vector to acquire the virus and then transmitted to a healthy bean plant. 4) Most Bemisia sp. 

interceptions are from leaves with one on them intercepted on bean pods, (PestID, 2011), this does not represent enough 

evidence to support that the pods are a pathway for the introduction of this vector. 
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 20

Pest Distribution1 Host plant 

association2

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association3,4

Follow 

pathway4

Faba bean necrotic yellows 

nanovirus (FBNYV)

(Unassigned Family)

JO (CABI, 2007; EHKJ, 

2004)

Brunt et al., 

1996; CABI, 

2007

Yes L, S (AlNsour et al., 

1998; Brunt 

et al., 1996; 

Ouizbouben 

and Fourtass, 

1997)

No

Peanut mottle potyvirus 

(PeMoV) (Potyviridae)

EG, IS; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Soybean dwarf luteovirus 

(SbDV) (Luteoviridae)

SY (CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Squash leaf curl 

begomovirus (SCLCV) 

Syn = Bean Calico 

Mosaic Virus 

(Geminiviridae)

JO (Abdel-Dali, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007)

Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Tobacco mosaic 

tobamovirus (TMV)

(Unassigned Family)

JO (Abdel-Dali, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Tobacco rattle tobravirus

(TRV) (Unassigned 

Family)

EG, IS; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Tobacco streak ilarvirus

(TSV) (Bromoviridae)

IS; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Tomato ringspot nepovirus 

(ToRSV) (Comoviridae)

JO (EPPO, 2005a); US 

(CABI, 2007)

Brunt et al., 

1996

No N/A N/A

Tomato spotted wilt 

tospovirus (TSWV)

(Bunyaviridae)

JO (Abdel-Dali, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007)

Schwartz, 2005a No N/A N/A

Tomato yellow leaf curl 

begomovirus (TYLCV)

(Geminiviridae)

JO (CABI, 2007; EPPO, 

2005a); US (CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Watermelon mosaic 

potyvirus (WMV)

(Potyviridae)

JO (CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

2.4.1. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway

The quarantine pests that are expected to follow the pathway [i.e., be included in commercial 

shipments of beans (Table 3)] are analyzed in detail in this risk assessment [Steps 5-7 (PPQ, 

2000)].
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 21

Table 3. Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway and selected for further analysis.

Type Pest Taxonomy

Arthropods Chrysodeixis chalcites Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Helicoverpa armigera Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Lampides boeticus Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae

Liriomyza huidobrensis Diptera: Agromyzidae

Maconellicoccus hirsutus Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Spodoptera littoralis Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Fungi Phoma exigua var. diversispora Ascomycete: Mitosporic fungi

2.4.2. Quarantine Pests Not Likely to Follow the Pathway

Other quarantine plant pests in this assessment that we did not choose to analyze further may be 

detrimental to the agricultural production systems of the United States, but several reasons exist 

for not analyzing them further.

Not associated with fruit or pods. For example, the quarantine pest’s primary association is 

with plant parts other than the fruit or pods. This is the case for the arthropods: Acherontia styx, 

Agrotis segetum, Chromatomyia horticola, Eutetranychus orientalis, Liriomyza bryoniae,

Locusta migratoria, Melanagromyza sojae, and Ophiomyia phaseoli; the mollusca: Theba 

pisana; the nematodes: Heterodera cajani, Hoplolaimus seinhorsti, and the viruses: Broad Bean 

Mottle Virus (BBMV) and Faba Bean Necrotic Yellows Virus (FBNYV).

Not identified to species. Generally, based on the IPPC guidelines (IPPC, 2009: ISPM #2), we 

do not further assess the risks associated with organisms identified only to the genus level if the 

genus in question is reported in the area of the United States to which the commodity will be 

shipped (the continental United States in the case of the present risk assessment). Genera often 

contain many species, and we do not know if the unidentified species occurs in the continental 

United States and, consequently, whether it meets the definition of a quarantine pest for the 

continental United States. In this risk assessment, the above statement applies to the arthropod 

Helicoverpa sp. Pest risk assessments focus on those organisms for which adequate biological 

and taxonomic information is available. Lack of species identification may indicate the limits of 

the current taxonomic knowledge, the life stage, or the quality of the specimen submitted for 

identification. Lack of identification at the species level does not rule out the possibility that 

either a high-risk quarantine pest was intercepted or the intercepted pest was not a quarantine 

pest. By developing detailed assessments for known pests that inhabit a variety of niches on the 

parent commodity, e.g., on the surface of or within the stem or fruit, on the flowers, etc., 

effective mitigation measures may be developed to eliminate the known pests and any similar 

unknown ones that inhabit the same niches. If a pest identified only to higher taxa is intercepted 

on beans, then its risk may be reevaluated.

Quarantine pests for Jordan. The fruit fly Bactrocera cucurbitae, the pyralid Cryptoblabes 

gnidiella; the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Rodococus fascians; and the fungus 

Macrophomina phaseolina are reported in Jordan’s neighboring countries (CABI, 2007). 

However, these pests are considered quarantine pests for Jordan (CABI and EPPO, 2007). 
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 22

Consequently, we did not include these pests in the pest list.

Storage pests. Some pests reported from Jordan and neighboring countries (in parentheses) are 

pests of mature-dried pods and stored products (CABI, 2007) and are unlikely to be shipped with 

fresh beans: Acanthoscelides obtectus (Egypt, Iraq, and Israel), Araecerus fasciculatus (Egypt 

and Israel), Callosobruchus chinensis (Syria and Egypt), C. maculatus (Egypt), Caryedon 

serratus (Israel), Lasioderma serricirne (Egypt and Israel), Trogoderma granarium (Jordan), and 

Zabrotes subfasciatus (Israel). Therefore, we did not include them in the pest list.

Misidentifications. Spodoptera litura has been reported on beans (Purwar et al., 2007), but we 

did not include it because all records from Jordan were misidentifications (Pogue, 2008).

Likewise, Xanthomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola is reportedly on beans from Jordan (EHKJ, 

2004), but that is not a valid bacterium name (Euzéby, 2008; NCBI, 2008). Therefore, this pest is 

not included in Table 2.

Doubtful reports. Several references for Retithrips syriacus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) did not 

specifically associate that pest with beans (CABI, 2007). Therefore, we did not list R. syriacus 

above.

2.6. Consequences of Introduction

Details of all rating criteria that we used below are explained in the Guidelines for PathwayInitiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000). For each of the quarantine pests 

further analyzed (Table 3), we rated the potential Consequences of Introduction using five risk 

elements: Climate-Host Interaction, Host Range, Dispersal Potential, Economic Impact, and 

Environmental Impact. For each risk element, we assigned pests a rating of Low (1 point), 

Medium (2 points), or High (3 points). We then calculated a cumulative risk rating by summing 

up all of the risk element values. We summarized those values for each pest below (Table 4).

Chrysodeixis chalcites Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

Chrysodeixis chalcites is present in southern Europe, Mediterranean countries,

and much of Africa (CABI, 2007). Those areas correspond to USDA Plant

Hardiness Zones 8–13, and possibly Zone 7. Based on this, we estimated that C. 

chalcites would be able to establish in Zones 8-11 in the Continental United

States. Chrysodeixis chalcites has a large host range (CABI, 2007), of which 

many species are present throughout these Zones (NRCS, 2009). Because C.

chalcites is a greenhouse pest in more northern latitudes, where winter 

temperatures are generally unsuitable for its establishment (Sannino et al., 2005), 

it could be a pest throughout the entire Continental United States and it may 

spread from greenhouses to field crops during each warm season. Consequently, 

the risk rating for Host-Climate is Medium (Zone 11 is too small to count toward 

the total).

Medium (2)

Risk Element #2: Host Range

Chrysodeixis chalcites is a polyphagous pest with 34 host plant species and 19 

High (3)
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Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 23

Chrysodeixis chalcites Risk ratings

families. The most important attacked crops belong to the following families:

Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, 

Geraniaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Malvaceae, Moraceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae,

Solanaceae, Ulmaceae, Urticaceae, and Verbenaceae (CABI, 2007; Kravchenko 

et al., 2005; Singh et al., 2003). Consequently, the risk rating is High.

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

Under natural conditions, C. chalcites is a polyvoltine species, with up to eight or 

nine generations per year in Egypt (CABI, 2007). Male longevity is 11.4 days 

and female is 12.2 days. Considerable variation in the number of eggs oviposited 

per female is reported: means were 149 to 385 at 20°C, 640 at 25°C, and 405 

eggs at 30°C (CABI, 2007). However, average fecundity has been recorded as up 

to 1060 eggs per female (Amate et al., 1998). Although C. chalcites has been 

recorded in northern Europe, winter mortality prevents its long-term 

establishment. However, this pest has extended its natural distribution there by 

establishing in glasshouses (CABI, 2007).

A massive natural migratory dispersion of this pest has been registered (Spitzer 

and Jaros, 2004). Fruit and leaves of the plants can also carry the larvae long 

distances in trade (CABI, 2007): C. chalcites larvae have been intercepted several 

hundred times on different commodities (PestID, 2011).

Overall, we rated Dispersal Potential as High for C. chalcites.

High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact 

Chrysodeixis chalcites and closely related species economically impact crop 

production by defoliating plants and feeding on flowers and fruits (CABI, 2007; 

Mau and Martin Kessing, 1991). This pest also attacks crops under glasshouse 

production (Amate et al., 1998). 

Control measures for C. chalcites include pheromone trapping, chemical, and 

biological practices (CABI, 2007). The main strategy to control this pest has been 

the use of insecticides (Medina et al., 2007; Thomas, 2004). The aforementioned 

practices lead to the increase of crop production costs (NAPPO, 2006). 

Chrysodeixis chalcites is a pest of national concern in the United States (APHIS-, 

2007a), and its introduction and establishment will lead to loss of potential 

markets. The risk rating for Economic Impact is High.

High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact 

This pest could attack the following families containing Endangered and 

Threatened plant species that are present in the continental United States:

Asteraceae (Helianthus paradoxus, H. schweinitzii), and Fabaceae (Trifolium 

amoenum, T. stoloniferum, and T. trichocalyx) (USFWS, 2007). When C. 

chalcites is introduced, eradication actions typically become components of 

agricultural programs (CFIA, 2006). Chemical and biological control are likely to 

be implemented. Based on this evidence, we rated this element High.

High (3)
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 24

Helicoverpa armigera Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

Helicoverpa armigera is distributed throughout Europe, the Middle East, Central 

and South Asia, the Far East, Africa, Australia, and Oceania (CABI, 2007).

Based on this distribution, we estimate H. armigera could establish in USDA 

Plant Hardiness Zones 5-11 (Magarey et al., 2008). Consequently, the risk rating 

for Climate-Host Interaction is High.

High (3)

Risk Element #2: Host Range

Helicoverpa armigera is a pest of approximately 59 plant species (beans, 

cowpea, maize, onions, pinus, potatoes, oat, barley, sorghum, sunflower, 

tomatoes, and wheat, amongst others) widely distributed and cultivated in the 

continental United States (NRCS, 2007). Female H. armigera can locate and use 

a wide range of hosts from families such as Amaranthaceae, Anacardiaceae, 

Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, 

Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Liliaceae, Linaceae, Malvaceae, Pinaceae, Poaceae, 

Rosaceae, Rutaceae, and Solanaceae (CABI, 2007; Cunningham et al., 1999; 

Kulkarni et al., 2004; Sankar et al., 2004; Zhang, 1994). In terms of host 

selection, this pest has a greater preference for the more prevalent and abundant 

host. Cabello and Belda (1994, as cited by Sanchez et al., 2000) report 181 plant 

species that belong to 45 families as hosts of this pest. Based on this evidence, 

we rated this risk element as High for H. armigera.

High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

Helicoverpa armigera completes its life cycle in 30-43 days (Akashe et al., 1997; 

Amate et al., 2000; Kumar and Durairaj, 2006). However, the duration of 

different life history stages of this pest decreased as temperature increased from 

13 °C (55.40 °F), to 35 °C (59-95 °F) (Jallow and Matsumura, 2001; Tiwari and 

Rahalkar, 2005). The mean number of eggs laid per female varies among hosts 

(Kulkarni et al., 2004; Liu et al., 2004). Under artificial conditions, fecundity 

varies based on diets, ranging from 525 to 1410 eggs per female with eggs 

hatching percentages of 74-87 percent (Devi et al., 2006). In China, this pest has 

three to five generations per year (Liu et al., 2004) but in New Zealand, the

temperate climate in East Coast regions (mean summer daily maximum of 23.5 

oC) limits H. armigera to two or three generations per year, which can restrict the 

ability of the pest to reach damaging population levels within one growing season 

(Cameron et al., 2001).

This pest is a migratory species and its abundance depends on environmental 

conditions (Vajgand, et al., 2004). Adults move between fields, between areas 

within a region, and between regions (Farrow and Daly, 1987, as cited by Scott et 

al., 2005). Many released H. armigera colonize crops within 10 km of their 

emergence site (Fitt and Dillon, 1993; as cited by Scott et al., 2005). This pest 

also moves long distances by wind at night; radar observations show that the 

complete migratory flights by adult moths reach distances of up to 800-1000 km 

(Feng et al., 2004; Zhou et al., 2000). Movement in international trade is mainly 

on ornamental plants, on cut flowers, in cotton bolls, and in tomato fruits (CABI, 

2007). This pest has been intercepted 564 times since 1985 on different imported 

High (3)
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 25

Helicoverpa armigera Risk ratings

commodities (PestID, 2011).

Based on this data, H. armigera has the reproductive and dispersion faculties 

needed to establish a successful breeding colony in the continental United States. 

We rated this risk element as High.

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact 

This pest is considered a pest of national concern in the United States for soybean 

production (APHIS- 2007a). Helicoverpa armigera prefers to attack the 

harvestable flowering parts of high-value crops, including cotton, tomato, sweet 

corn, and the pulses (CABI, 2007). This causes yield loss, as well increasing

costs due to monitoring, and use of control alternatives. Yield reductions by H. 

armigera on different commodities are as follows: cotton in China (50-60 

percent), cotton in Queensland Australia (7 percent yield loss; control costs of 

A$800/ha), seed cotton in India (60 percent decrease from 1986-87 to 1987-88), 

pigeonpea and chickpea in India (up to 90-100 percent in 1992/93 and 1997/98), 

and on worldwide chickpea (10 percent) (Venette et al., 2003). Based on this 

information, we rated this risk element High. 

High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact 

This pest could affect families containing Threatened and Endangered species, 

such as Amaranthaceae (Amaranthus pumilus), Asteraceae (Helianthus 

paradoxus, H. schweinitzii), Caryophyllaceae (Silene polypetala, S. spaldingii), 

Fabaceae (Apios priceana, Lupinus aridorum, L. nipomensis, L. tidestromii, and 

L. sulphureus), Liliaceae (Allium munzii), Cucurbita (Cucurbita okeechobeensis

ssp. okeechobeensis), and Rosaceae (Prunus geniculata) (USFWS, 2007). If H. 

armigera establishes in the continental United States, biological or chemical 

control programs would likely be implemented. Consequently, we rated this 

element High.

High (3)

Lampides boeticus Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

Lampides boeticus is reported in Europe, Africa, Asia, India, China, Australasia, 

New Zealand, and the United States (Hawaii) (CABI, 2007; Zhang, 1994). Based 

on this distribution and the presence of Fabaceae hosts, such as Medicago spp., 

that are widespread in the United States, we estimate that L. boeticus could 

establish in USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 5-11 (Magarey et al., 2008; NRCS, 

2008). Based on this, the rating is High.

High (3)

Risk Element #2: Host Range

Lampides boeticus affects multiple genera within the Fabaceae family (CABI, 

2007; Zhang, 1994). These genus are: Alhagi, Cajanus, Canavalia,

Chamaecytisus, Cicer, Colutea, Crotalaria, Cytisus, Dipogon, Gliricidia,

Glycine, Lablab, Lathyrus, Lupinus, Medicago, Phaseolus, Pisum,

Psophocarpus, Pueraria, Sesbania, Sophora, Spartium, Ulex, Vicia, Vigna,

Viminaria, Virgilia, and Wisteria (CABI, 2007; Zhang, 1994). Thus, we rated 

Medium (2)
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 26

Lampides boeticus Risk ratings

this element Medium. 

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

In laboratory conditions, L. boeticus completes its life cycle in 3-7 weeks or 20-

53 days, depending on the season (Grund, 2002; Harding, 1971; APHIS, 2002b). 

The mean total number of eggs laid by a single female during its lifetime is about 

121 (Vijayachander and Arivudainambi, 2007). The eggs are laid singly or in 

groups of two or three on buds, unopened flowers, sepals, and flower-stalks, but 

several females often oviposit at the same site (CABI, 2007; APHIS, 2002b). 

Adults of this pest may fly throughout the year when conditions are favorable

(Grund, 2002; Harding, 1971). In cold areas, this Lepidopteran normally 

overwinters as pupae (Grund, 2002). In Israel, this pest produces 3-4 overlapping 

generations a year (Avidov and Harpaz, 1969).

L. boeticus migrates yearly from the plains to the hills with hot weather because 

it is an inhabitant of warmer regions (Harding, 1971). According to Common and 

Waterhouse (1981, as cited by CABI, 2007) and Smith (1990, as cited by CABI, 

2007), vast numbers of individual L. boeticus can move long-distances (CABI, 

2007, Buttiker, 1979). This pest has been intercepted 260 times since 1985 at 

U.S. ports-of-entry (Pest ID, 2008).

Based on this information, we rated Dispersal Potential as High.

High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact 

Lampides boeticus destroys flowers and feeds inside the pods of Fabaceae plant 

species (Avidov and Harpaz, 1969; Harding, 1971; Hill, 1983). Populations of 

this species seldom reach economic injury level (Hill, 1983). In contrast, this 

insect is considered a pest in Israel (Avidov and Harpaz, 1969). Economic losses 

in commodities such as pods and locules in India are up to 8 percent (CABI, 

2007), and in Hawaii this is currently the major pest of garden beans (this pest 

was first captured in Hawaii in 1982) and causes considerable damage to crops 

locally (APHIS, 2007b).

Cultural and chemical controls or resistant varieties have been used to control 

this pest (CABI, 2007; Avidov and Harpaz, 1969). We assume that the 

implementation of any control strategy will have an economic impact in the 

Fabaceae production because of the cost increases.

Lampides boeticus would probably become a serious threat to crops (CABI, 

2007; Harding, 1971). This pest is considered a pest of national concern in the 

United States for soybean production (APHIS, 2007b). Based on this 

information, we rated the Economic Impact as Medium.

Medium (2)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact 

Lampides boeticus is only reported to attack plants in the Fabaceae family. The 

Endangered and Threatened plant species present in the continental United States 

for this family are Crotalaria avonensis, Lupinus aridorum, L. nipomensis, 

sulphureus (=oreganus) ssp. kincaidii (=var. kincaidii), and L. tidestromii

High (3)
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 27

Lampides boeticus Risk ratings

(USFWS, 2007).

Lampides boeticus has established in Hawaii (APHIS, 2007b). If L. boeticus

establishes a breeding colony in the continental United States, it could lead to the 

implementation of biological and/or chemical control programs. Consequently, 

we rated the Environmental Impact as High.

Liriomyza huidobrensis Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

L. huidobrensis is present in Africa (Comoros, Mauritius, Reunion, and 

Seychelles); Asia (China, India, Indonesia, Israel, Jordan, Korea, Lebanon, 

Malaysia, Phlilipines, Singapore, Syria,and Thailand); Central and South 

America; and Europe (CABI, 2007). We used geospatial analysis to estimate the 

potential establishment areas at risk for L. huidobrensis (Appendix E). We 

considered areas where L. huidobrensis could complete nine or more generations 

(≥ 2,520 DD at a base temperature of 7.2°C) and winter temperatures did not 

consistently reach its supercooling point (-19.55°C) to be at risk (Luo et al., 

2002; NAPPFAST, 2007; Magarey et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2000; Yue and Bao, 

2006). From that analysis, we estimate that L. huidobrensis could establish in 

USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 5 to 11 in the conterminous United States 

(Appendix E). Based on this evidence we rated this element High. 

High (3)

Risk Element #2: Host Range

Liriomyza huidobrensis feeds on multiple plant species in multiple families

(CABI, 2007, Steck, 2008). These include Brassica oleracea (Brassicaceae); 

Dianthus caryophyllus, and Gypsophila spp. (Caryophyllaceae); Beta vulgaris 

and Spinacia oleraceae (Chenopodiaceae); Cucumis melo (Cucurbitaceae); 

Lathyrus odoratus, Medicago, Melilotus, Pisum sativum, and Vicia faba

(Leguminosae); Allium cepa and A. sativum (Liliaceae); Linum usitatissimum

(Linaceae); Oxalis (Oxalidaceae); Phlox (Polemoniaceae); Capsicum annuum,

Datura, Lycopersicon esculentum, Petunia, and Solanum tuberosum

(Solanaceae); Tropaeolum majus (Tropaeolaceae); and Viola (Violaceae) (Steck, 

2008). Consequently, we rated Host Range as High.

High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

Liriomyza huidobrensis can have nine generations per year in greenhouse

conditions (Yue and Bao, 2006). A female can lay about 100 - 130 eggs in the 

laboratory (Prando and da Cruz, 1986, and Hincapie et al., 1993; cited by 

Dempewolf, 2004). In another study, however, each female laid as many as 250 

eggs (Parrella et al., 1981; cited by Dempewolf, 2004). Adult flies are capable of 

limited flight (CABI/EPPO, 1997). This pest can disperse long distances in 

agricultural commodities (CABI/EPPO, 1997; Steck, 2008). Liriomyza 

huidobrensis has been intercepted about 10,000 times at U.S. ports-of-entry since 

1985 (Pest ID, 2008). Therefore, we rated L. huidobrensis High for this risk 

element.

High (3)
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Liriomyza huidobrensis Risk ratings

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact

Liriomyza huidobrensis is a major crop pest that mines leaves, pods and stems 

(Dempewolf, 2004). This feeding reduces quality and growth, and increases host 

mortality (CABI, 2007; Steck, 2008). L. huidobrensis is one of the main pests on 

potatoes grown in South America, sometimes causing total crop loss (Larrain, 

2004). It is also a quarantine pest that could cause a loss of markets if introduced 

(PestID, 2011; CABI, 2007; Steck, 2008). Based on this evidence, we rated the

Economic Impact as High.

High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

Liriomyza huidobrensis could feed on the species Allium munzii, Phlox hirsuta, 

and P. nivalis ssp. texens (USFWS, 2008), which are listed as endangered or 

threatened in the continental United States (USFWS, 2008). The introduction of 

L. huidobrensis could also cause the implementation of chemical and/or 

biological control programs (CABI, 2007). Based on this information, we rated 

this element High.

High (3)

Maconellicoccus hirsutus Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate – Host Interaction

Maconellicoccus hirsutus is native to southern Asia (CABI, 2007). It is reported in 

northern and part of sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, south and southeast Asia, 

the Far East, Central America, Australia and Oceania (CABI 2007). Currently, this 

pest has a limited distribution in the United States (Hawaii, California, and Florida) 

(Hoy et al 2006). From this, we estimate that it could establish in the United States 

in the Plant Hardiness Zones 9-11 (Appendix F). Because of its small size, Zone 

11 does not count toward the total. One or more of its potential hosts occurs in 

these zones (USDA-NRCS, 2008). Thus, we rated Climate – Host Interaction

Medium for this pest.

Medium (2)

Risk Element #2: Host Range

This species is extremely polyphagous. It has been recorded on plants in over 200 

genera from 73 families, showing some preference for hosts in the Malvaceae, 

Fabaceae, and Moraceae (CABI, 2007). Therefore, we rated this element High.

High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

Each adult female can lay from 80 to 600 eggs in one week (PPQ, 2001; CABI, 

2007). Hatching occurs in 6-9 days (CABI, 2007). As many as 15 generations per 

year may occur. In warm conditions, a generation is completed in five weeks; in 

colder climates, the species can survive cold conditions (especially as eggs) on the 

host plant or in the soil. Local dispersal is accomplished by the first-instar crawler 

via air, water, or on animals (CABI, 2007). All stages may disperse over longer 

distances through the transport of infested plant materials (PestID, 2011). Based on 

this evidence, we rated the Dispersal Potential as High.

High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact

Maconellicoccus hirsutus attacks a wide range of (usually woody) plants, including 

agricultural, horticultural, and forest species (CABI, 2007). Feeding on young 

High (3)
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Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 29

Maconellicoccus hirsutus Risk ratings

growth causes severe stunting and distortion of leaves, thickening of stems, and a 

bunchy-top appearance of shoots; in severe cases the leaves may prematurely fall. 

Honeydew and sooty mold contamination of fruit may reduce its value. In Grenada, 

estimated annual losses to crops and the environment from this mealybug were $3.5 

million before biological controls were implemented (CABI, 2007). Other crops 

seriously damaged by M. hirsutus include cotton in Egypt, with growth sometimes 

virtually halted; tree cotton in India, with reduction in yield; the fiber crop Hibiscus 

sabdariffa var. altissima (roselle) in India and Bangladesh, with yield reductions

from 21 and 40 percent; and grapes in India, with up to 90 percent of bunches 

destroyed. We assume that the widespread and establishment of this pest in United 

States could result in a loss of foreign markets for various commodities. This pest is 

an A1 pest; thus, establishment in the United States may lead to loss of export 

markets (EPPO, 2005b). This species is an actual or potential pest of a wide range 

of economically important plants, and risk associated with its economic impact is 

estimated to be High. 

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

Because of its extreme polyphagy, this pest threatens plants in the continental 

United States listed as Threatened or Endangered, including the plant species 

Clitoria fragrans and Crotalaria avonensis (FL) (Fabaceae); Cucurbita 

okeechobeensis ssp. okeechobeensis (FL) (Cucurbitaceae); Euphorbia 

telephioides (FL), Manihot walkerae (TX) (Euphorbiaceae); Helianthus 

schweinitzii (NC, SC) and H. paradoxus (NM, TX) (Asteraceae); Opuntia 

treleasei (CA) (Cactaceae); Prunus geniculata (FL) (Rosaceae); Quercus 

hinckleyi (TX) (Fagaceae); and Ziziphus celata (FL) (Rhamnaceae)(USFWS, 

2008). As it also is a potential threat to a number of crops of considerable economic 

value in the United States (e.g., soybean, cotton, corn, citrus, grapes; CABI, 2007), 

its introduction into additional mainland states would likely lead to the initiation of 

chemical or biological control programs. Currently, this species is the target of an 

official program of biological control throughout its present range in the United 

States (PPQ, 2001). This pest has been targeted for biological control in regions and 

other countries, such as the Caribbean, Egypt, and India (EPPO, 2005b). Based on 

this information, we rated the Environmental Impact as High.

High (3)

Phoma exigua var. diversispora Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

Phoma exigua var. diversispora is distributed in mid- to high-altitude regions of 

East and Central Africa, western Europe, and Central and South America 

(Boerema et al., 1981; Boerema et al., 2004; CABI, 2007; Hanson et al., 1993; 

Rossman, 2008; Shwartz, 1991; Shwartz, 2008). Based on this distribution, we 

estimate it could establish in USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 8-10 (Magarey et al., 

2008). Hence, we warranted the rating for this risk element as Medium.

Medium(2)

Risk Element #2: Host Range

Phoma exigua var. diversispora attacks common beans, snap beans (Phaseolus 

vulgaris), and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) (Boerema et al., 1981; Boerema et al., 

Medium (2)
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Phoma exigua var. diversispora Risk ratings

2004; Hanson et al., 1993). is reported on beans and Vigna unguiculata, both of 

which belong to the Fabaceae family (Boerema et al., 2004; Hanson et al., 1993). 

These hosts are present in the continental United States (USDA-NRCS, 2008).

Overall, the risk rating for Host Range is Medium.

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

Infection of the plant by conidia is favored by a relative humidity greater than 80

percent and temperatures between 15-20 °C (59-68 °F) and less than 28 °C (82.4 

°F) (Boerema et al., 1981; Schwartz, 1991). Pycnidia (in concentric rings) are 

formed on pods that turn black at both ends; they are also formed on the stems 

and leaves (Boerema et al., 1981). The fungus survives in crop debris and is 

seed-transmitted as pycnidia (Boerema et al., 1981; Schwartz, 1991). Plants from 

infected seed died soon after emergence (Boerema et al., 1981). Frequent rains 

accompanied by wind are needed for infection (Schwartz, 1991). Infected 

material planted in healthy plots of beans showed that the disease is spread to a 

maximum distance of about 5 m within four weeks in wet weather conditions. 

Most of the time patches of several meters of diameter (in one case was found an 

elliptical infection site of 5 x 9 m) were formed after planting infected plants 

(Boerema et al., 1981). This pest has not been intercepted on imported Fabaceae 

(PestID, 2011). Thus, we rated Dispersal Potential Medium.

Medium (2)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact 

Phoma exigua var. diversispora causes significant crop losses (CIAT, 2004). In a 

seed production trial in Colombia, losses were about 40 percent under moderate 

disease pressure (Schwartz et al., 1981, cited by Hanson et al., 1993). Generally, 

seed yield losses are more severe following early infection and premature 

defoliation. Therefore, we rated Economic Impact for this fungi as High.

High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact 

No Threatened and Endangered species are related to the genera Phaseolus and 

Vicia in the continental United States (USFWS, 2007), and the fungi is unlikely 

to affect other genera in the Fabaceae family. The establishment of this pathogen

in the continental United States could lead to the implementation of eradication 

and management strategies. Based on this evidence, we rated this risk element 

Medium.

Medium (2)

Spodoptera littoralis Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

Spodoptera littoralis is reported throughout the Mediterranean countries, 

including Spain, Portugal, Greece, and Italy, as well as the Middle East, Israel, 

Egypt, and Africa. It was imported into central and southern Europe (CABI, 

2007; Zhang, 1994). The potential areas where the pest could establish are Plant 

Hardiness Zones 8 to 11 (Magarey et al., 2008). Because of its small size, Zone 

11 does not count toward the total. Consequently, the risk rating for this risk 

element for S. littoralis is Medium.

Medium (2)
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Spodoptera littoralis Risk ratings

Risk Element #2: Host Range

Spodoptera littoralis is a pest of greenhouse crops and vegetables (CABI, 2007; 

Zhang, 1994). The host range of S. littoralis covers over 40 families, containing 

at least 87 species of plants of economic importance (CABI, 2007), such as

cotton (Gossypium spp.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), potato (Solanum 

tuberosum), tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum), onion (Allium cepa), citrus 

(Citrus spp.), beans (Phaseolus spp.), carrots (Daucus carota), peppers 

(Capsicum annuum), grapes (Vitis spp.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) (CABI, 

2007). Based on this evidence, we rated this risk element High for S. littoralis.

High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

The lifecycle of Spodoptera littoralis can be completed in about five weeks 

CABI/EPPO, 1997). This species produces ten generations each year, but only 

seven generations in greenhouses (Fraval, 1997). Females lay 1000-2000 eggs in 

masses of 100-300 CABI/EPPO, 1997). Fecundity is adversely affected by high 

temperature and low humidity; the highest numbers of eggs (about 960) are 

produced at 30°C (86°F) and 90 percent relative humidity (RH), and fewer eggs 

(145) at 35°C (95°F) and 30 percent RH CABI/EPPO, 1997). Newly laid eggs of 

one strain of S. littoralis survived exposure to 1°C (33.8°F) for eight days 

CABI/EPPO, 1997).

The moths can fly at least 1.5 km during a period of four hours overnight

(Salama and Shoukry, 1972; cited by CABI and EPPO, 1997), facilitating 

dispersion and oviposition on different hosts. In international trade, eggs or 

larvae may be present on planting material, cut flowers, or vegetables 

CABI/EPPO, 1997). It has been intercepted 117 times at U.S. ports-of-entry

(PestID, 2011). Based on this evidence, we rated the Dispersal Potential for S. 

littoralis as High.

High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact 

Spodoptera littoralis is one of the most destructive agricultural Lepidopteran 

pests within its subtropical and tropical range. It can attack numerous 

economically important crops such as cotton, cowpea, groundnuts, potatoes, 

tomatoes, and other vegetable crops, including protected crops, year-round 

CABI/EPPO, 1997). These crops are widespread in the continental United States 

(NRCS, 2008). This pest is a pest of national concern in the United States for 

soybean and oat production (APHIS, 2007a).

The establishment of S. littoralis increases costs because of the different control 

strategies (chemical, biological, phytosanitary measures) needed, according to 

the New Pest Response Guidelines (USDA-APHIS-PPQ, 2005). In addition, this 

pest could cause the loss of international and interstate markets since it would be 

considered a quarantine pest by other countries CABI/EPPO, 1997). Based on 

this evidence, we rated Economic Impact for it as High.

High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact 

Families that S. littoralis attacks that contain Endangered and Threatened plant 

species in the continental United States are Amaranthaceae (Amaranthus 

pumilus), Asteraceae (Helianthus paradoxus, H. schweinitzii, Senecio 

High (3)
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Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 32

Spodoptera littoralis Risk ratings

franciscanus, S. layneae), Cactaceae (Opuntia treleasei), Fabaceae (Trifolium 

amoenum, T. stoloniferum, T. trichocalyx), Fagaceae (Quercus hinckleyi), 

Liliaceae (Allium munzii), Cucurbitaceae (Cucurbita okeechobeensis ssp. 

okeechobeensis), Rosaceae (Prunus geniculata), and Verbenaceae (Verbena 

californica) (USFWS, 2007). The establishment of this pest could lead to the 

implementation of chemical and biological control programs in an effort to 

eradicate the pest. Based on this evidence, we rated this risk element High.

Table 4. Risk rating for consequences of introduction.

Pest Risk Elements Cumulative 

risk ratinga

Climate-host 

interaction

Host 

range

Dispersal 

potential

Economic 

impact

Environ. 

impact

Chrysodeixis chalcites Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14)

Helicoverpa armigera High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (15)

Lampides boeticus High (3) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (13)

Liriomyza huidobrensis High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (15)

Maconellicoccus hirsutus Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14)

Phoma exigua var.

diversispora

Med (2) Med (2) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) Med (11)

Spodoptera littoralis Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14)

a

Low is 5-8 points, Medium is 9-12 points, and High is 13-15 points

2.7. Likelihood of Introduction

We rated each pest for the Likelihood of Introduction based on two separate components. First, 

we estimated the amount of commodity likely to be imported (sub-element 1). Secondly, we 

rated pest opportunity using five biological factors (sub-elements 2-6). We summarized these 

ratings and the value for the Likelihood of Introduction below (Table 6).

2.7.1. Quantity of commodity imported annually

Volume imported is assessed in terms of the number of 40-foot long sea shipping containers 

expected (approximately 18,143 kg, or 40,000 pounds) (FAS, 2008). In Jordan in 2006, the total 

production of beans was 235.4 ha: 202 ha in open field plantations and 33 ha protected under 

standard plastic tunnels. Total production is 3,307 tons (Jordan Ministry of Agriculture, 2007), 

and they expect to export 200 tons (400,000 pounds) of beans to the continental United States 

annually (EHKJ, 2004). Thus, the volume of the commodity to be exported per year could be 10

containers, which represents a Medium risk volume.

2.7.2. Survive post-harvest treatment

Little research has been done on post-harvest treatments for commodities from Jordan (MOP, 

2000). However, fresh beans should be harvested when the fruit is bright green, the pod is fleshy 

and seeds are small and green (Cantwell and Suslow, 2007). After then, seed development reduces 
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 33

quality and the pod becomes pithy and tough and looses green color. Beans should be removed 

cleanly without damage to the pods, and without exposing harvested pods to the sun (Boyette et 

al., 1914). Postharvest and storage optimums are 5-7.5°C (41-45°F) for temperature and 95-100

percent for relative humidity (Cantwell and Suslow, 2007). We based our ratings on this 

information and the post harvest processes described by the Jordan Ministry of Agriculture 

(Appendix G) .

Lepidoptera. Chrysodeixis chalcites larvae develop externally and excavate deep into the pods,

sometimes cutting them in two (CABI, 2007). Young larvae of Helicoverpa armigera feed on the 

flowers and then bore into the pods to eat the developing seed; holes made in pods allow 

weathering, seed discolouration, and lead to the crop being downgraded (Brier, 2006). These

lesions turn brown or black (CABI, 2007). Lampides boeticus larvae penetrate young seedpods, 

gnaw at the ripening seeds, and pass from pod to pod in order to obtain sufficient food (Avidov 

and Harpaz, 1969). Therefore, because these pests cause visible damage to pods, the rating here

is Low. 

Spodoptera littoralis larvae burrow into the pods, however. Some would probably be detected 

due to the presence of frass and visible feeding damage (CABI, 2007), but small neonate larvae 

may escape detection during normal post-harvest procedures CABI/EPPO, 1997). Thus, we rated 

this pest Medium.

Liriomyza huidobrensis. Adult females of this species produce visible punctures, and the larva 

generate noticeable leaf mines lined with frass (CABI, 2006; Steck, 2008). Thus, the likelihood of 

survival for this pest is Low.

Maconellicoccus hirsutus. This pest is an external feeder and can produce a woolly wax 

covering, honeydew, sooty mold and fruit deformities that could be detected by visual inspection 

(CABI, 2007; PERAL, 2009). Small infestations may be difficult to detect without a light 

microscope but we considered that the implementation of culling processes in Jordan beans would

partially mitigate this pest (CABI, 2007; PERAL, 2009). Because of this, we ranked M. hirsutus 

Medium to survive post harvest treatment.

Phoma exigua var. diversispora. Post harvest procedures such as cooling typically do not 

mitigate fungi, but prompt cooling at 10°C after harvest avoids decay of pods produced by 

Phoma exigua var. diversispora (Snowdon, 1992). Likewise, infected pods with clear signs are 

culled but initially infections are highly unlikely to be detected visually during post-harvest 

processing. We rated this sub-element High for this pest.

2.7.3. Survive shipment

Phoma exigua var. diversispora. This fungus survives in pods and is a seed-borne pathogen 

(Boerema et al., 1981; Schwartz, 1991). During shipment, the fungus could continue to develop 

on pods that escaped culling. Thus, we rated it High for this sub-element.

Lepidoptera and Diptera. Interceptions of living pest stages from beans (PestID, 2011) show 

that the Lepidopterans, Helicoverpa armigera and Lampides boeticus, as well as the Dipteran, 

Liriomyza huidobrensis, can survive shipment (Table 5). We rated these three pests High.
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Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 34

Others. For the other pests, we had no detailed information on the transport of Jordanian beans, so 

we assumed that the transport conditions would be close to those recommended by McGregor 

(1987). Those conditions include temperatures of 4-7°C, which are not particularly severe. 

Therefore, we rated all other pests as High risk for this sub-element.

Table 5. Organisms intercepted at U.S. ports-of-entry, and no. of individuals of different stages 

found (if applicable), from 1984 to 2010 on beans from any countries.

Organism Interceptions (no.) Alive individuals found (no.)

Immatures Pupae Adults Eggs

Helicoverpa armigera 15 14 0 0 0

Lampides boeticus 23 50 0 0 0

Liriomyza huidobrensis 3 2 0 1 0

2.7.3. Not detected at the port-of-entry

Phoma exigua var. diversispora. This pathogen infects pods and is seed-transmitted, but has 

never been intercepted at a U.S. port-of-entry. Recently-infected pods could not be detected 

during post-harvest processing but signs appear within a week after infection occurs (Schmit and 

Baudoin, 1992); this fact would make visual inspection at the port-of-entry possible. We rated it

Medium for this sub-element.

Liriomyza huidobrensis. This pest is an external feeder that is often intercepted at U.S. ports-ofentry, so we rated it Low.

Other arthropods. The Lepidopterans, Chrysodeixis chalcites, Helicoverpa armigera, and 

Lampides boeticus have been intercepted often at U.S. ports-of-entry, indicating that their risk is 

Low for this sub-element. 

We rated Maconellicoccus hirsutus and Spodoptera littoralis Medium, however. That was 

because infestations of M. hirsutus are difficult to detect without a light microscope (CABI, 

2007) and first instars (neonates) of S. littoralis larvae are not visually detected (CABI, 2007). 

2.7.4. Moved to suitable habitat

Green beans are widely accepted across American society, so we assume they will be distributed 

throughout the continental United States (PPQ, 2008). Therefore, our ratings are based on the 

proportional population in the areas suitable for pest establishment (Climate-Host interactions, 

above). Zone 9, by itself, includes more than 20 percent of the population (PERAL, 2008b), and 

all pests of concern here can establish in that and other zones. Therefore, the rating for this subelement for all pests is High.

2.7.5. Come into contact with host material suitable for reproduction

Even if the final destination of infested commodities is suitable for pest survival, pests must still 

come in contact with suitable host material. This process is dependent on two factors: the pest’s 

potential for dispersal and the presence of host material in the region.
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Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 35

Fungus. For Phoma exigua var. diversispora to establish, pycnidia and conidia formed on debris 

pods or seeds would have to reach primary and susceptible hosts (Allen et al., 1996; NRCS, 

2010; Snowdon, 1992; Schwartz et al., 2005b). This pathogen disperses short distances in 

watersplash (Allen et al., 1996). Most unconsumed pods will likely be discarded, reducing the 

opportunity for this pathogen to reach other hosts. Based on this data, we rated it Medium.

Diptera. Lyriomyza huidobrensis is likely to find numerous hosts available. Therefore, we rated 

it High.

Lepidopterans C. chalcites, H. armigera, L. boeticus, and S. littoralis oviposit and reproduce on

numerous plants (Cunningham et al., 1999; Kravchenko et al., 2005; Zhang, 1994). These 

Lepidopterans also have a very great migratory dispersal ability (Spitzer and Jaros, 2004; 

Vajgand, et al., 2004; CABI, 2007; CABI and EPPO, 1997). These pests could reach either 

cultivated or native hosts that are present in the continental United States. We rated the risk that 

these Lepidopteran pests will contact host material as High.

Mealybug: Maconellicoccus hirsutus disperses passively by wind, and actively in the crawler 

stage, but may not easily contact a host (CABI, 2007). Thus, we rated it Medium.

Table 6. Risk rating for likelihood of introduction. The rating for all pests for ‘Quantity imported 

annually’ was Medium.a

Pest Sub-Element Cumulative

Risk Ratingb

Survive 

post-harvest 

treatment

Survive 

shipment

Not detected 

at port-ofentry

Moved to 

suitable 

habitat

Contact 

with host 

material

Chrysodeixis chalcites Low (1) High (3) Low (1) High (3) High (3) Medium (13)

Helicoverpa armigera Low (1) High (3) Low (1) High (3) High (3) Medium (13)

Lampides boeticus Low (1) High (3) Low (1) High (3) High (3) Medium (13)

Liriomyza 

huidobrensis

Low (1) High (3) Low (1) High (3) High (3) Medium (13)

Maconellicoccus 

hirsutus

Med (2) High (3) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) Medium (14)

Phoma exigua var.

diversispora

High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) High (15)

Spodoptera littoralis Med (2) High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (15)

a

This rating adds 2 pts to each row total.

b

Low is 6-9 points, Medium is 10-14 points, and High is 15-18 points.

2.8. Pest Risk Potential and Conclusion

Chrysodeixis chalcites, Helicoverpa armigera, Liriomyza huidobrensis, Maconellicoccus 

hirsutus, and Spodoptera littoralis had High pest risk potentials (Table 7). The Lepidopteran,

Lampides boeticus, and the fungus, Phoma exigua var. diversispora, had Medium pest risk 

potentials. Port-of-entry inspection for these pests is not considered sufficient to provide 
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 36

phytosanitary security. The choice of appropriate measures to mitigate risk is undertaken as part 

of Risk Management and is not addressed in this document, but we present mitigation options

below (Appendix A).

Table 7. Pest risk potential.

Pest Cumulative Risk Ratings Pest Risk 

Potentiala

Consequences of 

Introduction

Likelihood of 

Introduction

Spodoptera littoralis High (14) High (15) High (29)

Helicoverpa armigera High (15) Medium (13) High (28)

Liriomyza huidobrensis High (15) Medium (13) High (28)

Maconellicoccus hirsutus High (14) Medium (14) High (28)

Chrysodeixis chalcites High (14) Medium (13) High (27)

Lampides boeticus High (13) Medium (13) Medium (26)

Phoma exigua var. diversispora Med (11) High (15) Medium (26)

a

Low is 11-18 points, Medium is 19-26 points, and High is 27-33 points.

3. Author and Reviewers

Author:

N. Arciniegas. Agronomist/Plant Pathologista, Pest Risk Analyst

Reviewers:

Cynthia Landry, Pest Risk Analystb

John Rogers, Pest Risk Analystb

a USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST-PERAL, Bogota, Colombia

b USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST-PERAL, Raleigh, NC

4. Literature Cited

7 CFR § 301, 305, 318, 319. 2006. U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 7, Parts 301, 305, 

301, 305, 318, 319 (7 CFR § 319 – Foreign Quarantine Notices).

7 CFR § 319.37-5. 2008. 7 CFR § 319.37-5 Special foreign inspection and certification 

requirements. U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 7, Part 319.37-5 (7 CFR § 319.37-

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5. Appendices

Appendix A. Risk management options for importation of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) from 

Jordan into the continental United States.

Above, we determined that the insects Chrysodeixis chalcites, Helicoverpa armigera, Liriomyza 

huidobrensis, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, and Spodoptera littoralis, had High pest risk potentials, 

and that the insect Lampides boeticus and the fungi Phoma exigua var. diversispora had Medium 

pest risk potentials. Even if the commodity is subjected to port-of-entry inspections, the 

quarantine significant pests in this document will require additional mitigation measures.

Below we present a list of alternatives for mitigating the introduction of the quarantine pests 

above (Table A1). This list is based on current existing fruits and vegetables regulations 

(7CFR§319.56) for approved beans and mitigation options specific to the quarantine pests of 

concern that could apply to beans or to the quarantine pests.

This document does not purport to establish specific work plans or to evaluate the reliability of a 

specific program or systems approach; it provides information regarding known mitigation 

measures. The specification and implementation of measures, as would be present in an 

operational work plan, is beyond the scope of this document. A detailed examination and 

selection of appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate risk for pests with particular Pest 

Risk Potential ratings is undertaken as part of the APHIS risk management phase. APHIS risk 

management programs are risk-based and dependent on the availability of appropriate mitigation 

methods. 

Table A1. Risk mitigation options for beans from Jordan.

Measure(s) Pests Efficacy

Pest-free areas or 

places of 

production

All Inspections of a proposed work plan (Approved by 

USDA-APHIS) are required to demonstrate efficacy.

All these measures are used as a viable alternative to 

post-harvest processes and to quarantine treatments 

(NAPPO, 2004). These options could be used as a sole 

mitigation measure, or as a component of a systems 

approach. In any case, they may serve to satisfy the 

appropriate level of phytosanitary protection and need 

to comply with international standards (IPPC, 2009: 

ISPM #10; IPPC, 2009: ISPM #14). 

Areas of low pest 

prevalence

All This alternative may satisfy requirements for 

appropriate level of protection alone, or in combination 

with other measures (IPPC, 2009: ISPM #14). 

Practices for low pest prevalence status need to comply 

with international standards (IPPC, 2009: ISPM #22).

Low pest 

prevalence as a 

part of a systems 

approach

All Inspections of the proposed work plan are required to 

demonstrate efficacy. For appropriate level of 

protection, a combination of measures is needed for 

this proposal.
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 53

Measure(s) Pests Efficacy

Control measures 

at production site: 

chemical, 

biological, 

cultural, physical 

means, or 

integrated 

management

All A combination of field level controls (insecticidal 

sprays, natural enemies, trapping, sanitation, resistant 

plants etc.), followed by inspection at the 

packinghouse and the respective certificates from the 

NPPO could give a level of confidence that the 

produce is free of the quarantine pests to help meet 

requirements for areas of low pest prevalence or pestfree areas (IPPC, 2009: ISPM #10). Research is 

necessary to demonstrate effectiveness.

Helicoverpa armigera, 

Chrysodeixis chalcites

There is availability of a Phytosanitary certificate of 

inspection that is required by §319.37–4 that 

accompanies plants of Pelargonium spp. from the 

Canary Islands for these Lepidopterans. Must contain 

additional declarations stating that the plants were 

produced in an approved Spanish (Canary Island) 

production site, that the production site is operated by a 

grower participating in the export program for 

Pelargonium spp. plants established by the national 

plant protection organization of Spain, and that the 

plants were grown under conditions (§319.37–5(u)) to 

prevent infestation with Helicoverpa armigera and 

Chrysodeixis chalcites. In this case, there are also 

production sites required in which produced

Pelargonium spp. plants must be registered with the 

national plant protection organization of Spain. Such 

production sites must employ safeguards agreed on by 

APHIS and the national plant protection organization 

of Spain, including, but not limited to, prescribed mesh 

screen size (if the production site is a screenhouse) and 

automatically closing doors, to ensure the exclusion of 

H. armigera. Inspectors from both APHIS and the 

national plant protection organization of Spain will 

have access to the production site as necessary to 

ensure that growers are employing the proper 

safeguards against infestation of H. armigera and, C. 

chalcites and that those safeguards are correctly 

implemented (PPQ, 2009).

Helicoverpa armigera; 

Spodoptera litura

In peppers, the presence of these Lepidopterans is 

avoided by the following requirement: each 

consignment of peppers must be accompanied by a 

phytosanitary certificate of inspection issued by the 

National Plant Protection Organization of Korea 

bearing the following additional declaration: “These 

peppers were grown in greenhouses in accordance with 

the conditions in 7CFR 319.56-2qq and were inspected 

and found free from Helicoverpa armigera and 

Spodoptera litura.” Peppers must arrive at the U.S. 

port-of-entry in insect-proof cartons or cartons covered 

with an insect proof tarpaulin (7 CFR § 319.37-5, 
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 54

Measure(s) Pests Efficacy

2008).

Integrated control 

program and 

monitoring

All (including fungi) Research is required to demonstrate efficacy. 

Irradiationa All Irradiation practices are to comply with international 

standards (IPPC, 2009: ISPM #18). Approved by 

APHIS to treat internal and external pests. Except 

pupae and adults of the order Lepidoptera

Chrysodeixis chalcites, 

Helicoverpa armigera, 

Lampides boeticus, and 

Spodoptera littoralis

For larvae of the order Lepidoptera a generic dose of 

400 Gray, but not exceeding 1000 Gray, can be used (7 

CFR § 301, 305, 318, 319. 2006; PPQ, 2009).

Lepidopterans MB approved for Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera 

littoralis, and other Lepidopterans in other 

commodities different from beans. 

Treatment:

T101: Methyl 

Bromide 

Fumigation

External feeders: 

Lepidoptera and 

Thysanoptera

T101. (T101-b-1 and T101-n-2). This treatment is 

available for commodities different to beans. There is 

not information on the availability of this treatement 

for these pests in beans (PPQ, 2009).

Methyl Bromide 

Fumigation at 

NAP-tarpaulin or 

chamber

For other Lepidopterans 

pests on fresh bean 

different from the 

quarantine ones in this pest

risk assessment and leaf 

miners.

T101-k-2-1 MB is approved to mitigate the 

Lepidopterans Cydia fabivora, Epinotia aporema, and 

Maruca testulalis (exotic legume pod borers) and leaf 

miners in snap, string, yard-long beans, peas, pigeon 

peas, and lablab beans. Temperatures used are as 

follows: 

1) 26.6 °C (80 °F) or above, dosage rate (lb/1,000 ft3) 

is 1.5lbs, with minimum concentration readings of 

19 and 14 ounces at 0.5 and 2 hours, respectively.

2) 21.1-26.1 °C (70-79 °F), dosage rate (lb/1,000 ft3) 

is 2 lbs, with minimum concentration readings of 

26 and 19 ounces at 0.5, and 2 hours, respectively.

3) 15.5-20.5 °C (60-69 °F), dosage rate (lb/1,000 ft3) 

is 2.5 lbs, with minimum concentration readings of 

32 and 24 ounces at 0.5, and 2 hours, respectively.

4) 10-15 °C (50-59 °F), dosage rate (lb/1,000 ft3) is 3 

lbs, with minimum concentration readings of 38 

and 29 ounces at 0.5, and 2 hours, respectively 

(PPQ, 2009).

Methyl Bromide 

Fumigation in 15” 

vacuum-chamber

For other Lepidopterans 

pests on fresh bean 

different to the quarantine 

ones in this pest risk 

assessment and leaf 

miners.

T101-k-2 MB is approved to mitigate the Lepidoptera 

Cydia fabivora, Epinotia aporema, and Maruca 

testulalis (exotic legume pod borers) and leaf miners in 

snap, string, yard-long beans, peas, pigeon peas, and 

lablab beans. Temperatures used are as follows: 

1) 32.2 °C (90 °F) or above, dosage rate (lb/1,000 ft3) 

is 0.5 lbs, and exposure period of 1.5 hours.

2) 26.6-31.6 °C (80-89 °F), dosage rate (lb/1,000 ft3) 

is 1 lb, and exposure period of 1.5 hours.

3) 21.1-26.1 °C (70-79 °F), dosage rate (lb/1,000 ft3) 
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 55

Measure(s) Pests Efficacy

is 1.5 lbs, and exposure period of 1.5 hours.

4) 15.5-20.5 °C (60-69 °F), dosage rate (lb/1,000 ft3) 

is 2.0 lbs, and exposure period of 1.5 hours.

5) 10-15 °C (50-59 °F), dosage rate (lb/1,000 ft3) is 

2.5 lbs, and exposure period of 1.5 hours.

4.44-9.44 °C (40-49 °F), dosage rate (lb/1,000 ft3) is 3 

lbs, and exposure period of 1.5 hours (PPQ, 2009).

The fungi: Phoma exigua 

var. diversispora. The 

insects: Lepidopterans, and

Liriomyza huidobrensis 

Commodity from greenhouses and field crops need to 

be inspected and found free of these pests.

Point-of-entry 

sampling and 

inspection 

including fruit 

cuttings 

Internal feeders: 

Chrysodeixis chalcites 

Helicoverpa armigera, 

Lampides boeticus, and 

Spodoptera littoralis

A cut fruit sampling size could be adequate to detect 

infestation if other efficient additional measures to this 

proposal are used.

Systems Approach All (including fungi) This measure includes one or more of the abovementioned practices (IPPC, 2009: ISPM #14). This 

measure, which is a combination of mitigation 

alternatives, meets the appropriate level of 

phytosanitary protection and confidence when 

supporting evidence is available. 

Approved by APHIS to manage and mitigate all 

quarantine pests. This measure, which is a combination 

of mitigation alternatives, meets the appropriate level 

of phytosanitary protection and confidence when 

supporting evidence is available. Additional research is 

required for all pests.

a The high level of security afforded by a quarantine treatment may be overwhelmed by a large volume of 

an infested commodity [as demonstrated in a fruit fly study by Powell (2003)]. For this reason, adoption

of a particular quarantine treatment is to be used in conjunction with efforts that maintain pest populations 

in production zones below specified densities as would satisfy requirements for the establishment of areas 

of low pest prevalence (IPPC, 2009: ISPM #22).
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 56

Appendix B. Countries with permitted entry of beans into the United States.

Table B1. Countries from which beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) are allowed to enter the United 

States (PPQ, 2008a).

Country Common name Port-of-entry and 

Proceduresa

All countries of the West Indies (ACWI) Bean (pod or shelled) PR, US (VI)

Antigua and Barbuda (ACWI) Bean (shelled) All1, 2

Aruba Bean, garden NA1

Bean, garden (pod or shelled) SAG1, 3

Bahamas Bean (pod) All1, 2

Bean (shelled) All

Barbados Bean (shelled) All1, 2

Bean (pod) NA1, 2

Belgium Bean, garden (pod or shelled) NA1

Belize Bean (pod or shelled) NA1, 2

Cayman Islands Bean (shelled) All1, 2

Bean (pod) NA1, 2

Colombia Bean, garden (pod or shelled) NA1

Bean, garden (shelled only) All1

Costa Rica Bean, garden All and NP1, 3

Dominica Bean (pod) NA1, 2

Bean (shelled) All

Dominican Republic Bean (pod) NA1, 2

Bean (shelled) All1, 2

Ecuador Bean (pod or shelled) NA1, 2

El Salvador Bean, garden (pod) All1, 3

Bean, garden (shelled) All

France Bean (pod or shelled) All4

Grenada Bean (pod) NA1, 2

Bean (shelled) All 

Guadalupe and St. Barthelemy Bean (pod) NA1, 2

Bean (shelled) All

Guatemala Bean, garden (pod or shelled) All1

Guyana Bean (pod or shelled) NA1

Haiti Bean (shelled) All

Bean (pod) NA1: SAG location3

Honduras Bean, garden, All1, 5

Italy (includes Sicily) Bean, garden (pod or shelled) All1

Jamaica Bean (shelled) All

Bean (pod) NA1: SAG location 3

Japan (from all areas other than Amami, Bonin, 

Ryukyu, Tokara, and Volcano Islands)

Bean, garden (pod or shelled),

(hothouse grown)

Hawaii6

Bean, garden (pod or shelled) Guam and CNMI
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 57

Country Common name Port-of-entry and 

Proceduresa

Korea Bean, string (pod or shelled) Guam and CNMI

Martinique Bean (pod) NA1

Bean (shelled) All

Mexico Bean (pod or shelled) All1, 7

Montserrat Bean (shelled) All

Bean (pod) NA1, 2

Morocco Bean, garden (pod or shelled) All1

Netherlands Bean, garden (pod or shelled) All1

Netherlands Antilles Bean (pod or shelled) NA1

New Zealand Bean (pod or shelled) All8

Nicaragua Green bean (pod) All9, 10

Green bean (shelled) All

Panama Bean, garden (pod) All9, 10

Bean, garden (shelled) All

Peru Bean (pod or shelled) NA1

Romania Bean, lima and garden (pod or 

shelled)

NA1

Saint Kitts and Nevis Bean (pod) NA1, 2

Bean (shelled) All

Saint Lucia Bean (pod) NA1, 2

Bean (shelled) All

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Bean (pod) NA1: SAG location 3

Bean (shelled) All

Senegal Beans, garden (pod or shelled) NA 3, 9

Spain from Peninsular Spain and the Balearic 

Islands (Ibiza, Mallorca, and Menorca):

Bean, garden (pod or shelled) All

Suriname Bean (pod or shelled) NA1

Trinidad and Tobago Bean (shelled or pod) NA1

Bean (shelled) All1

Venezuela Bean (pod or shelled) NA1

a ACWI: All countries of the West Indies; All: All ports-of-entry; CNMI: Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana 

Islands; G: Gulf Port; NA: North Atlantic; NP: North Pacific; PR: Puerto Rico; SA: South Atlantic; SAG: South 

Atlantic Gulf; US (VI): The United States (Virgin Islands).

1 Hold consignment and contact PPQ through proper channels. If Cydia fabivora, Epinotia aporema, or Maruca 

testulalis is found, see the special procedures for taking regulatory action on beans infested with these pests.

2

If destined to a SAG location, then require T104-a-1.

3 T101-k-2 or T101-k-2-1 treatment(s) are required.

4 Must be accompanied by a certificate issued by an official of the French Ministry of Agriculture stating that the 

beans were grown and packed in France—otherwise, prohibit entry.

5 T101-k-23 treatment is required.

6

If a small quantity of Japanese produce entering Hawaii and a noncommercial consignment, see Non commercial 

Quantities of Japanese Produce Entering Hawaii.

7 Garden beans are not eligible for the NARP.

8

Ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis) is prohibited entry into Hawaii.

9 Because treatment is required, hold consignment and contact PPQ through proper channels.

10T101-k-2 or T101-k-2-110 treatments are required.
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Appendix C. Decision sheets for Phaseolus spp. and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris).

Table C1. Decision sheets of the United States for importing beans and Phaseolus spp. (CPHST, 2008)

Year Country Decision Commodity Port-of-Entrya Reasons/Conditionsb

1923 Chile Rejected Phaseolus spp. - -

1923 Mexico Approved Phaseolus spp. Border

1923 Bermuda Disapproved Phaseolus spp. - -

1924 China Rejected Phaseolus spp. - -

1925 Azores Rejected Phaseolus spp. - -

1925 Bermuda Rejected Phaseolus spp. - -

1925 Italy Rejected Phaseolus spp. - -

1927 Palestine Rejected Phaseolus spp. - -

1925 Bahamas Rejected Phaseolus spp. - -

1927 Barbados Rejected Phaseolus spp. - -

1932 Cayman Islands Rejected Phaseolus spp. - -

1932 Mexico Approved Phaseolus spp. - No records of fruit flies attacking 

this host in Mexico

1936 Egypt Disapproved Phaseolus spp. - Ceratitis capitata is reported 

attacking string beans in Hawaii and 

lima beans Bermuda

1961 Aruba Approved Phaseolus spp. 

(String bean)

NA, SA, G Mandatory fumigation at SA and 

Gulf port

1962 Mexico Approved Phaseolus spp. 

(String bean)

California Subject to inspection

1962 New Zealand Approved Phaseolus spp. 

(String bean)

Honolulu Fumigation with methyl bromide 

1965 Colombia Approved Phaseolus spp. 

(String bean)

NA -

1967 Brazil Disapproved Phaseolus spp. 

(String bean)

- -

1969 Venezuela Approved Phaseolus spp. 

(Beans, green 

pod)

NA Subject to inspection treatment if 

warranted

1969 Japan Approved Phaseolus spp. 

(String bean)

Hawaii Subject to inspection on arrival (hot 

house grow)

1970 Thailand Disapproved Phaseolus spp. 

(String bean)

Guam Fruit fly eradication in Guam

1970 Ecuador Approved Phaseolus spp. 

(Beans, pod or 

shelled)

NA When destined N. of Baltimore and 

E. of Great Falls and Salt Lake City; 

fumigation not required for Maruca, 

Epinotia, Laspeyresia.

1970 Philipines Disapproved Phaseolus spp. All ports

1972 Hong Kong Approved Phaseolus spp. Guam (Adana) Subject to inspection

1973 Costa Rica Approved Phaseolus spp. NA Subject to inspection and Manual 

instructions
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Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 59

Year Country Decision Commodity Port-of-Entrya Reasons/Conditionsb

1974 Saint Vincent, 

West Inides

Approved Phaseolus spp. 

(String bean)

PR Subject to inspection

1974 Andos island, 

Bahamas

Approved Phaseolus spp. 

(String bean)

All Subject to inspection if warranted by 

pest findings

1974 Guyana Approved Phaseolus spp. 

(String bean)

NA Inspection and treatment if 

warranted by pest findings

1978 Cook Islands Disapproved Phaseolus spp. 

(String bean)

Los angeles No approved treatments for insect 

pests and exotic rust strain

1979 New Hebriedes 

Islands

Disapproved Phaseolus spp. 

(String bean)

Honolulu, Los 

Angeles, San 

Francisco, 

Seattle

Exotic borer, no treatment

1979 New Zealand Approved Phaseolus spp. 

(String bean)

All Inspected and freedom from plant 

pest and diseases. Certification 

required for red legged earth mite

1979 Kenya Disapproved Phaseolus spp. 

(Beans)

Various exotic fruit flies for which 

no approved treatments are 

available. Ceratitis capitata and 

Dacus cucurbitae are reported to 

rarely attack this host. Pest-host data 

is lacking.

1980 Kenya Disapproved Phaseolus spp. 

(String bean)

All No approved treatments

1980 Senegal Approved Phaseolus spp. 

(String bean)

NA 1. Inspection and treatment if 

warranted by pest findings 

2. Ceratitis capitata and Dacus 

ciliatus are reported to rarely attack 

this host. Pest-host data is lacking.

1981 Guatemala Approved Phaseolus spp. 

(String bean)

All Inspection and treatment

1981 Italy Approved Phaseolus spp. 

(String bean)

All Inspection and treatment if 

warranted

1981 Spain Approved Phaseolus spp. 

(String bean)

All Inspection and treatment if 

warranted

1981 South Africa Disapproved Green beans No approved treatment for complex 

of pests, including Dacus ciliatus, 

Maruca testulalis, and Lampides 

boeticus

1982 France Approved Phaseolus spp. 

(String bean)

All Inspection and treatment

1983 South Africa Disapproved Phaseolus spp. 

(String bean)

All No approved treatments for complex 

pests

1983 Morocco Approved Phaseolus spp. 

(Green beans)

Inspection and treatment if 

warranted by pest findings

1985 Costa Rica Approved Phaseolus spp. 

(Greenbeans)

NA and NP Inspection and fumigation
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Year Country Decision Commodity Port-of-Entrya Reasons/Conditionsb

1986 Phillipines Disapproved Phaseolus spp. 

(Greenbeans)

All Not treatment available

1986 Ghana Disapproved Phaseolus spp. 

(Greenbeans)

All Not treatment available

1986 Zimbabwe Disapproved Phaseolus spp. 

(Greenbeans)

All Not treatment available

1986 Zimbabwe Disapproved Phaseolus 

vulagrais (String 

bean)

- No approved treatments for bean 

pod pests, including Dacus ciliatus

and Esinoe phaseoli

1986 Ghana Disapproved Phaseolus 

vulagrais (String 

bean)

- A rust disease for which there is no 

approved treatment

1986 Belize Disapproved Phaseolus spp. 

(Greenbeans)

All Not treatment available

1986 Morocco Approved Phaseolus spp. 

(Greenbeans)

- Inspection and treatment if 

warranted

1986 Honduras Approved Phaseolus spp. 

(Greenbeans)

- Inspection and treatment if 

warranted

1987 France Approved Phaseolus spp. 

(Greenbeans)

All Certification conferring product was 

produced in France

1987 Mauritius 

Island

Disapproved Phaseolus 

vulgaris (Green 

Beans)

- No complete assessment done. 

Dacus cucurbitae, for which no 

acceptable treatment is available

1988 Cameroon Disapproved Phaseolus spp. 

(Greenbeans)

All No acceptable treatment

1988 Fiji Disapproved Phaseolus spp. 

(Greenbeans)

All No acceptable treatment

1988 Mauritius 

Island

Disapproved Phaseolus spp. 

(Greenbeans)

All No acceptable treatment for Dacus 

cucurbitae

1989 Kenya Dissapproved Phaseolus 

vulgaris

(Immature pods)

All Prohibited due to Phakospora 

pachirhizi, also lack of treatment 

data beans.

1990 Panama Approved Phaseolus spp. 

(Greenbeans)

All Beans in pod (T104)/Beans without 

pods; inspected and treatment if 

warranted.

1991 Senegal Disapproved Phaseolus spp. 

(String bean)

All No approved treatments

1992 Kenya Disapproved Phaseolus spp. 

(Greenbeans)

All Prohibited due to Phakospora 

pachirhizi, lack of treatment data on 

beans.

1992-

1994

El Salvador Approved Phaseolus spp. All Subjected to fumigation

1995 Nicaragua Approved Phaseolus spp. 

(Greenbeans)

All Treatment T101-k-2

a ACWI: All coutries of the West Inidies; All: All ports-of-entry; CNMI: Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands;

E: East; G: Gulf Port; NA: North Atlantic; N: North; NP: North Pacific; PR: Puerto Rico; SA: South Atlantic; SAG: South 

Atlantic Gulf; US (VI): The United States (Virgin Islands).
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Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 61

Appendix D. Pest interceptions on beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) entering the United States 

Table D1. Pest interceptions on beans entering the United States from 1985 to 2010 (PestID, 2011).

Pest Origin Where foundaIntcpts. (no.)

Acalymma sp. Guatemala PC 2

Acanthoscelides 

argillaceus

Mexico, Peru B 8

Acanthoscelides obreptus France, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Unknown B, PC, S 5

Acanthoscelides obtectus Brazil, Cameroon, Dominican Republic, El 

Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Iran, Italy, 

Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, 

Turkey

B, GC, PC, S 76

Acanthoscelides obvelatus Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, 

Honduras, Mexico

B, GC, PC, M 47

Acanthoscelides sp. Armenia, Chile, Guatemala, Honduras, Italy B, GC, PC 6

Acanthoscelides zeteki Honduras B 1

Acrolophus sp. El Salvador B 1

Adoretus sinicus Hawaii B 2

Agriotes sp. Kenya PC 1

Agromyzidae spp. Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, 

Guatemala, India, Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Mexico, 

Panama, Peru, Unknown, Venezuela

B, PC, S 40

Agrostothrips guillarmodi India B 1

Aleyrodidae spp. Mexico PC 1

Algarobius johnsoni Mexico B 1

Algarobius sp. Mexico B 1

Allonemobius sp. Mexico PC 1

Alternaria brassicola Mexico PC 1

Alternaria sp. Mexico PC 2

Ancylostomia stercorea Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Trinidad and 

Tobago

B 4

Anomala sp. Guatemala PC 1

Anthonomus sp. Mexico PC

Aphelenchoides sp. Honduras B 1

Aphididae spp. El Salvador, France, Puerto Rico B, PC 5

Aphis craccivora India B 1

Aphis fabae Netherlands PC 1

Apion sp. El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, 

Nicaragua

B, PC 70

Apionidae spp. Colombia, Guatemala, Mexico, Nigeria B, PC 48

Apis mellifera Mexico GC 1

Araecerus fasciculatus India B 1

Araecerus sp. El Salvador B 1

Arhyssus sp. Mexico PC 2

Artipus sp. Haiti B 1
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Pest Origin Where foundaIntcpts. (no.)

Ascochyta boltshauseri India B 1

Ascochyta sp. Brazil S 1

Asphodelus fistulosus Mexico B 5

Asphondylia sp. El Salvador, Guatemala B, PC 5

Ataenius sp. Mexico PC 1

Auchenorrhyncha spp. Dominican Republic B 1

Autographa sp. France PC 1

Avena sterilis Colombia B 1

Bactrocera cucurbitae Hawaii B 2

Bactrocera sp. Hawaii, Philippines B 2

Balanogastris kolae El Salvador B 1

Baridinae spp. El Salvador B 1

Bemisia tabaci Mexico PC 5

Blapstinus sp. El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico B, GC, PC 8

Bostrichidae spp. Mexico PC 1

Bothrotes sp. Mexico GC 1

Braconidae spp. Mexico B 1

Bruchidae spp. Cameroon, El Salvador, France, Honduras, Laos, 

Mexico, Portugal, Romania, Tanzania, Venezuela

B, GC, S 34

Bruchidius atrolineatus Argentina, Cameroon, El Salvador, Eritrea, 

Ethiopia, France, Ghana, India, Kenya, Nigeria, 

Togo

B 47

Bruchidius 

endotubercularis

South Korea, Vietnam B 2

Bruchidius sp. Nigeria B 2

Bulimulus corneus Nicaragua B 1

Cadra cautella Colombia, El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, Vietnam B, S 8

Callosobruchus analis India B 1

Callosobruchus chinensis Argentina, South Korea B 2

Callosobruchus maculatus Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Mexico, Morocco, Nigeria, 

United Kingdom of Great Britain and North 

Ireland, Vietnam, Zimbabwe

PC, B 41

Callosobruchus phaseoli Antigua and Barbuda, India, Kenya, B 15

Callosobruchus 

rhodesianus

Congo, Nigeria, Zimbabwe B 4

Callosobruchus sp. Ghana, India, Nigeria B 3

Camponotus abdominalis Mexico GC 1

Carpophilus sp. Vietnam B 1

Careydon cassia Ghana B 1

Careydon serratus El Salvador B 1

Catorhintha sp. Mexico PC 1

Cecidomyiidae spp. El Salvador B 1

Centrinaspis sp. Mexico PC 1

Cephaloleia pretiosa India B 1
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Pest Origin Where foundaIntcpts. (no.)

Cercospora sp. Haiti, Puerto Rico B 3

Ceroplastes sp. Haiti B 1

Cerotoma atrofasciata Mexico B 1

Cerotoma dilatipes Mexico PC 1

Chaetocnema sp. Guatemela PC 1

Chalcidoidea spp. Nigeria B 1

Chalcodermus aeneus Dominican Republic PC 1

Chalcodermus sp. Antigua and Barbuda, Dominican Republic, 

Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, 

Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, 

Soviet Union, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago

B, GC, PC 170

Chrysomelidae spp. Nicaragua B 1

Chrysopogon aciculatus Honduras B 1

Cicadellidae spp. Japan, Nicaragua M, PC 2

Cladosporium

cladosporioides

Mexico PC 1

Cladosporium herbarum Guadeloupe B 1

Cladosporium sp. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, France, Kenya, Mexico, 

South Africa, Ukraine, Venezuela

B, GC, Misc., 

PC, Q, S

16

Clinodiplosis sp. El Salvador B 1

Coccinellidae spp. El Salvador B 1

Coleoptera spp. Mexico PC 1

Colletotrichum crassipes Mexico B 1

Colletotrichum 

gleosporioides

China S 1

Colletotrichum 

lindemuthianum

Guatemala, Mexico PC 3

Colletotrichum sp. El Salvador, Mexico, Venezuela B, PC, Q 5

Conoderus falli Unknown S 1

Conotrachelus sp. Guyana, Mexico B 3

Convolvulus arvensis Chile PC 1

Copitarsia sp. Mexico B, GC, PC, S 5

Corcyra cephalonica El Salvador, Sri Lanka B 2

Coreidae spp. Mexico B 1

Corticariidae Colombia B 1

Crambidae spp. Cambodia, Dominican Republic, South Korea B, PC, S 3

Crambinae spp. Guatemala PC 1

Crocidosema aporema Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, 

Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, 

Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Mexico, Panama, Peru, 

South America (country unknown), Venezuela

B, GC, PC, S 398

Crocidosema sp. Guatemala, Mexico, Peru B, GC, PC 5

Cryptophlebia sp. Chile, Nigeria, Philippines B 3

Cucujidae spp. Ethiopia B 1
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Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 64

Pest Origin Where foundaIntcpts. (no.)

Curculionidae spp. Brazil, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, 

Japan, Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, Trinidad 

and Tobago

B, PC, S 49

Curculioninae spp. Guatemala PC 1

Curculionoidea spp. El Salvador B 1

Cyclorrhapha spp. El Salvador, Mexico, Bosnia and Herzegovina B 4

Cydia fabivora Ecuador, Jamaica B, S 2

Cydia sp. Guatemala, Mexico B, PC 3

Dacus cucurbitae Hawaii B, M 2

Delia sp. France PC 1

Dermestes sp. Mexico B 1

Diabrotica sp. Guatemala, Mexico B, PC 4

Dinarmus sp. El Salvador, Honduras, Vietnam B 6

Diplotaxis sp. Guatemala PC 1

Diptera spp. Guatemala, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Venezuela PC, S 4

Disonycha sp. Mexico B 1

Drosophilidae spp. Mexico B 1

Ecdytolopha sp. Mexico, Peru B 2

Ectomyelois sp. Mexico B 1

Elsinoe phaseoli Dominican Republic B 1

Empoasca sp. Mexico B 2

Epicauta sp. Nicaragua B 1

Epilachninae spp. Mexico B 1

Epinotia sp. El Salvador, Guatemala, Japan, Mexico B, PC 11

Epiplema simplex Guatemala GC 1

Epitragus sp. El Salvador B 1

Erotylidae spp. Mexico PC 1

Etiella sp. Dominican Republic, El Salvador, France, Haiti, 

Hong Kong, India, Jamaica, Mexico, United 

Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland

B, PC 13

Etiella zinckenella Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guyana, Haiti, 

India, Jamaica, Mexico, United Kingdom of Great 

Britain and North Ireland, Unknown

B 18

Euphorbia prunifolia Mexico, Nicaragua B 4

Euphoria basalis Mexico PC 1

Euschistus sp. Mexico PC 1

Faustinus sp. Honduras B 1

Ferrisia virgata Mexico B 1

Frankliniella insularis Guatemala PC 1

Frankliniella intonsa France, Guyana PC 2

Frankliniella occidentalis Mexico B, PC 3

Frankliniella schultzei Guyana PC 1

Frankliniella sp. Guatemala, Guyana, Mexico GC, PC 7

Fundella pellucens Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guyana B, PC 4
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Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 65

Pest Origin Where foundaIntcpts. (no.)

Fusarium sp. Brazil, El Salvador, France, Mexico, Puerto Rico, 

Venezuela

B, GC, Q, S 7

Gelechiidae spp. Belize, Cape Verde, Ecuador, el Salvador, France, 

Mexico, Spain

B, GC, S 8

Geometridae spp. Guatemala, Mexico PC 2

Grapholita sp. Guatemala PC 1

Gryllidae spp. Mexico PC 1

Gryllus sp. Mexico GC, PC 23

Guatemalica marginicollis El Salvador B 1

Helicoverpa armigera France PC 6

Helicoverpa sp. France, Guyana, India, Jordan, Pakistan, Peru, 

Senegal

B, PC 13

Heliothis sp. Belgium, Cyprus, France, New Zealand, Nigeria, 

Senegal, Unknown

B, PC 68

Heliothis virescens Dominican Republic B 2

Hybosa sp. Italy B 1

Hylesininae spp. Mexico PC 1

Hylurgus ligniperda Senegal PC 1

Hypothenemus sp. El Salvador B 1

Insecta spp. Algeria, Guatemala B, Q 2

Ipomoea aquatic Laos B 1

Ipomoea sp. Honduras, Mexico B 2

Ipomoea triloba Colombia, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico B, GC 43

Lampides boeticus Italy, Jordan B 3

Lasioderma serricorne Nigeria B 1

Lema sp. Senegal PC 1

Lepidoptera spp. India, Mexico B, S 6

Leptochloa sp. Mexico GC 1

Leucoptera spp. European country unknown S 1

Linepithema humile Mexico PC 2

Liometopum occidentale Mexico PC 1

Liriomyza huidobrensis Guatemala PC 1

Listronotus sp. Mexico B 1

Lobometopon metallicum Mexico B 1

Lobometopon sp. Mexico B 1

Lolium sp. New Zealand GC 1

Lonchaeidae spp. Guatemala, Jamaica B 2

Lycaenidae spp. Brazil, Cape Verde, Colombia, Ecuador, 

Guatemala, Hawaii, Italy, Lebanon, Mexico, New 

Zealand, Philippines, Syrian Arab Republic, 

Venezuela

B, PC, S 26

Lygaeoidea spp. Guatemala, Senegal PC 2

Lyonetiidae spp. Bangladesh B 1

Macrosiphum euphorbiae El Salvador B 1
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Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 66

Pest Origin Where foundaIntcpts. (no.)

Magusa orbifera Guatemala PC 1

Malva sp. Mexico B 1

Maruca vitrata Bangladesh, Belize, Brazil, Cameroon, China, Côte 

d’Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El 

Salvador, Fiji, France , Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, 

Hawaii, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Japan, Kuwait, 

Mexico, Netherlands, Panama, Philippines, Puerto 

Rico, Senegal, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, 

United Kingdom of Great Britain and North 

Ireland, Unknown, Venezuela

B, PC, Q, S 178

Matsumuraeses phaseoli Japan S 2

Melanagromyza sp. Puerto Rico B 1

Membracidae spp. Mexico B 1

Membracis mexicana El Salvador, Guatemala B, PC 2

Miridae spp. Dominican Republic, Guatemala, India, Nigeria B, PC 11

Monomorium pharaonis Guatemala B 1

Mycodiplosis sp. Cambodia B 1

Neohydatothrips sp. Mexico B 1

Nitidulidae spp. Honduras B 2

Noctuidae spp. Dominican Republic, France, Guatemala, Guyana, 

Jordan, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico

B, GC, PC, S 23

Notodontidae spp. Guatemala PC 1

Nysius sp. Mexico B, PC 4

Olethreutinae spp. Guatemala, India, Japan, Mexico, Peru, South 

Africa, Venezuela

B, GC, PC, S 108

Ornebius sp. Guatemala PC 1

Oryzaephilus surinamensis Vietnam B 1

Ostrinia nubilalis Serbia and Montenegro B 1

Ostrinia sp. Japan S 1

Otitidae spp. Venezuela Q 1

Panicum sp. Mexico GC 1

Paragonatas divergens Trinidad and Tobago B 1

Parmemonta sp. Guatemala PC 1

Pentatomidae spp. India, Mexico B, PC 3

Pentatomoidae spp. Jamaica PC 1

Phaeoisariopsis griseola Puerto Rico PC 1

Pheidole sp. Guyana B 1

Phlaeothripidae Dominican Republic PC 1

Phoma exigua Mexico B 1

Phoma sp. Ecuador, Mexico, Suriname B, S 3

Phomopsis sp. El Salvador B 1

Phoridae spp. Nigeria B 1

Phycitinae spp. El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Thailand, 

Vietnam

B 12
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Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 67

Pest Origin Where foundaIntcpts. (no.)

Phyllocnistis sp. Honduras B 1

Phyllophaga sp. El Salvador, Guatemala B, PC 3

Phytocoris sp. Guatemala PC 1

Pieridae spp. Israel S 1

Pieris sp. Japan B 1

Pityophthorus sp. Mexico GC, PC 14

Planococcus minor Cambodia B 1

Plodia interpunctella El Salvador, Pakistan B 2

Plusiinae spp. Mexico GC, PC 2

Poaceae spp. El Salvador, Nicaragua B 2

Proba sp. Mexico PC 1

Prosaldius sp. Mexico PC 1

Pseudaplusia includens Mexico PC 1

Pseudomonas sp. Argentina, Italy S 2

Pteromalidae spp. El Salvador,, Honduras, Mexico B 6

Pyralidae spp. Cape Verde, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, 

Haiti, Jamaica, Nigeria, Thailand

B, GC, PC, S 12

Pyraustinae spp. Brazil, China, Guatemala, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico B, PC, S 7

Pyrrhocoridae spp. Mexico B 1

Reduviidae spp. Zimbabwe B 1

Rhipicephalus sanguineus El Salvador B 1

Rhizoctonia solani Mexico GC, PC, 19

Rhysomatus sp. Honduras B 1

Rhyzopertha dominica Honduras, Nigeria B 3

Riodinidae spp. Mexico PC 1

Rottboellia cochinchinensis Belize, China, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, 

Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, 

Unknown

B, Misc., PC, 

Q, S

406

Rottboellia exaltata Honduras B 1

Rottboellia sp. El Salvador B 1

Saturniidae spp. Kenya B 1

Scaphytopius sp. Mexico PC 1

Scolytidae spp. Mexico GC, PC 14

Sennius obesulus Mexico PC 1

Setomorpha rutella Ecuador, El Salvador B 2

Sitona sp. Senegal PC 1

Sitophilus sp. Guatemala, Mexico, Vietnam B, PC 3

Solanaceae spp. Mexico B 1

Solanum sp. Chile PC 1

Solenospis sp. Brazil S 1

Sorghum sp. China GC 1

Spermacoce alata Mexico B 2

Stenophorus sp. Mexico B 1
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Pest Origin Where foundaIntcpts. (no.)

Spodoptera frugiperda Guatemala PC 1

Spodoptera latifascia Guatemala PC 1

Spodoptera sp. Haiti, Poland, Unknown B, PC 3

Stagonomus sp. India B 1

Staphylinidae spp. Bulgaria B 1

Stator beali Mexico M 1

Stator limbatus Mexico B 3

Strymon sp. Mexico B 1

Tapinoma melanocephalum El Salvador B 1

Tarsonemus waitei Mexico B 1

Tenebrionidae spp. El Salvador, Mexico B 2

Tephritidae spp. Spain B 1

Tesserocerus sp. Guatemala PC 1

Tetranychus sp. Mexico PC 1

Tetranychus sp. near, prob. 

Urticae

Mexico B 1

Thripidae spp. Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Kenya, Mexico, 

Trinidad and Tobago

B, GC, PC 10

Thrips palmi Dominican Republic, Guyana GC, PC 4

Thysanoptera spp. Mexico PC 2

Tineidae spp. Mexico B 1

Tischeriidae spp. Guyana B 1

Tomarus sp. El Salvador B 1

Totricidae spp. Asian Country Unknown, Bangladesh, Brazil, 

Ecuador, El Salvador, Ghana, Guatemala, India, 

Mexico, Netherlands, Panama, Peru, Venezuela

B, GC, PC, S 58

Totricinae spp. Guatemala, Mexico, Peru B, PC 8

Trialeurodes sp. Mexico PC 3

Trialeurodes vaporariorum Mexico PC 2

Tribolium castaneum Nigeria B 1

Tribolium confusum Zimbabwe B 1

Trogoderma granarium Iran B 1

Trogoderma sp. Mexico B 1

Trypetinae spp. Nigeria B 1

Tyrophagus putrescentiae Mexico PC 2

Uromyces appendiculatus Guatemala, Mexico PC 4

Uromyces sp. Kenya S 1

Xanthomonas campestris

pv. phaseoli

Mexico B, PC 6

Xanthomonas sp. Mexico PC 1

Xerotricha conspurcata Senegal PC 1

Xyleborus ferrugineus Honduras B 1

Yponomeutidae spp. El Salvador B 1

Zabrotes sp. Nicaragua PC 1
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Pest Origin Where foundaIntcpts. (no.)

Zabrotes subfasciatus Belize, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, 

Guatemala, Honduras, India, Mexico, Peru, 

Unknown

B, M, S 66

a

B = Baggage, GC = General Cargo, M = Mail, Misc. = Miscellaneous, PC = Permit cargo, Q = Quarters, and S = Stores
Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan

Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 70

Appendix E. Predicted distribution of Liriomyza huidobrensis in the conterminous United 

States. 

Figure E1. Results are reported in frequency of years (1997 to 2006) where enough degree days 

occurred for L. huidobrensis to complete nine or more generations (PERAL/CIPM, 2008).
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Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 71

Appendix F. Predicted distribution of Maconellicoccus hirsutus in the conterminous United 

States.

Figure F1.Results are reported in frequency of years (1997 to 2006) where enough degree days 

occurred for M. hirsutus to complete nine or more generations (PERAL/CIPM, 2008).
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Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 72

Appendix G. Field pest management, post-havest practices, and Standard packinghouse 

procedures described for beans produced in Jordan (Jordan Ministry of Agriculture, 2008)

The Jordan Ministry of Agriculture state that: 

 Field management of pests in that country usually implements IPM programs which includes 

biological control.

 The fresh green beans must meet the Jordanian standard and the technical regulation for this 

commodity.

 Most progressive farmers implement the, Global GAP as Jordan exports this commodity to 

many EC countries like the United Kingdom and Germany.

 Beans post-harvest practices meet the following minimum requirements: beans need to be 

intact, fresh appearance, clean (in particular free from any impurity or any visible chemical 

trace), free from foreign smell or taste, free from all abnormal external moisture, and 

sufficient size. The state of the product must be such as to enable it to withstand; and 

transport and handling requires ensuring beans in good condition until it reaches its place of 

destination.

 Pesticide residues must be not exceeding the MRL according to Jordanian standard which are 

compatible with Codex alimentarius.

 Fresh green beans must be stored at 4oC – 7 oC and 95 percent RH.

 Green beans are classified as follows: 1) Fine beans (Needle beans): are graded in three 

quality classes (Extra class: Beans in this class must be of superlative quality shape, size, 

color, the variety must be turgescent, very tender, and free from any defect; Class I : beans in 

this class must be of good quality with slight discoloration, small seeds and short soft strings 

are permissible; and Class II: this class comprises fine beans of marketable quality with 

reasonable tender and the seeds must not be too large); sizing is determined by the maximum 

diameter of the pod.. 2) Beans other: are graded into quality classes (Class I: can easily been 

broken by hand, young and tender, springless, except in the case of beans for slicing, and free 

from spots caused by the wind; Class II: beans are reasonably young and seeds may be some 

what tender, larger than in class I but must be nevertheless be tender for the variety 

concerned). 

 Standard packinghouse procedures: 1) The contents of each package must be uniform and 

contain only beans of the same origin, variety, and quality 2) Packaging must be of such a 

kind as to ensure that the beans are properly protected; any paper or other material used 

inside the package must be new and harmless to human food; and when printed matter is 

used the printing must be on the outside only so as not to come into contact with the product.

 Each package must be legibly and indelibly marked on the out side with data for: 1) Packer 

and dispatcher identification: name, address or code mark 2) Nature of the product 

description: type (fresh beans, runner beans, and fine beans) or variety 3) Product origin: 

district or national, regional or local, and trader name 4) Commercial specification 

description: class, sizing, and classification 5) Official control mark.